Flora of China 24: 73263. 2000.

LILIACEAE
bai he ke

Chen Xinqi ( Chen Sing-chi) 1, Liang Songyun ( Liang Song-jun)2, Xu Jiemei ()3; Minoru N. Tamura4
Herbs perennial, with a rhizome, bulb, or corm, rarely shrubby or treelike. Leaves basal and/or cauline, alternate, opposite, or
whorled, parallel or rarely reticulate veined. Inflorescence a raceme, panicle, spike, umbel, reduced panicle, or other, or flowers soli-
tary. Flowers bisexual, rarely unisexual, actinomorphic, rarely zygomorphic; bracts present or absent; bracteoles present or absent.
Perianth usually corollalike, 6-merous, rarely 4- or 8-merous, in 2 whorls; segments free (tepals) or united. Stamens 6, rarely 3, 4, or
8, inserted opposite perianth segments; filaments free or adnate to perianth, rarely connate into a corona; anthers usually 2-loculed,
basifixed or dorsifixed and versatile, introrse, latrorse, or extrorse, dehiscing usually by vertical slits. Carpels usually connate for
most or all of their length, rarely only at base; ovary superior, rarely semi-inferior, 3-loculed, rarely 2- or 4-loculed, with axile pla-
centae, or rarely 1-loculed with a parietal placenta; ovules usually anatropous. Nectaries septal, perigonal, or absent. Fruit a capsule
or berry. Seeds with abundant endosperm and small embryo.
About 250 genera and 3500 species: worldwide, especially in temperate and subtropical regions; 57 genera (three endemic, two introduced) and
726 species (379 endemic, 11 introduced) in China.
The circumscription adopted here for Liliaceae sensu lato follows FRPS and is not supported by current phylogenetic analysis of the group.
However, the genus order has been adjusted to reflect the more recent classification of Kubitzki (Fam. Gen. Vasc. Pl. 3, 1998), who placed the genera
in segregate families as follows: Alliaceae: Allium, Milula; Anemarrhenaceae: Anemarrhena; Anthericaceae: Chlorophytum, Diuranthera;
Asparagaceae: Asparagus; Asphodelaceae: Aloe, Eremurus; Calochortaceae: Streptopus, Tricyrtis; Colchicaceae: Disporum, Gloriosa, Iphigenia;
Convallariaceae: Aspidistra, Campylandra, Convallaria, Disporopsis, Heteropolygonatum, Liriope, Maianthemum, Ophiopogon, Peliosanthes, Poly-
gonatum, Reineckea, Rohdea, Speirantha, Theropogon, Tupistra; Dracaenaceae: Dracaena; Hemerocallidaceae: Dianella, Hemerocallis; Hostaceae:
Hosta; Hyacinthaceae: Barnardia; Liliaceae: Cardiocrinum, Clintonia, Erythronium, Fritillaria, Gagea, Lilium, Lloydia, Nomocharis, Notholirion,
Tulipa; Lomandraceae: Cordyline, Thysanotus; Melanthiaceae: Chionographis, Heloniopsis, Veratrum, Ypsilandra, Zigadenus; Nartheciaceae: Aletris,
Petrosavia, Tofieldia; Smilacaceae: Heterosmilax, Smilax; Trilliaceae: Paris, Trillium.
The Liliaceae contain many members of economic importance. Notable among them are some species of Allium, Aloe, Fritillaria, Hemerocallis,
Lilium, and Tulipa. The genera Ornithogalum Linnaeus, Ruscus Linnaeus, Sansevieria Thunberg, and Yucca Linnaeus are represented in China by
introduced, cultivated ornamentals. They were treated in FRPS but are not described in this account.
Wang Fa-tsuan & Tang Tsin, eds. 1978; 1980. Liliaceae. Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 15: 1280; 14: 1308.
1a. Herbs saprophytic, without green leaves ........................................................................................................................ 2. Petrosavia
1b. Plants autotrophic, with green leaves.
2a. Plants cormous or bulbiferous.
3a. Plants cormous.
4a. Perianth segments 710 ca. 1 mm, straight; leaves straight at apex ................................................................. 26. Iphigenia
4b. Perianth segments 4550 ca. 8 mm, strongly reflexed; leaves with an apical tendril ....................................... 27. Gloriosa
3b. Plants bulbiferous.
5a. Styles 3; anthers reniform, with confluent locules.
6a. Pedicel pubescent; perianth segments not glandular at base ............................................................................... 4. Veratrum
6b. Pedicel glabrous; perianth segments glandular at base ..................................................................................... 5. Zigadenus
5b. Style 1, simple to 3-fid; anthers not reniform, with 2 separate locules.
7a. Inflorescence an umbel, at first wholly enveloped by a scarious spathe ............................................................ 32. Allium
7b. Inflorescence generally not an umbel or, if umbellate, never wholly enveloped by a scarious spathe.
8a. Flowers more than 30, in a dense raceme or spike.
9a. Bulb cylindric; inflorescence spicate; perianth segments partly united; plants with a strong, onionlike
odor .................................................................................................................................................................. 33. Milula
9b. Bulb ovoid or globose; inflorescence racemose; perianth segments free; plants without a strong,
onionlike odor ............................................................................................................................................. 34. Barnardia
8b. Flowers 120, in a lax inflorescence.
10a. Leaves 2, apparently opposite; perianth segments strongly reflexed ................................................. 16. Erythronium
10b. Leaves generally more than 2; perianth segments not reflexed.
11a. Leaves cordate to ovate, reticulate veined .................................................................................... 19. Cardiocrinum
11b. Leaves neither cordate nor ovate, parallel veined.
12a. Bulbs with fleshy, farinaceous scales; perianth segments each with a concave nectary near base
adaxially ............................................................................................................................................ 17. Fritillaria
12b. Bulbs without fleshy, farinaceous scales; perianth segments without a concave nectary.

1 Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Beijing 100093, Peoples Republic of
China.
2 Department of Phytotaxonomy, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Beijing 100093, Peoples Republic of China.
3 Department of Biology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, Peoples Republic of China.
4 Botanical Gardens, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, 2000 Kisaichi, Katano-shi, Osaka 576-0004, Japan.
 13a. Anthers pseudobasifixed; axis of seed usually straight or slightly curved; leaves basal or cauline.
14a. Basal leaves not arising from bulb but from underground stem; bulb more than 1 cm in diam.;
perianth more than 2 cm, deciduous after anthesis .......................................................................... 15. Tulipa
14b. Basal leaves arising from bulb; bulb usually 45 mm in diam.; perianth less than 2 cm, persistent
after anthesis.
15a. Perianth segments hardened and enlarged after anthesis, 1.52 as long as capsule ............. 13. Gagea
15b. Perianth segments withered after anthesis, neither hardened nor enlarged, often shorter than
capsule ......................................................................................................................................... 14. Lloydia
13b. Anthers dorsifixed and versatile; axis of seed moderately to strongly curved; leaves cauline or
at least mostly so.
16a. Bulb with a brown, scarious tunic; bulbels many, around roots; style 3-fid, apically recurved;
seeds wingless .......................................................................................................................... 18. Notholirion
16b. Bulb naked; bulbels absent; style apically with 3 stigmatic crests; seeds winged.
17a. Perianth segments similar, usually without spots or blotches ...................................................... 20. Lilium
17b. Inner perianth segments larger than outer ones, generally all segments with dark spots or
blotches ................................................................................................................................ 21. Nomocharis
2b. Plants not bulbiferous or cormous, but often producing rhizomes or other underground organs.
18a. Leaves reduced to scales; branchlets becoming leaflike (cladodes), needlelike or linear, 0.23 mm wide,
numbering several hundred in a single plant ....................................................................................................... 41. Asparagus
18b. Leaves not reduced to scales; branchlets not as above, fewer than 100 in a single plant.
19a. Fruit bursting irregularly at an early stage and exposing seeds; seeds ellipsoid to globose, each resembling
a berry or small drupe.
20a. Leaves subplicate veined, with transverse venation between main veins; filaments united into a ring
nearly closing mouth of perianth ................................................................................................................ 57. Peliosanthes
20b. Leaves parallel veined, without clear, transverse venation between main veins; filaments not forming a ring.
21a. Leaves longitudinally whitish striped; flowers nodding; ovary semi-inferior; filaments much shorter
than anthers; seeds blue ........................................................................................................................... 56. Ophiopogon
21b. Leaves not whitish striped; flowers erect or suberect; ovary superior; filaments longer than or as long
as anthers; seeds blackish ................................................................................................................................ 55. Liriope
19b. Fruit a berry or capsule, never bursting before seed maturation.
22a. Leaves 315 in 1 whorl; outer perianth segments leaflike.
23a. Leaves usually 415 in 1 whorl; flowers 4-merous or more, inner perianth segments much narrower than
outer ones .............................................................................................................................................................. 9. Paris
23b. Leaves 3 in a whorl; flowers 3-merous, inner perianth segments only a little narrower than outer ones .... 10. Trillium
22b. Leaves not in 1 whorl; outer perianth segments not leaflike.
24a. Flowers unisexual; leaves reticulate veined between 3 or 5 main veins; plants mostly shrubby climbers.
25a. Perianth segments free (except in Smilax synandra) ................................................................................... 11. Smilax
25b. Perianth segments united into a tube .................................................................................................. 12. Heterosmilax
24b. Flowers bisexual; leaves parallel veined; plants not woody climbers.
26a. Leaves succulent ............................................................................................................................................... 29. Aloe
26b. Leaves never succulent.
27a. Stems woody and continuously thickened, with clear leaf scars in apical part; leaves usually
crowded at or toward apex of stem or branches.
28a. Petiole 1030 cm, leaf blade with veins essentially parallel but with lateral veins branching from
midvein in proximal 1/2; ovary with 2 to many ovules per locule .................................................. 36. Cordyline
28b. Petiole absent to 8 cm, leaf blade with veins truly parallel from base, lateral veins absent; ovary
with 1 or 2 ovules per locule ............................................................................................................. 42. Dracaena
27b. Stems not woody, without leaf scars.
29a. Fruit a capsule.
30a. Flowers clearly zygomorphic, upper 3 or 4 perianth segments much larger than lower
ones .......................................................................................................................................... 8. Chionographis
30b. Flowers actinomorphic.
31a. Styles 3.
32a. Leaves laterally flattened, basally equitant, sword-shaped; bracteole cupular; pedicel
glabrous; anthers ovate, with 2 separate locules ......................................................................... 1. Tofieldia
32b. Leaves not laterally flattened; bracteole absent; pedicel pubescent; anthers reniform, with
confluent locules ........................................................................................................................ 4. Veratrum
31b. Style 1, simple to 3-parted.
33a. Perianth proximally adnate to semi-inferior ovary ......................................................................... 3. Aletris
33b. Perianth not adnate to superior ovary.
34a. Stem elongate, ascending; leaves cauline; 3 stigma lobes each 2-parted at apex .................. 23. Tricyrtis
 34b. Stem very short; leaves basal or nearly so; stigma not as above.
35a. Stamens 3 .................................................................................................................... 40. Anemarrhena
35b. Stamens 6.
36a. Perianth segments united.
37a. Leaves basally abruptly tapered into a petiole; flowers purplish to white ....................... 37. Hosta
37b. Leaves linear, basally not tapered into a petiole; flowers yellowish to reddish ... 31. Hemerocallis
36b. Perianth segments free.
38a. Flowers not subtended by bracts; leaves basally gradually tapered into a petiole.
39a. Inflorescence racemose or spicate; anthers basifixed, usually reniform, with
confluent locules ...................................................................................................... 6. Ypsilandra
39b. Inflorescence umbellate or umbellate-racemose; anthers dorsifixed, lanceolate,
with locules separate or confluent only at apex .................................................... 7. Heloniopsis
38b. Flowers subtended by bracts; leaves linear or filiform, basally not tapered into a
petiole.
40a. Leaves filiform, ca. 1 mm wide; inflorescence an umbel .................................... 35. Thysanotus
40b. Leaves linear, more than 2 mm wide; inflorescence a raceme or a panicle.
41a. Perianth segments 1.74 cm; base of anthers with 2 prominent, caudate
appendages 13 mm ........................................................................................ 39. Diuranthera
41b. Perianth segments usually 11.5 cm; base of anthers with 2 lobes to 0.5 mm.
42a. Flowers more than 50, densely arranged in a terminal raceme; capsule
globose, not angled .......................................................................................... 28. Eremurus
42b. Flowers several to 20, laxly arranged in a terminal panicle or occasionally
a raceme; capsule usually broadly globose, 3-angled .............................. 38. Chlorophytum
29b. Fruit a berry.
43a. Filaments swollen immediately below anther; leaves scabrous along midvein abaxially and at
margin .............................................................................................................................................. 30. Dianella
43b. Filaments not as above; leaves never scabrous along midvein abaxially, rarely so at margin.
44a. Stem elongate; leaves cauline.
45a. Perianth segments free.
46a. Inflorescence racemose with pedicels less than 6 mm or paniculate, axis elongate,
ascending; stem simple; plants not stoloniferous ......................................................... 43. Maianthemum
46b. Inflorescence usually 1-flowered or umbellate, rarely racemose with pedicels more
than 1 cm, axis short, nodding; stem often branched; plants sometimes stoloniferous.
47a. Perianth segments basally neither saccate nor spurred ................................................... 24. Streptopus
47b. Perianth segments basally saccate or spurred ............................................................... 25. Disporum
45b. Perianth segments united.
48a. Inflorescence terminating a stem (pseudoterminal leaf absent).
49a. Inflorescence only terminal, ascending, racemose or paniculate, pubescent;
anthers positioned at perianth mouth or exserted from perianth; plants
hemicryptophytic ....................................................................................................... 43. Maianthemum
49b. Inflorescences often both terminal and axillary, nodding, racemose or subumbellate,
often 1- or 2-flowered, sometimes 36-flowered, glabrous; anthers included
in perianth; plants epiphytic ............................................................................. 44. Heteropolygonatum
48b. Leaf terminating a stem (pseudoterminal leaf present).
50a. Corona absent; filaments inserted on perianth tube; rhizome never green ................ 45. Polygonatum
50b. Corona present; filaments inserted on corona; rhizome mostly green ......................... 46. Disporopsis
44b. Stem very short; leaves basal or nearly so.
51a. Perianth segments free.
52a. Plants sympodial; anthers subextrorse; scape pubescent ..................................................... 22. Clintonia
52b. Plants monopodial; anthers introrse; scape glabrous.
53a. Leaves oblong to oblanceolate, 35 cm wide, basally tapered into a petiole; bracteole
absent; anthers dorsifixed and versatile ......................................................................... 48. Speirantha
53b. Leaves grasslike, 412 mm wide, sessile; bracteole present; anthers basifixed .......... 47. Theropogon
51b. Perianth segments united.
54a. Scape arising from a creeping rhizome, with 1 flower apically ..................................... 54. Aspidistra
54b. Scape arising from a leaf tuft, with a several- to many-flowered inflorescence apically.
55a. Inflorescence a raceme; flowers nodding; leaf bases forming a pseudostem ............. 49. Convallaria
55b. Inflorescence a spike; flowers erect; pseudostem absent.
56a. Perianth lobes reflexed; anthers lanceolate; rhizome slender, 24 mm in diam. ......... 50. Reineckea
56b. Perianth lobes spreading to inflexed; anthers ovate to suborbicular; rhizome usually
 stout, (2)630 mm in diam.
57a. Perianth lobes very small, inflexed ................................................................................ 52. Rohdea
57b. Perianth lobes 1/31/2 as long as tube, spreading to incurved.
58a. Anthers positioned higher than or as high as stigma; style short, 1(3.5) mm,
or absent; stigma small, 3-lobed ....................................................................... 51. Campylandra
58b. Anthers positioned lower than stigma; style long, 412 mm; stigma large,
27 mm in diam., peltate to mushroom-shaped ........................................................ 53. Tupistra

1. TOFIELDIA Hudson, Fl. Angl., ed. 2, 157 [175]. 1778.

yan chang pu shu

Chen Xinqi ( Chen Sing-chi); Minoru N. Tamura

Herbs perennial, with a short, ascending rhizome. Leaves basal or nearly so, 2-ranked, basally equitant, sword-shaped, laterally
flattened. Scape erect, slender, apically with a many-flowered raceme or rarely a spike. Flowers bisexual, arising from axils of bracts,
small, often subtended by 1 cupular or rarely 3 nearly free bracteoles. Perianth segments 6, free or basally connate, persistent. Sta-
mens 6, often free, sometimes connate at base or inserted at base of perianth segments; anthers ovate, basifixed or subdorsifixed, in-
trorse to latrorse. Ovary superior, usually ovoid, 3-lobed apically, stipitate or sessile; ovules numerous; septal nectaries often present.
Styles 3, rather short, with introrse stigmas. Fruit a septicidal capsule, 3-loculed, sometimes folliclelike due to very deep clefts. Seeds
small, usually linear to oblong.
About 20 species: mainly in subarctic, temperate, and subtropical regions of the N hemisphere; three species (two endemic) in China.
Although Tamura (in Kubitzki, Fam. Gen. Vasc. Pl. 3: 389. 1998) placed Tofieldia in the Nartheciaceae, Wu Zhengyi (editors note) believes it
should be treated in the segregate family Tofieldiaceae, as was done by Takhtajan (Diversity Classific. Fl. Pl. 478. 1997).
1a. Style nearly as long as anthers; capsule globose, 22.5(3) mm in diam., apically scarcely or slightly 3-lobed, with
persistent, conspicuously thickened stigmas; pedicel 0.50.8 mm at anthesis ............................................................. 1. T. coccinea
1b. Style obviously longer than anthers; capsule ellipsoid or obovoid, apically 3-lobed to 3-parted, with persistent
stigmas not thickened; pedicel (1)1.512 mm at anthesis.
2a. Seeds without a white, longitudinal band; pedicel (1)1.53(7) mm; capsule horizontal to nodding ................ 2. T. divergens
2b. Seeds with a white, longitudinal band on 1 side; pedicel (3)512 mm; capsule suberect ................................... 3. T. thibetica

1. Tofieldia coccinea Richardson in Franklin, Narr. Journey Tofieldia brevistyla Franchet; T. esquirolii H. Lveill; T.
Polar Sea, 736. 1823. labordei H. Lveill & Vaniot; T. tenella Handel-Mazzetti; T.
yunnanensis Franchet.
chang bai yan chang pu
Leaves 322 cm 24 mm, rather rigid, margin scabrous,
Tofieldia fauriei H. Lveill & Vaniot; T. nutans Will- apex acuminate, veins inconspicuous. Scape 835 cm, usually
denow; T. taquetii H. Lveill & Vaniot. with 1 or 2 linear leaves in proximal part. Racemes 210 cm,
Leaves 2.57(8) cm 23(4) mm, rather rigid, margin many flowered. Flowers ascending to slightly nodding; pedicel
scabrous, apex acuminate, veins inconspicuous. Scape 516 (1)1.53(7) mm at anthesis; bracteole 1, cupular, apically
cm, with 1 or 2 short, linear leaves in proximal part. Racemes slightly 3-lobed. Perianth segments white, narrowly oblanceo-
730 mm, densely many flowered. Flowers horizontally late to narrowly elliptic, 23 0.40.5 mm. Stamens protruding
spreading or more often nodding; pedicel 0.50.8 mm at from perianth. Ovary oblong-ovoid, ca. 3 mm, 3-lobed to 3-fid
anthesis, elongate to 1.52(3.5) mm in fruit; bracteole 1, apically. Styles rather slender, 0.51 mm, obviously longer than
cupular, apically 3-lobed, rarely to 3-fid. Perianth segments anthers. Capsule horizontally spreading to nodding, obovoid-
white or slightly tinged with pink or rarely purple, oblanceolate- trigonous or ellipsoid, ca. 3 2 mm, apically 3-fid to 3-parted,
oblong, 23 ca. 0.5 mm. Stamens protruding from or rarely with persistent styles 11.5 mm and stigmas scarcely thickened.
equaling perianth. Ovary ovoid, scarcely 3-lobed apically. Seeds linear-fusiform, ca. 1 0.5 mm, without a white, longitu-
Styles rather thick, ca. 0.4 mm, nearly as long as anthers. dinal band. Fl. JunAug, fr. JulSep.
Capsule nodding, globose, 22.5(3) mm in diam., apically Crevices on rocks or cliffs, moist grassy slopes, forests; 1000
scarcely or slightly 3-lobed, with persistent styles 0.50.8 mm 4300 m. W Guizhou, SW Sichuan, Yunnan.
and stigmas conspicuously thickened. Seeds nearly linear- 3. Tofieldia thibetica Franchet, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat.,
fusiform, rarely ellipsoid, (0.8)1 mm, without a white, sr. 2, 10: 95. 1887.
longitudinal band. Fl. JulAug, fr. AugSep. 2n = (20), 30, (32).
yan chang pu
Meadows, wetlands, crevices of rocks or cliffs; 18002400 m.
Anhui, S Jilin [Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia; North America]. Tofieldia iridacea Franchet; T. macilenta Franchet; T.
setchuenensis Franchet.
2. Tofieldia divergens Bureau & Franchet, J. Bot. (Morot) 5:
Leaves 520 cm 37 mm, rather rigid, margin scabrous,
157. 1891.
cha zhu yan chang pu apex acuminate, veins inconspicuous. Scapes 1030(38) cm,
with 1 or 2 linear leaves in proximal part. Racemes ca. 15 cm, 2.53 ca. 2 mm, apically 3-lobed, with persistent styles (0.3)
many flowered. Flowers ascending or nearly so; pedicel (3)5 11.5 mm and stigmas scarcely thickened. Seeds linear-fusi-
12 mm at anthesis; bracteole 1, cupular, apically 3-lobed. Peri- form, ca. 1 0.5 mm, with a white, longitudinal band on 1 side.
anth segments white, narrowly oblanceolate-oblong, 23 0.4 Fl. JunJul, fr. JulSep.
0.5 mm. Stamensprotruding from perianth. Ovary oblong-ovoid,
ca. 2.5 mm, 3-lobed apically. Styles slender, ca. 1 mm, obvious- Cliffs, crevices on rocks along valleys, thickets, moist grassy
ly longer than anthers. Capsule suberect, obovoid-ellipsoid, slopes; 7002300 m. Guizhou, EC Sichuan, NE Yunnan.

2. PETROSAVIA Beccari, Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. 3: 7. 1871.

wu ye lian shu

Chen Xinqi ( Chen Sing-chi); Minoru N. Tamura

Miyoshia Makino; Protolirion Ridley.
Herbs small, mycotrophic, without chlorophyll, with a slender, scaly rhizome. Stem erect, simple, slender. Leaves reduced to al-
ternate scales. Inflorescence a corymb or a raceme, terminal, to more than 10-flowered. Flowers bisexual, arising from axils of small
bracts, erect, small, often subtended by a bracteole. Perianth segments 6, connate at base, persistent, inner ones larger than outer. Sta-
mens 6; filaments subulate, adnate to base of perianth segments; anthers ovate, dorsifixed or nearly basifixed, introrse. Ovary superi-
or to semi-inferior; ovules numerous; carpels 3, connate for 1/41/2 their length, sometimes connate only at base; septal nectaries
present. Styles short; stigmas capitellate or slightly 2-cleft. Fruit a capsule, folliclelike. Seeds small, elliptic, winged.
Three species: China, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam; two species (one endemic) in China.
1a. Scalelike leaves on stem usually 35 mm apart; bracts obviously longer than pedicel ....................................................... 1. P. sinii
1b. Scalelike leaves on stem usually 12 cm apart; bracts slightly shorter than pedicel ..................................................... 2. P. sakuraii

1. Petrosavia sinii (K. Krause) Gagnepain in Lecomte, Fl. Miyoshia sakuraii Makino, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 17: 145.
Indo-Chine 6: 802. 1934. 1903; Protolirion miyoshia-sakuraii Makino, nom. illeg. (inclu-
ded M. sakuraii); Protolirion sakuraii (Makino) Dandy.
wu ye lian
Herbs pale yellow, (7)1128 cm tall, glabrous. Rhizome
Protolirion sinii K. Krause, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin- ca. 2 mm thick. Stems slender, 1 or 2 arising from rhizome.
Dahlem 10: 806. 1929; Miyoshia sinii (K. Krause) Nakai. Scalelike leaves rather lax, particularly in apical part of stem,
usually 12 cm apart, narrowly to broadly ovate, 24(5) mm,
Herbs pale yellow, 410 cm tall, glabrous. Rhizome ca.
membranous, 1-veined. Inflorescence a raceme, sometimes
1.5 mm thick, usually densely scaly. Stem usually solitary, slen-
corymbose, 28.5 cm, to more than 10-flowered; bracts lanceo-
der. Scalelike leaves contiguous, especially in proximal part of
late to ovate, 23 mm, slightly shorter than pedicel. Pedicel 35
stem, usually 35 mm apart, ovate, small, 24 mm, membra -
mm, bracteolate in proximal part or near base. Flowers small.
nous. Inflorescence a raceme, sometimes corymbose, 1.52
Perianth adnate for ca. 1/3 its length to ovary; segments ovate-
cm, 712-flowered; bracts lanceolate, 23 mm, obviously long-
deltoid, 1-veined, outer ones 0.8(1) ca. 1 mm, inner ones
er than pedicel. Pedicel 12 mm, bracteolate in apical part.
(1.5)2 ca. 2 mm. Stamens ca. 1 mm; anthers ovate. Ovary
Flowers small. Perianth adnate for ca. 1/2 its length to ovary;
broadly ovoid, 3-partite. Capsule ca. 3 3 mm. Seeds dark
segments ovate-deltoid, 1-veined, outer ones ca. 0.6 0.5 mm,
brown, ellipsoid, 0.30.4(0.5) mm, longitudinally striate; testa
inner ones ca. 1 1.2 mm. Stamens ca. 0.8 mm; anthers ovate.
white, elongate, membranous. Fl. JulAug, fr. Oct. 2n = 60.
Ovary ovoid, 3-fid. Fl. Jul.
Mixed forests, bamboo forests; near sea level to 1700 m. Guangxi,
Bamboo forests; ca. 1000 m. EC Guangxi (Dayao Shan). SE Sichuan, Taiwan [Indonesia (N Sumatra), Japan, Myanmar, Viet-
nam].
2. Petrosavia sakuraii (Makino) J. J. Smith ex van Steenis,
Trop. Natuur 23: 52. 1934.
shu hua wu ye lian

3. ALETRIS Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 319. 1753.

fen tiao er cai shu

Liang Songyun ( Liang Song-jun); Nicholas J. Turland1

Stachyopogon Klotzsch.
Herbs perennial. Indumentum (if present) usually glandular. Roots usually fibrous, sometimes thickened and fleshy, or a mix-
ture of both. Rhizome short, rarely cormlike. Leaves basal, tufted, grasslike, lanceolate to linear, with a conspicuous midvein. Scape

1 Missouri Botanical Garden, P.O. Box 299, St. Louis, Missouri 63166-0299, U.S.A.
simple, erect, usually with a few small, bractlike leaves. Inflorescence a terminal raceme, densely capitate or shortly cylindric to
laxly elongate, sometimes viscid; rachis pubescent, puberulent, or glabrous. Flowers bisexual, small, distinctly pedicellate or
subsessile. Pedicel bearing a bract and bracteole toward either base or apex, pubescent, puberulent, or glabrous; bracteole similar to
bract but smaller. Perianth 6-lobed distally, pubescent, puberulent, or glabrous; tube proximally adnate to ovary; lobes erect,
spreading, recurved, or revolute. Stamens 6; filaments short; anthers basifixed. Ovary semi-inferior, 3-loculed; ovules many per
locule. Style simple, sometimes indistinct; stigma obscurely 3-lobed. Fruit a loculicidal capsule enveloped by persistent perianth,
terminating in persistent style and stigma. Seeds numerous, brown, fusiform, to 1.5 mm.
Twenty-one species: Bhutan, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Kashmir, Korea, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Sikkim; E North Am-
erica; 15 species (nine endemic) in China.
In measurements given in this account, the scape includes the raceme, the flower includes the pedicel, and the capsule includes the persistent
style and stigma.

1a. Perianth pubescent, sometimes sparsely or minutely so.

2a. Leaves 11.5 cm wide; perianth 710 mm ...................................................................................................... 15. A. megalantha
2b. Leaves less than 1 cm wide; perianth less than 7 mm.
3a. Bracts 25 flower length ........................................................................................................................ 14. A. glandulifera
3b. Bracts shorter than or subequaling flower length, sometimes a few bracts near base of raceme to
2 flower length.
4a. Flowers usually subsessile, pedicels absent to 1(2) mm, bract and bracteole borne on distal 1/2 of
pedicel (often near apex); perianth lobes linear-lanceolate or narrowly oblong-lanceolate to linear;
capsule turbinate, oblong-obovoid, obovoid, or ovoid.
5a. Capsule turbinate, oblong-obovoid, or obovoid, distinctly angular, 35 23 mm, abruptly
contracted distally when dehisced; leaves 24(5) mm wide ............................................................... 2. A. spicata
5b. Capsule ovoid, not angular, 46 34.5 mm, not or only slightly contracted distally when
dehisced; leaves (2)35(8) mm wide ............................................................................................. 3. A. stenoloba
4b. Flowers distinctly pedicellate, pedicels 0.53.5 mm, bract and bracteole borne on proximal 1/2 of
pedicel (often near base); perianth lobes ovate to lanceolate; capsule subglobose.
6a. Leaves 15, laxly tufted; rhizome cormlike, 37 mm in diam. ................................................... 13. A. scopulorum
6b. Leaves numerous, densely tufted; rhizome not cormlike.
7a. Perianth lobes oblong-lanceolate, 23 mm ............................................................................. 11. A. pedicellata
7b. Perianth lobes ovate, ca. 1 mm .................................................................................................... 12. A. yaanica
1b. Perianth glabrous, rarely papillose.
8a. Raceme rachis and pedicels glabrous; bract and bracteole borne on proximal 1/2 of pedicel (often near base).
9a. Raceme covered with viscid secretion; perianth tube urceolate, strongly constricted at apex, lobes erect ....... 1. A. glabra
9b. Raceme not covered with viscid secretion; perianth tube broadly funnelform, lobes strongly recurved or
revolute.
10b. Rhizome surrounded by mass of fibers from disintegrated leaf bases; capsule with persistent stigma
conspicuously thickened and capitate ....................................................................................................... 5. A. gracilis
10a. Rhizome not surrounded by mass of fibers but sometimes by persistent, dead leaves; capsule with
persistent stigma not or only slightly thickened ................................................................................. 6. A. cinerascens
8b. Raceme rachis and pedicels pubescent or puberulent; bract and bracteole usually borne on distal 1/2 of
pedicel (often near apex).
11a. Rhizome often surrounded by mass of fibers from disintegrated leaf bases; roots thickened, fleshy;
leaves usually rather few (510) and laxly tufted; capsule ovoid-ellipsoid or ovoid-conical ................... 7. A. pauciflora
11b. Rhizome not surrounded by mass of fibers; roots fibrous; leaves numerous and densely tufted; capsule
narrowly ovoid to subglobose.
12a. Raceme densely capitate or oblong-capitate; bract and bracteole borne on proximal 1/2 of pedicel
(often near base) ..................................................................................................................................... 8. A. capitata
12b. Raceme elongate and lax to short and dense but not capitate; bract and bracteole usually borne at or
near apex of pedicel.
13a. Perianth 47.5 mm, lobes 25.5 mm, erect, spreading, recurved, or revolute, 15 tube
length ........................................................................................................................................ 4. A. laxiflora
13b. Perianth 34.5 mm, lobes 12 mm, erect or recurved, 0.31 tube length.
14a. Scape very slender, wiry, often somewhat flexuous, 720 cm; bract shorter than
perianth; perianth often densely papillose, lobes recurved .......................................... 10. A. alpestris
14b. Scape relatively stout, not wiry, straight and erect, 1.510 cm; bract equaling or longer
than perianth; perianth not or scarcely papillose, lobes erect or slightly recurved .............. 9. A. nana
1. Aletris glabra Bureau & Franchet, J. Bot. (Morot) 5: 156. (sometimes a few bracts at base of raceme to 2 flower length,
1891. rarely all bracts exceeding flowers), apex acute. Perianth white,
yellowish white, or yellowish green, sometimes striped or
wu mao fen tiao er cai
apically tinged pink, 47 mm, densely pubescent, rarely sparse-
Aletris dickinsii Franchet; A. foliata (Maximowicz) Bureau ly so; tube oblong-urceolate; lobes erect, linear-lanceolate,
& Franchet var. glabra (Bureau & Franchet) Yamamoto; A. 1.53 ca. 0.5 mm, usually ca. 1 tube length or shorter, apex
foliata var. sikkimensis (J. D. Hooker) Franchet; A. formosana acute. Capsule turbinate, obovoid, or oblong-obovoid, distinctly
(Hayata) Sasaki; A. sikkimensis J. D. Hooker; ?A. tavelii H. angular, 35 23 mm, abruptly constricted distally when de-
Lveill; Metanarthecium formosanum Hayata. hisced, apex of valves gradually narrowed; style ca. 1 mm;
stigma not or only slightly thickened. Fl. MarAug, Nov, fr.
Plants glabrous throughout. Rhizome stout. Leaves usually
MayAug. 2n = 26, 52*.
rather few (410) and laxly tufted, sometimes more numerous
and dense, linear-lanceolate to linear, 530 cm 518 mm. Forests, thicket margins, scrub, grasslands, streamsides, road-
Scape 15100 cm. Raceme 745 cm, covered with viscid secre- sides; 1002900 m. Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Gui-
tion (to which dust, fibers, seeds, etc. adhere), laxly to densely zhou, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shanxi,
15120-flowered. Flowers subsessile to distinctly pedicellate; Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan (including Ryukyu Islands),
pedicel 0.53(4.5) mm; bract borne at or near base of pedicel, ?N Malaysia, Philippines (Luzon)].
linear-lanceolate, 216 mm, slightly shorter than flower to 2.5 3. Aletris stenoloba Franchet, J. Bot. (Morot) 10: 203. 1896.
flower length, apex obtuse; bracteole borne on proximal 1/2 of
pedicel above bract. Perianth yellowish green or cream (with xia ban fen tiao er cai
green or greenish brown midvein on lobes), 36 mm, some- Aletris longibracteata T. L. Xu; A. spicata (Thunberg)
times sparsely papillose; tube urceolate, abruptly constricted at Franchet var. fargesii Franchet.
apex; lobes erect, oblong-lanceolate or narrowly so, 1.53
0.51 mm, 0.61 tube length, apex obtuse. Capsule obovoid Leaves numerous, densely tufted, linear, 535 cm (2)3
to subglobose, angular or so, 46 34.5 mm, apex of valves 5(8) mm. Scape 2580 cm. Raceme 535 cm, laxly 1060-
gradually narrowed; style to 0.7 mm; stigma not or only slightly flowered; rachis pubescent. Flowers subsessile; pedicel absent
thickened. Fl. MayAug, fr. AugNov. 2n = 26. to 1(2) mm, pubescent; bract and bracteole borne on distal part
of pedicel, linear-lanceolate, proximally pubescent; bract 48
Abies, Pinus, and Quercus forests, thickets, moist meadows, flood (11) mm, shorter than or equaling flower (sometimes a few
lands, alpine grasslands, rocky slopes; 12004000 m. Fujian, Gansu,
Guizhou, Hubei, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan bracts at base of raceme to 2 flower length), apex acute.
[Bhutan, Sikkim]. Perianth white or pale yellow, sometimes apically tinged pink,
47 mm, sparsely pubescent, rarely densely so; tube urceolate;
Aletris glabra is very similar to, and overlaps morphologically lobes erect, narrowly oblong lanceolate to linear, 2.54 0.5
with, the Japanese A. foliata (Maximowicz) Bureau & Franchet (J. Bot. 1 mm, usually ca. 1 tube length or longer, apex obtuse to
(Morot) 5: 156. 1891). The latter species tends to have a larger perianth
acute. Capsule ovoid, not angular, 46 34.5 mm, not or
(57 mm), with lobes 0.751.2 tube length, and capsule ovoid to
obovoid-subglobose. If the two were considered synonymous, the name only slightly constricted distally when dehisced, apex of valves
A. foliata would have priority because it is based on Metanarthecium abruptly narrowed; style 12 mm; stigma not or only slightly
foliatum Maximowicz (in Trautvetter et al., Decas Pl. Nov. 10. 1882). In thickened. Fl. MarJul, fr. MaySep.
making their new combination in Aletris, Bureau and Franchet mis- Forests, Pinus plantations, pastures, grassy slopes, hillsides,
spelled the names as A. foliosa and M. foliosum, respectively, and
streamsides, wet hollows, moist shaded cliffs; 3003300 m. Gansu,
were followed by several other authors. Aletris fauriei H. Lveill & Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan.
Vaniot (in H. Lveill, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 5: 283. 1908),
described from Korea, seems slightly closer to A. foliata than to A. gla- Aletris stenoloba is very similar to A. spicata, and the two species
bra judging from the only specimens seen by the present authors (the may easily be confused in the absence of fruiting material; the capsule
type collection). shape is the most reliable distinguishing character. Fruiting material of
A. stenoloba and A. laxiflora may also be confused, although the latter
2. Aletris spicata (Thunberg) Franchet, J. Bot. (Morot) 10: 199. differs in its glabrous perianth with lobes 15 tube length.
1896.
4. Aletris laxiflora Bureau & Franchet, J. Bot. (Morot) 5: 155.
fen tiao er cai 1891.
Hypoxis spicata Thunberg in Murray, Syst. Veg., ed. 14, shu hua fen tiao er cai
326. 1784; Aletris japonica Lambert (1811), nom. illeg. (includ-
ed Hypoxis spicata), not Houttuyn (1780) nor Thunberg (1780); Aletris elata F. T. Wang & Tang; A. gracilipes F. T. Wang
A. spicata var. micrantha Satake. & Tang; A. revoluta Franchet; Mondo cavaleriei (H. Lveill)
Farwell; Ophiopogon cavaleriei H. Lveill.
Leaves numerous, densely tufted, linear, 530 cm 24
(5) mm. Scape 1570 cm. Raceme 535 cm, laxly 1080- Leaves numerous, densely tufted, linear, 325(35) cm
flowered; rachis densely pubescent. Flowers subsessile; pedicel 1.56(10) mm. Scape 1070 cm. Raceme 230 cm, somewhat
absent to 1(2) mm, densely pubescent; bract and bracteole densely to very laxly 460-flowered; rachis pubescent or pub-
borne on distal part of pedicel, linear-lanceolate, proximally erulent. Flowers subsessile to distinctly pedicellate; pedicel
pubescent; bract 48 mm, shorter than or equaling flower 0.56(10) mm, pubescent or puberulent; bract and bracteole
usually borne at or near apex of pedicel (rarely at middle or not covered with viscid secretion, laxly 1023(or more)-flow-
base); bract lanceolate to narrowly so, 312 mm, shorter than ered. Flowers distinctly pedicellate; pedicel 1 10 mm; bract
flower (sometimes a few bracts at base of raceme to 2 flower borne at or near base of pedicel (sheathing, so sometimes ap-
length), glabrous, apex acute. Perianth white to pink, 47.5 mm, pearing apical on very short pedicels), lanceolate, 37 mm,
glabrous (but sometimes slightly puberulent at base of tube); shorter than flower, apex obtuse; bracteole borne on proximal
tube very short, broadly funnelform; lobes erect, spreading, 1/2 of pedicel above bract. Perianth yellowish, 46 22.5
recurved, or revolute, narrowly oblong or narrowly lanceolate, mm; tube very short, broadly funnelform; lobes strongly recurv-
25.5 0.81.5 mm, 15 tube length, apex obtuse to acute. ed or revolute, narrowly lanceolate, 34.5 11.5 mm, ca. 3
Capsule narrowly ovoid to subglobose, 48 24 mm, apex of tube length, apex obtuse. Capsule oblong-ovoid or ellipsoid,
valves abruptly narrowed; style 13 mm; stigma thickened or 57 33.5 mm, apex of valves abruptly narrowed; style 1.5
not. Fl. MarAug, fr. AprAug. 2.5 mm; stigma not or only slightly thickened. Fl. and fr. Jun
Nov.
Forests, river banks, stream beds, rocks; 11002900 m. Gui-
zhou, Sichuan, E Xizang (Bomi Xian). Grassy hilltops, dry slopes, forests; 27003100 m. Guangxi, WC
Typical Aletris laxiflora from C Sichuan and E Xizang has short, Yunnan (Jingdong Xian).
usually erect perianth lobes, while plants from C and E Sichuan and 7. Aletris pauciflora (Klotzsch) Handel-Mazzetti, Symb. Sin.
Guizhou have longer, often recurved or revolute perianth lobes, and
have been called A. revoluta. Intermediate plants occur where the two 7: 1220. 1936.
entities overlap in C Sichuan. All are here regarded as a single, variable shao hua fen tiao er cai
species. The type of A. gracilipes, from C Sichuan, also belongs here
and not under A. stelliflora (i.e., A. gracilis) as given in FRPS; it is unu- Roots thickened, fleshy. Rhizome stout, sometimes clump-
sual in having 610 mm long pedicels with a basal bract and bracteole. forming, often surrounded by a dense collar of persistent fibers
5. Aletris gracilis Rendle, J. Bot. 44: 41. 1906. from disintegrated leaf bases. Leaves usually rather few (510)
and laxly tufted, sometimes more numerous and dense, linear-
xing hua fen tiao er cai lanceolate to linear, 325 cm 1 10 mm. Scape 3.540 cm.
Aletris stelliflora Handel-Mazzetti. Raceme 120 cm, densely to laxly 440-flowered, rachis pub-
escent. Flowers distinctly pedicellate; pedicel 112 mm, pub-
Plant glabrous throughout. Rhizome surrounded by a escent; bract and bracteole borne at or near apex of pedicel;
dense collar of persistent fibers from disintegrated leaf bases. bract lanceolate to narrowly linear-lanceolate, 320 mm, 14
Leaves 5 to numerous, usually laxly tufted, linear, 2 20 cm flower length, glabrous, apex obtuse to rounded. Perianth dark
27(9) mm. Scape 740 cm. Raceme 215 cm, not covered red, red, pink, orange, yellow, greenish yellow, or white, 3.56
with viscid secretion, laxly 540-flowered. Flowers distinctly mm, glabrous; tube campanulate; lobes usually recurved, some-
pedicellate; pedicel 110 mm; bract borne at or near base of times erect, oblong-ovate to lanceolate, 1.52.5 0.81.5 mm,
pedicel, narrowly lanceolate, 39(16) mm, shorter than flower 0.61 tube length, apex obtuse to rounded. Capsule ovoid-
(rarely a few bracts at base of raceme slightly longer than ellipsoid or ovoid-conical, 46 2.54 mm, apex of valves
flower), apex obtuse to subacute; bracteole borne on proximal gradually narrowed; style to 0.5 mm; stigma thickened. Fl.
1/2 of pedicel above bract. Perianth yellowish, whitish, or pink- AprAug, fr. JunOct.
ish, 45 mm; tube broadly funnelform; lobes strongly recurved
or revolute, narrowly oblong or oblong, 23 ca. 1 mm, 1.52 Mixed,coniferous, and broad-leaved forests, scrub, bamboo scrub,
swamps, marshes, bogs, stream banks, wet flushes, damp meadows,
tube length, apex obtuse to rounded or truncate. Capsule nar-
grassy alpine slopes, open stony pastures, exposed ridges, river gravels,
rowly ovoid, 4.57 2.53.5 mm, apex of valves abruptly nar-
moraines, rocks; 15004900 m. Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, In-
owed; style 0.52 mm; stigma conspicuously thickened, capi- dia, Kashmir, N Myanmar, Nepal, Sikkim].
tate. Fl. JulSep, fr. SepOct.
Two varieties may be recognized, although intermediate plants
Alpine swamps, alpine grasslands, bamboo thickets, thicket mar- and mixed collections occur. In FRPS, they were distinguished, in addi-
gins, grassy cliffs, rocks; 25003900 m. SE Xizang, NW Yunnan [Bhu- tion to bract length, by having racemes laxly flowered (var. pauciflora)
tan, NE India, N Myanmar, Sikkim]. or densely flowered (var. khasiana). However, raceme density seems to
The type of Aletris gracilis corresponds with A. stelliflora, not A. indicate the developmental stage of the inflorescence (i.e., denser is
laxiflora as given in FRPS, so the name A. gracilis has priority over A. younger) rather than correlate with bract length.
stelliflora, which was described in 1936. Aletris gracilis is easily dis-
1a. Bract obviously longer than flower, to
tinguished from A. laxiflora by its completely glabrous raceme rachis
4 flower length ................................... 7a. var. pauciflora
and pedicels.
1b. Bract subequaling flower ........................ 7b. var. khasiana
6. Aletris cinerascens F. T. Wang & Tang, Fl. Reipubl. Popu-
laris Sin. 15: 254. 1978. 7a. Aletris pauciflora var. pauciflora

hui qiao fen tiao er cai () shao hua fen tiao er cai (yuan bian
zhong)
Plants glabrous throughout. Rhizome not surrounded by a
dense collar of fibers but sometimes by persistent, dead leaves. Stachyopogon pauciflorus Klotzsch in Klotzsch & Garcke,
Leaves somewhat numerous, densely tufted, linear-lanceolate, Bot. Ergebn. Reise Waldemar, 49. 1862; Aletris mairei H. L-
413 cm 312.5 mm. Scape 835 cm. Raceme 2.519 cm, veill; A. nepalensis J. D. Hooker, nom. illeg. (included S. pau-
ciflorus and S. spicatus Klotzsch); A. nepalensis var. delavayi Type material of Aletris alpestris var. occidentalis, described by
Franchet; A. pauciflora f. minuscula Handel-Mazzetti. Hara (J. Jap. Bot. 47: 276. 1972) from Nepal and Xizang, corresponds
with A. nana.
Bract obviously longer than flower, to 4 flower length.
10. Aletris alpestris Diels, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 36(Heft 5, No. 82):
Grassy alpine slopes; 34004100 m. Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan 20. 1905.
[Bhutan, India, Kashmir, N Myanmar, Nepal, Sikkim].
gao shan fen tiao er cai
7b. Aletris pauciflora var. khasiana (J. D. Hooker) F. T. Wang
& Tang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 15: 172. 1978. Aletris dielsii F. T. Wang & Tang.
sui hua fen tiao er cai Leaves numerous, densely tufted, linear, 1.58 cm 24
mm. Scape very slender, wiry, often somewhat flexuous, 720
Aletris khasiana J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 6: 265. 1892; cm. Raceme 14 cm, laxly 410-flowered; rachis puberulent.
A. lanuginosa Bureau & Franchet; A. lanuginosa var. khasiana Flowers distinctly pedicellate; pedicel 24 mm, puberulent;
(J. D. Hooker) Franchet; Stachyopogon spicatus Klotzsch. bract and bracteole borne at or near apex of pedicel; bract lan-
Bract subequaling flower. ceolate, 1.54 mm, shorter than flower, glabrous, apex acute.
Perianth white or pinkish white, 3.54.5 mm, glabrous but often
Forests, bamboo scrub, swamps, shady rocks; 15004900 m. Si-
densely papillose; tube cupular or campanulate; lobes recurved,
chuan, Xizang, Yunnan [NE India].
lanceolate, 1.52 0.51 mm, 0.61 tube length, apex of
8. Aletris capitata F. T. Wang & Tang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis valves obtuse to acute. Capsule ovoid-globose, ca. 3 2.5 mm,
Sin. 15: 254. 1978. apex abruptly narrowed; style ca. 0.3 mm; stigma not or only
tou hua fen tiao er cai slightly thickened. Fl. AprJul, fr. AugSep.
Cliffs, rocks in forests; 8003900 m. Guizhou, Shaanxi, Si-
Leaves numerous, densely tufted, linear, 215 cm 13
chuan, NE Yunnan (Yiliang Xian).
mm. Scape 1035 cm. Raceme capitate or oblong-capitate, 0.5
1.5 cm, densely 711-flowered; rachis pubescent. Flowers dis- 11. Aletris pedicellata F. T. Wang & Tang, Bull. Fan Mem.
tinctly pedicellate; pedicel 0.53 mm, pubescent; bract and Inst. Biol., n.s., 1: 109. 1943.
bracteole borne on proximal 1/2 of pedicel, often near base, chang bing fen tiao er cai
lanceolate; bract 2.55 mm, slightly shorter than flower, gla-
brous, apex obtuse to subacute. Perianth white, 45 mm, gla- Leaves numerous, densely tufted, linear-lanceolate to line-
brous; tube campanulate; lobes spreading or recurved, oblong, ar, 28 cm 1.55 mm. Scape 730 cm. Raceme 212 cm,
24 ca. 1 mm, 11.5 tube length, apex obtuse-rounded. somewhat laxly 845-flowered; rachis pubescent. Flowers
Capsule ovoid, 3.54 ca. 2.5 mm, apex of valves gradually distinctly pedicellate; pedicel 1.57 mm, pubescent; bract and
narrowed; style ca. 1 mm; stigma slightly thickened. Fl. Jun, fr. bracteole borne on proximal 1/2 of pedicel; bract linear-lan-
Aug. ceolate, 27 mm, shorter than flower, pubescent at least prox-
imally, apex acute. Perianth white or pink, 36 mm, pubescent;
Shady rocks, grasslands, forests; 24003500 m. C Sichuan
tube cupular; lobes erect, oblong-lanceolate, 23 0.50.8
(Baoxing Xian, Tianquan Xian).
mm, ca. 1 tube length, apex obtuse. Capsule subglobose, 2
9. Aletris nana S. C. Chen, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 19: 503. 1981. 3.5 23 mm, apex of valves abruptly narrowed; style ca. 0.5
ai fen tiao er cai mm; stigma not or only slightly thickened. Fl. and fr. MayJun.
About 800 m. Sichuan.
Aletris alpestris Diels var. occidentalis H. Hara.
12. Aletris yaanica G. H. Yang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 25: 237.
Leaves numerous, densely tufted, linear, 13.5 cm 14
1987.
mm. Scape somewhat stout, not wiry, straight and erect, 1.510
cm. Raceme 0.53.5 cm, densely or somewhat laxly 314- ya an fen tiao er cai
flowered, becoming lax in fruit; rachis pubescent or puberulent.
Leaves numerous, densely tufted, linear-lanceolate, rarely
Flowers distinctly pedicellate; pedicel 14 mm, pubescent or
lanceolate, 23 cm 24 mm. Scape 710 cm. Raceme 12
puberulent; bract and bracteole borne at or near apex of pedicel;
cm, 79-flowered; rachis pubescent. Flowers distinctly
bract lanceolate, 26 mm, equaling or exceeding flower, gla-
pedicellate; pedicel 12.5 mm, pubescent; bract and
brous, apex acute. Perianth white or pinkish white, 34 mm,
bracteole borne on proximal part of pedicel, often at or near
glabrous, not or scarcely papillose; tube broadly funnelform;
base; bract linear-lanceolate, ca. 4 mm, slightly shorter than
lobes erect or slightly recurved, triangular-ovate to lanceolate,
flower, base pubescent, apex acute. Perianth creamy white, 1.5
11.5 0.71 mm, 0.30.45 tube length, apex obtuse. Cap-
2.5 mm, pubescent; tube campanulate; lobes erect, ovate, ca. 1
sule subglobose, 2.53 mm, apex of valves abruptly narrow-
0.7 mm, ca. 1 tube length, apex obtuse. Ovary subglobose.
ed; style ca. 0.4 mm; stigma not or only slightly thickened. Fl.
Capsule unknown. Fl. May.
MayJun, fr. AugSep.
Wet grassy meadows, swamps, damp rock crevices, in moss, About 800 m. C Sichuan (Yaan Xian).
among boulders; 32004600 m. S Xizang, NW Yunnan (Yulongxue Aletris yaanica is known only from the type collection. The pro-
Shan) [Nepal]. tologue illustrates a plant at early anthesis which seems very similar to
A. pedicellata. Further gatherings are needed to establish whether or not Leaves 510, laxly tufted, linear, 518 cm 26mm. Scape
it is distinct. 1030 cm. Raceme 27.5 cm, laxly 525-flowered; rachis
13. Aletris scopulorum Dunn, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 38: 370. pubescent. Flowers distinctly pedicellate; pedicel 0.53 mm,
1908. pubescent; bract and bracteole borne at or near apex of pedicel;
bract narrowly linear-lanceolate, 515 mm, 25 flower length,
duan bing fen tiao er cai basepubescent, apex subacute. Perianth white, 2.54.5 mm, pub-
Aletris makiyataroi Naruhashi. escent; tube urceolate; lobes erect, ovate to lanceolate, 12
ca. 0.7 mm, 0.60.8 tube length, apex obtuse. Capsule ovoid
Rhizome cormlike, subglobose, 37 mm in diam. Leaves
to subglobose, 33.5 2.53 mm, apex of valves abruptly nar-
15, laxly tufted, linear, 315 cm 24.5 mm. Scape 1035
rowed; style ca. 0.5 mm; stigma not or only slightly thickened.
cm, slender, often wiry. Raceme 2.512.5 cm, laxly 417-flow-
Fl. Jul.
ered, rachis pubescent. Flowers shortly pedicellate; pedicel 0.5
3.5 mm, pubescent; bract and bracteole borne on proximal 1/2 Forested slopes, grassy places, herb communities; 33004300
of pedicel; bract linear-lanceolate, 25.5 mm, shorter than or m. Gansu, Shaanxi, Sichuan.
equaling flower, glabrous, apex acute. Perianth white,35 mm, 15. Aletris megalantha F. T. Wang & Tang, Acta Phytotax. Sin.
sparsely pubescent or glabrescent; tube campanulate; lobes 1: 119. 1951.
erect or slightly recurved, narrowly oblong-lanceolate to linear,
1.52.5 0.30.7 mm, ca. 1 tube length or slightly longer, da hua fen tiao er cai
apex obtuse to rounded. Capsule subglobose, 33.5 2.53
Leaves rather few (ca. 10), laxly tufted, linear-lanceolate
mm, apex of valves abruptly narrowed; style ca. 0.5 mm or in-
to linear, 1540 cm 1015 mm. Scape to 40 cm. Raceme 9
distinct; stigma not or only slightly thickened. Fl. MarApr, fr.
12 cm, somewhat laxly 1520-flowered; rachis pubescent.
Apr.
Flowers distinctly pedicellate; pedicel 23 mm, stout, densely
Roadside scrub, grassy slopes, moist places on steppes, waste- pubescent; bract and bracteole borne near apex of pedicel; bract
lands; near sea level to 400 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Hunan, Jiangxi, lanceolate to narrowly so, 618 mm, slightly longer than to 2
Zhejiang [Japan]. as long as flower, base pubescent, apex obtuse. Perianth pink,
The type of Aletris makiyataroi, described from Japan in 1973, 710 mm, densely pubescent; tube urceolate; lobes erect,
corresponds with that of A. scopulorum, which was formerly considered deltoid-ovate, 23 ca. 1.5 mm, 0.30.5 tube length, apex
endemic to China. obtuse-rounded. Capsule unknown. Fl. Jul.
14. Aletris glandulifera Bureau & Franchet, J. Bot. (Morot) 5:
156. 1891. Grassy slopes; 28003400 m. W Yunnan (Zhenkang Xian).

xian mao fen tiao er cai

Aletris biondiana Diels; A. lactiflora Franchet.

4. VERATRUM Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 1044. 1753.

li lu shu
Chen Xinqi ( Chen Sing-chi); Hiroshi Takahashi5
Herbs perennial, usually andropolygamous, with short, thick rhizomes and stout, slightly fleshy roots. Stems erect, terete, stout,
usually pubescent, leafy, usually enclosed basally by fibers or reticulate fibers formed from disintegrated sheaths. Leaves alternate,
sheathed and clasping, broad to narrow, strongly plicately veined, basally usually narrowed. Inflorescence usually a terminal panicle,
many flowered. Flowers shortly pedicellate or subsessile, white, yellowish, green, or dark purple-brown, funnelform, cupular to
opening flat. Tepals 6, usually free, spreading, persistent in fruit. Stamens 6, inserted at base of tepals; anthers reniform to cordate-
orbicular, with locules confluent and dehiscent by an apical valve. Ovary 3-loculed, slightly 3-lobed apically, ovules usually many.
Styles 3, short, persistent, stigmatic adaxially. Fruit a septicidal capsule. Seeds several per valve, flattened, narrowly winged.
About 40 species: mainly in temperate regions of the N hemisphere; 13 species (eight endemic) in China.
1a. Basal sheath of stem with only longitudinal veins, becoming fibrous when disintegrated.
2a. Leaves glabrous or sparsely pubescent .............................................................................................................. 2. V. oxysepalum
2b. Leaves densely pubescent abaxially.
3a. Leaves silvery pubescent abaxially ................................................................................................................ 1. V. dahuricum
3b. Leaves brownish or grayish pubescent abaxially.
4a. Tepals prominently erose-denticulate at margin; ovary densely woolly ............................................ 4. V. grandiflorum
4b. Tepals scarcely erose-denticulate at margin; ovary glabrous ................................................................ 3. V. lobelianum
1b. Basal sheath of stem with both longitudinal and transverse veins, becoming reticulate when disintegrated.
5a. Leaves conspicuously petiolate.
6a. Plants rather small, to 40 cm tall; flowers relatively small, with tepals 23 ca. 1 mm; capsule

5 Department of Biology, Faculty of Education, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.

 pendulous ..................................................................................................................................................... 8. V. micranthum
6b. Plants relatively large, usually to 1 m tall; flowers relatively large, with tepals more than 4 2 mm;
capsule erect.
7a. Leaf blade papillose-pubescent on abaxial veins ..................................................................................... 7. V. oblongum
7b. Leaf blade glabrous.
8a. Pedicels on branches of panicle 1 cm or more, ca. 2 as long as perianth .......................................... 6. V. maackii
8b. Pedicels on branches of panicle less than 1 cm, subequaling perianth ............................................ 9 . V. schindleri
5b. Leaves sessile or sometimes shortly petiolate in distal part of stem.
9a. Leaf blade usually broadly elliptic to broadly ovate-lanceolate, to 10 cm wide; flowers black-purple ............. 5. V. nigrum
9b. Leaf blade narrowly oblong or lorate, 13(8.5) cm wide; flowers usually yellowish green or greenish
white, rarely dark purple (in V. formosanum).
10a. Tepals adaxially with 2 conspicuous glands in proximal part ...................................................... 12. V. mengtzeanum
10b. Tepals eglandular.
11a. Bracts glabrous; flowers usually dark purple ......................................................................... 10. V. formosanum
11b. Bracts white woolly-ciliate; flowers yellowish to greenish.
12a. Branches of panicle horizontally spreading or slightly recurved, sometimes zigzagged,
pedicels 715 mm ................................................................................................................. 13. V. taliense
12b. Branches of panicle suberect or spreading at an acute angle, pedicels (1)23(4)
mm ................................................................................................................................ 11. V. stenophyllum

1. Veratrum dahuricum (Turczaninow) Loesener, Verh. Bot. pillose-pubescent. Fl. Jul. 2n = 32, 64, 70(72), 80.
Vereins Prov. Brandenburg 68: 134. 1926. Forested slopes, moist meadows; near sea level to 2200 m. Hei-
longjiang, Jilin, Liaoning [Japan, Korea, Russia].
xing an li lu
3. Veratrum lobelianum Bernhardi, Neues J. Bot.2: 356. 1807.
Veratrum album Linnaeus var. dahuricum Turczaninow,
a er tai li lu
Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 28(1): 295. 1855.
Plants to more than 1 m tall, stout, basally with non-retic-
Plants 70150 cm tall, basally with dense, non-reticulate
ulate fibers formed from disintegrated sheaths. Leaves cauline,
fibers formed from disintegrated sheaths. Leaves cauline, ses-
sessile or subsessile, basally clasping; leaf blade broadly ovate-
sile, basally clasping; leaf blade elliptic or ovate-elliptic, 13
elliptic, 1822 1016 cm, in apical part of stem lanceolate
23 511 cm, abaxially densely silvery pubescent, apex acu-
and much smaller, abaxially densely puberulent, apex obtuse or
minate. Panicle fusiform, 2060 cm, many flowered; lateral
acuminate. Panicle to 30 cm, with many branches and
branches subequaling terminal raceme, basal one usually with
branchlets, densely many flowered; rachis densely gray
branchlets; rachis densely white pubescent-woolly; bracts
pubescent. Pedicel 12 mm, shorter than bracts, pubescent.
ovate-lanceolate, pubescent marginally and abaxially. Pedicel
Tepals yellowish green, narrowly elliptic, 1.11.2 cm 44.5
ca. 2 mm. Tepals yellowish green, with white margin, elliptic or
mm, narrowed to a stalklike base, margin inconspicuously
ovate-elliptic, 0.81.2 cm 34 mm, abaxially pubescent, base
denticulate, apex subacute or obtuse. Stamens 67 mm. Ovary
clawed, margin erose. Stamens 46 mm. Ovary ovoid, densely
glabrous. Capsule 22.5 ca. 1 cm. Fl. and fr. AugSep. 2n =
pubescent. Fl. JunAug.
32.
Meadows, moist grassy slopes; near sea level to 500 m. Hei- Shaded and moist places in mountain forests; 15002000 m. N
longjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, ?Nei Mongol [Korea, Russia]. Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Mongolia, Russia; Europe].
2. Veratrum oxysepalum Turczaninow, Bull. Soc. Imp. Natu- 4. Veratrum grandiflorum (Maximowicz ex Baker) Loesener,
ralistes Moscou 13: 79. 1840. Verh. Bot. Vereins Prov. Brandenburg 68: 135. 1926.
jian bei li lu mao ye li lu

Veratrum patulum Loesener. Veratrum album Linnaeus var. grandiflorum Maximowicz

ex Baker, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 17: 471. 1879; V. bracteatum
Plants to 1 m tall, basally with dense, non-reticulate fibers Batalin var. tibeticum Loesener; V. puberulum Loesener.
formed from disintegrated sheaths. Leaves cauline, sessile, ba-
sally clasping; leaf blade elliptic or oblong, (3)1422(29) Plants stout, to 1.5 m tall, basally with non-reticulate fibers
ca. 14 cm, abaxially glabrous or sparsely pubescent, apex acute formed from disintegrated sheaths. Leaves cauline, sessile,
or acuminate. Panicle 3035(50) cm, many flowered; lateral basally clasping; leaf blade broadly elliptic to oblong-lanceo-
branches and terminal raceme 812 cm; rachis densely pubes- late, 1015(26) 69(16) cm, abaxially densely brown or
cent-woolly. Pedicel 13(6) mm, shorter than bracts. Tepals gray pubescent, apex obtuse-rounded or acuminate. Panicle 20
adaxially white, abaxially green, oblong to obovate-oblong, 7 50 cm; lateral branches suberect or spreading at an acute angle,
11 36 mm, base narrowed, margin denticulate, apex rounded 510(14) cm; terminal raceme ca. 2 as long as lateral ones.
or subacute; outer tepals slightly pubescent at abaxial base. Sta- Pedicel 23(5) mm, shorter than bracts, sometimes densely
mens 47 mm. Ovary ca. 2 1 mm, sparsely pubescent or pa- pubescent. Tepals greenish white, broadly oblong or elliptic,
1.11.7 cm ca. 6 mm, base slightly clawed, margin erose- Veratrum maximowiczii Baker var. hupehense Pampanini.
denticulate, apex obtuse; outer tepals densely pubescent abaxi-
Plants rather slender, to 1 m tall, basally with brown, re-
ally, particularly in proximal part. Stamens 610 mm. Ovary
ticulate fibers formed from disintegrated sheaths. Leaves long
subconical, densely pubescent. Capsule 1.52.5 11.5 cm. Fl.
petiolate; leaf blade narrowly elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, us-
and fr. JulAug. 2n = 32*.
ually 2030 26 cm, usually papillose-pubescent along abaxial
Forested slopes, moist grassy places; 26004000 m. Hubei, veins, base cuneate, apex long acuminate. Panicle to 80 cm,
Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang. with many lateral branches ca. 15 cm, sometimes basal branch-
5. Veratrum nigrum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 1044. 1753. es with branchlets, laxly many flowered; rachis woolly; bracts
25 mm, much shorter than pedicel. Pedicel slender, 11.5 cm.
li lu
Tepals spreading or recurved, purple, oblong, 57(8) 23
Veratrum bracteatum Batalin; V. nigrum var. microcarpum mm, base not clawed, apex obtuse; outer tepals pubescent at
Loesener; V. nigrum subsp. ussuriense (Loesener) Voroschilov; abaxial base. Stamens 2.53.5 mm. Ovary glabrous. Capsule
V. nigrum var. ussuriense Loesener; V. ussuriense (Loesener) erect, 1.52 ca. 0.7 cm. Fl. and fr. AugSep.
Nakai. Shrubby slopes; 10002100 m. W Hubei, Jiangxi, E Sichuan.
Plants stout, to 1 m tall, basally with black, reticulate 8. Veratrum micranthum F. T. Wang & Tang, Contr. Inst. Bot.
fibers formed from disintegrated sheaths. Leaves cauline, Natl. Acad. Peiping 6: 215. 1949.
sessile or sometimes shortly petiolate in distal part of stem; leaf
xiao hua li lu
blade broadly elliptic to broadly ovate-lanceolate, usually 22
25 ca. 10 cm, glabrous, apex acute or acuminate. Panicle Plants rather slender, 3040 cm tall, basally with brown,
many flowered; lateral branches suberect or spreading at an reticulate fibers formed from disintegrated sheaths. Leaves 3 or
acute angle, often with male flowers; terminal raceme usually 4 in proximal part of stem; petiole 23 cm; leaf blade oblong-
with bisexual flowers; rachis densely white woolly; bracts elliptic, 1618 1.73.5 cm, glabrous, base cuneate, apex acute.
pubescent marginally and abaxially. Pedicel on branches of Panicle 1519 cm, laxly many flowered; lateral branches 35
panicle ca. 5 mm, subequaling bracts, densely woolly. Tepals cm, rather slender, usually with male flowers; terminal raceme
black-purple, oblong, 58 ca. 3 mm, spreading or slightly longer, with bisexual flowers; rachis shortly woolly; bracts 1
recurved in bisexual flowers,margin entire. Stamens 2.54 mm. 2 mm, pubescent marginally and abaxially. Pedicel 12 mm.
Ovary glabrous. Capsule 1.52 11.3 cm. Fl. and fr. JulSep. Tepals yellowish green, suboblong, 23 ca. 1 mm, base not
2n = 16, 64. clawed, margin ciliate, apex obtuse. Stamens 11.5 mm. Ovary
Forested or grassy slopes; 12003300 m. Gansu, Guizhou, Hebei, glabrous. Capsule pendulous, ca. 1 0.7 cm.
Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, NE and W Sichuan, Yunnan.
Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan [Kazakstan, Mongolia, Russia; C Europe].
9. Veratrum schindleri Loesener, Verh. Bot. Vereins Prov.
6. Veratrum maackii Regel, Mm. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint Pters- Brandenburg 68: 139. 1926.
bourg, sr. 7, 4(4): 169. 1861.
gu ling li lu
mao sui li lu
Veratrum atroviolaceum Loesener; V. warburgii Loesener.
Veratrum bohnhofii Loesener; V. mandschuricum Loesen-
Plants to 1 m tall, basally with brown, reticulate fibers
er; V. nigrum Linnaeus var. maackii (Regel) Maximowicz; Zig-
formed from disintegrated sheaths. Leaves basally narrowed to
adenus japonicus Miquel.
a rather long or basally clasping petiole; leaf blade broadly
Plants rather slender, 60100(160) cm tall, basally with elliptic to lorate, (15)2030(60) (0.5)210(13) cm, gla-
brown, reticulate fibers formed from disintegrated sheaths. Peti- brous, base cuneate, apex acute to acuminate. Panicle variable
ole to 10 cm; leaf blade oblong-lanceolate or narrowly oblong- in length, laxly many flowered; branches spreading; rachis gray-
elliptic, 2532 14(8) cm, glabrous, base cuneate, apex long white woolly; bracts 57 mm, abaxially woolly. Pedicel 68
acuminate. Panicle with 2 or 3 rather short branches, rarely with (14) mm. Tepals yellowish green, greenish white, brownish,
branchlets, laxly flowered; rachis densely woolly; bracts 34 deep purple-violet, or black-purple, subelliptic, oblong, oblong-
mm, pubescent marginally and abaxially. Pedicel 11.4 cm, ca. lanceolate, or obovate-elliptic, 58 23 mm, base not clawed,
2 as long as perianth. Tepals black-purple, subobovate-ob- apex obtuse or subacute; outer tepals pubescent at least at abax-
long, 57 23 mm, base not clawed, margin entire. Stamens ial base. Stamens 25 mm. Ovary glabrous. Capsule erect, 1
34 mm. Ovary glabrous. Capsule erect, 11.7 0.51 cm. 2n 2 ca. 1 cm. Fl. and fr. JunOct. 2n = 16*.
= 16.
Shaded and moist places on forested slopes; 7001400 m.
Mountain forests, alpine meadows; 4001700 m. ?Hebei, Hei- Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu,
longjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shandong [Japan, Korea, Rus- Jiangxi, Zhejiang.
sia].
Chinese records of Veratrum japonicum (Baker) Loesener (e.g., in
7. Veratrum oblongum Loesener, Verh. Bot. Vereins Prov. FRPS) are referable to V. schindleri.
Brandenburg 68: 142. 1926.
10. Veratrum formosanum Loesener, Verh. Bot. Vereins Prov.
chang geng li lu Brandenburg 68: 142. 1926.
 tai wan li lu Grassy slopes, shaded places in forests; 20004000 m. W
Sichuan, NW Yunnan.
Veratrum formosanum f. albiflorum (Masamune) Masa- 11b. Veratrum stenophyllum var. taronense F. T. Wang & Z.
mune; V. formosanum var. albiflorum Masamune; V. kudoi Ma- H. Tsi in F. T. Wang & Tang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 14:
samune. 282. 1980.
Plants stout, to more than 30 cm tall, basally usually with
blackish, reticulate fibers formed from disintegrated sheaths. dian bei li lu
Leaves sessile, basally somewhat clasping; leaf blade linear- Leaf blade papillose-puberulent on abaxial veins. Tepals
lanceolate, 1220 12 cm, glabrous. Panicle many flowered; 44.5 22.5 mm.
rachis densely woolly; bracts deltoid-lanceolate, 0.51.5 cm,
glabrous. Pedicel 11.5 cm, densely woolly. Tepals dark purple, Forest margins; 29003800 m. NW Yunnan (Gongshan Drung-
rarely white, oblanceolate, 11.5 cm 23 mm, glabrous, base Nu Zu Zizhixian).
slightly cuneate. Ovary glabrous. Capsule ca. 2 1.3 cm. 12. Veratrum mengtzeanum Loesener, Verh. Bot. Vereins
Seeds ca. 8 mm, winged. Fl. and fr. Aug. 2n = 16*. Prov. Brandenburg 68: 145. 1926.
Grasslands, open dry places on mountains. Taiwan. meng zi li lu
This description follows that by Liu and Ying (in Li et al., Fl. Tai-
Veratrum wilsonii C. H. Wright ex Loesener.
wan 5: 84. 1978).
Plants to 11.5 m tall, basally with several brownish or
11. Veratrum stenophyllum Diels, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edin-
whitish, membranous sheaths which usually become reticulate
burgh 5: 303. 1912.
fibers apically. Leaves basal and cauline, sessile, basally
xia ye li lu clasping; leaf blade narrowly oblong or lorate, 2250 13 cm,
glabrous, apex long acuminate. Panicle 1630(50) cm, laxly
Plants to more than 1 m tall, basally with several whitish
branched; rachis stout, shortly woolly; bracts 810 mm, sparse-
or brownish, membranous sheaths which usually become re-
ly pubescent. Pedicel 11.3 cm. Tepals whitish or yellow-green,
ticulate fibers apically. Leaves sessile, basally clasping; leaf
spreading, obovate-spatulate to elliptic-obovate, 812 46
blade lorate, narrowly oblong, oblanceolate, or subfalcate, 25
mm, texture rather thick, base conspicuously clawed, apex ob-
32 2.5(8.5) cm, glabrous or papillose-puberulent on abax-
tuse-rounded, adaxially with 2 conspicuous glands in proximal
ial veins, base narrowed, apex long acuminate. Panicle densely
part. Ovary glabrous. Capsule erect, 1.52 ca. 1 cm. Fl. and fr.
many flowered; lateral branches slender, with male flowers;
JulOct.
terminal raceme with bisexual flowers; bracts 23 mm, abaxi-
ally woolly. Pedicel (1)23(4) mm. Tepals pale yellowor yel- Forests, hillsides; 12003300 m. Guizhou, Yunnan.
lowish green, oblong or ovate-oblong, 47 24 mm, slightly
13.Veratrum taliense Loesener, Verh. Bot. Vereins Prov. Bran-
pubescent at abaxial base, base shortly clawed, apex subacute.
denburg 68: 145. 1926.
Ovary glabrous. Capsule erect, appressed to rachis. Fl. and fr.
JulOct. da li li lu
Shaded places in forests, forest margins, grassy slopes; 2000 Veratrum cavaleriei Loesener.
4000 m. W Sichuan, NW Yunnan.
Plants to more than 1 m tall, basally with several whitish
1a. Leaf blade glabrous; flowers relatively large, or brownish, membranous sheaths which usually become
tepals 57 34 mm ....................... 11a. var. stenophyllum reticulate fibers apically. Leaves basal and cauline, sessile, ba-
1b. Leaf blade papillose-puberulent on abaxial sally clasping; leaf blade sublorate, 2040 1.53 cm, glabrous,
veins; flowers relatively small, tepals apex long acuminate. Panicle to 85 cm, laxly branched; branch-
44.5 22.5 mm ................................ 11b. var. taronense es 1216 cm, sometimes slightly zigzagged; terminal raceme
11a. Veratrum stenophyllum var. stenophyllum more than 40 cm; rachis stout, shortly woolly; bracts 79 mm,
pubescent. Pedicel 0.91.2 cm. Tepals yellowish green, oblong,
() xia ye li lu (yuan bian zhong) 811 45 mm, eglandular, base subsessile, apex subacute.
Veratrum yunnanense Loesener. Ovary glabrous. Capsule 1.52 ca. 1 cm. Fl. and fr. OctNov.

Leaf blade glabrous. Tepals 57 34 mm. Grassy slopes; ca. 2400 m. SW Sichuan, Yunnan.

5. ZIGADENUS Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Amer. 1: 213. 1803.

qi pan hua shu

Chen Xinqi ( Chen Sing-chi); Minoru N. Tamura

Herbs perennial, hermaphroditic or polygamous, with a bulb or less often a horizontal rhizome. Leaves basal or nearly so and
also cauline, linear to narrowly lanceolate. Scape erect, glabrous, without thickening. Inflorescence terminal, racemose or paniculate,
glabrous; bracts linear-lanceolate to oval. Tepals 6, free or basally adnate to ovary, adaxially with 1 or 2 glands just above narrowed
base, persistent. Stamens 6, free or basally adnate to perianth, slightly shorter than perianth; filaments filiform or widened in proxi-
mal part; anthers small, suborbicular to reniform, basifixed, extrorse, with confluent locules, dehiscing transversely by valves. Ovary
superior or semi-inferior, 3-loculed; ovules many. Styles 3, slender. Capsule ovoid to conical, 3-lobed, ventricidal. Seeds many, ob-
long or oblanceolate, narrowly winged or angular.
About ten species: N Arctic to temperate regions, especially in North America; one species in China.

1. Zigadenus sibiricus (Linnaeus) A. Gray, Ann. Lyceum Nat. white, obovate-oblong or oblong, 69 2.22.6(4) mm,
Hist. New York 4: 112. 1857. spreading at anthesis, each with a large, yellowish green,
obcordate gland nearly at base. Filaments glabrous, gradually
qi pan hua
widened toward base; anthers reniform. Ovary semi-inferior,
Melanthium sibiricum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 339. 1753; conical, ca. 4 mm. Styles recurved, extending beyond perianth
Anticlea sibirica (Linnaeus) Kunth. after anthesis. Capsule conical, ca. 1.5 cm. Seeds suboblong,
ca. 5 mm. Fl. Jul, fr. AugSep. 2n = 32.
Bulb cylindric, rarely to ovoid, slender, with blackish
brown coat. Leaves (10)1335 cm 28(10) mm, glabrous, Forests, damp places in thickets, grassy slopes; near sea level to
base tapering to sheath, apex obtuse. Scape (10)3050 cm, 2600 m. Hebei, Heilongjiang, Hubei, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol,
usually with 1 or 2 slightly smaller leaves in proximal part. In- Shanxi, Sichuan [Japan (Rebun and Rishiri Islands), Korea, Mongolia,
florescence usually racemose, less often 1- or 2-branched Russia].
and paniculate, laxly 412-flowered; bracts linear-lanceolate
to ovate. Pedicel 0.72 cm. Flowers erect. Tepals greenish

6. YPSILANDRA Franchet, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat., sr. 2, 10: 93. 1887.
ya rui hua shu

Chen Xinqi ( Chen Sing-chi); Minoru N. Tamura

Herbs perennial, with a short, thickened, slightly fleshy rhizome, glabrous. Leaves basal, rosulate, linear to lanceolate or oblan-
ceolate, or spatulate, basally gradually narrowed to a petiole. Scape arising from axils of lateral leaves, erect, simple, with several to
many scaly leaves. Inflorescence a terminal raceme, 230-flowered; bract absent. Flowers bisexual, usually nodding at anthesis,
ascending in fruit, spreading funnelform. Tepals 6, free, with a nectary gland basally on adaxial side, persistent. Stamens 6, rather
long, free from tepals, inner ones basally adnate to ovary, outer ones free; anthers usually reniform, basifixed, with confluent locules.
Ovary superior, 3-lobed, 3-loculed; ovules many per locule. Style 1, very short to long; stigma capitate to 3-cleft. Fruit a capsule,
trigonous, 3-lobed apically, loculicidal. Seeds numerous, narrowly fusiform, both ends caudate.
Five species: Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Nepal; five species (three endemic) in China.

1a. Stamens and style not extending beyond tepals at anthesis; stigma shortly or deeply 3-lobed (lobes 0.30.8 mm).
2a. Stigma deeply 3-lobed (lobes ca. 0.8 mm); style 11.5 mm; tepals 45 mm, spatulate or oblanceolate to
elliptic, shorter than capsule; flowers 517 per scape ....................................................................................... 4. Y. yunnanensis
2b. Stigma shortly to moderately 3-lobed (lobes 0.30.5 mm); style 2.56 mm; tepals 712 mm, linear to linear-
lanceolate, longer than capsule; flowers 26 per scape .............................................................................................. 5. Y. alpina
1b. Stamens and style extending beyond tepals at anthesis; stigma capitate, slightly or scarcely 3-lobed.
3a. Scape densely covered with many imbricate, scaly leaves; pedicel shorter than tepals ..................................... 2. Y. kansuensis
3b. Scape laxly covered with several scaly leaves; pedicel equaling tepals.
4a. Either pedicel or tepals 610 mm; stamens and style obviously extending beyond tepals at anthesis; ovary
lobes 1/32/5 as long as ovary .......................................................................................................................... 1. Y. thibetica
4b. Either pedicel or tepals 46 mm; stamens and style slightly extending beyond tepals at anthesis; ovary
lobes 1/51/4 as long as ovary ........................................................................................................................ 3. Y. cavaleriei
1. Ypsilandra thibetica Franchet, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat., mm, nearly as long as tepals. Tepals white, pink, or purple,
sr. 2, 10: 94. 1887. spatulate-oblanceolate, 610 1.52.5 mm, 35-veined. Sta-
mens 11.8 cm, obviously extending beyond tepals at anthesis.
ya rui hua
Ovary deeply 3-lobed apically; lobes 1/32/5 as long as ovary.
Helonias thibetica (Franchet) N. Tanaka; Ypsilandra thi- Style 1.62 cm, slightly longer than stamens; stigma capitate,
betica var. angustifolia F. T. Wang & Tang. slightly or scarcely 3-lobed. Capsule broadly ovoid, 1/22/3 as
long as persistent tepals. Seeds 45 mm. Fl. MarApr, fr. May
Rhizome 15 ca. 1 cm. Leaves usually more than 10, Jun. 2n = 34*.
oblanceolate, basally gradually narrowed to a petiole; petiole 3
15 cm 35 mm; leaf blade 414 14.8 cm, apex acuminate. Forests, moist places on hillsides, shady slopes along valleys;
13002900 m. NE Guangxi, S Hunan, Sichuan.
Scape 750 cm, usually longer than basal leaves, laxly covered
with several scaly leaves. Raceme 530-flowered. Pedicel 610 2. Ypsilandra kansuensis R. N. Zhao & Z. X. Peng, Acta Bot.
Bor.-Occid. Sin. 7: 57. 1987. 4. Ypsilandra yunnanensis W. W. Smith & Jeffrey, Notes Roy.
Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 9: 143. 1916.
gan su ya rui hua
yun nan ya rui hua
Rhizome 12.5 0.41 cm. Leaves 8 or 9, linear to linear-
Helonias yunnanensis (W. W. Smith & Jeffrey) N. Tanaka;
oblanceolate, basally gradually narrowed to a petiole; petiole 2
Ypsilandra yunnanensis var. himalaica H. Hara; Y. yunnanensis
7 cm 34 mm; leaf blade 314 cm 39 mm, apex acu-
var. micrantha Handel-Mazzetti.
minate. Scape 614 cm, usually slightly shorter than basal
leaves, densely covered with many imbricate, scaly leaves ex- Rhizome rather short. Leaves 6 or 7, basally gradually nar-
cept on inflorescence. Raceme 513-flowered. Pedicel 36 mm, rowed to a petiole; petiole 0.74 cm 35 mm; leaf blade spat-
shorter than tepals. Tepals white, tinged purple basally, spatu- ulate, 29 13.5 cm, apex subacute. Scape 330(40) cm,
late-oblanceolate, 710 23 mm. Stamens 711 mm, slightly much longer than basal leaves. Raceme rather narrow, densely
extending beyond tepals at anthesis. Ovary 3-lobed apically. 517-flowered. Pedicel 23 mm. Tepals spatulate or oblanceo-
Style 0.91.3 cm, longer than stamens; stigma capitate, scarcely late to elliptic, 45 12 mm. Stamens 34 mm, not extending
3-lobed. Capsule deltoid-obovoid, ca. 1 cm across, much short- beyond tepals at anthesis or slightly so in fruit. Ovary slightly
er than persistent tepals. Seeds 45 mm. Fl. MarApr, fr. May 3-lobed apically. Style 11.5 mm, not elongate in fruit; stigma
Jun. deeply 3-lobed; lobes ca. 0.8 mm, recurved. Capsule broadly
obovoid, slightly longer than persistent tepals. Seeds ca. 5 mm.
Hillsides; 20002100 m. S Gansu. Fl. JunJul, fr. AugOct.
3. Ypsilandra cavaleriei H. Lveill & Vaniot, Mem. Pontif. Rhododendron forests, thicket margins, grassy slopes; 2700
Accad. Romana Nuovi Lincei 23: 375. 1905. 4000(4300) m. NE Xizang, NW Yunnan [Bhutan, Myanmar, Nepal].
xiao guo ya rui hua 5. Ypsilandra alpina F. T. Wang & Tang, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst.
Biol. 7: 81. 1936.
Ypsilandra parviflora F. T. Wang & Tang.
gao shan ya rui hua
Leaves usually more than 10, oblanceolate, basally gradu-
ally narrowed to a petiole; petiole 512 cm 24 mm; leaf Helonias alpina (F. T. Wang & Tang) N. Tanaka.
blade 313 24.6 cm, apex acuminate. Scape usually slightly Leaves several, basally gradually narrowed to a petiole;
longer than basal leaves. Raceme 610-flowered. Pedicel 46 petiole 34 cm; leaf blade lanceolate, 78 11.4 cm, apex
mm, nearly as long as tepals. Tepals white or pink, spatulate- acute. Scape 2226 cm, much longer than basal leaves. Raceme
oblanceolate, 45 1.52 mm, 35-veined. Stamens 56 mm, rather narrow, 26-flowered. Pedicel 34 mm. Tepals yellow,
slightly extending beyond tepals at anthesis. Ovary slightly 3- linear to linear-lanceolate, 712 1.52 mm. Stamens 49 mm,
lobed apically; lobes 1/51/4 as long as ovary. Style 67 mm, shorter than tepals at anthesis. Ovary slightly 3-lobed apically.
slightly longer than stamens; stigma capitate, slightly or scarce- Style 2.56 mm; stigma shortly to moderately 3-lobed; lobes
ly 3-lobed. Capsule broadly ovoid, ca. 2/3 as long as persistent 0.30.5 mm. Capsule shorter than tepals. Fl. JulOct.
tepals. Seeds ca. 4 mm. Fl. MarApr, fr. AprMay.
Thicket margins, grasslands; 20004300 m. SE Xizang, NW
Shady places on slopes, hillsides along streams; 10001400 m. Yunnan [Myanmar].
NW Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, S Hunan.

7. HELONIOPSIS A. Gray, Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts, ser. 2, 6: 416. 1858, nom. cons.
hu ma hua shu

Chen Xinqi ( Chen Sing-chi); Minoru N. Tamura

Hexonix Rafinesque, nom. rej.; Kozola Rafinesque, nom. rej.; Sugerokia Miquel.
Herbs perennial, with a short, thickened rhizome, glabrous. Leaves basal, rosulate, narrowly oblong to oblanceolate or obovate,
proximally gradually narrowed to a petiole, evergreen, margin smooth, sometimes minutely undulate. Scape arising from center of
leaf rosette, erect, simple, hollow, with 28 scale leaves. Inflorescence a terminal umbel or umbel-like raceme, 110-flowered; bract
usually absent. Flowers bisexual, usually slightly nodding at anthesis, ascending in fruit, spreading funnelform. Tepals 6, free, spatu-
late or linear-oblanceolate to oblong, adaxially often with a deep pocket of a nectary gland at base, persistent. Stamens 6, often
adnate basally to tepals, sometimes free, always free from ovary, usually exserted, rarely included; anthers lanceolate, dorsifixed,
extrorse to latrorse, sometimes with locules confluent at apex. Ovary superior, 3-loculed; ovules 60180 per locule. Style 1, slender,
rather long; stigma capitate. Fruit a capsule, 3-lobed, loculicidal. Seeds small, linear, both ends caudate.
Five species: China, Japan, Korea; one species (endemic) in China.

Tanaka (J. Jap. Bot. 73: 102115. 1998) reduced Heloniopsis and Ypsilandra to synonymy under Helonias. However, a recent molecular
phylogenetic study by Fuse and Tamura (Plant Biol. 2: 113. 2000) confirmed that Helonias, Heloniopsis, and Ypsilandra are not mixed with each
other, and they each deserve independent generic status.

1. Heloniopsis umbellata Baker, J. Bot. 12: 278. 1874. hu ma hua

 Helonias umbellata (Baker) N. Tanaka; Heloniopsis acuti- leaves 46, lanceolate to oblong, 610 mm. Inflorescence often
folia Hayata; H. arisanensis Hayata ex Honda; H. taiwaniana umbellate, sometimes umbellate-racemose, 310-flowered.
S. S. Ying; Sugerokia acutifolia (Hayata) Koidzumi; S. ari- Pedicel 511(20) mm. Tepals white tinged with pink, linear-
sanensis (Hayata ex Honda) Koidzumi; S. umbellata (Baker) oblanceolate, 613 23 mm. Stamens free, slightly exserted;
Koidzumi. filaments purplish; anthers ca. 2 mm. Style filiform, 0.81 mm.
Leaves basal; petiole 0.52 cm; leaf blade oblanceolate to Fl. JanApr. 2n = 34*.
obovate, 1.514 0.62.2 cm, margin usually slightly undulate, Moist rocks; 7002500 m. Taiwan.
apex acute to shortly caudate. Scape 420 cm; cauline, scale

8. CHIONOGRAPHIS Maximowicz, Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Ptersbourg

11: 435. 1867, nom. cons.
bai si cao shu

Chen Xinqi ( Chen Sing-chi); Minoru N. Tamura

Siraitos Rafinesque, nom. rej.
Herbs perennial, often hermaphroditic or andropolygamous, sometimes gynodioecious, rarely androdioecious, with a short,
stout rhizome, glabrous. Leaves basal, rosulate, petiolate, spatulate to ellipitic, evergreen, margin entire or minutely undulate. Scape
arising from center of leaf rosette, erect, simple, with 330 small, bractlike leaves. Inflorescence a terminal spike, many flowered;
bract absent. Flowers sessile, zygomorphic, small. Tepals free; upper 3 or 4 spatulate-linear to filiform; lower 2 or 3 much shorter or
absent. Stamens 6, inserted at base of tepals, rather short; anthers basifixed, subcordate-ovate to subglobose, extrorse, with locules
confluent or free. Ovary globose, 3-loculed; ovules 2 per locule. Styles 3, stigmatic adaxially. Fruit a capsule, ?septicidal. Seeds fusi-
form, winged at 1 end.
Four species: China, Japan, Korea; one species (endemic) in China.

1. Chionographis chinensis K. Krause, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. 5, lanceolate-ovate, 25 mm. Spike 314 cm, usually elongate
Berlin-Dahlem 10: 807. 1929. after anthesis, rather densely many flowered. Flowers fragrant.
Tepals white to pale yellow; upper 3 or 4 tepals 38 mm, 0.2
bai si cao 0.5 mm wide in distal part; lower 2 or 3 tepals 0.51.5 mm,
sometimes absent. Stamens 11.5 mm, 3 longer than others; an-
Chionographis merrilliana H. Hara; Siraitos chinensis (K.
thers subcordate-ovate, with locules confluent. Capsule sub-
Krause) F. T. Wang & Tang.
obovoid, ca. 4 2 mm, dehiscent distally. Seeds 1.82.8 0.6
Leaves several to more than 10; petiole 16 cm; leaf blade 0.9 mm. Fl. AprMay, fr. Jun.
spatulate to ellipitic, 16 13.5 cm, glabrous, margin slightly Shady and damp places on slopes or hillsides; near sea level to
undulate, apex subacute. Scape 1440 cm; bractlike leaves 4 or 700 m. Fujian, Guangdong, NE Guangxi, Hunan.

9. PARIS Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 367. 1753.

chong lou shu
Liang Songyun ( Liang Song-jun); Victor G. Soukup1
Daiswa Rafinesque; Euthyra Salisbury; Kinugasa Tatewaki & Suto.
Herbs perennial. Rhizome slender or thickened. Stem erect, simple. Leaves 4 to many, very rarely 3, in a terminal whorl, petio-
late, lanceolate to ovate, with 3 main veins and anastomosing veinlets. Flowers bisexual, solitary, terminal, pedunculate. Tepals 38,
in 2 whorls, free; outer ones green, rarely white, ovate to lanceolate; inner ones linear or occasionally absent. Stamens 824 or
more, 28 as many as tepals; filaments narrow, flat; anthers basifixed, often with convex connective apically. Ovary subglobose, 1-
loculed with parietal placentation or 410-loculed with axile placentation. Style short; stigma lobes 410. Fruit a berry or a berrylike
capsule, indehiscent or loculicidal, several to many seeded.
About 24 species: Bhutan, China, India, Japan, Korea, Laos, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, Russia, Sikkim, Thailand, Vietnam; Europe; 22 species
(12 endemic)in China.
The rhizomes of many species are used medicinally in China.
1a. Ovary 410-loculed, with axile placentation; berry indehiscent; seeds sometimes with a spongy (never succulent) aril
on 1 side.
2a. Rhizome creeping, elongate, slender, 25 mm thick; seeds without aril, funicle not swollen.
3a. Leaves usually 68; outer tepals oblong-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 1025(30) mm wide ............... 20. P. verticillata

1 Herbarium, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0006, U.S.A.
 3b. Leaves usually 4; outer tepals narrowly lanceolate, 39 mm wide.
4a. Leaves oblong-lanceolate or ovate-elliptic; outer tepals reflexed, 35 mm wide .............................. 21. P. bashanensis
4b. Leaves broadly obovate or ovate; outer tepals spreading horizontally, 59 mm wide ....................... 22. P. quadrifolia
2b. Rhizome 845 mm thick; seeds enveloped by whitish green, spongy aril formed by swollen funicle.
5a. Leaves 910 ................................................................................................................................................ 19. P. dulongensis
5b. Leaves 46.
6a. Leaves wrinkled, obovate, 1015 6.310 cm, basally rounded .............................................................. 18. P. rugosa
6b. Leaves not wrinkled.
7a. Leaves elliptic or oblanceolate, base subcuneate ................................................................................ 17. P. vaniotii
7b. Leaves oblong, ovate- or obovate-oblong, or oblong-lanceolate, base shallowly cordate or rounded.
8a. Seeds white or yellow-red, slightly enveloped by swollen funicle .............................................. 16. P. forrestii
8b. Seeds yellow-brown, 1/2 enveloped by greenish white or rarely orange, spongy aril formed by
enlarged funicle ............................................................................................................................... 15. P. axialis
1b. Ovary 1-loculed with parietal placentation; berrylike capsule dehiscing irregularly; seeds with a succulent aril.
9a. Stamens 46 as many as outer tepals; seeds enveloped by orange aril .............................................................. 1. P. dunniana
9b. Stamens 2 or 3 as many as outer tepals; seeds enveloped by red aril.
10a. Leaves with white, yellowish, or purple markings.
11a. Leaves with purple markings; stamens ca. 3 as many as leaves ................................................... 12. P. polyandra
11b. Leaves with white or yellowish markings; stamens 2 as many as leaves.
12a. Outer tepals as many as leaves, shorter than inner ones ...................................................... 10. P. luquanensis
12b. Outer tepals fewer than leaves, longer than inner ones ......................................................... 11. P. marmorata
10b. Leaves without markings.
13a. Plants pubescent or papillose-pubescent.
14a. Free portion of connective 0.51 mm ............................................................................................. 8. P. mairei
14b. Free portion of connective 1315 mm ................................................................................. 9. P. wenxianensis
13b. Plants glabrous or nearly so.
15a. Free portion of connective 615 mm.
16a. Inner tepals pendulous, margin undulate ........................................................................... 7. P. undulata
16b. Inner tepals (if present) not pendulous, margin not undulate .......................................... 14. P. thibetica
15b. Free portion of connective 14(5) mm (except in P. polyphylla var. pseudothibetica).
17a. Filaments ca. 1 mm, shorter than free portion of connective ............................................ 5. P. daliensis
17b. Filaments more than 2 mm, longer than free portion of connective.
18a. Free portion of connective transversely ellipsoid, subglobose, or shortly conical,
as wide as or wider than long .................................................................................... 13. P. fargesii
18b. Free portion of connective inconspicuous or longer than wide.
19a. Leaves (18)2326 (11)1416 cm ....................................................... 3. P. vietnamensis
19b. Leaves 517 211 cm.
20a. Leaves ovate ........................................................................................ 2. P. cronquistii
20b. Leaves oblong to lanceolate.
21a. Inner tepals dark purple, usually much shorter than outer ones .... 4. P. delavayi
21b. Inner tepals yellow-green, usually slightly shorter or longer than
outer ones ................................................................................... 6. P. polyphylla

1. Paris dunniana H. Lveill, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. enveloped by orange, succulent, aril, ca. 4 mm wide. Fl. Mar
9: 78. 1910. Apr, fr. OctNov. 2n = 10*.
hai nan chong lou Forests; near sea level to 1100 m. Guizhou, Hainan, Yunnan.
Daiswa dunniana (H. Lveill) Takhtajan; D. hainanensis Many plants of this species have been cultivated and closely
investigated by Li (Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 6(1): 109111. 1986). The
(Merrill) Takhtajan; Paris hainanensis Merrill.
stamens are 20 (e.g., in Cavalerie 3652, the type gathering of Paris
Plants 1.53 m tall. Rhizome 25 cm thick. Leaves 48; dunniana) or more, rather than 1012, as described by Takhtajan
petiole 510 cm; leaf blade obovate-oblong 1530 7.516 (Brittonia 35: 257258. 1983).
cm. Peduncle 60140 cm. Outer tepals (5 or)68, green, ob-
2. Paris cronquistii (Takhtajan) H. Li, Acta Bot. Yunnan. 6:
long-lanceolate, 510 1.52.4 cm; inner ones green, filiform-
357. 1984.
linear, longer than outer ones. Stamens 20 or more; filaments
(0.4)0.81.5 cm; anthers 1.22.1 cm; free portion of connec- ling yun chong lou
tive 0.54 mm, apex acute. Ovary 1-loculed; stigma lobes (5 or)
68, ca. 5 mm. Capsule berrylike, subglobose, ca. 4 cm in Plants to 1 m tall. Rhizome 210 23 cm. Stem scab-
diam., dehiscent, pale green at maturity. Seeds white, wholly rous. Leaves 46; petiole 2.57.5 cm; leaf blade ovate, 1117
611 cm, adaxially sometimes with purple markings, abaxially Outer tepals (3 or)4 or 5, usually recurved, purple-green or
purple or mottled with purple. Peduncle 1260 cm. Outer tepals green, narrowly lanceolate, 24 cm 49 mm; inner ones usu-
5 or 6, green, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, 3.59 1.32 cm; ally dark purple, filiform-linear, shorter than outer ones. Sta-
inner ones yellow-green, narrowly linear, 38 cm 15 mm. mens usually 8 or 10; filaments 24 mm; anthers 0.61.8 cm;
Stamens usually 1518; filaments 38 mm; anthers 0.71.5 cm; free portion of connective purple, 1.54 mm, acute-tipped.
free portion of connective 12 mm, apex acute. Ovary green or Ovary green or distally purple, conical-ovoid. Style 35 mm;
pale purple, globose, 1-loculed, 5- or 6-ribbed. Style short; stig- stigma lobes (3 or)46. Capsule green at maturity, conical -
ma lobes 5 or 6. Capsule red at maturity, dehiscent. Seeds sub- ovoid. Seeds enveloped by red, succulent aril. Fl. AprMay, fr.
globose, wholly enveloped by red aril. Fl. MayJun, fr. Oct SepOct. 2n = 10*.
Nov.
Forests, bamboo forests, thickets; 13002000 m. Guizhou, Hubei,
Evergreen forests on limestone slopes, ravine forests, mossy Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan [Vietnam].
forests; 9002100 m. SW Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan, SE Yunnan.
5. Paris daliensis H. Li & V. G. Soukup in H. Li, Acta Bot.
1a. Inner tepals 3.28 cm ca. 1 mm ........ 2a. var. cronquistii Yunnan., Suppl. 5: 15. 1992.
1b. Inner tepals ca. 3 cm 5 mm .............. 2b. var. xichouensis
da li chong lou
2a. Paris cronquistii var. cronquistii
Plants 7090 cm tall. Rhizome 56 11.5 cm. Leaves 7
() ling yun chong lou (yuan bian zhong) 9; petiole 34.5 cm; leaf blade oblong, 1115.5 3.24.5 cm,
Daiswa cronquistii Takhtajan, Brittonia 35: 262. 1983. base rounded or obtuse. Peduncle 1018 cm. Outer tepals (3)5,
green, lanceolate, 56.5 1.82 cm; inner ones erect, yellow-
Inner tepals 3.28 cm ca. 1 mm. 2n = 10*. green, linear, slightly thickened distally, 68 cm ca. 1 mm.
Ravine forests, mossy forests; 9002100 m. SW Guangxi, Gui- Stamens (6)10, deep purple, 57 mm; filaments ca. 1 mm;
zhou, Sichuan, SE Yunnan. anthers ca. 4 mm; free portion of connective thickened, oblong-
ovoid, 23 mm, apex obtuse. Ovary deep purple, ovoid, (3)5-
2b. Paris cronquistii var. xichouensis H. Li, Bull. Bot. Res., loculed. Style short; stigma lobes (3)5. Fl. Jun.
Harbin 6(1): 113. 1986.
Forests; ca. 2600 m. W Yunnan (Dali Xian).
xi chou chong lou
6. Paris polyphylla Smith in Rees, Cycl. 26: Paris no. 2. 1813.
Inner tepals ca. 3 cm 5 mm.
qi ye yi zhi hua
Evergreen forests on limestone slopes; 14001500 m. SE Yun-
nan (Xichou Xian). Plants 10100 cm tall. Rhizome 12.5 cm thick. Leaves 5
10(22); petiole (0.5)16 cm; leaf blade variable, usually ob-
3. Paris vietnamensis (Takhtajan) H. Li, Acta Bot. Yunnan. 6:
long to lanceolate, 615(30) 0.55 cm, base rounded to cu-
357. 1984.
neate. Peduncle 524(65) cm. Outer tepals (3 or)46(or 7),
nan chong lou green or yellow-green, narrowly ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate,
(3)4.57(11) 14 cm; inner ones usually yellow-green, nar-
Daiswa hainanensis (Merrill) Takhtajan subsp. vietnamen- rowly linear, shorter or longer than outer ones, 11.5(5) mm
sis Takhtajan, Brittonia 35: 259. 1983. wide. Stamens 2 as many as outer tepals, (6)812(14) or
Plants 11.5 m tall. Rhizome 1.53.5 cm thick. Leaves 4 sometimes more; filaments 410 mm; anthers 512 mm; free
6; petiole 410 cm; leaf blade obovate to obovate-oblong, (18) portion of connective usually 0.54 mm. Ovary subglobose,
2326 (11)1416 cm, base shallowly cordate or subrounded. ribbed, 1-loculed, sometimes tuberculate. Style short, base en-
Peduncle (5)3090 cm. Outer tepals 47, green, lanceolate to larged, purple to white; stigma lobes (4 or)5. Capsule globose,
oblong-lanceolate, usually 68 23 cm; inner ones narrowly sometimes tuberculate. Seeds enveloped by red, succulent aril.
linear, 5.511 ca. 1 mm, distally slightly widened. Stamens Fl. and fr. MarNov.
2(or 3) as many as outer tepals; filaments 25 mm; anthers Forests, bamboo forests, thickets, grassy or rocky slopes, stream-
0.61.6 cm; free portion of connective 15 mm, apex acute. sides; 1003500 m. Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Gui-
Ovary violet, conical-ovoid, 1-loculed. Style short; stigma lobes zhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Si-
6. Fl. AprJul. 2n = 10*. chuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bhutan, India, Laos, Myan-
Evergreen broad-leaved forests; 12001900 m. Guangxi, Yunnan mar, Nepal, Sikkim, Thailand, Vietnam].
[Vietnam]. 1a. Ovary and capsule tuberculate .................. 6h. var. latifolia
4. Paris delavayi Franchet, J. Bot. (Morot) 12: 190. 1898. 1b. Ovary and capsule smooth.
2a. Free portion of anther connective 315 mm.
jin xian chong lou 3a. Filaments 12 mm; anthers ca. 6
Daiswa delavayi (Franchet) Takhtajan; Paris henryi Diels. mm ......................................................... 6g. var. minor
3b. Filaments 46 mm; anthers
Plants 0.51.5 m tall. Rhizome 1.55 0.81.5 cm. Stem 1218 mm ............................... 6i. var. pseudothibetica
3070 cm. Leaves 68; petiole 0.81.5 cm; leaf blade lanceo- 2b. Free portion of anther connective 12 mm.
late or oblong-lanceolate, 615 23 cm. Peduncle 1675 cm. 4a. Filaments to 10 mm; stigma lobes
 7 ................................................ 6j. var. kwantungensis Broad-leaved or coniferous forests, bamboo forests, thickets,
4b. Filaments 47 mm; stigma lobes (4 or)5. grassy slopes; 14003100 m. Guizhou, Sichuan, SE Xizang, Yunnan
5a. Inner tepals (2)35 mm wide, [India, Myanmar].
distally usually widened and 6c. Paris polyphylla var. chinensis (Franchet) H. Hara, J. Fac.
narrowly spatulate .................... 6b. var. yunnanensis Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, 10: 176. 1969.
5b. Inner tepals 12 mm wide,
distally never widened. hua chong lou
6a. Style and apical part of ovary white Paris chinensis Franchet, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat., sr.
............................................................. 6e. var. alba 2, 10: 97. 1887; Daiswa chinensis (Franchet) Takhtajan; D.
6b. Style and apical part of ovary green or chinensis subsp. brachysepala (Pampanini) Takhtajan; P.
purple. brachysepala Pampanini; P. brevipetala Y. K. Yang; P. formo-
7a. Anthers ca. 2 as long as filaments sana Hayata.
................................................. 6c. var. chinensis
7b. Anthers shorter than or nearly as long Plants 40130 cm tall. Leaves 510(or 11). Inner tepals
as filaments. shorter than outer ones. Filaments 56 mm; anthers 11.2 cm;
8a. Plants ca. 10 cm tall; free protion of free portion of connective 0.51.5(2) mm. 2n = 10*.
anther connective inconspicuous Forests, bamboo forests, thickets; 28003000 m. Anhui, Fujian,
..................................................... 6d. var. nana Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Si-
8b. Plants more than 30 cm tall; free chuan, Taiwan, Yunnan [Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam].
portion of anther connective
conspicuous, 0.51 mm. 6d. Paris polyphylla var. nana H. Li, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin
9a. Leaf blade oblong, elliptic, 6(1): 123. 1986.
or obovate-lanceolate,
ai chong lou
2.55 cm wide ............... 6a. var. polyphylla
9b. Leaf blade lanceolate to Plants ca. 10 cm tall. Leaves 46. Inner tepals 12 mm
linear-lanceolate, 1.52.5 wide, much longer than outer ones. Filaments ca. 4 mm; anthers
cm wide ......................... 6f. var. stenophylla ca. 3 mm; free portion of connective very short or inconspicous.
6a. Paris polyphylla var. polyphylla S Sichuan (Yibin Shi).

() qi ye yi zhi hua (yuan bian zhong) 6e. Paris polyphylla var. alba H. Li & R. J. Mitchell in H. Li,
Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 6(1): 123. 1986.
Daiswa polyphylla (Smith) Rafinesque; Paris biondii
Pampanini; P. debeauxii H. Lveill; P. taitungensis S. S. bai hua chong lou
Ying.
Paris marchandii H. Lveill.
Plants 30100 cm tall. Leaves 610, 2.55 cm wide. Inner
tepals narrowly linear, 12 mm wide, usually slightly longer Leaves 8. Inner tepals equaling outer ones. Anthers slight-
than outer ones. Filaments 47 mm; anthers 58 mm; free por- ly longer than filaments; free portion of connective less than 1
tion of connective 0.51 mm. 2n = 10*. mm. Apical part of ovary and style white.
Forests, thickets, grassy slopes; 1002400 m. Gansu, Guangdong, 15002900 m. Guizhou, Hubei, Yunnan.
Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan
[Bhutan, India, Nepal, Vietnam]. 6f. Paris polyphylla var. stenophylla Franchet, Nouv. Arch.
Mus. Hist. Nat., sr. 2, 10: 97. 1887.
6b. Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis (Franchet) Handel-Maz-
zetti, Symb. Sin. 7: 1216. 1936. xia ye chong lou

dian chong lou Daiswa bockiana (Diels) Takhtajan; D. lancifolia (Hayata)

Takhtajan; Paris arisanensis Hayata; P. bockiana Diels; P.
Paris yunnanensis Franchet, Mem. Soc. Philom. (Paris)
hamifer H. Lveill; P. lancifolia Hayata; P. polyphylla var.
1888: 290. 1888; Daiswa birmanica Takhtajan; D. yunnanensis
brachystemon Franchet.
(Franchet) Takhtajan; P. aprica H. Lveill; P. atrata H.
Lveill; P. birmanica (Takhtajan) H. Li & Noltie; P. cava- Plants 35115 cm tall. Leaves (6)814(22), 1.52.5 cm
leriei H. Lveill & Vaniot; P. christii H. Lveill; P. fran- wide. Inner tepals 12 mm wide, nearly as long as outer ones.
chetiana H. Lveill; P. gigas H. Lveill & Vaniot; P. mer- Filaments 46 mm; anthers 56 mm; free portion of connective
cieri H. Lveill; P. pinfaensis H. Lveill; P. polyphylla var. ca. 0.5 mm. 2n = 10*.
platypetala Franchet; P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis f. velu-
tina H. Li & Noltie. Forests, rocky slopes; near sea level to 3500 m. Anhui, Fujian,
Gansu, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi,
Plants 30100 cm tall. Leaves 59. Inner tepals (2)35 Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bhutan, India,
mm wide, distally slightly widened, usually slightly shorter than Myanmar, Nepal, Sikkim].
outer ones. Filaments 47 mm; anthers 712 mm; free portion
6g. Paris polyphylla var. minor S. F. Wang, Bull. Bot. Res.,
of connective 12 mm. 2n = 10*.
Harbin 8(3): 139. 1988.
 xiao chong lou mao chong lou

Plants 715 cm tall. Leaves 714. Inner tepals equaling or Daiswa pubescens (Handel-Mazzetti) Takhtajan; D. vio-
slightly longer than outer ones. Filaments 12 mm; anthers ca. lacea (H. Lveill) Takhtajan; Paris polyphylla Smith var.
6 mm; free portion of connective ca. 4 mm. 2n = 10*. pubescens Handel-Mazzetti; P. pubescens (Handel-Mazzetti) F.
T. Wang & Tang; P. violacea H. Lveill.
Forests; 15002500 m. Sichuan. Plants papillose-pubescent, to 1 m tall. Rhizome 12 cm
6h. Paris polyphylla var. latifolia F. T. Wang & C. Yu Chang thick. Leaves 59; petiole rather short; leaf blade deep green,
in F.T.Wang & Tang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 15: 250. 1978. tinged with pale green along veins, oblong, obovate-oblan-
kuan ye chong lou ceolate, or oblanceolate, 514 25 cm, base cuneate or sub-
rounded. Outer tepals (4 or)58(or 9), green, oblong-lanceolate,
Plants 5055 cm tall. Leaves 813. Inner tepals slightly 37 12 cm; inner ones equaling or longer than outer ones,
shorter than outer ones. Filaments ca. 6 mm; anthers 6.511 1(2) mm wide. Stamens (8)1016(18), 1.11.5 cm; fila-
mm; free portion of connective 0.20.5 mm. Ovary and capsule ments usually 58 mm; anthers 79 mm; free portion of con-
tuberculate. 2n = 10*. nective 0.51 mm, apex acute. Ovary purple-red, conical-ovoid,
Forests, streamsides; 3002300 m. Anhui, Henan, Hubei, Jiang- 1-loculed. Style short; stigma lobes 58. Capsule purple. Seeds
xi, Shaanxi, Shanxi. wholly enveloped by red aril. Fl. MayJul, fr. AugSep. 2n =
10*.
6i. Paris polyphylla var. pseudothibetica H. Li, Bull. Bot.
Res., Harbin 6(1): 126. 1986. Forests, thickets, alpine grassy slopes; 18003500 m. Guizhou,
W Sichuan, N Yunnan.
chang yao ge chong lou
9. Paris wenxianensis Z. X. Peng & R. N. Zhao, Acta Bot.
Paris polyphylla var. pseudothibetica f. macrosepala H. Li. Bor.-Occid. Sin. 6: 133. 1986.
Leaves 9. Inner tepals absent or 3.57 cm, equaling or wen xian chong lou
slightly longer than outer ones. Filaments 46 mm; anthers ca.
3 as long as filaments; free portion of connective variable in Plants pubescent, 60100 cm tall. Rhizome 46 1.22
length, 310(15) mm. cm. Stem densely pubescent. Leaves 1013; petiole very short;
leaf blade elliptic-lanceolate, 1419 2.55.5 cm, base cuneate,
Forests, thickets; 18001900 m. NE Yunnan (Yiliang Xian). densely pubescent along abaxial veins and at margin. Peduncle
6j. Paris polyphylla var. kwantungensis (R. H. Miao) S. C. 1425 cm, pubescent. Outer tepals 6, green, lanceolate, 5.59.5
Chen & S. Yun Liang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 33: 490. 1995. 1.22 cm, pubescent along abaxial veins; inner ones yellow-
green, linear, conspicuously shorter than outer ones, 12 mm
guang dong chong lou wide. Stamens 12, 2.73.7 cm; filaments 78 mm; anthers 1.1
Paris kwantungensis R. H. Miao, Acta Sci. Nat. Univ. 1.4 cm; free portion of connective cylindric, 1.31.5 cm, apex
Sunyatseni 1982(3): 74. 1982. acute. Ovary yellow-green or pale purple, subglobose, 1-loc-
uled. Style short; stigma lobes 6. Capsule purplish green. Fl.
Leaves 7. Inner tepals ca. 6 cm, equaling outer ones. Fila- AprJul, fr. Aug.
ments to 10 mm; anthers ca. 15 mm; free portion of connective
Forests; 19002400 m. S Gansu (Wen Xian).
ca. 1 mm. Stigma lobes usually 7.
SW Guangdong (Xinyi Xian). 10. Paris luquanensis H. Li, Acta Bot. Yunnan. 4: 353. 1982.
lu quan hua ye chong lou
7. Paris undulata H. Li & V. G. Soukup in H. Li, Acta Bot.
Yunnan., Suppl. 5: 16. 1992. Plants 612 cm tall. Rhizome terete, 23 0.60.8 cm.
juan ban chong lou Stem purple. Leaves 4 or 5; petiole very short or absent; leaf
blade obovate, obovate-oblanceolate, or rhombic-obovate, 3.2
Rhizome 11.5 cm thick. Stem 7080 cm. Leaves 79; 5 23.7 cm, base cuneate, with pale green marking along
petiole ca. 3.5 cm; leaf blade suboblong, 1012 44.5 cm, veins, abaxially deep purple. Peduncle purple, 2.55 cm. Outer
base subrounded or broadly cunneate. Peduncle 2030 cm. Out- tepals 4 or 5, deep green adaxially, purplish abaxially, ovate,
er tepals 4 or 5, green, lanceolate or oblanceolate, 56 ca. 2 ovate-lanceolate, or narrowly elliptic, 89 45.5 mm; inner
cm; inner ones pendulous, yellow-green, linear, 56 cm 23 ones linear-filiform, much longer than outer ones, ca. 1.7 cm
mm, margin undulate. Stamens 8 or 10; filaments 56 mm; an- 1 mm. Stamens 8 or 10, ca. 5 mm; filaments ca. 5 mm, equal-
thers 1.11.2 cm; free portion of connective cylindric, 1.11.5 ing anthers; connective inconspicuous. Ovary purple, 1-loculed,
mm, apex acute. Ovary green, ovoid-globose, 1-loculed, apex 4- or 5-ribbed. Style short; stigma lobes inconspicuous. Cap-
truncate. Stigma lobes 4 or 5, purple, 67 mm. Fl. AprMay. sule purple, ribbed. Seeds ovoid, wholly enveloped by deep red
aril. Fl. Jun, fr. Sep. 2n = 10*.
C Sichuan (Emei Shan).
Forests, thickets; 21002800 m. NC Yunnan (Luquan Xian).
8. Paris mairei H. Lveill, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 11:
302. 1912. 11. Paris marmorata Stearn, Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bot.
2(3): 79. 1956.
 hua ye chong lou () qiu yao ge chong lou (yuan bian zhong)

Paris polyphylla Smith subsp. marmorata (Stearn) H. Hara. Daiswa fargesii (Franchet) Takhtajan; D. fargesii var.
brevipetalata T. C. Huang & K. C. Yang; Paris fargesii var.
Plants 1015 cm tall. Rhizome ca. 3 1.4 cm. Leaves 5 or
brevipetalata (T. C. Huang & K. C. Yang) T. C. Huang & K. C.
6; petiole very short; leaf blade narrowly elliptic or lanceolate,
Yang; P. fargesii var. latipetala H. Li & V. G. Soukup; P.
6.58.5 1.22 cm, adaxially green with white markings, abax-
hookeri H. Lveill; P. petiolata Baker ex C. H. Wright var.
ially purple-red, base cuneate. Peduncle 12 cm. Outer tepals 3
membranacea C. H. Wright; P. polyphylla Smith subsp. fargesii
or 4, adaxially green with white markings, abaxially purple-red,
(Franchet) H. Hara.
narrowly lanceolate, 34 cm 68 mm; inner ones purple and
slightly widened distally, green proximally, filiform-linear. Sta- Stamens 57 mm; free portion of anther connective trans-
mens 68; filaments 2.53.5 mm; anthers 1.52.5 mm, con- versely ellipsoid or subglobose, ca. 1 mm. 2n = 10*.
nective inconspicuous. Ovary green, subglobose. Style short;
Forests, shady places; 5002100 m. Guangdong, Guizhou, Hubei,
stigma lobes 3(or 4). Capsule deep purple. Fl. May, fr. Jun. 2n =
Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan [Vietnam].
10*, 20.
13b. Paris fargesii var. petiolata (Baker ex C. H. Wright) F. T.
Broad-leaved forests; 24002800 m. Sichuan, S Xizang, Yunnan
Wang & Tang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 15: 91. 1978.
[Bhutan, N India, Nepal].
12. Paris polyandra S. F. Wang, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 5(1): ju bing chong lou
169. 1985. Paris petiolata Baker ex C. H. Wright, J. Linn. Soc., Bot.
duo rui chong lou 36: 145. 1903; P. delavayi Franchet var. ovalifolia H. Li; P.
delavayi var. petiolata (Baker ex C. H. Wright) H. Li.
Plants 2565 cm tall. Rhizome 23 11.5 cm. Leaves 5
or 6; petiole 1.54 cm; leaf blade ovate, 79 3.55 cm, with Stamens 1.21.5 cm; free portion of anther connective
purple marking adaxially, base subcordate or rounded. Peduncle shortly conical, 12 mm.
712 cm. Outer tepals 6, green, ovate-lanceolate, 34 11.3 Shady places in forests; 12002000 m. Guangxi, Guizhou,
cm, apex long acuminate; inner ones narrowly linear, 2.34 Jiangxi, Sichuan.
0.10.3 mm. Stamens 18, 1.21.5 cm; filaments ca. 2 mm; an-
thers 11.3 cm; free portion of connective purple-brown, less 14. Paris thibetica Franchet, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat., sr.
than 0.5 mm. Ovary ellipsoid, angular. Style red; stigma lobes 2, 10: 184. 1887.
6. Fl. MayJun. hei zi chong lou
Moist and shady places along valleys; 12001600 m. SW
Plants 3590 cm tall. Rhizome 0.82 cm thick. Leaves 7
Sichuan.
12; petiole usually very short; leaf blade lanceolate or narrowly
13. Paris fargesii Franchet, J. Bot. (Morot) 12: 190. 1895. so, 415 13(5) cm, base cuneate. Outer tepals 4 or 5, green,
lanceolate or narrowly so, 35 (0.7)1.41.6 cm; inner ones
qiu yao ge chong lou
absent or narrowly linear and equaling or longer than outer
Plants 50100 cm tall. Rhizome 1.55 0.82.5 cm. ones. Stamens 810; filaments 45 mm; anthers 810 mm;
Leaves (3 or)46(or 7); petiole 25(9.5) cm; leaf blade ovate, free portion of connective 0.62.7 cm. Ovary green, ovoid-
broadly ovate, or ovate-oblong, 920 4.515 cm. Peduncle globose, 1-loculed, inconspicuously 5-ribbed. Style short; stig-
2040 cm. Outer tepals 4 or 5(or 6), green, lanceolate or ovate- ma lobes 4 or 5. Capsule ovoid-globose. Seeds black, 1/2 envel-
lanceolate, 4.55 12 cm, basally narrowed into a short claw; oped by red, succulent, crested aril. Fl. AprJul, fr. JulAug.
inner ones yellow-green or purple-black, narrowly linear, usu- Forests, forest margins; 14003800 m. S Gansu, Guizhou, Si-
ally 12 cm 12.5(3.5) mm, very rarely to 3.56 mm wide. chuan, S Xizang, NW Yunnan [Bhutan, Myanmar, Sikkim].
Stamens 8 or 10(12), 0.51.5 cm; filaments shorter than an-
thers; free portion of connective purple-black, transversely el- 1a. Inner tepals present ................................. 14a. var. thibetica
lipsoid, subglobose, or shortly conical, 12 mm. Ovary conical- 1b. Inner tepals absent ................................... 14b. var. apetala
ovoid. Style short; stigma lobes 4 or 5. Capsule ovoid-globose.
14a. Paris thibetica var. thibetica
Fl. AprJun, fr. JulSep.
() hei zi chong lou (yuan bian zhong)
Forests, shady places; 5002100 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Gui-
zhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan [Vietnam]. Daiswa thibetica (Franchet) Takhtajan; Paris polyphylla
1a. Stamens 57 mm; free portion of anther Smith var. appendiculata H. Hara; P. polyphylla var. thibetica
connective transversely ellipsoid or (Franchet) H. Hara.
subglobose, ca. 1 mm ............................... 13a. var. fargesii Inner tepals present, narrowly linear, equaling or longer
1b. Stamens 1215 mm, free portion of than outer ones. 2n = 10*.
anther connective shortly conical,
12 mm .................................................. 13b. var. petiolata Forests; 24003600 m. S Gansu, Guizhou, Sichuan, SE Xizang,
NW Yunnan [Bhutan, Sikkim].
13a. Paris fargesii var. fargesii
14b. Paris thibetica var. apetala Handel-Mazzetti, Anz. Akad. of connective 0.51.5 mm. Ovary green, 5-loculed; locules
Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 62: 149. 1925. inconspicuous. Style with an enlarged base; stigma lobes 5. Fl.
Jun. 2n = 10*.
wu ban chong lou
Shady and moist places in forests. Guizhou, Hunan, Yunnan
Inner tepals absent. [Myanmar].
Forests, forest margins; 14003800 m. W Sichuan, S Xizang, NW 18. Paris rugosa H. Li & Kurita in H. Li, Acta Bot. Yunnan.,
Yunnan [Bhutan, Myanmar, Sikkim]. Suppl. 5: 13. 1992.
15. Paris axialis H. Li, Acta Bot. Yunnan. 6: 273. 1984. zhou ye chong lou
wu zhi lian chong lou Plants 5070 cm tall. Rhizome ca. 12 34 cm. Leaves 4
or 5; petiole 1.86 cm; leaf blade obovate, 1015 6.310 cm,
Paris axialis var. rubra H. H. Zhou et al.
wrinkled, base rounded. Peduncle 925 cm. Outer tepals 4 or 5,
Plants 3055 cm tall. Rhizome brown, 78 11.3 cm. green, ovate, 3.54.5 1.73.5 cm; inner ones erect, yellow-
Leaves 46; petiole 2.54 cm; leaf blade ovate-oblong, 710 green, filiform-linear, ca. 7 cm 12 mm. Stamens 12 or 15;
4.57 cm, base shallowly cordate or rounded. Peduncle 1525 filaments green, ca. 4 mm; anthers purple, ca. 1 cm; connective
cm. Outer tepals 46, green, ovate-lanceolate, ca. 3 1 cm; not prolonged. Ovary subglobose, ca. 5 mm in diam., 4- or 5-
inner ones yellow-green, filiform-linear, 5.56 cm 12 mm. loculed, 4- or 5-ribbed. Style short; stigma lobes 4 or 5. Fl.
Stamens (2 or)3 as many as outer tepals; filaments green, ca. May.
3 mm; anthers ca. 9 mm; free portion of connective ca. 1 mm, Shady places; 15001700 m. NW Yunnan.
apex acute. Ovary green, subglobose, 46-loculed, 46-ribbed.
Style short; stigma lobes 46, ca. 2 mm. Berry pale green, glo- 19. Paris dulongensis H. Li & Kurita in H. Li, Acta Bot.
bose, indehiscent. Seeds many, yellow-brown, obovate, 1/2 en- Yunnan., Suppl. 5: 14. 1992.
veloped by green-white, spongy aril. Fl. AprJun, fr. JulAug. du long chong lou
2n = 10*.
Plants 50115 cm tall. Rhizome ca. 25 4.5 cm. Leaves 9
Forests; 7003000 m. Sichuan, NE Yunnan. or 10; petiole purple, ca. 6 cm, leaf blade oblanceolate or
16. Paris forrestii (Takhtajan) H. Li, Acta Bot. Yunnan. 6: 359. oblong, ca. 25 9 cm, wrinkled, base rounded. Peduncle (8)35
1984. cm. Outer tepals 6 or 7, green, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate,
ca. 8 2 cm; inner ones yellow-green, filiform-linear, ca. 8 cm
chang zhu chong lou 12 mm. Stamens 12 or 14; filaments green, ca. 7 mm; an-
Daiswa forrestii Takhtajan, Brittonia 35: 268. 1983; Paris thers dark purple, ca. 1.5 mm; connective not exserted. Ovary
longistigmata H. Li. green, ovoid, 6- or 7-loculed, 6- or 7-ribbed. Style short; stigma
lobes 6 or 7. Fl. May.
Plants 18100 cm tall. Rhizome 24.5 0.82 cm. Leaves
Thickets along ravines; 15001600 m. NW Yunnan.
(4 or)5 or 6(8); petiole 112 cm; leaf blade oblong, ovate-
oblong, obovate-oblong, or oblong-lanceolate, 6.516 2.4 20. Paris verticillata Marschall von Bieberstein, Fl. Taur.-
6.5 cm, base shallowly cordate or rounded. Peduncle 315(20) Caucas. 3: 287. 1819.
cm. Outer tepals 46(or 7), green, ovate or lanceolate, 1.54.5
bei chong lou
0.62 cm; inner ones yellow-green, filiform-linear, 2.56.5 cm
12 mm. Stamens 812(14); filaments 3.57 mm; anthers 5 Paris dahurica Fischer ex Turczaninow; P. hexaphylla
8 mm; free portion of connective very short. Ovary purple, Chamisso; P. hexaphylla var. manshurica (Komarov) Voro-
conical-ovoid, 46-loculed. Style with enlarged base; stigma schilov; P. hexaphylla f. purpurea Miyabe & Tatewaki; P.
lobes 5 or 6. Berry green, subglobose, 1.41.7 cm in diam. manshurica Komarov; P. obovata Ledebour; P. quadrifolia
Seeds white or yellow-red, small, slightly enveloped by swollen Linnaeus var. dahurica (Fischer ex Turczaninow) Franchet; P.
funicle. Fl. MayJul, fr. AugNov. 2n = 10*. quadrifolia var. hexaphylla (Chamisso) B. Fedtschenko; P.
quadrifolia var. obovata (Ledebour) Regel & Tiling; P. verticil-
Alpine coniferous forests, evergreen broad-leaved forests; 1900
3500 m. SE Xizang, W Yunnan [Myanmar]. lata subsp. manshurica (Komarov) Kitagawa; P. verticillata
var. manshurica (Komarov) H. Hara; P. verticillata var. obo-
17. Paris vaniotii H. Lveill, Mem. Pontif. Accad. Romana vata (Ledebour) H. Hara; P. verticillata f. purpurea (Miyabe &
Nuovi Lincei 24: 355. 1906. Tatewaki) Honda.
ping fa chong lou Plants 2560 cm tall. Rhizome slender, 35 mm thick.
Leaves (5 or)68(or 9); petiole very short; leaf blade lanceolate,
Plants 3050 cm tall. Rhizome 33.5 ca. 1.2 cm. Leaves narrowly oblong, oblanceolate, or obovate-oblanceolate, (4)7
5 or 6; petiole 11.5 cm; leaf blade elliptic or oblanceolate, 7.5 15 1.55 cm, base cuneate. Peduncle 4.512 cm. Outer tepals
14 2.55.5 cm, base subcuneate. Outer tepals 5, green, lan- usually 4(or 5), green, oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 2
ceolate, 2.53.5 cm 712 mm, base gradually narrowed into a 5.5 13 cm; inner ones yellow-green, 13 cm 12 mm. Sta-
short claw; inner ones filiform-linear, 3.55 cm 12 mm. Sta- mens 8(10); filaments 58 mm; anthers 0.71.4 cm; free por-
mens 10; filaments 3.54.5 mm; anthers 5.59 mm; free portion tion of connective 58(10) mm. Ovary purple, subglobose, 4
(or 5)-loculed. Stigma lobes 4 or 5, long. Berry purple-black, Berry purple, globose, many seeded. Seeds without aril. Fl.
globose, ca. 1 cm in diam. Seeds without aril. Fl. MayJun, fr. MayJul, fr. AugSep. 2n = 10*.
JulSep. 2n = 10, 15, 20*. Moist and shady places in forests; 14004300 m. W Hubei,
Forests, thickets, grassy and shady places, hillsides along ravines; Sichuan.
11003600 m. Anhui, Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei 22. Paris quadrifolia Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 367. 1753.
Mongol, Shaanxi, Shanxi, NW Sichuan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea, Mon-
golia, Russia (Siberia)]. si ye chong lou

21. Paris bashanensis F. T. Wang & Tang, Fl. Reipubl. Popu- Paris quadrifolia var. angustiovata D. Z. Ma & H. L. Liu.
laris Sin. 15: 250. 1978. Plants 2540 cm tall. Rhizome creeping, slender, 25 mm
ba shan chong lou thick. Leaves usually 4 or 5, subsessile; leaf blade broadly obo-
vate or ovate, 510 2.55 cm, base subcuneate. Peduncle 7
Paris quadrifolia Linnaeus var. setchuenensis Franchet; P. 10 cm. Outer tepals 4, spreading horizontally, green, ovate-lan-
setchuenensis (Franchet) Barkalov. ceolate, 23 cm 59 mm; inner ones yellow-green, filiform-
linear, 1.53 cm 12 mm. Stamens 8; filaments 35 mm; an-
Plants 2545 cm tall. Rhizome slender, 24 mm thick.
thers 36 mm; free portion of connective 45 mm. Ovary pur-
Leaves 4(or 5); petiole very short; leaf blade oblong-lanceolate
ple-red, globose, 48 mm in diam., 4(or 5)-loculed. Stigma
or ovate-elliptic, 49 23.5 cm, base cuneate. Peduncle 27
lobes 4 or 5, slender. Berry globose, many seeded. Seeds with-
cm. Outer tepals 4, reflexed, narrowly lanceolate, 1.73.5 cm
out aril. Fl. Jul, fr. Aug. 2n = 15, 20, 25, 30.
35 mm; inner ones filiform-linear, 1.63.4 cm 12 mm. Sta-
mens 8; filaments 34 mm; anthers 611 mm; free portion of Forests, thickets, moist places. N Heilongjiang, N Xinjiang [Mon-
connective subulate, 49 mm. Ovary purple, globose, 23.5 golia, Russia (Siberia); Europe].
mm in diam., 4(or 5)-loculed. Stigma lobes 4(or 5), slender.

10. TRILLIUM Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 339. 1753.

yan ling cao shu

Liang Songyun ( Liang Song-jun); Victor G. Soukup

Herbs perennial, usually with stout rhizome. Stem erect, simple, basally with a few brown, scalelike sheaths. Leaves 3, in a ter-
minal whorl, sessile or shortly petiolate, rhombic-orbicular to ovate, with 3 or 5 main veins and anastomosing veinlets. Flowers bi-
sexual, solitary, terminal, pedunculate. Tepals 6, in 2 whorls, free; outer ones usually green, persistent; inner ones petaloid, rose pur-
ple to white, slightly narrower than outer, withering or deciduous after anthesis. Stamens 6; filaments short; anthers basifixed, linear,
with very short connective. Ovary ovoid to globose, 3-loculed; ovules several to many per locule. Style short, deeply 3-lobed often to
base. Fruit a berry, globose to ovoid. Seeds several to many, ovoid, small.
About 46 species: Bhutan, China, India, Japan, Korea, Myanmar, Nepal, Russia, Sikkim; North America; four species (one endemic) in China.

1a. Stems tufted; leaves sessile; inner tepals elliptic or obovate.

2a. Anthers 78 mm, longer than filaments ........................................................................................................ 1. T. kamtschaticum
2b. Anthers 34 mm, shorter than or equaling filaments .......................................................................................... 2. T. tschonoskii
1b. Stem solitary; leaves shortly petiolate; inner tepals linear-lanceolate or linear.
3a. Outer tepals similar in shape and size to inner ones, 1.52 mm wide; peduncle 23 mm ............................... 3. T. govanianum
3b. Outer tepals quite different in shape and size from inner ones, 1012 mm wide; peduncle 1214 cm ............. 4. T. taiwanense
1. Trillium kamtschaticum Pallas ex Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: Korea, Russia (Siberia); North America].
245. 1814.
2. Trillium tschonoskii Maximowicz, Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci.
ji lin yan ling cao Saint-Ptersbourg 29: 218. 1884.
yan ling cao
Plants 3550 cm tall. Rhizome stout, abbreviated. Stems
tufted. Leaves sessile, broadly rhombic-orbicular or ovate-or- Trillium morii Hayata; T. tschonoskii var. himalaicum H.
bicular, 1017 717 cm. Peduncle 1.54 cm. Flowers 35 cm Hara; T. tschonoskii f. morii (Hayata) Yamamoto; T. tschonoskii
wide. Outer tepals green, broadly lanceolate to oblong-lanceo- var. morii (Hayata) Masamune.
late, 33.5 0.71.2 cm; inner ones white, elliptic or obovate, Plants 1550 cm tall. Rhizome stout, abbreviated. Stems
33.8 11.6 cm. Stamens ca. 2/5 as long as tepals; filaments tufted. Leaves sessile, rhombic-orbicular to broadly rhombic,
34 mm; anthers usually 710 mm, with slightly convex con- 615 515 cm. Peduncle 14 cm. Flowers 34 cm wide.
nective apically. Ovary subconical-ovoid; stigma rather thick. Outer tepals green, narrowly ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 1.52
Berry ovoid-globose, 1.82.8 cm in diam. Fl. Jun, fr. Aug. 2n cm 59 mm, herbaceous; inner ones white, rarely pale purple,
= 10*, 24. ovate-lanceolate, 1.52.2 cm 46(10) mm. Stamens ca. 2/5
Forests, forest margins, moist places; 5001400 m. Jilin [Japan, as long as tepals; filaments 45 mm; anthers 34 mm, with
slightly convex connective apically. Ovary conical-ovoid, 79 mens ca. 1/4 as long as tepals; filaments ca. 2 mm; anthers ca.
57 mm; stigma rather thick. Berry black-purple, globose, 1.5 1.5 mm. Ovary purple-red, ovoid-globose, 56 45 mm. Fl.
1.8 cm in diam., many seeded. Fl. AprJun, fr. JulAug. 2n = MayJun.
20. Forests; ca. 3200 m. S Xizang (Dinggy Xian) [Bhutan, India, Ne-
pal, Sikkim].
Forests, moist places along ravines, shady and rocky places on
hillsides; 10003200 m. Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Hubei, Shaanxi, Si- 4. Trillium taiwanense S. S. Ying, J. Jap. Bot. 64: 154. 1989.
chuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bhutan, Japan, Korea,
Myanmar, Sikkim]. tai wan yan ling cao
This is a vulnerable species in China.
Plants 1520 cm tall. Rhizome creeping, subterete, stout,
3. Trillium govanianum Wallich ex Royle, Ill. Bot. Himal. 235 cm. Stem solitary. Leaves shortly petiolate, ovate or broad-
Mts. 1: 384. 1839. ly ovate, 79 4.55.5 cm. Peduncle 1214 cm. Flowers 35
xi zang yan ling cao cm wide. Outer tepals green, ovate-lanceolate or elliptic-lan-
ceolate, 3.23.5 11.2 cm; inner ones linear or broadly linear,
Trillidium govanianum (Wallich ex Royle) Kunth.
1.41.9 cm 11.5 mm. Stamens short; filaments 23 mm; an-
Plants 1220 cm tall. Rhizome creeping, slightly elongate, thers 11.5 mm. Ovary depressed ovoid, 5.56.5 2.54 mm;
terete, 810 mm thick. Stem solitary. Leaves shortly petiolate, stigma 3-lobed. Fl. Jun.
ovate or ovate-cordate, 46 2.24 cm. Peduncle 23 mm.
Flowers 22.5 cm wide. Outer tepals green, linear or linear- 16001700 m. E Taiwan (Hualian Shi).
lanceolate, 11.2 cm 1.52 mm; inner ones purple-red, very
similar to outer ones in shape, 1.11.5 cm ca. 1 mm. Sta-

11. SMILAX Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 1028. 1753.

ba qia shu

Chen Xinqi ( Chen Sing-chi); Tetsuo Koyama1

Vines climbing or shrubs, woody, less often suberect or herbs, dioecious, usually with short, thick rhizomes. Stems and branches
usually prickly. Petiole usually narrowly winged proximally, with an abscission zone between winged portion and apex; tendrils
often present. Leaf blade usually ovate to lanceolate, main veins 37, connected by a network of cross veins and veinlets. Inflores-
cence borne in axil of leaf or scalelike bract, of 1(3) umbels or a panicle, raceme, or spike of umbels; peduncle sometimes with a
scalelike prophyll at base. Flowers small; tepals 6, usually free (connate in Smilax synandra). Male flowers: stamens 6, rarely 8 or
more, inserted at base of tepals; anthers mostly 1-loculed. Female flowers: ovary 3-loculed; ovules 1 or 2 per locule; style very short;
stigmas 3; staminodes absent to 6. Fruit a berry, red to black, usually 1- or 2-seeded. Seeds dark brown.
About 300 species: tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions of both hemispheres; 79 species (39 endemic) in China.
1a. Rhizomes stoloniferous, creeping, elongate.
2a. Peduncle with a prophyll at base; leaves not glaucous abaxially ........................................................................... 65. S. pinfaensis
2b. Peduncle without a prophyll at base; leaves glaucous abaxially.
3a. Petiole 12 mm, narrowly winged for ca. 2/3 its length; stem much branched ......................................................... 26. S. nana
3b. Petiole 413 mm, scarcely winged; stem slightly branched or not ......................................................... 25. S. pachysandroides
1b. Rhizomes not stoloniferous, usually tuberous, short.
4a. Inflorescence a spike of umbels with 525 sessile umbels on a common axis.
5a. Branches terete, ridged-angled, sparsely prickly; leaf blade 611 cm ..................................................................... 78. S. aspera
5b. Branches 4-angled, not prickly; leaf blade 2030 cm ................................................................................... 79. S. elegantissima
4b. Inflorescence a solitary umbel or a raceme of umbels with 2 to many stalked umbels on a common axis.
6a. Branches verruculose or bristly.
7a. Branches densely bristly.
8a. Petiole not bristly; peduncle without a prophyll at base ........................................................................ 19. S. horridiramula
8b. Petiole densely bristly; peduncle with a prophyll at base ............................................................................ 74. S. setiramula
7b. Branches verruculose, sometimes young branches minutely bristly.
9a. Peduncle without a prophyll at base.
10a. Branches minutely verruculose, not prickly; inflorescence borne in axil of well-developed
leaf ................................................................................................................................................. 49. S. nervomarginata
10b. Branches verruculose or spinulose-verruculose, sparsely prickly; inflorescence borne in
axil of young leaf on new branches ........................................................................................................... 13. S. lebrunii
9b. Peduncle with a prophyll at base.

1 College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa City, Kanagawa 252, Japan.
 11a. Young branches, petiole, and leaf base minutely bristly ................................................................... 57. S. kwangsiensis
11b. Young branches, petiole, and leaf base not bristly.
12a. Leaf blade orbicular or nearly so, thickly leathery ......................................................................... 70. S. bauhinioides
12b. Leaf blade not orbicular, leathery or papery.
13a. Petiole wingless, tendrils absent; receptacle suboblong .............................................................. 67. S. fooningensis
13b. Petiole winged, tendrils usually present; receptacle subglobose.
14a. Inflorescence 1-umbellate; branches usually 2- or 3-angled ...................................................... 54. S. chapaensis
14b. Inflorescence 25-umbellate, forming a raceme of umbels; branches not angled.
15a. Inflorescence with 37 umbels; petiole 1015 mm, tendrils usually present ........................ 61. S. aspericaulis
15b. Inflorescence with 2 umbels; petiole 712 mm, tendrils usually absent ............................... 63. S. malipoensis
6b. Branches neither verruculose nor bristly.
16a. Inflorescence of 2 to many umbels (if a solitary umbel, then peduncle articulate in proximal part with
a prophyll at base).
17a. Branches 4-angled.
18a. Branches not zigzagged, angles narrowly winged .............................................................................. 72. S. gagnepainii
18b. Branches strongly zigzagged, angles wingless ........................................................................................ 68. S. quadrata
17b. Branches terete, not angled.
19a. Tepals of male flowers longitudinally wrinkled; stamens 810 ....................................................................... 50. S. luei
19b. Tepals of male flowers not wrinkled; stamens 6.
20a. Petiole wings well developed, each 413 mm wide.
21a. Petiole wings not clasping node at base .............................................................................................. 75. S. griffithii
21b. Petiole wings deeply clasping node at base.
22a. Inflorescence of 27 solitary umbels; filaments proximally connate, forming a short column ...... 76. S. ocreata
22b. Inflorescence of 1030 umbels, umbels 2- or 4-subwhorled or nearly clustered; filaments
free ................................................................................................................................................. 77. S. perfoliata
20b. Petiole wings weakly developed, each less than 4 mm wide.
23a. Filaments proximally connate, forming a short column.
24a. Receptacle suboblong, 36 24.5 mm; outer tepals of male flowers ca. 5 mm .................... 56. S. hemsleyana
24b. Receptacle subglobose, 23 mm in diam.; outer tepals of male flowers 78 mm ......... 55. S. vanchingshanensis
23b. Filaments free.
25a. Branches densely prickly; petiole verruculose-prickly ........................................................... 73. S. densibarbata
25b. Branches smooth or sparsely prickly; petiole not verruculose-prickly.
26a. Leaf blade 814(20) cm wide ................................................................................................... 62. S. ovalifolia
26b. Leaf blade 15(7) cm wide.
27a. Petiole laterally compressed, winged portion 13 cm .............................................................. 71. S. planipes
27b. Petiole subterete, winged portion less than 0.9 cm.
28a. Umbels 2- or 3-flowered; peduncle 13 mm; petiole 2.55 mm; stem and branches 2- or
4-angled .................................................................................................................................. 66. S. basilata
28b. Umbels 315-flowered; peduncle and petiole both more than 5 mm; stem and branches
not or indistinctly obtusely angled.
29a. Stamens very short, less than 1 mm, 1/51/3 as long as tepals .................................... 64. S. cocculoides
29b. Stamens 36 mm, more than 1/2 as long as tepals.
30a. Leaf blade thickly leathery, orbicular to elliptic, with 3 main veins concave
adaxially and veinlets indistinct; petiole scarcely winged ...................................... 69. S. lunglingensis
30b. Leaf blade leathery or papery, variable in shape, with 35 main veins raised or
sometimes midvein slightly concave adaxially; petiole winged.
31a. Inflorescence with 37 umbels.
32a. Leaf blade leathery, apex acuminate; raceme with terminal umbel abortive;
receptacle ellipsoid ............................................................................................. 59. S. yunnanensis
32b. Leaf blade papery, apex mucronate; raceme with terminal umbel well
developed; receptacle subglobose.
33a. Berries 1.52 cm in diam.; petiole 1.55 cm; inflorescence of 2 or 3 umbels;
male flowers with tepals greenish yellow ........................................................ 58. S. megacarpa
33b. Berries 57 mm in diam.; petiole 12 cm; inflorescence of 36(10) umbels;
male flowers with tepals dull red ........................................................................ 60. S. bracteata
31b. Inflorescence with 1 umbel.
34a. Berries 1.52 cm in diam. .................................................................................... 58. S. megacarpa
34b. Berries 0.61 cm in diam.
35a. Seeds smooth; leaf blade becoming dark green or sometimes tinged black
 when dried, not wrinkled adaxially ................................................................... 52. S. lanceifolia
35b. Seeds deeply 5- or 6-furrowed; leaf blade becoming grayish when dried,
wrinkled along main veins adaxially ............................................................. 53. S. astrosperma
16b. Inflorescence a solitary umbel; peduncle not articulate, usually without a prophyll at base.
36a. Stems usually annual, herbaceous.
37a. Leaf blade abaxially pale green, usually glabrous or papillose-puberulent, not white powdery .................. 2. S. riparia
37b. Leaf blade abaxially glaucous, white powdery.
38a. Petiole scarcely winged, tendrils (when developed) borne in proximal part ........................................ 1. S. nipponica
38b. Petiole narrowly winged, tendrils borne at middle or in distal part ...................................................... 3. S. pottingeri
36b. Stems perennial, becoming woody.
39a. Petiole wings lacerate-fimbriate at margin.
40a. Branchlets usually 4-angled; leaf blade usually rhombic-ovate, with 3(5) main veins raised
adaxially, base cuneate; prickles sparse or absent ................................................................................. 44. S. myrtillus
40b. Branchlets 2- or 3-angled; leaf blade cordate to ovate, with (3)5 main veins slightly concave
adaxially, base truncate to cordate; prickles rather dense ........................................................................ 45. S. munita
39b. Petiole wings subentire at margin.
41a. Petiole with abscission zone below apex, hence leaf blade abscising together with distal part of petiole.
42a. Leaf blade abaxially pubescent, papillose-pubescent, or powdery-scabrous.
43a. Peduncle 0.53 cm; receptacle thickened and elongate .................................................................... 12. S. chingii
43b. Peduncle 35 cm; receptacle scarcely thickened, not elongate ...................................................... 37. S. aberrans
42b. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous.
44a. Peduncle 0.10.3 cm ................................................................................................................... 46. S. bapouensis
44b. Peduncle 0.45 cm.
45a. Petiole wings semicircular, each 35 mm wide, occupying entire length of petiole .................... 16. S. discotis
45b. Petiole wings not as above.
46a. Filaments connate, forming a column.
47a. Outer tepals free; filaments connate in proximal part ......................................................... 24. S. emeiensis
47b. Outer tepals connate for ca. 1/2 their length, forming a tube; filaments connate
throughout ............................................................................................................................ 33. S. synandra
46b. Filaments free.
48a. Inflorescence arising from branches or branchlets with leaves fully developed.
49a. Leaf blade abaxially glaucous.
50a. Inflorescence usually racemose; pedicel erect in fruit ................................. 36. S. austrozhejiangensis
50b. Inflorescence umbellate; pedicel bent downward in fruit ............................................. 38. S. retroflexa
49b. Leaf blade abaxially green or pale green.
51a. Peduncle slightly shorter or longer than petiole; female flowers with 6 staminodes ...... 4. S. sieboldii
51b. Peduncle much shorter than petiole (usually less than 1/2 as long); female flowers
with 3 staminodes ...................................................................................................... 5. S. scobinicaulis
48b. Inflorescence arising from young branches or branchlets with leaves not fully developed.
52a. Petiole with abscission zone 23 mm above winged portion.
53a. Leaf blade elliptic; petiole winged for ca. 1/2 its length .......................................... 17. S. glaucochina
53b. Leaf blade ovate-elliptic to oblong-lanceolate; petiole winged for ca. 2/3
its length .......................................................................................................... 18. S. elongatoumbellata
52b. Petiole with abscission zone immediately above winged portion.
54a. Umbels 1- or 2-flowered or racemes 35-flowered ....................................................... 9. S. trinervula
54b. Umbels 3- to many flowered.
55a. Receptacle oblong or ellipsoid, elongate.
56a. Petiole winged for 2/34/5 its length ............................................................................. 10. S. ferox
56b. Petiole winged for 1/31/2 its length .................................................................. 11. S. megalantha
55b. Receptacle subglobose.
57a. Leaf blade herbaceous, becoming membranous or thinly papery when dried;
tendrils partly developed.
58a. Leaf blade abaxially glaucous; berries red at maturity ....................................... 14. S. polycolea
58b. Leaf blade abaxially green or pale green; berries purplish black at
maturity ..................................................................................................... 15. S. outanscianensis
57b. Leaf blade papery or leathery; tendrils well developed.
59a. Petiole wings each 24 mm wide, wider than petiole; tendrils short, slender .... 8. S. davidiana
59b. Petiole wings each 0.51 mm wide, about as wide as petiole; tendrils long,
rather thick.
60a. Tepals of male flowers greenish to yellowish green, recurved at anthesis,
 outer ones 1.82.5 mm wide .................................................................................... 6. S. china
60b. Tepals of male flowers yellow, tinged pinkish red, spreading at anthesis,
outer ones 1.31.5 mm wide ............................................................................ 7. S. nantoensis
41b. Petiole with abscission zone at apex, hence leaf blade abscising with almost no part of petiole.
61a. Leaves and inflorescences becoming blackish or blackish brown when dried.
62a. Branches slightly ridged, smooth or prickly ................................................................................ 20. S. nigrescens
62b. Branches neither ridged nor prickly.
63a. Petiole 37 mm; umbels 13-flowered ......................................................................................... 39. S. darrisii
63b. Petiole 55.5 cm; umbels densely 50100-flowered .................................................................. 48. S. jiankunii
61b. Leaves and inflorescences not becoming blackish or blackish brown when dried.
64a. Petiole wings each with a lanceolate auricle at apex.
65a. Outer tepals connate for ca. 1/2 their length, inner ones adnate to filament column ................ 33. S. synandra
65b. All tepals free.
66a. Plants suberect or subscandent; tendrils absent.
67a. Leaf blade rhombic-elliptic or ovate-rhombic; peduncle 722 mm; auricles of petiole
wings 11.5 mm ..................................................................................................................... 35. S. hayatae
67b. Leaf blade ovate; peduncle 34 mm; auricles of petiole wings 0.30.5 mm ........................... 40. S. mairei
66b. Vines climbing; tendrils wholly or partly developed.
68a. Leaf blade thinly papery, ovate-lanceolate to broadly lanceolate; branchlets zigzagged;
female flowers with 6 staminodes .......................................................................................... 31. S. elegans
68b. Leaf blade leathery, ovate to elliptic; branchlets not zigzagged; female flowers with 3
staminodes.
69a. Peduncle 415 mm, 2/34/5 as long as petiole .............................................................. 32. S. corbularia
69b. Peduncle 15 mm, less than 1/2 as long as petiole ...................................................... 34. S. hypoglauca
64b. Petiole wings without auricle at apex.
70a. Shrubs erect or suberect; tendrils absent.
71a. Leaf blade lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, more than 5 as long as wide; stamens
very short, ca. 1/8 as long as tepals ......................................................................... 30. S. tsinchengshanensis
71b. Leaf blade ovate to elliptic, 23 as long as wide; stamens much longer, 1/31/2
as long as tepals.
72a. Filaments connate in proximal part, forming a column ................................................... 23. S. cyclophylla
72b. Filaments free.
73a. Petiole and leaf blade glabrous ................................................................................................ 21. S. stans
73b. Distal 1/2 of petiole and abaxial base of leaf blade (particularly on veins) papillose-
puberulent ....................................................................................................................... 22. S. trachypoda
70b. Vines climbing, shrubby; tendrils wholly or partly developed.
74a. Peduncle shorter than or subequaling petiole; receptacle much thickened, with many
persistent bracteoles.
75a. Male flowers slightly 6-angled, scarcely open, ca. 3 mm in diam.; outer tepals cucullate,
abaxially deeply channeled ...................................................................................................... 43. S. glabra
75b. Male flowers not angled, fully open, 11.5 mm in diam.; outer tepals neither cucullate
nor abaxially channeled.
76a. Branches minutely prickly; peduncle slightly shorter than petiole; female flowers
with 3 staminodes ......................................................................................................... 42. S. microphylla
76b. Branches not prickly; peduncle much shorter than petiole; female flowers with
6 staminodes .......................................................................................................... 41. S. longebracteolata
74b. Peduncle longer than petiole; receptacle not or only slightly thickened, without
persistent bracteoles
77a. Leaf blade abaxially green or pale green.
78a. Leaf blade with 35 main veins, outermost veins separate from leaf margins; petiole
winged for 1/23/4 its length, tendrils borne near middle ............................................ 51. S. arisanensis
78b. Leaf blade with 57 main veins, outermost veins nearly combined with leaf margins;
petiole winged for ca. 1/4 its length, tendrils borne near base.
79a. Leaf blade papery or thinly leathery, adaxially concave along midvein;
anthers shorter than filaments .................................................................................... 47. S. biumbellata
79b. Leaf blade leathery, adaxially not concave along midvein; anthers slightly
longer than filaments .......................................................................................... 49. S. nervomarginata
77b. Leaf blade abaxially glaucous.
80a. Flowers large, tepals 67 mm ........................................................................................ 29. S. lushuiensis
 80b. Flowers much smaller, tepals 23.5 mm.
81a. Leaf blade with 3 main veins; petiole 37 mm, winged for 1/31/2 its length;
stamens ca. 1/2 as long as tepals ...................................................................................... 39. S. darrisii
81b. Leaf blade with 57 main veins; petiole (5)812 mm, winged for 2/33/4 its length;
stamens ca. 1/3 as long as tepals.
82a. Leaf blade with 5 main veins; filaments basally connate, forming a short
column ............................................................................................................ 27. S. menispermoidea
82b. Leaf blade with 7 main veins; filaments free .............................................................. 28. S. pygmaea
1. Smilax nipponica Miquel, Verslagen Meded. Afd. Natuurk. 1a. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous .................... 2a. var. riparia
Kon. Akad. Wetensch., ser. 2, 2: 87. 1868. 1b. Leaf blade abaxially papillose-puberulent
or pubescent.
bai bei niu wei cai
2a. Stem, branches, and inflorescence
Coprosmanthus simadae (Masamune) Masamune; Smilax glabrous ........................................ 2b. var. acuminata
herbacea Linnaeus var. intermedia C. H. Wright; S. herbacea 2b. Stem, branches, and inflorescence
var. nipponica (Miquel) Maximowicz; S. herbacea var. ob- pubescent ....................................... 2c. var. pubescens
longa C. H. Wright; S. longipedunculata Merrill; S. nipponica
2a. Smilax riparia var. riparia
subsp. manshurica Kitagawa; S. nipponica var. manshurica
(Kitagawa) Kitagawa; S. oblonga (C. H. Wright) J. B. Norton; () niu wei cai (yuan bian zhong)
S. simadae Masamune. Coprosmanthus oldhamii (Miquel) Masamune var. daibu-
Herbs annual, erect or sometimes slightly climbing. Stem ensis (Hayata) Masamune; C. pseudochina Masamune var. dai-
simple, terete, 8100 cm, smooth, hollow and slightly pithy. buensis (Hayata) Masamune; Smilax flaccida C. H. Wright; S.
Petiole 1.54.5 cm, scarcely winged; abscission zone distal; herbacea Linnaeus var. angusta C. H. Wright; S. herbacea var.
tendrils sometimes present. Leaf blade ovate to oblong, 420 daibuensis Hayata; S. herbacea var. foetida H. Lveill; S.
214 cm, abaxially glaucous and usually powdery-pubescent. herbacea var. heterophylla H. Lveill; S. herbacea var. lan-
Inflorescence of 1 umbel, basally not prophyllate; peduncle 39 cilimba Merrill; S. higoensis Miquel var. maximowiczii (Koid-
cm, slightly compressed; umbels of both sexes 2030-flowered, zumi) Kitagawa; S. maximowiczii Koidzumi; S. oldhamii
base thickened. Male flowers: tepals usually reflexed at an- Miquel var. daibuensis (Hayata) T. Koyama; S. ovatorotunda
thesis, greenish yellow or white, ca. 4 1 mm; stamens 2.5 Hayata; S. riparia f. ovatorotunda (Hayata) T. Koyama; S.
3.5 mm. Female flowers: tepals subequaling male ones; sta- takaoensis Hayata.
minodes 6. Berries blue-black, globose, 67 mm in diam., white Stem, branches, leaves,and inflorescence glabrous. Female
powdery. Fl. AprMay, fr. AugSep. flowers: staminodes absent.
Forests, grassy slopes, moist places along streams; 2001400 m. Forests, thickets, grassy slopes, hillsides along valleys; near sea
Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guizhou, Henan, Hunan, Jiangxi, Liaoning,
level to 1600 m. Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou,
Shandong, Sichuan, Taiwan, ?Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea]. Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin,
2. Smilax riparia A. de Candolle in A. de Candolle & C. de Liaoning, ?Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan,
Candolle, Monogr. Phan. 1: 55. 1878. Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea, Philippines].

niu wei cai 2b. Smilax riparia var. acuminata (C. H. Wright) F. T. Wang
& Tang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 15: 192. 1978.
Vines annual or sometimes perennial (in S China), climb-
jian ye niu wei cai
ing.Stem branched, terete, 12 m, herbaceous or slightly woody
near base, smooth or pubescent, hollow and slightly pithy. Peti- Smilax herbacea Linnaeus var. acuminata C. H. Wright, J.
ole 0.72 cm, scarcely winged; abscission zone distal; tendrils Linn. Soc., Bot. 36: 98. 1903.
usually present. Leaf blade usually ovate to elliptic, 715 5
11 cm, herbaceous, abaxially glabrous, papillose-puberulent, or Stem, branches and inflorescence glabrous. Leaf blade
pubescent. Inflorescence of 1 umbel, basally not prophyllate; abaxially papillose-puberulent especially on main veins, apex
peduncle rather slender, 35(10) cm, slightly compressed; um- subcuspidate-acuminate. Female flowers: staminodes 6.
bels of both sexes 520(30)-flowered, base thickened; brac- Forests, grassy slopes, hillsides along valleys; 9002100 m.
teoles 12 mm, not caducous. Male flowers: tepals yellowish Henan, Hubei, Shaanxi, Sichuan.
green, 45 0.61 mm; stamens 45 mm. Female flowers: te-
pals slightly smaller than male ones. Berries blue-black, glo- 2c. Smilax riparia var. pubescens (C. H. Wright) F. T. Wang &
bose, 79 mm in diam. Fl. JunJul, fr. Oct. Tang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 15: 192. 1978.
mao niu wei cai
Forests, thickets, grassy slopes, hillsides along valleys; near sea
level to 2100 m. Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Smilax herbacea Linnaeus var. pubescens C. H. Wright, J.
Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi,Jilin, Liao-
Linn. Soc., Bot. 36: 98. 1903.
ning, ?Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yun-
nan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea, Philippines]. Stem, branches, leaves, and inflorescence pubescent.
 W Hubei. Vines climbing. Stem branched, terete, 12 m, woody;
stem and branches sparsely prickly, rarely scarcely so; prickles
3. Smilax pottingeri Prain, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat.
blackish, needlelike, 45 mm. Petiole 0.51.5 cm, narrowly
Hist. 69: 174. 1900.
winged for ca. 1/2 its length; abscission zone distal; tendrils
xian bing ba qia well developed. Leaf blade sometimes becoming blackish when
dried, ovate to elliptic-ovate, 412.5 2.58 cm, herbaceous.
Heterosmilax pottingeri (Prain) F. T. Wang & Tang.
Inflorescence of 1 umbel, basally not prophyllate; peduncle
Vines herbaceous, becoming blackish when dried. Stem rather short, usually less than 1/2 as long as petiole; umbels of
terete, rigid, slightly woody proximally, smooth. Petiole 25 both sexes 38-flowered, base not thickened. Male flowers:
cm, slightly compressed, narrowly winged; wings 12.5 cm tepals yellowish green, 45 11.8 mm; stamens 2 3 mm.
ca. 1 mm, apically minutely auriculate; abscission zone incon- Female flowers: tepals slightly smaller than male ones; stami-
spicuous; tendrils commonly present. Leaf blade abaxially glau- nodes 3. Berries blue-black, globose, 69 mm in diam. Fl. May,
cous, ovate to broadly so, 1018 617 cm, herbaceous to fr. Oct.
thinly papery, abaxially white powdery, main veins 57. Male Forests, thickets, shaded places on slopes; 6001200 m. Gansu,
inflorescence of 1 umbel, basally not prophyllate; peduncle 36 Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Yun-
cm; umbel densely 4070-flowered, base 34 mm in diam. nan.
Male flowers: tepals 45 11.5 mm; stamens slightly shorter
than tepals. Female flowers unknown. 6. Smilax china Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 1029. 1753.

Dense forests, thickets, river banks, hillsides along valleys; 1100 ba qia
1500 m. S Yunnan [Laos, Myanmar, Thailand]. Coprosmanthus japonicus Kunth; Smilax china f. obtusa
Only a few sterile and fruiting specimens have been collected H. Lveill; S. china var. taiheiensis (Hayata) T. Koyama; S.
from China. The description of the male flowers follows Koyama (in pteropus Miquel; S. taiheiensis Hayata.
Smitinand et al., Fl. Thailand 2: 245. 1975).
Vines climbing. Stem branched, terete, 15 m, woody,
4. Smilax sieboldii Miquel, Verslagen Meded. Afd. Natuurk. sparsely prickly. Petiole 0.51.5 cm, narrowly winged for 1/2
Kon. Akad. Wetensch., ser. 2, 2: 87. 1868. 2/3 its length; abscission zone just above winged portion; ten-
hua dong ba qia drils usually present. Leaf blade elliptic to orbicular, 310
1.56(10) cm. Inflorescence borne in axil of young leaf, of 1
Coprosmanthus oldhamii (Miquel) Masamune; Smilax
umbel, basally not prophyllate; peduncle 12 cm; umbels of
formosana (Hayata) Hayata; S. herbacea Linnaeus var. old-
both sexes 1025-flowered, subglobose, base subglobose, 23
hamii (Miquel) Maximowicz; S. nebelii Gilg; S. oldhamii
mm in diam.; bracteoles many, small. Male flowers: tepals yel-
Miquel; S. sieboldii var. formosana Hayata; S. sieboldii f. iner-
lowish green, 3.54.5 1.52.5 mm; stamens 34 mm; fila-
mis (Nakai) H. Hara; S. sieboldii var. inermis Nakai.
ments filiform. Female flowers: staminodes 6. Berries red, glo-
Vines climbing.Stem branched, subterete, 12 m, woody; bose, 0.61.5 cm in diam., minutely white powdery. Fl. Feb
stem and branches with scattered, blackish, needlelike prickles. May, fr. SepNov. 2n = 30*, 90*.
Petiole 12 cm, narrowly winged for ca. 1/2 its length; abscis-
Forests, thickets, hillsides, grassy slopes, shaded places along
sion zone distal; tendrils well developed. Leaf blade ovate to valleys or streams; near sea level to 2000 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong,
broadly so, 39 25(8) cm, herbaceous. Inflorescence of 1 Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, ?Liaoning,
umbel, basally not prophyllate; peduncle slender, 12.5 cm, Shandong, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Myanmar,
subequaling or longer than petiole; umbels of both sexes us- Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam].
ually 38-flowered, base scarcely thickened. Male flowers: te- Smilax taquetii H. Lveill (Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 10:
pals yellowish green, 45 1.21.4 mm, inner ones slightly 372. 1912), described from Korea, was identified as S. china by Mc-
narrower than outer; stamens 23 mm. Female flowers: tepals Kean (Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 44: 196. 1986).
smaller than male ones; staminodes 6. Berries blue-black, glo-
bose, 67 mm in diam. Fl. MayJun, fr. Oct. 7. Smilax nantoensis T. Koyama, Taiwania 20: 120. 1975.

Forests, thickets, grassy slopes; near sea level to 1800(2500) m. nan tou ba qia
Anhui, Fujian, Jiangsu, Liaoning, Shandong, Taiwan, Zhejiang [Japan, Vines climbing. Stem much branched distally, terete, 0.82
Korea]. m, woody, unarmed. Petiole 0.71.5(2) cm, narrowly winged
5. Smilax scobinicaulis C. H. Wright, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew for 2/33/4 its length; abscission zone just above winged
1895: 117. 1895. portion; tendrils usually 510 cm. Leaf blade usually ovate or
duan geng ba qia elliptic, 310 1.54 cm. Inflorescence borne in axil of young
leaf or bract on new branches, of 1 umbel, basally not pro-
Smilax brevipes Warburg; S. cavaleriei H. Lveill & phyllate; peduncle 510 mm; umbels of both sexes 310-flow-
Vaniot; S. martini H. Lveill & Vaniot; S. microphylla C. H. ered, base neither thickened nor elongate. Male flowers: tepals
Wright var. nigrescens Warburg; S. ocreata H. Lveill & yellow, tinged pinkish red, 4.55 1.31.5 mm; stamens 44.5
Vaniot (1905), not A. de Candolle (1878); S. scobinicaulis var. mm. Female flowers: tepals 2.53 11.7 mm; staminodes 3.
brevipes (Warburg) Handel-Mazzetti; S. sieboldii Miquel var. Berries red, globose, 68 mm in diam.
scobinicaulis (C. H. Wright) T. Koyama.
Forest margins, grassy forest openings; 800900 m. C Taiwan.
8. Smilax davidiana A. de Candolle in A. de Candolle & C. de Dense forests, thickets, shaded slopes; 10002900 m. Guang-
Candolle, Monogr. Phan. 1: 104. 1878. dong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Viet-
nam].
xiao guo ba qia
11. Smilax megalantha C. H. Wright, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew
Smilax china Linnaeus var. brachypoda Rehder. 1895: 118. 1895.
Vines climbing. Stem branched, 12(4) m, terete, slightly da hua ba qia
woody, sparsely prickly. Petiole usually 57 mm, winged for
1/22/3 its length; wings 24 mm wide; abscission zone just Smilax cinerea Warburg; S. loupouensis H. Lveill; S.
above winged portion; tendrils rather short. Leaf blade usually megalantha var. alata F. T. Wang & Tang; S. tortuosa Diels.
elliptic, 37(14) 24.5(12) cm. Inflorescence borne in axil Vines climbing. Stem branched, terete, to 5 m, woody,
of young leaf on new branchlets, of 1 umbel, basally not pro- sparsely prickly. Petiole 12.5 cm, winged; wings 12 mm
phyllate; peduncle 514 mm; umbels of both sexes 313- wide; abscission zone just above winged portion; tendrils some-
flowered, base thickened, sometimes slightly elongate; brac- times present. Leaf blade abaxially usually glaucous, elliptic to
teoles persistent. Male flowers: tepals yellowish green, 3.54 oblong-ovate, thickly leathery, 616 2.59 cm. Inflorescence
12 mm. Female flowers: tepals subequaling male ones, sta- borne in axil of young leaf on new branchlets, of 1 umbel,
minodes 6. Berries globose, 56 mm in diam. Fl. MarApr, fr. basally not prophyllate; peduncle 12.5 cm, occasionally artic-
OctNov. ulate; umbels of both sexes 413-flowered, usually racemose
due to elongate base, base thickened, 24 12 mm; bracteoles
Forests, thickets; 4001700 m. Fujian, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi,
Zhejiang [Japan]. persistent. Male flowers: tepals yellowish green or white, 68
23 mm. Female flowers: tepals slightly smaller than male
9. Smilax trinervula Miquel, Verslagen Meded. Afd. Natuurk. ones, staminodes 6. Berries red, globose, 11.5 cm in diam.
Kon. Akad. Wetensch., ser. 2, 2: 87. 1868. Fl. MarApr, fr. OctNov.
san mai ba qia Forests, thickets, shaded places; 9003400 m. Guizhou, Hubei,
Sichuan, Yunnan.
Smilax biflora Siebold ex Miquel var. trinervula (Miquel)
Hatusima ex T. Koyama; S. china Linnaeus var. trinervula 12. Smilax chingii F. T. Wang & Tang, Sinensia 5: 426. 1934.
(Miquel) Makino; S. esquirolii H. Lveill; S. leucocarpa H.
Lveill & Vaniot. rou mao ba qia

Subshrubs suberect or slightly climbing, deciduous. Stem Smilax chingii var. papillosifolia J. M. Xu; S. megalantha
branched, 0.52 m, unarmed or sparsely prickly. Petiole 35 C. H. Wright var. ferruginea F. T. Wang; S. megalantha var.
mm, narrowly winged for ca. 2/3 its length; abscission zone maclurei Merrill.
just above winged portion; tendrils usually present. Leaf blade
Vines climbing. Stem branched, terete, 17 m, woody,
abaxially glaucous, usually elliptic, 25 12.5 cm, papery. In-
sparsely prickly. Petiole 0.52 cm, winged; wings 310 23
florescence borne in axil of young leaf on new branchlets, of 1
mm; abscission zone just above winged portion; tendrils usually
umbel or raceme, basally not prophyllate; peduncle 37 mm;
absent. Leaf blade ovate-elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, 518
umbel 15-flowered, base not thickened. Male flowers: tepals
1.57(11) cm, abaxially brownish or white pubescent. Inflo-
yellowish green, ca. 4 0.81.5 mm. Female flowers: tepals ca.
rescence borne in axil of young leaf on new branchlets, of 1
4 mm; staminodes 6. Berries red, globose, 56 mm in diam. Fl.
umbel, basally not prophyllate; peduncle 0.53 cm, occasion-
MarApr, fr. OctNov.
ally articulate; umbels of both sexes several flowered, usually
Forests, thickets; 4001700 m. Fujian, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi, slightly racemose due to elongate base, base thickened, 24
Zhejiang [Japan]. 12 mm; bracteoles present. Male flowers: tepals 78 3.54
10. Smilax ferox Wallich ex Kunth, Enum. Pl. 5: 251. 1850. mm. Female flowers: tepals slightly smaller than male ones;
staminodes 6. Berries red, globose, 11.4 cm in diam. Fl. Mar
chang tuo ba qia Apr, fr. NovDec.
Vines climbing. Stem branched, terete, woody, usually Forests, thickets, grassy slopes, shaded places along valleys or
sparsely prickly. Petiole 47(13) mm, winged for 2/3 to nearly streams; 7001600(2800) m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou,
all its length; wings 1.52.5 mm wide; abscission zone distal; Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan.
tendrils only occasionally developed on old stem or branches.
Leaf blade abaxially often glaucous, oblong to oblong-lanceo- 13. Smilax lebrunii H. Lveill, Fl. Kouy-Tcheou, 257. 1914.
late, 3.59(12) 1.5 3.5(6) cm, papery to leathery. Inflo- cu cao ba qia
rescence borne in axil of young leaf, of 1 umbel, basally not
prophyllate; peduncle 11.6(2.5) cm; umbels of both sexes 4 Smilax megalantha C. H. Wright var. asperata F. T. Wang.
11-flowered, usually racemose due to elongate base, base
thickened, 25 12 mm. Male flowers: tepals pale yellow, 3 Vines climbing. Stem branched, 12 m, terete, woody;
4.5 1.52 mm; filaments 1.52 mm. Female flowers: tepals branches verruculose or spinulose-verruculose. Petiole 0.5
slightly smaller than male ones; staminodes 6. Berries red, glo- 1.5 cm, winged; wings 410 23 mm; abscission zone distal;
bose, 810 mm in diam. Fl. AprMay, fr. OctDec. 2n = 104. tendrils sometimes present. Leaf blade elliptic, ovate, or lan-
ceolate, 410 1.55.5 cm. Inflorescence borne in axil of young young leaf on new branchlets, of 1 umbel, basally not prophyl-
leaf on new branchlets, of 1 umbel, basally not prophyllate; late; peduncle 14 cm; umbels of both sexes several flowered,
peduncle 12.5 cm; umbels of both sexes several flowered, base base slightly thickened, sometimes elongate; bracteoles small.
slightly thickened, sometimes elongate. Male flowers: outer te- Male flowers: tepals yellowish green, ca. 4 11.8 mm.
pals yellowish green, 4.55 1.82 mm. Female flowers: tepals Female flowers: tepals slightly smaller than male ones;
4.55 mm; staminodes 6. Berries red, globose, 11.5 cm in staminodes 3. Berries black, globose, 68 mm in diam., white
diam. Fl. MarApr, fr. OctNov. powdery. Fl. AprMay, fr. Oct.
Forests, thickets, shaded places on slopes; 6002100 m. Anhui,
Forests, thickets, grassy slopes, shaded roadsides; 8002900 m. Fujian, Gansu, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Si-
Gansu, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Sichuan, Yunnan [Myanmar].
chuan, Yunnan, ?Zhejiang.
14. Smilax polycolea Warburg in Diels, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 29:
17. Smilax glaucochina Warburg in Diels, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 29:
257. 1900.
255. 1900.
hong guo ba qia hei guo ba qia
Vines climbing. Stem branched, to 7 m, woody, scarcely Smilax bodinieri H. Lveill & Vaniot; S. sebeana Miquel
prickly. Petiole 510(20) mm, winged; wings 35 12 mm; var. glaucochina (Warburg) T. Koyama.
abscission zone just above winged portion; tendrils partly pre-
sent. Leaf blade abaxially glaucous, elliptic to ovate, 47(12) Vines climbing. Stem branched, terete, 0.54 m, woody,
2.54(6) cm. Inflorescence borne in axil of young leaf on sparsely prickly. Petiole 0.71.5(2.5) cm, winged, wings 48
new branchlets, of 1 umbel, basally not prophyllate; peduncle 1.52 mm; abscission zone distal; tendrils usually present. Leaf
0.53 cm; umbels of both sexes 313-flowered, base usually blade abaxially glaucous, elliptic, 58(20) 2.55(14) cm,
slightly thickened, sometimes elongate; bracteoles several, per- thickly papery, occasionally abaxially white powdery. Inflores-
sistent. Male flowers: tepals yellowish green, 3.54.5 1.22 cence borne in axil of rather young leaf on new branchlets, of 1
mm. Female flowers: tepals subequaling male ones; staminodes umbel, basally not prophyllate; peduncle 13 cm; umbels of
6. Berries red, globose, 78 mm in diam., white powdery. Fl. both sexes 518-flowered, base slightly thickened. Male flow-
AprMay, fr. SepOct. ers: tepals yellowish green, 56 1.53 mm. Female flowers:
tepals subequaling male ones; staminodes 3. Berries black, glo-
Forests, thickets, shaded places on slopes; 9002200 m. Guang- bose, 78 mm in diam., white powdery. Fl. MarMay, fr. Oct
xi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan. Nov.
15. Smilax outanscianensis Pampanini, Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Forests, thickets, grassy slopes; near sea level to 1600 m. Anhui,
Ital., n.s., 18: 109. 1911. Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu,
wu dang ba qia Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Zhejiang.

Smilax discotis Warburg subsp. concolor (J. B. Norton) T. 18. Smilax elongatoumbellata Hayata, J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ.
Koyama; S. discotis var. concolor J. B. Norton. Tokyo 30: 358. 1911.
tai wan ba qia
Vines climbing. Stem branched, 23 m, woody, scarcely
prickly. Petiole 510 mm, winged; wings 35 12 mm; ab- Smilax elongatoreticulata Hayata; S. elongatoumbellata f.
scission zone just above winged portion; tendrils sometimes elongatoreticulata (Hayata) T. Koyama.
present. Leaf blade elliptic to ovate, 410 24.5 cm. Inflo- Plants shrubby, suberect to scandent. Stem and branches
rescence borne in axil of young leaf on new branchlets, of 1 scarcely or sparsely prickly. Petiole 58 mm, narrowly winged
umbel, basally not prophyllate; peduncle 512 mm; umbels of for ca. 2/3 its length; abscission zone distal; tendrils usually
both sexes several flowered, base slightly thickened, sometimes present. Leaf blade abaxially glaucous, ovate-elliptic to oblong-
elongate; bracteoles persistent. Male flowers: tepals yellowish lanceolate, 2.59 14 cm, main veins (3)5, prominent on
green, 67 1.42.8 mm. Female flowers: tepals smaller than both sides. Inflorescence borne in axil of proximal leaf, of 1
male ones; staminodes 36. Berries purplish black, globose, 7 umbel, basally not prophyllate; peduncle 14 cm; umbels of
10 mm in diam. Fl. May, fr. SepOct. both sexes 928-flowered. Male flowers: outer tepals ca. 6.5
Forests, thickets, shaded hillsides along valleys or streams; 3 mm, inner ones ca. 1/2 as wide as outer ones. Female flowers:
11002100 m. Hubei, Jiangxi, Sichuan. tepals smaller than male ones. Berries blackish, globose, 68
mm in diam., white powdery. Fl. Mar.
16. Smilax discotis Warburg in Diels, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 29: 256.
1900. 13001500 m. Taiwan [Japan (Ryukyu Islands)].
tuo bing ba qia 19. Smilax horridiramula Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formos. 9: 131.
1920.
Plants shrubby, suberect to subscandent. Stem branched,
terete, 0.53 m, scarcely or sparsely prickly. Petiole 45(15) ci zhi ba qia
mm, broadly winged for all its length; wings shell-shaped, 3 Vines climbing. Stem and branches densely bristly
5 mm wide; abscission zone apical; tendrils sometimes present. throughout; bristles horizontally spreading, slender, needlelike,
Leaf blade abaxially glaucous, usually subelliptic, 410(20) ca. 5 mm, apex sometimes forked. Petiole ca. 1 cm, winged;
25(10) cm, base cordate. Inflorescence borne in axil of rather wings ca. 5 11.5 mm; abscission zone distal; tendrils usually
present. Leaf blade abaxially slightly glaucous, elliptic to ob- length; wings apically confluent to petiole; abscission zone api-
long-ovate, 56 33.5 cm, papery, base rounded, apex some- cal; tendrils absent. Leaf blade ovate or broadly so, 24 13
what mucronate, main veins 5. Inflorescence of 1 umbel, basal- cm, papery, abaxially papillose-puberulent on basal veins. In-
ly not prophyllate; peduncle 34 cm. Flowers unknown. Berries florescence of 1 umbel, basally not prophyllate. Flowers very
blue-black at maturity, globose, ca. 6 mm in diam. similar to those of Smilax stans. Berries black, globose, 57
C and E Taiwan. mm in diam. Fl. MayJun, fr. Oct.
Forests, thickets, shaded places on slopes; 13003100 m. Gansu,
20. Smilax nigrescens F. T. Wang & Tang ex P. Y. Li, Acta
Henan, Hubei, Shaanxi, Sichuan.
Phytotax. Sin. 11: 253. 1966.
23. Smilax cyclophylla Warburg in Diels, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 29:
hei ye ba qia
257. 1900.
Vines climbing. Stem branched, to 2 m, woody, scarcely or he rui ba qia
sparsely prickly. Petiole 612 mm, narrowly winged for 1/22/3 Shrubs erect, unarmed. Stem and branches terete. Petiole
its length; abscission zone distal or subapical; tendrils usually 613 mm, widened toward base, abaxially striate-ridged, nar-
present. Leaf blade becoming blackish when dried, abaxially rowly winged for ca. 2/3 its length; wings apically confluent to
usually glaucous, ovate-lanceolate or ovate, 3.59.5 1.55 petiole; abscission zone apical; tendrils absent. Leaf blade abax-
cm, papery. Inflorescence of 1 umbel, basally not prophyllate; ially glaucous, 27 14 cm, elliptic-oblong to ovate. Inflores-
peduncle 0.81.5(2.5) cm; umbels of both sexes 414- cence of 1 umbel, basally not prophyllate; peduncle 13 cm;
flowered, base slightly thickened; bracteoles ovate. Male flow- umbels of both sexes 35-flowered, base slightly thickened.
ers: tepals yellowish green, ca. 2.5 1 mm. Female flowers: Male flowers: tepals yellowish green, outer ones 2.53 ca. 0.8
tepals slightly smaller than male ones, staminodes 6. Berries mm, inner ones ca. 2.5 0.5 mm; filaments connate, forming a
blue-black, globose, 68 mm in diam. Fl. AprJun, fr. SepOct. column ca. 0.8 mm. Female flowers: tepals slightly smaller than
Forests, thickets, shaded slopes; 9002500 m. Gansu, Guizhou, male ones; staminodes 6. Berries black, globose, 57 mm in
Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan. diam. Fl. AprMay, fr. Oct.
21. Smilax stans Maximowicz, Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint- Forests, thickets, shaded places on slopes; 16002700 m. Si-
Ptersbourg 17: 170. 1872. chuan, Yunnan.
qiao bing ba qia 24. Smilax emeiensis J. M. Xu, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 23: 234.
1985.
Smilax pekingensis A. de Candolle; S. tenuissima Hayata;
S. vaginata Decaisne; S. vaginata var. pekingensis (A. de Can- e mei ba qia
dolle) T. Koyama; S. vaginata var. stans (Maximowicz) T. Ko-
Shrubs erect, unarmed. Stem laxly branched, terete, 0.4
yama.
2 m, smooth. Petiole slender, 2.55.5 cm, abaxially striate-
Shrubs deciduous, erect, unarmed. Stem densely branched, ridged, narrowly winged for ca. 1/5 its length; wings apically
0.33 m. Petiole 512 mm, abaxially striate-ridged, narrowly confluent to petiole; abscission zone just above winged portion;
winged for ca. 2/3 its length; wings apically confluent to peti- tendrils absent. Leaf blade cordate to ovate-cordate, 413 3
ole; abscission zone subapical; tendrils absent. Leaf blade abax- 11 cm, papery. Inflorescence of 1 umbel, basally not prophyl-
ially glaucous, ovate to suborbicular, 1.54(6) 1.23.5(5) late; peduncle 23.5 cm; umbels of both sexes 515-flowered,
cm, sometimes abaxially slightly powdery. Inflorescence of 1 base slightly thickened. Male flowers: tepals pale green, 2.63.5
umbel, basally not prophyllate; peduncle slender, 0.72 cm; 11.5 mm; filaments connate, forming a column ca. 1 mm.
umbels of both sexes 13(6)-flowered, base not thickened. Female flowers: tepals subequaling male ones; staminodes 6.
Male flowers: tepals yellowish green or sometimes pink, 2.53 Berries black, globose, ca. 6 mm in diam. Fl. MayJun, fr. Oct.
0.71 mm. Female flowers: tepals slightly smaller than male Forest margins, hillsides, grassy slopes; 22002700 m. C Si-
ones; staminodes 6. Berries black, globose, 610 mm in diam., chuan (Emei Shan).
white powdery. Fl. MarMay, fr. OctNov.
25. Smilax pachysandroides T. Koyama, Brittonia 26: 136.
Forests, thickets, shaded places on grassy slopes; 4003200 m. 1974.
Anhui, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, ?Hebei, Henan, Hubei,
Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Taiwan, ?Yunnan, Zhejiang chuan e ba qia
[Japan].
Smilax umbrosa J. M. Xu.
22. Smilax trachypoda J. B. Norton in Sargent, Pl. Wilson. 3:
Subshrubs or small shrubs, suberect. Rhizome creeping,
3. 1916.
stolonlike, 12 mm in diam. Stem sometimes with 1 or 2
cao bing ba qia branches, terete, 1030 cm, 24-leaved. Petiole 413 mm, abax-
ially striate-ridged, scarcely winged; abscission zone at mid-
Smilax stans Maximowicz var. verruculosifolia J. M. Xu.
dle; tendrils absent. Leaf blade abaxially very glaucous, broadly
Shrubs deciduous, erect, unarmed. Stem and branches ovate, elliptic, or suborbicular, 37.5 36 cm, base cordate,
terete, indistinctly striate-ridged. Petiole 510 mm, widened main veins 35. Female inflorescence borne in axil of scalelike,
toward base, abaxially striate-ridged, adaxially channeled, pa- membranous bract, of 1 umbel, basally not prophyllate; ped-
pillose-puberulent in distal 1/2, narrowly winged for ca. 2/3 its uncle 12 cm; umbel 25-flowered, base not thickened. Male
flowers unknown. Female flowers very small; staminodes 2 or Male flowers: tepals red-brown, lanceolate-oblong, 2.53.5 mm;
3. Berries ca. 7 mm in diam. (immature). Fr. NovDec. stamens 0.81.1 mm. Female flowers: tepals lanceolate-ovate,
Bamboo forests, forest margins; 17001900 m. W Hubei, SW 23 mm. Berries dark blue, globose, ca. 6 mm in diam. Fl. Aug.
Sichuan. Mountain forests. Taiwan [Philippines].
26. Smilax nana F. T. Wang, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. 5: 116. 29. Smilax lushuiensis S. C.Chen, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 26: 142.
1934. 1988.
ai ba qia lu shui ba qia
Subshrubs or small shrubs, deciduous, erect. Rhizome Vines climbing, unarmed. Stem branched, subterete, to
creeping, stolonlike, 12 mm in diam. Stem branched, 2050 more than 1 m,woody, slightly striate. Petiole 710 mm, widen-
cm, smooth. Petiole 12 mm, widened toward base, abaxially ed toward base, narrowly winged for ca. 3/4 its length; abscis-
striate-ridged, adaxially channeled, narrowly winged for ca. 2/3 sion zone apical; tendrils just above winged portion. Leaf blade
its length; abscission zone distal; tendrils absent. Leaf blade abaxially glaucous, ovate-cordate or orbicular-cordate, thinly
abaxially glaucous, oblong-elliptic, 0.51.8 cm 38 mm, pa- papery, main veins 5, apex apiculate. Male inflorescence of 1
pery, base obtuse, apex mucronate. Male flowers unknown. umbel, basally not prophyllate; peduncle slender, 34.5 cm;
Female inflorescence of 1 umbel, basally not prophyllate; pe- umbel 615-flowered, base thickened, ca. 2 mm in diam.; pedi-
duncle 57 mm; umbel 1- or 2-flowered, base not thickened; cels 12 cm. Male flowers: tepals spreading, narrowly oblong
bracteoles ovate, very small; pedicels 35 mm. Fruit unknown. or ovate-oblong, 67 1.52 mm; filaments very short; anthers
Mixed forests; 24002700 m. W Yunnan (Yangbi Xian). 0.30.5 mm. Female flowers and fruit unknown. Fl. May.

27. Smilax menispermoidea A. de Candolle in A. de Candolle Broad-leaved forests; 25002700 m. W Yunnan.

& C. de Candolle, Monogr. Phan. 1: 108. 1878. 30. Smilax tsinchengshanensis F. T. Wang, Bull. Fan Mem.
fang ji ye ba qia Inst. Biol. 5: 119. 1934.

Smilax luteocaulis H. Lveill; S. rubriflora Rehder. qing cheng ba qia

Vines deciduous, climbing, unarmed. Stem branched, ter- Shrubs erect, unarmed. Stem and branches inconspicu-
ete, 0.53 m, woody. Petiole 512 mm, abaxially striate-ridged, ously obtusely ridged. Petiole 0.51.5(1.8) cm, widened toward
narrowly winged for 2/33/4 its length; wings apically con- base, narrowly winged for 1/41/3 its length; abscission zone
fluent to petiole; abscission zone apical; tendrils usually pre- apical; tendrils absent. Leaf blade abaxially glaucous,
sent. Leaf blade abaxially glaucous, ovate or elliptic-ovate, 2 lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 712 12.5(3) cm.
6(10) 25(7) cm. Inflorescence of 1 umbel, basally not pro- Inflorescence borne in axil of leaf or scalelike bract at base of
phyllate; peduncle 24 cm; umbels of both sexes 515-flow- young branches, of 1 umbel, basally sometimes prophyllate;
ered, base scarcely thickened. Male flowers: tepals purplish red, peduncle slender, 1.55 cm; umbels of both sexes several
ca. 2.5 1 mm; stamens 0.61 mm; filaments basally connate, flowered, base scarcely thickened. Male flowers: tepals dark
forming a short column. Female flowers: tepals subequaling red, 2.32.5 11.2 mm; stamens very short. Female flowers:
male ones; staminodes 6, sometimes antheriferous. Berries pur- tepals slightly smaller than male ones; staminodes 3. Berries
plish black, globose, 710 mm in diam. Fl. MayJun, fr. Oct black, globose, 710 mm in diam. Fl. Oct, fr. OctNov of
Nov. following year.
Forests, thickets, shaded places on slopes; 26003700 m. Gansu, Forests; 8001900 m. Guizhou, W Sichuan.
Guizhou, Hubei, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, N India,
Myanmar, Sikkim]. 31. Smilax elegans Wallich ex Kunth, Enum. Pl. 5: 163. 1850.

28. Smilax pygmaea Merrill, Philipp. J. Sci. 5: 339. 1910. xi zang ba qia

luan da ba qia Smilax parvifolia Wallich ex J. D. Hooker.

Smilax glaucophylla Klotzsch var. randaiensis (Hayata) T. Vines climbing, unarmed. Stem branched, to more than 1
Koyama; S. menispermoidea A. de Candolle subsp. randaiensis m, woody, smooth; young branches zigzagged. Petiole 0.51.5
(Hayata) T. Koyama; S. menispermoidea var. randaiensis (Ha- cm, narrowly winged for 1/31/2 its length; wings apically lan-
yata) T. Koyama; S. randaiensis Hayata. ceolate-auriculate; abscission zone apical; tendrils common-
ly present. Leaf blade abaxially glaucous, ovate-lanceolate or
Vines suberect to scandent, unarmed. Stem branched, 45 broadly lanceolate, 39 13.5 cm, main veins 57. Inflores-
80 cm, woody, smooth. Petiole 0.81.2 cm, narrowly winged cence of 1 umbel, basally not prophyllate; peduncle slender, 1
for ca. 2/3 its length; abscission zone apical; tendrils absent or 5 cm; umbels of both sexes 14-flowered, base not thickened;
rather short. Leaf blade abaxially glaucous, ovate or lanceolate- bracteoles 2 or 3, lanceolate. Male flowers: tepals greenish, ca.
ovate, 36 22.5 cm, thickly herbaceous to subleathery, main 1.5 0.7 mm; stamens rather short. Female flowers: tepals ca.
veins 7, base rounded to shallowly cordate, apex acute or acu- 1.2 0.5 mm; staminodes 6, subulate. Fl. Jun. 2n = 32.
minate. Inflorescence of 1 umbel, basally not prophyllate; pe-
duncle slender, 1.53 cm; umbels of both sexes 310-flowered. Broad-leaved forests, Tsuga forests; 2200 2800 m. S Xizang
[Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal].
 This species was misidentified in FRPS as Smilax glaucophylla late veins inconspicuous adaxially, base shallowly cordate to
Klotzsch. broadly cuneate, margin strongly recurved.
32. Smilax corbularia Kunth, Enum. Pl. 5: 262. 1850. Forests; near sea level to 500 m. Hainan [Indonesia, Malaysia].
kuang tiao ba qia 33. Smilax synandra Gagnepain, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 81:
73. 1934.
Vines climbing, unarmed. Stem branched, 39 m, woody.
Petiole 0.81.4 cm, narrowly winged for ca. 1/2 its length; tong bei ba qia
wings each with a lanceolate auricle (26 mm) apically; abscis-
Heterosmilax erecta F. T. Wang & Tang; Smilax corbularia
sion zone apical; tendrils usually present. Leaf blade abaxially
Kunth subsp. synandra (Gagnepain) T. Koyama.
glaucous, ovate to oblong-elliptic, 414 24.5(7) cm, lea-
thery, margin recurved. Inflorescence of 1 umbel, basally not Shrubs suberect to subscandent, unarmed. Stem and
prophyllate; peduncle 415 mm; umbels of both sexes 1020- branches slightly 4-angled. Petiole 510 mm, narrowly winged
flowered, base thickened; bracteoles many, persistent. Male for ca. 1/2 its length; wings each with a lanceolate auricle api-
flowers: tepals not spreading, greenish yellow, outer ones cym- caly; abscission zone apical; tendrils absent. Leaf blade abaxi-
biform, 2.53 ca. 2 mm, inner ones 22.5 ca. 1 mm, thick- ally glaucous, oblong or ovate-oblong, 615 1.27 cm, pa-
ened, abaxially concave; filaments connate, forming a short col- pery, abaxially minutely white powdery. Inflorescence of 1
umn. Female flowers: tepals 22.5 mm; staminodes 3. Berries umbel, basally not prophyllate; peduncle compressed, slender,
dark red, globose, 67 mm in diam. Fl. MayJul, fr. Dec. 1.21.5 cm; umbels of both sexes 1020-flowered, base thick-
ened; bracteoles lanceolate. Male flowers: outer tepals 22.5
Forests, thickets; near sea level to 1600 m. Guangdong, Guangxi,
Hainan, Yunnan [Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Vietnam]. mm, connate for ca. 1/2 their length, forming a tube, inner ones
adnate to filaments; filaments connate, forming a column. Fe-
Three closely allied taxa, Smilax corbularia, S. hypoglauca, and S. male flowers: perianth tubular-campanulate, 2.53 mm, apically
synandra, form a natural group in SE Asia. Among them, S. synandra with 3 obtuse teeth and 3 abortive inner tepals; staminodes 3.
differs rather distinctly from the others in its partly connate tepals Fl. Jan.
(rather like those of Heterosmilax), the tube of which is sometimes 4-
angled. Certain intermediates blur the distinction between S. corbularia Wastelands, grassy slopes; near sea level to 1000 m. Guangdong,
and S. hypoglauca. In addition to the key characters, the leaf blades of Hainan, SE Yunnan [Thailand, Vietnam].
S. hypoglauca tend to be thinner than those of S. corbularia, and the
umbels of the former species bear far fewer flowers than those of the 34. Smilax hypoglauca Bentham, Fl. Hongk. 369. 1861.
latter. The differences among the taxa might be ecological, in which fen bei ba qia
case intensive future field investigations would be necessary.

1a. Leaf blade adaxially slightly shiny, with Smilax corbularia Kunth var. hypoglauca (Bentham) T.
conspicuous, reticulate veins, base Koyama
subrounded, margin slightly Vines climbing, unarmed. Stem branched, 23(4) m,
recurved ............................................... 32a. var. corbularia woody, smooth. Petiole 0.71.3 cm, narrowly winged for ca.
1b. Leaf blade adaxially shiny, with 1/2 its length; wings apically lanceolate-auriculate; abscission
inconspicuous, reticulate veins, base zone apical; tendrils usually rather long. Leaf blade abaxially
shallowly cordate to broadly cuneate, glaucous, narrowly elliptic to ovate-oblong, 512 25 cm,
margin strongly recurved .......................... 32b. var. woodii leathery, main veins 35, margin slightly recurved. Inflores-
32a. Smilax corbularia var. corbularia cence of 1 umbel, basally not prophyllate; peduncle 15 mm;
umbels of both sexes 1020-flowered, base thickened; bracte-
() kuang tiao ba qia (yuan bian zhong) oles many, small. Male flowers: tepals not spreading, greenish,
outer ones ca. 2.5 1.8 mm, inner ones ca. 2.2 1 mm, thick-
Smilax banglaoensis R. H. Miao.
ened, abaxially concave; filaments connate, forming a short col-
Leaf blade ovate, ovate-oblong, or narrowly elliptic, adax- umn. Female flowers: tepals 2.22.5 mm; staminodes 3. Berries
ially slightly shiny, reticulate veins conspicuous adaxially, base globose, 810 mm in diam. Fl. JulAug, fr. Dec.
subrounded, margin slightly recurved.
Open forests, thicket margins; near sea level to 1300 m. Fujian,
Forests, thickets; near sea level to 1600 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guangdong, Guizhou, Jiangxi, ?Yunnan.
Hainan, Yunnan [Myanmar, Vietnam].
35. Smilax hayatae T. Koyama, Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 10: 15.
32b. Smilax corbulariavar. woodii (Merrill) T. Koyama, Quart. 1957.
J. Taiwan Mus. 13: 15. 1960.
ling ye ba qia
guang ye ba qia
Smilax gracillima Hayata, J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo
Smilax woodii Merrill, Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 15: 27. 30: 359. 1911, not H. Lveill & Vaniot (1905).
1929; S. amaurophlebia Merrill; S. balansana Baillon ex
Gagnepain. Shrubs suberect to subscandent. Stem branched, terete,
slender, smooth. Petiole 25(8) mm, winged for 1/23/5 its
Leaf blade ovate to ovate-elliptic, adaxially shiny, reticu- length; wings ca. 3 mm, apically with a deltoid-lanceolate au-
ricle 11.5 mm; abscission zone apical; tendrils absent. Leaf abaxially striate-ridged, sometimes papillose distally, narrowly
blade ovate-rhombic or rhombic-elliptic, 35(7) 12.5(4.5) winged for ca. 1/3 its length; abscission zone subapical; tendrils
cm. Male inflorescence of 1 umbel, basally not prophyllate; absent. Leaf blade abaxially very glaucous, elliptic to ovate, 5
peduncle slender, 0.71.7(2.2) cm; umbel 27-flowered, base 11 25.5 cm, abaxially glabrous. Inflorescence borne in axil
scarcely thickened. Male flowers: tepals greenish, outer ones of leaf or scalelike bract on young branches, of 1 umbel, basally
linear-oblong, 12 0.40.8 mm, inner ones ca. 1 0.2 mm; not prophyllate; peduncle 24 cm; umbels of both sexes 320-
stamens ca. 1/2 as long as tepals; anthers subglobose. Female flowered. Male flowers: tepals ca. 2 1 mm; stamens very
flowers unknown. Berries red, globose, ca. 8 mm in diam. Fl. short, ca. 1/4 as long as tepals; filaments basally connate, form-
Apr, fr. Oct. ing a short column ca. 0.2 mm. Berries subglobose, ca. 1 cm in
diam.; carpopodium recurved. Fl. Apr, fr. Nov.
Forests, hillsides along valleys or streams; 9001500 m. N
Guangdong, Taiwan. Forests, thickets, shady places along streams; 9001700 m.
Guangxi, Guizhou, SW Sichuan, S Yunnan [Vietnam].
36. Smilax austrozhejiangensis Q. Lin, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 39. Smilax darrisii H. Lveill, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg.
28: 71. 1990. 12: 553. 1913.
zhe nan ba qia ping hua ba qia
Shrubs suberect, unarmed. Stem branched, 50100 cm, Shrubs suberect to subscandent, unarmed. Stem branched,
smooth. Petiole 25 mm, narrowly winged for 1/23/4 its terete, 50100 cm, smooth. Petiole slender, 37 mm, narrowly
length; wings apically with an ovate-lanceolate auricle ca. 1 winged for 1/31/2 its length; abscission zone apical; tendrils
mm; abscission zone just above winged portion; tendrils absent. sometimes present. Leaf blade usually turning blackish when
Leaf blade abaxially glaucous, ovate-lanceolate, ovate, or ob- dried, abaxially glaucous, ovate-elliptic to elliptic, 25 12.5
long-lanceolate, 37.5 13 cm. Inflorescence racemose or cm. Inflorescence of 1(or 2) umbels, basally not prophyllate;
sometimes subumbellate, basally not prophyllate; peduncle peduncle slender, 37 mm; umbel 13-flowered, base not thick-
slender, 12 cm; umbels of both sexes 27-flowered; bracteoles ened; bracteoles small, usually caducous. Male flowers: tepals
small, persistent. Male flowers: tepals elliptic, ca. 1.5 0.50.8 22.5 0.81.3 mm; stamens 11.5 mm. Female flowers un-
mm; stamens 0.70.8 mm. Female flowers: tepals ca. 1 0.5 known. Berries purplish black, globose, 57 mm in diam. Fl.
mm; staminodes 6. Berries orange-red, globose, 57 mm in Jun, fr. Nov.
diam. Fl. AprMay, fr. JulNov.
Forested slopes; 11002200 m. Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan.
Forests, shrubby slopes; 500600 m. S Zhejiang.
This species is quite different from Smilax microphylla C. H.
37. Smilax aberrans Gagnepain, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 81: 71. Wright in having elliptic leaves that are blackish when dried and a
1934. scarcely swollen peduncle apex.
wan geng ba qia 40. Smilax mairei H. Lveill, Bull. Acad. Int. Gogr. Bot. 25:
Smilax tsaii F. T. Wang. 39. 1915.

Subshrubs or shrubs, suberect, unarmed. Stem branched, wu ci ba qia

0.52 m, smooth. Petiole 0.71.5 cm, papillose distally, winged Shrubs suberect, unarmed. Stem branched, smooth. Peti-
for ca. 1/3 its length; abscission zone subapical; tendrils absent. ole 46 mm, narrowly winged for ca. 3/4 its length; wings
Leaf blade elliptic or ovate-elliptic, 712 2.56.5 cm, abax- each with a small auricle (0.30.5 mm) apically; abscission
ially papillose-pubescent or powdery-scabrous particularly on zone subapical; tendrils absent. Leaf blade ovate, 13.3 0.6
reticulate veins. Inflorescence borne in axil of leaf or scalelike 1.5 cm, rounded at base. Male inflorescence of 1 umbel, basally
bract on young branches, of 1 umbel, basally not prophyllate; not prophyllate; peduncle 34 mm; umbel usually 710-flow-
peduncle 46.5 cm; umbels of both sexes 520-flowered. Male ered; pedicels 25 mm. Male flowers: tepals yellow, ovate, ca. 1
flowers: tepals greenish yellow or pale purple, 22.5 ca. 1 0.6 mm; stamens nearly 1/2 as long as tepals; filaments free.
mm; stamens very short. Female flowers: tepals grayish white, Female flowers and fruit unknown. Fl. Jun.
1.52 ca. 0.8 mm; staminodes 6. Berries globose, 811 mm in
diam.; carpopodium recurved. Fl. MarApr, fr. Dec. Rocks; ca. 2400 m. ?Xizang, Yunnan.

Forests, thickets, shaded places along streams; near sea level to 41. Smilax longebracteolata J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 6:
1600 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan [Vietnam]. 305. 1892.
38. Smilax retroflexa (F. T. Wang & Tang) S. C. Chen, Acta chang bao ba qia
Phytotax. Sin. 34: 436. 1996. Smilax elegans Wallich ex Kunth subsp. subrecta Noltie.
cang bai ba qia
Vines climbing, unarmed. Stem branched, 15 m, woody,
Smilax aberrans Gagnepain var. retroflexa F. T. Wang & smooth. Petiole 0.51.5(2) cm, narrowly winged for 1/22/3
Tang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 15: 254. 1978; S. aberrans its length; abscission zone apical; tendrils usually present. Leaf
subsp. retroflexa (F. T. Wang & Tang) T. Koyama. blade abaxially glaucous, ovate, oblong-ovate, or triangular-lan-
ceolate, 3.59 15 cm. Inflorescence of 1 umbel, basally not
Subshrubs or shrubs, suberect, unarmed. Stem branched,
prophyllate; peduncle 512 mm, slightly compressed, usually
to 1 m, smooth. Petiole 11.5 cm, widened toward base,
slightly shorter than petiole; umbels of both sexes 1030-flow- 44. Smilax myrtillus A. de Candolle in A. de Candolle & C. de
ered, base thickened; bracteoles many, persistent. Male flowers: Candolle, Monogr. Phan. 1: 106. 1878.
tepals greenish or reddish, 22.5 0.71 mm; stamens very
wu fan ye ba qia
short. Female flowers: tepals 22.5 mm; staminodes 6. Berries
blue-black, globose, 57 mm in diam. Fl. MayJun, fr. Dec. Smilax myrtillus var. dulongensis H. Li; S. rigida Wallich
Forests, thickets, shaded places along valleys; 10003000 m. ex Kunth subsp. myrtillus (A. de Candolle) T. Koyama; S.
Guizhou, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Myanmar]. rigida var. myrtillus (A. de Candolle) T. Koyama.
42. Smilax microphylla C. H. Wright, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew Shrubs erect. Stem densely branched, 50100 cm, sparsely
1895: 117. 1895. prickly; branchlets usually 4-angled, with winglike edges. Peti-
xiao ye ba qia ole 14 mm, basally auriculate; auricles paired, lanceolate to
ovate, 12 ca. 0.5 mm, membranous, margin lacerate-fim-
Smilax castaneiflora H. Lveill; S. elegans Wallich ex briate; abscission zone at middle; tendrils absent. Leaf blade us-
Kunth subsp. microphylla (C. H. Wright) Noltie; S. gracillima ually rhombic-ovate, 15 0.62.5(3) cm, thinly papery, main
H. Lveill & Vaniot (1905), not Hayata (1911); S. labordei H. veins 3(5), raised adaxially. Inflorescence of 1 umbel, basally
Lveill & Vaniot; S. microphylla var. angustifolia Warburg. not prophyllate; peduncle 510 mm; umbels of both sexes 2
10-flowered. Male flowers: tepals purplish green, ca. 1.5 0.4
Vines climbing. Stem branched, 15 m, woody; branches
0.6 mm; stamens ca. 0.5 mm. Female flowers: tepals ca. 1 0.3
minutely prickly. Petiole 0.52 cm, narrowly winged for 1/2
mm; staminodes 3. Berries blue-black, globose, 68 mm in
2/3 its length; abscission zone apical; tendrils commonly pre-
diam. Fl. Jul, fr. OctNov.
sent. Leaf blade abaxially glaucous, ovate-lanceolate to linear-
lanceolate, 39 14 cm. Inflorescence of 1 umbel, basally not Forest, forest margins, thickets; 16003100 m. SE Xizang, Yun-
prophyllate; peduncle strikingly shorter than petiole, usually nan [Bhutan, India, Myanmar].
minutely scabrous; umbels of both sexes 215-flowered, base 45. Smilax munita S. C. Chen, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 34: 436.
thickened; bracteoles many, small, persistent. Male flowers: 1996.
tepals greenish, 1.62 0.71 mm; stamens very short. Female
flowers: tepals slightly smaller than male ones; staminodes 3. jin zhi ba qia
Berries blue-black, globose, 57 mm in diam. Fl. JunAug, fr.
Smilax rigida Wallich ex Kunth, Enum. Pl. 5: 164. 1850,
OctNov.
not Solander (1794); S. myrtillus A. de Candolle var. rigida
Forests, thickets, shaded places on slopes; 5001600 m. S Noltie.
Gansu, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, S Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan.
Shrubs erect. Stem branched, 50100 cm; branches 2- or
43. Smilax glabra Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., ed. 1832, 3: 792. 1832. 3-angled, with winglike edges; prickles on branches straight, 5
tu fu ling 7 mm, rigid. Petiole ca. 1 mm, basally auriculate; auricles
paired, lanceolate to ovate, 12 ca. 0.5 mm, membranous
Smilax blinii H. Lveill; S. calophylla Wallich var. con- with lacerate-fimbriate margin; abscission zone near middle;
color C. H. Wright; S. dunniana H. Lveill; S. glabra var. tendrils absent. Leaf blade cordate to ovate, 1.52.5 1.22.8
maculata Bodinier ex H. Lveill; S. hookeri Kunth; S. meng- cm, main veins (3)5, adaxially concave. Inflorescence of 1
maensis R. H. Miao; S. trigona Warburg. umbel, basally not prophyllate; peduncle 47 mm; umbels of
both sexes 28-flowered. Male flowers: tepals greenish, 1.2
Vines climbing, unarmed. Stem branched, terete, 14 m,
1.5 0.30.5 mm; stamens very short. Female flowers: tepals
woody, smooth. Petiole 515(30) cm, narrowly winged for
ca. 1.2 mm; staminodes 3. Berries blue-black, 79 mm in diam.
1/43/5 its length; abscission zone apical; tendrils well devel-
Fl. Jul, fr. OctNov.
oped. Leaf blade elliptic- or ovate-lanceolate, 615 17 cm.
Inflorescence of 1 umbel, basally not prophyllate; peduncle 1 Mixed forests, broad-leaved deciduous forests; 21002800 m. S
5(8) mm, strikingly shorter than petiole; umbels of both sexes Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, Myanmar, Nepal, Sikkim].
1030(60)-flowered, base thickened; bracteoles many. Male 46. Smilax bapouensis H. Li, Acta Bot. Yunnan., Suppl. 5: 20.
flowers: perianth greenish white, slightly 6-angled, scarcely 1992.
open; outer tepals broadly obovate-orbicular, cucullate, ca. 2
3 mm, abaxially deeply channeled, inner ones ca. 1 mm wide, ba po ba qia
margin irregularly denticulate. Female flowers: inner tepals
Shrubs evergreen, suberect. Stem branched, 23 m, sparse-
entire at margin; staminodes 3. Berries blue-black, 610 mm in
ly prickly. Petiole 512 mm, narrowly winged for ca. 1/2 its
diam., white powdery. Fl. JulNov, fr. NovApr.
length; abscission zone above middle; tendrils usually present.
Forests, thickets, thinly forested slopes along valleys, river banks; Leaf blade ovate, 26 11.3 cm, leathery, main veins 5, medi-
3001800 m. Anhui, Fujian, S Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, an 3 veins elevated abaxially, base rounded, apex acute. Male
Hainan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, ?S Shaanxi (Qin Ling), Si- flowers unknown. Female inflorescence of 1 umbel, basally not
chuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [India, Myanmar, Thailand, prophyllate; peduncle very short, 13 mm; umbel 58-flow-
Vietnam]. ered, base thickened, subglobose, ca. 2 mm in diam.; pedicels
The tuberlike rhizomes are used medicinally. ca. 3 mm, rigid. Female flowers: tepals yellowish green, linear-
oblong, ca. 2.5 1 mm. Berries purplish black, globose, 48 1a. Branches minutely verruculose
mm in diam. Fl. May, fr. Nov. ..................................................... 49a. var. nervomarginata
1b. Branches not verruculose ................... 49b. var. liukiuensis
Open forests, thickets, hillsides along streams and valleys. NW
Yunnan (Gongshan Drung-Nu Zu Zizhixian). 49a. Smilax nervomarginata var. nervomarginata
47. Smilax biumbellata T. Koyama, Brittonia 26: 133. 1974. () yuan mai ba qia (yuan bian zhong)

xi nan ba qia Smilax sempervirens F. T. Wang.

Vines climbing, unarmed. Stem laxly branched terete, Branches minutely verruculose.
rather slender, 25 m, woody. Petiole 520 cm, narrowly wing- Forests, forest margins, thickets; near sea level to 1000 m. Anhui,
ed for ca. 1/4 its length; abscission zone subapical; tendrils well Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi, Zhejiang [Japan (Ryukyu Islands)].
developed. Leaf blade oblong-lanceolate to narrowly ovate, 7
15 15 cm. Inflorescence borne in axil of leaf or scalelike 49b. Smilax nervomarginata var. liukiuensis (Hayata) F. T.
bract, of 1 umbel, basally not prophyllate; peduncle slender, Wang & Tang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 15: 217. 1978.
1.55 cm; umbels of both sexes 717-flowered, base slightly wu you ba qia
thickened, 12 mm in diam. Male flowers: tepals purplish red
Smilax liukiuensis Hayata, J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo
or greenish yellow, 2.53 ca. 1 mm. Female flowers: tepals
30: 360. 1911.
ca. 2.2 0.8 mm; staminodes 3. Berries blue-black, globose, 8
10 mm in diam. Fl. MayJul, fr. OctNov. Branches not verruculose.
Forests, thickets; 8002900 m. S Gansu, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hu- Forests. Anhui, Jiangxi, Zhejiang [Japan (Ryukyu Islands)].
nan, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [India, Myanmar].
50. Smilax luei T. Koyama, Taiwania 20: 117. 1975.
48. Smilax jiankunii H. Li, Acta Bot. Yunnan., Suppl. 5: 21.
lu shi ba qia
1992.
jian kun ba qia Vines climbing, unarmed. Stem branched, 14 m, woody.
Petiole 11.7 cm, shortly and narrowly winged; abscission zone
Vines climbing, unarmed, usually becoming blackish when subapical; tendrils well developed. Leaf blade lanceolate-ovate
dried. Stem terete, 45 mm, woody. Petiole 55.5 cm, narrowly to oblong-lanceolate, (3)513 13.5 cm. Inflorescence in
winged for ca. 1/2 its length; abscission zone distal; tendrils axil of bract, of 1 umbel, basally not prophyllate; peduncle slen-
well developed. Leaf blade ovate or ovate-oblong, ca. 18 10 der, longer than petiole; umbels of both sexes 1025-flowered.
cm, abaxially slightly white powdery. Male inflorescence of 1 Male flowers: tepals greenish purple, 3.23.7 11.2 mm,
umbel, basally not prophyllate; peduncle to 10 cm; umbel adaxially longitudinally wrinkled with several ridges; stamens
densely 50100-flowered, base thickened. Male flowers: peri- 9(or 10), 1.72 mm; filaments short. Female flowers: tepals
anth greenish, campanulate; outer tepals linear-oblong, ca. 5 dark green; staminodes 5 or 6, filiform. Berries black, globose,
1.5 mm, slightly fleshy, inner ones slightly narrower; stamens 68 mm in diam.
ca. 3.2 mm; anthers ca. 1 mm. Female flowers and fruit un-
Forest margins; near sea level to 700 m. C Taiwan.
known. Fl. AprMay.
51. Smilax arisanensis Hayata, J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo
Forested slopes; 13001600 m. NW Yunnan (Gongshan Drung-
30: 356. 1911.
Nu Zu Zizhixian).
jian ye ba qia
49. Smilax nervomarginata Hayata, J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ.
Tokyo 30: 361. 1911. Vines climbing. Stem branched, to 10 m, woody, some-
times sparsely prickly. Petiole 0.72 cm, usually twisted,
yuan mai ba qia
narrowly winged for 1/23/4 its length; abscission zone sub-
Vines climbing, unarmed. Stem branched, terete, 12 m, apical; tendrils commonly present. Leaf blade usually becom-
woody; branches striate-ridged, sometimes minutely verrucu- ing bronze-colored when dried, oblong to ovate-lanceolate, 7
lose. Petiole 0.61.8 cm, narrowly winged for ca. 1/4 its length; 12(15) 1.53.5(5) cm. Inflorescence of 1 umbel, basally
abscission zone subapical; tendrils well developed. Leaf blade sometimes prophyllate; peduncle slender, 1.53.5 cm; umbels
oblong, elliptic, or ovate-elliptic, 612 1.54.5(7) cm, lea- of both sexes 525-flowered, base scarcely thickened. Male
thery, 57-veined, midvein obviously raised adaxially, base flowers: tepals greenish white or pale green, 23 ca. 1 mm;
obtuse, apex acuminate. Male inflorescence borne in axil of leaf stamens ca. 1.5 mm. Female flowers: tepals 1.52 ca. 0.8
or scalelike bract, of 1 umbel, basally not prophyllate; peduncle mm; staminodes 3. Berries purplish black, globose, ca. 8 mm
slightly compressed, slender, 1.54 cm; umbel 617-flowered, in diam. Fl. AprMay, fr. OctNov.
base slightly thickened. Male flowers: tepals purplish brown, Forests, thickets, shaded places along valleys or streams; near sea
ca. 2.5 1 mm. Female flowers unknown. Berries globose, 7 level to 1500 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Jiangxi, Si-
10 mm in diam. Fl. AprMay, fr. Oct. chuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Vietnam].
Forests, forest margins, thickets; near sea level to 1000 m. Anhui, 52. Smilax lanceifolia Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., ed. 1832, 3: 792.
Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi, Zhejiang [Japan (Ryukyu Islands)]. 1832.
 ma jia ba qia ophirensis A. de Candolle; S. laevis var. parkii A. de Candolle;
S. lanceifolia subsp. opaca (A. de Candolle) T. Koyama; S.
Vines climbing. Stem branched, terete, 12 m, woody;
opaca (A. de Candolle) J. B. Norton.
branchlets occasionally zigzagged. Petiole 12(2.5) cm, nar-
rowly winged for 1/51/4 its length; abscission zone at middle; Leaf blade leathery, usually ovate to ovate-lanceolate, usu-
tendrils usually present. Leaf blade lanceolate to ovate-oblong, ally 13 as long as wide, adaxially obviously shiny, main
617 28 cm. Inflorescence of 1(or 2) umbels, basally pro- veins raised adaxially (sometimes midvein slightly concave).
phyllate; peduncle 11.5 cm, proximally articulate; umbels of
both sexes densely 2030-flowered, base slightly thickened. Forests, thickets, shaded places on slopes; 1001000(2000) m.
Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hunan, Jiangxi, Tai-
Male flowers: tepals yellowish green, 34.5 ca. 1 mm; sta-
wan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Thai-
mens 34 mm. Female flowers: tepals 1.52 ca. 0.6 mm; sta- land, Vietnam].
minodes 6. Berries yellowish red to black, globose, 67 mm in
diam. Fl. SepMar, fr. OctNov. 52c. Smilax lanceifolia var. elongata (Warburg) F. T. Wang &
Tang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 15: 220. 1978.
Forests, forest margins, thickets, shaded places on slopes; 100
2800 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hubei, Hu- zhe zhi ba qia
nan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bhutan, Cambodia, Smilax microphylla C. H. Wright var. elongata Warburg in
NE India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Sikkim,
Thailand, Vietnam]. Diels, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 29: 259. 1900; S. austrosinensis F. T.
Wang & Tang; S. tortipetiolata H. Lveill & Vaniot.
This species is very difficult to treat taxonomically due to the
extreme polymorphism of the included entities. Branchlets zigzagged. Leaf blade lanceolate or narrowly
oblong-lanceolate, usually 56 as long as wide, thickly papery
1a. Main veins obviously concave on adaxial to leathery, main veins raised adaxially (sometimes midvein
leaf surface ................................... 52e. var. impressinervia slightly concave). Peduncle longer than petiole. Tepals yellow-
1b. Main veins raised on adaxial leaf surface ish green.
(sometimes midvein slightly concave).
2a. Leaf blade usually ovate or ovate-lanceolate, Forests, shaded places on slopes; 5002000 m. Guangdong,
usually 13 as long as wide. Guangxi, Guizhou, Jiangxi, Sichuan, ?Yunnan, Zhejiang.
3a. Leaf blade usually papery, adaxially 52d. Smilax lanceifolia var. lanceolata (J. B. Norton) T. Koya-
not or slightly shiny; peduncle usually ma, Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 13: 26. 1960.
shorter than petiole ............. 52a. var. lanceifolia
3b. Leaf blade usually leathery, adaxially chang ye ba qia
shiny; peduncle usually longer than Smilax cocculoides Warburg var. lanceolata J. B. Norton
petiole ........................................ 52b. var. opaca in Sargent, Pl. Wilson. 3: 11. 1916.
2b. Leaf blade lanceolate to narrowly oblong-
lanceolate, usually 57 as long as wide. Leaf blade lanceolate to narrowly oblong-lanceolate, usu-
4a. Branchlets zigzagged; peduncle ally 57 as long as wide, main veins raised adaxially (some-
longer than petiole; tepals yellowish times midvein slightly concave). Peduncle shorter than or sub-
green ...................................... 52c. var. elongata equaling petiole. Tepals purple.
4b. Branchlets not zigzagged; peduncle Forests, forest margins; 15002000 m. S Yunnan.
shorter than or subequaling petiole;
tepals purple ....................... 52d. var. lanceolata 52e. Smilax lanceifolia var. impressinervia (F. T. Wang &
Tang) T. Koyama, Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 13: 26. 1960.
52a. Smilax lanceifolia var. lanceifolia
ao mai ba qia
() ma jia ba qia (yuan bian zhong)
Smilax impressinervia F. T. Wang & Tang, Sinensia 5: 425.
Smilax micropoda A. de Candolle. 1934.
Leaf blade usually ovate to ovate-lanceolate, usually 13 Leaf blade lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, thinly leathery;
as long as wide, papery, adaxially not or slightly shiny, main main veins 3, obviously concave adaxially. Peduncle subequal-
veins raised adaxially (sometimes midvein slightly concave). 2n ing petiole.
= 32.
Shaded places in forests; 10002000 m. Guangxi, Guizhou,
Forests, thickets, shaded places on slopes; 6002800 m. Guangxi, Yunnan.
Guizhou, Hubei, Sichuan, Yunnan [Bhutan, NE India, Laos, Myanmar,
Sikkim, Thailand, Vietnam]. 53. Smilax astrosperma F. T. Wang & Tang, Fl. Hainan. 4: 534.
1977.
52b. Smilax lanceifolia var. opaca A. de Candolle in A. de
Candolle & C. de Candolle, Monogr. Phan. 1: 57. 1878. hui ye ba qia
an se ba qia Vines climbing. Stem branched, terete, 12 m, woody,
sometimes sparsely prickly. Petiole 11.5 cm, narrowly winged
Smilax laevis Wallich ex A. de Candolle; S. laevis var.
for 1/51/4 its length; abscission zone at or above middle;
tendrils usually present. Leaf blade becoming grayish when Vines climbing. Stem branched, 35(15) m, woody, some-
dried, lanceolate, 812 24 cm, adaxially wrinkled along 3 times sparsely prickly. Petiole 1.52.5 cm, narrowly winged for
concave main veins. Inflorescence usually of 1 umbel, basally ca. 1/4 its length; abscission zone at middle; tendrils usually
prophyllate; peduncle 1.52.5 cm, proximally articulate; umbels present. Leaf blade broadly ovate to elliptic, 713 411 cm.
of both sexes 35-flowered, base slightly thickened. Male flow- Inflorescence of 1(or 2) umbels, basally prophyllate; peduncle
ers: tepals lanceolate-oblong, 3.54 0.71 mm. Female flow- 1.54.5 cm, proximally articulate, with 1 or 2 bracts; umbels of
ers: tepals 2.53 0.60.8 mm; staminodes 3(or 4). Berries glo- both sexes densely many flowered, base thickened, suboblong,
bose, 56 mm in diam., 1-seeded. Seeds oblate-globose, deeply 36 24.5 mm in fruit. Male flowers: tepals ca. 5 0.51
5- or 6-furrowed. Fl. Nov. mm; stamens slightly exserted; filaments basally connate, form-
ing a column ca. 1 mm. Female flowers: tepals ca. 4 0.71.5
Open forests; near sea level to 1000 m. Guangxi, Hainan.
mm; staminodes 3, filiform. Berries 78 mm in diam. Fl. Apr
54. Smilax chapaensis Gagnepain, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 81: May, fr. Nov.
72. 1934. Thickets, grassy slopes; 6001700 m. S Guizhou, Yunnan [India,
mi you ba qia Myanmar, Thailand].
57. Smilax kwangsiensis F. T. Wang & Tang, Sinensia 5: 425.
Smilax lanceifolia Roxburgh var. reflexa (J. B. Norton) T.
1934.
Koyama; S. micropoda A. de Candolle var. reflexa J. B. Norton.
yuan mao ba qia
Vines climbing. Stem branched, terete, 13 m, woody;
branches 2- or 3-angled, densely verruculose, sometimes also Vines climbing. Stem branched, to 3 m, woody, smooth or
sparsely prickly. Petiole 12(2.5) cm, narrowly winged for ca. slightly scabrous, sometimes sparsely prickly. Petiole 1.52.5
1/4 its length, basally slightly verruculose; abscission zone at cm, glabrous or minutely setose, narrowly winged for 1/41/3
middle or above; tendrils usually present. Leaf blade ovate to its length; wings ciliate or minutely fimbriate at margin; abscis-
lanceolate, 815 36 cm. Inflorescence of 1 umbel, basally sion zone at middle or distal; tendrils well developed. Leaf
prophyllate; peduncle 11.5 cm, proximally articulate; umbels blade ovate-lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, 818 3.55.5 cm,
of both sexes 2030-flowered, base slightly thickened. Male papery, base rounded or cuneate, apex acuminate. Male inflo-
flowers: tepals 34 ca. 1 mm; stamens 3.54 mm. Female rescence of 1 umbel, basally prophyllate; peduncle much longer
flowers: tepals slightly smaller than male ones; staminodes 6. than petiole, proximally articulate; umbels of both sexes many
Berries globose, 67 mm in diam. Fl. FebMar, fr. OctNov. flowered. Male flowers (var. setulosa): tepals yellowish green,
Forests, thickets, shaded places on slopes; 6001500 m. Guangxi, outer ones ca. 8 1.2 mm, inner ones ca. 8 0.6 mm. Berries
Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Yunnan [Vietnam]. globose, ca. 1.2 cm in diam. Fl. Aug, fr. OctNov.

55. Smilax vanchingshanensis (F. T. Wang & Tang) F. T. Wang Forests; 300400 m. SW Guangdong, S Guangxi.
& Tang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 15: 224. 1978. 1a. Stem and branches glabrous; petiole
fan jing shan ba qia glabrous or sparsely and minutely
setose ............................................... 57a. var. kwangsiensis
Smilax laevis Wallich ex A. de Candolle var. vanching- 1b. Stem and branches scabrous,
shanensis F. T. Wang & Tang, Sinensia 5: 424. 1934. sometimes minutely setose; petiole
Vines climbing. Stem branched, to 5 m, woody, some- densely and minutely setose ................... 57b. var. setulosa
times sparsely prickly. Petiole 12 cm, narrowly winged for 57a. Smilax kwangsiensis var. kwangsiensis
1/51/3 its length; abscission zone at middle; tendrils well
developed. Leaf blade ovate-oblong to lanceolate, 816 49 () yuan mao ba qia (yuan bian zhong)
cm, adaxially slightly shiny, main veins 5. Inflorescence of 1(or Stem and branches glabrous. Petiole glabrous or sparsely
2) umbels, basally prophyllate; peduncle 12(3) cm, proxi- and minutely setose.
mally articulate when inflorescence of 1 umbel; umbels of both
sexes 1040-flowered, base thickened. Male flowers: tepals yel- Forests; 300400 m. S Guangxi.
lowish green, 78 0.81.6 mm; stamens 78 mm; filaments
57b. Smilax kwangsiensis var. setulosa F. T. Wang & Tang, Fl.
basally connate, forming a short column ca. 1 mm. Female
Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 15: 254. 1978.
flowers: tepals 34 ca. 0.5 mm; staminodes 6. Berries ca. 9
mm in diam. Fl. SepOct, fr. DecFeb. xiao gang mao ba qia
Open forests, forest margins, grassy slopes; 4001400 m. Stem and branches scabrous, sometimes minutely setose.
Guizhou, Hubei, Sichuan.
Petiole densely and minutely setose.
56. Smilax hemsleyana Craib, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1912: Forests. SW Guangdong (Xinyi Xian).
409. 1912.
58. Smilax megacarpa A. de Candolle in A. de Candolle & C.
shu si ba qia
de Candolle, Monogr. Phan. 1: 186. 1878.
Smilax zeylanica Linnaeus subsp. hemsleyana (Craib) T.
da guo ba qia
Koyama.
 Vines climbing, usually unarmed. Stem branched, terete, Koyama; S. bracteata var. verruculosa (Merrill) T. Koyama; S.
to 10 m, woody. Petiole 1.55 cm, narrowly winged for 1/31/2 trachyclada Hayata; S. verruculosa Merrill.
its length; abscission zone distal; tendrils usually present. Leaf
Vines climbing. Stem woody; stem and branches densely
blade sometimes turning blackish when dried, ovate to elliptic,
verruculose, sometimes sparsely prickly. Petiole 11.5 cm, nar-
(5)1020 312 cm, papery or subleathery, adaxially slightly
rowly winged for 2/51/2 its length; abscission zone distal;
shiny, base rounded or truncate, apex submucronate. Inflores-
tendrils usually present. Leaf blade broadly ovate-elliptic, 615
cence of (1 or)2 or 3 umbels, 36(10) cm, basally prophyllate;
410 cm, thickly herbaceous or papery, base rounded, apex
umbels of both sexes 620-flowered, base slightly thickened.
subacute. Inflorescence a raceme of 37 umbels, 36 cm, basal-
Male flowers: tepals greenish yellow, 67 0.61.5 mm. Fe-
ly prophyllate; umbels of both sexes many flowered, base
male flowers unknown (in China). Berries dark red, globose,
slightly thickened. Male flowers: outer tepals ca. 5 1.2 mm,
1.52 cm in diam. Fl. OctDec, fr. MayJun.
inner ones much narrower. Female flowers: tepals smaller than
Forests, thickets, shaded slopes; near sea level to 1500 m. Guang- male ones; staminodes 3. Berries purplish black, ovoid-globose
xi, Hainan, S Yunnan [Cambodia, India, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, or somewhat pear-shaped, 56 mm in diam. Fl. DecFeb, fr.
Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam]. JulSep.
Chinese records of Smilax macrocarpa Blume (e.g., in FRPS) are Forests, thickets, shaded slopes; near sea level to 1900 m. Guang-
referable to S. megacarpa. xi, Guizhou, Hainan, Taiwan, ?Xizang, Yunnan [India, Myanmar, Phil-
59. Smilax yunnanensis S. C. Chen, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin ippines, Vietnam].
3(3): 111. 1983. Smilax aspericaulis is often treated as a variety or subspecies of S.
yun nan ba qia bracteata because it differs only in its verruculose stems (vs. stems
occasionally thorny but not verruculose). It is possible that S. asperi-
Vines climbing. Stem terete, woody, occasionally sparsely caulis represents an ecotype of S. bracteata occurring at higher eleva-
prickly. Petiole (2)33.5 cm, narrowly winged for ca. 1/3 its tions.
length; abscission zone at middle; tendrils well developed. Leaf 62. Smilax ovalifolia Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., ed. 1832, 3: 794.
blade ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 1113 67 cm, thickly lea- 1832.
thery, adaxially shiny, main veins 7, raised on both sides, base
rounded, apex acuminate. Male inflorescence a raceme of 3 lat- luan ye ba qia
eral umbels and an abortive terminal umbel, 3.54.5 cm, basally
Smilax macrophylla Roxburgh.
prophyllate; umbels densely 3040-flowered, base thickened,
ellipsoid, 45 34 mm; bracteoles many. Male flowers: tepals Vines climbing, large. Stem branched, to 10 m, woody;
greenish yellow or pale yellow, linear, outer ones ca. 7 1.8 branches smooth or sparsely prickly. Petiole 1.63 cm, nar-
mm, inner ones much narrower; stamens ca. 7 mm; anthers ca. rowly winged for 1/22/3 its length; abscission zone subapical;
1.2 mm. Female flowers and fruit unknown. Fl. Sep. tendrils well developed. Leaf blade ovate to suborbicular, 12
23(26) 814(20) cm, main veins 7. Inflorescence of (1 or)2
Forested slopes; ca. 1000 m. S Yunnan.
or 3 umbels, 1.54 cm, basally prophyllate; peduncle 1.33 cm,
60. Smilax bracteata C. Presl, Reliq. Haenk. 1: 131. 1827. proximally articulate when inflorescence of 1 umbel; umbels of
yuan zhui ba qia both sexes 1240-flowered, base thickened. Male flowers: outer
tepals 56 ca. 1.5 mm, inner ones much narrower. Female
Smilax lyi H. Lveill; S. stenopetala A. Gray. flowers: tepals slightly smaller than male ones; staminodes 3.
Vines climbing. Stem branched, subterete, to 10 m, woody, Berries dark red, ellipsoid-globose, 0.91.2 cm in diam. 2n =
sometimes sparsely prickly. Petiole 12 cm, narrowly winged 64, 96, 128.
for 2/51/2 its length; abscission zone distal; tendrils commonly Forests; near sea level to 1500 m. Hainan [India, Myanmar, Nepal,
present. Leaf blade broadly elliptic to ovate-elliptic, 517 3 Thailand, Vietnam].
11 cm. Inflorescence a raceme of 36(10) umbels, 37 cm,
basally prophyllate; umbels of both sexes 1225-flowered, base 63. Smilax malipoensis S. C. Chen, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin
slightly thickened, globose, ca. 2 2 mm. Male flowers: tepals 3(3): 113. 1983.
olive green to dark red, ca. 5 0.71.3 mm. Female flowers: ma li po ba qia
tepals smaller than male ones; staminodes 3. Berries globose,
57 mm in diam. Fl. NovFeb, fr. JunAug. 2n = 32. Vines climbing. Stem subterete, woody, furrowed when
dried, sparsely verruculose. Petiole 712 mm, abaxially ver-
Forests, thickets, shaded places on grassy slopes; near sea level to
1800 m. Fujian, Guangdong Guangxi, S Guizhou, Hainan, Taiwan, ruculose near base, winged; wings 35 11.6 mm, margin
Yunnan [Cambodia, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, Philippines, crisped; abscission zone at middle; tendrils absent. Leaf blade
Thailand, Vietnam]. oblong to oblong-elliptic, (5.5)1113 (1.5)35 cm, main
veins 7, abaxially convex, adaxially slightly raised. Male inflo-
61. Smilax aspericaulis Wallich ex A. de Candolle in A. de rescence of 2 umbels, 44.5 cm, basally prophyllate; umbels
Candolle & C. de Candolle, Monogr. Phan. 1: 195. 1878. 1020-flowered, ca. 2 cm in diam., base globose, 23 mm in
you zhi ba qia diam. Male flowers: outer tepals greenish white, 56 ca. 1.8
mm, inner ones much narrower; stamens 5.56 mm; anthers ca.
Smilax bracteata C. Presl subsp. verruculosa (Merrill) T. 2 mm. Female flowers and fruit unknown. Fl. Nov.
 Mixed forests; 16001800 m. SE Yunnan (Malipo Xian). appears to be a distinct species closely related to S. basilata, from
which it differs in having white-marked leaf blades and rather long
64. Smilax cocculoides Warburg in Diels, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 29: peduncles conspicuously longer than the petioles.
257. 1900.
67. Smilax fooningensis F. T. Wang & Tang, Fl. Reipubl. Pop-
yin ye ba qia ularis Sin. 15: 255. 1978.
Smilax polycolea Warburg var. acuminata Warburg. fu ning ba qia
Shrubs subscandent, unarmed. Stem suberect, branched, Vines climbing. Stem branched, woody; branches densely
0.52 m. Petiole usually curved, 510 mm, transversely wrin- verruculose. Petiole 12 cm, wingless; abscission zone be-
kled on proximal 1/2, basally narrowly winged; wings some- tween middle and distal part; tendrils absent. Leaf blade ovate,
times auriculate apically; abscission zone at middle; tendrils 7.515.5 48 cm, leathery, base subtruncate or broadly cune-
absent. Leaf blade abaxially grayish green, ovate, elliptic-ovate, ate, apex acuminate. Male inflorescence of 1 umbel, basally
or ovate-lanceolate, abaxially slightly shiny. Male inflorescence prophyllate; peduncle 35 cm, proximally articulate; umbel
of 1(or 2) umbels, basally prophyllate; peduncle 12 cm, artic- densely many flowered, base thickened, oblong-ellipsoid, 45
ulate 25 mm from base; umbels 315-flowered, base scarcely 1.52 mm. Male flowers: tepals yellowish green, outer ones
thickened. Male flowers: tepals yellowish green, outer ones oblong, 22.5 ca. 0.8 mm, inner ones ca. 2 0.4 mm; stamens
2.53.5 1 1.5 mm; stamens very short, ca. 0.7 mm. Female ca. 1/2 as long as tepals; anthers oblong, ca. 0.5 mm. Female
flowers unknown. Berries blackish blue, globose, ca. 8 mm in flowers and fruit unknown. Fl. May.
diam. Fl. FebApr, fr. Nov.
Forests; ca. 600 m. SE Yunnan (Funing Xian).
Forests, thickets; 5001900 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou,
Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Yunnan. 68. Smilax quadrataA. de Candolle in A. de Candolle & C. de
Candolle, Monogr. Phan. 1: 183. 1878.
65. Smilax pinfaensis H. Lveill & Vaniot in H. Lveill,
Mem. Pontif. Accad. Romana Nuovi Lincei 23: 355. 1905. fang zhi ba qia

ping fa ba qia Vines climbing. Stem branched, woody; branches strongly

zigzagged, obtusely 4-angled, subsquare in cross section, some-
Shrubs suberect, unarmed. Rhizome stolonlike, 23 mm in times sparsely prickly. Petiole 11.7 cm, narrowly winged for
diam. Stem branched, smooth. Petiole 46 cm, basally narrowly 1/22/3 its length; abscission zone distal; tendrils usually pre-
winged; abscission zone apical; tendrils absent. Leaf blade lan - sent. Leaf blade oblong to ovate-oblong, 711 2.54.5 cm,
ceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 816 1.54 cm, leathery, 3- thickly papery or thinly leathery, base subtruncate or rounded,
veined, with midvein concave adaxially, base subrounded, apex apex mucronate. Male inflorescence a raceme of 24 umbels,
acuminate. Male inflorescence of 1 umbel, basally prophyllate; 2.54 cm, basally prophyllate; umbels 2030-flowered, base
peduncle 814(20) cm, proximally articulate; umbel 5- or 6- slightly thickened. Male flowers: tepals 45 ca. 1.5 mm, inner
flowered, base scarcely thickened; bracteoles small; pedicels 5 ones ca. 5 0.5 mm; stamens 45 mm; anthers linear, ca. 1.2
9 mm. Male flowers: tepals spreading, ovate or ovate-elliptic, mm. Female flowers and fruit unknown. Fl. Oct.
1.51.8 ca. 1 mm; stamens very short, 0.30.4 mm; anthers
shorter than filaments. Female flowers unknown. Fl. Mar. Forests, shaded places along valleys; 19002000 m. ?Xizang, SE
and WC Yunnan (Jingdong Xian, Yanshan Xian) [India, Myanmar].
Forests. SC Guizhou (Guiding Xian).
69. Smilax lunglingensis F. T. Wang & Tang, Bull. Fan Mem.
66. Smilax basilata F. T. Wang & Tang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Inst. Biol. 7: 86. 1936.
Sin. 15: 254. 1978.
ma qian ye ba qia
shao hua ba qia
Smilax siderophylla Handel-Mazzetti.
Vines climbing. Stem branched, to 2 m, woody; branches
24-angled, sometimes sparsely prickly. Petiole 2.55 mm, nar- Vines climbing. Stem branched, subterete, 13 m or more,
rowly winged for 1/22/3 its length; abscission zone distal; ten- woody;branches usually sparsely prickly. Petiole 23 cm, wing-
drils sometimes present. Leaf blade lanceolate, ovate- less or rarely narrowly winged for ca. 1/2 its length; abscission
lanceolate, or oblong-lanceolate, 37 12(2.5) cm, leathery zone distal; tendrils usually present. Leaf blade elliptic, ovate-
or thickly papery. Male inflorescence of 1 umbel, basally elliptic, or orbicular, 511 39 cm, thickly leathery, main veins
prophyllate; peduncle 13 mm, much shorter than petiole, 3, strongly convex abaxially, concave adaxially. Inflorescence a
proximally articulate; umbels 2- or 3-flowered, base scarcely raceme of 24 umbels, 35 cm, basally prophyllate; umbels of
thickened. Male flowers: tepals greenish, outer ones ca. 2 1 both sexes 1525-flowered, base subglobose. Male flowers:
mm, inner ones ca. 1 0.6 mm; stamens ca. 1/2 as long as tepals yellow, outer ones ca. 6 2 mm, inner ones much nar-
tepals; anthers suborbicular. Female flowers unknown. Berries rower; stamens ca. 6 mm. Female flowers: tepals smaller than
dark purple, globose, ca. 1 cm in diam. Fl. MarApr, fr. Nov. male ones; staminodes 3. Berries black, globose, 56 mm in
diam. Fl. MarApr, fr. AugOct.
Forests, grassy slopes; 12002000 m. Guangxi, SE Yunnan.
Forests, thickets, shaded and damp places on slopes; 18002700
The recently described Smilax guiyangensis C. X. Fu & C. D. m. Yunnan.
Shen (Acta Phytotax. Sin. 35: 70. 1997), from C Guizhou (Guiyang),
70. Smilax bauhinioides Kunth, Enum. Pl. 5: 243. 1850. verruculose-prickly, winged for 1/41/2 its length; abscission
zone near middle; tendrils usually present. Leaf blade elliptic to
yuan ye ba qia
ovate-elliptic, 815 37 cm. Inflorescence of 1 umbel, basally
Vines climbing. Stem branched, terete, 12 m, woody; prophyllate; peduncle 1.52.5 cm, proximally articulate;
branches densely verruculose, sparsely prickly. Petiole 1.52 umbels of both sexes densely many flowered, base slightly
cm, scarcely winged;abscission zone distal;tendrils usually pre- thickened. Male flowers: tepals greenish, ca. 5 0.81.5 mm;
sent near base. Leaf blade suborbicular, 4.57 46.5 cm, thick- stamens 56 mm. Female flowers: tepals slightly smaller than
ly leathery, main veins 5, raised on both sides except midvein male ones; staminodes 6. Berries globose, 810 mm in diam.
concave adaxially, base rounded, apex mucronate. Fl. JanFeb, fr. NovDec.
Pinus forests; ca. 300 m. S Guangxi (Dongxing Xian) [Vietnam]. Forests; 10001300 m. SE Yunnan.
This species is closely related to Smilax lunglingensis, which has 74. Smilax setiramula F. T. Wang & Tang, Fl. Reipubl. Pop-
similar inflorescences and flowers. Only sterile material of S. bauhini- ularis Sin. 15: 255. 1978.
oides has so far been collected in China; it clearly matches material of
the same species from Vietnam. mi gang mao ba qia
71. Smilax planipes F. T. Wang & Tang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Vines climbing. Stem branched, woody; stem and branch-
Sin. 15: 255. 1978. es densely prickly-bristly; bristles 56 mm. Petiole 1.52.5 cm,
densely bristly, wingless; tendrils usually present. Leaf blade
bian bing ba qia
ovate, 1014.5 611 cm, papery, abaxially bristly from base
Vines climbing, unarmed. Stem branched, woody; branch- to middle, adaxially sometimes also sparsely bristly, main veins
es striate. Petiole usually curved, 24 cm, laterally compressed, 3, base usually shallowly cordate, apex acuminate. Male inflo-
abaxially keeled, narrowly winged for 1/22/3 its length; ab- rescence of 1 umbel, basally prophyllate; peduncle 2.53.5 cm,
scission zone distal; tendrils well developed. Leaf blade sub- minutely bristly, proximally articulate; umbel many flowered.
oblong, oblong-lanceolate, or ovate-lanceolate, 6.518 36.5 Male flowers (not fully at anthesis): tepals greenish, ca. 4 mm;
cm. Male inflorescence of 1 umbel, basally prophyllate; pedun- anthers ca. 1.5 mm. Female flowers and fruit unknown. Fl.
cle 23.5 cm, proximally articulate, with 2 lanceolate bracts; NovDec.
umbel 47-flowered, base scarcely thickened; bracteoles cadu-
Forests, thickets; 10001700 m. SE Yunnan.
cous. Male flowers: outer tepals 78 ca. 2 mm, inner ones ca.
7 1 mm; stamens subequaling tepals; anthers oblong. Female 75. Smilax griffithii A. de Candolle in A. de Candolle & C. de
flowers unknown. Berries globose, 1.21.5 cm in diam.; carpo- Candolle, Monogr. Phan. 1: 198. 1878.
podium usually curved. Fr. DecJan.
mo tuo ba qia
Forests; near sea level to 1300 m. S Guangxi, SE Yunnan.
Smilax griffithii var. pallescens (A. de Candolle) T. Koya-
72. Smilax gagnepainii T. Koyama, Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus., To- ma; S. pallescens A. de Candolle.
kyo, B, 3(4): 163. 1977.
Vines climbing, large. Stem and branches woody, smooth
si chi ba qia or somewhat scabrous, occasionally with sparse prickles. Peti-
ole 25 cm, broadly winged for 1/32/5 its length; wings 413
Smilax tetraptera Gagnepain, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 81:
mm wide; abscission zone distal; tendrils often developed. Leaf
74. 1934, not Schlechter (1906).
blade ovate-elliptic to ovate, 1422 79.5 cm, leathery, main
Vines climbing. Stem branched, woody; branches 4-an- veins (5)7. Inflorescence of 912 umbels, 79 cm, basally pro-
gled, sometimes sparsely prickly, angles narrowly winged. Peti- phyllate; umbels of both sexes grouped in whorls of 24, 10
ole 1.54 cm, winged for ca. 2/3 its length; wings 13 mm 30-flowered, base thickened, ca. 3 mm in diam. Male flowers:
wide; abscission zone distal; tendrils sometimes present. Leaf tepals yellowish green, outer ones 44.5 ca. 1 mm, inner ones
blade ovate-lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, 1725 410 cm, ca. 4 0.6 mm; stamens subequaling tepals. Female flowers:
thickly leathery, main veins 3(5), base rounded or broadly cu- tepals smaller than male ones. Fruit unknown.
neate. Inflorescence of 1 umbel, basally prophyllate; peduncle
Broad-leaved forests; 17001800 m. SE Xizang (Mdog Xian)
1.54 cm, proximally articulate; umbel 520-flowered. [India, Myanmar, Thailand].
Open forests; ca. 700 m. SW Guangxi, SE Yunnan [Vietnam]. Only a few sterile specimens have been collected. The description
Only a few sterile specimens have been collected in China; one of of the flowers follows Koyama (in Smitinand et al., Fl. Thailand 2: 226,
them possesses immature fruit. 228. 1975).

73. Smilax densibarbata F. T. Wang & Tang, Fl. Reipubl. Pop- 76. Smilax ocreata A. de Candolle in A. de Candolle & C. de
ularis Sin. 15: 255. 1978. Candolle, Monogr. Phan. 1: 191. 1878.

mi ci ba qia bao jing ba qia

Vines climbing. Stem and branches densely prickly; prick- Smilax perulata H. Lveill & Vaniot.
les slightly curved, sometimes forked. Petiole 12 cm, minutely
 Vines climbing. Stem and branches usually woody, sparse- sui ba qia
ly prickly. Petiole 23.5 cm, broadly winged for 1/31/2 its
Smilax maculata Roxburgh.
length; wings 0.52 cm wide, basally deeply clasping node; ab-
scission zone at middle or distal; tendrils commonly developed. Vines climbing. Stem and branches woody, ridged-angled,
Leaf blade ovate to elliptic, 920 4.515 cm, leathery. Inflo- usually very sparsely prickly; prickles short, slightly compress-
rescence a raceme of 24(7) umbels, 410 cm, basally pro- ed. Petiole often curved or twisted, 34 cm, sometimes sparsely
phyllate; umbels of both sexes not grouped, 1030-flowered, prickly, wingless; abscission zone apical; tendrils rather long.
base thickened, subglobose. Male flowers: tepals yellowish Leaf blade cordate-deltoid to ovate-lanceolate, 615 59.5
green, tinged pink, 56 0.51 mm; stamens 610 mm; fila- cm. Inflorescence a spike of 525 umbels, 745 cm, basally pro-
ments basally connate, forming a column ca. 2 mm. Female phyllate; umbels of both sexes sessile on elongate rachis, 36-
flowers: inner tepals very narrow; staminodes absent. Berries flowered, base slightly thickened; bracteoles many, broadly
dark red, globose, ca. 8 mm in diam. Fl. MarJun, fr. JulOct. ovate. Male flowers: tepals white, 45 ca. 1 mm; stamens 2
2.5 mm. Female flowers: tepals slightly smaller than male ones;
Forests, thickets, shaded and damp slopes along valleys; near sea staminodes 6. Fl. JanFeb, fr. NovDec. 2n = 32*.
level to 2200 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Sichuan,
?Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Vietnam]. Forests; 10002000 m. S Xizang, SW Yunnan [Bhutan, India,
77. Smilax perfoliata Loureiro, Fl. Cochinch. 2: 622. 1790. Myanmar, Nepal; E and N Africa, SW Asia, C and S Europe].
chuan qiao ba qia 79. Smilax elegantissima Gagnepain, Bull. Soc. Bot. France
81: 619. 1934.
Smilax prolifera Wallich ex Roxburgh.
si leng ba qia
Vines climbing. Stem branched, to 8 m, woody; stem and
branches smooth or sometimes sparsely prickly. Petiole 24 cm, Smilax polycephala F. T. Wang & Tang.
broadly winged for 1/22/3 its length; wings 712(25) mm Vines climbing, unarmed. Stem and branches woody;
wide, basally deeply clasping node, tapering toward apex; ab- branches 4-angled, angles narrowly winged. Petiole 67 cm,
scission zone distal; tendrils usually developed. Leaf blade usu- laterally compressed, narrowly winged for ca. 1/3 its length;
ally ovate, 617 312 cm. Inflorescence of 1030 umbels, 5 abscission zone apical; tendrils rather long. Leaf blade abaxially
17 cm, basally prophyllate; rachis often slightly zigzagged; um- glaucous, elliptic to ovate-elliptic, 2030 813 cm, leathery.
bels of both sexes grouped in whorls of 24, densely many Inflorescence a spike of 712 umbels, 1128 cm, basally pro-
flowered, base ellipsoid, ca. 4 3 mm. Male flowers: outer te- phyllate; umbels sessile on elongate, slightly zigzagged rachis,
pals 56 ca. 1 mm, inner ones ca. 5 0.3 mm; stamens ca. 5 412-flowered, base thickened; bracteoles many, broadly ovate.
mm. Female flowers: tepals slightly smaller than male ones; Male flowers: tepals pale yellow, outer ones ca. 5 1.52 mm;
staminodes 3. Berries globose, 46 mm in diam., Fl. Apr, fr. stamens ca. 1/2 as long as tepals; filaments very short; anthers
Oct. 2n = 32. ca. 1.5 mm. Female flowers unknown. Berries globose, ca. 1
Forests, thickets; near sea level to 1500 m. Hainan, Taiwan, S cm in diam. Fl. Aug.
Yunnan [India, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam].
Forests; ca. 1500 m. SE Yunnan [Vietnam].
78. Smilax aspera Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 1028. 1753.

12. HETEROSMILAX Kunth, Enum. Pl. 5: 270. 1850.

xiao ba qia shu

Liang Songyun ( Liang Song-jun); Tetsuo Koyama

Oligosmilax Seemann; Pseudosmilax Hayata.
Vines climbing, woody or somewhat herbaceous, dioecious. Stem and branches smooth, not prickly. Petiole narrowly winged
basally or proximally, with a subapical abscission zone; tendrils usually present. Leaf blade usually ovate or oblong-lanceolate, main
veins 59, outermost pair usually running along margins. Inflorescence borne in axil of leaf or scalelike bract, a solitary, many-flow-
ered umbel; peduncle usually compressed, without a scalelike prophyll at base. Flowers small; tepals connate, forming a bottle-
shaped tube with opening only at toothed apex. Male flowers: stamens 3, 6, or 912; filaments connate proximally or throughout,
forming a column (synandrium); anthers free, introrse; connective usually projecting beyond locules. Female flowers: ovary 3-
loculed; ovules 1 or 2; stigmas 3, usually recurved; staminodes 36. Fruit a berry, black, globose, 16-seeded. Seeds dark brown.
Twelve species: tropical and subtropical Asia; nine species (five endemic) in China.

1a. Male flowers with 913 stamens.

2a. Stamens 1/41/3 as long as perianth.
3a. Male perianth ovoid, narrowly ovoid, or suboblong, (5)710 mm; filament column ca. 1 mm ................ 4. H. polyandra
3b. Male perianth lanceolate-bottle-shaped, 1120 mm; filament column 23.5 mm ....................................... 5. H. longiflora
2b. Stamens 3/54/5 as long as perianth.
 4a. Male umbel 59-flowered; filaments connate throughout, forming a column ......................................... 3. H. yunnanensis
4b. Male umbel 2060-flowered; filaments connate only proximally, forming a column but leaving apices free.
5a. Male perianth 48 mm; peduncle 540 mm ...................................................................................... 1. H. septemnervia
5b. Male perianth 2.53 mm; peduncle 3255 mm ..................................................................................... 2. H. seisuiensis
1b. Male flowers with (2 or)3(or 4) stamens.
6a. Stem, branches, and petiole pubescent, rarely glabrescent; male perianth oblong, teeth acute at apex .............. 6. H. chinensis
6b. Stem, branches, and petiole glabrous; male perianth subobovoid, teeth obtuse at apex.
7a. Male filaments connate only proximally, forming a column but leaving apices free .............................. 7. H. japonica
7b. Male filaments connate throughout, forming a column.
8a. Male perianth 44.5 mm, apically 3-dentate; female perianth 3.74 mm ............................. 8. H. gaudichaudiana
8b. Male perianth 33.5 mm, apically scarcely dentate and subtruncate; female perianth ca.
2.3 mm ............................................................................................................................................. 9. H. micrandra
1. Heterosmilax septemnervia F. T. Wang & Tang, Sinensia 5: Leaf blade ovate or broadly so, 2.55.5 (1)1.53.8 cm. Male
428. 1934. inflorescence: peduncle 510 mm, slightly compressed; umbel
duan zhu xiao ba qia 59-flowered, base slightly thickened, 11.5 mm in diam.; ped-
icels very slender, 11.2 cm. Male flowers: perianth narrowly
Vines climbing. Stem to more than 1 m, woody. Petiole ellipsoid to narrowly obovoid, 6.59 2.53.5 mm, tapering
1.54 cm, narrowly winged for 1/71/3 its length; tendrils ves- toward base, apically contracted to orifice; stamens 6(or 9); fil-
tigial or well developed. Leaf blade ovate to orbicular, 622 aments connate throughout, forming a fusiform-cylindric col-
(25) 4.515 cm. Peduncle (0.5)1.54 cm. Umbels of both umn 5.56 mm, apically 1.51.8 mm thick; anthers ovate-del-
sexes 2060-flowered, base thickened, 35 mm in diam.; pedi- toid, 11.5 mm. Female flowers and fruit unknown.
cels 1.52.5 cm. Male flowers: perianth ellipsoid, 48 34 W Yunnan (Binchuan Xian).
mm, teeth obtuse at apex; stamens 810; filaments 35 mm,
4. Heterosmilax polyandra Gagnepain, Bull. Soc. Bot. France
connate for 1/31/2 their length, forming a column but leaving
81: 70. 1934.
apices free; anthers ovate, ca. 1.2 mm. Female flowers: perianth
ovoid-globose, 35 33.5 mm, teeth obtuse at apex; stami- duo rui xiao ba qia
nodes 36. Berries purple, subglobose, 510 68 mm. Fl.
Vines climbing. Stem branched, woody. Petiole 0.52 cm,
MayJun, fr. SepNov.
narrowly winged for 1/41/3 its length; tendrils well developed.
Densely forested slopes, hillsides along valleys or streams; 700 Leaf blade lanceolate-elliptic to lanceolate-ovate, 513 1.57
2400 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Yun- cm. Peduncle 210 cm. Umbels of both sexes 1030-flowered,
nan [Vietnam].
base 1.52 mm in diam.; pedicels 12 cm. Male flowers: peri-
2. Heterosmilax seisuiensis (Hayata) F. T. Wang & Tang, Si- anth suboblong or subovoid, 37(10) 24 mm; stamens 9
nensia 5: 427. 1934. 12, 12.5 mm; filaments connate throughout, forming a short
tai wan xiao ba qia column ca. 1 mm; anthers elliptic, ca. 1 mm. Female flowers:
perianth broadly ellipsoid, 2.83 22.5 mm; ovary ca. 2.5
Pseudosmilax seisuiensis Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formos. 9: 125. mm; staminodes 36, filiform. Berries suboblate-globose, ca. 9
1920; Heterosmilax hogoensis (Hayata) T. Koyama; P. hogoen- mm in diam. Fl. and fr. Nov.
sis Hayata.
Dense forests; 1001800 m. S Yunnan [India, Laos, Thailand].
Vines climbing. Stem branched, to 3 m, woody. Petiole
5. Heterosmilax longiflora K. Y. Guan & Noltie, Edinburgh J.
1.53 cm, narrowly winged for 1/41/5 its length; tendrils well
Bot. 50: 59. 1993.
developed. Leaf blade usually becoming yellowish brown when
dried, ovate or cordate-ovate, 720(25) 3.515(18) cm. chang hua xiao ba qia
Male inflorescence: peduncle (4)56 cm, slightly compressed;
Vines climbing. Stem branched, terete, woody, rigid. Peti-
umbel 5060-flowered, base thickened, globose, 1.53 mm in
ole 11.5 cm, narrowly winged near base; tendrils well devel-
diam.; pedicels 12 cm. Male flowers: perianth oblong or obo-
oped. Leaf blade lanceolate to ovate, 912 2.57.5 cm, herba-
void, 2.53 1.52 mm, teeth obtuse at apex; stamens 9; fila-
ceous, thin, adaxially slightly shiny, main veins 7, base cordate
ments 22.5 mm, connate proximally, forming a column 11.5
to rounded, margin weakly undulate, apex acuminate or acute.
mm but leaving apices free; anthers lanceolate-ovate, 0.81
Male inflorescence: peduncle 3.56.5 cm, compressed; umbel
mm. Female flowers unknown. Berries suboblate-globose, 58
1530-flowered, base thickened, globose, 23.5 mm in diam.;
69 mm. Fl. AprMay, fr. Oct.
pedicels 11.8 cm. Male flowers: perianth lanceolate-bottle -
About 1300 m. Taiwan. shaped, 1.12 cm 1.54 mm, teeth 0.30.5 mm; stamens 12;
3. Heterosmilax yunnanensis Gagnepain, Bull. Soc. Bot. filaments connate, forming a column 23.5 mm; anthers ovate,
France 81: 70. 1934. 11.5 mm. Female flowers and fruit unknown.
yun nan xiao ba qia Forested hills. S Yunnan (Xishuangbanna Dai Zu Zizhizhou).

Vines climbing. Stem slender, woody. Petiole 0.82 cm, No specimens of this species have been seen by the present
narrowly winged for ca. 1/3 its length; tendrils well developed. authors.
6. Heterosmilax chinensis F. T. Wang, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Ptersbourg 17: 176. 1872.
Biol. 5: 121. 1934.
he si xiao ba qia
hua xiao ba qia
Smilax gaudichaudiana Kunth, Enum. Pl. 5: 252. 1850;
Vines climbing. Stem and branches pubescent, rarely Heterosmilax gaudichaudiana var. hongkongensis (Seemann)
eventually glabrescent. Petiole 0.52.5 cm, pubescent, narrowly A. de Candolle; H. gaudichaudiana var. latifolia Bodinier ex H.
winged for ca. 1/3 its length; tendrils well developed. Leaf Lveill; H. japonica Kunth var. gaudichaudiana (Kunth) F. T.
blade oblong to lanceolate-ovate, 3.516 16 cm. Inflores- Wang & Tang; Oligosmilax gaudichaudiana (Kunth) Seemann;
cence borne in axil of leaf or scalelike bract; peduncle 0.53 S. erythrantha Baillon ex Gagnepain; S. hongkongensis See-
cm, puberulent; umbels of both sexes 1030-flowered, base 23 mann; S. mcclurei T. Koyama.
mm in diam.; pedicels 310 mm. Male flowers: perianth ob-
long-ellipsoid, 56 1.52 mm, tapering to both ends, teeth ca. Vines climbing. Stems woody. Petiole 13(5) cm, nar-
1 mm; stamens 3; filaments ca. 2 mm, connate for ca. 1/2 their rowly winged for 1/51/3 its length; tendrils well developed.
length; anthers ca. 1 mm. Female flowers: perianth red-brown, Leaf blade ovate to subcordate-orbicular, 414 213 cm.
ovoid, 2.53.8 ca. 2 mm, narrowed to orifice; stigmas reach- Peduncle 13.5(9) cm, compressed. Umbels of both sexes 5
ing base of perianth teeth; staminodes 3, filiform, ca. 1 mm. 50-flowered, base globose, 23 mm in diam.; pedicels 0.51.5
Berries subglobose, 710 mm in diam. Fl. MayJun, fr. Sep cm. Male flowers: perianth red-purple, ovoid-ellipsoid or nar-
Dec. rowly ovoid, 44.5 23 mm, teeth deltoid; stamens 3, 34
Dense forests, thickets along valleys; 3002100 m. Guangdong, mm; filaments connate throughout, forming a column; anthers
Guangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan. ovate, 0.50.7 mm. Female flowers: perianth ovoid-ellipsoid,
ca. 3.8 2.3 mm; stigmas ca. 3 mm; staminodes 5 or 6. Berries
7. Heterosmilax japonica Kunth, Enum. Pl. 5: 270. 1850. purplish black, globose, 0.81.2 cm in diam. Fl. MayJun, fr.
xiao ba qia JulDec.

Heterosmilax arisanensis Hayata; H. indica A. de Can- Dense forests, sparsely forested slopes, hillsides, shrubby slopes
along valleys; 6001000 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Tai-
dolle; H. raishaensis Hayata; H. tsaii F. T. Wang & Tang;
wan [Vietnam].
Smilax bockii Warburg; S. planipedunculata Hayata; S. stemon-
ifolia H. Lveill & Vaniot. 9. Heterosmilax micrandra T. Koyama, Brittonia 36: 201.
1984.
Vines climbing. Stem woody. Petiole 13 cm, narrowly
winged for 1/41/3 its length; tendrils well developed. Leaf xiao hua xiao ba qia
blade ovate-lanceolate to subcordate, (3)622 2.512 cm.
Vines climbing. Stems woody. Petiole 14 cm, narrowly
Inflorescence borne in axil of leaf or scalelike bract; peduncle
and shortly winged basally; tendrils well developed. Leaf blade
13 cm; umbels of both sexes 2050-flowered, base 24 mm in
ovate, lanceolate-ovate, or orbicular-ovate, 415 1.512 cm.
diam.; pedicels 27(11) mm. Male flowers: perianth oblong or
Peduncle 13.5 cm, compressed. Umbels of both sexes 615-
narrowly obovoid, 3.54.5(6) 23 mm; stamens (2 or)3(or
flowered, base thickened, 24 mm in diam.; pedicels 612 mm.
4); filaments connate for 1/32/5 length, forming a column;
Male flowers: perianth orange-red, suboblong or oblong-ovoid,
anthers oblong, 0.51 mm. Female flowers: perianth subglo-
33.5 ca. 1.6 mm, scarcely toothed apically; stamens 3; fila-
bose or ovoid-globose, 2.53 1.52 mm; stigmas erect; sta-
ments connate throughout, forming a column ca. 3 mm; anthers
minodes 3(6). Berries black, 610 mm in diam. Fl. JunAug,
ovate-orbicular, ca. 0.5 mm. Female flowers: perianth pale
fr. JulNov.
green, ovoid-globose, ca. 2.3 2.1 mm; stigmas erect. Berries
Densely forested slopes, mixed forests on hillsides, thickets; 500 blackish, depressed globose, 0.81.5 cm in diam.
1800 m. Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Hunan, Jiangxi, S Shaanxi,
Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bhutan, NE India, Japan]. Dense forests; 400500 m. S Hainan.

8. Heterosmilax gaudichaudiana (Kunth) Maximowicz, Bull.

13. GAGEA Salisbury, Ann. Bot. (Knig & Sims) 2: 555. 1806.
ding bing hua shu

Chen Xinqi ( Chen Sing-chi); Nicholas J. Turland

Szechenyia Kanitz.
Herbs perennial, small, bulbiferous. Bulbs ovoid to globose, covered with a tunic, distally sometimes with a collar of persistent
leaf bases, basally sometimes with bulbels. Stem usually simple. Leaves basal or also cauline, linear or filiform. Inflorescence usually
umbellate, corymbose, or racemose, less often reduced to a solitary flower, basally usually subtended by a bract; bracteole 1. Flowers
bisexual. Tepals 6, free, in 2 whorls, yellow or yellow-green, very rarely white or other color, persistent, indurescent and accrescent
in fruit. Stamens 6, equal or 3 longer; filaments filiform or proximally widened and flat; anthers basifixed. Ovary 3-loculed; ovules
many per locule. Style usually rather long; stigma capitate or 3-lobed. Fruit a capsule, 3-angled, loculicidal, surrounded by enlarged,
persistent tepals. Seeds many, globose to flat.
About 90 species: temperate regions of N Africa, Asia and Europe, mainly in C Asia and the Mediterranean region; 17 species (one endemic) in
China.

1a. Leaves 1 or 2 basal only; leafy bract (floral leaf) subtending inflorescence 1, sometimes with extra, much smaller
bracts; seeds globose or ovoid-globose, rarely flat.
2a. Leaves semiterete, fistulose ..................................................................................................................................... 4. G. fragifera
2b. Leaves flat, not fistulose.
3a. Bulb without bulbel at base.
4a. Leaves filiform, less than 1 mm wide; seeds flat .................................................................................... 5. G. divaricata
4b. Leaves linear or narrowly so, 210 mm wide; seeds globose.
5a. Leaves not falcate, 310 mm wide, not keeled abaxially .................................................................. 6. G. nakaiana
5b. Leaves falcate, 23 mm wide, keeled abaxially ....................................................................... 7. G. fedtschenkoana
3b. Bulb usually with 1 to many bulbels within or around tunic base.
6a. Bulbel 1, lateral, within tunic .................................................................................................................... 3. G. filiformis
6b. Bulbels many, within or around tunic.
7a. Bulbels arranged in a ring, surrounding tunic base; style nearly as long as ovary .......................... 1. G. granulosa
7b. Bulbels crowded, sublateral, within tunic; style much longer than ovary ............................... 2. G. terraccianoana
1b. Leaves 1 or 2 basal and 25 cauline; seeds flat, rarely polyhedral.
8a. Seeds polyhedral.
9a. Tepals yellow adaxially, yellowish green abaxially ........................................................................................... 16. G. tenera
9b. Tepals yellowish white or whitish adaxially, pale yellow-green abaxially ............................................................ 17. G. ova
8b. Seeds flat.
10a. Stigma deeply 3-lobed, lobes more than 1 mm ........................................................................................... 8. G. pauciflora
10b. Stigma capitate or slightly 3-lobed, lobes very short, less than 1 mm.
11a. Bulblets present in axils of cauline leaves, globose.
12a. Bulb with a collar of persistent leaf bases distally ..................................................................... 9. G. jaeschkei
12b. Bulb without a collar of persistent leaf bases distally.
13a. Leaves filiform, less than 1 mm wide; bulblets in axils of all cauline leaves ................ 10. G. bulbifera
13b. Leaves narrowly linear, 12 mm wide; bulblets only in axils of proximal cauline
leaves ................................................................................................................................ 11. G. stepposa
11b. Bulblets not present in axils of cauline leaves.
14a. Tepals 1.41.8 cm; basal leaves not overtopping inflorescence ........................................... 15. G. neopopovii
14b. Tepals 0.81.2 cm; basal leaves overtopping inflorescence.
15a. Basal leaves nearly 2 as long as stem .............................................................................. 13. G. altaica
15b. Basal leaves slightly longer than stem.
16a. Basal leaves 1 or 2; bulbs without bulbels at base; plants 36 cm tall ....................... 14. G. olgae
16b. Basal leaf always 1; bulbs with several to many bulbels at base; plants
515(30) cm tall ...................................................................................................... 12. G. albertii
1. Gagea granulosa Turczaninow, Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes xiao ding bing hua
Moscou 27(2): 112. 1854.
Gagea japonica Pascher; G. nipponensis Makino; G. vagi-
li lin ding bing hua nata Pascher (1906), not Popov ex Goloskokov (1955).
Plants to 20 cm tall. Bulb ovoid, 47 mm in diam.; tunic Plants 415 cm tall. Bulb ovoid or ovoid-globose, 47 mm
brown, submembranous; bulbels numerous, arranged in a ring in diam.; tunic brown-yellow or black-brown; bulbels 1 to nu-
around tunic base. Leaves basal only, usually 1, narrowly lin- merous, crowded within tunic, narrowly ovoid. Leaves basal
ear, 2024 cm 25 mm, conspicuously parallel veined. Inflo- only, 1, narrowly linear, 518 cm 13 mm. Inflorescence usu-
rescence usually 24-flowered, umbellate. Floral leaf lanceo- ally 25-flowered, umbellate. Floral leaf lanceolate to linear-
late, slightly longer than inflorescence, 48 mm wide. Pedicel lanceolate, shorter than or equaling inflorescence, 25 mm
glabrous or sparsely pubescent. Tepals yellow adaxially, yel- wide, sometimes laxly hairy on basal margin or pilose.
lowish abaxially, narrowly elliptic-linear or linear-lanceolate, Pedicels unequal, pilose or glabrous. Tepals yellow adaxially,
911 1.52 mm. Stamens 46 mm. Style nearly as long as yellowish green abaxially, sometimes slightly tinged with dull
ovary; stigma capitate, scarcely lobed. Seeds globose. Fl. Jun. purple-red, linear, linear-lanceolate, or narrowly ovate, 611
Coniferous forests, thickets, moist grasslands; 13002000 m. N 12 mm, sometimes pilose abaxially and proximally, with a
and W Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Mongolia, Russia; Europe]. sacciform projection at base. Stamens 38 mm; filaments flat
at base. Style 1.54 as long as ovary. Capsule obovoid or
2. Gagea terraccianoana Pascher, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni subglobose, 1/41/2 as long as persistent tepals. Seeds
Veg. 2: 58. 1906. globose. Fl. and fr. MarMay.
 Forest margins, thickets, mountain grasslands; near sea level to pale brown or yellowish brown, scarious, breaking up into fi-
2300 m. Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Qinghai, Shaanxi, bers; bulbels absent. Leaves basal only, 1, filiform or very nar-
Shanxi [Korea, Mongolia, Russia]. rowly linear, 58 cm ca. 1 mm, glabrous. Inflorescence (1 or)
Records of Gagea hiensis Pascher from China (e.g., in FRPS) are 25-flowered. Floral leaf linear-lanceolate, longer than inflo-
referable to G. terraccianoana. rescence, 11.5 mm wide, base sheathed, pilose, margin ciliate.
3. Gagea filiformis (Ledebour) Karelin & Kirilov, Bull. Soc. Tepals yellow, with green band along midvein abaxially, linear
Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 14: 751 [851]. 1841. or broadly lanceolate, 810 1.52 mm, apex mucronate. Pedi-
cel glabrous, 1828 mm, recurved in young fruit, erect at ma-
lin sheng ding bing hua turity. Stamens 45 mm. Style slightly longer than ovary; stig-
Ornithogalum filiforme Ledebour, Fl. Altaic. 2: 30. 1830; ma capitate, scarcely lobed. Seeds flat. Fl. Apr.
Gagea minuta Grossheim; G. nigra L. Z. Shue; G. pseudo- Deserts, sandy places; near sea level to 1000 m. W Xinjiang [Ka-
rubescens Pascher; G. sacculifera Regel. zakstan, Uzbekistan].

Plants 510 cm tall. Bulb ovoid-globose, 49 mm in diam.; 6. Gagea nakaiana Kitagawa, Lin. Fl. Manshur. 136. 1939.
tunic bright brown or chestnut brown, submembranous; bulbel ding bing hua
1, within tunic, small. Leaves basal only, 1, narrowly linear, 5
13 cm 24(8) mm. Inflorescence (1)37(or more)- flow- Gagea coreana Nakai, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 46: 603. 1932,
ered, umbellate or corymbose. Floral leaf linear-lanceolate, not H. Lveill (1910); G. coreanica Koidzumi; G. lutea
equaling or slightly longer than inflorescence, 38 mm wide, (Linnaeus) Ker Gawler var. nakaiana (Kitagawa) Q. S. Sun.
glabrous or pilose; bracteoles pubescent. Tepals yellowish Plants 1520 cm tall. Bulb ovoid-globose, 510 mm in
adaxially, yellow-green abaxially, ca. 8 mm, sometimes slightly diam.; tunic brown-yellow; bulbels absent. Leaves basal only,
saccate at base. Pedicel glabrous or pilose. Stamens 4.56 mm; 1, narrowly linear, 1.522 cm 310 mm, gradually tapering
filaments ca. 4 mm. Style slightly longer than ovary; stigma from middle to base, glabrous. Inflorescence 35-flowered, um-
capitate, scarcely lobed. Capsule obovoid, 3-angled, 1/52/5 as bellate. Floral leaf lanceolate, nearly as long as inflorescence,
long as enlarged, persistent tepals. Seeds red-brown, ovoid-glo- 46 mm wide. Pedicels unequal, glabrous. Tepals yellow, linear
bose, ca. 1.5 1 mm. Fl. and fr. AprMay. or narrowly lanceolate, 912 ca. 2 mm. Stamens 68 mm; fil-
Forests, thickets, meadows, grasslands, dry slopes, plains, deserts; aments flat basally. Style 1.52 as long as ovary; stigma in-
near sea level to 2300 m. N and W Xinjiang [Afghanistan, Kazakstan, conspicuously 3-lobed. Capsule ovoid to obovoid, ca. 2/3 as
Mongolia, Pakistan, Russia]. long as enlarged, persistent tepals. Seeds globose. Fl. and fr.
4. Gagea fragifera (Villars) E. Bayer & G. Lpez, Taxon 38: MarApr. 2n = 48.
643. 1989. Forests, thickets, grasslands. Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning [India,
dun ban ding bing hua Japan, Korea, Nepal, Pakistan, Russia, Sikkim].
Records of Gagea lutea (Linnaeus) Ker Gawler from China (e.g.,
Ornithogalum fragiferum Villars, Hist. Pl. Dauph. 2. 270.
in FRPS) are referable to G. nakaiana.
1787; Gagea emarginata Karelin & Kirilov.
7. Gagea fedtschenkoana Pascher, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni
Plants 815 cm tall. Bulb ovoid-globose, 58 mm in diam.; Veg. 1: 190. 1905.
tunic brown-yellow, papery; bulbels absent. Leaves basal only,
1 or 2, semiterete, fistulose, 720 cm 34 mm. Inflorescence lian ye ding bing hua
usually 35-flowered, umbellate. Floral leaf broadly lanceolate, Plants dark green, 410 cm tall. Bulb usually ovoid, 610
slightly shorter than or equaling inflorescence, 610 mm wide. mm in diam.; tunic brown-yellow, subleathery; bulbels absent
Pedicels unequal, pilose. Tepals yellow adaxially, yellow-green or occasionally 1 or 2. Leaves basal only, 1, narrowly linear,
abaxially, narrowly oblong. 12 cm 34 mm, apex obtuse or falcate, 716 cm 23 mm, keeled abaxially. Inflorescence 2
emarginate. Stamens 510 mm. Style nearly as long as ovary. 5-flowered, umbellate or corymbose. Floral leaf narrowly lan-
Capsule obovoid, trigonous, ca. 1/2 as long as enlarged, persis- ceolate, usually longer than inflorescence, 24 mm wide, mar-
tent tepals. Seeds globose. Fl. and fr. AprMay. gin ciliate near base. Pedicels unequal, glabrous or pilose.
Meadows, moist places on forest margins, river flats; 16002300 Tepals pale yellow adaxially, tinged with green or dull purple
m. W Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Mongolia, Russia (Siberia)]. abaxially, linear or narrowly oblong, 812 ca. 2 mm. Sta-
The name Gagea fistulosa Ker Gawler, based on Ornithogalum mens, 68 mm. Style ca. 2 as long as ovary. Capsule obo-
fistulosum Ramond ex de Candolle, has been used for this species. void, trigonous, ca. 1/2 as long as enlarged, persistent tepals.
However, both names are nomenclaturally superfluous and therefore Seeds globose. Fl. and fr. AprMay.
illegitimate because when originally published they included in synon-
ymy the earlier name O. bohemicum Zauschner (currently G. bohemica Meadows, forest margins, thickets, steppes; near sea level to 2500
(Zauschner) Schultes & J. H. Schultes). m. N Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Mongolia, Russia].
8. Gagea pauciflora (Turczaninow ex Trautvetter) Ledebour,
5. Gagea divaricata Regel, Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot.
Fl. Ross. 4: 143. 1852.
Sada 6: 510. 1880.
cha geng ding bing hua shao hua ding bing hua

Plants ca. 5 cm tall. Bulb ovoid, 69 mm in diam.; tunic Plecostigma pauciflorum Turczaninow ex Trautvetter, Pl.
Imag. Descr. Fl. Russ. 8. 1844; Gagea lloydioides (Kanitz) brown, papery, not surrounded by roots; bulbels occasionally
Pascher; G. provisa Pascher; Lloydia szechenyiana Engler; Sze- present. Stem gray-white pubescent. Leaves basal and cauline;
chenyia lloydioides Kanitz. basal leaves 2, usually narrowly linear, 38 cm 12 mm, keel-
ed abaxially; cauline leaves 35, narrowly linear-lanceolate,
Plants 828 cm tall. Bulb narrowly ovoid; tunic brownish,
proximal 1 or 2 each with a globose bulblet in axil. Inflores-
distally with a short collar of persistent leaf bases. Stem
cence 1- or 2-flowered. Tepals orange-yellow adaxially, dark
puberulent. Leaves basal and cauline; basal leaf 1, 1025 cm
purple abaxially, narrowly elliptic, 812 34 mm. Stamens 6
11.5 mm, laxly puberulent on margin and veins; cauline
9 mm; filaments 57 mm; anthers oblong, 1/41/3 as long as
leaves usually 13, basal one 67 cm. Inflorescence 13-flow-
filaments. Style equaling or slightly longer than ovary; stigma
ered, racemose. Tepals green-yellow, linear, 0.92(2.5) cm
capitate. Seeds flat. Fl. and fr. AprMay.
35 mm. Stamens 510 mm. Style 2.53.5 mm, nearly as long
as ovary; stigma deeply 3-lobed; lobes usually more than 1 mm. Dry slopes; 11002300 m. N Xinjiang.
Capsule subobovoid, 716 610 mm, 1/23/5 as long as en-
12. Gagea albertii Regel, Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada
larged, persistent tepals. Seeds flat. Fl. AprJun, fr. JunJul.
6: 512. 1880.
Grassy slopes, wastelands, dunes; 4004100 m. Gansu, Hebei, mao geng ding bing hua
Heilongjiang, Nei Mongol, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Xizang [Mongolia,
Russia]. Plants 515 cm tall. Bulb ovoid, 47 mm in diam.; tunic
9. Gagea jaeschkei Pascher, Sitzungsber. Deutsch. Naturwiss.- brownish yellow or pale gray, papery, distally with a collar of
Med. Vereins Bhmen Lotos Prag, 52: 128. 1904. persistent leaf bases 15 cm,not surrounded by numerous roots;
bulbels 1 to several, within tunic. Stem gray-white pubescent
gao shan ding bing hua proximally. Leaves basal and cauline; basal leaf 1, filiform or
Gagea pamirica Grossheim. narrowly linear, 820 cm 11.5(2) mm, margin involute;
Plants 35 cm tall. Bulb narrowly ovoid, 46 mm in cauline leaves 13. Inflorescence (1 or)2- or 3(5)-flowered,
diam.; tunic yellow-brown, distally with a collar of persistent subcorymbose or racemose. Pedicel pubescent. Tepals pale yel-
leaf bases, partly surrounded by roots; bulbels very inconspic- low adaxially, greenish yellow abaxially, narrowly elliptic or
uous or absent. Stem pubescent. Leaves basal and cauline; basal narowly oblong, 0.91.5 cm 24 mm. Stamens 610 mm;
leaf 1, narrowly linear, 57 cm 1.52 mm, keeled abaxially; filaments much longer than anthers; anthers ca. 2 mm. Style
cauline leaves 5 or 6, with bulblets in axils. Inflorescence 1- slightly longer than ovary; stigma slightly 3-lobed. Capsule
flowered. Pedicel pubescent. Tepals yellow adaxially, dull pur- oblong, 3-angled, ca. 2/3 as long as persistent tepals. Seeds flat.
ple abaxially, ovate-lanceolate or narrowly elliptic, 810 23 Fl. and fr. AprMay.
mm. Stamens 68 mm; filaments basally flat, nearly as long as Deserts on hillsides, steppes; 4001100 m. N Xinjiang [Kazak-
anthers. Style equaling ovary; stigma slightly 3-lobed. Seeds stan].
flat. Fl. Jun.
13. Gagea altaica Schischkin & Sumnevitcz, Sist. Zametki
Alpine steppes, moist places; 41004600 m. SW Xinjiang (Tax- Mater. Gerb. Krylova Tomsk. Gosud. Univ. Kuybysheva 8: 1.
korgan Tajik Zizhixian) [Afghanistan, Kazakstan, Pakistan; SW Asia]. 1929 [1928].
10. Gagea bulbifera (Pallas) Salisbury, Ann. Bot. (Knig & a er tai ding bing hua
Sims) 2: 557. 1806.
Plants 512 cm tall. Bulb ovoid, 46 mm in diam.; tunic
ye qiu ding bing hua grayish brown, distally with a collar of persistent leaf bases 12
Ornithogalum bulbiferum Pallas, Reise Russ. Reich. 2: cm. Stem glabrous or shortly hairy. Leaves basal and cauline;
736. 1773. basal leaf 1, narrowly linear or subfiliform, equaling or much
longer than stem; cauline leaves 13. Inflorescence 1- or 2-
Plants 46 cm tall. Bulb ovoid, 36 mm in diam.; tunic flowered, very rarely more flowers in a corymbose raceme.
brown, surrounded by numerous roots. Stem gray-white pubes- Tepals golden yellow adaxially, greenish brown abaxially, ob-
cent or glabrescent in fruit. Leaves basal and cauline; basal long or oblong-ovate, 11.2 cm 2.54.5 mm. Stamens 79
leaves usually 2, filiform, 37 cm 0.50.8 mm; cauline leaves mm; filaments much longer than subglobose anthers. Seeds flat.
(2 or)35. Inflorescence (1 or)24-flowered, racemose. Tepals Fl. Apr.
yellow adaxially, green abaxially, narrowly oblong or linear-
spatulate, 69 1.52 mm. Stamens 47 mm. Style ca. 2 as Desert steppes, dry slopes. N Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Russia].
long as ovary. Capsule oblong, 3-angled, 46 23 mm. Seeds 14. Gagea olgae Regel, Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada
flat. Fl. and fr. Apr. 2n = 24. 3(2): 292. 1875.
Steppes on hillsides, dry grassy slopes; 6001200 m. Xinjiang wu qia ding bing hua
(Tian Shan) [India, Kazakstan, Russia].
Plants 36 cm tall. Bulb ovoid, 45 mm in diam.; tunic
11. Gagea stepposa L. Z. Shue in F. T. Wang & Tang, Fl. Rei- brown, reticulate veined, distally with a collar of persistent leaf
publ. Popularis Sin. 14: 282. 1980. bases 11.5 cm; bulbels absent. Stem grayish white pubescent,
cao yuan ding bing hua particularly proximally. Leaves basal and cauline; basal leaves
1 or 2, filiform-linear, 48 cm 0.61 mm, keeled abaxially,
Plants 46 cm tall. Bulb ovoid, 35 mm in diam.; tunic
margin involute; cauline leaves 2 or 3, margin ciliate. Inflores- Plants 615 cm tall. Bulb ovoid-globose or globose, 58
cence 1- or 2-flowered. Tepals yellow adaxially, dark purple mm in diam.; tunic dark brown, subleathery; bulbels several,
abaxially, linear or narrowly oblong, 810 ca. 2 mm. Stamens within tunic, narrowly ovoid. Leaves basal and cauline; basal
67.5 mm; filaments ca. 2 as long as oblong anthers. Style leaf 1, filiform, 915 cm 1.52.5 mm; cauline leaves 2 or 3,
slightly longer than ovary; stigma capitate, scarcely 3-lobed. proximal 2 narrowly lanceolate, 24 cm 34 mm, basally
Seeds flat. Fl. May. slightly amplexicaul. Inflorescence 2- or 3(5)-flowered, co-
Alpine steppes, hillsides along ravines. ?SW Xinjiang (Wuqia rymbose. Pedicel glabrous. Tepals yellow adaxially, yellowish
Xian) [Afghanistan, India, Kazakstan, Pakistan, Uzbekistan]. green abaxially, narrowly oblong or narrowly elliptic-linear, 8
12 2.53 mm. Stamens 69 mm. Style slightly longer than
The presence of this species in China requires confirmation.
ovary; stigma slightly 3-lobed. Seeds polyhedral. Fl. Apr. 2n =
15. Gagea neopopovii Goloskokov, Bot. Mater. Gerb. Inst. 36.
Bot. Akad. Nauk Kazahsk. SSR 9: 8. 1975. Steppes on hillsides. ?Xinjiang (Tian Shan) [Kazakstan, Russia].
xin jiang ding bing hua The presence of this species in China requires confirmation.

Gagea vaginata Popov ex Goloskokov, Bot. Mater. Gerb. 17. Gagea ova Stapf, Denkschr. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss., Math.-
Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk SSSR 17: 87. 1955, not Pas- Naturwiss. Kl. 50(2): 16. 1885.
cher (1906); G. subalpina L. Z. Shue. duo qiu ding bing hua
Plants 812 cm tall. Bulb narrowly ovoid, 57 mm in
Plants 510(15) cm tall. Bulb ovoid, 47 mm in diam.;
diam.; tunic membranous, brownish, distally with a collar of
tunic black-brown, leathery; bulbels many, crowded within
persistent leaf bases; bulbels absent. Leaves basal and cauline;
tunic. Leaves basal and cauline; basal leaf 1, filiform, semi-
basal leaf 1, narrowly linear, 1012 cm 12 mm, distally
terete, 715 cm 0.50.8 mm; cauline leaves 2 or 3, usually
slightly falcate; cauline leaves 3 or 4, margin ciliate. Inflores-
with a floral shoot in axil. Inflorescence 26-flowered, resem-
cence 1(or 2)-flowered. Pedicel glabrous. Tepals yellow adaxi-
bling a dichasium. Pedicel glabrous or slightly pilose. Tepals
ally, dark purple-red abaxially, narrowly oblong or linear, 1.4
white or yellowish white adaxially, pale yellow-green abaxially,
1.8 cm 35 mm. Stamens 0.91.2 cm. Style ca. 2 as long as
narrowly oblong, 59 1.52 mm. Stamens 47 mm; filaments
ovary; stigma slightly 3-lobed. Seeds flat. Fl. Apr.
much longer than elliptic anthers. Style ca. 2 as long as ovary;
Alpine steppes, meadows. Xinjiang (Tian Shan) [Kazakstan]. stigma capitate, scarcely lobed. Capsule obvoid, ca. 1/2 as long
16. Gagea tenera Pascher, Sitzungsber. Deutsch. Naturwiss.- as persistent tepals. Seeds polyhedral. Fl. and fr. AprMay. 2n =
Med. Vereins Bhmen Lotos Prag 52: 128. 1904. 48.

xi ruo ding bing hua Desert steppes, plains, dry slopes; near sea level to 12002000
(?4600) m. Xinjiang [Afghanistan, Kazakstan, Tajikistan; SW Asia].

14. LLOYDIA Reichenbach, Fl. Germ. Excurs. 102. 1830, nom. cons.
wa ban hua shu

Chen Xinqi ( Chen Sing-chi); Nicholas J. Turland

Giraldiella Dammer (1905), not Mller (Halle) (1898); Huolirion F. T. Wang & Tang.
Herbs perennial, small, bulbiferous. Bulbs usually ovoid, covered with a tunic; tunic generally with a collar of persistent leaf
bases, apex splitting longitudinally. Stem simple. Leaves usually filiform; basal leaves 1 to several, rather long. Inflorescence termi-
nal, 14-flowered. Flowers bisexual. Tepals 6, free, white or yellow, sometimes mottled with purple, usually with a nectary, hairs, or
lamellae near base adaxially. Stamens 6, inserted at base of tepals; filaments erect, sometimes hairy; anthers basifixed. Ovary 3-locul-
ed; ovules numerous per locule. Style rather long; stigma scarcely or slightly 3-lobed. Fruit a capsule, distally loculicidal. Seeds nu-
merous, deltoid to narrowly ovate-linear, sometimes winged at 1 end.
About 20 species: temperate regions of the N hemisphere; eight species (two endemic) in China.
1a. Basal leaves 1 or 2; filaments glabrous.
2a. Style 2.54 as long as ovary; stigma shortly 3-lobed .................................................................................... 4. L. yunnanensis
2b. Style nearly as long as to slightly longer than ovary; stigma indistinctly 3-lobed.
3a. Tepals white, greenish veined; seeds globose ..................................................................................................... 1. L. triflora
3b. Tepals white, violet veined, base mottled with purple; seeds subdeltoid or crescent-shaped-deltoid, flat ...... 2. L. serotina
1b. Basal leaves 38; filaments hairy (sometimes glabrous in L. oxycarpa).
4a. Tepals 0.91.3 cm, neither hairy nor lamellar; style ca. 3 mm; filaments glabrous or sparsely pubescent .......... 3. L. oxycarpa
4b. Tepals 1.32 cm, inner ones generally hairy or lamellar near base adaxially (smooth in L. flavonutans); style
45 mm; filaments usually densely villous.
5a. Tepals white, mottled with purple; leaves and bracts white pubescent at margin, particularly at base of
bracts; outer tepals slightly narrower than inner ones ................................................................................. 8. L. ixiolirioides
5b. Tepals yellow; leaves and bracts generally glabrous, rarely slightly pubescent at margin; outer tepals
 ca. 2/3 as wide as inner ones.
6a. Inner tepals crested-lamellar near base adaxially ........................................................................................ 5. L. tibetica
6b. Inner tepals not crested-lamellar.
7a. Tepals villous or rarely slightly hairy at or near base adaxially .......................................................... 6. L. delavayi
7b. Tepals glabrous adaxially ............................................................................................................... 7. L. flavonutans
1. Lloydia triflora (Ledebour) Baker, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 14: Thickets, grassy slopes; 24004000 m. Gansu, Hebei, Heilong-
300. 1874. jiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi,
Sichuan, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Japan, Kazakstan,
san hua wa ban hua Korea, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, Russia, Sikkim; Europe, North Am-
Ornithogalum triflorum Ledebour, Mm. Acad. Imp. Sci. erica].
St. Ptersbourg Hist. Acad. 5: 529. 1815; Gagea triflora (Lede- 2b. Lloydia serotina var. parva (C. Marquand & Airy Shaw)
bour) Schultes & J. H. Schultes. H. Hara, Bull. Univ. Mus. Univ. Tokyo 2: 166. 1971.

Plants 1530 cm tall. Bulb ca. 6 mm in diam. Basal leaf 1, ai xiao wa ban hua
narrowly linear, 11.5 mm wide; cauline leaves 13(or 4), basal Lloydia serotina f. parva C. Marquand & Airy Shaw, J.
one narrowly lanceolate, 3.57 cm 46 mm. Inflorescence 2 Linn. Soc., Bot. 48: 228. 1929.
4-flowered. Tepals white, greenish veined, linear to oblanceo-
late, 11.2 cm 1.72.2 mm. Stamens ca. 1/2 as long as tepals. Plants 34 cm tall. Tepals 0.50.7 cm. Capsule subovoid,
Style 34 mm; stigma capitate, indistinctly 3-lobed. Capsule 35 mm. Seeds crescent-shaped-deltoid.
obovoid, 3-angled, ca. 1/3 as long as enlarged, persistent tepals. Alpine grasslands; 37005000 m. W Sichuan, Xizang [Bhutan,
Seeds globose. Fl. MayJun, fr. Jul. Nepal, Sikkim].
Thickets, grassy slopes, hillsides along ravines. Hebei, Heilong- 3. Lloydia oxycarpa Franchet, J. Bot. (Morot) 12: 192. 1898.
jiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Shanxi [Japan, Korea, Russia].
jian guo wa ban hua
2. Lloydia serotina (Linnaeus) Reichenbach, Fl. Germ. Excurs.
Lloydia forrestii Diels; L. forrestii var. psilostemon Han-
102. 1830.
del-Mazzetti.
wa ban hua
Plants 520(25) cm tall. Bulb 12 cm 67 mm. Basal
Plants 320 cm tall. Bulb 1.52.5 cm 67 mm. Basal leaves 37, filiform, ca. 1 mm wide; cauline leaves several,
leaves (1 or)2, filiform, slightly shorter or longer than stem, ca. narrowly linear, 13 cm ca. 1 mm. Inflorescence usually 1-
1 mm wide; cauline leaves 24, linear or narrowly so, 13 cm flowered. Tepals yellow or yellowish green, obovate-elliptic,
13 mm. Inflorescence 1- or 2-flowered. Tepals white, violet 0.91.3 cm 34 mm, glabrous, without a nectariferous groove
veined, basally mottled with purple, obovate-oblong, 0.51.5 near base adaxially, apex obtuse. Stamens 3/52/3 as long as
cm 25 mm, usually with a small, nectariferous groove near tepals; filaments glabrous or sparsely pubescent. Ovary nar-
base adaxially, apex obtuse-rounded. Stamens 1/23/5 as long rowly ellipsoid, ca. 3 1 mm. Style ca. 3 mm; stigma slightly
as tepals; filaments glabrous. Ovary suboblong or narrowly thickened. Capsule narrowly obovoid-oblong, ca. 1.5 cm 4
ellipsoid, 34 11.5 mm. Style 34 mm; stigma indistinctly 3- mm. Seeds narrowly ovate-linear, ca. 2.5 mm, longitudinally 3-
lobed. Capsule subobovoid or subovoid, 37 mm, apex with angled, winged at 1 end. Fl. MayJul, fr. Aug.
persistent style. Seeds subdeltoid or crescent-shaped-deltoid,
Sparsely forested slopes, grasslands; 28004800 m. S Gansu,
flat. Fl. JunAug, fr. AugOct.
Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan.
Thickets, grassy slopes, alpine grasslands; 24005000 m. Gansu,
4. Lloydia yunnanensis Franchet, J. Bot. (Morot) 12: 192.
Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai,
Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, 1898.
Japan, Kazakstan, Korea, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, Russia, Sikkim; yun nan wa ban hua
Europe, North America].
Lloydia filiformis Franchet; L. mairei H. Lveill; L. yan-
1a. Plants 1020 cm tall; tepals 11.5 cm; capsule
67 mm ..................................................... 2a. var. serotina yuanensis S. Yun Liang.
1b. Plants 34 cm tall; tepals 0.50.7 cm; capsule Plants 520 cm tall. Bulb 512 34 mm; tunic brown.
35 mm ......................................................... 2b. var. parva Basal leaves 1 or 2, filiform, usually shorter than stem, 0.51
2a. Lloydia serotina var. serotina mm wide; cauline leaves 2 or 3, narrowly linear, 0.42 cm
0.50.8 mm. Inflorescence usually 1-flowered. Tepals white
() wa ban hua (yuan bian zhong) or yellowish, mottled with purple or red, glabrous, sometimes
Bulbocodium serotinum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 294. 1753; with 2 inconspicuous, nectariferous grooves near base adaxi-
Anthericum serotinum (Linnaeus) Linnaeus; Lloydia alpina Sal- ally; outer tepals oblong, 0.91.2 cm 34 mm; inner ones
isbury; L. himalensis Royle; L. serotina var. unifolia Franchet. obovate, 0.91.2 cm 56 mm. Stamens 1/22/3 as long as
tepals; filaments glabrous. Ovary ovoid to subellipsoid, 1.82.5
Plants 1020 cm tall. Tepals 11.5 cm. Capsule subobo- 11.5 mm. Style slender, 610 mm; stigma shortly 3-lobed.
void, 67 mm. Seeds deltoid. 2n = 24, 36, 48. Fl. JunJul.
 Forest margins, scrub, shady places on slopes, grasslands, rocky Plants 1025 cm tall. Bulb 1.52.5 cm 67 mm. Basal
places along valleys; 23004100 m. W Sichuan, Yunnan [Sikkim]. leaves 38, narrowly strap-shaped, usually shorter than stem,
5. Lloydia tibetica Baker ex Oliver, Hookers Icon. Pl. 23: t. 1.52.5 mm wide; cauline leaves several, 12 cm 12 mm.
2216. 1892. Inflorescence 14-flowered; bracts 0.61.5 cm. Tepals yellow,
purplish green veined, 1.41.9 cm, glabrous; outer tepals sub-
xi zang wa ban hua oblong, 46 mm wide, inner ones obovate-elliptic, 68 mm
wide. Stamens 0.91.2 cm; filaments densely villous except
Giraldiella montana Dammer; Lloydia montana (Dam-
apically. Ovary ovoid, 34 mm. Style 46 mm, stigma slightly
mer) P. C. Kuo; L. tibetica var. lutescens Franchet.
3-lobed. Fl. MayJul.
Plants 1030 cm tall. Bulb 2.53.5 cm 69 mm. Basal Thickets, meadows; 40005000 m. SXizang [Bhutan, Nepal, Sik-
leaves 310, narrowly strap-shaped, usually shorter than stem, kim].
1.53 mm wide; cauline leaves 2 or 3, narrowly linear, 1.52.5 8. Lloydia ixiolirioides Baker ex Oliver, Hookers Icon. Pl. 23:
cm 12 mm, margin occasionally minutely ciliate. Inflores- t. 2215. 1892.
cence 15-flowered; bracts narrowly linear, 610 mm. Tepals
yellow, purplish green veined, usually villous at base adaxially; zi ban wa ban hua
outer tepals suboblong, 1.32 cm 46 mm; inner ones obo- Lloydia tibetica Baker ex Oliver var. purpurascens Fran-
vate-elliptic, 1.32 cm 68 mm, with 14 crested lamellae chet.
near base adaxially. Stamens 710 mm; filaments densely vil-
lous except apically. Ovary ovoid, 34(5) mm. Style 46(8) Plants 1530 cm tall. Bulb 23 cm 57 mm. Basal
mm; stigma slightly 3-lobed. Fl. MayJul. leaves usually 48, narrowly linear, shorter than stem, 12(5)
mm wide; cauline leaves 2 or 3, 23.5 cm 12 mm, margin
Shady slopes, grasslands; 23004100 m. Gansu, Hebei, Hubei, usually white pubescent-ciliate especially near base. Inflores-
Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xizang [Nepal].
cence 1- or 2-flowered; bracts 612 mm, margin white ciliate.
6. Lloydia delavayi Franchet, J. Bot. (Morot) 12: 193. 1898.
Tepals white, mottled with purple proximally, obovate-elliptic,
huang wa ban hua 1.52 cm 56 mm, with several lines of hairs near base
Plants 1525 cm tall. Bulb 23 cm 58 mm. Basal adaxially. Stamens 79 mm; filaments densely villous. Ovary
leaves 39, narrowly strap-shaped, usually shorter than stem, oblong, 34 mm. Style 34 mm. Capsule narrowly oblong, 1.5
1.53 mm wide; cauline leaves several, 12.5 cm 12 mm. 2 cm ca. 4 mm. Seeds narrowly ovate-linear, ca. 2.5 mm,
Inflorescence 14- flowered; bracts 59 mm. Tepals yellow, longitudinally 3-angled. Fl. JunJul, fr. Aug.
purplish green veined, generally villous or rarely slightly hairy Shady slopes, grasslands; 30004300 m. Sichuan, Xizang, Yun-
at or near base adaxially; outer tepals suboblong, 1.41.8 cm nan.
46 mm; inner ones obovate-elliptic, 1.41.8 cm 68 mm.
Stamens ca. 1/2 as long as tepals; filaments densely villous ex- The Himalayan species Lloydia longiscapa Hooker was recorded
from NW Yunnan by Handel-Mazzetti (Symb. Sin. 7: 1202. 1936,
cept apically. Ovary ovoid, 34 mm. Style 410 mm; stigma
based on Handel-Mazzetti 6700) and later stated to occur in W China,
slightly 3-lobed. Fl. JulAug.
including S Xizang, by Hara (in Ohashi, Bull. Univ. Mus. Univ. Tokyo
Rocky slopes, grasslands; 27003900 m. Yunnan [Myanmar]. 8: 133. 1975). It is closely related to L. ixiolirioides, but differs in hav-
7. Lloydia flavonutans H. Hara, J. Jap. Bot. 49: 202. 1974. ing glabrous tepals. None of the many specimens examined for this
treatment belongs to L. longiscapa; therefore, the species is excluded
ping hua wa ban hua until its presence in China can be confirmed.

15. TULIPA Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 305. 1753.

yu jin xiang shu
Chen Xinqi ( Chen Sing-chi); Helen V. Mordak 1
Amana Honda; Orithyia D. Don.
Herbs perennial, bulbiferous. Bulbs truncate basally, sometimes elongate and tapering apically, covered with a tunic; tunic usu-
ally hairy inside. Stem simple or occasionally branched, proximal part usually underground. Leaves basal and cauline, spaced or
crowded, rarely opposite, sessile and clasping at base, linear to narrowly ovate. Inflorescence usually 1-flowered; bracts absent or
sometimes present. Flowers bisexual, erect, campanulate to saucer-shaped. Tepals 6, free, often colored, outer and inner ones differ-
ent in shape, apex usually with a minute tuft of white hairs. Stamens 6, equal or 3 longer; filaments sometimes hairy; anthers basi-
fixed. Ovary 3-loculed; ovules many per locule. Style columnar or very short; stigma 3-lobed. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds flat,
usually subdeltoid.
About 150 species: temperate regions of N Africa, Asia, and Europe, mainly in C Asia and the Mediterranean region; 13 species (one endemic)
in China.

1 Herbarium: Higher Plants, V. L. Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prof. Popov Street 2, St. Petersburg 197376, Russia.
1a. Bracts 24, much smaller than leaves.
2a. Leaves conspicuously overtopping flower, 1025 0.50.9(1.2) cm; bracts usually 2, opposite, very rarely 3
and whorled ................................................................................................................................................................... 1. T. edulis
2b. Leaves slightly or scarcely overtopping flower, 715 (0.5)0.92.2 cm; bracts usually 3 or 4, whorled,
very rarely 2 and opposite ............................................................................................................................... 2. T. erythronioides
1b. Bracts absent.
3a. Filaments hairy at least toward base.
4a. Tunic woolly-pubescent inside distally; capsule subglobose ............................................................................ 10. T. biflora
4b. Tunic appressed hairy inside distally or glabrous; capsule oblong.
5a. Tepals yellow at base; filaments hairy at base ............................................................................................... 9. T. patens
5b. Tepals not yellow at base; filaments wholly hairy, rarely so only at base ........................................... 11. T. dasystemon
3b. Filaments glabrous.
6a. Leaves 2, opposite; tunic glabrous inside ................................................................................................. 12. T. heterophylla
6b. Leaves 24 or more, spaced or crowded but never opposite; tunic usually hairy inside.
7a. Style 1.54 mm; stem glabrous.
8a. Stamens equal; style 1.52 mm .................................................................................................... 8. T. sinkiangensis
8b. Stamens unequal, inner ones longer than outer; style to 4 mm .......................................................... 13. T. uniflora
7b. Style less than 1 mm.
9a. Outer tepals yellow, not tinged with other color abaxially .................................................................... 4. T. iliensis
9b. Outer tepals yellow, tinged with violet, red, purplish, green or other deep color abaxially.
10a. Tunic with appressed hairs inside basally and distally ................................................................. 7. T. altaica
10b. Tunic with appressed hairs inside only distally.
11a. Stem usually densely or sparsely pubescent; filaments slightly dilated at middle and
gradually narrowed at both ends .......................................................................................... 4. T. iliensis
11b. Stem glabrous; filaments dilated in basal or distal part.
12a. Filaments gradually attenuate from base; leaves spaced ............................. 3. T. kolpakovskiana
12b. Filaments dilated in distal part; leaves crowded.
13a. Leaves 3, 510 mm wide; flower solitary, tepals 1.52.5 cm ............... 5. T. thianschanica
13b. Leaves (3)5 or 6(or 7), 1015 mm wide; flowers 14, tepals 34 cm ..... 6. T. tetraphylla

1. Tulipa edulis (Miquel) Baker, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 14: 295. 2. Tulipa erythronioides Baker, J. Bot. 13: 292. 1875.
1874.
kuo ye lao ya ban
lao ya ban
Amana latifolia (Makino) Honda; Tulipa edulis (Miquel)
Orithyia edulis Miquel, Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi Baker var. latifolia Makino; T. latifolia (Makino) Makino.
3: 158. 1867; Amana edulis (Miquel) Honda; A. graminifolia
(Baker ex S. Moore) A. D. Hall; Gagea argyi H. Lveill; G. Bulb ovoid, 24 cm in diam.; tunic brownish, papery,
coreana H. Lveill (1910), not Nakai (1932); G. hypoxioides densely villous-woolly inside. Stem 1120 cm, glabrous.
H. Lveill; Tulipa graminifolia Baker ex S. Moore. Leaves usually 2, glaucous, linear to narrowly oblong, 715
(0.5)0.92.2 cm, glabrous. Bracts usually 3 or 4, whorled, very
Bulb ovoid, 1.54 cm in diam.; tunic brownish, papery, rarely 2 and opposite, narrowly linear, 1.52 cm 12 mm.
densely villous-woolly inside. Stem usually simple, 1025 cm, Pedicel 14 cm. Tepals broadly lanceolate, 1.51.8 cm 2.53
slender, glabrous. Leaves usually 2, glaucous, linear, (10)15 mm. Outer stamens 56 mm; inner ones longer, ca. 7.5 mm;
25 cm (2)59(12) mm, relatively thick, glabrous. Bracts filaments dilated proximally, glabrous. Style ca. 3 mm. Fl. Apr.
usually 2, opposite, very rarely 3 and whorled, narrowly linear, Anhui, Zhejiang [Japan].
1.53 cm 12 mm. Flower solitary; pedicel 24 cm. Tepals
white, streaked with purple-red, narrowly elliptic-lanceolate or 3. Tulipa kolpakovskiana Regel, Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk.
lanceolate, 23 cm 47 mm. Inner stamens slightly longer Bot. Sada 5: 266. 1877.
than outer; filaments glabrous, slightly dilated near middle or chi hua yu jin xiang
base. Style ca. 4 mm. Capsule subglobose, 57 mm in diam.,
Tulipa aristata Regel.
apex long beaked. Fl. MarApr, fr. AprMay. 2n = 48*
Bulb ovoid, 1.52 cm in diam.; tunic black, leathery, ap-
Grassy slopes, hillsides; near sea level to 1700 m. Anhui, Hubei,
pressed hairy inside distally. Stem usually glabrous. Leaves 3,
Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Shandong, Zhejiang [Ja-
pan, Korea]. spaced, linear-lanceolate, varying in size, usually overtopping
flower, 0.51.5 cm wide, glabrous, margin crisped. Bracts ab-
Wu Zhengyi (editors note) believes that this and the following sent. Flowers solitary or paired, nodding in bud. Tepals yellow,
species would be better treated under the segregate genus Amana on the rarely orange-red, tinged with violet, oblong to rhomboidal-
basis of morphology and geographic distribution. oblong, 36 0.52 cm. Stamens equal, 12 cm; filaments gla-
brous, gradually attenuate from base. Style very short. Fl. May.
2n = 24. 3 or 4, grayish green, ovate to lanceolate, varying in size, not
Semideserts. NW Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan]. overtopping flower, 0.63(5) cm wide, glabrous or pubes-
cent, margin sometimes crisped. Flower solitary. Tepals yellow,
4. Tulipa iliensis Regel, Gartenflora 28: 162. 1879. abaxially tinged with greenish purple-red or pink, oblong to ob-
yi li yu jin xiang long-rhomboidal, 23.5 0.52 cm. Stamens glabrous, attenu-
ate from base. Style very short. Capsule broadly ellipsoid, 2.54
Bulb ovoid, 12 cm in diam.; tunic blackish brown, thinly
1.52 cm. Fl. May, fr. JunJul. 2n = 24.
leathery, appressed hairy inside basally and distally. Stem 10
20(30) cm, densely or sparsely pubescent distally, very rarely Thickets, sunny slopes; 13002600 m. NW Xinjiang [Kazakstan,
glabrous. Leaves 3 or 4, spaced or crowded, linear or linear- Russia (W Siberia)].
lanceolate, usually not overtopping flower, 0.51.5 cm wide.
8. Tulipa sinkiangensis Z. M. Mao in F. T. Wang & Tang, Fl.
Bracts absent. Flower solitary. Tepals yellow, sometimes turn-
Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 14: 282. 1980.
ing dark red or pale red when dry, oblong to elliptic-rhom-
boidal, 2.53.5 0.42 cm; outer ones abaxially tinged with xin jiang yu jin xiang
greenish red to greenish purple. Stamens equal; filaments
slightly dilated at middle and gradually narrowed at both ends, Bulb ovoid, elongate apically, 11.5(2.2) cm in diam.;
glabrous. Style very short. Capsule ellipsoid, 1.82.2 1.2 tunic papery, densely appressed hairy inside except at middle.
1.5 cm. Fl. and fr. MarMay. 2n = 24. Stem simple or rarely branched, (6)915 cm, glabrous or oc-
casionally minutely pubescent distally. Leaves 3, crowded,
Grassy or gravelly slopes, semideserts; 4001400 m. Xinjiang narrowly ovate-oblong to linear, 46 0.21.6 cm, sometimes
[Kazakstan]. apically recurved or cirrose,distal one much smaller than others.
Reports of Tulipa gesneriana Linnaeus and T. schrenkii Regel Flower solitary. Tepals yellow, dark red, or reddish yellow, ob-
from China (e.g., in FRPS) are based on misidentified plants of T. long, narrowly obovate, or subspatulate, 12 cm 410 mm;
iliensis. outer ones abaxially tinged with purple, green, dark purple, or
5. Tulipa thianschanica Regel, Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. yellowish green; inner ones streaked with dark color. Stamens
Bot. Sada 6: 508. 1880. equal, 710 mm; filaments glabrous, gradually dilated from
tian shan yu jin xiang base. Style 1.52 mm. Fl. AprMay.
Bulb ovoid, 1.52 cm in diam.; tunic blackish brown, thin- Gravelly and sandy places; 10001300 m. Xinjiang (N Tian
ly leathery, appressed hairy inside distally. Stem 1015 cm, gla- Shan).
brous. Leaves 3, crowded, spreading and slightly recurved 9. Tulipa patens C. Agardh ex Schultes & J. H. Schultes in
apically, linear or linear-lanceolate, usually overtopping flower, Roemer & Schultes, Syst. Veg. 7: 384. 1829.
510 mm wide, margin usually crisped. Bracts absent. Flower
solitary. Tepals yellow, suboblong, 1.52.5 0.51.5 cm; inner chui lei yu jin xiang
ones sometimes tinged with red. Stamens 1.21.7 cm, equal; Bulb ovoid, slightly elongate apically, 11.5 cm in diam.;
filaments glabrous, abruptly dilated from middle to apex. Style tunic brown, papery, appressed hairy inside, sometimes gla-
very short. Fl. MayJun. brous toward base. Stem 1025 cm, glabrous. Leaves 2 or 3,
Steppes; 10001800 m. NW Xinjiang [Kazakstan]. spaced, linear-lanceolate or lanceolate, scarcely or slightly over-
topping flower, 0.42 cm wide. Flower solitary, nodding in bud
6. Tulipa tetraphylla Regel, Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot.
or when withered. Tepals white, yellow at base, oblong to lan-
Sada 3(2): 296. 1875.
ceolate, 1.53 cm 410 mm; outer ones abaxially tinged with
si ye yu jin xiang purplish green or pale green; inner ones longitudinally streaked
Bulb ovoid, 1.52 cm in diam.; tunic blackish, appressed with purplish green or pale green at center, ca. 2 as wide as
hairy inside distally. Stem glabrous. Leaves (3)5 or 6(or 7), outer, clawed and pubescent at base. Inner stamens longer than
crowded, sublorate, overtopping flower, 11.5 cm wide, margin outer ones; filaments hairy and dilated at base. Style 12 mm.
crisped. Flowers 14. Tepals yellow, oblong to oblong-rhom- Capsule oblong, 22.5 ca. 1.5 cm, Fl. and fr. AprMay. 2n =
boidal, 34 cm 67 mm; outer ones tinged with violet and 24.
abaxially greenish; inner ones abaxially dingy green. Stamens Thickets, shady slopes; 14002000 m. NW Xinjiang [Kazakstan,
11.3 cm, equal; filaments glabrous, dilated distally, gradually Russia].
narrowed toward base. Style short. Fl. May 2n = 24, 48.
10. Tulipa biflora Pallas, Reise Russ. Reich. 3: 727. 1776.
Gravelly places, dry slopes. NW Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Kyrgyz-
stan]. rou mao yu jin xiang

7. Tulipa altaica Pallas ex Sprengel, Syst. Veg. 2: 63. 1825. Tulipa buhseana Boissier.

a er tai yu jin xiang Bulb ovoid, slightly elongate apically, 11.5 cm in diam.;
tunic brown, woolly-pubescent inside distally. Stem 1015 cm,
Bulb ovoid, slightly elongate apically, 23.5 cm in diam.; usually glabrous. Leaves 2, spaced, linear,not overtopping flow-
tunic brown, papery, appressed hairy inside or glabrous at mid- er, 510 mm wide, margin crisped. Flowers solitary or paired,
dle. Stem 1030(35) cm, distally pubescent. Leaves usually very rarely more. Tepals milky white, bright yellow at base,
oblong to lanceolate, 22.5 cm 612 mm; outer ones abaxi- 915 cm, glabrous. Leaves 2, opposite, linear or linear-lan -
ally tinged with purplish green or yellowish green; inner ones ceolate, not overtopping flower, 4.55.5 cm 24 mm, gla-
longitudinally streaked with purplish green or yellowish green brous. Bracts absent. Flower solitary. Tepals yellow, lanceolate,
at center, hairy at base. Inner stamens slightly longer than 23 cm 48 mm; outer ones abaxially tinged with purplish
outer ones; filaments dilated proximally, hairy at base. Style ca. green; inner ones abaxially broadly streaked with purplish
1 mm. Capsule subglobose, ca. 1.5 cm in diam. Fl. and fr. Apr green at center. Stamens equal; filaments glabrous. Style 46
Jun. 2n = 24. mm. Capsule narrowly ellipsoid, 2.53 cm 68 mm, apex
long beaked. Fl. Jun, fr. Jul.
Grassy slopes, Artemisia deserts. N and W Xinjiang [Afghanistan,
Kazakstan, Pakistan, Russia, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan; NE Africa Gravelly slopes, sunny places; 21003100 m. Xinjiang [Kazak-
(Egypt), SW Asia, SE Europe]. stan, Kyrgyzstan].
11. Tulipa dasystemon (Regel) Regel, Trudy Imp. S.-Peter- 13. Tulipa uniflora (Linnaeus) Besser ex Baker, J. Linn. Soc.,
burgsk. Bot. Sada 6: 507. 1880. Bot. 14: 295. 1874.
dan hua yu jin xiang
mao rui yu jin xiang
Ornithogalum uniflorum Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 2:
Orithyia dasystemon Regel, Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk.
242; Mant. Pl. 1: 62. 1767; Gagea uniflora (Linnaeus) Schultes
Bot. Sada 5: 261. 1877.
& J. H. Schultes; Orithyia nutans Trautvetter; O. uniflora (Lin-
Bulb ovoid, 11.2(1.5) cm in diam.; tunic papery, naeus) D. Don; Tulipa nutans (Trautvetter) B. Fedtschenko.
appressed hairy inside distally, rarely glabrous. Stem 1015 cm,
glabrous. Leaves 2, spaced, linear, 0.51.5 cm wide. Flower soli- Bulb ovoid, 12 cm in diam.; tunic blackish brown, pa-
tary. Tepals milky white or pale yellow, lanceolate to oblong- pery, appressed hairy inside distally. Stem 1020 cm, glabrous.
ovate, 22.2 cm 510 mm; outer ones abaxially tinged with Leaves 2(or 3), much spaced or crowded, narrowly linear-
purplish green; innerones abaxially longitudinally streaked with lanceolate or linear, not or slightly overtopping flower, 0.21.5
purplish green at center, clawed and hairy at base. Inner sta- cm wide, glabrous. Flower solitary. Tepals yellow; outer ones
mens slightly longer than outer ones; filaments wholly hairy, abaxially tinged with purplish green or dark violet, oblanceolate
rarely so only at base. Style ca. 2 mm. Fl. Apr. 2n = 24, 48. to obovate or lanceolate to oblong, 1.53 cm 48 mm; inner
tepals abaxially longitudinally streaked with purplish green at
Sunny slopes; 18003200 m. W Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan, center, wider than outer ones, clawed at base. Inner stamens
Tajikistan, Uzbekistan]. slightly longer than outer ones; filaments dilated proximally,
gradually attenuate toward apex, glabrous. Style ca. 4 mm. Fl.
12. Tulipa heterophylla (Regel) Baker, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 14:
MayJun. 2n = 24.
295. 1874.
Thickets, sunny gravelly slopes; 12002400 m. Nei Mongol, Xin-
yi ye yu jin xiang
jiang [Kazakstan, Mongolia, Russia].
Orithyia heterophylla Regel in Regel & Herder, Bull. Soc. Reports of Tulipa heteropetala Ledebour from China (e.g., in
Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 41(1): 440. 1868. FRPS) are based on misidentified plants of T. uniflora.
Bulb ovoid, slightly elongate apically, 11.4 cm in diam.;
tunic brown or blackish brown, papery, glabrous inside. Stem

16. ERYTHRONIUM Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 305. 1753.

zhu ya hua shu

Chen Xinqi ( Chen Sing-chi); Minoru N. Tamura

Herbs perennial, bulbiferous. Bulb deep seated, usually cylindric or narrowly oblong; tunic membranous. Stem simple. Leaves
2, borne near middle of stem, apparently opposite, petiolate, unequal, usually reticulate veined. Inflorescence 1- to several flower-
ed, racemose or umbellate; bracts usually absent. Flowers bisexual, nodding, rather large. Tepals 6, free, spreading, recurved, or re-
flexed. Stamens 6, inserted at base of tepals; filaments filiform to slightly flattened, usually unequal; anthers basifixed. Ovary 3-loc-
uled; ovules several to numerous per locule. Style filiform or slightly thickened distally; stigma 3-lobed. Fruit a capsule, subglobose
to ellipsoid, 3-angled, loculicidal. Seeds compressed or somewhat swollen.
Twenty-four species: temperate regions of the N hemisphere, mainly in North America; two species in China.
1a. Filaments filiform to subulate, not flattened, less than 1 mm wide; leaf blade 2.56.5 cm wide .............................. 1. E. japonicum
1b. Filaments flattened near middle, flattened portion ca. 1.5 mm wide; leaf blade 12.5 cm wide ................................ 2. E. sibiricum

1. Erythronium japonicum Decaisne, Rev. Hort., sr. 4, 3: zhu ya hua

284. 1854.
Erythronium dens-canis Linnaeus var. japonicum Baker;
E. japonicum f. album C. F. Fang; E. japonicum f. immacu- xin jiang zhu ya hua
latum P. Y. Fu & Q. S. Sun.
Erythronium dens-canis Linnaeus var. sibiricum Fischer et
Plants 1620 cm tall, ca. 1/3 length underground. Bulb 5 al., Index Sem. Hort. Petrop. 7: 47. 1841.
6 ca. 1 cm, basally often with several bulbels. Petiole 34 cm;
Plants 1620 cm tall, ca. 1/3 length underground. Bulb 3
leaf blade elliptic to broadly lanceolate, 1011 2.56.5 cm,
4 cm 68 mm, basally often with several bulbels. Petiole 1.5
glabrous, base cuneate, apex obtuse, acute, or mucronate. Flow-
2.5 cm; leaf blade lanceolate to suboblong, 710 12.5 cm,
er solitary, long pedunculate. Tepals rose purple, adaxially with
glabrous, base cuneate, apex acuminate. Flower solitary, long
a blackish, 3-toothed mottle proximally, lanceolate, 3.55 cm
pedunculate. Tepals white proximally, rose purple distally, ob-
711 mm; inner tepals with 4 small calli near base adaxially and
long-lanceolate, ca. 3 cm 5 mm, apex obtuse; inner tepals
2 spreading, ovate-semiorbicular auricles laterally. Filaments
with 4 small, crowded calli near base adaxially and 2 spreading,
filiform to subulate, less than 1 mm wide, unequal; anthers sub-
lanceolate auricles laterally. Filaments flattened near middle,
oblong, 57 mm. Style slightly thickened distally, longer than
flattened portion ovate, ca. 1.5 mm wide. Anthers suboblong,
stamens; stigma short, 3-lobed. Fl. AprMay. 2n = 24.
ca. 3 mm. Style slightly thickened distally; stigma 3-lobed. 2n =
Moist places in forests. S Jilin, Liaoning [Japan, Korea]. 24.
2. Erythronium sibiricum (Fischer et al.) Krylov, Fl. Sibir.
Forests, thickets, subalpine grasslands; 11002500 m. N Xinjiang
Occid. 3: 641. 1929.
[Kazakstan, Russia].

17. FRITILLARIA Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 303. 1753.

bei mu shu

Chen Xinqi ( Chen Sing-chi); Helen V. Mordak

Herbs perennial, bulbiferous. Bulbs with (1 or)2 or 3(or more) fleshy, farinaceous scales, often covered with a translucent tunic,
sometimes also with numerous small bulbels. Stem erect, simple, leafy. Basal leaves petiolate; cauline leaves sessile, spirally alter-
nate, opposite, or whorled; leaf blade oblong to lanceolate. Inflorescence 1- to several flowered, racemose or umbellate; bracts (floral
leaves) usually present. Flowers bisexual, usually nodding, campanulate to saucer-shaped. Tepals 6, free, often tessellated with dark
and light colors, with a nectary near base adaxially. Stamens 6, inserted at base of tepals; anthers basifixed, rarely dorsifixed. Style 3-
lobed or subentire, caducous; stigmas linear or very short. Fruit a capsule, erect, 3-loculed, 6-angled, winged or wingless, loculicidal.
Seeds arranged in 2 rows in each valve, flat.
About 130 species: temperate regions of the N hemisphere, mainly in C Asia and the Mediterranean region; 24 species (15 endemic) in China.
Some species are cultivated for their bulbs, which are used medicinally.

1a. Bulb of 310 fleshy scales and numerous small bulbels.

2a. Leaves basal; bracts petaloid; tepals papillose-tuberculate adaxially ...................................................................... 24. F. davidii
2b. Leaves cauline; bracts not petaloid; tepals not papillose-tuberculate adaxially.
3a. Leaves 618, basal usually opposite, middle and distal whorled or alternate ............................................ 22. F. anhuiensis
3b. Leaves in 1(or 2) whorls of 36 .............................................................................................................. 23. F. maximowiczii
1b. Bulb of 24 fleshy, farinaceous scales, covered by marcescent remains of old scales, without bulbels.
4a. Stem and pedicels papillose-pubescent; leaves of 2 shapes, basal 2 different from and much larger than others;
flowers slightly zygomorphic; nectary on 1 outer tepal much larger than others and spurred abaxially .............. 21. F. karelinii
4b. Stem and pedicels glabrous; leaves similar to or slightly different from each other; flowers actinomorphic;
nectaries similar.
5a. Bracts ovate to elliptic, 35 as long as wide, apex obtuse or rounded.
6a. Anthers basifixed; capsule narrowly winged, enclosed by persistent tepals ........................................ 19. F. delavayi
6b. Anthers subdorsifixed; capsule neither winged nor enclosed by persistent tepals ....................................... 20. F. fusca
5b. Bracts linear to linear-lanceolate, 820 as long as wide, apex acuminate or cirrose.
7a. Style subentire or slightly 3-lobed apically; lobes less than 1 mm.
8a. Filaments shorter than anthers; ovary longer than style .................................................................. 18. F. dajinensis
8b. Filaments equaling or longer than anthers; ovary shorter than style.
9a. Leaves 911, opposite, whorled, and alternate; bracts 3, apex cirrose .................................. 15. F. yuminensis
9b. Leaves 47, opposite and alternate, never whorled; bract 1, apex acuminate or curved.
10a. Tepals pale yellow, with a few blackish speckles ......................................................... 16. F. przewalskii
10b. Tepals blackish purple, tessellated with yellowish brown .......................................... 17. F. unibracteata
7b. Styles 3-lobed apically; lobes (2)38 mm.
11a. Bracts usually 1 per flower.
12a. Leaves 24 cm wide; inflorescence usually 25-flowered ................................................. 1. F. pallidiflora
 12b. Leaves 0.51 cm wide; inflorescence usually 1-flowered.
13a. Leaves all alternate; capsule wingless ..................................................................... 2. F. meleagroides
13b. Leaves opposite and alternate, sometimes also whorled; capsule narrowly
winged .......................................................................................................................... 3. F. sichuanica
11b. Bracts 2 or 3 per flower.
14a. Tepals white, sometimes tessellated with reddish color.
15a. Basal leaves much wider than others, spirally twisted basally ................................. 13. F. tortifolia
15b. Basal leaves slightly wider than others, not twisted basally ..................................... 11. F. verticillata
14b. Tepals greenish or yellowish, usually tessellated with purple or brown.
16a. Leaves rather broad, basal ones 1.53 cm wide; tepals more than 4 cm.
17a. Nectaries 610 mm; style lobes 38 mm; bracts slightly cirrose at apex .......... 9. F. monantha
17b. Nectaries 23 mm; style lobes 23 mm; bracts not cirrose at apex.
18a. Tepals yellow or greenish yellow, slightly tessellated with purple
adaxially; leaves 1018 ........................................................................... 7. F. crassicaulis
18b. Tepals olive green, marked and tessellated with deep purple; leaves 38 ....... 8. F. sinica
16b. Leaves narrow, basal ones less than 1.5 cm wide; tepals often less than 4 cm.
19a. Distal leaves and bracts strongly cirrose; leaves mostly whorled.
20a. Tepals greenish, tessellated with pink or purple; capsule winged ........... 10. F. walujewii
20b. Tepals dark purple, heavily tessellated; capsule wingless .................... 14. F. ussuriensis
19b. Distal leaves and bracts curled or slightly cirrose; leaves mostly opposite or
alternate, rarely whorled.
21a. Inflorescence 16-flowered; tepals yellowish white, veined with green,
2.53 cm ................................................................................................... 12. F. thunbergii
21b. Inflorescence 1- or 2-flowered; tepals green to blackish purple, 35 cm.
22a. Bracts not cirrose at apex; tepals with dense, irregular, purple spots
often merging to form larger mottling ............................................. 5. F. taipaiensis
22b. Bracts slightly cirrose at apex; tepals with regular, purple spots and
tessellations not merging.
23a. Nectaries elliptic to ovate, 35 23 mm; filaments sometimes
papillose ...................................................................................... 4. F. cirrhosa
23b. Nectaries suborbicular, ca. 2 2 mm; filaments glabrous
............................................................................................. 6. F. yuzhongensis
1. Fritillaria pallidiflora Schrenk ex Fischer & C. A. Meyer, e min bei mu
Enum. Pl. Nov. 1: 5. 1841.
Fritillaria meleagroides var. flavovirens X. Z. Duan & X.
yi bei mu J. Zheng; F. meleagroides var. plena X. Z. Duan & X. J. Zheng;
Fritillaria bolensis G. Z. Zhang & Y. M. Liu; F. hala- F. meleagroides var. rhodantha X. Z. Duan & X. J. Zheng.
bulanica X. Z. Duan & X. J. Zheng; F. pallidiflora var. plena X. Bulb of 2 or 3 scales, subglobose, 0.51.5 cm in diam.
Z. Duan & X. J. Zheng. Stem 2040 cm. Leaves 37, alternate; leaf blade linear, 515
Bulb of 2 scales, ovoid or oblong-ovoid, 14 cm in diam.; cm 15 mm, apex sometimes curved. Inflorescence usually 1-
tunic rather thick. Stem 1545(60) cm. Leaves 813, alternate, flowered; bract solitary, apex acuminate. Flower nodding, cam-
sometimes also subopposite or subwhorled; leaf blade broadly panulate; pedicel variable in length. Tepals deep purple or dark
lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 57(12) 24 cm, apex ob- brownish violet, slightly tessellated or speckled; outer ones ob-
tuse. Inflorescence (1 or)25-flowered; bract solitary, apex acu- long-elliptic, 23.5 cm 58 mm; inner ones obovate, 23.5
minate. Flowers nodding, campanulate; pedicel 24.5 cm. Te- 0.71.2 cm; nectaries linear, ca. 15 2 mm. Stamens ca. 2/3 as
pals pale yellow, with darker veins and some dark red spots, long as tepals; filaments papillose. Style 3-lobed; lobes 48
oblong-obovate or oblong-spatulate, 35 1.52 cm; nectaries mm. Capsule wingless. Fl. MayJun. 2n = 18, 24*.
ovate-oblong, deeply concave adaxially, projecting at a right Mud flats, wet meadows, swampy fields; 9002400 m. NW Xin-
angle abaxially. Stamens 23.5 cm; filaments glabrous; anthers jiang [Kazakstan, Russia; E Europe].
subdorsifixed. Style 3-lobed; lobes ca. 2 mm. Capsule broadly Chinese records of Fritillaria meleagris Linnaeus (e.g., in FRPS)
winged; wings 47 mm wide. Fl. MayJun, fr. Sep. 2n = 24*. are referable to F. meleagroides.
Forests, thickets, meadows, grassy slopes, mountain steppes; 3. Fritillaria sichuanica S. C. Chen, Acta Bot. Yunnan. 5: 371.
13002500 m. NW Xinjiang [Kazakstan]. 1983.
This species is cultivated in NE China, and the bulbs are used hua xi bei mu
medicinally.
Fritillaria chuanbeiensis Y. K. Yang et al.; F. chuan-
2. Fritillaria meleagroides Patrin ex Schultes & J. H. Schultes beiensis var. huyabeimu Y. K. Yang & D. H. Jiang; F. cirrhosa
in Roemer & Schultes, Syst. Veg. 7: 395. 1829. D. Don var. ecirrhosa Franchet; F. fujiangensis Y. K. Yang et
al.; F. glabra (P. Y. Li) S. C. Chen var. qingchuanensis (Y. K. middle and distal ones also whorled and alternate; leaf blade
Yang & J. K. Wu) S. Y. Tang & S. C. Yueh; F. mellea S. Y. Tang linear to linear-lanceolate, 513 cm 37(12) mm, apex some-
& S. C. Yueh; F. pingwuensis Y. K. Yang & J. K. Wu; F. times curved. Inflorescence 1(or 2)-flowered; bracts 3, apex
przewalskii Maximowicz var. longistigma Y. K. Yang & J. K. often curved. Flower nodding, campanulate; pedicel 24 cm.
Wu; F. qingchuanensis Y. K. Yang & J. K. Wu; F. taipaiensis P. Tepals yellowish green,densely spotted purple, narrowly oblong
Y. Li var. zhouquensis S. C. Chen & G. D. Yu; F. wenxianensis or obovate-oblong, 2.55 0.61.8 cm; nectaries slightly pro-
Y. K. Yang & J. K. Wu; F. xibeiensis Y. K. Yang et al. jecting abaxially. Stamens ca. 3/5 as long as tepals; filaments
slightly papillose distally. Style 3-lobed; lobes 24 mm. Cap-
Bulb of 2 or 3 scales, ovoid-globose, 12 cm in diam.
sule winged; wings 0.52 mm wide. Fl. MayJun, fr. JunJul.
Stem 2050 cm. Leaves 4 10, basal ones generally opposite,
2n = 24*.
middle and distal ones usually alternate and opposite, very
rarely also whorled; leaf blade linear to linear-lanceolate, 3 Hill thickets, grassy slopes; 20003200 m. Gansu, Hubei, Shaan-
14 cm 28 mm, apex not cirrose. Inflorescence 1- or 2(or 3)- xi, Sichuan.
flowered; bract solitary. Flowers nodding, campanulate; pedicel The bulbs are used medicinally.
0.82.5 cm. Tepals yellowish green, spotted and tessellated with
6. Fritillaria yuzhongensis G. D. Yu & Y. S. Zhou in S. C.
purple (sometimes very densely so to become purple), oblong
Chen et al., Acta Bot. Yunnan. 7: 146. 1985.
or obovate-elliptic, 2.54 cm 513 mm; nectaries ovate to
oblong, slightly projecting abaxially. Stamens 1.52.5 cm; yu zhong bei mu
filaments glabrous or papillose. Style 3-lobed; lobes 24 mm. Fritillaria cirrhosa D. Don var. brevistigma Y. K. Yang &
Capsule narrowly winged. Fl. MayJun, fr. AugOct. 2n = 24*. J. K. Wu; F. glabra (P. Y. Li) S. C. Chen var. shanxiensis S. C.
Hill thickets, grassy slopes; 20004000 m. S Gansu, S Qinghai, Chen; F. lanzhouensis Y. K. Yang et al.; F. lishiensis Y. K. Yang
W Sichuan. & J. K. Wu; F. lishiensis var. yichengensis Y. K. Yang & P. P.
The bulbs are used medicinally. Ling; F. taipaiensis P. Y. Li var. ningxiaensis Y. K. Yang & J. K.
Wu; F. taipaiensis var. yuxiensis Y. K. Yang et al.
4. Fritillaria cirrhosa D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 51. 1825.
Bulb of 2 or 3 scales, ovoid, 0.71.3 cm in diam. Stem 20
chuan bei mu
50 cm. Leaves 69, basal 2 opposite, others alternate or some-
Fritillaria cirrhosa var. bonatii (H. Lveill) S. C. Chen; times subopposite; leaf blade linear to narrowly lanceolate, 38
F. cirrhosa var. dingriensis Y. K. Yang & J. Z. Zhang; F. cir- cm 24(6) mm, apex usually curved or cirrose.
rhosa var. viridiflava S. C. Chen; F. duilongdeqingensis Y. K. Inflorescence 1(or 2)-flowered; bracts 3, apex cirrose. Flower
Yang & Gesan; F. lhiinzeensis Y. K. Yang et al.; F. zhufenensis nodding, campanulate; pedicel 710 mm. Tepals yellowish
Y. K. Yang & J. Z. Zhang; Lilium bonatii H. Lveill. green, slightly tessellated with purple, suboblong to subovate,
24 0.61.8 cm; nectaries suborbicular, projecting abaxially.
Bulb of 2 scales, 12 cm in diam. Stem 1560 cm. Leaves
Stamens 1.22.4 cm; filaments sometimes laxly papillose.
711, opposite or sometimes also 3- or 4-whorled and alternate;
Style 3-lobed; lobes 24 mm. Capsule narrowly winged. Fl.
leaf blade linear to linear-lanceolate, 412 cm 35(15) mm,
Jun. 2n = 24*.
apex often curved or cirrose. Inflorescence 1(3)-flowered;
bracts 3, apex curved or cirrose. Flower nodding, campanulate Grassy slopes; 18003500 m. Gansu, Henan, Ningxia, Shaanxi,
or narrowly so; pedicel much shorter than tepals. Tepals yellow Shanxi.
or yellowish green, slightly or heavily spotted or tessellated The bulbs are used medicinally.
with purple, usually oblong-elliptic, 35 1.21.8 cm;
nectaries elliptic to ovate, 35 23 mm, projecting abaxially. 7. Fritillaria crassicaulis S. C. Chen in S. C. Chen & K. C.
Stamens 23 cm; filaments sometimes slightly papillose. Style Hsia, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 15(2): 36. 1977.
3-lobed; lobes 35 mm. Capsule narrowly winged; wings 11.5 cu jing bei mu
mm wide. Fl. MayJul, fr. AugOct. 2n = 24*.
Fritillaria omeiensis S. C. Chen; F. wabuensis S. Y. Tang
Forests, alpine thickets, meadows, flood lands, moist places; & S. C. Yueh.
32004600 m. Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan,
India, Nepal, Sikkim]. Bulb of 2 scales, ovoid, 25 cm in diam.; tunic rather
thick. Stem 3080 cm, usually white farinose distally. Leaves
The bulbs are used medicinally.
1018, basal 2 usually opposite, middle and distal ones whorl-
5. Fritillaria taipaiensis P. Y. Li, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 11: 251. ed, opposite, or alternate; leaf blade oblong-lanceolate to lan-
1966. ceolate, 713 12.6 cm, apex acuminate. Inflorescence 1(3)-
tai bai bei mu flowered; bracts 3, apex acuminate. Flower nodding, campanu-
late; pedicel 22.5 cm. Tepals yellow or greenish yellow, spot-
Fritillaria cirrhosa D. Don f. glabra P. Y. Li; F. glabra (P.
ted or slightly tessellated with purple, suboblong, 45 1.31.8
Y. Li) S. C. Chen; F. shaanxiica Y. K. Yang et al.; F. taipaiensis
cm; nectaries brownish yellow. Stamens ca. 2 cm; filaments
var. fengxianensis Y. K. Yang & J. K. Wu; F. taipaiensis f.
slightly papillose; anthers 810 mm. Style 3-lobed; lobes 23
platyphylla Y. K. Yang & S. X. Zhang.
mm. Capsule narrowly winged. Fl. MayJun, fr. JulAug.
Bulb of 2 scales, ovoid, 11.5 cm in diam. Stem 2050
Forests, alpine grasslands; 25003400 m. SW Sichuan, NW
(100) cm. Leaves 510(20), usually opposite, sometimes
Yunnan. Bulb of 2 scales, 12.5 cm in diam. Stem 2050 cm.
The bulbs are used medicinally. Leaves 713,basal 2 opposite, middle ones commonly in whorls
of 35, distal ones opposite or alternate; leaf blade linear to
8. Fritillaria sinica S. C. Chen, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 19: 500. lanceolate, 5.510 cm 29 mm, attenuate to a sharp and
1981. slightly cirrose point. Inflorescence 1-flowered (or with 2 or
zhong hua bei mu more flowers on robust plants); bracts 3, apex strongly cirrose.
Flower nodding, campanulate; pedicel 23 cm. Tepals usually
Bulb of 2 or 3 scales, ovoid, ca. 1.5 cm in diam. Stem to purple, occasionally whitish green, spotted and slightly tessel-
30 cm. Leaves 38, opposite or sometimes also whorled, distal lated with purple, suboblong or oblong-elliptic, 35 11.5
ones occasionally alternate; leaf blade broadly linear to oblong- cm; nectaries projecting at a right angle abaxially. Stamens 1/2
lanceolate, 38 0.52 cm, apex acuminate, not cirrose. Inflo- 2/3 as long as tepals; filaments glabrous. Style 3-lobed; lobes
rescence 1(or 2)-flowered; bracts (1)3, apex acuminate. 23 mm. Capsule broadly winged; wings 45 mm wide. Fl.
Flower campanulate; pedicel 1.42 cm. Tepals olive green, MayJun, fr. JulAug. 2n = 24*.
marked and tessellated with deep purple, oblong-elliptic to
obovate, 2.54.5 1.32 cm; nectaries ovate or orbicular. Openings in Picea forests, thickets, meadows, steppes; 13002000
Stamens 1.22.4 cm; filaments glabrous. Style 3-lobed; lobes m. Xinjiang [Kazakstan].
ca. 3 mm. Capsule narrowly winged, with persistent tepals. Fl. Chinese records of Fritillaria ferganensis Losinskaja (e.g., in
MayJun, fr. JulAug. FRPS) are referable to F. walujewii.
Open thickets, hill grasslands; 34003600 m. W Sichuan. Fritillaria walujewii is a vulnerable species in China.
The bulbs are used medicinally. 11. Fritillaria verticillata Willdenow, Sp. Pl. 2: 91. 1799.
9. Fritillaria monantha Migo, J. Shanghai Sci. Inst., Sect. 3, 4: huang hua bei mu
139. 1939.
Fritillaria albidoflora X. Z. Duan & X. J. Zheng; F.
tian mu bei mu albidoflora var. jimunaica (X. Z. Duan & X. J. Zheng) X. Z.
Fritillaria guizhouensis Y. K. Yang et al.; F. huang- Duan & X. J. Zheng; F. albidoflora var. purpurea X. Z. Duan &
shanensis Y. K. Yang & C. J. Wu; F. huangshanensis f. tong- X. J. Zheng; F. albidoflora var. rhodanthera X. Z. Duan & X. J.
lingensis (S. C. Chen & S. F. Yin) Y. K. Yang & Y. H. Zhang; F. Zheng; F. amoena C. Y. Yang; F. borealixingjiangensis Y. K.
hupehensis P. K. Hsiao & K. C. Hsia; F. lichuanensis P. Li & C. Yang et al.; F. heboksarensis X. Z. Duan & X. J. Zheng; F.
P. Yang; F. monantha var. ningguoica Y. K. Yang & M. M. tortifolia X. Z. Duan & X. J. Zheng var. albiflora X. Z. Duan &
Fang; F. monantha var. tonglingensis S. C. Chen & S. F. Yin; X. J. Zheng; F. tortifolia var. citrina X. Z. Duan & X. J. Zheng;
F. ningguoensis S. C. Chen & S. F. Yin; F. puqiensis G. D.Yu & F. tortifolia var. parviflora X. Z. Duan & X. J. Zheng; F.
C. Y. Chen; F. qimenensis D. C. Zhang & J. Z. Shao; F. verticillata var. jimunaica X. Z. Duan & X. J. Zheng.
thunbergii Miquel var. puqiensis (G. D. Yu & C. Y. Chen) P. K. Bulb of 2 scales, ca. 2 cm in diam. Stem 1550 cm.
Hsiao & S. C. Yu; F. wanjiangensis Y. K. Yang et al. Leaves rather densely arranged, basal 2 opposite, others in
Bulb of 2 or 3 scales, 1.22 cm in diam. Stem 2060 whorls of 47; leaf blade narrowly lanceolate to linear, 59 cm
(100) cm. Leaves opposite, whorled, and alternate; leaf blade 210 mm, apex strongly cirrose. Inflorescence 15-flowered;
oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, 512 1.53 cm, apex slightly bracts 2 or 3, apex strongly cirrose. Flowers nodding,
cirrose. Inflorescence 1(4)-flowered; bracts (1)3, apex often campanulate; pedicel 12 cm. Tepals white or pale yellow,
slightly or strongly cirrose. Flower nodding, tubular-campanu- occasionally tinged with pale purple, oblong-elliptic, 25
late; pedicel 13.5 cm or more. Tepals greenish yellow to pale 1.52 cm; nectaries ovate, projecting at a right angle
purple, tessellated or spotted with yellowish brown or dark pur- abaxially. Stamens 12.5 cm; filaments dilated proximally,
ple, sometimes very heavily so, oblong-obovate to oblong, 3.5 glabrous. Style 3-lobed, lobes 24 mm. Capsule winged; wings
5 12 cm, apex obtuse; nectaries projecting abaxially. Sta - 24 mm wide. Fl. AprJun, fr. Jul. 2n = 24*.
mens ca. 2 mm; filaments glabrous or slightly papillose. Style Hill thickets, gravelly meadows; 13002000 m. NW Xinjiang
3-lobed; lobes 38 mm. Capsule broadly winged; wings 68 [Kazakstan, Russia (W Siberia)].
mm wide. Fl. AprJun, fr. JunJul. 2n = 24*.
Martyn Rix (pers. comm.) notes that Fritillaria verticillata com-
Forests, moist places on limestone hills, flood lands; 1001600 monly has an inflorescence with only one flower, and that reports of
m. Anhui, Henan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang. several-flowered plants are the result of longstanding confusion
between this species and F. thunbergii. Rix also notes that F. albidoflora
The bulbs are used medicinally. may be distinct from F. verticillata, differing as follows: flowers
10. Fritillaria walujewii Regel, Gartenflora 28: 353. 1879. opening nearly flat (vs. campanulate), tepals 23 cm (vs. 35 cm), and
nectaries orbicular (vs. ovate), ca. 6 mm above base of tepal.
xin jiang bei mu
12. Fritillaria thunbergii Miquel, Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-
Fritillaria tianshanica Y. K. Yang & L. R. Hsu; F. walu- Batavi 3: 157. 1867.
jewii var. plena X. Z. Duan & X. J. Zheng; F. walujewii var.
shawanensis X. Z. Duan & X. J. Zheng; F. xinyuanensis Y. K. zhe bei mu
Yang & J. K. Wu. Bulb of 2 or 3 scales, ovoid or globose, 13 cm in diam.
Stem 1580 cm. Leaves 1220, opposite, alternate, or some- usually cirrose. Inflorescence 1(or more)-flowered; bracts 3,
times also 3-whorled; leaf blade linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, narrowly lanceolate, apex twisted, cirrose. Flower nodding,
711 12.5 cm, apex usually slightly cirrose. Inflorescence campanulate; pedicel 2.53 cm. Tepals whitish or yellowish,
16-flowered; bracts 24, apex cirrose. Flowers nodding, cam- tessellated with purple or brown, suboblong, ca. 3 12 cm;
panulate; pedicel 13.5 cm. Tepals pale yellow, sometimes ting- nectaries projecting at a right angle abaxially. Stamens ca. 1.8
ed with pale purple or slightly tessellated with purplish brown, cm; filaments white, glabrous; anthers purplish, ca. 8 mm. Style
oblong-elliptic to narrowly obovate-oblong, 2.53.5 11.8 3-lobed; lobes ca. 3 mm. Capsule broadly winged; wings ca. 5
cm; nectaries small. Stamens 11.5 cm; filaments glabrous. mm wide. Fl. AprMay, fr. Jun. 2n = 24*.
Style 3-lobed; lobes 1.52 mm. Capsule broadly winged; wings Thickets, alpine grassy slopes; 15002100 m. NW Xinjiang.
68 mm wide. Fl. MarApr, fr. MayJun.
14. Fritillaria ussuriensis Maximowicz in Trautvetter et al.,
Bamboo forests, shady and moist places; near sea level to 600 Decas Pl. Nov. 9. 1882.
m. Anhui, Jiangsu, Zhejiang.
ping bei mu
This species was originally described from Japan (as Uvularia
Fritillaria ussuriensis f. lutosa C. F. Fang.
cirrhosa), where it is not native but cultivated and occasionally natu-
ralized. Bulb of 2 scales, 11.5 cm in diam., usually with a few
1a. Bulb of 2(or 3) scales, 1.53 cm in diam.; stem bulbels around it. Stem 5060(100) cm. Leaves 1417, basal
5080 cm; leaves mostly alternate ...... 12a. var. thunbergii ones usually in a whorl of 3, middle and distal ones whorled or
1b. Bulb of 3 scales, ca. 1 cm in diam.; stem 1530 opposite, sometimes also alternate; leaf blade linear to lanceo-
cm; leaves mostly opposite ........... 12b. var. chekiangensis late, 714 36.5 cm, apex sometimes slightly cirrose. Inflo-
rescence 1(3)-flowered; bracts 2 per flower (often with 4 or 5
12a. Fritillaria thunbergii var. thunbergii extra bracts on extension of stem above flower), apex strongly
cirrose. Flower nodding, tubular-campanulate; pedicel 2.53.5
() zhe bei mu (yuan bian zhong)
cm. Tepals purple adaxially, brownish violet abaxially, tessel-
Uvularia cirrhosa Thunberg, Fl. Jap. 136. 1784; Fri- lated with yellow, oblong-obovate to subelliptic, ca. 3.5 1.5
tillaria austroanhuiensis Y. K. Yang & J. K. Wu; F. collicola cm; nectaries projecting at a right angle abaxially. Filaments
Hance; F. verticillata Willdenow var. thunbergii (Miquel) papillose, longer than anthers. Style 3-lobed, papillose; lobes
Baker. ca. 5 mm. Capsule wingless. Fl. MayJun, fr. Jul. 2n = 24*.

Bulb of 2(or 3) scales, 1.53 cm in diam. Stem 5080 cm. Forests, thickets, meadows, streamsides, shady and moist places;
Leaves mostly alternate. 2n = 24*. near sea level to 500 m. Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning [Korea, Russia
Bamboo forests, shady and moist places; near sea level to 600 (Far East)].
m. Anhui, Jiangsu, Zhejiang. Fritillaria ussuriensis is cultivated in China for its bulbs, which
are used medicinally. It is a vulnerable species in China.
Widely cultivated in China for its bulbs, which are used medici-
nally. 15. Fritillaria yuminensis X. Z. Duan, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 19:
257. 1981.
12b. Fritillaria thunbergii var. chekiangensis P. K. Hsiao &
K. C. Hsia in S. C. Chen & K. C. Hsia, Acta Phytotax. Sin. yu min bei mu
15(2): 42. 1977.
Fritillaria tachengensis X. Z. Duan & X. J. Zheng; F. ta-
dong yang bei mu chengensis var. nivea Y. K. Yang & S. X. Zhang; F. yuminensis
Fritillaria chekiangensis (P. K. Hsiao & K. C. Hsia) Y. K. var. albiflora X. Z. Duan & X. J. Zheng; F. yuminensis var.
Yang et al.; F. xiaobeimu Y. K. Yang et al. roseiflora X. Z. Duan & X. J. Zheng; F. yuminensis var. varians
Y. K. Yang & G. J. Liu.
Bulb of 3 scales, ca. 1 cm in diam. Stem 1530 cm.
Leaves mostly opposite. Bulb of 2 or 3 scales, subglobose, ca. 1.5 cm in diam.
Stem 3050 cm. purple. Leaves 911, basal 2 opposite, middle
C Zhejiang (Dongyang Xian). ones in a whorl of 3 or 4, distal ones opposite or alternate; leaf
Cultivated in Zhejiang for its bulbs, which are used medicinally. blade lanceolate to linear, 55.5 0.82 cm, apex cirrose. Inflo-
13. Fritillaria tortifolia X. Z. Duan & X. J. Zheng, Acta Phy- rescence 1(or more)-flowered; bracts 3, apex cirrose. Flower
totax. Sin. 25: 59. 1987. nodding, campanulate; pedicel 12 cm. Tepals pink, light blue,
or dark blue, not tessellated, oblong or ovate-oblong, 1.52.2
tuo li bei mu 0.61.5 cm; nectaries projecting at a right angle abaxially. Style
Fritillaria tortifolia var. barlikensis X. Z. Duan & X. J. scarcely 3-lobed; lobes less than 1 mm. Capsule broadly wing-
Zheng; F. tortifolia var. plena X. Z. Duan & X. J. Zheng; F. ed; wings 34 mm wide. Fl. AprMay, fr. JunJul. 2n = 24*.
tortifolia var. wusunica X. Z. Duan & X. J. Zheng. Forest margins, open gravelly slopes; 17002800 m. NW Xin-
Bulb of 2 or 3 scales, ovoid, 13 cm or more in diam. jiang.
Stem 2040(100) cm. Leaves 811, basal opposite or in a The bulbs are used medicinally.
whorl of 3, others whorled and opposite; leaf blade linear to 16. Fritillaria przewalskii Maximowicz in Trautvetter et al.,
lanceolate, 55.5 0.82 cm, base spirally twisted, apex Decas Pl. Nov. 9. 1882.
 gan su bei mu 17b. Fritillaria unibracteata var. longinectarea S. Y. Tang &
S. C. Yueh in J. M. Xu, Fl. Sichuan. 7: 60. 1991.
Fritillaria gansuensis S. C. Chen & G. D. Yu; F. prze-
walskii var. discolor Y. K. Yang & Y. S. Zhou; F. przewalskii f. chang xian bei mu
emacula Y. K. Yang & J. K. Wu; F. przewalskii var. gannanica
Y. K. Yang & J. Z. Ren; F. przewalskii var. tessellata Y. K. Yang Flowers campanulate. Nectaries 611 13 mm, strongly
& Y. S. Zhou. projecting abaxially. 2n = 24*.

Bulb of 2 scales, ovoid-globose, 613 mm in diam. Stem Thickets, meadows; 32004700 m. NW Sichuan.
1550 cm. Leaves 47, basal 2 usually opposite, others alter- 18. Fritillaria dajinensis S. C. Chen, Acta Bot. Yunnan.5: 369.
nate or occasionally subopposite; leaf blade linear to narrowly 1983.
lanceolate, 39 cm 36 mm, apex sometimes slightly curved.
Inflorescence 1(or 2)-flowered; bract 1, apex slightly curved. da jin bei mu
Flower nodding, campanulate or narrowly so; pedicel 23 cm. Bulb of 2 or 3 scales, ovoid, ca. 1 cm in diam. Stem 2050
Tepals pale yellow, speckled with blackish purple, narrowly cm. Leaves 410, basal 2 opposite, middle and distal ones
oblong to obovate, 23 0.61.3 cm; nectaries inconspicuous. alternate or opposite; leaf blade linear to linear-lanceolate, 3.5
Stamens ca. 2/3 as long as tepals; filaments papillose. Style 11 cm 210 mm, apex not cirrose. Inflorescence 1(4)-flow-
scarcely 3-lobed; lobes less than 1 mm. Capsule narrowly wing- ered; bract 1, apex acuminate. Flower campanulate; pedicel
ed; wings ca. 1 mm wide. Fl. JunJul, fr. Aug. 1.52 cm. Tepals yellowish green, spotted with purple near base
Thickets, grasslands; 28004400 m. S Gansu, E Qinghai, Si- abaxially, oblong or obovate-oblong, 1.82.3 cm 56 mm,
chuan. apex obtuse; inner ones much wider; nectaries not projecting
The bulbs are widely used medicinally. abaxially. Stamens 79 mm; filaments 23 mm, papillose; an-
thers 610 mm. Style scarcely lobed. Capsule narrowly winged,
17. Fritillaria unibracteata P. K. Hsiao & K. C. Hsia in S. C. with persistent tepals. Fl. Jun, fr. Jul. 2n = 24*.
Chen & K. C. Hsia, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 15(2): 39. 1977.
Thickets, meadows; 36004400 m. NW Sichuan.
an zi bei mu
19. Fritillaria delavayi Franchet, J. Bot. (Morot) 12: 222. 1898.
Bulb of 2 scales, 68 mm in diam. Stem 1540 cm. Leaves
57, basal 2 usually opposite, others alternate or also opposite; suo sha bei mu
leaf blade linear to linear-lanceolate, 3.65.5 cm 35 mm,
Fritillaria delavayi var. banmaensis Y. K. Yang & J. K.
apex not cirrose. Inflorescence 1- or more flowered; bract 1,
Wu.
apex acuminate. Flowers campanulate; pedicel rather long. Te-
Bulb of 2 or 3 scales, subglobose or ovoid, 12 cm in
pals blackish purple, tessellated with yellowish brown or some-
diam. Stem 1535 cm, often covered with a waxlike layer near
times with a colored, V-shaped stripe near apex, suboblong, ca.
base. Leaves 35, closely arranged in middle or distal part of
2.6 1 cm; nectaries inconspicuous or strongly projecting
stem, alternate or subopposite; leaf blade ovate or ovate-elliptic,
abaxially. Stamens 1.21.4 cm; filaments sometimes papillose.
27 13 cm, apex obtuse or rounded. Inflorescence 1-flow-
Style scarcely or shortly lobed; lobes 0.52 mm. Capsule
ered. Flower campanulate; pedicel long. Tepals yellowish, spot-
narrowly winged; wings ca. 1 mm wide. Fl. MayJun, fr. Aug.
ted or tessellated with reddish brown, narrowly elliptic or ob-
Thickets, meadows; 32004700 m. S Gansu, SE Qinghai, NW long-elliptic, 3.24.5 1.21.8 cm; nectaries inconspicuous.
Sichuan. Stamens 1.62.2 cm; filaments glabrous; anthers basifixed.
1a. Flowers narrowly campanulate; nectaries Style 3-lobed; lobes 0.54 mm. Capsule narrowly winged, en-
ca. 2.5 2 mm, inconspicuous ........ 17a. var. unibracteata closed by persistent tepals. Fl. JunJul, fr. AugSep.
1b. Flowers campanulate; nectaries Sandy and gravelly places, flood lands; 34005600 m. Qinghai,
611 13 mm, strongly projecting Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, Sikkim].
abaxially ......................................... 17b. var. longinectarea
20. Fritillaria fusca Turrill, Hookers Icon. Pl. 35: t. 3427, f. 8
17a. Fritillaria unibracteata var. unibracteata 11. 1943.
() an zi bei mu (yuan bian zhong) gao shan bei mu

Fritillaria lixianensis Y. K. Yang & J. K. Wu; F. sulcis- Fritillaria himalaica Y. K. Yang et al.
quamosa S. Y. Tang & S. C. Yueh; F. unibracteata var. gan-
Bulb of 2 scales, ovoid. Stem 822 cm. Leaves 2 or 3,
ziensis Y. K. Yang & J. K. Wu; F. unibracteata var. maculata S.
subopposite or alternate; leaf blade elliptic to suboblong, 1.9
Y. Tang & S. C. Yueh.
3.3 0.72 cm, apex obtuse. Inflorescence 1-flowered. Flower
Flowers narrowly campanulate. Nectaries ca. 2.5 2 mm, nodding. Tepals yellowish, heavily tessellated with purplish
inconspicuous. 2n = 24*. brown, ca. 1.7 0.7 cm. Stamens ca. 1/2 as long as tepals; fil-
aments glabrous; anthers dorsifixed. Style 3-lobed; lobes ca. 2.5
Thickets, meadows; 32004500 m. S Gansu, SE Qinghai, NW
Sichuan. mm. Capsule wingless. Fl. Jul.
Moist and gravelly places, open flood lands; 50005100 m. S
The bulbs are used medicinally.
Xizang. sule broadly winged; wings 510 mm wide. Fl. MarApr, fr.
MayJun. 2n = 24*.
21. Fritillaria karelinii (Fischer ex D. Don) Baker, J. Linn.
Soc., Bot. 14: 268. 1874. Forests, thickets, grassy slopes; 600900 m. Anhui, Henan.
sha bei mu Cultivated in Anhui for its bulbs, which are used medicinally.

Rhinopetalum karelinii Fischer ex D. Don in Sweet, Brit. 23. Fritillaria maximowiczii Freyn, Oesterr. Bot. Z. 53: 21.
Fl. Gard., ser. 2, t. 283. 1835; Fritillaria karelinii var. albiflora 1903.
X. Z. Duan & X. J. Zheng. lun ye bei mu
Bulb of 2 scales, ca. 1 cm in diam. Stem 1235 cm, pa- Fritillaria maximowiczii f. flaviflora Q. S. Sun & H. C.
pillose-pubescent. Leaves 58, basal 2 subopposite, lanceolate, Lo.
46 0.81.5 cm, distal ones alternate, linear, 2.53 cm 15
Bulb of 46 or more scales, 12 cm in diam., surrounded
mm, minutely papillose-pubescent. Inflorescence 313-flow-
by many small bulbels usually detached during flowering. Stem
ered; bracts usually 2, linear. Flowers slightly zygomorphic;
2755 cm, slender, glabrous. Leaves 36 in 1 whorl (very
pedicel 712 mm. Tepals rose violet, spotted or tessellated with
rarely in 2 whorls) and occasionally 1 or 2 smaller leaves be-
dark color, oblong-ovate, 11.5 cm 35 mm; nectary on 1
tween whorl and flower; leaf blade linear to linear-lanceolate,
outer tepal much larger than others and spurred abaxially. Sta-
4.510 cm 313 mm, apex not cirrose. Inflorescence usually
mens slightly shorter than tepals; filaments usually papillose-
1-flowered; bract 1. Flower nodding, campanulate; pedicel long.
ciliate proximally; anthers subglobose or broadly ovate, ca.
Tepals reddish adaxially, purplish violet abaxially, slightly or
1.2 mm in diam. Style scarcely lobed. Capsule wingless. Fl.
markedly tessellated with yellow, lanceolate-elliptic or ovate-
Apr, fr. MayJun. 2n = 24*.
elliptic, 3.54 11.4 cm, margin erose, papillose; nectaries
Sandy soil, stony slopes, gravelly screes. NW Xinjiang [Afghani- projecting abaxially. Stamens 22.5 cm; filaments glabrous.
stan, Kazakstan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan; SW Style 3-lobed; lobes 68 mm. Capsule winged; wings ca. 4 mm
Asia (Iran)]. wide. Fl. Jun. 2n = 24.
22. Fritillaria anhuiensis S. C. Chen & S. F. Yin in S. F. Yin, Broad-leaved deciduous forests, moist and sandy places on forest
Acta Phytotax. Sin. 21: 100. 1983. margins, thickets, grassy slopes; 14001500 m. Hebei, Heilongjiang,
an hui bei mu Jilin, Liaoning [Russia (Far East, E Siberia)].

Fritillaria anhuiensis var. albiflora S. C. Chen & S. F. 24. Fritillaria davidii Franchet, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat.,
Yin; F. anhuiensis f. jinzhaiensis Y. K. Yang & J. Z. Shao; F. sr. 2, 10: 93. 1887.
ebeiensis G. D. Yu & G. Q. Ji; F. ebeiensis var. purpurea G. D. mi bei mu
Yu & P. Li; F. hupehensis P. K. Hsiao & K. C. Hsia var. da-
bieshanensis M. B. Deng & K. Yao; F. shuchengensis Y. K. Bulb of 310 globose scales, 12 cm in diam., surrounded
Yang et al.; F. wuyangensis Z. Y. Gao. by many small bulbels. Stem 1033 cm, glabrous. Basal leaves
14; petiole 1024 cm, slender; leaf blade elliptic or ovate,
Bulb of 2 or 3 subreniform scales, 12 cm in diam., with 35.5 22.8 cm, apex acute. Inflorescence 1-flowered; bracts
many smaller bulbels inside; bulbels ricelike, ovoid, obtusely 3 or 4, crowded, suboblong, 23 cm 58 mm. Flowers cam-
conical or somewhat rhombic, varying in size. Stem 1050 cm. panulate; pedicel short. Tepals yellow, tessellated with purple,
Leaves 618, basal ones usually opposite or whorled, middle suboblong-elliptic, 34 0.71.4 cm, papillose- tuberculate
and distal ones vertilcillate, opposite, or alternate; leaf blade adaxially, apex obtuse; nectaries inconspicuous. Stamens 1.52
oblong-lanceolate, 1015 0.52(3.5) cm, apex acuminate. cm; filaments glabrous; anthers subdorsifixed. Style 3-lobed;
Inflorescence 1- or 2(4)-flowered; bracts usually 3, apex acu- lobes 56 mm. Fl. MarMay.
minate. Flowers nodding, tubular-campanulate; pedicel 13 cm.
Tepals commonly yellowish white or yellowish green spotted or Betula alnoides forests, grassy slopes, loose peaty soil with
tessellated with purple, rarely pure white or purple, oblong to ferns, rocky moist places along streams, crevices of cliffs; 16002600
elliptic, 35 11.5 cm; nectaries projecting abaxially. Fila- m. W Sichuan.
ments ca. 2 mm, glabrous. Style 3-lobed; lobes 26 mm. Cap-

18. NOTHOLIRION Wallich ex Boissier, Fl. Orient. 5: 190. 1882.

jia bai he shu
Liang Songyun ( Liang Song-jun); Minoru N. Tamura
Herbs perennial, bulbiferous. Bulb narrowly ovoid or cylindric; tunic black-brown, scarious; bulbels many, with several fleshy
scales and hard tunics. Stem erect, stout, glabrous or subglabrous. Leaves basal and cauline, alternate, sessile, linear to linear-lanceo-
late. Inflorescence a terminal raceme, few to many flowered; bracts linear. Flowers bisexual, campanulate to funnelform; pedicel us-
ually rather short. Tepals 6, free, usually blue, purple, or red. Stamens 6, inserted at base of tepals; filaments filiform, slightly widen-
ed toward base; anthers dorsifixed, versatile, ellipsoid to narrowly so. Ovary 3-loculed; ovules many per locule. Style columnar,
rather long, slender; stigma 3-lobed, lobes slightly recurved. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds many, flat, narrowly or scarcely wing-
ed all round.
Five species: Afghanistan, Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sikkim; SW Asia (Iran, Iraq); three species in China.
1a. Plants 1835 cm tall; raceme 24(6)-flowered; cauline leaves 48(17) mm wide ......................................... 3. N. macrophyllum
1b. Plants 60150 cm tall; raceme 1024-flowered; cauline leaves 1025 mm wide.
2a. Tepals pale purple or blue-purple, 2.53.6 0.81.2 cm ................................................................................. 1. N. bulbuliferum
2b. Tepals red, dark red, pink, or sometimes red-purple, 3.55 12 cm ........................................................ 2. N. campanulatum

1. Notholirion bulbuliferum (Lingelsheim ex H. Limpricht) 12.5 cm. Raceme laxly 1016-flowered; bracts leaflike, linear-
Stearn, Kew Bull. 5: 421. 1950. lanceolate, 37 cm 49 mm. Flowers nodding, campanulate;
jia bai he pedicel slightly curved, 47 mm. Tepals usually spreading, red,
dark red, pink, or sometimes red-purple, tinged with green
Paradisea bulbuliferum Lingelsheim ex H. Limpricht, apically, obovate-oblanceolate, 3.55 12 cm. Stamens
Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 12: 316. 1922; Lilium slightly shorter than tepals. Ovary cylindric, 11.3 cm 23
hyacinthinum E. H. Wilson; Notholirion hyacinthinum (E. H. mm. Style ca. 2 cm. Capsule brownish, oblong, 22.5 1.61.8
Wilson) Stapf. cm. Fl. JunAug, fr. Sep. 2n = 24.
Bulbels many, pale brown, ovoid, 35 mm in diam. Stem Forest margins, grassy slopes; 28004500 m. Sichuan, NW Yun-
60150 cm, subglabrous. Basal leaves several, lorate, 1025 nan [Bhutan, Myanmar].
1.52 cm; cauline leaves linear-lanceolate, 1018 12 cm.
3. Notholirion macrophyllum (D. Don) Boissier, Fl. Orient. 5:
Raceme laxly 1024-flowered; bracts leaflike, linear, 27.5 cm
190. 1882.
34 mm. Flowers horizontal; pedicel slightly curved, 57
mm. Tepals usually spreading, pale purple or blue-purple, ting- da ye jia bai he
ed with green apically, obovate or oblanceolate, 2.53.6 0.8
1.2 cm. Stamens scarcely shorter than tepals. Ovary pale pur- Fritillaria macrophylla D. Don, Prodr.Fl. Nepal. 51. 1825;
ple, 11.5 cm. Style 1.52 cm. Capsule oblong to obovoid-ob- Lilium macrophyllum (D. Don) Voss.
long, 1.62 ca. 1.5 cm, obtusely angular. Fl. Jul, fr. Aug. 2n Stem 1835 cm, glabrous. Basal leaves lorate, 3040 ca.
= 24*. 2 cm; cauline leaves 510, linear, 6.515 0.40.8(1.7) cm.
Thickets, alpine grassy slopes; 30004500 m. Gansu, Shaanxi, Si- Raceme laxly 24(6)-flowered; bracts narrowly linear, 1.21.5
chuan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, Nepal, Sikkim]. cm, apex curved. Flowers funnelform; pedicel slightly curved,
0.61.5 cm. Tepals pale purple-red or purple, oblanceolate-
2. Notholirion campanulatum Cotton & Stearn, Lily Year
oblong, 2.55 0.61.5 cm, base narrowed, apex obtuse or
Book 3: 19. 1934.
rounded. Stamens slightly shorter than tepals; filaments 23.5
zhong hua jia bai he cm; anthers ca. 5 mm. Ovary oblong, 78 ca. 4 mm. Style
1.53.2 cm. Fl. Aug. 2n = 24.
Bulbels many, pale brown, ovoid, 56 mm in diam. Stem
60100 cm, subglabrous. Basal leaves many, lorate, 2224 2 Rocky places in Quercus forests, grassy slopes, meadows; 2800
2.5 cm, membranous; cauline leaves linear-lanceolate, 1020 3400 m. Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, Nepal, Sikkim].

19. CARDIOCRINUM (Endlicher) Lindley, Veg. Kingd. 205. 1846.

da bai he shu

Liang Songyun ( Liang Song-jun); Minoru N. Tamura

Lilium [unranked] Cardiocrinum Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 141. 1836.
Herbs perennial, bulbiferous. Bulb formed by swollen base of usually deciduous basal leaves; bulbels several, ovoid, covered
with tunics. Stem very tall, stout, glabrous. Leaves basal and cauline, petiolate, usually ovate-cordate, reticulate veined. Inflorescence
a terminal raceme, several to many flowered; bracts persistent or caducous. Flowers bisexual, tubular-funnelform, large; pedicel
rather short. Tepals 6, free, connivent. Stamens 6, inserted at base of tepals; filaments flat; anthers dorsifixed, versatile, narrowly
ellipsoid. Ovary cylindric, 3-loculed; ovules many per locule. Style elongate; stigma slightly 3-lobed. Fruit a loculicidal capsule.
Seeds reddish brown, flat, narrowly winged all round.
Three species: Bhutan, China, India, Japan, Myanmar, Nepal, Sikkim; two species (one endemic) in China.

1a. Raceme 1016-flowered; bracts caducous ................................................................................................................. 1. C. giganteum

1b. Raceme 35-flowered; bracts persistent .................................................................................................................. 2. C. cathayanum

1. Cardiocrinum giganteum (Wallich) Makino, Bot. Mag. da bai he

(Tokyo) 27: 125. 1913.
Bulbels 3.54 1.22 cm. Stem erect, green or dark green,
13 m 35 cm, hollow. Leaves on proximal 1/2 of stem yun nan da bai he
larger, those on distal 1/2 much smaller, sometimes bractlike;
petiole 1520 cm; leaf blade ovate-cordate, 1520 1215 cm. Lilium giganteum Wallich var. yunnanense Leichtlin ex
Raceme 1016-flowered; bracts caducous. Tepals white or Elwes, Gard. Chron., ser. 3, 60: 49. 1916; L. mirabile Franchet.
tinged with green, streaked with purple or purple-red adax- Stem dark green, 12 m. Tepals adaxially streaked with
ially, linear-oblanceolate, 1215 1.52 cm, apex obtuse. Sta- purple-red, abaxially white. 2n = 24*.
mens 6.57.5 cm; filaments slightly widened toward base; an-
thers ca. 8 2 mm. Ovary 2.53 cm 45 mm. Style 56 cm. Forests; 12003600 m. Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi; Guizhou,
Capsule subglobose, 3.54 cm in diam.; apex beaked. Seeds Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan [Myanmar].
ovate-deltoid, 45 23 mm. Fl. JunJul, fr. SepOct. 2. Cardiocrinum cathayanum (E. H. Wilson) Stearn, Gard.
Forests, hillsides; 12003600 m. Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Chron., ser. 3, 124: 4. 1948.
Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Sichuan, S Xizang, Yunnan qiao mai ye da bai he
[Bhutan, NE India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sikkim].
Lilium cathayanum E. H. Wilson, Lilies East. Asia, 99.
1a. Stem green, 1.53 m; tepals adaxially streaked
1925.
with purple, abaxially greenish ............. 1a. var. giganteum
1b. Stem dark green, 12 m; tepals adaxially streaked Bulbels ca. 2.5 1.21.5 cm. Stem erect, 0.51.5 m 23
with purple-red, abaxially white ......... 1b. var. yunnanense cm, hollow. Leaves absent in proximal part of stem except basal
ones, crowded in middle part, laxly spirally alternate in distal
1a. Cardiocrinum giganteum var. giganteum part; petiole 620 cm; leaf blade ovate to ovate-cordate, 1022
() da bai he (yuan bian zhong) 612 cm. Raceme 35-flowered; bracts oblong, 45.5 ca.
1.6 cm, persistent. Tepals white or greenish, purple streaked ad-
Lilium giganteum Wallich, Tent. Fl. Napal. 21. 1824. axially, linear-oblanceolate, 1315 1.52 cm. Stamens 810
cm, ca. 2/3 as long as tepals; anthers 89 mm. Ovary 33.5 cm
Stem green, 1.53 m. Tepals adaxially streaked with pur-
57 mm. Style 66.5 cm. Capsule subglobose, 45 33.5
ple, abaxially greenish. 2n = 24*.
cm. Seeds 4.52.5 mm, reddish brownish winged all round. Fl.
Forests, hillsides; 23002900 m. S Xizang [Bhutan, NE India, JulAug, fr. AugSep. 2n = 24*.
Myanmar, Nepal, Sikkim].
Moist and shady places on forested slopes; 6002200 m. Anhui,
1b. Cardiocrinum giganteum var. yunnanense (Leichtlin ex Fujian, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Zhejiang.
Elwes) Stearn, Gard. Chron., ser. 3, 124: 4. 1948.

20. LILIUM Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 302. 1753.

bai he shu

Liang Songyun ( Liang Song-jun); Minoru N. Tamura

Herbs perennial, bulbiferous. Bulb of many imbricate, fleshy scales, without tunic. Stem erect, leafy. Leaves alternate, rarely
whorled, sessile or subsessile, usually linear to linear-lanceolate. Bulblets sometimes present in leaf axils. Inflorescence terminal, a
raceme or solitary flower, very rarely an umbel or corymb; bracts leaflike. Flowers often funnelform or campanulate, sometimes tub-
ular or cupular. Tepals 6, free, usually connivent, sometimes strongly recurved or revolute, white, yellow, greenish, or reddish to pur-
plish, nectariferous near base adaxially; nectaries usually narrowly grooved, sometimes fringed with papillae or hairs, rarely flat on
outer tepals. Stamens 6; filaments subulate or filiform, sometimes pubescent; anthers dorsifixed, versatile. Ovary 3-loculed; ovules
many per locule. Style elongate, slender; stigma swollen, usually 3-lobed. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds many, arranged like a
pile of coins in each valve, flat, narrowly winged all round.
About 115 species: temperate and alpine regions of the N hemisphere, especially in E Asia; 55 species (35 endemic, one introduced) in China.
The status of Lilium puerense Y. Y. Qian (Guihaia 11: 125. 1991) and L. rockii R. H. Miao (Acta Scient. Nat. Univ. Sunyatseni 34(3): 81. 1995)
is unclear. Lilium puerense was described from S Yunnan (Puer Xian), based on specimens collected in 1987 (holotype: Y. Y. Qian 1774, SMAO). It is
said to be similar to L. sulphureum, but with leaf margin papillose, bracts ovate, and ovary greenish (vs. purple). Lilium rockii was described from
Yunnan, based on a single specimen collected in 1932 (J. F. Rock 25129, SYS). It is said to be close to L. concolor, but with stem, leaf margin, and leaf
veins on both surfaces shortly hirsute (vs. papillose), flowers larger, tepals yellowish (vs. deep red), and style longer (vs. shorter) than ovary. Lilium
pyi is also an unclear species, of which no specimens were seen by the present authors. It is briefly described at the end of this account (no. 55), but
could not be included in the key because insufficient details are known. Lilium apertum and L. saluenense are temporarily treated as Nomocharis
aperta and N. saluenensis, respectively. At present, Nomocharis consists of six species. However, further studies are needed to clarify whether
Nomocharis should be regarded as an independent genus or included within Lilium.
1a. Leaves whorled.
2a. Flowers campanulate; stamens converging.
3a. Tepals purple, narrowly elliptic or rarely narrowly ovate, 2535 1014 mm ................................................. 6. L. paradoxum
3b. Tepals yellow, elliptic, 5060 2024 mm ........................................................................................................ 7. L. medogense
 2b. Flowers not campanulate, tepals spreading, recurved, or revolute; stamens diverging.
4a. Flowers erect; tepals spreading or slightly recurved ......................................................................................... 3. L. tsingtauense
4b. Flowers nodding to horizontal; tepals revolute.
5a. Nectaries papillose on both surfaces.
6a. Bulb scales not articulate; tepals purple-red, with deeply colored spots ....................................................... 2. L. martagon
6b. Bulb scales articulate; tepals pale orange-red, with purple-red spots ............................................................ 4. L. distichum
5b. Nectaries not papillose.
7a. Bulb scales articulate; tepals apricot-colored to scarlet, with black spots, scarcely thickened ................. 5. L. medeoloides
7b. Bulb scales not articulate; tepals yellow or red-orange, with brown spots, thickened .................................... 1. L. hansonii
1b. Leaves alternate.
8a. Flowers funnelform or campanulate; stamens distally curved upward or converging.
9a. Flowers horizontally spreading or nodding, funnelform; tepals white, unspotted; stamens curved upward distally.
10a. Nectaries papillose on both surfaces; leaf axils without bulblets.
11a. Bracts lanceolate, not curved apically; style glabrous ................................................................................... 45. L. brownii
11b. Bracts linear-lanceolate, curved apically; style densely pubescent proximally ........................................ 46. L. anhuiense
10b. Nectaries not papillose; leaf axils sometimes with bulblets in distal part of stem.
12a. Leaf axils in distal part of stem with bulblets.
13a. Filaments glabrous; bulblets brown ..................................................................................................... 52. L. sulphureum
13b. Filaments densely pubescent proximally; bulblets green ...................................................................... 53. L. sargentiae
12b. Leaf axils without bulblets.
14a. Bulb scales articulate .......................................................................................................................... 47. L. wenshanense
14b. Bulb scales not articulate.
15a. Leaves linear, 27 mm wide.
16a. Leaves 23 mm wide, papillose at margin and on midvein abaxially ................................................... 48. L. regale
16b. Leaves 413 mm wide, smooth at margin and on midvein abaxially ......................................... 49. L. formosanum
15b. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 618 mm wide.
17a. Filaments glabrous ......................................................................................................................... 50. L. longiflorum
17b. Filaments pubescent ...................................................................................................................... 51. L. leucanthum
9b. Flowers campanulate, spotted or unspotted; stamens converging.
18a. Nectaries of inner tepals papillose or with fimbriate projections on both surfaces.
19a. Nectaries of inner tepals papillose on both surfaces; flowers erect.
20a. Leaves not white woolly basally; stem papillose; style slightly shorter than ovary; tepals 26 cm ....... 11. L. concolor
20b. Leaves with a cluster of white woolly hairs basally; stem smooth; style more than 2 as long as
ovary; tepals 79 cm ............................................................................................................................... 12. L. dauricum
19b. Nectaries of inner tepals with fimbriate projections on both surfaces; flowers nodding or horizontal.
21a. Tepals yellow, pale yellow, or greenish yellow, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate ................................ 8. L. lophophorum
21b. Tepals pale purple, purple-red, or yellow, rarely white, often spotted purplish, elliptic or ovate-elliptic.
22a. Style 46 mm; bulb scales white ................................................................................................................ 9. L. nanum
22b. Style ca. 1 mm; bulb scales purple ................................................................................................... 10. L. brevistylum
18b. Nectaries of inner tepals neither papillose nor with fimbriate projections.
23a. Leaves 1215 cm; flowers usually 5 or 6; tepals white, with a dark purple-red blotch at base adaxially ..... 13. L. henrici
23b. Leaves 2.58 cm; flowers usually 3 or 4; tepals variable in color, without a dark purple-red blotch at
base adaxially.
24a. Stem papillose.
25a. Leaves papillose at margin and on midvein abaxially; flowers 6.58.3 5.56 cm ...................... 14. L. bakerianum
25b. Leaves smooth; flowers 3.54 33.5 cm.
26a. Tepals white, with purple-red speckles basally .................................................................... 15. L. sempervivoideum
26b. Tepals purple-red or rose purple, with red spots .............................................................................. 16. L. amoenum
24b. Stem smooth.
27a. Leaves narrowly linear or subulate, 12(3) mm wide ..................................................................... 17. L. pinifolium
27b. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, narrowly elliptic, or lanceolate, 624 mm wide.
28a. Leaves 78 1.62.4 cm; tepals pale red .................................................................................... 20. L. huidongense
28b. Leaves 26 0.61.5 cm; tepals purple-red.
29a. Tepals adaxially not speckled, basally not saccate ............................................................................ 18. L. souliei
29b. Tepals adaxially speckled, basally saccate .................................................................................... 19. L. saccatum
8b. Flowers neither funnelform nor campanulate (slightly funnelform in L. nepalense); tepals revolute or not;
stamens diverging apically.
30a. Nectaries not papillose, sometimes with fimbriate projections.
 31a. Leaves shortly petiolate; nectaries with fimbriate projections on both surfaces.
32a. Leaves similar in shape; tepals white, with purple-red blotches and spots on proximal 1/31/2, margin
undulate ...................................................................................................................................................... 21. L. speciosum
32b. Leaves conspicuously dimorphic; tepals yellow or orange, margin entire.
33a. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, 2027 mm wide; capsule brown, oblong, 44.5 ca. 3.5 cm .......................... 22. L. henryi
33b. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 810 mm wide; capsule brownish green, narrowly oblong,
5.56.5 1.41.8 cm ............................................................................................................................... 23. L. rosthornii
31b. Leaves sessile; nectaries without fimbriate projections.
34a. Tepals primrose yellow, greenish yellow, or pale yellow, rarely yellowish white or orange-yellow, unspotted.
35a. Leaves lanceolate, 3-veined ................................................................................................................. 24. L. primulinum
35b. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, 5-veined ....................................................................................................... 25. L. nepalense
34b. Tepals white, pale purple-red, pink, or greenish yellow, with purple-red spots.
36a. Tepals pale purple-red or pink; style at least 3 as long as ovary; leaves narrowly lanceolate, with 3
impressed veins adaxially ............................................................................................................................. 26. L. wardii
36b. Tepals equaling or slightly longer than ovary; leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, without 3 impressed
veins adaxially.
37a. Flower solitary.
38a. Tepals white, tinged pale brown .................................................................................................... 27. L. matangense
38b. Tepals greenish or greenish yellow.
39a. Tepals greenish yellow, with deep red spots; filaments much longer than anthers ............... 28. L. stewartianum
39b. Tepals greenish, with purple spots throughout; filaments slightly shorter than anthers ............... 29. L. habaense
37b. Flowers 25(13) in a raceme.
40a. Leaves narrowly oblong or ovate-lanceolate, 511 1.53 cm .................................................... 32. L. lijiangense
40b. Leaves linear, linear-lanceolate, or lanceolate, 510 0.81.5 cm.
41a. Tepals white, with purple spots; style subequaling or slightly longer than ovary ........................... 30. L. taliense
41b. Tepals white or yellow, purple at base and with purple spots apically; style ca. 2 as long
as ovary .................................................................................................................................... 31. L. jinfushanense
30b. Nectaries papillose on both surfaces.
42a. Leaf axils in distal part of stem with bulblets .................................................................................................. 44. L. tigrinum
42b. Leaf axils without bulblets.
43a. Leaves narrowly lanceolate to oblong.
44a. Tepals red, with black or purple spots and fimbriate projections.
45a. Plants white hispidulous ......................................................................................................................... 35. L. amabile
45b. Plants not white hispidulous, white woolly when young ..................................................................... 36. L. leichtlinii
44b. Tepals white or pink, with purple spots, without fimbriate projections.
46a. Leaf axils with a cluster of white hairs; leaf veins not elevated abaxially; tepals white, with
purple-red spots ................................................................................................................................... 33. L. duchartrei
46b. Leaf axils without hairs; leaf veins elevated abaxially; tepals pink, with deep red spots .............. 34. L. lankongense
43b. Leaves linear.
47a. Nectaries papillose and crested on both surfaces.
48a. Bulb yellow, 4.5 45 cm ................................................................................................................. 43. L. xanthellum
48b. Bulb white, 23 1.52.5 cm
49a. Tepals purple-red to reddish brown, unspotted ............................................................................ 41. L. papilliferum
49b. Tepals greenish white, with purple or purple-brown spots .................................................................. 42. L. fargesii
47b. Nectaries only papillose on both surfaces, not crested.
50a. Bracts thickened apically ...................................................................................................................... 40. L. callosum
50b. Bracts not thickened apically.
51a. Tepals bright red or white, usually unspotted, occasionally with a few spots near base.
52a. Tepals bright red, not minutely papillose adaxially ........................................................................ 37. L. pumilum
52b. Tepals white, minutely papillose adaxially ........................................................................... 54. L. tianschanicum
51b. Tepals pale purple-red or orange, darker purple spotted proximally.
53a. Stem densely papillose; tepals orange, 56 cm ................................................................................. 38. L. davidii
53b. Stem not papillose; tepals pale purple-red, 3.54.5 cm ................................................................. 39. L. cernuum

1. Lilium hansonii Leichtlin ex D. T. Moore, Moores Rural Savatier.

New Yorker 24: 60. 1871.
Bulb ovoid-globose or subglobose, 37 cm in diam.;
zhu ye bai he scales white to yellowish white, ovate to subdeltoid, not articu-
late. Stem 11.5 m. Leaves 412-whorled plus a few scattered
Lilium medeoloides A. Gray var. obovata Franchet &
between apical whorl and basal bract, oblong-oblanceolate, 10 dong bei bai he
18 24 cm, apex acuminate. Flowers 412 in a raceme, nod-
ding, fragrant. Tepals revolute, yellow or red-orange,with brown Bulb ovoid, (2.5)3.54 cm in diam.; scales white, lan-
spots, lanceolate or oblanceolate, 34 cm 11.5 cm, very ceolate, 1.52 cm 46 mm, articulate. Stem 60120 cm, pa-
thick, apex thickened and papillose; nectaries not papillose. pillose. Leaves in a whorl of 79(20) near middle of stem plus
Stamens shorter than tepals; filaments glabrous; anthers pur- a few scattered, obovate-oblanceolate to narrowly oblong-lan-
plish. Ovary 12 cm. Capsule subglobose, 2.53.5 cm in diam., ceolate, (5)815 (1)24 cm, glabrous. Bracts 22.5 cm
6-winged. Fl. and fr. JulAug. 2n = 24. 36 mm. Flowers (1 or)212 in a raceme, nodding to hori-
zontal. Tepals slightly revolute, pale vermilion, with purple-red
Possibly naturalized on river banks. S Jilin [native to Korea (Ul- spots, ovate-lanceolate, 3.54.5 cm 613 mm; nectaries not
lung Island)]. papillose. Stamens shorter than tepals; filaments 22.5 cm,
Lilium hansonii, L. distichum, and L. medeoloides seem to be re- glabrous; anthers to 1 cm. Ovary 89 23 mm. Style ca. 2
lated to one another, and grow allopatrically. as long as ovary. Capsule obovoid, ca. 2 1.5 cm. Fl. JulAug,
fr. Sep. 2n = 24*.
Lilium hansonii is grown as an ornamental.
2. Lilium martagon Linnaeus var. pilosiusculum Freyn, Forested slopes, forest margins, hillsides along streams; 200
Oesterr. Bot. Z. 40: 224. 1890. 1800 m. Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning [Korea, Russia (Primorskiy
Kray)].
xin jiang bai he
5. Lilium medeoloides A. Gray, Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts, ser. 2,
Lilium martagon subsp. pilosiusculum (Freyn) E. Pritzel; 6: 415. 1858.
L. pilosiusculum (Freyn) Misczenko.
zhe jiang bai he
Bulb broadly ovoid, ca. 5 mm in diam.; scales oblong, 2
Lilium avenaceum Fischer ex Regel.
2.5 cm 810 mm, apex acute, not articulate. Stem with purple
streaks, 4590 cm, glabrous. Leaves whorled, rarely scattered, Bulb subglobose, 22.5 cm in diam.; scales white, oblong-
lanceolate, 6.511 12 cm, abaxially sometimes with white lanceolate, 12 cm 34 mm, articulate. Stem 3075(100)
hairs. Bracts 24 cm 56 mm, with white hairs in axil, at mar- cm, smooth, rarely slightly papillose proximally. Leaves usually
gin, and abaxially. Flowers 27 in a raceme, nodding. Tepals in a whorl of 712(20) plus a few scattered, lanceolate-oblong,
purple-red, spotted, narrowly elliptic, 3.23.8 cm 89 mm, lanceolate, or oblanceolate, 512(17) 1.54 cm, glabrous,
abaxially with white, curly, long hairs; nectaries papillose on rarely slightly scabrous at margin, apex acute to acuminate.
both surfaces. Filaments 2.22.4 cm; anthers ca. 9 mm. Ovary Flowers solitary or 24(10) in an umbel or raceme, nodding,
89 23 mm. Style ca. 1.5 cm. Capsule obovoid-oblong. 2 rarely to ascending, not fragrant. Tepals strongly revolute,
2.8 cm. Fl. JunJul, fr. Aug. apricot-colored to bright red, with black spots, lanceolate, (3)
3.54(4.5) cm 510 mm, rather thick, apex papillose; nec-
Forests, thickets, shady slopes; 2002500 m. N Xinjiang [Mon-
taries not papillose. Stamens shorter than tepals; filaments gla-
golia, Russia].
brous; anthers ca. 1 cm. Ovary ca. 1 cm. Style sometimes thick-
Rudolf Kamelin (pers. comm.) believes that Lilium martagon var. ened toward apex. Capsule obovoid, 1.52 cm, 3-ribbed. Fl.
martagon, which differs in having glabrous tepals, also occurs in China. JulAug. 2n = 24*.
Its distribution extends westward to Europe. Forests, subalpine grasslands, limestone and serpentine areas.
3. Lilium tsingtauense Gilg., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 34 (Beibl. 75): Zhejiang [Japan, Korea (Cheju Island), Russia (Kamchatka, Kurile
24. 1904. Islands, Sakhalin)].
qing dao bai he 6. Lilium paradoxumStearn, Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bot.
2: 78. 1956.
Lilium miquelianum Makino.
zang bai he
Bulb subglobose, 2.54 cm in diam.; scales white, lanceo-
late, 22.5 cm 68 mm, not articulate. Stem 4085 cm, not Bulb subglobose, 12.5 cm in diam.; scales ovate, ca. 2.5
papillose. Leaves in 1 or 2 whorls of 514 plus a few scattered, cm 8 mm, not articulate. Stem 2045 cm, papillose. Leaves
shortly petiolate, oblong-oblanceolate to narrowly elliptic, 10 whorled plus sometimes a few scattered, obovate-oblanceolate
15 24 cm, glabrous. Bracts 45.5 0.81.5 cm. Flowers or elliptic, 4.55.5 1.82 cm, glabrous, 57-veined. Flower
solitary or 27 in a raceme, erect. Tepals orange or vermilion, solitary, campanulate. Tepals spreading, purple, unspotted, nar-
with purple-red spots, narrowly elliptic, 4.85.2 1.21.4 cm; rowly elliptic or rarely narrowly ovate, 2.53.5 cm 11.4 cm;
nectaries not papillose. Filaments ca. 3 cm, glabrous; anthers nectaries not papillose. Stamens shorter than tepals; filaments
orange. Ovary 0.81.2 cm 34 mm. Style ca. 2 as long as ca. 1.6 cm, glabrous; anthers linear, 68 mm. Ovary purple, 68
ovary. Fl. Jun, fr. Aug. 2n = 24*. mm. Style ca. 1.7 cm. Fl. Jul.
Sunny forested slopes, bushy and grassy places; 100400 m. Among bushes, grassy slopes, rocky places; 32003900 m. SE
Anhui, Shandong [Korea]. Xizang.

4. Lilium distichum Nakai ex Kamibayashi, Chosen Yuri 7. Lilium medogense S. Yun Liang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 23:
Dzukai, t. 7. 1915. 392. 1985.
 mo tuo bai he 5: 294. 1950.

Bulb subglobose, ca. 2.2 cm in diam.; scales purple-red, Leaves linear. Tepals yellow, with obvious, purple-red spots.
lanceolate, 1.72.2 cm ca. 6 mm. Stem 3550 cm, papillose. Alpine grasslands; 35004000 m. NW Yunnan (Lijiang Naxi Zu
Leaves 58-whorled plus a few scattered, obovate-oblanceolate Zizhixian).
or elliptic, 4.56 1.72.2 cm. Flowers 13, campanulate. Te-
pals yellow, dark purple at base adaxially, unspotted, elliptic, 5 9. Lilium nanum Klotzsch in Klotzsch & Garcke, Bot. Ergebn.
6 22.4 cm, smooth. Stamens much shorter than tepals; fila- Reise Waldemar, 53. 1862.
ments ca. 2.5 cm, glabrous; anthers oblong, ca. 1.3 cm 2 mm. xiao bai he
Ovary ca. 1.4 cm 3 mm. Style ca. 2.5 cm; stigma capitate, ca.
8 mm in diam. Fl. Jun. Bulb oblong, 1.52.3 cm in diam.; scales white,
lanceolate, 22.5 cm 58 mm. Stem 1030 cm. Leaves
Rocky openings in Abies forests. SE Xizang (Mdog Xian). scattered, linear, 611 48.5 cm. Flower solitary, nodding,
8. Lilium lophophorum (Bureau & Franchet) Franchet, J. Bot. campanulate. Tepals pale purple, purplish red, or yellow, rarely
(Morot) 12: 221. 1898. white, usually with deep purple spots adaxially; outer ones
elliptic, 2.52.7 11.2 cm; inner ones slightly wider than
jian bei bai he outer; nectaries with fimbriate projections on both surfaces.
Bulb subovoid, 1.53.5 cm in diam.; scales rather lax, Stamens converging; filaments 112 mm, glabrous; anthers ca.
white, lanceolate, 3.54 cm 67 mm. Stem 1045 cm. Leaves 6 mm. Ovary ca. 1 cm 36 mm. Style 46 mm; stigma 34
highly variable, clustered to scattered, linear, narrowly lanceo- mm in diam. Capsule yellow, tinged purple on ribs, 2.83.5
late, lanceolate, or oblong-lanceolate, 512 0.32 cm, margin 22.5 cm. Fl. Jun, fr. Sep.
papillose. Bracts 513 cm 310 mm. Flowers usually solitary, Forest margins, thickets, grassy slopes, alpine grasslands; 3500
occasionally 2 or 3, nodding. Tepals yellow, pale yellow, or 4500 m. Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, Myanmar, Nepal, Sikkim].
pale yellowish green, with purple-red spots or unspotted, lan- 1a. Tepals pale purple or purplish red, rarely white,
ceolate or narrowly ovate-lanceolate, 4.55.7 0.91.6 cm; with deep purple spots adaxially ................. 9a. var. nanum
inner ones with fimbriate projections on both surfaces of nec- 1b. Tepals yellow, unspotted ......................... 9b. var. flavidum
taries. Stamens converging, 1.52 cm; filaments glabrous; an-
thers 710 mm. Ovary 11.2 cm 34 mm. Style ca. 1 cm. 9a. Lilium nanum var. nanum
Capsule 23 1.52 cm. Fl. JunJul, fr. AugSep. () xiao bai he (yuan bian zhong)
Forests, bushy slopes, alpine grasslands; 25004500 m. Sichuan,
Nomocharis nana (Klotzsch) E. H. Wilson.
Xizang, Yunnan.
1a. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, lanceolate, or Tepals pale purple or purplish red, rarely white, with deep
oblong-lanceolate; tepals with extremely sparse, purple spots adaxially. 2n = 48.
purple-red spots or unspotted .......... 8a. var. lophophorum Forest margins, thickets, grassy slopes; 35004500 m. Sichuan,
1b. Leaves linear; tepals with obvious, purple- Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, Myanmar, Nepal, Sikkim].
red spots ............................................ 8b. var. linearifolium 9b. Lilium nanum var. flavidum (Rendle) Sealy, Bot. Mag.
8a. Lilium lophophorum var. lophophorum 169: t. 218. 1952.
huang ban bai he
() jian bei bai he (yuan bian zhong)
Fritillaria flavida Rendle, J. Bot. 44: 45. 1906; Lilium
Fritillaria lophophora Bureau & Franchet, J. Bot. (Morot) euxanthum (W. W. Smith & W. E. Evans) Sealy; L. nanum f.
5: 153. 1891; Lilium lophophorum f. latifolium Sealy; L. lopho- flavidum (Rendle) H. Hara; Nomocharis euxantha W. W. Smith
phorum f. wardii (I. B. Balfour) Sealy; Nomocharis lophophora & W. E. Evans.
(Bureau & Franchet) W. E. Evans; N. lophophora var. wardii (I.
B. Balfour) W. W. Smith & W. E. Evans; N. wardii I. B. Tepals yellow, unspotted.
Balfour. Forest margins, alpine grasslands; 38004300 m. SE Xizang,
Leaves narrowly lanceolate, lanceolate, or oblong-lan- Yunnan [N Myanmar, Sikkim].
ceolate. Tepals yellow to pale yellowish green, with extremely Henry Noltie (pers. comm.) considers Lilium euxanthum (from SE
sparse, purple-red spots or unspotted. Xizang and Yunnan) to be distinct from L. nanum var. flavidum (from S
Xizang (Chumbi valley), N Myanmar, and Sikkim). The former has
Forests, bushy slopes, alpine grasslands; 25004500 m. Si- oblong leaves, which do not overtop the flower, and golden yellow
chuan, Xizang, Yunnan.
tepals; the latter has linear, finely tapering leaves, which overtop the
8b. Lilium lophophorum var. linearifolium (Sealy) S. Yun flower, and pale lemon-colored tepals.
Liang in F. T. Wang & Tang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 14: 10. Lilium brevistylum (S. Yun Liang) S. Yun Liang in F. T.
129. 1980. Wang et al., Acta Bot. Yunnan. 8: 52. 1986.
xian ye bai he duan zhu xiao bai he
Lilium lophophorum subsp. linearifolium Sealy, Kew Bull.
 Lilium nanum Klotzsch var. brevistylum S. Yun Liang in F. var. buschianum (Loddiges) Baker.
T. Wang & Tang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 14: 283. 1980.
Leaves (2)34.5(7) cm 23(6) mm. Tepals spotted,
Bulb oblong, 1.52 cm in diam.; scales purple, lanceolate, (2.5)2.83.5(4) cm (5)69(10) mm. 2n = 24.
23 cm 57 mm. Stem 2035 cm, glabrous. Leaves scattered, Moist places in forests, sunny grasslands; 6002200 m. Hebei,
linear or narrowly lanceolate, 35 cm 25 mm. Flower soli- Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shandong, Shanxi [Japan,
tary, nodding, campanulate. Tepals yellow, tinged pale purplish Korea, Mongolia, Russia (Far East, E Siberia)].
and with purple spots adaxially; outer ones elliptic-lanceolate,
11c. Lilium concolor var. megalanthum F. T. Wang & Tang,
22.2 cm 58 mm; inner ones somewhat wider; nectaries
Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 14: 283. 1980.
with fimbriate projections on both surfaces. Stamens
converging apically; filaments 810 mm, glabrous; anthers 45 da hua bai he
mm. Ovary ca. 1 cm 4 mm. Style very short, ca. 1 mm. Fl.
Lilium megalanthum (F. T. Wang & Tang) Q. S. Sun.
Jun.
Leaves 58.5 cm 510 mm. Tepals with purple spots, 5
Forest margins; ca. 4300 m. SE Xizang (Zay Xian).
5.2 0.81.4 cm.
11. Lilium concolor Salisbury, Parad. Lond. 1: t. 47. 1806. Moist meadows; ca. 500 m. Jilin.
wo dan 12. Lilium dauricum Ker Gawler, Bot. Mag. 30: t. 1210. 1809.
Bulb ovoid, (1.5)23.5 cm in diam.; scales white, ovate mao bai he
or ovate-lanceolate, 22.5(3.5) 11.5(3) cm. Stem occa-
Lilium maculatum Thunberg subsp. dauricum (Ker Gawl-
sionally tinged purple near base, 3050(80) cm, papillose,
er) H. Hara; L. pensylvanicum Ker Gawler; L. pseudodahuri-
rooting near bulb. Leaves scattered, sessile, linear, (2)37(10)
cum M. Fedossejew & S. Fedossejew.
cm 210 mm, veins and margin papillose, apex acute. Flow-
ers 15 in a subumbel or raceme, erect. Tepals stellately spread- Bulb ovoid-globose, ca. 2 cm in diam.; scales white,
ing, deep red, spotted or unspotted, oblong-lanceolate to ob- broadly lanceolate, 11.4 cm 56 mm, articulate or not. Stem
lanceolate, 2.25.2 cm 414 mm; nectaries papillose on both (30)5070(120) cm, not papillose. Leaves scattered plus 4 or
surfaces. Stamens converging; filaments 1.82 cm, glabrous; 5 in a whorl at apex of stem, sessile, linear, rarely to lanceolate,
anthers ca. 7 mm. Ovary 11.2 cm 23 mm. Style 79 mm. 45 cm 34(25) mm, 35-veined, margin papillose, some-
Capsule oblong, (1.5)33.5 ca. 2.2 cm.Fl. MayJul, fr. Aug times also sparsely white woolly, base with a cluster of white
Sep. woolly hairs. Flowers 1 or 2(6). Tepals vermilion or red, with
purple-red spots, rarely with yellow claws; outer ones oblan-
Moist places in forests, thickets, moist meadows, grassy slopes,
ceolate, (3)79 1.52.3 cm, abaxially white woolly, some-
hillsides, sunny grasslands; 300 2200 m. Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan,
Hubei, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Yun- times glabrous; inner ones slightly narrower; nectaries deep
nan [Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia (Far East, E Siberia)]. purple papillose on both surfaces. Stamens converging; fila-
ments ca. 5 cm; anthers ca. 1 cm. Ovary ca. 1.8 cm. Style ca. 4
1a. Tepals unspotted ..................................... 11a. var. concolor cm. Capsule oblong, ca. 5 3 cm. Fl. JunJul, fr. AugSep.
1b. Tepals spotted. 2n = 24*.
2a. Tepals (25)2835(40) (5)69
(10) mm ................................... 11b. var. pulchellum Open forests, bushy slopes, hillsides, moist meadows; 4001500
2b. Tepals 5052 814 mm ...... 11c. var. megalanthum m. Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol [Japan, Korea,
Mongolia, Russia (Far East, E Siberia)].
11a. Lilium concolor var. concolor 13. Lilium henrici Franchet, J. Bot. (Morot) 12: 220. 1898.
() wo dan (yuan bian zhong) mo jiang bai he
Lilium concolor var. sinicum (Lindley & Paxton) J. D. Bulb ovoid or subglobose, ca. 4 cm in diam.; scales lan-
Hooker; L. concolor var. uniflorum Spae; L. mairei H. Lveill; ceolate, 2.54 0.81.5 cm. Stem 60120 cm. Leaves scat-
L. sinicum Lindley & Paxton. tered, narrowly lanceolate, 1215 0.91.4 cm, glabrous, 3-
Leaves 3.57 cm 36 mm. Tepals unspotted, 2.24 cm veined. Flowers usually 5 or 6 in a raceme, open campanulate.
47 mm. 2n = 24*. Tepals white, with an obvious, purple-red or deep purple-red
blotch at base adaxially, sometimes also with purple-red speck-
Thickets, grassy slopes, hillsides; 3002000 m. Hebei, Henan, les, suboblong-lanceolate, 3.55 1.21.4(2) cm; nectaries
Hubei, Jilin, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Yunnan. green, not papillose. Stamens converging apically; filaments ca.
The bulbs are medicinal and edible. 2 cm, glabrous; anthers ca. 1 cm. Ovary 0.91.3 cm 23 mm.
Style 1.52.2 cm. Fl. JunJul.
11b. Lilium concolor var. pulchellum (Fischer) Regel, Garten-
flora 25: 354. 1876. Mixed forests; ca. 2800 m. W Sichuan, NW Yunnan.
you ban bai he 1a. Tepals with an obvious, deep purple-red
blotch at base adaxially ............................ 13a. var. henrici
Lilium pulchellum Fischer in Fischer et al., Index Sem.
1b. Inner tepals with a large, purple-red blotch
Hort. Petrop. 6: 56. 1840; L. buschianum Loddiges; L. concolor
 at base adaxially and a few purple-red green, with purple or bright red
speckles, outer ones each with a purple- spots adaxially ............... 14c. var. delavayi
red blotch only ................................... 13b. var. maculatum
14a. Lilium bakerianum var. bakerianum
13a. Lilium henrici var. henrici
() dian bai he (yuan bian zhong)
() mo jiang bai he (yuan bian zhong)
Leaves glabrous. Tepals white, with purple-red spots adax-
Lilium franchetianum H. Lveill; Nomocharis henrici ially.
(Franchet) E. H. Wilson. Forest margins; ca. 2800 m. W Sichuan, NW Yunnan [Myanmar].
Tepals with an obvious, deep purple-red blotch at base 14b. Lilium bakerianum var. aureum Grove & Cotton, Lily
adaxially. Year Book 8: 127. 1939.
Mixed forests; ca. 2800 m. W Sichuan, NW Yunnan. jin huang hua dian bai he
13b. Lilium henrici var. maculatum (W. E. Evans) Woodcock Leaves glabrous. Tepals pale yellow, yellow, brownish
& Stearn, Lilies World, 226. 1950. yellow, or purplish yellow, with purple or purple-red spots
ban kuai bai he adaxially.
Thicket margins, grassy slopes; 20002500 m. SW Sichuan,
Nomocharis henrici (Franchet) E. H. Wilson f. maculata NW Yunnan.
W. E. Evans, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 15: 194. 1926.
14c. Lilium bakerianum var. delavayi (Franchet) E. H. Wil-
Inner tepals with a large, purple-red blotch at base adaxi- son, Lilies East. Asia 43. 1925.
ally and a few purple-red speckles; outer ones each with a pur-
ple-red blotch only. huang lu hua dian bai he
NW Yunnan. Lilium delavayi Franchet, J. Bot. (Morot) 6: 314. 1892.
14. Lilium bakerianum Collett & Hemsley, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. Leaves glabrous. Tepals yellowish green, pale yellow-
28: 138. 1890. green, greenish, or pale green, with purple or bright red spots
adaxially.
dian bai he
Forested or grassy slopes; 25003800 m. Guizhou, Sichuan, Yun-
Bulb broadly ovoid to subglobose, ca. 2.5 cm in diam.; nan [Myanmar].
scales white, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 22.2 cm 710 mm.
Stem 6090 cm, papillose. Leaves scattered, linear or linear- 14d. Lilium bakerianum var. rubrum Stearn, Gard. Chron.,
lanceolate, 47.5 cm 47 mm, papillose at margin and on ser. 3, 124: 4. 1948.
midvein abaxially, sometimes white pubescent on both sur- zi hong hua dian bai he
faces. Flowers 13, nodding or suberect, campanulate. Tepals
white, greenish, yellow, pink, or purple, often with purple to red Lilium linceorum H. Lveill & Vaniot.
spots; outer ones lanceolate, 6.58.3 1.41.8 cm; inner ones Leaves glabrous. Tepals purple-red or pink, with purple or
slightly wider; nectaries not papillose. Stamens converging; fil- red spots adaxially.
aments ca. 3 cm; anthers ca. 1.6 cm. Ovary 1.72 cm 24 Forest margins, hillsides along streams, grassy slopes; 1500
mm. Style 2.22.6 cm. Capsule oblong, ca. 3.5 2.5 cm. Fl. 2000 m. Guizhou, Yunnan.
JunSep, fr. SepOct. 14e. Lilium bakerianum var. yunnanense (Franchet) Sealy ex
Pinus forests, forested and grassy slopes, forest and thicket mar- Woodcock & Stearn, Lilies World, 151. 1950.
gins, grasslands, hillsides along streams; 15003800 m. Guizhou, Si-
chuan, Yunnan [Myanmar]. wu ban dian bai he
1a. Leaves white pubescent on both Lilium yunnanense Franchet, J. Bot. (Morot) 6: 314. 1892.
surfaces .............................................. 14e. var. yunnanense
1b. Leaves glabrous. Leaves white pubescent on both surfaces. Tepals white or
2a. Tepals white .............................. 14a. var. bakerianum pale rose, unspotted.
2b. Tepals not white.
Pinus forests, grasslands; 20002800 m. SW Sichuan, NW
3a. Tepals purple-red to pink ........ 14d. var. rubrum
Yunnan.
3b. Tepals pale yellow, yellow, brownish
yellow, purplish yellow, yellowish 15. Lilium sempervivoideum H. Lveill, Bull. Acad. Int.
green, or greenish. Gogr. Bot. 25: 38. 1915.
4a. Tepals pale yellow, yellow,
suan tou bai he
brownish yellow, or purplish
yellow, with purple or purple-red Lilium bakerianum Collett & Hemsley subsp. sempervi-
spots adaxially ................. 14b. var. aureum voideum (H. Lveill) McKean.
4b. Tepals yellowish green, pale
yellow-green, greenish, or pale Bulb subglobose, 2.33 cm in diam.; scales lanceolate,
2.53 cm 510 mm. Stem 2030 cm, papillose. Leaves 16 unspotted; outer ones elliptic, 2.53.5 0.91.2 cm, apex
30, scattered, linear, 2.55.5 cm 24 mm, 1-veined. Flower shortly pointed; inner ones 11.8 cm wide; nectaries not papil-
solitary, campanulate. Tepals white with purple-red speckles; lose. Stamens converging; filaments 1.21.4 cm, glabrous; an-
outer ones lanceolate, 3.54 cm 510 mm; inner ones 1.21.5 thers purple-black, 57 mm. Style to 1.2 cm; stigma small. Cap-
cm wide; nectaries not papillose. Stamens converging; fila- sule subglobose, 1.52 cm in diam. Fl. JunJul, fr. AugOct. 2n
ments 1.21.5 cm, glabrous; anthers 5.56.5 cm. Ovary purple- = 24*.
black, ca. 8 1.52.5 mm. Style ca. 1.5 cm; stigma 34 mm in Thicket margins, grassy slopes; 12001400 m. Sichuan, SE
diam. Fl. Jun. Xizang, Yunnan.
Grassy slopes; 24002600 m. Sichuan, Yunnan. 19. Lilium saccatum S. Yun Liang in C. Y. Wu, Fl. Xizang. 5:
16. Lilium amoenum E. H. Wilson ex Sealy, Bot. Mag. 166: t. 540. 1987.
73. 1949. nang bei bai he
mei hong bai he Bulb ovoid, ca. 2 cm in diam.; scales pale brown, lanceo-
late, ca. 2.5 cm 7 mm. Stem 2030 cm. Leaves scattered, oc-
Lilium sempervivoideum H. Lveill subsp. amoenum (E.
casionally several crowded and subwhorled, ovate or elliptic-
H. Wilson ex Sealy) S. Yun Liang.
lanceolate, 24 0.81.2 cm. Flower solitary, nodding, cam-
Bulb ovoid, 222 cm in diam.; scales white, lanceolate, panulate. Tepals purple-red, with dark spots adaxially, narrowly
1.51.8 cm 68 mm. Stem 1530 cm, papillose. Leaves 812, elliptic, 2.32.5 cm 89 mm, basally saccate; nectaries not
scattered, narrowly elliptic or narrowly oblong, 2.84.5 cm 2 papillose. Stamens converging; filaments 11.2 cm, glabrous;
7 mm, 1-veined. Flower solitary, nodding, campanulate, fra- anthers ca. 6 mm. Ovary purple-red, cylindric, 810 2 3 mm.
grant. Tepals purple-red or rose purple, with deep red spots; Style 89 mm; stigma swollen, shallowly 3-lobed. Fl. Jul.
outer ones lanceolate, 34 cm 910 mm, slightly revolute Bushy and grassy slopes; ca. 3900 m. SE Xizang (Mainling
apically;inner onesovate-lanceolate or elliptic,1.41.5 cm wide; Xian).
nectaries green, not papillose. Stamens converging; filaments
20. Lilium huidongense J. M. Xu, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 23: 232.
ca. 1.4 cm, glabrous; anthers 56.5 cm. Ovary ca. 8 2 mm.
1985.
Style 1.21.6 cm; stigma ca. 3 mm in diam. Fl. Jun. 2n = 24*.
hui dong bai he
Forested slopes, grassy places in thickets; 18003000 m. Yun-
nan. Stem to 50 cm, smooth, rooting near base. Leaves scat-
tered, ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, 78 1.62.4 cm, 5 7-
17. Lilium pinifolium L. J. Peng, Acta Bot. Yunnan. 7: 317.
veined, axil with a cluster of white, curly hairs, margin minutely
1985.
papillose. Flowers usually 4 in a raceme, nodding, campanulate.
song ye bai he Tepals pale red, with purple spots adaxially, oblong to oblong-
ovate, ca. 4 1.3 cm, apex minutely papillose; nectaries not
Lilium sempervivoideum H. Lveill subsp. pinifolium (L. papillose. Stamens converging; filaments ca. 2 cm, glabrous;
J. Peng) S. Yun Liang. anthers linear, ca. 7 mm. Ovary cylindric, ca. 8 2 mm. Style
Bulb subglobose, 33.5 in diam.; scales white, ovate, 2.5 ca. 2.5 cm; stigma swollen. Fl. Jun.
3.5 22.5 cm. Stem 7080 cm. Leaves scattered, narrowly About 3200 m. SW Sichuan (Huidong Xian).
linear or subfiliform, 34 cm 12(3) mm, abaxially some-
21. Lilium speciosum Thunberg var. gloriosoides Baker, Gard.
times scabrous, margin minutely papillose. Flowers usually 2,
Chron., n.s., 14: 198. 1880.
nodding, campanulate. Tepals white, green at base, with red
spots; outer ones linear, ca. 4 1.2 cm; inner ones narrowly yao bai he
oblong, ca. 1.5 cm wide; nectaries blackish green, not papillose.
Stamens ca. 2 cm; filaments greenish white; anthers 5 7 mm. Lilium kanahirae Hayata; L. konishii Hayata.
Ovary green, ca. 1.5 cm 3 mm. Style 1.72 cm; stigma small. Bulb flattened subglobose, ca. 5 cm in diam.; scales white,
Fl. Jun. broadly lanceolate, ca. 2 1.2 cm. Stem 60120 cm. Leaves
Forests; 33003400 m. NW Yunnan. scattered, shortly petiolate, lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate, or
ovate-lanceolate, 718 15 cm, 35-veined, margin papillose,
18. Lilium souliei (Franchet) Sealy, Kew Bull. 5: 296. 1950.
apex acuminate. Flowers 15 in a raceme or subumbel, nod-
zi hua bai he ding. Tepals recurved, white, with purple-red blotches and spots
Fritillaria souliei Franchet, J. Bot. (Morot) 12: 221. 1898; on proximal 1/31/2, lanceolate to narrowly oblong, 67.5 1
Nomocharis souliei (Franchet) W. W. Smith & W. E. Evans. 2 cm, margin undulate; nectaries with red, fimbriate projections
and papillae on both surfaces. Stamens diverging; filaments
Bulb narrowly ovoid, 1.31.8 cm in diam.; scales white, green, 56 cm; anthers crimson, 1.51.8 cm. Ovary 1.21.7 cm.
lanceolate. 1.53 cm 610 mm. Stem 1030 cm. Leaves 58, Style 35 cm. Capsule subglobose, ca. 3 cm in diam. Fl. Jul
scattered, narrowly elliptic, lanceolate, or linear, 36 0.61.5 Aug, fr. Oct. 2n = 24*.
cm, margin sometimes sparsely papillose. Flower solitary, nod-
ding, campanulate.Tepals purple-red, usually paler toward base, Shaded and moist places in forests, grassy slopes; 600900 m.
Anhui, Guangxi, Hunan, Jiangxi, Taiwan, Zhejiang.
 Lilium speciosum var. speciosum occurs in SW Japan (Kyushu, to oblong-oblanceolate, 3.56.5
Shikoku). 11.3 cm ............................................. 24b. var. ochraceum
The bulbs are edible and medicinal. 24a. Lilium primulinum var. burmanicum (W. W. Smith)
22. Lilium henryi Baker, Gard. Chron., ser. 3, 2: 660. 1888. Stearn, Gard. Chron., ser. 3, 124: 13. 1948.
zi hou bai he
hu bei bai he
Lilium nepalense D. Don var. burmanicum W. W. Smith,
Bulb subglobose, ca. 7 cm in diam.; scales white, oblong,
Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 28: 135. 1922; L. ochraceum Fran-
3.54.5 1.41.6 cm. Stem streaked with purple, 12 m. Leaves
chet var. burmanicum (W. W. Smith) Cotton.
dimorphic, proximal and middle ones oblong-lanceolate, 7.5
15 22.7 cm, distal ones ovate, 24 1.52.5 cm. Flowers 2 Bulb 56 cm in diam. Leaves lanceolate, 5.512 0.81.4
12 in a raceme, paired on each pedicel. Tepals recurved, orange, cm. Tepals oblong, 6.59 1.31.7 cm. Fl. JulOct, fr. Sep
with sparse, black spots, lanceolate, 57 ca. 2 cm; nectaries Dec. 2n = 24.
with numerous fimbriate projections on both surfaces. Stamens
Forests, forest margins, thickets, grassy slopes; hillsides along
diverging; filaments 44.5 cm, glabrous; anthers deep vermil-
ravines; 12002700 m. Yunnan [Myanmar, Thailand].
ion. Ovary ca. 1.5 cm. Style ca. 5 cm. Capsule oblong, 44.5
ca. 3.5 cm. Fl. Jul, fr. Sep. 2n = 24*. 24b. Lilium primulinum var. ochraceum (Franchet) Stearn,
Gard. Chron., ser. 3, 124: 13. 1948.
Mountain slopes; 7001000 m. Guizhou, Hubei, Jiangxi.
chuan dian bai he
23. Lilium rosthornii Diels, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 29: 243. 1900.
Lilium ochraceum Franchet, J. Bot. (Morot) 6: 319. 1892;
nan chuan bai he L. majoense H. Lveill; L. nepalense D. Don var. ochraceum
Stem 40100 cm. Leaves scattered, dimorphic, proximal (Franchet) S. Yun Liang; L. tenii H. Lveill.
and middle ones shortly petiolate, linear-lanceolate, 815 cm Bulb ca. 3.5 cm in diam. Leaves lanceolate to oblong-lan-
810 mm, distal ones ovate, 34.5 11.2 cm. Flowers usually ceolate, 35.5(10) 0.81(2) cm. Tepals oblong to oblong-
several to 9 in a raceme, very rarely solitary. Tepals recurved, oblanceolate, 3.56.5 11.3 cm. Fl. JulAug, fr. OctNov.
yellow or orange, with purple-red spots, sublanceolate, 66.5
Forests, grassy slopes; 11003100 m. Guizhou, Sichuan, NW
0.91.1 cm; nectaries with many fimbriate projections on both
Yunnan.
surfaces. Stamens diverging; filaments 66.5 cm; anthers 1.2
1.4 cm. Ovary cylindric, 1.52 ca. 2 mm. Style 44.5 cm. 25. Lilium nepalense D. Don, Mem. Wern. Nat. Hist. Soc. 3:
Capsule brownish green, narrowly oblong, 5.56.5 1.41.8 412. 1820.
cm. Fl. JulAug, fr. Sep.
zi ban bai he
Forests, hillsides along valleys or streams; 300900 m. Guizhou,
Hubei, Sichuan. Bulb subglobose, ca. 2 cm in diam.; scales white, lanceo-
late or ovate-lanceolate, 22.5 11.2 cm. Stem 40120 cm,
24. Lilium primulinum Baker, Bot. Mag. 118: t. 7227. 1892. papillose. Leaves scattered, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate,
510 23 cm, glabrous, 5-veined, margin papillose. Flowers
bao chun bai he
solitary or 35 in a raceme, nodding, somewhat trumpet-
Bulb subglobose, 3.56 cm in diam.; scales lanceolate, 3 shaped. Tepals revolute, pale yellow or greenish yellow, rarely
4.5 11.5 cm. Stem 0.62 m, scabrous. Leaves many, scat- orange-yellow, tinged purplish in throat, suboblong, 69(13)
tered, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 312 0.81.4 cm, 1.61.8 cm; nectaries not papillose. Filaments 55.5 cm, gla-
glabrous, abaxially 3-veined. Flowers 49 in a raceme, nod- brous; anthers 89(25) mm. Ovary cylindric, 1.51.8 cm.
ding. Tepals revolute, primrose yellow or greenish yellow, rare- Style 45 cm; stigma swollen, ca. 4 mm in diam. Fl. JunJul. 2n
ly yellowish white, sometimes with purple blotches at base, = 24.
oblong, narrowly oblong, or oblong-oblanceolate, 39 11.7
Bushy places in mixed forests, hillsides; (2100)26002900 m. S
cm; inner ones slightly wider; nectaries not papillose. Filaments Xizang, SE and W Yunnan [Bhutan, N India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sikkim].
4.55.5 cm, glabrous; anthers 11.2 cm. Ovary 1.51.7 cm 2
3 mm. Style 4.25 cm. Capsule brownish, oblong, 47 2.83 26. Lilium wardii Stapf ex F. C. Stern, J. Roy. Hort. Soc. 57:
cm. 291. 1932.
Forests, forest margins, thickets, grassy slopes; hillsides along ra- zhuo ba bai he
vines; 11003100 m. Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan [Myanmar, Thailand].
Bulb subglobose, 2.54 cm in diam.; scales ovate, 1.52
Two varieties occur in China. Lilium primulinum var. primulinum
cm 79 mm. Stem purplish brown, 60100 cm, papillose.
occurs only in Myanmar and has primrose yellow tepals without
blotches. Leaves scattered, narrowly lanceolate, 35.5 cm 67 mm,
adaxially with 3 obviously impressed veins, margin papillose.
1a. Bulb 56 cm in diam.; tepals oblong, Flowers 210 in a raceme, rarely solitary, nodding. Tepals pale
6.59 1.31.7 cm .......................... 24a. var. burmanicum purple-red or pink, with deep purple spots, oblong or lanceolate,
1b. Bulb ca. 3.5 cm in diam.; tepals oblong
5.56 cm 810 mm, margin revolute; nectaries neither Bulb ovoid, ca. 2.5 cm in diam.; scales white, lanceolate,
papillose nor with fimbriate projections. Filaments 44.5 cm; 22.5 cm 58 mm. Stem 0.71.5 m, sometimes with purple
anthers purple. Ovary cylindric, ca. 1 cm. Style ca. 3 cm. Caps- spots, papillose. Leaves scattered, linear or linear-lanceolate, 8
ule oblong, 2.53 1.62.6 cm. Fl. JunAug, fr. Aug. 2n = 24*. 10 cm 68 mm, 1-veined, margin papillose. Flowers 25(13)
in a raceme, nodding. Tepals white, with purple spots, oblong
Thickets, rocky places at forest margins, grassy slopes; 2000
or oblong-lanceolate, 4.55 ca. 1 cm; inner ones slightly
3400 m. Guizhou, Sichuan, SE Xizang.
wider than outer; nectaries neither papillose nor with fimbriate
27. Lilium matangense J. M. Xu, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 23: 233. projections. Filaments ca. 3 cm; anthers 810 mm. Ovary 1.4
1985. 1.6 cm 34 mm. Style 1.51.7 cm. Capsule brown, oblong,
ca. 3.5 2 cm. Fl. JulAug, fr. Sep. 2n = 24*.
ma tang bai he
Forests, grassy slopes; 26003600 m. Sichuan, ?Xizang, Yun-
Bulb ovoid or narrowly so, 11.5 cm in diam.; scales nan.
white, lanceolate, 22.5 cm 510 mm. Stem greenish, 2335 31. Lilium jinfushanense L. J. Peng & B. N. Wang, Acta Bot.
cm, basally minutely papillose, rooting near bulb. Leaves scat- Yunnan. 8: 225. 1986.
tered, linear, 611 cm 14 mm, 1-veined, margin minutely
jin fo shan bai he
papillose. Flower solitary, nodding. Tepals white, tinged pale
brown, with purple-brown spots, lanceolate, 2.53.5 cm 57 Bulb yellowish red, subglobose, 11.5 cm in diam. Stem
mm, margin revolute; nectaries not papillose. Filaments pale with purple spots or streaks, 0.71.3 m. Leaves scattered, lan-
green, 1.21.5 cm, glabrous; anthers yellow, oblong, 45 mm. ceolate, 510 0.81.5 cm, 35- veined, margin papillose.
Ovary pale green, 11.5 cm ca. 2 mm. Style pale green, 11.3 Flowers 37(15) in a raceme, nodding, campanulate, fragrant.
cm. Fl. Jun. Tepals white or yellowish, tinged purple at base and in proxi-
mally 1/2, with purple spots distally, narrowly oblong or ob-
32003300 m. NW Sichuan (Barkam Xian).
lanceolate, 56 11.2 cm, margin revolute; inner ones slightly
28. Lilium stewartianum I. B. Balfour & W. W. Smith in W. wider than outer; nectaries green, smooth. Filaments 44.5 cm;
W. Smith, Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 28: 127. 1922. anthers 57 mm. Ovary 1.21.5 cm. Style 3.23.5 cm. Capsule
obovoid, 2.53 1.52 cm. Fl. JunJul, fr. Sep.
dan hua bai he
Forests; 18002200 m. SE Sichuan (Nanchuan Xian).
Bulb ovoid, ca. 2 cm in diam.; scales white, ovate-lanceo- 32. Lilium lijiangense L. J. Peng, Acta Bot. Yunnan. 6: 189.
late. Stem green, sometimes with purple-red spots, 2050 cm. 1984.
Leaves scattered, linear, 2.57 cm 34 mm, 1-veined, margin
sparsely papillose. Flower solitary, nodding, fragrant. Tepals li jiang bai he
greenish yellow, with deep red spots, oblanceolate-oblong, 4.5 Lilium ningnanense J. M. Xu.
5 cm 79 mm, revolute distally; nectaries neither papillose
nor with fimbriate projections. Filaments ca. 3 cm, glabrous. Bulb subglobose, 2.54 cm in diam.; scales white, tinged
Ovary purple, cylindric, 22.2 cm ca. 3 mm. Style subequal- purple, lanceolate, 2.55 12 cm. Stem 5560 cm, with pur-
ing ovary. Capsule brown, oblong or ellipsoid, 22.5 1.52 ple spots or streaks. Leaves scattered, elliptic, suboblong, ovate-
cm. Fl. JulAug, fr. Oct. lanceolate, or lanceolate, 511 1.53 cm, 79-veined, axil
with a cluster of white hairs. Flowers solitary or 25 in a
Forest margins, open and rocky grasslands, rocky places on raceme, nodding, fragrant. Tepals yellow, with purple or brown
limestone mountains; 36004300 m. NW Yunnan. spots, oblong to lanceolate, 44.5 0.81.5 cm, apex slightly
29. Lilium habaense F. T. Wang & Tang in F. T. Wang et al., papillose, revolute; nectaries blackish or red, not papillose. Sta-
Acta Bot. Yunnan. 8: 51. 1986. mens diverging; filaments 2.53 cm; anthers ca. 7 mm. Ovary
ha ba bai he 710 ca. 2 mm. Style 33.5 cm. Fl. JulAug.

Bulb ovoid, 1.52.2 cm in diam.; scales lanceolate, 22.5 33003400 m. W Sichuan, NW Yunnan.
cm 510 mm. Stem 4560 cm, smooth. Leaves scattered, 33. Lilium duchartrei Franchet, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat.,
linear, 5.58 cm 24 mm, glabrous, margin recurved. Flower sr. 2, 10: 90. 1887.
solitary. Tepals green, with dense, purple spots, lanceolate, 3
bao xing bai he
3.5 cm 56 mm; nectaries neither papillose nor with fimbriate
projections. Filaments 610 mm, glabrous; anthers narrowly Lilium farreri Turrill; L. forrestii W. W. Smith.
oblong, 910 mm. Ovary cylindric, ca. 6 1 mm. Style nearly
Bulb ovoid, 1.54 cm in diam.; scales white, ovate to lan-
as thick as ovary, ca. 3.5 mm. Fl. Jun.
ceolate, 12 0.51.8 cm. Stem 0.51.5 m, sometimes slightly
Open and rocky places. NW Yunnan (Zhongdian Xian). papillose. Leaves scattered, lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 4.5
30. Lilium taliense Franchet, J. Bot. (Morot) 6: 319. 1892. 5 ca. 1 cm, papillose abaxially and at margin, 35-veined, axil
with a cluster of white hairs. Flowers solitary or several in an
da li bai he umbel, nodding, fragrant. Tepals white, with red-purple spots,
Lilium feddei H. Lveill. 4.56 1.21.4 cm, margin revolute; nectaries papillose on
both surfaces. Filaments ca. 3.5 cm; anthers yellow, narrowly
oblong, ca. 1 cm. Ovary ca. 1.2 1.54 cm. Style 34 cm. Cap- verging; filaments 3.54 cm, glabrous; anthers vermilion, ca.
sule ellipsoid, 2.53 ca. 2.2 cm. Seeds with a 12 mm wide 1.1 cm. Ovary cylindric, 1.21.3 cm 23 mm. Style ca. 3 cm.
wing. Fl. JulAug, fr. Sep. 2n = 24*. Capsule ellipsoid, ca. 3 cm. Fl. JulAug. 2n = 24*.
Forest margins along valleys, grassy slopes, hillsides; 1500 Sandy places along valleys, mountain grasslands, limestone or
3800 m. Gansu, Hubei, ?S Shaanxi (Qin Ling), Sichuan. serpentine areas; near sea level to 1300 m. Hebei, Jilin, Liaoning,
Shaanxi [Japan, Korea, Russia (Primorskiy Kray)].
34. Lilium lankongense Franchet, J. Bot. (Morot) 6: 317.
1892. Lilium leichtlinii var. leichtlinii occurs in Japan (except Hokkai-
do).
pu jing bai he
37. Lilium pumilum Redout, Liliac. 7: t. 378. 1812.
?Lilium ninae Vrishcz.
shan dan
Bulb ovoid-globose, 2.54 cm in diam., stoloniferous;
scales white, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 1.52 11.4 cm. Stem Lilium potaninii Vrishcz; L. pumilum var. potaninii
pale purple-brown, 40150 cm, papillose. Leaves scattered, (Vrischz) Y. Z. Zhao; L. sinensium Gandoger; L. tenuifolium
oblong, oblong-lanceolate, or lanceolate, 310 0.51.7 cm, Fischer ex Hooker.
slightly papillose abaxially and at margin, veins 37, raised
Bulb ovoid or conical, 23 cm in diam.; scales white,
abaxially. Flowers solitary or several in a raceme, nodding,
oblong or narrowly ovate, 23 11.5 cm. Stem sometimes
fragrant. Tepals pink, with deep red spots, 55.5 cm 810
streaked with purple, 1560 cm, papillose. Leaves scattered
mm, margin revolute; nectaries papillose on both surfaces.
near middle of stem, linear, 3.59 1.53 cm, midvein promi-
Filaments ca. 3.5 cm, glabrous; anthers purplish, ca. 1 cm.
nent abaxially, margin papillose. Flowers solitary or several in a
Ovary 11.3 cm 23 mm. Style 34 cm. Capsule ellipsoid,
raceme, nodding. Tepals revolute, bright red, usually unspotted,
1.52.5 1.22 cm. Seeds with a ca. 1 mm wide wing. Fl. Jun
occasionally with a few spots near base, 44.5 cm 811 mm,
Jul, fr. AugOct.
not minutely papillose adaxially; nectaries papillose on both
Alpine grasslands; 18003200 m. SE Xizang, NW Yunnan. surfaces. Filaments 1.22.5 cm, glabrous; anthers yellow, with
35. Lilium amabile Palibin, Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. reddish pollen, ca. 1 cm. Ovary 810 mm. Style 12 cm. Cap-
Sada 19: 113. 1901. sule oblong, ca. 2 1.21.8 cm. Fl. JulAug, fr. SepOct. 2n =
24*.
xiu li bai he
Forest margins, grassy slopes; 4002600 m. Gansu, Hebei, Hei-
Lilium fauriei H. Lveill & Vaniot. longjiang, Henan, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai,
Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi [Korea, Mongolia, Russia (C and E Si-
Bulb ovoid-globose, 2.53 cm in diam.; scales white, lan- beria)].
ceolate or lanceolate-ovate, ca. 4 2.5 cm. Stem 4080 cm,
with white, short, stiff hairs. Leaves scattered, narrowly lanceo- The bulbs are edible and medicinal.
late, 27.5 cm 58 mm, both surfaces with dense, white, stiff 38. Lilium davidii Duchartre ex Elwes, Monogr. Lilium, t. 24.
hairs, margin ciliate. Flowers solitary or 3 in a raceme, nodding. 1877.
Tepals strongly revolute, red, sometimes dark red-orange or
yellow, densely speckled black, 3.55 cm; outer ones 810 mm chuan bai he
wide; inner ones 1.41.6 cm wide; nectaries papillose on both
Bulb flattened globose or broadly ovoid, 24.5 cm in
surfaces. Ovary ca. 12 3 mm. Style ca. 2 mm. Fl. Jul. 2n =
diam.; scales white, broadly ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 23.5
24*.
SE Liaoning [Korea]. 11.5 cm. Stem sometimes tinged purple, 50100 cm, densely
papillose. Leaves scattered, but relatively crowded at middle of
36. Lilium leichtlinii J. D. Hooker var. maximowiczii (Regel) stem, linear, 712 cm 23(6) mm, axil sometimes with white
Baker, Gard. Chron. 1871: 1422. 1871. woolly hairs, margin recurved, conspicuously papillose. Flow-
da hua juan dan ers solitary or 28 in a raceme, nodding. Tepals orange, with
dark purple spots on proximal 2/3; outer ones 56 1.21.4
Lilium maximowiczii Regel, Gartenflora 17: 322. 1868; L. cm; inner ones 1.61.8 cm wide; nectaries papillose on both
pseudotigrinum Carrire. surfaces and with a few fimbriate projections abaxially. Fila-
Bulb white, globose, (2)4 cm in diam. Stem 0.52 m, ments 45.5 cm; anthers 1.41.6 cm. Style 23 cm. Capsule ca.
with purple spots, papillose, white woolly when young. Leaves 3.5 1.62 cm. Fl. and fr. JunSep.
scattered, sessile or shortly petiolate, narrowly lanceolate to Moist places in forests, forest margins, grassy slopes; 8003200
oblong-lanceolate, 310(14) 0.61.2(1.6) cm, white woolly m. Gansu, Guizhou, Henan, W Hubei, S Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan,
when young, glabrous when mature, 37-veined, axil without Yunnan.
bulblets, margin papillose, apex acute-acuminate. Flowers 2
Widely cultivated in China for its edible bulbs.
8(10) in a raceme, rarely solitary, nodding. Tepals revolute,
red, with purple spots, lanceolate, 4.56.5(8.5) 0.91.5 cm; 1a. Leaves usually 1-veined, axil with a cluster of
nectaries papillose and with fimbriate projections on both sur- white woolly hairs ..................................... 38a. var. davidii
faces, densely so proximally on adaxial surface. Stamens di- 1b. Leaves usually 3-veined, axil without white
 woolly hairs ........................................ 38b. var. willmottiae narrowly oblong, 2.5(4) cm 67(20) mm. Fl. JulAug, fr.
AugSep. 2n = 24*.
38a. Lilium davidii var. davidii
Grassy slopes, limestone areas; 100900 m. Anhui, Guangdong,
() chuan bai he (yuan bian zhong)
Guangxi, Henan, Jiangsu, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Taiwan, Zhe-
Lilium biondii Baroni; L. cavaleriei H. Lveill & Vaniot; jiang [Japan, Korea, Russia (Primorskiy Kray)].
L. sutchuenense Franchet; L. thayerae E. H. Wilson. 41. Lilium papilliferum Franchet, J. Bot. (Morot) 6: 316. 1892.
Leaves usually 1-veined, axil with a cluster of white wool- ru tou bai he
ly hairs. 2n = 24*.
Bulb ovoid, ca. 2.5 cm in diam.; scales white, ovate or lan-
Moist places in forests, forest margins, grassy slopes; 1600
3200 m. Guizhou, Sichuan, NW Yunnan. ceolate-ovate. Stem to 60 cm, tinged purple, densely papillose.
Leaves scattered, mostly in middle and distal parts of stem,
38b. Lilium davidii var. willmottiae (E. H. Wilson) Raffill, linear, 5.57 cm 24 mm. Flowers several (usually 5) in a
Gard. Chron., ser. 3, 104: 231. 1938. raceme, nodding, fragrant. Tepals purple-red or reddish brown,
lan zhou bai he unspotted, oblong, slightly narrowed basally, 3.53.8 11.3
cm; nectaries papillose and with cristate projections on both
Lilium willmottiae E. H. Wilson, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew surfaces. Filaments ca. 2 cm, glabrous; anthers light brown,
1913: 266. 1913; L. chinense Baroni. with orange pollen. Ovary cylindric, ca. 1 cm 4 mm. Style ca.
Leaves usually 3-veined, axil without white woolly hairs. 1.3 cm. Capsule oblong, 22.5 1.52 cm. Fl. Jul, fr. Sep.
2n = 24*. Bushy slopes; 10001300 m. Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan.
W Hubei, S Shaanxi, E Sichuan, Yunnan. 42. Lilium fargesii Franchet, J. Bot. (Morot) 6: 317. 1892.
39. Lilium cernuum Komarov, Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. lu hua bai he
Bot. Sada 20: 461. 1901.
Lilium cupreum H. Lveill.
chui hua bai he
Bulb ovoid, ca. 1.5 cm in diam.; scales white, lanceolate,
Lilium cernuum var. atropurpureum Nakai; L. changbai- 1.52 ca. 6 mm. Stem 2070 cm, papillose. Leaves scattered,
shanicum J. J. Chien; L. graminifolium H. Lveill & Vaniot; L. mostly in middle and distal parts of stem, linear, 1014 cm 2
palibinianum Y. Yabe. 5 mm, margin recurved. Flowers solitary or several in a raceme,
Bulb oblong or ovoid, (2.5)4 cm in diam.; scales white, nodding. Tepals greenish white, with dense, purple or purple-
lanceolate or ovate. Stem to 65 cm, smooth. Leaves scattered, brown spots, lanceolate, 33.5 cm 710 mm, margin revolute;
sessile, narrowly linear, (4)812(18) cm (1)24(5) mm, nectaries with cristate projections on both surfaces. Filaments
margin slightly recurved, papillose. Flowers solitary or 26 in a 22.2 cm, glabrous; anthers orange, narrowly oblong, 79 ca.
raceme, nodding, fragrant. Tepals pale purple-red, with deep 2 mm. Ovary cylindric, 11.5 cm ca. 2 mm. Style 1.21.5 cm.
purple spots toward base, lanceolate to oblong, 3.54.5 cm 8 Capsule oblong, ca. 2 1.5 cm. Fl. JulAug, fr. SepOct.
10 mm, margin revolute; nectaries densely papillose on both Forested slopes; 14002300 m. Hubei, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yun-
surfaces. Filaments ca. 2 cm; anthers dark purple, ca. 1.4 cm. nan.
Ovary cylindric, 810 ca. 2 mm. Style 1.51.7 cm. Capsule
globose to obovoid, 1.22 11.5 cm. Fl. Jul. 2n = 24*, 25. 43. Lilium xanthellum F. T. Wang & Tang, Fl. Reipubl. Pop-
ularis Sin. 14: 283. 1980.
Thickets, grassy slopes. Jilin, Liaoning [Korea, Russia (Primor-
skiy Kray)]. xiang cheng bai he
40. Lilium callosumSiebold & Zuccarini, Fl. Jap. 1: 86. 1839. Bulb subglobose, 45 cm in diam.; scales yellow, lanceo-
late, 44.5 1.21.5 cm. Stem 3555 cm, with dense, small
tiao ye bai he
scales (visible with magnification). Leaves scattered, linear, 48
Lilium callosum var. stenophyllum Baker; L. mandshuri- 0.20.3 mm, margin slightly recurved, papillose. Flowers
cum Gandoger; L. talanense Hayata; L. taquetii H. Lveill & solitary or paired. Tepals yellow, with or without purple spots,
Vaniot; L. tenuifolium Fischer var. stenophyllum (Baker) Elwes. narrowly elliptic-oblanceolate, ca. 3.5 cm 6 mm; nectaries
with cristate projections on both surfaces. Filaments 1.63 cm,
Bulb flattened globose, 1.53 cm in diam.; scales white to
glabrous; anthers linear, 11.2 cm. Ovary 1.31.5 cm 23
pale yellow, ovate to lanceolate, 1.52 cm 612 mm. Stem
mm. Style 1.21.6 cm. Fl. Jun.
(20)5090(100) cm. Leaves scattered, sessile, linear, (3)5
10(13) cm (1)25(8) mm, 3-veined, margin papillose, Sunny shrubby slopes, rocky places along valleys; 32003600
apex acute to acuminate. Bracts linear, thickened apically. m. W Sichuan.
Flower solitary, rarely up to 9 in a raceme, nodding. Tepals red 1a. Tepals unspotted ................................. 43a. var. xanthellum
or light red, nearly unspotted, oblanceolate-spatulate, 34.5 cm 1b. Tepals with purple spots ............................ 43b. var. luteum
48 mm, sometimes with curly hairs proximally on adaxial
surface, middle part and apex revolute; nectaries sparsely papil- 43a. Lilium xanthellum var. xanthellum
lose. Filaments 22.5 cm; anthers ca. 7 mm. Ovary cylindric, 1
2 cm 13 mm. Style shorter than or equaling ovary. Capsule () xiang cheng bai he (yuan bian zhong)
 Tepals unspotted. SepOct.

Sunny shrubby slopes; ca. 3200 m. W Sichuan (Xiangcheng Sparse forests, thickets, grassy slopes, rocky hillsides along
Xian). ravines or streams,wastelands around villages; 1002200 m. Anhui,
Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hubei,
43b. Lilium xanthellum var. luteum S. Yun Liang in F. T. Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang.
Wang & Tang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 14: 283. 1980.
Often cultivated in China for its edible bulbs and medicinal uses.
huang hua bai he
1a. Leaves lanceolate to linear ...................... 45a. var. brownii
Tepals with purple spots. 1b. Leaves oblanceolate to obovate ........... 45b. var. viridulum

Rocky places along valleys; ca. 3600 m. W Sichuan (Xiang- 45a. Lilium brownii var. brownii
cheng Xian). () ye bai he (yuan bian zhong)
44. Lilium tigrinumKer Gawler, Bot. Mag. 31: t. 1237. 1809. Lilium australe Stapf; L. brownii var. australe (Stapf)
juan dan Stearn.

Bulb broadly subglobose, 48 cm in diam.; scales white Leaves lanceolate to linear. 2n = 14*, 24*, 25*.
or yellowish white, broadly ovate, 2.53 1.42.5 cm. Stem Thickets, rocky hillsides along streams; 1002200 m. Anhui,
streaked with purple, 0.81.5(2) m, minutely white woolly, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan,
sparsely papillose proximally. Leaves scattered, sessile, oblong- Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang.
lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, (3)6.59(18) (0.5)11.8 45b. Lilium brownii var. viridulum Baker, Gard. Chron., n.s.,
cm, white woolly, 57-veined, axil with bulblets (on distal 24: 134. 1885.
leaves), margin papillose, apex acuminate. Flowers 36(20) in
a raceme, horizontal to nodding. Tepals vermilion, with dark bai he
purple spots; outer ones lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 610 Lilium aduncum Elwes; L. brownii var. colchesteri Van
12 cm; inner ones broadly lanceolate to narrowly ovate, slight- Houtte ex Stapf; L. brownii var. ferum Stapf ex Elwes; L.
ly wider; nectaries papillose and with fimbriate projections on brownii var. odorum (Planchon) Baker; L. brownii var. platy-
both surfaces, densely so proximally on adaxial surface. Sta- phyllum Baker; L. longiflorum Thunberg var. purpureoviola-
mens diverging; filaments light red, 57 cm, glabrous; anthers ceum H. Lveill; L. odorum Planchon.
ca. 2 cm. Ovary 1.52 cm. Style 4.56.5 cm. Capsule (in di-
ploid plants) narrowly ovate-oblong, 34 cm. Fl. JulAug, fr. Leaves oblanceolate to obovate. 2n = 23*, 24*.
SepOct. 2n = 24*, 36. Sparse forests, grassy slopes, hillsides along ravines, wastelands
Thickets, grassy slopes, hillsides, river banks; 4002500 m. An- around villages; 3001000 m. Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangxi, Guizhou,
hui, Gansu, Guangxi, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shanxi,
Jilin, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Zhejiang Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang.
[Japan, Korea]. 46. Lilium anhuiense D. C. Zhang & J. Z. Shao, Acta Phy-
The present authors follow the suggestion of Woodcock and totax. Sin. 29: 475. 1991.
Stearn (Lilies World, 353. 1950) to use the name Lilium tigrinum Ker an hui bai he
Gawler (1809) for this species, rather than L. lancifolium Thunberg
(1794), because the latter name is ambiguous, having been long and Bulb subglobose, 24 cm in diam.; scales white, ovate-
consistently applied in the sense of L. speciosum. lanceolate to lanceolate, 1.52.5 11.5 cm. Stem 60120 cm,
Lilium tigrinum is widely cultivated in China for its edible bulbs
proximally minutely papillose. Leaves scattered, linear-lanceo-
and medicinal uses.
late, 814 cm 711 mm, distal ones apically recurved or cir-
45. Lilium brownii F. E. Brown ex Miellez, Cat. Expos. Soc. rose. Flowers usually 2, funnelform, fragrant. Tepals white;
Hort. Lille, 1841. outer ones oblong-spatulate, ca. 16 34 cm, basally conspic-
uously narrowed; inner ones spatulate, 45.5 cm wide; nectaries
ye bai he
sparsely papillose on both surfaces. Filaments 912 cm, proxi-
Bulb globose, 24.5 cm in diam.; scales white, lanceolate, mally pilose; anthers brown, 1.21.5 cm. Ovary 33.5 cm 58
1.84 0.81.4 cm. Stem 0.72 m, smooth or papillose. Leaves mm. Style 1012 cm. Fl. Jun.
scattered, frequently distal ones gradually becoming smaller,
About 800 m. S Anhui (Shitai Xian).
lanceolate, linear, oblanceolate, or obovate, 715 (0.6)12
cm, 57-veined. Flowers solitary or several in a subumbel, 47. Lilium wenshanense L. J. Peng & F. X. Li, Acta Bot. Yun-
funnelform, fragrant. Tepals spreading distally and recurved nan., Suppl. 3: 33. 1990.
apically, milk white, suffused purplish, unspotted; outer ones wen shan bai he
oblong-oblanceolate, 1318 24.3 cm; inner ones spatulate,
3.45 cm wide; nectaries papillose on both surfaces. Stamens Bulb subglobose, 2.54 cm in diam.; scales white, artic-
curved upward; filaments 1013 cm, densely pilose to glabrous. ulate. Stem gray-white, 1.21.8 m, smooth. Leaves scattered,
Style 8.511 cm. Capsule 4.56 ca. 3.5 cm. Fl. JunAug, fr. lanceolate or very narrowly ovate, 910 11.2 cm, glabrous,
35- veined, margin papillose. Flowers solitary or 27 in a 1215 cm. 2n = 24*.
raceme, funnelform. Tepals spreading distally and recurved Grassy slopes; near sea level to 3500 m. Taiwan.
apically; outer ones lanceolate, ca. 1.8 2.5 cm; inner ones
spatulate, ca. 3 cm wide; nectaries greenish, neither papillose 49b. Lilium formosanum var. microphyllum Tang S. Liu &
nor with fimbriate projections. Filaments ca. 13 cm, base dense- S. S. Ying in H. L. Li et al., Fl. Taiwan 5: 61. 1978.
ly tomentose; anthers ca. 1 cm, with yellow pollen. Ovary ca. 3 xiao ye bai he
cm. Style ca. 10 cm. Capsule subcylindric, Fl. JunJul, fr. Aug
Sep. Leaves 2.53 cm 45 mm, midvein inconspicuous. Te-
pals 78 cm.
Meadows; 10002000 m. SE Yunnan (Wenshan Xian).
Seashores. N Taiwan.
48. Lilium regale E. H. Wilson, Gard. Chron., ser. 3, 53: 416.
1913. 50. Lilium longiflorum Thunberg var. scabrum Masamune,
Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Taiwan 26: 218. 1936.
min jiang bai he
cao jing bai he
Lilium myriophyllum E. H. Wilson, Fl. & Sylva 3: 330.
1905, not Franchet (1892). Bulb globose or subglobose, 2.55 cm in diam.; scales
white. Stem 4590 cm, green, light red at base, scabrous-pub-
Bulb broadly ovoid, ca. 3.5 cm in diam.; scales lanceolate, escent. Leaves scattered, linear-lanceolate, 2025 0.81.2 cm.
45 11.5 cm. Stem to 50 cm, papillose. Leaves scattered, Flowers solitary or several, horizontal or somewhat nodding,
narrowly linear, 68 cm 23 mm, papillose on midvein abax- long tubular, very fragrant. Tepals white, slightly tinged green
ially and at margin, 1-veined. Flowers solitary or several, fun- toward base abaxially, oblanceolate, 1318 2.54 cm; inner
nelform, very fragrant. Tepals white, tinged yellow at base; ones slightly wider than outer; nectaries not papillose. Fila-
outer ones lanceolate, 911 1.52 cm; inner ones obovate, ments 89 cm, glabrous; anthers purple or yellow, 58 mm.
slightly wider; nectaries neither papillose nor with fimbriate Ovary 44.5 cm. Style 67 cm. Fl. MayJul.
projections. Filaments 67.5 cm, scarcely papillose; anthers
ellipsoid, 0.91.2 cm. Ovary cylindric, ca. 2.2 cm 3 mm. Near sea level to 500 m. Taiwan.
Style ca. 6 cm. Fl. JunJul. 2n = 24*. Lilium longiflorum var. longiflorum is endemic to Japan (Osumi
Rocky slopes, river banks; 8002500 m. Sichuan. Islands to Ryukyu Islands).

49. Lilium formosanum Wallace, Garden (London) 40: 442. 51. Lilium leucanthum (Baker) Baker, J. Roy. Hort. Soc. 26:
1891. 337. 1901.

tai wan bai he yi chang bai he

Bulb subglobose or broadly ellipsoid, 24 cm in diam.; Bulb subglobose, 3.54 cm in diam.; scales brownish yel-
scales white or tinged yellow, lanceolate-ovate to lanceolate. low or purple when dried, lanceolate, ca. 3.5 1 cm. Stem 0.6
Stem sometimes tinged purple-red, 2055 cm, smooth or papil- 1.5 m, papillose. Leaves scattered, lanceolate, 817 cm 610
lose. Leaves scattered, linear or narrowly lanceolate, 2.515 cm mm. Flowers 14, funnelform, slightly fragrant. Tepals white,
413 mm. Flowers solitary or sometimes several in a sub- tinged pale yellow adaxially, tinged pale green-yellow or purple
umbel, fragrant, funnelform, with a slender tube gradually ex- or brownish along midvein abaxially; outer ones lanceolate, 12
panding toward apex. Tepals white, tinged purple-red abaxially; 15 1.22.8 cm; inner ones spatulate, 2.63.8 cm wide; nec-
outer ones oblanceolate, 11.514.5 2.12.3 cm; inner ones taries not papillose. Filaments 1022 cm, densely pubescent
spatulate, to 3 cm wide; nectaries green, rarely indistinctly pa- proximally; anthers pale yellow, ca. 1 cm. Ovary 3.54 cm.
pillose on both surfaces. Filaments ca. 10 cm, with minute pro- Style to 10 cm, basally pubescent. Fl. JunJul.
tuberances near base. Style ca. 6.5 cm. Capsule 79 ca. 2 cm. Grassy places along rivers, hillsides along ravines; 4002500 m.
S Gansu, Hubei, Sichuan.
Fl. and fr. JunDec.
Grassy slopes, seashores; near sea level to 3500 m. Taiwan. 1a. Tepals tinged pale green-yellow
along midvein abaxially .................... 51a. var. leucanthum
1a. Leaves 815 11.3 cm, midvein 1b. Tepals tinged purple or brownish along
conspicuous; tepals 1215 cm ......... 49a. var. formosanum midvein abaxially .............................. 51b. var. centifolium
1b. Leaves 2.53 0.40.5 cm, midvein
inconspicuous; tepals 78 cm ........ 49b. var. microphyllum 51a. Lilium leucanthum var. leucanthum
49a. Lilium formosanum var. formosanum () yi chang bai he (yuan bian zhong)
() tai wan bai he (yuan bian zhong) Lilium brownii F. E. Brown ex Miellez var. leucanthum
Baker, Gard. Chron., ser. 3, 16: 180. 1894; L. leucanthum var.
Lilium formosanum var. pricei Stoker; L. longiflorum
leiostylum Stapf ex Elwes; L. leucanthum var. primarium Stapf.
Thunberg var. formosanum Baker; L. philippinense Baker var.
formosanum (Wallace) E. H. Wilson. Tepals tinged pale green-yellow along midvein abaxially.
Leaves 815 11.3 cm, midvein conspicuous. Tepals Grassy places along rivers, hillsides along ravines; 4001500 m.
Hubei, Sichuan. Bulb subglobose or broadly ovoid, 56 cm in diam.; scales
lanceolate, 3.54 1.51.7 cm. Stem 45160 cm, papillose.
51b. Lilium leucanthum var. centifolium (Stapf ex Elwes)
Leaves scattered, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 5.512 13
Stearn in Woodcock & Coutts, Lilies, 213. 1935.
cm; axil with green bulblets (on distal leaves). Flowers solitary
zi ji bai he or 24 in a subumbel, funnelform. Tepals white, pale green to-
ward base; outer ones oblanceolate, 1417 22.8 cm; inner
Lilium centifolium Stapf ex Elwes, Gard. Chron., ser. 3,
ones narrowly obovate-spatulate, wide; nectaries yellowish
70: 101. 1921.
green, not papillose. Filaments 1113 cm, densely pubescent
Tepals tinged purple or brownish along midvein abaxially. proximally; anthers 1.42 cm, with brownish yellow pollen.
Ovary purple, 3.54.5 cm 35 mm. Style 1011 cm. Capsule
Hillsides along ravines; ca. 2500 m. S Gansu (Zhugqu Xian).
oblong, 67 ca. 3.5 cm. Fl. JulAug, fr. Oct. 2n = 24*.
52. Lilium sulphureum Baker ex J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. India Thicket margins, grassy slopes; 5002000 m. Sichuan, ?Yunnan.
6: 351. Jul 1892.
54. Lilium tianschanicum N. A. Ivanova ex Grubov in Grubov
dan huang hua bai he & T. V. Egorova, Rast. Tsent. Azii, Mater. Bot. Inst. Komarova
7: 70. 1977.
Lilium myriophyllum Franchet (Sep 1892), not E. H.
Wilson (1905). tian shan bai he

Bulb globose, ca. 5.5 cm in diam.; scales ovate-lanceolate Bulb white, subglobose, ca. 3 cm in diam.; scales many,
or lanceolate, 2.55 0.81.6 cm. Stem 0.81.2 m, papillose. fleshy. Stem straight, ca. 25 cm, sparsely papillose proximally.
Leaves scattered, lanceolate, 713 1.31.8(3.2) cm, axil with Leaves linear, 810 cm 25 mm, apex acute. Flower solitary,
bulblets (on distal leaves). Flowers usually 2, funnelform, fra- nodding. Tepals white, oblong-lanceolate, ca. 4.5 1.21.5 cm,
grant. Tepals white; outer ones oblong-oblanceolate, 1719 apex thickened, minutely papillose adaxially; nectaries densely
1.82.2 cm; inner ones spatulate, 3.24 cm wide; nectaries not papillose on both surfaces. Stamens nearly as long as tepals;
papillose. Filaments 1315 cm, glabrous, rarely sparsely pubes- anthers yellow. Fl. Aug.
cent; anthers narrowly oblong, ca. 2 cm. Ovary purple, cylin- Clay-gravelly steppes. Xinjiang (Tian Shan).
dric, 44.5 cm 25 mm. Style 1112 cm. Fl. JunJul. 2n =
36*. 55. Lilium pyi H. Lveill, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 6:
263. 1909.
Shaded places in forests, grassy slopes, hillsides; 1001900 m.
bi shi bai he
Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan [Myanmar].
The bulbs are used medicinally. Stem 4060 cm, slender. Leaves linear, 47 cm 35 mm.
Flower solitary, nodding. Tepals with dark reddish brown spots
53. Lilium sargentiae E. H. Wilson, Gard. Chron., ser. 3, 51: only on margin, narrowly oblong-lanceolate; nectaries blackish,
385. 1912. glabrous.
lu ding bai he W Yunnan (Binchuan Xian).
Lilium formosum Franchet; L. leucanthum Baker var. sar- This is an unclear species; no specimens have been seen by the
gentiae (E. H. Wilson) Stapf; L. omeiense Z. Y. Zhu. present authors.

21. NOMOCHARIS Franchet, J. Bot. (Morot) 3: 113. 1889.

bao zi hua shu
Liang Songyun ( Liang Song-jun); Minoru N. Tamura
Herbs perennial, bulbiferous. Bulb of many imbricate, fleshy scales, white, without a tunic. Stem erect. Cauline leaves alternate
or whorled, sessile, linear-lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate. Inflorescence a terminal, 1- to several-flowered raceme; bracts 13. Tepals
6, free, usually with dark spots or blotches, usually papillose at apex; inner ones with nectary processes on both sides (rarely on 1 or
neither side) of a short, median channel at base adaxially. Stamens 6, inserted at base of tepals; filaments often swollen, fleshy and
cylindric proximally, sometimes subulate; anthers versatile. Ovary cylindric, 3-loculed; ovules many per locule. Style clavate,
widened apically; stigma capitate. Fruit a capsule. Seeds narrowly winged all round.
Seven species: China, India, Myanmar; six species (two endemic) in China.

1a. Leaves alternate; filaments nearly subulate, tapering from flat, widened base to filiform apex; inner tepals entire at
margin.
2a. Style 6.512 mm, longer than ovary .......................................................................................................................... 1. N. aperta
2b. Style 2.54 mm, shorter than ovary .................................................................................................................... 2. N. saluenensis
1b. Leaves whorled, at least distal ones; filaments swollen, cylindric, and fleshy proximally, abruptly narrowed to a
filiform portion distally; inner tepals entire or erose to lacerate at margin.
 3a. Inner tepals neither spotted nor blotched with deep color, margin entire .............................................................. 3. N. basilissa
3b. Inner tepals spotted or blotched with deep color, margin erose to lacerate.
4a. Inner tepals ovate to elliptic, more than 1.5 as long as broad; anthers 33.5 ca. 1 mm ....................... 6. N. meleagrina
4b. Inner tepals ovate to orbicular, scarcely or slighty longer than broad; anthers 46 1.52 mm.
5a. Leaves elliptic to lanceolate-elliptic, 1030 mm wide ........................................................................ 4. N. pardanthina
5b. Leaves linear to narrowly lanceolate, 58 mm wide .................................................................................... 5. N. farreri

1. Nomocharis aperta (Franchet) E. H. Wilson, Lilies East. Flowers 15, nodding. Tepals red, sometimes flushed purple
Asia 13. 1925. or blackish purple basally, margin entire; outer ones ovate to
elliptic, 3.54.5 1.51.8 cm; inner ones broadly elliptic or
kai ban bao zi hua broadly ovate, 3.54.5 22.5 cm; nectary processes 2, of
Lilium apertum Franchet, J. Bot. (Morot) 12: 220. 1898; purplish black, thin flanges of tissue arranged in a fan shape.
Fritillaria oxypetala Royle; L. oxypetalum (Royle) Baker; Filaments 78 mm, swollen, cylindric, and fleshy proximally,
Nomocharis forrestii I. B. Balfour. abruptly narrowed to a filiform portion distally; anthers 67
mm. Ovary 67 mm. Style 810 mm; stigma rather large, 3-
Bulb ovoid, 1.52.5 12 cm. Stem 2550 cm. Leaves lobed. Fl. JulAug. 2n = 24*.
alternate, broadly lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 35.5 0.8
1.2 cm. Flowers usually 1 or 2(6). Tepals spreading, rose or Alpine bamboo scrub, alpine grasslands; 39004300 m. NW
Yunnan [N Myanmar].
pink, with a deep maroon or purplish crimson blotch at base,
and a few or more crimson spots mostly in proximal part, mar- 4. Nomocharis pardanthina Franchet, J. Bot. (Morot) 3: 113.
gin entire; outer tepals elliptic, ovate, or lanceolate, 2.24.5 1889.
1.21.5 cm; inner ones broadly elliptic or broadly ovate, 2.2 bao zi hua
4.4 1.32.2 cm; nectary processes 2, of fleshy, cushionlike
projections of tissue, rarely 1 or absent. Filaments 510 mm, Nomocharis leucantha I. B. Balfour; N. mairei H. L-
nearly subulate, tapering from flat base to filiform apex, fleshy. veill; N. mairei f. candida W. E. Evans; N. mairei f. leucantha (I.
Ovary 59 mm. Style 6.512 mm. Capsule green-brown, ob- B. Balfour) W. E. Evans; N. pardanthina f. punctulata Sealy.
long-ovoid, 12.5 1.22 cm. Fl. JunJul, fr. AugOct. 2n =
Bulb ovoid-globose, 2.53.5 23.5 cm. Stem 2590 cm.
24*.
Proximal leaves alternate, distal ones whorled, elliptic to lan-
Broad-leaved forests, bamboo scrub, alpine grasslands; 3000 ceolate-elliptic, 2.57 13 cm. Flowers 1 to several. Te-
3900 m. SW Sichuan, Xizang, NW Yunnan [N Myanmar]. pals white or pink, usually with a dark purple blotch at base;
2. Nomocharis saluenensis I. B. Balfour, Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin- outer ones laxly spotted purple-red, ovate, 2.53.5 1.22 cm,
burgh 27: 294. 1919. margin entire; inner ones densely or laxly spotted or blotched
purple-red, ovate to orbicular, 23 1.52 cm, margin usually
yun nan bao zi hua erose or lacerate; nectary processes 2, of purple-red, fleshy rid-
Lilium apertum Franchet var. thibeticum Franchet; L. sal- ges of tissue arranged in a fan shape. Filaments swollen, cylin-
uenense (I. B. Balfour) S. Yun Liang. dric, 6.57 mm, and fleshy proximally, abruptly narrowed to a
Bulb white, ovoid, 24 22.5 cm. Stem 3090 cm. filiform, 22.5 mm long portion distally. Style 68 mm. Fl.
Leaves alternate, usually lanceolate, 3.57 11.5 cm. Flowers MayJul, fr. JulAug. 2n = 24*.
17. Tepals spreading, white to pink, with a dark purple blotch Forest margins, grassy slopes; 27004100 m. SW Sichuan, NW
at base and well spotted or blotched crimson proximally, margin Yunnan.
entire; outer tepals elliptic to narrowly so, 3.55.2 1.62 cm;
5. Nomocharis farreri (W. E. Evans) Harrow, New Fl. & Silva
inner ones elliptic to broadly ovate, 34.5 1.72.5 cm; nectary
1: 76. 1928.
processes 2, of fleshy, cushionlike projections of tissue.
Filaments nearly subulate, 811 mm, tapering from slightly dian xi bao zi hua
widened base to filiform apex; anthers 7.58 mm. Ovary 67
2.53 mm. Style 2.54 mm, usually shorter than ovary. Capsule Nomocharis pardanthinaFranchet var. farreri W. E. Evans.
oblong, 1.71.8 ca. 1.8 cm. Fl. JunAug, fr. AugSep. 2n = Bulb ovoid, 1.82 1.51.8 cm. Stem 2575 cm. Proxi-
24*. mal leaves alternate, distal ones whorled, linear to narrowly lan -
Forest margins, shrubby and grassy slopes; 28004500 m. Si- ceolate, 39 cm 58 mm. Flowers 1 or 2, horizontal or sub-
chuan, Xizang, NW Yunnan [N Myanmar]. erect. Tepals white, rose, or pink; outer ones elliptic, 2.53.5
1.21.4 cm, margin entire; inner ones densely spotted purple-
3. Nomocharis basilissa Farrer ex W. E. Evans, Notes Roy. red or dark brown-red, ovate to orbicular, 2.53.5 2.23 cm,
Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 15: 25. 1925. margin shallowly erose; nectary processes 2, of narrow flanges
mei li bao zi hua of tissue arranged in a fan shape. Filaments swollen, cylindric,
67 mm, and fleshy proximally, abruptly narrowed to a fili-
Bulb ovoid, small; scales laxly arranged, lanceolate to form, 2.53.5 mm long portion distally. Style ca. 1 cm. Capsule
ovate-lanceolate. Stem 3595 cm. Proximal leaves alternate, oblong, 22.5 ca. 2 cm, 6-angular. Fl. JunJul, fr. AugOct.
distal ones whorled, linear to lanceolate, 5.59 cm 57 mm. 2n = 24*.
 Forests, bamboo forest margins, grassy places; 27003400 m. W ones blotched purple-red, elliptic to ovate-elliptic, 45 (1)2
Yunnan [N Myanmar]. 2.5 cm, margin entire; inner ones spotted or mainly in distal part
6. Nomocharis meleagrina Franchet, J. Bot. (Morot) 12: 196. blotched purple-red, ovate to elliptic, 45 (1)2.53 cm, mar-
1898. gin erose-serrate; nectary processes 2, of low ridges of tissue
arranged in a fan shape. Filaments swollen, cylindric, 67 mm,
duo ban bao zi hua and fleshy proximally, abruptly narrowed to a filiform, 22.5
Nomocharis biluoensis S. Yun Liang. mm long portion distally. Style 79 mm. Capsule oblong-
ovoid. Fl. JunJul, fr. AugSep. 2n = 24*.
Bulb white, ovoid, 2.53 22.8 cm. Stem 35100 cm.
Leaves 58-whorled, narrowly lanceolate to elliptic, 4.511 Abies forests,broad-leaved forests, forest margins, grassy slopes;
13 cm, margin sometimes conspicuously papillose. Flowers 1 28004000 m. Sichuan, SE Xizang, NW Yunnan.
4, nodding. Tepals white or tinged pale pink abaxially; outer

22. CLINTONIA Rafinesque, Amer. Monthly Mag. & Crit. Rev. 2: 266. 1818.
qi jin gu shu

Chen Xinqi ( Chen Sing-chi); Minoru N. Tamura

Herbs perennial, with a short rhizome. Leaves several, basal, entire. Scape erect, often leafless. Inflorescence terminal,
umbellate or racemose, rarely 1-flowered; rachis and pedicels usually elongate in fruit. Flowers small. Tepals 6, free, ascending to
spreading, subequal. Stamens 6, inserted at base of tepals; filaments filiform; anthers pseudobasifixed, ellipsoid, semiextrorse. Ovary
ovoid-globose, (2 or)3-loculed; ovules several to many per locule. Style columnar; stigma obscurely 3-lobed. Fruit a berry. Seeds 2
or more; testa usually brownish.
Five species: temperate to subarctic regions of E Asia and North America; one species in China.
Although Tamura (in Kubitzki, Fam. Gen. Vasc. Pl. 3: 350. 1998) placed Clintonia in the Liliaceae sensu stricto, Wu Zhengyi (editors note)
believes it should be treated in the segregate family Medeolaceae. Takhtajan (Diversity Classific. Fl. Pl. 487. 1997) recognized Medeolaceae but
placed Clintonia in the Uvulariaceae (pp. 482483).

1. Clintonia udensis Trautvetter & C. A. Meyer in Midden- icels densely pubescent, 17 cm in fruit. Tepals white or some-
dorff, Reise Sibir. 1(Theil 2, Bot. Lief. 3): 92. 1856. times bluish, oblong, 712 34 mm, puberulent abaxially. Sta-
qi jin gu mens 46(8) mm. Pistil 68 mm; style 35 mm. Berry black-
ish blue, globose or ellipsoid, 712 710 mm, many seeded.
Clintonia alpina Kunth ex Baker; C. udensis var. alpina Fl. MayJun, fr. JulOct. 2n = 14, 28.
(Kunth ex Baker) H. Hara.
Sparse forests, alpine forests; 16004000 m. Gansu, Hebei, Hei-
Rhizome stiff, ca. 5 mm in thick, covered with fibrous longjiang, Henan, Hubei, Jilin, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xi-
sheaths. Leaves 35, petiolate, obovate, elliptic-obovate, or zang, Yunnan [Bhutan, India,Japan, Korea, Myanmar, Russia (Far East,
oblanceolate, 825 316 cm, margin pubescent when young. Siberia), Sikkim].
Scape 1020 cm, usually to 60 cm in fruit, leafless, densely
white pubescent. Raceme 312-flowered; bracts caducous; ped-

23. TRICYRTIS Wallich, Tent. Fl. Napal. 61. 1826, nom. cons.
you dian cao shu

Chen Xinqi ( Chen Sing-chi); Hiroshi Takahashi

Compsoa D. Don, nom. rej.
Herbs perennial, with short or sometimes long and creeping rhizomes. Stems usually erect or ascending, sometimes branched
distally. Leaves cauline, alternate, subsessile, usually amplexicaul. Inflorescence a thyrse or thyrsoid, rarely a raceme. Flowers bi-
sexual, solitary, showy. Perianth campanulate or trumpet-shaped. Tepals 6, free, white or yellow with purplish spots, usually recurved
or reflexed distally, usually caducous; outer ones saccate or shortly spurred. Stamens 6, inserted at base of tepals; filaments slightly
flattened, proximally connivent to form a short tube; anthers dorsifixed, versatile, extrorse. Ovary 3-loculed; ovules many per locule.
Style columnar; stigmatic lobes 3, spreading, apically cleft. Fruit a capsule, broadly cylindric, 3-angled, septicidal. Seeds many, ovate
to orbicular, flattened, small.
About 18 species: from the Himalayas to E Asia; nine species (six endemic) in China.
1a. Flowers or inflorescences all axillary ............................................................................................................................... 7. T. suzukii
1b. Flowers or inflorescences terminal or sometimes also axillary.
2a. Ovary and capsule densely pubescent .................................................................................................................. 4. T. lasiocarpa
2b. Ovary and capsule glabrous or subglabrous.
 3a. Stems subglabrous.
4a. Flowers pale yellow with red-purple spots .................................................................................................. 9. T. latifolia
4b. Flowers white or greenish white with purple spots.
5a. Tepals spreading obliquely outward ................................................................................................... 5. T. ovatifolia
5b. Tepals spreading horizontally or at an angle of ca. 45 ........................................................................ 8. T. viridula
3b. Stems mostly pubescent; leaves not usually ovate, apex acute or acuminate.
6a. Leaves (4)610 cm wide, adaxially hispidulous, proximal leaves rounded or cordate at base.
7a. Tepals reflexed at full anthesis ........................................................................................................ 1. T. macropoda
7b. Tepals spreading horizontally or at an angle of ca. 45 .......................................................................... 2. T. pilosa
6b. Leaves 2.54(5) cm wide, adaxially glabrescent, proximal leaves narrowed and subcuneate at base.
8a. Plants with creeping, long rhizomes; leaves elliptic ........................................................................ 6. T. stolonifera
8b. Plants without creeping, long rhizomes; leaves oblanceolate to obovate ........................................ 3. T. formosana

1. Tricyrtis macropoda Miquel, Verslagen Meded. Afd. Stem sometimes branched, usually flexuous, 2580 cm,
Natuurk. Kon. Akad. Wetensch., ser. 2, 2: 86. 1868. glabrous or slightly pubescent distally. Leaves oblanceolate or
you dian cao narrowly elliptic-oblanceolate to obovate, 813 2.54.5 cm,
adaxially glabrescent, abaxially pubescent particularly along
Stem to 1 m, sparsely or densely hispidulous distally. veins, base usually narrowed and subcuneate, margin ciliate,
Leaves ovate-elliptic, oblong, or oblong-lanceolate, (6)816 apex acuminate. Cymes terminal and also axillary in distal part
(19) (4)610 cm, hispidulous on both surfaces, base cor- of stem, laxly several flowered; pedicels 16 cm, pubescent or
date or rounded and amplexicaul, margin hispidulous-ciliate, glabrous. Flowers trumpet-shaped. Tepals purple-white, with
apex acute or acuminate. Cymes terminal and usually also axil- purple spots adaxially, lanceolate, oblanceolate, or oblong, 24
lary in distal part of stem, several to many flowered; rachis and cm 411 mm, abaxially usually laxly pubescent; outer ones
pedicels brownish hispidulous; pedicels 1.43 cm. Tepals re- basally saccate. Stamens usually included. Ovary glabrous.
flexed, greenish white or white, with purple-red spots, ovate- Style subequaling stigmatic lobes. Capsule 2.53.5 56 mm.
elliptic to lanceolate, 1.52 cm 57 mm; outer ones wider than Fl. and fr. (?Apr)OctNov.
inner ones, basally saccate. Stamens 1.52 cm; filaments with Forests, thickets, shaded places, roadsides; near sea level to
purple spots. Ovary glabrous. Stigmatic lobes 11.5 cm. Cap- 3000 m. Taiwan.
sule 23 cm. Fl. and fr. JunOct. 2n = 26. 1a. Stem usually less than 30 cm; inflorescence
glandular .................................................. 3b. var. glandosa
Forests, grassy slopes, rock crevices; 8002400 m. Anhui, Fujian, 1b. Stem 4580 cm; inflorescence pubescent or
Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, ?S glabrous.
Shaanxi (Qin Ling), Zhejiang [Japan]. 2a. Tepals 22.5 cm; pedicel pubescent
2. Tricyrtis pilosaWallich, Tent. Fl. Napal. 62. 1826. ........................................................ 3a. var. formosana
huang hua you dian cao 2b. Tepals 34 cm; pedicel glabrous
...................................................... 3c. var. grandiflora
Compsoa maculata D. Don; Corchorus polygonatum H.
Lveill; Disporum esquirolii H. Lveill; Tricyrtis maculata 3a. Tricyrtis formosana var. formosana
(D. Don) J. F. Macbride. () tai wan you dian cao (yuan bian zhong)
Stem 5090 cm, hispidulous distally. Leaves ovate-oblong Stem 4580 cm. Inflorescence pubescent on rachis and
to oblong-lanceolate, 814 69 cm, hispidulous on both sur- pedicels. Tepals lanceolate or oblanceolate, 22.5 cm. 2n = 26*.
faces, base cordate or rounded and amplexicaul, apex acumi-
nate. Cymes terminal and sometimes also axillary in distal part Forests, thickets, shaded places; near sea level to 3000 m. Tai-
of stem, laxly several to many flowered; rachis and pedicels wan.
hispidulous. Tepals spreading horizontally, at an angle of ca. 3b. Tricyrtis formosana var. glandosa (Simizu) Tang S. Liu &
45, or subascending, greenish white, with black-purple or S. S. Ying in H. L. Li et al., Fl. Taiwan 5: 79. 1978.
purple-brown spots, ovate-oblong to lanceolate, 1.21.8 cm xiao xing you dian cao
56 mm; outer ones slightly wider than inner ones, basally
Tricyrtis formosana f. glandosa Simizu, Bot. Bull. Acad.
saccate. Stamens subequaling tepals. Ovary glabrous. Capsule
Sin., n.s., 3: 37. 1962.
23 cm. Fl. and fr. JulSep. 2n = 26*.
Forests, hillsides; 3002300 m. Gansu, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Stem less than 30 cm. Inflorescence glandular. 2n = 26*.
Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Ne- 8001400 m. C and NE Taiwan.
pal].
No specimens have been seen by the present authors.
3. Tricyrtis formosana Baker, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 17: 465.
1879. 3c. Tricyrtis formosana var. grandiflora S. S. Ying, Colored
Illustr. Fl. Taiwan 3: 619. 1988.
tai wan you dian cao
da hua you dian cao
 Stem 4570 cm. Inflorescence glabrous. Tepals oblong to ce hua you dian cao
broadly lanceolate, 34 cm.
Rhizome creeping, stolonlike. Stem branched, 70100 cm,
Roadsides; ca. 1500m. E Taiwan (Hualian Xian). glabrous. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-oblong, 58 1.52.5
cm, base deeply cordate, amplexicaul, apex caudate-acuminate.
No specimens have been seen by the present authors.
Cymes axillary, laxly several flowered or reduced to a solitary
4. Tricyrtis lasiocarpa Matsumura, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 11: 79. flower; pedicels 35 cm, densely hirsute. Tepals white, usu-
1897. ally with purple spots, oblong-ovate, 22.5 cm, glabrous. Sta-
mao guo you dian cao mens subequaling tepals; filaments slender. Ovary glabrous.
Style ca. 5 mm. Capsule 22.5 cm. Seeds brown, minute. Fl.
Tricyrtis formosana Baker var. lasiocarpa (Matsumura) and fr. MayOct.
Masamune.
Moist and shaded places; 8001600m. E and N Taiwan.
Stem erect or slightly prostrate. Leaves ovate-lanceolate,
No specimens have been seen by the present authors.
712 2.54 cm, glabrous or subglabrous, base sheathed, mar-
gin ciliate, apex acuminate. Cymes terminal, laxly several flow- 8. Tricyrtis viridula Hir. Takahashi, Acta Phytotax. Geobot.
ered.Flowers trumpet-shaped. Tepals 1.52.5 cm, adaxially pub- 48: 123. 1997.
escent. Stamens included; filaments slender. Ovary densely pub- lu hua you dian cao
escent. Style subequaling stigmatic lobes. Capsule 2.53 cm,
densely pubescent. Fl. and fr. JulSep. Rhizome short, stoloniferous. Stem solitary, erect, simple,
scarcely flexuous, (20)40100 cm, glabrous. Leaves narrowly
Near sea level to 1600 m. Taiwan.
elliptic, ovate, or sometimes obovate, (7)1017 (3)47 cm,
No specimens have been seen by the present authors. adaxially glabrous except for setose main veins at base, abax-
5. Tricyrtis ovatifolia S. S. Ying, Quart. J. Chinese Forest. 6(1): ially glabrous or with dispersed setae on main veins, base am-
169. 1972. plexicaul, ciliate, apex acuminate or cuspidate. Inflorescence
terminal or sometimes also axillary in distal part of stem, with
luan ye you dian cao
24 cymose branches; peduncle and pedicels with both short,
Rhizome creeping, thickened, ca. 5 mm thick. Stem erect conical hairs and long, glandular hairs; peduncle 310 cm, with
or ascending, 2550 cm, glabrous. Leaves ovate, 912 6.5 up to 2 bracteoles; pedicels 815(20) mm. Flowers (2 or)3
8.5 cm, base rounded and slightly amplexicaul, apex acute, cau- 7(or 8) per cyme. Tepals horizontally spreading in distal 2/3,
date. Cymes terminal, 1015 cm; pedicels 1.52.5 cm, pubes- white in proximal 1/2, greenish white in distal 1/2, with small,
cent. Tepals white, with red spots, oblanceolate, 22.5 cm purple spots adaxially and a pale orange spot just below
58 mm; outer ones basally shortly spurred. Filaments filiform, spreading point; outer tepals ovate, 1.41.7 cm 45 mm,
slightly flattened, 1.52.5 cm. Ovary glabrous. Capsule 33.5 abaxially with slender, glandular hairs, base saccate, conspicu-
cm 58 mm. Seeds many, brown, spindlelike, 11.5 mm. ously foveolate, apex acuminate, often with purple spots on sac;
inner tepals lanceolate, auriculiform, 1.41.7 cm 33.5 mm,
Forests, roadsides; 8001000 m. S Taiwan (Pingdong Xian).
glandular hairy on midvein abaxially. Stamens 6; filaments re-
No specimens have been seen by the present authors. curved distally, with small, purple spots on proximal 1/2,
1.61.8 cm, base papillose; anthers purplish to yellowish,
6. Tricyrtis stolonifera Matsumura, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 11: 78.
thinly rectangular, ca. 3 mm. Ovary trigonous or narrowly
1897.
trigonous-pyramidal, 78 2.5 mm, glabrous. Style 3 -fid;
shan you dian cao branches recurved-spreading, deeply incised, with small, purple
Tricyrtis formosana Baker var. stolonifera (Matsumura) spots and glandular protuberances. Capsule trigonous, glabrous,
Masamune. base cuneate, apex acuminate-attenuate. Seeds black-purple, 1.5
11.5 mm. Fl. and fr. JunOct. 2n = 26*.
Rhizome creeping, long. Stem erect, flexuous distally, 40
60 cm, pubescent. Leaves elliptic, 612 34 cm, abaxially Forests, forest margins; 10001800 m. Guangxi, Guizhou,
Jiangxi, Yunnan, Zhejiang.
pubescent, especially along veins, base narrowed, slightly cune-
ate. Cymes terminal, laxly 35-flowered; pedicels 2.53 cm, 9. Tricyrtis latifolia Maximowicz, Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-
softly pubescent. Flowers trumpet-shaped. Tepals light purple, Ptersbourg 11: 435. 1867.
with purple spots, often whitish yellow at base, ca. 2.2 cm; out-
kuan ye you dian cao
er ones subovate; inner ones linear. Stamens subequaling tepals;
filaments often with purplish spots, slender. Ovary ca. 1.5 cm, Tricyrtis bakeri Koidzumi; T. puberula Nakai & Kitagawa.
glabrous. Style shorter than stigmatic lobes. Capsule glabrous.
Fl. and fr. JunJul. 2n = 24*, 26*. Stem 40100 m, usually glabrous. Leaves obovate to
ovate-elliptic, 11.5 cm 48 mm, adaxally glabrous, abaxially
Thickets, roadsides. Taiwan. sparsely to rather densely pubescent, base deeply cordate,
No specimens have been seen by the present authors. amplexicaul, apex acuminate to cuspidate. Cymes terminal and
sometimes also axillary in distal part of stem, several to many
7. Tricyrtis suzukii Masamune, J.Soc. Trop. Agric. 3: 21. 1931. flowered; rachis and pedicels papillose; pedicel 1.53 cm.
Tepals obliquely outward spreading, pale yellow, with purple- Forests, forest margins. Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Shaanxi, Sichuan
red spots, obanceolate to narrowly elliptic, 1.62 cm 45 mm; [Japan].
outer ones basally saccate. Stamens 1.52 cm. Ovary glabrous.
Capsule 33.5 cm. Fl. and fr. JunSep. 2n = 26.

24. STREPTOPUS Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Amer. 1: 200. 1803.

niu bing hua shu
Chen Xinqi ( Chen Sing-chi); Minoru N. Tamura
Herbs perennial, with a creeping rhizome. Stem erect, simple or distally branched. Leaves alternate, sessile, ovate to lanceolate,
thin, many veined, base sometimes amplexicaul. Flowers usually 1 or 2 on an axillary, slender peduncle partly adnate to stem, rarely
24 flowers in a terminal inflorescence. Flowers campanulate or subrotate. Tepals 6, free, outer ones usually slightly wider than
inner. Stamens 6, inserted at or near base of tepals; filaments usually flat at base; anthers basifixed. Ovary 3-loculed; ovules (2 or 3
or)68 per locule. Style columnar or very short. Fruit a berry, globose, several to many seeded.
About ten species: temperate regions of the N hemisphere; five species (two endemic) in China.
1a. Flowers (2 or)3 or 4 in a terminal inflorescence; tepals cuspidate-caudate at apex ........................................................... 1. S. ovalis
1b. Flowers 1 or 2, on an axillary, slender peduncle partly adnate to stem; tepals acuminate at apex.
2a. Leaves ciliate-denticulate at margin.
3a. Style very short or indistinct; stigma subentire; peduncle curved but not geniculate ...................................... 2. S. koreanus
3b. Style distinct, columnar, 34 mm; stigma deeply 3-lobed; peduncle geniculate near middle ....................... 3. S. obtusatus
2b. Leaves entire at margin.
4a. Tepals 810 34 mm; anthers longer than filaments ...................................................................................... 4. S. simplex
4b. Tepals 6.58 12 mm; anthers shorter than filaments ............................................................................... 5. S. parviflorus
1. Streptopus ovalis (Ohwi) F. T. Wang & Y. C. Tang in F. T. not geniculate, elongate in fruit. Tepals yellowish green, nar-
Wang & Tang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 15: 49. 1978. rowly ovate, 23 ca. 1 mm, minutely tuberculate adaxially,
base connate, apex acuminate. Filaments very short, flat; an-
luan ye niu bing hua
thers obcordate, minutely tuberculate basally. Ovary globose,
Disporum ovale Ohwi, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 45: 385. 1931; smooth. Style indistinct; stigma subentire. Berry 69 mm in
Prosartes ovalis (Ohwi) M. N. Tamura. diam. Seeds many, oblong, slightly curved. Fl. May, fr. Jul
Aug.
Rhizome elongate, slender, ca. 2 mm thick. Stem some-
Forests; 8002000 m. Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning [Korea].
times branched distally, flexuous, 2045 cm, pubescent.
Leaves oblong, ovate-lanceolate, or ovate-elliptic, 411 24 3. Streptopus obtusatus Fassett, Rhodora 37: 102. 1935.
cm, thinly papery, base cordate, margin ciliate-denticulate, apex niu bing hua
long acuminate. Flowers (2 or)3 or 4 in a terminal, umbel-like
inflorescence, suberect; pedicel 1.53 cm, pubescent. Tepals Streptopus geniculatus F. T. Wang & Tang.
white, spotted with purple, ovate-lanceolate, 89 23 mm, Rhizome elongate, slender, 12 mm thick, with numerous
apex cuspidate-caudate. Filaments ca. 3 mm; anthers elliptic. hairy roots. Stem simple or branched distally, 1535 cm, gla-
Ovary globose, winged along angles. Style 3.54 mm, much brous. Leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 58 2.5
longer than ovary; stigma distinctly 3-lobed. Berry 2- or 3- 4 cm, base cordate, margin ciliate-denticulate, apex mucronate.
seeded. Seeds suborbicular, furrowed. Fl. May, fr. Aug. Peduncle axillary, 22.5 cm, jointed and geniculate near middle,
with a swollen gland at joint, 1-flowered. Flowers nodding.
Forests. SW Liaoning [Korea].
Tepals yellowish, sometimes spotted with purple adaxially, ob-
Tamura (in Kubitzki, Fam. Gen. Vasc. Pl. 3: 171. 1998) included long-lanceolate to lanceolate, 89 12 mm. Stamens 3.54.5
this species in the American genus Prosartes D. Don. Further studies mm; filaments short, broad; anthers 34 mm. Ovary smooth.
are needed in order to ascertain whether this species should be included
in Prosartes or Streptopus. Style 34 mm; stigma deeply 3-lobed. Berry 68 mm in diam.
Seeds elliptic. Fl. Jul, fr. AugSep.
2. Streptopus koreanus (Komarov) Ohwi, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo)
45: 189. 1931. Coniferous forests; 20003600 m. Gansu, W Hubei, Shaanxi,
Sichuan, Yunnan.
si geng niu bing hua
4. Streptopus simplex D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 48. 1825.
Streptopus ajanensis Tiling var. koreanus Komarov, Trudy
ye hua niu bing hua
Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 20: 476. 1901.
Rhizome elongate, slender, ca. 1 mm thick. Stem simple or Rhizome 1.52 mm thick. Stem simple or branched dis-
brancheddistally, 1540 cm, sparsely hispidulous. Leaves ovate- tally, 2050 cm, glabrous. Leaves grayish glaucous abaxially,
lanceolate to ovate-elliptic, 310 13 cm, thinly papery, base lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 2.58 1.53 cm, base rounded
rounded, margin ciliate-denticulate, apex mucronate. Flowers or cordate, margin entire, apex acuminate. Peduncle axillary,
1 or 2 on an axillary peduncle; peduncle wirelike, ca. 1.5 cm, 2.54.5 cm, neither jointed nor geniculate, glabrous, 1-flow-
ered. Flowers nodding. Tepals pink or white, spotted with pur- Streptopus mairei H. Lveill.
ple, ovate-oblong, 810 34 mm. Stamens 33.5 mm; fila-
Rhizome short, thickened. Stem usually branched distally,
ments flat, basally widened, 11.5 mm; anthers ca. 2 mm. Style
2050 cm, glabrous. Leaves lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 48
slender, 56 mm; stigma 3-lobed, lobes revolute, ca. 1 mm.
1.54 cm, thinly papery, base cordate, margin entire, apex
Berry 56 mm in diam. Fl. Jun, fr. AugSep. 2n = 16, 32*.
acuminate. Peduncle 2.54 cm, glabrous, neither jointed nor
Forests, bamboo thickets, hillsides along streams, alpine grass- geniculate, 1- or 2-flowered. Flowers nodding. Tepals white,
lands; 17004000 m. S Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, Myanmar, Nepal, lanceolate, 6.58 12 mm. Stamens 33.5 mm; filaments 1.8
Sikkim]. 2.2 mm; anthers ca. 1 mm. Style ca. 2.5 mm, slightly longer
5. Streptopus parviflorus Franchet, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. than ovary; stigma 3-lobed. Berry 58 mm in diam., many
Nat., sr. 2, 10: 89. 1887. seeded. Seeds oblong, curved. Fl. Jun, fr. AugSep.

xiao hua niu bing hua Forests, thickets, alpine grasslands; 20003500 m. SW Sichuan,
NW Yunnan.

25. DISPORUM Salisbury ex D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 50. 1825.

wan shou zhu shu

Liang Songyun ( Liang Song-jun); Minoru N. Tamura

Drapiezia Blume.
Herbs perennial, often shortly rhizomatous, sometimes long stoloniferous, often glabrous, sometimes scabrous. Roots fleshy.
Stem erect, simple or branched in distal part, with 1 to several sheaths proximally. Leaves concentrated in distal part of stem, alter-
nate, often shortly petiolate, sometimes sessile, linear to suborbicular, 37-veined. Inflorescences terminal or pseudolateral (terminal
on a short, lateral branchlet opposite a leaf), umbellate or with flowers paired or solitary; bract absent. Flowers bisexual, often nod-
ding, sometimes horizontal, tubular-campanulate to opening flat. Tepals 6, free, white, greenish, yellow, pink, dark red, or dark pur-
ple, often saccate or spurred at base. Stamens 6, inserted at base of tepals; filaments usually slightly flat; anthers basifixed to innate,
extrorse. Ovary 3-loculed; ovules 26 per locule. Style filiform, 3-lobed to 3-fid apically with recurved lobes. Fruit a berry, dark
blue to black, 2(6)-seeded. Seeds globose or ovoid.
Twenty species: Bhutan, China, India, Japan, Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Russia, Sikkim, Thailand, Vietnam; 14 species (eight
endemic) in China.
The North American genus Prosartes D. Don has often been included in Disporum, but recent micromorphological, karyological, phyto-
chemical, and molecular phylogenetic studies indicate that separation of the two genera is appropriate.

1a. Inflorescences all or at least partly pseudolateral (terminal on a short, lateral branchlet opposite a leaf).
2a. Tepals long spurred, spurs cylindric, often slightly recurved, 45(8) mm .................................................... 11. D. calcaratum
2b. Tepals shortly spurred, spurs gibbous, 13 mm.
3a. Flowers semiopen campanulate, 2.53.8 cm, narrowed to base; stamens 22.8 cm; tepal spurs ca.
1 mm ......................................................................................................................................................... 5. D. megalanthum
3b. Flowers tubular-campanulate to campanulate, 1.52.5(2.8) cm; stamens 0.82 cm; tepal spurs 23 mm.
4a. Pedicel usually papillose-scabrous; tepals not densely papillose apically .......................................... 7. D. cantoniense
4b. Pedicel subsmooth; tepals densely papillose apically ............................................................................ 8. D. kawakamii
1b. Inflorescences all truly terminal (at apex of a stem or branches).
5a. Tepals minutely puberulent on both surfaces ........................................................................................... 6. D. acuminatissimum
5b. Tepals glabrous or sometimes minutely papillose or pilose near base adaxially.
6a. Leaves rather thick, subleathery, with distinct cross veins ....................................................................... 9. D. trabeculatum
6b. Leaves thinner, papery or herbaceous, without distinct cross veins.
7a. Tepals slightly saccate at base, long attenuate at apex.
8a. Tepals greenish white, (1.2)1.52 cm, nearly 3 as long as stamens; filaments equaling or
slightly longer than anthers; ovary globose, slightly shorter than or equaling style ..................... 1. D. viridescens
8b. Tepals white, 1.11.3(1.6) cm, slightly longer than stamens; filaments ca. 2 as long as
anthers; ovary obovoid, ca. 1/2 as long as style ............................................................................. 2. D. smilacinum
7b. Tepals spurred at base, rounded to subacute at apex.
9a. Stamens and pistil longer than tepals.
10a. Tepals 1017 mm, subacute at apex ..................................................................................... 4. D. longistylum
10b. Tepals 59 mm, rounded at apex ......................................................................................... 10. D. hainanense
9b. Stamens and pistil shorter than or equaling tepals.
11a. Flowers funnelform to broadly obconical, 11.2 cm ................................................................ 3. D. bodinieri
11b. Flowers tubular-campanulate to open campanulate, 1.53 cm.
 12a. Tepals white to cream, spotted with violet distally, apex yellowish green ............... 13. D. nantouense
12b. Tepals yellow, apex rarely green.
13a. Flowers cylindric-campanulate, 23 cm; filaments minutely papillose
proximally ........................................................................................................... 12. D. uniflorum
13b. Flowers open campanulate, 1.52.3 cm; filaments glabrous or sparsely
papillose ............................................................................................................... 14. D. shimadae

1. Disporum viridescens (Maximowicz) Nakai, J. Coll. Sci. Accad. Romana Nuovi Lincei 23: 360. 1905; Disporum brachy-
Imp. Univ. Tokyo 31: 246. 1911. stemon F. T. Wang & Tang; D. pullum Salisbury var. ovali-
folium H. Lveill.
bao zhu cao
Rhizome creeping, rather thick. Stem usually branched
Uvularia viridescens Maximowicz, Prim. Fl. Amur. 273.
distally, 3070(100) cm. Petiole 510 mm; leaf blade elliptic
1859; Disporum smilacinum A. Gray var. viridescens (Maximo-
to ovate-lanceolate, 515 26 cm, often scabrous at margin
wicz) Maximowicz; Prosartes viridescens (Maximowicz)
and on veins abaxially. Inflorescences terminal, umbellate, 26-
Regel.
flowered; pedicels 1.52.5 cm, usually papillose. Flowers fun-
Rhizome short, usually with long, creeping stolon; roots nelform to broadly obconical. Tepals white or yellowish green,
densely tufted. Stem often branched distally, sometimes simple, rarely purple, obovate-oblanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, 11.2
3080 cm. Petiole very short; leaf blade ellitpic to ovate-ob- cm 35 mm, base gibbous-spurred; spurs ca. 1 mm. Stamens
long, 512 25 cm, abaxially slightly scabrous on veins, cross 611 mm, included or equaling tepals; filaments 35 mm; an -
veins indistinct, margin minutely scabrous. Inflorescences ter- thers ca. 3 mm. Ovary 23 mm. Style 47 mm. Berries sub-
minal, 1- or 2-flowered; pedicels 1.52.5 cm. Flowers widely globose, 510 mm in diam., 36-seeded. Fl. MayJun, fr. Aug
opening. Tepals greenish white, oblong-lanceolate to lanceo- Oct. 2n = 16*.
late, (1.2)1.52 cm 34 mm, 7-veined, base slightly saccate, Forests, thickets, rocky places; 12003000 m. Guizhou, Hunan,
apex long attenuate. Stamens 4.57 mm, included; filaments Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan.
slightly dilated proximally, 34 mm; anthers 23 mm. Ovary
Hara (Bull. Univ. Mus. Univ. Tokyo 31: 180. 1988) reported
globose, 2.53.5 mm. Style 34 mm. Berries black, globose, ca. Disporum leucanthum H. Hara from China based on specimens from
1 cm in diam., 2- or 3-seeded. Seeds red-brown, ca. 4 mm in Sichuan (Hsieh 40064; Xiong & Li 90719) and Yunnan (Ward 215), but
diam. Fl. MayJun, fr. JulOct. 2n = 16. these specimens seem to be D. bodinieri. Further studies are needed in
order to ascertain whether or not the two taxa are conspecific.
Forests, grassy slopes; near sea level to 600 m. Heilongjiang, Jilin,
Liaoning [Japan, Korea, Russia (Far East)]. 4. Disporum longistylum (H. Lveill & Vaniot) H. Hara, J.
2. Disporum smilacinum A. Gray in Perry, Exped. Jap. 2: 321. Jap. Bot. 59: 40. 1984.
1857. chang rui wan shou zhu
shan dong wan shou zhu Tovaria longistyla H. Lveill & Vaniot, Mem. Pontif.
Disporum smilacinum var. album Maximowicz; D. smila- Accad. Romana Nuovi Lincei 23: 361. 1905; Disporum
cinum var. ramosum Nakai; D. smilacinum var. rotundatum cavaleriei H. Lveill.
Satake; D. smilacinum var. variegatum Nakai. Rhizome without creeping stolon. Stem usually branched
Rhizome short, often with long, creeping stolon. Stem us- distally, 3090 cm. Petiole 310 mm; leaf blade lanceolate to
ually simple, rarely branched, 1535 cm. Petiole distinct, 12 elliptic, 315 14(6) cm, base subrounded, apex usually
mm; leaf blade ovate to elliptic, 37 1.53 cm, base sub- long acuminate. Inflorescences terminal, umbellate, 28-flow-
rounded and slightly conduplicate, margin scabrous, apex acute ered; pedicels 0.72.4 cm. Tepals green or greenish yellow,
to acuminate. Inflorescences terminal, 1(or 2)-flowered; pedicel rarely purplish, spatulate-oblanceolate to obovate, 11.7 cm
11.5(2.2) cm. Flowers opening. Tepals white, broadly lan- 24(8) mm, base gibbous-spurred, apex subacute; spurs 11.5
ceolate to lanceolate, 1.11.3(1.6) cm 24 mm, base slightly mm. Stamens 1.21.9 cm, exserted; filaments filiform, 11.6
saccate, apex long attenuate. Stamens 79 mm, included; fila- cm, very minutely scabrous-puberulent proximally; anthers
ments dilated proximally, 56 mm; anthers 23 mm. Ovary 2.54.5 mm. Ovary 23 mm. Style 0.81.7 cm, exserted. Ber-
obovoid, 23 mm. Style 57 mm. Berries black, globose or ries black, subglobose, 69 mm in diam. Fl. MarJun, fr. Sep
broadly ellipsoid, ca. 1 cm in diam. Seeds ovoid, ca. 4 mm. Fl. Dec. 2n = 16*.
AprMay, fr. SepOct. 2n = 16. Forests, rocky places; 4001800 m. Gansu, Guizhou, Hubei,
Shaanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan.
Forests; near sea level to 400(1600) m. NE Shandong (Yantai
Shi) [Japan, Korea, Russia (S Kurile Islands, S Sakhalin)]. 5. Disporum megalanthum F. T. Wang & Tang, Fl. Reipubl.
Popularis Sin. 15: 250. 1978.
3. Disporum bodinieri (H. Lveill & Vaniot) F. T. Wang &
Tang, Contr. Inst. Bot. Natl. Acad. Peiping 6: 20. 1949. da hua wan shou zhu

duan rui wan shou zhu Rhizome short, with fleshy roots 23 mm thick. Stem
often slightly branched distally, 3060 cm. Petiole, 24 mm;
Tovaria bodinieri H. Lveill & Vaniot, Mem. Pontif.
leaf blade elliptic to broadly lanceolate, 612 25(8) cm, Disporum cantoniense (Loureiro) Merrill var. kawakamii
base subrounded and slightly conduplicate, margin papillose- (Hayata) H. Hara; D. taiwanense S. S. Ying.
scabrous, apex acuminate. Inflorescences terminal and pseudo-
Herbs rhizomatous. Stem branched distally, 50120 cm.
lateral, (2)48-flowered; peduncle often distinct; pedicels 12
Petiole 34 mm; leaf blade lanceolate to ovate, 1017 15
cm, ridged. Flowers semiopening, narrowed to base. Tepals
cm, base broadly cuneate to rounded, margin slightly scabrous,
white or cream, obovate-oblanceolate, 2.53.8 cm 58 mm,
apex acuminate. Inflorescences terminal and pseudolateral, 2
base shortly gibbous-spurred; spurs ca. 1 mm. Stamens 22.8
5-flowered; peduncle occasionally distinct; pedicels 24 cm,
cm, included; filaments 1.42.2 cm; anthers 46 mm. Ovary 2
subsmooth. Flowers tubular-campanulate. Tepals cream or
3 mm. Style 1.21.8 cm. Berries 0.61.5 cm in diam., 46-
greenish tinged with purple near both ends, oblanceolate, 1.8
seeded. Fl. MayJul, fr. AugOct. 2n = 16*.
2.2 cm 46 mm, somewhat pubescent abaxially, densely
Forests, forest margins, grassy slopes; 16002500 m. Gansu, papillose apically, base gibbous-spurred; spurs ca. 2 mm.
Hubei, Shaanxi, Sichuan. Stamens 12 cm, included; filaments 0.81.2 cm; anthers 34
6. Disporum acuminatissimum W.L. Sha, Guihaia 5: 13. 1985. mm. Ovary ca. 3 mm. Style 0.81.4 cm. Fl. MarMay. 2n =
16*.
jian bei wan shou zhu
Evergreen forests; 3001700 m. Taiwan.
Rhizome short. Stem branched distally, to 80 cm. Petiole
9. Disporum trabeculatum Gagnepain, Bull. Soc. Bot. France
35 mm; leaf blade elliptic to ovate-oblong, 59.5 1.55 cm.
81: 286. 1934.
Inflorescences terminal, umbellate, 3- or 4-flowered; pedicels
1.12.2 cm. Flowers semiopening. Tepals white, lanceolate or heng mai wan shou zhu
narowly rhomboidal-lanceolate, 23.5 cm 36 mm, minutely
puberulent on both surfaces, papillose at margin proximally and Disporum austrosinense H. Hara; Tovaria esquirolii H.
at base adaxially, apex long acuminate, base shortly spurred; Lveill.
spurs ca. 1 mm. Stamens 1.52 cm, included; filaments 1.11.5 Rhizome hard. Stem simple or branched distally, some-
cm, puberulent-scabrous; anthers 46 mm. Ovary 34 mm. times tufted, 2080 cm. Petiole 310 mm; leaf blade ovate-
Style ca. 1.5 cm, puberulent. Fl. AprMay. lanceolate to elliptic, 614 25.5 cm, subleathery, cross veins
C Guangxi (Duan Yao Zu Zizhixian). distinct, base rounded to broadly cuneate, apex acute to acumi-
nate. Inflorescences terminal, umbellate, 25-flowered; pedicels
7. Disporum cantoniense (Loureiro) Merrill, Philipp. J. Sci. 13 cm. Tepals whitish, yellowish, or purplish, spatulate-ob-
15: 229. 1919. lanceolate, 12 cm 37 mm, minutely pilose at margin and
wan shou zhu near base adaxially. Stamens slightly shorter than or equaling
tepals; filaments 59 mm, minutely papillose proximally; an-
Fritillaria cantoniensis Loureiro, Fl. Cochinch. 1: 206. thers 35 mm. Ovary 22.5 mm. Style 514 mm. Fl. MarJun.
1790; Disporum cantoniense var. brunneum (C. H. Wright)
Forests; 9002000 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan
Handel-Mazzetti; D. cantoniense f. brunneum (C. H. Wright)
[Vietnam].
H. Hara; D. chinense (Ker Gawler) Kuntze; D. pullum Salis-
bury ex J. D. Hooker; D. pullum var. brunneum C. H. Wright; 10. Disporum hainanense Merrill, Philipp. J. Sci. 21: 338.
Streptopus chinensis (Ker Gawler) Smith; Uvularia chinensis 1922.
Ker Gawler.
hai nan wan shou zhu
Rhizome creeping, thick, without stolon. Stem usually
Disporum senpomonticolum Yamamoto.
branched distally, 50100(150) cm. Petiole 24 mm; leaves
lanceolate to narrowly oblong-lanceolate, 512 15 cm. Inflo- Stem simple or branched distally, 15100 cm. Petiole 710
rescences terminal and pseudolateral, (2 or)310-flowered; mm; leaf blade elliptic to broadly lanceolate, 613 25.5 cm,
peduncle usually distinct; pedicels 14 cm, usually papillose- cross veins indistinct, base obtuse to cuneate, apex acuminate.
scabrous. Flowers slightly opening. Tepals purplish, oblanceo- Inflorescences terminal, umbellate, 35-flowered; pedicels 0.5
late, 1.52.5(2.8) cm 45 mm, base gibbous-spurred, apex 2.2 cm. Flowers semiopening, fragrant. Tepals white, rose, or
subacute and without dense papillae; spurs 23 mm. Stamens yellow, obovate-oblanceolate, 59 24 mm, base saccate,
0.81.5 cm, included; filaments 811 mm; anthers 34 mm. apex rounded. Stamens 69(10) mm, slightly exserted; fila-
Ovary ca. 3 mm. Style 0.71.5 cm. Berries 810 mm in diam., ments 48 mm; anthers 34 mm. Ovary 22.5 mm. Style 37
2- or 3(5)-seeded. Fl. MayJul, fr. AugOct. 2n = 14, 16. mm, usually slightly exserted. Berries black, subglobose, 69
Forests, thickets; 7003000 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, mm in diam. Fl. DecMay, fr. AugOct.
Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Forests along ravines; 5001000 m. Hainan.
Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Sikkim, Thailand, Viet-
nam]. 11. Disporum calcaratum D. Don, Proc. Linn. Soc. London 1:
45. 1839.
8. Disporum kawakamii Hayata, J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. To-
kyo 30: 365. 1911. ju hua wan shou zhu

tai wan wan shou zhu Disporum calcaratum var. hamiltonianum (D. Don) Baker;
D. hamiltonianum D. Don; D. jiangchengense Y. Y. Qian; D.
latipetalum Collett & Hemsley; D. pedunculatum H. Li & J. L. yata) H. Hara f. intermedium H. Hara; D. taipingense M. N.
Huang. Tamura & Kawano.
Rhizome creeping, slightly flexuous. Stem usually branch- Herbs stoloniferous. Stem simple or 15-branched distally,
ed distally, 30100 cm. Petiole 35 mm; leaf blade elliptic to 1560 cm. Petiole 0.32.5 mm; leaf blade lanceolate to ovate,
ovate-lanceolate, 58 25 cm. Inflorescences pseudolateral, 5.58.5 0.93.0 cm, 3 longitudinal veins prominent, base
umbellate, 310-flowered; peduncle sometimes distinct; pedi- rounded, apex attenuate-acuminate. Inflorescences terminal, 1
cels 12 cm, ridged, usually minutely papillose on ridges. 3-flowered; pedicels 0.92.1 cm. Flowers tubular-campanulate.
Flowers campanulate. Tepals often purple, sometimes pink to Tepals white to cream, spotted with violet distally, yellowish
dark red, oblanceolate, 1.22 cm 35 mm, base long spurred; green apically, spatulate, 1.52.2 cm 2.58 mm, densely pa-
spurs straight or sometimes slightly recurved, cylindric, 45(8) pillose proximally adaxially, base gibbous-spurred, apex acute;
mm. Stamens 1.11.8 cm, nearly included; filaments 0.71.3 spurs 1.21.5 mm. Stamens 1.01.7 cm, included; filaments mi-
cm; anthers 45 mm. Ovary 2.53 mm. Style 59 mm. Berries nutely papillose proximally; anthers innate, 2.03.5 mm. Ovary
subglobose, ca. 1.1 cm in diam. Fl. JunJul, fr. AugNov. 2n = 2.03.5 mm. Style 1.01.6 cm. Berries globose, 7.89.2 mm in
14, 16. diam. Seeds brown, ca. 3 mm. Fl. AprMay. 2n = 16*.
Forests; 12002400 m. S Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Ne- Coniferous or mixed forests; 12002700 m. C Taiwan .
pal, Sikkim, Thailand, Vietnam].
This taxon is quite similar, both morphologically and karyo-
12. Disporum uniflorum Baker ex S. Moore, J. Bot. 13: 230. logically, to Disporum sessile D. Don ex Schultes, which is distributed
1875. in Japan, Korea (Cheju and Ullung Islands), and Russia (S Kurile
Islands and S Sakhalin); see Tamura et al. (Pl. Spec. Biol. 7: 103120.
shao hua wan shou zhu
1992). A molecular phylogeny by Shinwari et al. (Pl. Spec. Biol. 9: 11
Disporum flavens Kitagawa; D. sessile D. Don ex Schultes 18. 1994) suggests a relationship of the two taxa. Further studies are
subsp. flavens (Kitagawa) Kitagawa; D. sessile var. pachyr- needed in order to clarify whether D. nantouense is conspecific with D.
sessile or not. Disporum sessile, as circumscribed in FRPS, corresponds
rhizum Handel-Mazzetti. mainly to D. uniflorum in the present account, but also to D. hainanense
Rhizome shortly creeping, 47 mm thick, with stolon 15 and D. shimadae.
cm 36 mm. Stem simple or branched distally, 2080 cm. 14. Disporum shimadae Hayata, J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo
Petiole 510 mm; leaf blade broadly elliptic to oblong-ovate, 4 30: 367. 1911.
9 16.5 cm, glabrous, base subrounded to broadly cuneate, shan wan shou zhu
apex shortly acuminate to acute; Inflorescences terminal, 13-
flowered; pedicels 35 mm. Flowers cylindric-campanulate. Te- Disporum sessile D. Don ex Schultes var. shimadae (Ha-
pals yellow, spatulate-oblanceolate to obovate, 23 cm 510 yata) H. Hara.
mm, base gibbous-spurred; spurs 12 mm. Stamens 1.82.8 cm, Rhizome short. Stem simple or branched distally, 1550
nearly included; filaments 1.52 cm, minutely papillose proxi- cm. Petiole absent to 2 mm; leaf blade linear-lanceolate to ob-
mally; anthers 48 mm. Ovary 45 mm. Style 1.52.3 cm. long-lanceolate, 47 11.5 cm, base cuneate to rounded, apex
Berries blue-black, subglobose, 810 mm in diam. Fl. MarJun, acute. Inflorescences terminal, (1 or)25-flowered; pedicels
fr. JulNov. 2n = 16*. 0.71.8 cm. Flowers open campanulate. Tepals yellow, rarely
Forests; 1002500 m. Anhui, Hebei, Hubei, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, green apically, ovate-oblong to ovate-spatulate, 1.52.3 cm
Liaoning, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan [Korea]. 46 mm, very minutely papillose at margin proximally and at
base adaxially, base spurred; spurs ca. 2 mm. Stamens 1.21.7
13. Disporum nantouense S. S. Ying, Mem. Coll. Agric. Natl. cm, included; filaments 0.91.4 cm, glabrous or sparsely papil-
Taiwan Univ. 30: 59. 1990. lose; anthers 23 mm. Ovary 2.53 mm. Style 1.11.7 cm. Fl.
nan tou wan shou zhu MarApr. 2n = 14*.

Disporum sessile D. Don ex Schultes var. shimadae (Ha- Grasslands; 5001100 m. N Taiwan.

26. IPHIGENIA Kunth, Enum. Pl. 4: 212. 1843, nom. cons.

shan ci gu shu

Chen Xinqi ( Chen Sing-chi); Minoru N. Tamura

Aphoma Rafinesque, nom. rej.
Herbs perennial, cormous. Corm covered with a tunic. Stem erect, leafy. Leaves several, scattered, sessile, linear. Flowers soli-
tary or several in a terminal corymb, small; bracts leaflike; pedicels long. Tepals 6, free, spreading, rather narrow, clawed, usually
caducous. Stamens 6, inserted at base of tepals; filaments short, slightly flat; anthers versatile, extrorse. Ovary 3-loculed, ovoid to ob-
long; ovules many per locule. Style short, apically 3-lobed, adaxially stigmatic. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds many, subglobose;
testa brown, thin.
About ten species: Africa (including Madagascar), tropical Asia, Australia, Pacific Islands (New Zealand); one species in China.
1. Iphigenia indica Kunth, Enum. Pl. 4: 213. 1843. 10-flowered; bracts linear, 1.52.5 cm; pedicels 24 cm. Tepals
dark purple, linear to narrowly oblanceolate, 710 0.71 mm.
shan ci gu Stamens 23 mm; filaments papillose; anthers ca. 1 mm.
Stigma lobes recurved. Capsule obovoid to oblong, 68 33.5
Lloydia melanantha H. Lveill.
mm. Fl. and fr. JunJul. 2n = 22, (26, 33), 44.
Corm globose, 0.51.5 cm in diam. Stem 1025 cm, usu- Pinus forests, moist grasslands, open fields; near sea level to 2100
ally minutely papillose. Leaves linear, 715 cm 39 mm, m. Hainan, Yunnan [Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Myanmar, Nepal,
midvein conspicuous, base sheathing and clasping. Corymb 2 Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; N Australia].

27. GLORIOSA Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 305. 1753.

jia lan shu

Chen Xinqi ( Chen Sing-chi); Minoru N. Tamura

Herbs perennial, with a stout, tuberous rhizome. Stem sometimes branched, usually elongate and scandent. Leaves cauline, al-
ternate, opposite, or whorled, subsessile, apex bearing a tendril. Flowers few, long pedicellate, sometimes in a corymb, large, showy.
Tepals 6, free, spreading or reflexed, persistent. Stamens 6, inserted at base of tepals; filaments filiform; anthers versatile. Ovary 3-
loculed; ovules many per locule. Style long, filiform, apically 3-lobed, adaxially stigmatic. Fruit a capsule. Seeds subglobose; testa
bright red, spongy.
About five species: S and tropical Africa, tropical Asia; one species in China.
1. Gloriosa superba Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 305. 1753. red, proximally tinged with yellow, linear-oblanceolate, 4.55
cm 79 mm, base slightly clawed, margin much crisped.
jia lan
Filaments 34 cm; anthers ca. 1 cm. Style 2.53.5 cm; stigma
Rhizome usually forked, ca. 1 cm in diam., fleshy. Stem lobes 67 mm. Fl. JulAug. 2n = 22, 88, 90.
scandent, 23 m or more, rather slender. Leaves alternate or Forests, thickets; 9001300 m. S Yunnan [Cambodia, India, Indo-
occasionally also opposite, sessile or shortly petiolate, lanceo- nesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam;
late to ovate-lanceolate, 713 cm, apex long caudate with a ten- S and tropical Africa].
dril. Flowers nodding;pedicel 1015 cm. Tepals reflexed, bright The rhizomes are rich in the alkaloid colchicine.

28. EREMURUS Marschall von Bieberstein, Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 3: 269. 1819.

du wei cao shu

Chen Xinqi ( Chen Sing-chi); Nicholas J. Turland

Henningia Karelin & Kirilov.
Herbs perennial, with vertical, short, stout rhizome, surrounded at neck by leaf bases and sometimes also fibers from old, disin-
tegrated leaf bases. Roots numerous, long, thickened, fleshy. Leaves several, all basal, tufted, linear. Scape simple, erect, exceeding
leaves, with sterile bracts distally and a terminal raceme. Raceme usually densely many flowered, usually elongate in fruit; bracts
membranous, margin often minutely serrulate, fimbriate, or ciliate, apex often long filiform acuminate. Flowers bisexual, 1 per bract
axil, pedicellate; pedicel articulate or not. Perianth campanulate, tubular, or cupular; segments 6, free or connate at base, with 1, 3, or
5 veins. Stamens 6, often exserted; filaments filiform or dilated toward base; anthers dorsifixed near base, base with 2 lobes to 0.5
mm. Ovary 3-loculed; seeds several per locule. Style filiform, long, often conspicuously persistent in fruit; stigma very small. Fruit a
capsule, globose or subglobose, loculicidal. Seeds irregularly 3-angled, sometimes winged along angles.
About 45 species: C and W Asia, extending E to China and W to Turkey and Ukraine; four species (one endemic) in China.
1a. Bract margin entire or densely and minutely serrulate to fimbriate; pedicels spreading or slightly ascending, 13.5
cm, slender ..................................................................................................................................................................... 4. E. chinensis
1b. Bract margin sparsely or densely long ciliate; pedicels ascending to suberect, stout (or, if slender, only 11.5 cm).
2a. Perianth broadly campanulate, segments ca. 1.5 0.8 cm; capsule 1.52 cm in diam., valves thick and hard
or spongy; pedicels 24 cm ................................................................................................................................ 3. E. anisopterus
2b. Perianth narrowly campanulate or tubular, segments 0.81.2 0.20.45 cm; capsule 0.61 cm in diam.,
valves rather thin and soft; pedicels 0.61.5 cm.
3a. Perianth narrowly campanulate, segments pale yellow to brownish, obviously involute immediately
after anthesis; stamens conspicuously exserted from perianth by up to 8 mm; pedicels ascending, not
subappressed to rachis, slender; bract margin sparsely long ciliate .................................................................. 1. E. altaicus
3b. Perianth tubular, segments pale purple, scarcely or not involute immediately after anthesis; stamens
 only slightly exserted from perianth by ca. 2 mm; pedicels suberect, subappressed to rachis, stout; bract
margin densely long ciliate ........................................................................................................................... 2. E. inderiensis
1. Eremurus altaicus (Pallas) Steven, Bull. Soc. Imp. Natural- Sand hills, deserts, dry water courses; 400600 m. N Xinjiang
istes Moscou 4: 255. 1832. [Afghanistan, Kazakstan, Mongolia, Pakistan, Russia, Turkmenistan,
Uzbekistan; SW Asia (Iran)].
a er tai du wei cao
3. Eremurus anisopterus (Karelin & Kirilov) Regel, Trudy
Asphodelus altaicus Pallas, Acta Acad. Sci. Imp. Petrop. Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 2: 429. 1873.
1779(2): 258. 1783.
yi chi du wei cao
Leaves 2035 0.52(4) cm, glabrous, margin smooth.
Scape 60120 cm, glabrous or sparsely pubescent. Raceme 20 Henningia anisoptera Karelin & Kirilov, Bull. Soc. Imp.
30 cm at anthesis, densely many flowered; bracts lanceolate, 1 Naturalistes Moscou 15: 517. 1842.
2 cm, midvein dark brown, margin pale, membranous, sparsely
long ciliate, apex long filiform acuminate. Pedicels ascending, Leaves to 35 0.40.6 cm, glabrous, margin smooth or
not subappressed to rachis, 11.5 cm, slender. Perianth narrow- minutely and remotely serrulate. Scape 50100 cm, glabrous.
ly campanulate; segments yellow or pale yellow, sometimes Raceme laxly many flowered; bracts narrowly lanceolate, 2.5
turning brownish or yellow-brown, narrowly elliptic-oblong or 3.5 cm 25 mm, membranous, midvein brown, margin long
narrowly oblong-lanceolate, 0.81.2 0.20.25 cm, darker and and flexuous ciliate, apex long filiform acuminate. Pedicels as-
3-veined proximally, 1-veined distally, involute immediately cending, 24 cm, stout. Perianth broadly campanulate; seg-
after anthesis, persistent and recurved in fruit. Stamens con- ments white or pale rose, yellow-brown at base, ovate-oblong,
spicuously exserted from perianth by up to 8 mm. Capsule us- ca. 1.5 0.60.8 cm, with 1 dark brown vein from base, per-
ually greenish brown, subglobose, 0.61 cm in diam., smooth; sistent and spreading to reflexed in fruit. Stamens ca. 2/5 as
valves rather thin and soft. Seeds narrowly winged at both ends. long as perianth. Capsule globose, 1.52 cm in diam., smooth
Fl. MayJul, fr. JulAug. 2n = 14. or distally wrinkled; valves thick and hard or spongy, septa
conspicuous, golden yellow. Seeds light grayish brown mottled
Barren lands, sunny, gravelly, and rocky slopes; 13002200 m. dark brown, 68 45 mm including unequal (to 2 mm) wings
Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Russia, Tajikistan, along angles. Fl. AprMay, fr. MayJun. 2n = 14.
Uzbekistan].
Sand hills. N Xinjiang (Shawan Xian) [Kazakstan].
Several infraspecific taxa have been described from outside 4. Eremurus chinensis O. Fedtschenko, Gard. Chron., ser. 3,
China. The plants in Xinjiang may well belong to f. fuscus O. Fedts-
chenko (Zap. Imp. Akad. Nauk Fiz.-Mat. Otd. 23: 44. 1909), which has 41: 199. 1907.
also been treated at the rank of species (E. fuscus (O. Fedtschenko) du wei cao
Vvedensky ex V. V. Nikitin, Fl. Kirghiz. SSR 3: 31. 1951), and is char-
acterized by its yellow or partly brown perianth segments. Leaves 1555 0.32.2 cm, glabrous, margin minutely
crenulate or serrulate, sometimes obscurely so. Scape 45120
2. Eremurus inderiensis (Steven) Regel, Trudy Imp. S.-Peter- cm, glabrous. Raceme 1040 cm at anthesis, densely many
burgsk. Bot. Sada 2: 427. 1873. flowered; bracts lanceolate, 0.42(3.5) cm, midvein dark
cu bing du wei cao brown, margin pale, membranous, entire or densely and
minutely serrulate to fimbriate, apex long filiform acuminate.
Asphodelus inderiensis Steven, Bull. Soc. Imp. Natural- Pedicels spreading or slightly ascending, 13.5 cm, slender.
istes Moscou 4: 257. 1832. Perianth narrowly campanulate; segments white, narrowly
elliptic or oblanceolate-linear, 11.2 0.20.45 cm, with 1 dark
Leaves 1530 0.52 cm, glabrous, margin usually sca-
vein from base, scarcely involute after anthesis, not persistent in
brid. Scape 4080 cm, minutely pubescent. Raceme 2040 cm
fruit. Stamens shorter than perianth. Capsule erect (pedicel bent
at anthesis, usually densely many flowered; bracts narrowly
at apex), green or greenish yellow to brown, subglobose, 0.61
ovate, 0.71.2 cm, membranous, midvein brown, margin dense-
cm in diam., usually wrinkled. Seeds brown, 45.5 2.53 mm
ly long ciliate, apex obtuse to long filiform acuminate. Pedicels
including 0.10.8 mm wings along angles. Fl. MaySep, fr.
suberect, subappressed to rachis, 0.61.2 cm, stout. Perianth
JulSep.
tubular; segments pale purple, linear-oblong, ca. 1 0.20.3
cm, with 1 green stripe overlaid by 3 brown veins, scarcely or Scrub, alpine meadows, stony pastures, dry open hillsides, gra-
not involute after anthesis, persistent and reflexed in fruit. Sta- velly slopes, among rocks and boulders, crevices and ledges of cliffs, on
mens slightly exserted from perianth by ca. 2 mm. Capsule sub- acidic or limestone substrates; 10003800 m. S Gansu, Sichuan, Xi-
globose, 0.71 cm in diam., smooth; valves rather thin and soft. zang, Yunnan.
Seeds brown, 56 33.5 mm including ca. 1 mm wings along
angles. Fl. May, fr. MayJun. 2n = 14.

29. ALOE Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 319. 1753.

lu hui shu
 Chen Xinqi ( Chen Sing-chi); Michael G. Gilbert1
Herbs, shrubs, or trees, usually with dense rosettes of very fleshy leaves. Stems often very reduced but sometimes well devel-
oped or even with secondary thickening. Leaves rosulate, amplexicaul, thick, succulent, always glabrous, margin mostly hard dentate
or spiny, apex sharply pointed. Inflorescence a subterminal, ascending to erect raceme, often branched; peduncle usually well devel-
oped; bracts persistent, scarious. Pedicel usually much shorter than perianth. Perianth usually red, orange, or yellow, rarely greenish
or whitish, cylindric to 3-sided, sometimes slightly curved or with swollen base; segments usually connate to form a tube, very rarely
nearly free, usually glabrous, apex spreading. Stamens 6, inserted at base of perianth tube, usually exserted; filaments subulate; an-
thers dorsifixed. Ovary 3-loculed; ovules many per locule. Style filiform; stigma small. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds 3-angled or
flattened, often winged.
Between 350 and 400 species: S and tropical Africa (including Madagascar), tropical Arabia; one species (introduced) in China.

1. Aloe vera (Linnaeus) N. L. Burman, Fl. Indica, 83. 1768. 1/2 as long as bract. Perianth pale yellow mottled with red,
slightly ventricose, 2.5(3) cm, outer lobes free for ca. 1.8 cm,
lu hui slightly recurved at apex. Stamens exserted by 45 mm. Style
conspicuously exserted. 2n = 14*.
Aloe perfoliata Linnaeus var. vera Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1:
320. 1753; A. barbadensis Miller var. chinensis Haworth; A. Cultivated for medicinal uses, and perhaps naturalized in the hot,
chinensis (Haworth) Baker; A. vera var. chinensis (Haworth) A. dry Yuan Jiang valley in S Yunnan [probably originated in Mediterran-
Berger. ean region; widely cultivated and occasionally naturalized elsewhere].
Chinese material is smaller in all parts than typical Aloe vera, but
Herbs succulent. Stems short, suckering freely to form not strikingly so, and there does not seem adequate reason to treat it as
dense clumps. Leaves sub-basal, slightly distichous in seedlings anything other than a cultivar of the very widely grown species. The
and new shoots, erect, pale green, sometimes with pale spots in origins of A. vera are obscured by the long history of cultivation and the
very young plants, linear-lanceolate, 1535(50) 45(7) cm, absence of definite wild populations. Aloe indica Royle (Ill. Bot. Himal.
margin sparsely spiny-dentate, apex 2- or 3-dentate-pointed. Mts. 1: 390. 1840), from N India, Nepal, and Thailand, is closely
Inflorescence erect, 6090 cm; peduncle to 2 cm thick; raceme related, apparently differing only in having reddish flowers. Flower
3040 56 cm, sometimes with 1 or 2 ascending branches, color is variable in many species of Aloe and it is likely that this species
numerous flowered; bracts whitish, broadly lanceolate, ca. 10 is conspecific with A. vera. All other related taxa are native to NE
tropical Africa and Arabia.
56 mm, veins 57, apex acute. Flowers reflexed; pedicel ca.

30. DIANELLA Lamarck, Encycl. 2: 276. 1786.

shan jian shu

Chen Xinqi ( Chen Sing-chi); Minoru N. Tamura

Herbs perennial, sometimes subshrubby, evergreen. Rhizome generally branched, stout. Stem simple or branched. Leaves sub-
basal, distichous, basally often equitant, grasslike, rigid, midvein raised abaxially. Scape usually relatively tall,to 2 m, with few linear-
lanceolate cauline leaves and a terminal panicle. Panicle laxly branched, usually large, with several to many racemes or smaller
panicles; bracts rather small. Flowers usually nodding, rather small; pedicel articulate apically. Tepals 6, free, 37-veined. Stamens 6,
inserted at base of tepals; filaments thickened; anthers basifixed, dehiscing by terminal pores. Ovary 3-loculed; ovules 48 per
locule. Style slender; stigma small. Fruit a berry. Seeds black, often flattened.
About 20 species: mainly in tropical Asia, also in Africa (Madagascar), Australia, and Pacific Islands; one species in China.
Although Clifford et al. (in Kubitzki, Fam. Gen. Vasc. Pl. 3: 251. 1998) placed Dianella in the Hemerocallidaceae, Wu Zhengyi (editors note)
believes it should be treated in the segregate family Phormiaceae. Takhtajan (Diversity Classific. Fl. Pl. 512. 1997) recognized Phormiaceae but placed
Dianella in the Dianellaceae.

1. Dianella ensifolia (Linnaeus) Redout, Liliac. 1: t. 1. 1802. Scape 12 m, with several bractlike stem leaves 38 cm.
shan jian Panicle laxly branched, 1040 cm, usually with flowers borne
distally. Pedicel 0.72 cm, usually arcuate. Tepals spreading,
Dracaena ensifolia Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 2: 246; white, greenish white, yellowish, or bluish purple, linear-
Mant. Pl. 1: 63. 1767; Dianella ensifolia f. albiflora Tang S. lanceolate to narrowly oblong, 67 33.5 mm. Stamens
Liu & S. S. Ying; D. ensifolia f. racemulifera (Schlitter) Tang shorter than tepals; filaments geniculate near middle, dilated
S. Liu & S. S. Ying; D. nemorosa Lamarck; D. nemorosa f. distally. Style ca. 6 mm. Berries deep blue, subglobose, ca. 6
racemulifera Schlitter. mm in diam., 5- or 6-seeded. Fl. and fr. MarAug. 2n = 32*.
Rhizome creeping, 58 mm thick. Leaves sword-shaped,
Forests, grassy slopes; near sea level to 1700 m. Fujian, Guang-
gradually narrowed at both ends, 3080 12.5 cm, leathery, dong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan
midvein abaxially and margin usually scabrous, apex obtuse. [Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, S Japan, Laos, Ma-

1 Missouri Botanical Garden, c/o Department of Botany, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, England, United Kingdom.
laysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; Africa (Madagascar), E Australia, Pacific Islands].

31. HEMEROCALLIS Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 324. 1753.

xuan cao shu

Chen Xinqi ( Chen Sing-chi); Junko Noguchi1

Herbs perennial, with short rhizomes. Roots fleshy or ropelike, usually with globose, fusiform, or oblong, swollen, tuberous part.
Leaves basal, distichous, sessile, basally equitant, linear. Scape erect or ascending, sometimes hollow, glabrous; main axis usually
distinct, sometimes few or several branched and indistinct; sterile bracts sometimes present. Inflorescences terminating in single or
double helicoidal cymes; cymes 16(or more)-flowered, rarely capitate and 16-flowered. Pedicel short, bracteate, basal pedicel
sometimes concaulescent. Flowers fairly large, hypogynous, of short duration. Perianth funnelform, 3-merous; segments 6, petaloid,
basally connate into a cylindric tube, often recurved apically, pale lemon yellow to orange or reddish orange, sometimes with a
purple or rose, V-shaped patch, all segments similar or inner ones slightly wider than outer. Stamens 6, inserted in perianth tube; fila-
ments free, slightly upcurved-reflexed, slender, glabrous; anthers dorsifixed, yellow or purplish black. Ovary 3-loculed. Style erect,
rather long, slender; stigma capitate, small. Fruit a capsule, obtusely trigonous, transversely rugose, loculicidal. Seeds in 2 rows in
each valve, black.
About 15 species: E Asia, with Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus extending to C Europe; eleven species (four endemic) in China.
In China many species are cultivated as ornamentals and a few for their edible flowers.
1a. Flower opening in afternoon or evening, fragrant, tepals lemon yellow.
2a. Inflorescence simple; roots without swollen, tuberous part; anthers ca. 5 mm .......................................................... 3. H. minor
2b. Inflorescence branched; roots with swollen, tuberous part; anthers 810 mm.
3a. Scape with distinct main axis; perianth tube 1.53 cm; filaments 55.5 cm; roots fusiform ............... 2. H. lilioasphodelus
3b. Scape without distinct main axis; perianth tube 35 cm; filaments 78 cm; roots with swollen,
tuberous part near tip ............................................................................................................................................ 1. H. citrina
1b. Flower opening in morning, slightly fragrant or unscented, tepals golden yellow or orange to reddish orange.
4a. Flower opening in morning and lasting ca. 24 hours, slightly fragrant; bracts overlapping, ovate to
ovate-lanceolate or oblong-ovate, mostly 0.83 cm wide.
5a. Inflorescence an apparently simple cyme; flower opening in very early morning; scape ascending;
leaves 4045 1.52 cm .............................................................................................................................. 9. H. dumortieri
5b. Inflorescence clearly forked or capitate; flower opening in early morning; scape erect; leaves
3580 (0.6)11.8 cm.
6a. Inflorescence clearly forked with a pair of racemelike, helicoidal cymes; bracts oblong-lanceolate;
roots with swollen, tuberous tip ca. 10 mm thick .................................................................................. 10. H. esculenta
6b. Inflorescence capitate with rachis and flower bases concealed by bracts; bracts ovate-cordate; roots
uniformly wide, to 3 mm thick ........................................................................................................ 11. H. middendorffii
4b. Flower opening in morning and lasting ca. 12 hours, unscented; bracts lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate,
sometimes scalelike, (0.2)0.30.7(1) cm wide.
7a. Inflorescence simple, 1- or 2-flowered; plants to 35 cm tall ................................................................................. 8. H. nana
7b. Inflorescence forked or branched, more than 2-flowered; plants 40150 cm tall.
8a. Inflorescence forked with a pair of racemelike, helicoidal cymes; perianth segments orange to reddish
orange, inner ones usually with purple or reddish orange patches at middle ................................................. 5. H. fulva
8b. Inflorescence usually branched; perianth segments orange to golden yellow, uniformly colored.
9a. Flower slightly fragrant, purplish black apically in bud; inflorescence many branched, with up
to 100 flowers; perianth tube 2.53 cm ............................................................................................ 4. H. multiflora
9b. Flower unscented, green or reddish brown apically in bud; inflorescence with up to 20 flowers;
perianth tube 12.5 cm.
10a. Scape with distinct main axis; roots with large, globose, swollen, tuberous part; anthers
68 mm; leaves 1020 mm wide ................................................................................................ 6. H. forrestii
10b. Scape without distinct main axis; roots with large, oblong, swollen, tuberous part; anthers
34 mm; leaves 68 mm wide ..................................................................................................... 7. H. plicata
1. Hemerocallis citrina Baroni, Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital., n.s., 4: Plants to 1 m tall, deciduous in winter. Roots rather stout,
305. 1897. fleshy, usually with oblong, swollen, tuberous part near tip.
huang hua cai Leaves linear, 50130 0.52.5 cm; leaf sheath with reddish
margin. Scape usually slightly longer than leaves, solid; main
Hemerocallis altissima Stout; H. coreana Nakai. axis indistinct. Inflorescence branched; helicoidal cymes 35 or

1 Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
more, 25-flowered; bracts lanceolate, 37 cm 36 mm. Pedi- MayJun. 2n = 22.
cel less than 1 cm. Flowers large, fragrant, opening in afternoon Forests, thickets, grassy slopes, meadows, waste fields, wet places
or evening and lasting 1224 hours, purplish black apically in along valleys; 2002600 m. Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liao-
bud. Perianth lemon-colored; tube long, 35 cm; segments (6) ning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi [Korea, Mongolia, Rus-
712 cm, inner ones 23 cm wide, slightly wider than outer sia (Siberia)].
ones. Filaments 78 cm; anthers yellow, 810 mm. Capsule The flowers are steamed and then dried as a traditional food in
ellipsoid, 22.5 1.21.5 cm. Fl. MayAug. 2n = 22. China.
Forest margins, grassy fields, slopes along valleys; near sea level
4. Hemerocallis multiflora Stout, Addisonia 14: 31. 1929.
to 2000 m. Anhui, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Nei
Mongol, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea]. duo hua xuan cao
Widely cultivated for its edible flowers, especially in Hunan. Plants deciduous in winter. Roots slightly fleshy, with a
2. Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 324. 1753. swollen, tuberous part near tip. Leaves only slightly equitant
basally, linear, 5070 0.71 cm, soft. Scape several branched,
bei huang hua cai 8090 cm, rather slender, solid, many flowered (sometimes
Hemerocallis flava (Linnaeus) Linnaeus; H. lilioaspho- more than 100-flowered); bracts lanceolate, 2.52.8 cm 57
delus var. flava Linnaeus. mm. Pedicel 57 mm. Flowers small, slightly fragrant, opening
during day, purplish black apically in bud. Perianth orange or
Plants 7080 cm tall, deciduous in winter. Roots slightly golden yellow; tube usually greenish, 2.52.8 cm; segments
fleshy or ropelike, sometimes with a swollen, tuberous part. spreading, 5.55.8 11.4 cm, inner ones slightly wider than
Leaves linear, 2070 0.31.2 cm, apex acuminate. Scape gen- outer. Filaments ca. 4 cm; anthers blackish or yellow, ca. 6 mm.
erally slightly shorter than leaves, solid; main axis distinct; Capsule ovoid-ellipsoid, ca. 1.5 0.8 cm. Fl. JulOct. 2n = 22*.
sterile bracts present. Inflorescence branched; helicoidal cymes
Hill forests, openings in forests on hilltops; 7001000 m.
24(or 5), 24(or 5)-flowered; bracts lanceolate, 26(8) cm Henan.
57 mm. Pedicel 12 cm. Flowers fragrant, opening in after-
noon and lasting 13 days, blackish purple or green apically in 5. Hemerocallis fulva (Linnaeus) Linnaeus, Sp. Pl., ed. 2, 1:
bud. Perianth lemon-colored; tube 1.52.5 cm; segments 462. 1762.
spreading, 57 1.31.6 cm, inner ones slightly wider than xuan cao
outer. Filaments 55.5 cm; anthers yellow, sometimes purple-
black adaxially, ca. 8 mm. Capsule ellipsoid, ca. 2.4 1.2 Plants 40150 cm tall, usually deciduous in winter. Roots
cm. Fl. JunAug. 2n = 22. fleshy, with globose-ellipsoid, swollen, tuberous part near tip;
stolons sometimes to 30 cm. Leaves linear, 5090 12.8 cm,
Forests, thickets, meadows, grasslands, slopes along valleys;
apex acute. Scape erect, hollow; sterile bracts present. Helicoi-
1002000 m. Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi,
Jilin, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi [Japan, Korea, Mongolia, dal cymes double, 25(10)-flowered; bracts scalelike or lan-
Russia (Siberia); Europe]. ceolate. Pedicel ca. 5 mm. Flowers unscented, strictly day open-
ing, opening in morning and closing in evening of same day.
The treatment of this species follows Hylander (Uppsala Univ.
Arsskr. 7: 112. 1945). Perianth single, occasionally double (stamens petaloid), orange
to reddish orange; tube 24 cm; segments spreading, with a
The flowers are steamed and then dried as a traditional food in purple or reddish orange patch, 512 13 cm, margin some-
China.
times crinkly-undulate, inner segments wider than outer ones.
3. Hemerocallis minor Miller, Gard. Dict., ed. 8, Hemerocallis Filaments 45 cm; anthers purplish black, 78 mm. Capsule
no. 2. 1768. ellipsoid, 22.5 1.21.5 cm. Fl. JunNov. 2n = 22, 33.
xiao huang hua cai Forests, thickets, grasslands, streamsides; 3002500 m. Anhui,
Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan,
Hemerocallis flava (Linnaeus) Linnaeus var. minor (Miller) Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang,
M. Hotta. Yunnan, Zhejiang [India, Japan, Korea, Russia].
Plants deciduous in winter. Roots ropelike, 1.53(4) mm Four varieties may be recognized in China. The status of Hemero-
thick, sometimes fibrous, without a tuberous part. Leaves linear, callis fulva var. oppositibracteata H. Kong & Ching J. Wang (Guihaia
2060 0.31.5 cm. Scape slightly shorter than or subequal- 16: 303. 1996), described from Gansu, is uncertain. It supposedly
ing leaves, slender, solid; sterile bracts absent. Inflorescence differs in having narrower leaves 58 mm wide, subopposite sterile
short; axes very short; helicoidal cymes 2(or 3), 1- or 2-flow- bracts, narrower perianth segments (outer ones 0.61 cm wide), and
obovoid capsules.
ered; bracts lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 0.82.5 cm 38
mm. Pedicel 418 mm. Flowers fragrant, opening in evening 1a. Perianth double (stamens petaloid) ........... 5d. var. kwanso
and lasting 12 days. Perianth lemon-colored; tube usually 1b. Perianth single (stamens normal).
greenish, short, 12.5(3) cm; segments spreading, 47.5 cm, 2a. Plants evergreen ........................... 5b. var. aurantiaca
inner ones 1.52.3 cm wide, wider than outer ones. Filaments 2b. Plants deciduous.
ca. 4 cm; anthers pale yellow, sometimes purple-black adaxi- 3a. Perianth tube rather short, 23
cm, stout; inner segments 23.5
ally, ca. 5 mm. Capsule narrowly ellipsoid, 23 12 cm. Fl.
cm wide .......................................... 5a. var. fulva
 3b. Perianth tube longer, to 4 cm, bracts absent. Inflorescence branches 46, each with 1 double
rather slender; inner segments helicoidal cyme dichotomously or trichotomously branched;
12.5 cm wide .................... 5c. var. angustifolia cymes 24-flowered; bracts lanceolate, 0.52.5 cm 310 mm.
Pedicel 1.53 mm. Flowers rather small, opening during day.
5a. Hemerocallis fulva var. fulva
Perianth orange or golden yellow; tube short, ca. 1 cm; seg-
() xuan cao (yuan bian zhong) ments 59 cm, outer ones ca. 5 mm wide, inner ones slightly
Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus Linnaeus var. fulva Linnae- wider than outer, 1.21.5 cm wide. Filaments 34.5 cm; anthers
us, Sp. Pl. 1: 324. 1753. yellow or slightly blackish, ca. 7 mm. Capsule ellipsoid, ca. 3.8
1.52 cm. Fl. MayJun. 2n = 22*.
Plants deciduous in winter. Scape 100140 cm, stout.
Forests, grassy slopes, limestone cliffs; 23003200 m. SW Si-
Flowers large. Perianth single, reddish orange; tube rather short,
chuan, NW Yunnan.
23 cm, stout; segments with a strong rose patch, broad, mar-
gin usually crinkly-undulate, outer segments 1.52.5 cm wide, 7. Hemerocallis plicata Stapf, Bot. Mag. 148: t. 8968. 1923.
inner ones 23.5 cm wide. 2n = 33. zhe ye xuan cao
Forests, thickets, grasslands, streamsides; 3002500 m. Anhui,
Plants 4080 cm tall. Roots slightly fleshy, with large,
Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan,
Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan, oblong, swollen, tuberous part near tip 0.81.5 2.55 cm.
Zhejiang [Korea]. Leaves linear, 4550 cm 68 mm, usually folded, base sur-
rounded by fibrous remains of older leaves. Scape nearly as
5b. Hemerocallis fulva var. aurantiaca (Baker) M. Hotta, Acta long as leaves, hollow or solid; main axis distinct; sterile bracts
Phytotax. Geobot. 37: 21. 1986. linear, long. Inflorescence branches 37; helicoidal cymes 2- or
chang lu xuan cao 3-flowered, with 1 cyme usually oppositely branched, 220-
flowered; bracts lanceolate, 0.52.5 cm 57 mm. Pedicel 26
Hemerocallis aurantiaca Baker, Gard. Chron., ser. 3, 8: cm. Flowers small, opening during day. Perianth orange; tube
94. 1890. 1.52.5 cm; segments 45.5 11.4 cm. Filaments 33.5 cm;
Plants evergreen. Perianth single, orange to reddish orange. anthers 34 mm. Capsule unknown. Fl. JulSep.
2n = 22, 33. Pinus forests, forest margins, thinly forested hilltops, grassy
Thickets, grasslands, streamsides; 3001000 m. Guangdong, slopes; 15003200 m. Sichuan, Yunnan.
Guangxi, Taiwan [Japan, Korea]. 8. Hemerocallis nana Forrest & W. W. Smith, Notes Roy. Bot.
5c. Hemerocallis fulva var. angustifolia Baker, J. Linn. Soc., Gard. Edinburgh 10: 39. 1917.
Bot. 11: 359. 1871. ai xuan cao
chang guan xuan cao
Plants dwarf, 535 cm tall. Roots slightly fleshy, with
Hemerocallis disticha Donn ex Sweet; H. fulva var. longi- small, globose, swollen, tuberous part 1.52 11.5 cm.
tuba (Miquel) Maximowicz; H. longituba Miquel. Leaves linear, 628(34) cm 48 mm, base surrounded by
fibrous remains of older leaves. Scape slender, hollow; sterile
Plants deciduous in winter. Perianth single, orange to red- bracts absent. Inflorescence very short, a 1- or rarely 2-flowered
dish orange or rose; tube to 4 cm, rather slender; segments 511 helicoidal cyme; bracts lanceolate, 514(25) 34 mm. Ped-
cm, outer ones 0.52.0 cm wide, inner ones slightly longer than icel 13 cm. Flowers opening during day. Perianth reddish
outer, 12.5 cm wide. 2n = 22. orange or golden yellow, usually slightly purplish abaxially;
Long cultivated. Not known in the wild in China [Japan, Korea]. tube short, 912(13) mm; segments spreading, 57 cm, outer
5d. Hemerocallis fulva var. kwanso Regel, Gartenflora 15: 66. ones 0.50.6 cm wide, inner ones slightly wider than outer,
1866. 1.21.5 cm wide. Filaments 2.54 cm; anthers yellow, purple-
black abaxially, ca. 9 mm. Capsule oblong, ca. 3 1.4 cm. Fl.
chang ban xuan cao Jun. 2n = 22*.
Plants deciduous in winter. Perianth double (stamens pe- Stony grassy openings in alpine Pinus forests, forest margins,
taloid). 2n = 33. moist pastures, stony places; 21003400 m. NW Yunnan.
Long cultivated. Not known in the wild in China but probably 9. Hemerocallis dumortieri C. Morren, Hort. Belge 2: 195.
originated there [Japan, Korea]. 1834.
6. Hemerocallis forrestii Diels, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edin- xiao xuan cao
burgh 5: 298. 1912.
Plants small, 2550 cm tall, deciduous in winter. Roots
xi nan xuan cao slightly fleshy, with oblong, swollen, tuberous part near tip.
Plants 4070 cm tall. Roots slightly fleshy, with large, Leaves linear, narrow, nearly as long as scape, 4045 1.52
globose, swollen, tuberous part near tip 1.52.5 3.54.5 cm. cm. Scape ascending. Inflorescence short, a 24-flowered heli-
Leaves linear, 3070 12 cm, rather stout, base surrounded by coidal cyme; basal pedicel usually concaulescent; bracts ob-
fibrous remains of older leaves, apex obtuse. Scape slender, long-ovate, apex subacute. Flowers rather small, slightly fra-
nearly as long as leaves, hollow; main axis indistinct; sterile grant, opening in very early morning and closing in very early
morning of following day, reddish brown apically in bud. Peri- Plants 4080 cm tall. Roots ropelike, 1.53 mm thick,
anth orange-yellow; tube rather short, ca. 1 cm; segments nar- slightly fleshy, sometimes fibrous, without a tuberous part.
row, 57 cm, outer ones 0.71 cm wide, inner ones slightly Leaves linear, 3580 0.81.6 cm, base surrounded by
wider than outer, 11.5 cm wide. Anthers black. Capsule sub- fibrous remains of older leaves. Scape stout, hollow. Inflores-
ovoid. Fl. MayJun. 2n = 22. cence subcapitate, 0.10.5 cm, densely 2- or 3(6)-flowered;
?S Jilin [Japan, Korea, Russia (E Siberia)]. bracts green or slightly pink, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, large, 2
6 13 cm, apex catkinlike. Pedicel 13 mm. Flowers slightly
This species was reported from S Jilin by Kitagawa (Lin. Fl. fragrant. Perianth golden yellow or orange; tube 0.91.7 cm,
Manshur. 136. 1939) and Noda (Fl. N-E. Prov. (Manchuria) China 280. enclosed by bracts for at least 1/3 its length; segments 67.5
1971). However, the present authors have not seen any specimens in cm, inner ones wider than outer, 12 cm wide. Filaments ca. 4.5
Chinese herbaria. Hemerocallis dumortieri is closely related to H.
esculenta and H. middendorffii, both of which have been treated by cm; anthers purplish black, yellow abaxially, ca. 5 mm.Capsule
some authors as varieties of H. dumortieri. broadly ellipsoid, 1.52.3 11.4 cm. Fl. MayJun.

10. Hemerocallis esculenta Koidzumi, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 39: Forests, forest margins, meadows, wet grasslands; near sea level
28. 1925. to 2000 m. Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning [Japan, Korea, Russia].
1a. Scape 5060 cm; bracts ovate, 22.5 cm
bei xuan cao ......................................................... 11a. var. middendorffii
1b. Scape 2035 cm; bracts ovate-lanceolate,
Hemerocallis dumortieri C. Morren var. esculenta (Koid-
36 cm .......................................... 11b. var. longibracteata
zumi) Kitagawa; H. middendorffii Trautvetter & C. A. Meyer
var. esculenta (Koidzumi) Ohwi. 11a. Hemerocallis middendorffii var. middendorffii

Roots slightly fleshy, usually with a fusiform, swollen, () da bao xuan cao (yuan bian zhong)
tuberous part near tip 24 ca. 1 cm. Leaves linear, 4080 Hemerocallis dumortieri C. Morren var. middendorffii
(0.6)11.8 cm, soft. Scape erect, generally slightly shorter than (Trautvetter & C. A. Meyer) Kitamura.
leaves, hollow; sterile bract absent. Inflorescences short, 0.26
Scape 5060 cm. Bracts ovate, 22.5 22.4 cm. Fl.
cm, usually with 1 double helicoidal cyme; cyme somewhat
MayJun. 2n = 22*.
densely 13(or 4)-flowered, basal pedicel sometimes concaules-
Forests, forest margins, meadows, wet grasslands; near sea level
cent; bracts ovate-lanceolate, 12(4) 0.81.5 cm. Pedicel 3 to 2000 m. Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning [Japan, Korea, Russia].
6 mm. Flowers slightly fragrant. Perianth golden yellow; tube
1.52.5 cm; segments spreading, 56.5 cm, inner ones slightly 11b. Hemerocallis middendorffii var. longibracteata Z. T.
wider than outer, 12 cm wide. Filaments ca. 5 cm; anthers pur- Xiong, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 13: 122. 1993.
plish black, ca. 6 mm. Capsule subellipsoid, 22.5 1.21.4
cm. Fl. MayJun. 2n = 22*. chang bao xuan cao
Forests, forest margins, grassy slopes, stony places, roadsides; Scape 2035 cm. Bracts ovate-lanceolate, 36 11.8 cm.
5002500 m. Gansu, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Liaoning, Ningxia, Shaanxi,
Shandong, Shanxi [Japan, Russia (Sakhalin)]. 2n = 22*.

11. Hemerocallis middendorffii Trautvetter & C. A. Meyer in Forests; ca. 800 m. E Jilin.
Middendorf, Reise Sibir. 1(2), Fl. Ochot. Phaenog.: 94. 1856.
da bao xuan cao

32. ALLIUM Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 294. 1753.

cong shu
Xu Jiemei (); Rudolf V. Kamelin6
Caloscordum Herbert.
Herbs perennial, bulbiferous, sometimes with well-developed, thick or thin rhizomes, rarely with stolons or tuberous roots,
usually with onionlike, leeklike, or garliclike odor when fresh. Bulb covered with a tunic. Leaves sessile, very rarely narrowed into a
petiole, with a closed leaf sheath at base, linear, linear-lanceolate, or lorate to orbicular-ovate, cross section flat, angled, or semiterete
to terete, fistulose or solid. Scape terminal or lateral, sheathed or naked. Inflorescence a terminal umbel, sometimes with bulblets,
rarely flowerless and with bulblets only, enclosed in a spathelike bract before anthesis. Pedicels with or without basal bracteoles.
Flowers bisexual, very rarely degenerating into unisexual (when plants dioecious). Perianth segments free or united into a tube at
base. Filaments usually connate at base and adnate to perianth segments, entire or toothed. Ovary with 1 to several ovules per locule;
septa often containing nectaries opening by pores at base of ovary. Style simple; stigma entire or 3-cleft. Capsule loculicidal. Seeds
black, rhomboidal or spheroidal.

6 Herbarium: Higher Plants, V. L. Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prof. Popov Street 2, St. Petersburg 197376, Russia.
 About 660 species: N hemisphere, mainly in Asia, some species in Africa and Central and South America; 138 species (50 endemic, five
introduced) in China.
Most Eurasian species have the base chromosome number x = 8, whereas North American species predominantly have x = 7. Nearly all species
with x = 10 and 11 occur in SW China.
Most species of Allium are edible, and some have long been cultivated in China and elsewhere, e.g., A. cepa, A. chinense, A. fistulosum, A.
porrum, A. sativum, and A. tuberosum.

1a. Leaves 13, linear to orbicular-ovate, base usually narrowed into a petiole; ovary base often constricted into a short
stipe; ovules 1 per locule.
2a. Leaf 1, long petiolate, ovate to broadly elliptic-ovate, base cordate .................................................................. 4. A. funckiifolium
2b. Leaves 2 or 3.
3a. Outer perianth segments narrower than inner ones.
4a. Base of leaf blade cuneate, decurrent ................................................................................................................. 1. A. victorialis
4b. Base of leaf blade rounded to cordate, not decurrent .............................................................................................. 2. A. listera
3b. Outer perianth segments as wide as or wider than inner ones.
5a. Scape shorter than leaves, 25 cm, covered with leaf sheaths for 3/44/5 its length ......................................... 5. A. nanodes
5b. Scape longer than leaves, 1060 cm, covered with leaf sheaths only at base.
6a. Leaves lanceolate-oblong to ovate-oblong, base rounded to cordate, petiole distinct ................................ 3. A. ovalifolium
6b. Leaves linear, linear-lanceolate, elliptic-lanceolate, elliptic-oblanceolate, or rarely narrowly elliptic,
base narrowed, petiole indistinct ........................................................................................................................... 6. A. prattii
1b. Leaves several, lorate or linear, cross section semiterete or terete, solid or fistulose, base usually not narrowed
into a petiole; ovules 2 to several per locule; if leaf base narrowed into a petiole or ovules 1 per locule then bulb
tunic never distinctly reticulate.
7a. Roots thick and fleshy, sometimes subtuberous; leaves with distinct midvein; scape usually 2- or 3-angled;
ovules 1 or 2 per locule.
8a. Ovules 1 per locule (in A. omeiense a few ovaries in same umbel with 2 ovules per locule).
9a. Umbel laxly fascicled, few flowered; pedicels unequal; style much shorter than ovary; stigma 3-cleft .... 16. A. trifurcatum
9b. Umbel hemispheric to globose, many flowered; pedicels equal; style equaling or longer than ovary;
stigma entire, punctiform.
10a. Scape terminal ........................................................................................................................................ 7. A. guanxianense
10b. Scape lateral.
11a. Leaves lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, distinctly contracted at base; filaments longer than perianth
segments .......................................................................................................................................... 8. A. xiangchengense
11b. Leaves linear or lorate to lorate-oblanceolate, not contracted at base; filaments shorter than to
subequaling perianth segments.
12a. Perianth segments 47.5 mm, free; filaments slightly shorter than to subequaling perianth
segments ..................................................................................................................................................... 9. A. hookeri
12b. Perianth segments 911 mm, connate at base into a tube ca. 1 mm; filaments ca. 1/2 as long as
perianth segments ................................................................................................................................. 10. A. omeiense
8b. Ovules 2 per locule.
13a. Perianth yellow, segments united for ca. 1 mm at base ...................................................................... 11. A. chienchuanense
13b. Perianth white, red, purple-red, or dark purple, segments free.
14a. Filaments connate into a tube for 2 /33/4 their length ...................................................................... 15. A. cyathophorum
14b. Filaments connate only at base.
15a. Perianth white, segments lanceolate, apex acuminate or irregularly 2-lobed ................................... 12. A. fasciculatum
15b. Perianth red, purple-red, or dark purple, rarely whitish, segments oblong, narrowly so, or ovate-
oblong, apex retuse, truncate, or obtuse.
16a. Perianth stellately spreading, reflexed after anthesis, inner and outer segments similar; pedicels
straight .................................................................................................................................................... 13. A. wallichii
16b. Perianth campanulate, not reflexed after anthesis, inner segments somewhat longer and narrower
than outer ones; pedicels nodding at apex ...................................................................................... 14. A. macranthum
7b. Roots thin; leaves without distinct midvein; scape terete or several angled; ovules 2 to several per locule.
17a. Bulb usually solitary, globose, ovoid-globose, or ovoid (if cylindric to ovoid-cylindric, then leaves
thick, terete, and fistulose); rhizomes obscure.
18a. Leaves usually thick, terete, fistulose, smooth.
19a. Bulb flattened globose, globose, or ovoid-globose, rarely cylindric with thickened base; base of inner
filaments 1-toothed on each side (if entire, then scape often undeveloped).
20a. Scape solid ........................................................................................................................................... 100. A. galanthum
20b. Scape fistulose.
 21a. Scape developed; plants propagated by seeds or bulblets ........................................................................... 98. A. cepa
21b. Scape usually undeveloped; plants propagated by bulbs.
22a. Bulb ovoid-globose to ovoid ............................................................................................................ 99. A. cepiforme
22b. Bulb narrowly ovoid or cylindric-ovoid .................................................................................................. 98. A. cepa
19b. Bulb cylindric to ovoid-cylindric; filaments entire.
23a. Filaments shorter than perianth segments, connate into a tube for 1/33/4 their length .......... 102. A. atrosanguineum
23b. Filaments shorter or longer than perianth segments, connate only at base.
24a. Perianth pale red, pale purple, or purple-red.
25a. Pedicels unequal, shorter than to nearly as long as perianth; filaments 1/31/2(2/3) as
long as perianth segments ..................................................................................................... 103. A. schoenoprasum
25b. Pedicels subequal, 1.53 as long as perianth; filaments slightly shorter than to longer
than perianth segments.
26a. Perianth rose pink or dark pink; filaments slightly shorter than to equaling perianth
segments ............................................................................................................................... 105. A. maximowiczii
26b. Perianth pale purple; filaments longer than perianth segments ......................................... 106. A. ledebourianum
24b. Perianth yellow to white.
27a. Leaves and scape thin, to 5 mm thick; perianth yellow or pale yellow .................................. 95. A. chrysanthum
27b. Leaves and scape robust, more than 5 mm thick; perianth white or yellowish white.
28a. Bulb ovoid-cylindric, robust, tunic red-brown, thinly leathery; perianth yellowish white;
pedicels slightly shorter than to 2 as long as perianth ................................................................. 96. A. altaicum
28b. Bulb cylindric, tunic usually white, rarely light red-brown, membranous; perianth white;
pedicels 23 as long as perianth ............................................................................................... 97. A. fistulosum
18b. Leaves slender, flat, triangular-flat, semiterete, or rarely terete, fistulose.
29a. Ovules 4 or more per locule.
30a. Perianth segments united into a tube proximally.
31a. Scape (15)2050 cm; pedicels (4.5)711 cm; perianth segments 710 mm; ovules
(5 or)6(8) per locule .................................................................................................................... 137. A. neriniflorum
31b. Scape 1530(40) cm; pedicels 0.84(7) cm; perianth segments 57(8) mm; ovules
(3 or)4 per locule, rarely 1 or 2 locules with 5 or 6 ovules.
32a. Perianth red to purple .................................................................................................................... 135. A. tubiflorum
32b. Perianth white ...................................................................................................................................... 136. A. inutile
30b. Perianth segments free.
33a. Filaments connate and adnate to perianth segments for 1/22/3 their length.
34a. Leaves linear, 46(8) mm wide; perianth cupular, segments broadly elliptic, 811
44.5 mm ..................................................................................................................................... 129. A. oreophilum
34b. Leaves broadly linear, (5)1025 mm wide; perianth narrowly campanulate, segments
linear-oblong, 710(15) 2.53 mm .................................................................................... 134. A. winklerianum
33b. Filaments connate and adnate to perianth segments only at base.
35a. Leaves 1(or 2); perianth segments 66.5 mm, without strong midvein; ovary stipitate ................. 133. A. fetisowii
35b. Leaves (1 or)2 or 3; perianth segments 4.55.5 mm, with strong midvein; ovary sessile.
36a. Perianth red to purple-red ........................................................................................................... 132. A. robustum
36b. Perianth white or whitish lilac to lilac-pink.
37a. Leaves 11.5(2) cm wide, apex gradually attenuate .......................................................... 130. A. tulipifolium
37b. Leaves 0.71.5 cm wide, apex acute ........................................................................... 131. A. roborowskianum
29b. Ovules 2 per locule.
38a. Inner filaments 1-toothed on each side at base, apex of tooth long filiform and longer than
anther-bearing cusp of filament.
39a. Umbel with flowers only; filaments longer than perianth segments .................................................... 127. A. porrum
39b. Umbel with both flowers and bulblets; filaments shorter than perianth segments .............................. 128. A. sativum
38b. Inner filaments entire or, if 1-toothed on each side, apex of tooth not filiform and never longer than
anther-bearing cusp of filament.
40a. Perianth blue, usually becoming bluish purple when dried.
41a. Leaves flat, abaxially 1-angled, usually twisted when dried ........................................................ 122. A. caeruleum
41b. Leaves semiterete, not twisted when dried ...................................................................................... 123. A. caesium
40b. Perianth white, pale red, red, purple-red, purple, or pale green.
42a. Filaments not more than 2/3 as long as perianth segments.
43a. Pedicels ca. 3 as long as perianth ........................................................................................ 126. A. jacquemontii
43b. Pedicels shorter than or subequaling perianth.
 44a. Scape 1015(20) cm; perianth segments obtuse or attenuate at apex; broadened
part of inner filaments with 1 small tooth on each side ............................................. 124. A. schoenoprasoides
44b. Scape (15)2540 cm; perianth segments acute at apex; broadened part of inner
filaments entire ...................................................................................................................... 125. A. sairamense
42b. Filaments more than 2/3 as long as perianth segments.
45a. Plants dioecious; female flowers 1 per scape; male flowers 24(or 5) per scape ................... 138. A. monanthum
45b. Plants not dioecious; flowers bisexual, more than 2 per scape.
46a. Pedicels ebracteolate or only a few bracteolate at base.
47a. Pedicels equaling or slightly longer than perianth; ovary without concave nectaries at
base; filaments 2/33/4 as long as perianth segments .......................................................... 107. A. grisellum
47b. Pedicels more than 2 as long as perianth; ovary with concave nectaries at base;
filaments equaling or longer than perianth segments.
48a. Leaves flat; pedicels unequal; inner filaments with a rounded, irregularly denticulate
lobe on each side near base ......................................................................................... 112. A. songpanicum
48b. Leaves semiterete; pedicels equal or subequal; inner filaments entire or with an
entire tooth on each side near base.
49a. Ovary tuberculate; style slightly exserted ......................................................................... 120. A. pallasii
49b. Ovary smooth; style conspicuously exserted.
50a. Perianth pink to pale purple-red; filaments slightly longer than perianth
segments ..................................................................................................................... 115. A. eusperma
50b. Perianth white; filaments ca. 2 as long as perianth segments ............................ 116. A. maowenense
46b. All pedicels subtended by bracteoles.
51a. Bulb tunic leathery, splitting along veins; perianth segments pale green with green
midvein ............................................................................................................................... 117. A. sabulosum
51b. Bulb tunic membranous or papery, not splitting, or only apex splitting and becoming
fibrous or reticulate; perianth segments white, pale red, red, or purple-red to dark
purple, rarely pale green.
52a. Bulb ovoid or narrowly so.
53a. Leaves 35-angled in cross section, fistulose; scape lateral; base of inner filaments
1-toothed on each side ..................................................................................................... 108. A. chinense
53b. Leaves semiterete or triangular in cross section, fistulose at least basally; base of
inner filaments entire or occasionally 1-toothed on each side.
54a. Leaves 12 mm wide, semiterete; perianth white or pale red, sometimes greenish.
55a. Filaments slightly longer than to 1.5 as long as perianth segments; ovary with
concave nectaries at base covered by hoodlike projections ................................. 109. A. yanchiense
55b. Filaments shorter or slightly longer than perianth segments; ovary without
concave nectaries at base ...................................................................................... 113. A. juldusicola
54b. Leaves 25 mm wide, 3-angled or -keeled to obscurely 3-angled; perianth red to
purple or lilac-pink to red-violet.
56a. Bulb tunic thinly leathery, split and becoming fibrous and subreticulate, rarely
subentire; leaves keeled to obscurely 3-angled, rarely subfistulose near base;
umbel globose, densely many flowered; perianth lilac-pink to red-violet ........ 110. A. sacculiferum
56b. Bulb tunic membranous to scarious or subpapery, sometimes apex laciniate
to fibrous; leaves 3-angled, subfistulose; umbel subfascicled to globose, laxly
many flowered; perianth red to purple ................................................................... 111. A. thunbergii
52b. Bulb ovoid-globose to subglobose (if ovoid, then ovary with concave nectaries at
base without hoodlike projections).
57a. Pedicels equaling to slightly longer than perianth .................................................... 119. A. glomeratum
57b. Pedicels more than 2 as long as perianth.
58a. Leaves 0.51.5 mm wide, terete; scape covered with leaf sheaths for 1/31/2 its
length; ovary tuberculate ......................................................................................... 118. A. delicatulum
58b. Leaves 15 mm wide, flat, semiterete, or triangular-semiterete; scape covered
with leaf sheaths for less than 1/3 its length; ovary smooth.
59a. Leaves flat; umbel without bulblets; filaments 1.52 as long as perianth
segments ................................................................................................................ 114. A. tanguticum
59b. Leaves semiterete or triangular-semiterete; umbel with bulblets; filaments
shorter than perianth segments .......................................................................... 121. A. macrostemon
17b. Bulbs usually several in a cluster, cylindric, conical, or ovoid-cylindric, rarely ovoid; rhizomes well developed.
60a. Bulb tunic reticulate, subreticulate, or laxly fibrous.
61a. Perianth pale blue to blue or purplish blue.
62a. Filaments shorter than perianth segments.
63a. Perianth segments narrowly oblong to narrowly ovate-oblong, 1114(17) mm, margin entire;
filaments usually ca. 4/5 as long as perianth segments; style usually 23 as long as ovary ......... 22. A. beesianum
63b. Perianth segments ovate or ovate-oblong, 610 mm, at least margin of inner ones irregularly
denticulate; filaments usually 1/22/3 as long as perianth segments; style shorter than or
subequaling ovary.
64a. Perianth segments acuminate at apex, equal, irregularly denticulate at margin, rarely outer ones
entire; leaves abaxially keeled, usually twisted when dry .................................................................. 23. A. yuanum
64b. Perianth segments obtuse at apex, inner ones longer and wider than outer, only inner ones
irregularly denticulate at margin; leaves flat .................................................................................. 24. A. sikkimense
62b. Filaments longer than perianth segments.
65a. Leaves semiterete .................................................................................................................................. 25. A. cyaneum
65b. Leaves flat.
66a. Pedicels extremely unequal, 24 as long as perianth ................................................................ 28. A. heteronema
66b. Pedicels subequal, 12 as long as perianth.
67a. Bulb tunic reticulate; umbel laxly few flowered; pedicels 1.52 as long as perianth; base of inner
filaments with 1 short tooth on each side, apex of tooth entire ......................................................... 27. A. henryi
67b. Bulb tunic subreticulate; umbel densely many flowered; pedicels 11.5 as long as perianth;
base of inner filaments with 1 long tooth on each side, apex of tooth sometimes denticulate ..... 31. A. stenodon
61b. Perianth white, pale red, purple-red, purple, dark purple, or yellow.
68a. Filaments more than 1.3 as long as perianth segments.
69a. Perianth segments basally united for 1.52 mm into a short tube; filaments basally connate for
1.52 mm and adnate to perianth segments ................................................................................. 43. A. siphonanthum
69b. Perianth segments free; filaments connate only at base.
70a. Bulb tunic usually red, distinctly reticulate; inner filaments broadened for 1/31/2 their
length; ovary without concave nectaries at base ................................................................... 48. A. przewalskianum
70b. Bulb tunic never red, reticulate or fibrous; inner filaments broadened for ca. 1/3 their
length; ovary with concave nectaries at base.
71a. Perianth pale red or purple-red to purple.
72a. Bulb tunic fibrous, sometimes subreticulate; pedicels ebracteolate ................................... 30. A. plurifoliatum
72b. Bulb tunic reticulate; pedicels bracteolate at base.
73a. Leaves semiterete ................................................................................................................. 42. A. clathratum
73b. Leaves flat.
74a. Inner filaments entire ........................................................................................................... 37. A. schrenkii
74b. Inner filaments with 1 or 2 teeth on each side.
75a. Perianth segments with red, slender midvein or without midvein; stigma punctiform ...... 36. A. lineare
75b. Perianth segments with purple midvein; stigma capitate or subglobose.
76a. Perianth pale lilac to pinkish lilac ................................................................................ 40. A. splendens
76b. Perianth pink to pink-red ................................................................................................. 41. A. maackii
71b. Perianth white to pale yellow.
77a. Leaves 27 mm wide, flat; teeth of inner filaments entire .......................................................... 44. A. flavidum
77b. Leaves 15 mm wide, semiterete, fistulose; teeth of inner filaments sometimes irregularly
24-denticulate.
78a. Leaves equaling to distinctly longer than scape; pedicels ebracteolate ............................... 46. A. flavovirens
78b. Leaves shorter than scape; pedicels bracteolate at base ............................................... 45. A. leucocephalum
68b. Filaments less than 1.3 as long as perianth segments.
79a. Perianth yellow, later becoming red; filaments connate into tube for 3/54/5 their length ............. 101. A. semenovii
79b. Perianth not yellow; filaments connate only basally or for 1/61/2 their length.
80a. Inner filaments toothed at base.
81a. Filaments ca. 1/2 as long as perianth segments ............................................................................... 18. A. forrestii
81b. Filaments slightly shorter than or equaling perianth segments.
82a. Leaves 35 mm wide, flat.
83a. Filaments slightly longer than perianth segments; stigma punctiform ............................. 38. A. amphibolum
83b. Filaments slightly shorter than or equaling perianth segments ................................................ 39. A. strictum
82b. Leaves 0.251 mm wide, semiterete.
84a. Bulb tunic subreticulate; filaments connate into a tube for 1/61/2 their length, tube
adnate to perianth segments for 1/31/2 its length.
85a. Perianth segments 68.5 mm; filaments connate for 1/31/2 their length .................. 54. A. subangulatum
 85b. Perianth segments 36 mm; filaments connate for 1/61/3 their length .......................... 55. A. polyrhizum
84b. Bulb tunic distinctly reticulate; filaments connate only at base.
86a. Pedicels bracteolate at base; perianth pale purple to purple; ovary without concave
nectaries at base ..................................................................................................................... 47. A. eduardii
86b. Pedicels ebracteolate; perianth pale red; ovary with concave nectaries at base covered
by hoodlike projections ..................................................................................................... 26. A. aciphyllum
80b. Inner filaments entire at base.
87a. Scape covered with leaf sheaths for 1/41/2 its length.
88a. Pedicels subequal; leaves 25 mm wide ...................................................................................... 39. A. strictum
88b. Pedicels unequal; leaves 0.51 mm wide.
89a. Bulb tunic distinctly reticulate ............................................................................................... 50. A. tekesicola
89b. Bulb tunic subreticulate.
90a. Bulb tunic brown; inner filaments basally ca. 2 as wide as outer ones, distally abruptly
subulate; ovary with concave nectaries at base covered by hoodlike projections ........... 88. A. korolkowii
90b. Bulb tunic yellowish brown; inner filaments basally ca. 3 as wide as outer ones,
distally gradually attenuate; ovary with small, concave nectaries at base not
covered by hoodlike projections ...................................................................................... 49. A. teretifolium
87b. Scape covered with leaf sheaths only at base.
91a. Bulb tunic reticulate or subreticulate; perianth white to pale red.
92a. Inner filaments broadly triangular, basally ca. 2 as wide as outer ones; perianth
segments with dark purple midvein ................................................................................... 34. A. oreoprasum
92b. Inner filaments narrowly triangular, basally only slightly wider than outer ones;
perianth segments without dark purple midvein.
93a. Scape 515 cm; stigma slightly 3-cleft .................................................................................... 35. A. humile
93b. Scape 2560 cm; stigma punctiform.
94a. Leaves flat, solid; perianth segments white, usually with green midvein ..................... 32. A. tuberosum
94b. Leaves triangular, abaxially keeled, fistulose; perianth segments white, rarely pale
red, usually with pale red midvein .................................................................................... 33. A. ramosum
91b. Bulb tunic fibrous or subreticulate at base; perianth dark purple, purple-red, or pale red.
95a. Inner filaments not broadened at base.
96a. Leaves 810 mm wide ................................................................................................ 21. A. rhynchogynum
96b. Leaves 13 mm wide.
97a. Filaments 1/22/3 as long as perianth segments; ovary constricted at apex, without
concave nectaries at base ...................................................................................................... 17. A. mairei
97b. Filaments slightly shorter or longer than perianth segments; ovary not constricted
at apex, with concave nectaries at base covered by narrow, hoodlike projections .... 20. A. changduense
95b. Inner filaments broadened at base.
98a. Leaves 1.53(5) mm wide, flat; perianth purple to dark purple .......................................... 18. A. forrestii
98b. Leaves 0.31.5 mm wide, semiterete to terete; perianth pale red to purple-red.
99a. Leaves distinctly longer than scape; umbel laxly few flowered; perianth segments
33.5 mm; ovary with concave nectaries at base ......................................................... 92. A. alabasicum
99b. Leaves shorter than scape; umbel densely many flowered; perianth segments 69
mm; ovary without concave nectaries at base ............................................................. 51. A. mongolicum
60b. Bulb tunic entire, never reticulate or only apical part becoming fibrous.
100a. Filaments shorter than perianth segments, never more than 4/5 as long as perianth segments.
101a. Perianth blue.
102a. Perianth segments narrowly oblong to narrowly ovate-oblong, 1114(17) mm, margin entire;
filaments usually ca. 4/5 as long as perianth segments; style usually 23 as long as ovary ...... 22. A. beesianum
102b. Perianth segments ovate or ovate-oblong, 610 mm, margin of at least inner ones irregularly
denticulate; filaments usually 1/22/3 as long as perianth segments; style usually shorter than
or subequaling ovary.
103a. Perianth segments acuminate at apex, equal, irregularly denticulate at margin, rarely outer ones
entire; leaves abaxially keeled, usually twisted when dry ............................................................... 23. A. yuanum
103b. Perianth segments obtuse at apex, inner ones longer and wider than outer, only inner ones
irregularly denticulate at margin; leaves flat ............................................................................... 24. A. sikkimense
101b. Perianth white, pale red, purple-red, pale purple, purple, yellow, or bright yellow.
104a. Perianth pale or bright yellow.
105a. Bulb cylindric; leaves slightly falcate, usually ca. 1/2 as long as or rarely subequaling
scape, flat ............................................................................................................................ 79. A. chrysocephalum
105b. Bulb ovoid-globose to ovoid; leaves subequaling scape, semiterete ....................................... 80. A. herderianum
 104b. Perianth white, pale red, purple-red, pale purple, or purple.
106a. Filaments connate into an urceolate tube for 3/44/5 their length ........................................ 61. A. weschniakowii
106b. Filaments connate only at base or for 1/31/2 their length.
107a. Bulb tunic leathery; pedicels bracteolate at base; ovary with concave nectaries at base
covered by hoodlike projections.
108a. Bulb tunic brown, apex becoming fibrous and somewhat subreticulate; pedicels unequal,
23 as long as perianth in fruit .......................................................................................... 88. A. korolkowii
108b. Bulb tunic light yellowish brown, apex laciniate; pedicels subequal, 12 as long as
perianth in fruit ........................................................................................................................ 89. A. setifolium
107b. Bulb tunic membranous, papery, or thinly leathery; pedicels ebracteolate; ovary usually
without concave nectaries at base (but present in A. pevtzovii).
109a. Perianth segments 2.85 mm, apex of inner ones truncate or rounded-truncate.
110a. Pedicels unequal, 1.53.5 cm; perianth segments 3.95 mm ........................................ 60. A. anisopodium
110b. Pedicels subequal, 0.51.5 cm; perianth segments 2.84.2 mm.
111a. Bulb tunic laciniate; umbel hemispheric to globose, densely many flowered ............ 59. A. elegantulum
111b. Bulb tunic splitting at apex; umbel hemispheric to fascicled, laxly flowered ............ 58. A. tenuissimum
109b. Perianth segments 618 mm, apex of inner ones obtuse or acuminate.
112a. Inner filaments ovate at base, 1-toothed on each side; ovary with concave nectaries at
base ........................................................................................................................................ 87. A. pevtzovii
112b. Inner filaments subulate to narrowly ovate at base, entire; ovary without concave
nectaries at base.
113a. Leaves 1.54 mm wide, flat; perianth segments 1318 mm; filaments ca. 1/2 as long
as perianth segments, all subulate .................................................................................... 19. A. kingdonii
113b. Leaves 0.51 mm wide, semiterete; perianth segments 69 mm; filaments 2/33/4
as long as perianth segments, inner ones wider than outer.
114a. Bulbs densely clustered; bulb tunic papery, apex becoming fibrous; pedicels ca.
2 as long as perianth; perianth segments ovate-oblong, 79 2.53 mm;
broadened base of inner filaments narrowly triangular ......................................... 53. A. yongdengense
114b. Bulbs laxly clustered; bulb tunic membranous, laciniate; pedicels 11.5 as long
as perianth; perianth segments elliptic to ovate, 67 34 mm; broadened base of
inner filaments narrowly ovate ................................................................................. 52. A. caespitosum
100b. Filaments slightly shorter to longer than perianth segments.
115a. Leaves flat or keeled abaxially.
116a. Bulbs attached to a stout, horizontal or oblique rhizome; scape usually 2-angled.
117a. Leaves abaxially keeled; ovary with concave nectaries at base covered by hoodlike
projections ................................................................................................................................... 65. A. taishanense
117b. Leaves flat; ovary without concave nectaries at base.
118a. Perianth white to yellow; pedicels ebracteolate .............................................................................. 66. A. chiwui
118b. Perianth pale red or pale purple to purple-red; pedicels bracteolate at base.
119a. Leaves straight or spirally tortuous, (1.5)26 mm wide.
120a. Leaves straight, 1.54 mm wide ............................................................................................ 67. A. spurium
120b. Leaves spirally tortuous, 46 mm wide .................................................................................... 68. A. spirale
119b. Leaves straight or slightly falcate, 615 mm wide.
121a. Inner filaments entire at base ............................................................................................... 69. A. senescens
121b. Inner filaments 1-toothed on each side at base ........................................................................ 70. A. nutans
116b. Bulbs attached to a vertical rhizome; scape terete.
122a. Perianth yellowish green to pale yellow.
123a. Scape covered with leaf sheaths for ca. 1/2 its length; pedicels 24 as long as perianth,
bracteolate at base ....................................................................................................................... 71. A. obliquum
123b. Scape covered with leaf sheaths at base only; pedicels 11.5 as long as perianth, ebracteolate.
124a. Inner filaments entire at base; umbel globose, densely many flowered; leaves 38 mm wide ..... 78. A. rude
124b. Inner filaments 1-toothed on each side at base; umbel laxly flowered; leaves 23 mm
wide ................................................................................................................................. 64. A. brevidentatum
122b. Perianth white, pale red, purple-red, purple, or blue.
125a. Inner filaments with 1 irregularly denticulate tooth on each side at base; ovary with
concave nectaries at base covered by hoodlike projections.
126a. Leaves broadly linear to linear-lanceolate, 523 mm wide; spathe with a long beak
sometimes to 7 cm; perianth white .............................................................................. 29. A. paepalanthoides
126b. Leaves linear, 26(8) mm wide; spathe with a short beak; perianth pale red, pale
purple, or purple ................................................................................................................ 30. A. plurifoliatum
 125b. Inner filaments entire at base or, if toothed, teeth never denticulate; ovary with concave
nectaries at base not covered by hoodlike projections.
127a. Spathe with long beak .......................................................................................................... 82. A. kurssanovii
127b. Spathe with short beak.
128a. Bulb tunic blackish gray to black, papery or membranous.
129a. Leaves falcate; perianth white; ovary without concave nectaries at base ....................... 76. A. phariense
129b. Leaves straight; perianth pink or pinkish lilac; ovary with concave nectaries at
base ............................................................................................................................. 77. A. platyspathum
128b. Bulb tunic red-brown or brown to yellowish brown, leathery or thinly so.
130a. Leaves 11.5(3) mm wide, margin scabrous-denticulate; ovary without concave
nectaries at base ............................................................................................................ 73. A. kaschianum
130b. Leaves 217 mm wide, margin smooth; ovary with concave nectaries at base.
131a. Bulb tunic red-brown, lustrous ............................................................................. 72. A. hymenorhizum
131b. Bulb tunic brown to yellowish brown, dull.
132a. Leaves usually falcate; inner filaments broadened at base ................................. 74. A. carolinianum
132b. Leaves usually not falcate; inner filaments not broadened at base ............................. 75. A. blandum
115b. Leaves semiterete or terete, solid or fistulose, adaxially channeled.
133a. Inner filaments obtusely 1-toothed on each side at base.
134a. Perianth white or pale yellow; style conspicuously exserted; ovary with concave nectaries
at base ........................................................................................................................................... 46. A. flavovirens
134b. Perianth red, pale purple-red, or purple-red; style not exserted; ovary without concave
nectaries at base.
135a. Inner filaments broadened for ca. 4/5 their length ................................................................... 56. A. bidentatum
135b. Inner filaments broadened for ca. 1/2 their length .................................................................. 57. A. dentigerum
133b. Inner filaments entire at base.
136a. Beak of spathe several times as long as limb.
137a. Perianth segments pale yellow with green midvein .................................................................. 84. A. petraeum
137b. Perianth segments purple-red to pale red, rarely white, with dark midvein ................................. 81. A. saxatile
136b. Beak of spathe shorter than or equaling limb.
138a. Perianth white, pale yellow, or greenish yellow.
139a. Leaves solid, margin ciliate-denticulate ......................................................................... 85. A. tianschanicum
139b. Leaves fistulose, margin smooth.
140a. Bulb tunic red-brown, lustrous; scape solid; pedicels bracteolate at base .................... 93. A. condensatum
140b. Bulb tunic light brown to brown, dull; scape fistulose; pedicels ebracteolate ............... 94. A. xichuanense
138b. Perianth pale red, red, pale purple, or purple.
141a. Pedicels bracteolate at base.
142a. Ovary with longitudinally convex nectaries along septa; nectary pit at ovary base
open ................................................................................................................................ 90. A. subtilissimum
142b. Ovary without nectaries or only with concave nectaries at base.
143a. Bulbs attached to a robust, horizontal rhizome; filaments equaling or slightly longer
than perianth segments; ovary without concave nectaries ............................................. 62. A. prostratum
143b. Bulbs attached to vertical rhizome; filaments 1.252 as long as perianth segments;
ovary with concave nectaries.
144a. Bulb tunic red-brown, lustrous, scarious to subleathery; leaves 23 mm wide,
margin smooth ............................................................................................................ 91. A. longistylum
144b. Bulb tunic brown, dull, leathery; leaves 0.52 mm wide, margin ciliate- or
scabrous-denticulate.
145a. Bulb tunic leathery, entire or laciniate at apex; ovary with concave nectaries
covered by hoodlike projections ............................................................................... 83. A. caricoides
145b. Bulb tunic thinly leathery to papery, splitting; ovary with concave nectaries not
covered by hoodlike projections.
146a. Bulbs to 10 cm; tunic yellowish brown; filaments ca. 1/2 as long as perianth
segments .......................................................................................................... 86. A. megalobulbon
146b. Bulbs shorter; tunic brown; filaments 1.251.5 as long as perianth
segments ......................................................................................................... 85. A. tianschanicum
141b. Pedicels ebracteolate.
147a. Inner filaments conspicuously broadly ovate or ovate-oblong at base.
148a. Bulb tunic grayish white, sometimes reddish; pedicels 23 as long as perianth;
perianth purple-red; style slightly longer than ovary .................................................... 57. A. dentigerum
 148b. Bulb tunic brown; pedicels shorter than or equaling perianth; perianth pale red;
style shorter than ovary .................................................................................................. 56. A. bidentatum
147b. Inner filaments subulate to narrowly triangular at base, gradually attenuate toward apex.
149a. Scape covered with leaf sheaths for 1/31/2 its length; leaves 1 or 2, margin smooth;
perianth pink ................................................................................................................ 104. A. oliganthum
149b. Scape covered with leaf sheaths only at base; leaves more than 3, margin scabrid;
perianth pale purple or red-purple.
150a. Inner perianth segments irregularly denticulate at distal margin and apex; style
exserted ........................................................................................................................ 62. A. prostratum
150b. Inner perianth segments entire; style not exserted ............................................................. 63. A. rubens

1. Allium victorialis Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 295. 1753. ovules 1 per locule. Fl. and fr. JunAug. 2n = 16*.
ge cong Forests, shady and moist slopes, pastures; 6002000 m. Anhui,
Hebei, Henan, Jilin, Shaanxi, Shanxi.
Allium latissimum Prokhanov; A. microdictyum Prokha-
3. Allium ovalifolium Handel-Mazzetti, Anz. Akad. Wiss.
nov; A. ochotense Prokhanov; A. victorialis subsp. platyphyllum
Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 60: 101. 1924.
Hultn; A. wenchuanense Z. Y. Zhu.
luan ye shan cong
Bulb solitary or clustered, subcylindric; tunic grayish
brown to blackish brown, reticulate. Leaves 2 or 3; petiole 210 Bulb solitary or clustered, subcylindric; tunic grayish
cm; leaf blade oblanceolate-elliptic to elliptic, 812 39.5 cm, brown to blackish brown, reticulate. Leaves 2(or 3), subop-
base cuneate to broadly so, gradually narrowed into petiole, de- posite; petiole 112 cm; leaf blade lanceolate- to ovate-oblong,
current, apex acute or acuminate. Scape 2580 cm, terete, cov- (6)815 (2)37 cm, main veins green or white, base deeply
ered with leaf sheaths for 1/41/2 its length. Spathe 2-valved, cordate to rounded, apex shortly caudate or acuminate. Scape
persistent. Umbel globose. Pedicels 24 as long as perianth, 3060 cm, terete, covered with leaf sheaths only at base. Spathe
ebracteolate. Perianth white or slightly tinged with green, very 2-valved, persistent or deciduous. Umbel globose, densely many
rarely tinged with red; outer segments boat-shaped, 45 1.52 flowered. Pedicels subequal, 1.54 as long as perianth, elon-
mm, apex obtuse; inner ones elliptic-ovate, (4.5)56 23 gate in fruit, ebracteolate. Perianth white, rarely pale red; outer
mm, apex obtuse, usually denticulate. Filaments 1.32 as segments narrowly ovate to ovate or ovate-oblong, 3.55 1.4
long as perianth segments, connate at base and adnate to 2 mm, apex retuse or obtuse, sometimes denticulate; inner ones
perianth segments; outer ones subulate; inner ones narrowly lanceolate-oblong to narrowly oblong, (3.5)46 11.6 mm,
triangular, wider, 11.5 mm wide at base. Ovary constricted at apex retuse, obtuse, or acuminate, sometimes irregularly den-
base into a stipe ca. 1 mm; ovules 1 per locule. Fl. and fr. Jun ticulate at least at distal margin. Filaments equal, 11.5 as
Aug. 2n = 16, 32*. long as perianth segments, connate at base and adnate to peri-
anth segments; outer ones subulate; inner ones narrowly triang-
Forests, shady and moist slopes, pastures, streamsides; 6002500
ular, 0.81.1 mm wide at base. Ovary constricted at base into a
m. Anhui, E Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Jilin, Liao-
ning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang [India, Japan, stipe ca. 0.5 mm; ovules 1 per locule. Fl. and fr. JulSep.
Kazakstan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia; Europe, NW North America]. Forests, forest margins, thickets, damp places, stream banks,
rock crevices; 15004000 m. SE Gansu, NE Guizhou, W Hubei, E
2. Allium listera Stearn, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. 5: 326. Qinghai, S Shaanxi, Sichuan, NW Yunnan.
1934.
1a. Leaf blade with white main veins .... 3b. var. leuconeurum
dui ye shan cong 1b. Leaf blade without white main veins.
Allium victorialis Linnaeus var. listera (Stearn) J. M. Xu. 2a. Leaf blade base cordate to rounded,
rarely deeply cordate; inner perianth
Bulb solitary or clustered, subcylindric; tunic grayish segments narrower than outer ones,
brown to blackish brown, reticulate. Leaves 2; petiole 210 cm; apex retuse or obtuse, sometimes
leaf blade elliptic to ovate-orbicular, 812 39.5 cm, base irregularly denticulate ................. 3a. var. ovalifolium
cordate to rounded, apex acute or acuminate. Scape 2580 2b. Leaf blade base deeply cordate; inner
cm, terete, covered with leaf sheaths for 1/41/2 its length. perianth segments as wide as or slightly
Spathe 2-valved, persistent. Umbel globose. Pedicels 24 as wider than outer ones, apex acuminate,
long as perianth, ebracteolate. Perianth white or slightly sometimes distal margin distantly
tinged with green, very rarely tinged with red; outer segments denticulate ................................... 3c. var. cordifolium
boat-shaped, 45 1.52 mm, apex obtuse; inner ones elliptic-
3a. Allium ovalifolium var. ovalifolium
ovate, (4.5) 56 23 mm, apex obtuse, usually denticulate.
Filaments 1.32 as long as perianth segments, connate at () luan ye shan cong (yuan bian zhong)
base and adnate to perianth segments; outer ones subulate;
inner ones narrowly triangular, 11.5 mm wide at base, wider Allium prattii C. H. Wright var. latifoliatum F. T. Wang &
than outer ones. Ovary constricted at base into a stipe ca. 1 mm; Tang.
 Leaf blade without white main veins, base cordate to Umbel laxly flowered. Pedicels subequal, ca. 2 as long as
rounded, rarely deeply cordate. Inner perianth segments nar- perianth, ebracteolate. Perianth white, tinged with red; outer
rower than outer ones, apex retuse or obtuse, sometimes irreg- segments boat-shaped, 58 1.52 mm, apex acute; inner ones
ularly denticulate. Fl. and fr. JulSep. 2n = 16*, 24*. narrowly oblong to narrowly ovate, 5.59 11.8 mm. Fila-
ments slightly longer than perianth segments, connate at base
Forests, forest margins, thickets, damp places, stream banks,
for ca. 1 mm and adnate to perianth segments; outer ones 0.71
rock crevices; 15004000 m. SE Gansu, NE Guizhou, W Hubei, E
Qinghai, S Shaanxi, Sichuan, NW Yunnan. mm wide; inner ones 11.8 mm wide at base. Ovary constricted
at base into an obscure stipe; ovules 1 per locule. Fl. and fr.
3b. Allium ovalifolium var. leuconeurum J. M. Xu in F. T. JunAug. 2n = 16*.
Wang & Tang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 14: 283. 1980.
Scrub or meadows in high mountains, gravelly slopes; 3300
bai mai shan cong 5200 m. SW Sichuan, NW Yunnan.

Leaf blade with white main veins. Perianth segments simi- 6. Allium prattii C. H. Wright ex Hemsley in F. B. Forbes &
lar. Hemsley, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 36: 124. 1903.

Forests; 28003800 m. W Sichuan. tai bai shan cong

3c. Allium ovalifolium var. cordifolium (J. M. Xu) J. M. Xu, Allium cannifolium H. Lveill; A. prattii var. ellipticum F.
Fl. Sichuan. 7: 140. 1991. T. Wang & Tang; A. prattii var. vinicolor F. T. Wang & Tang;
A. victorialis Linnaeus var. angustifolium J. D. Hooker.
xin ye shan cong
Bulb solitary or clustered, subcylindric; tunic grayish
Allium cordifolium J. M. Xu in F. T. Wang & Tang, Fl. brown to blackish brown, reticulate. Leaves 2, subopposite,
Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 14: 284. 1980. rarely 3, linear, linear-lanceolate, elliptic-lanceolate, elliptic-ob -
Leaf blade without white main veins, base deeply cordate. lanceolate or rarely narrowly elliptic, shorter than to sub-
Inner perianth segments as wide as or slightly wider than outer equaling scape, 0.54(7) cm wide, base gradually narrowed
ones, apex acuminate, sometimes distal margin distantly dentic- into an obscure petiole, apex acuminate. Scape 1060 cm, ter-
ulate. ete, covered with leaf sheaths only at base. Spathe 1- or 2-val-
ved, persistent. Umbel hemispheric. Pedicels subequal, 24 as
Forests; 30003800 m. W Sichuan. long as perianth, ebracteolate. Perianth purple-red to pale red,
4. Allium funckiifolium Handel-Mazzetti, Anz. Akad. Wiss. rarely approaching white; outer segments narrowly ovate, ob-
Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 57: 175. 1920. long-ovate, to oblong, 3.25.5 1.42(2.9) mm, apex obtuse,
retuse, or denticulate; inner ones lanceolate-oblong to narrowly
yu zan ye shan cong oblong, 47 11.5(2.5) mm. Filaments slightly longer than
to 1.5 as long as perianth segments, connate at base and ad-
Bulb solitary, subcylindric; tunic grayish brown, reticulate.
nate to perianth segments; outer ones subulate; inner ones nar-
Leaf 1; petiole 8.515 cm; leaf blade ovate to broadly ovate-
rowly triangular, 0.81.5 mm wide at base. Ovary constricted at
elliptic, 1622.8 715.7 cm, base cordate to deeply so, usu-
base into a short stipe; ovules 1 per locule. Fl. And fr. end of
ally crisped, apex acute or acuminate. Scape 3565 cm, terete,
JunSep. 2n = 16*, 32*.
covered with leaf sheaths only at base. Spathe 2-valved, per-
sistent. Umbel globose. Pedicels subequal, 24 as long as peri- Shady and damp forests, thickets, scrub, stream banks, slopes,
anth, ebracteolate. Perianth white; segments subequal, elliptic to meadows; 20004900 m. Anhui, Gansu, Henan, Qinghai, Shaanxi,
narrowly so, 34.5 1.21.5 mm; outer ones boat-shaped. Fil- Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Nepal, Sikkim].
aments 1.52 as long as perianth segments, connate at base 7. Allium guanxianense J. M. Xu, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 31: 376.
and adnate to perianth segments; outer ones subulate; inner 1993.
ones narrowly triangular, wider, ca. 1 mm wide at base. Ovary
guan xian jiu
constricted at base into a stipe ca. 1 mm; ovules 1 per locule. Fl.
Jul. 2n = 16*. Roots thick, fleshy. Bulbs clustered, cylindric, 0.61 cm
in diam., with short stolons; tunic fibrous. Leaves linear-ob-
Forests, shady and moist slopes, streamsides; 22002300 m. W
lanceolate, shorter than scape, 23 cm wide, midvein distinct,
Hubei, E Sichuan.
base long attenuate, apex obtuse to acuminate. Scape termi-
5. Allium nanodes Airy Shaw, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edin- nal, 4060 cm, terete, covered with leaf sheaths for ca. 1/4 its
burgh 16: 141. 1931. length. Spathe deciduous. Umbel globose, laxly flowered. Ped-
icels equal, 23 as long as perianth, ebracteolate. Perianth
duan ting shan cong
white; segments lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 89 ca. 2 mm,
Bulb solitary or clustered, subcylindric; tunic grayish apex obtuse. Filaments subulate, slightly shorter than perianth
brown, reticulate. Leaves 2, opposite; leaf blade tinged with segments, connate at base for ca. 1 mm and adnate to perianth
purple, oblong to narrowly oblong, curved backward, 3.59 segments. Ovary obovoid, base without concave nectaries, con-
1.53 cm, base gradually narrowed into a very short petiole, stricted into a stipe ca. 1 mm; ovules 1 per locule. Style sub-
apex acute. Scape 25 cm, terete, covered with leaf sheaths for equaling ovary; stigma punctiform. Fl. Aug.
3/44/5 its length. Spathe 2-valved, persistent or deciduous. Damp slopes; 18002000 m. C Sichuan (Dayi Xian, Guan
Xian). Perianth greenish yellow to yellow.
8. Allium xiangchengense J. M. Xu, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 31: Forest margins, meadows, moist places; 28004200 m. SW
374. 1993. Sichuan, NW Yunnan.
xiang cheng jiu 10. Allium omeiense Z. Y. Zhu, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 9(4):
65. 1989.
Roots thick, fleshy. Bulbs clustered, cylindric, 0.30.4 cm
in diam.; tunic white, membranous, entire, with some fibers. e mei jiu
Leaves lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, shorter than scape, 1.52 Roots elongate, thick, fleshy. Bulbs clustered, cylindric,
cm wide, midvein distinct, base conspicuously attenuate, apex robust, 1.52 cm in diam.; tunic fibrous. Leaves band-shaped to
acuminate. Scape lateral, 2326 cm, terete, covered with leaf linear-oblanceolate, longer than scape, (1.5)23.5 cm wide,
sheaths only at base. Spathe 1-valved, persistent. Umbel glo- midvein distinct. Scape lateral, 3065 cm, terete, sometimes
bose, laxly flowered. Pedicels equal, 23 as long as perianth, slightly compressed, covered with leaf sheaths for ca. 1/3 its
ebracteolate. Perianth white; segments lanceolate, 4.55 ca. 1 length, reflexed after anthesis. Spathe deciduous. Umbel hemi-
mm, apex acuminate, sometimes 2-lobed. Filaments subulate, spheric, usually with leafing bulblets. Pedicels subequal, slight-
slightly longer than perianth segments, connate at base and ad- ly longer than to 2 as long as perianth, ebracteolate. Perianth
nate to perianth segments. Ovary subglobose, base without con- white; segments linear to linear-lanceolate, 911 0.51.1 mm,
cave nectaries, constricted into a stipe ca. 0.5 mm; ovules 1 per apex caudate; inner ones slightly shorter than outer, united into
locule. Style longer than ovary; stigma punctiform. Fl. Aug. a tube ca. 1 mm, midvein pale green. Filaments subulate, equal,
Forest margins, shady and damp places; ca. 3300 m. W Sichuan ca. 1/2 as long as perianth segments, connate at base and adnate
(Xiangcheng Xian). to perianth segments. Ovary subglobose, smooth; ovules 1(or 2)
per locule. Style longer than ovary; stigma punctiform. Fl. and
9. Allium hookeri Thwaites, Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 339. 1864.
fr. AugOct. 2n = 22*.
kuan ye jiu
Stream banks, slopes; 10001200 m. C Sichuan (Emei Shan,
Roots elongate, thick, fleshy. Bulbs clustered, cylindric; Hongya Xian).
tunic membranous, entire. Leaves linear to broadly so, shorter Cultivated as vegetable on Emei Shan.
than to subequaling scape, 0.51 cm wide, midvein distinct.
Scape lateral, usually arising from base of bulb, (10)2060 11. Allium chienchuanense J. M. Xu in F. T. Wang & Tang,
cm, usually without leaf sheaths, sometimes with 1. Spathe 2- Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 14: 284. 1980.
valved,usually deciduous. Umbel hemispheric to globose, many jian chuan jiu
flowered. Pedicels subequal, 23(4) as long as perianth,
ebracteolate. Perianth white or greenish yellow to yellow; seg- Roots elongate, thick, fleshy. Bulb solitary or clustered,
ments similar, lanceolate, 47.5 11.5 mm, apex acuminate, cylindric, robust, 23 cm in diam.; tunic fibrous. Leaves band-
sometimes unequally 2- lobed. Filaments subulate, slightly shaped, shorter than scape, 1.53(5) cm wide, midvein dis-
shorter than to subequaling perianth segments, connate at base tinct. Scape lateral, 7580 cm, terete, covered with leaf sheaths
and adnate to perianth segments. Ovary obovoid, smooth, base for ca. 1/3 its length.Spathe deciduous. Umbel subglobose. Ped-
constricted into a short stipe; ovules 1 per locule. Style longer icels subequal, 23 as long as perianth, ebracteolate. Perianth
than ovary; stigma punctiform. Fl. and fr. JulOct. 2n = 22*, yellow; segments all similar, oblong to oblong elliptic, 67 2
44*. 2.2 mm, basally united into a tube ca. 1 mm, apex irregularly
denticulate, rarely entire. Filaments subulate, equal, slightly
Forests, forest margins, moist places, meadows; 14004200 m.
SW Sichuan, SE Xizang, NW Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Sri longer than perianth segments, connate at base for ca. 1.5 mm
Lanka]. and adnate to perianth segments. Ovary obovoid, smooth, base
constricted into a short stipe; ovules 2 per locule. Style longer
1a. Perianth white ............................................ 9a. var. hookeri than ovary; stigma punctiform. Fl. Sep.
1b. Perianth greenish yellow to yellow ......... 9b. var. muliense
Streamsides, moist places; ca. 3100 m. Yunnan (Jianchuan
9a. Allium hookeri var. hookeri Xian).
() kuan ye jiu (yuan bian zhong) 12. Allium fasciculatumRendle, J. Bot. 44: 42. 1906.

Allium tsoongii F. T. Wang & Tang. cu gen jiu

Perianth white. Allium gageanum W. W. Smith.

Forests, moist places; 14004000 m. SW Sichuan, SE Xizang, Roots tuberous, short, thick. Bulb solitary or clustered,
NW Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka]. cylindric; tunic pale brown, fibrous. Leaves linear, usually
Cultivated as a vegetable in some parts of S China. longer than scape, 25 mm wide, midvein obscure. Scape
lateral, (5)1540 cm, terete, covered with leaf sheaths for 1/4
9b. Allium hookeri var. muliense Airy Shaw, Notes Roy. Bot. 2/5 its length. Spathe 1- or 2-valved, persistent or deciduous.
Gard. Edinburgh 16: 139. 1931. Umbel globose. Pedicels subequal, 1.52 as long as perianth,
mu li jiu ebracteolate. Perianth white; segments lanceolate, 4.56 1.4
2.2 mm, base usually broadened, rounded, apex acuminate or
irregularly 2-lobed. Filaments subulate, slightly shorter than Allium polyastrum Diels var. platyphyllum Diels, Notes
perianth segments, connate at base and adnate to perianth Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 5: 300. 1912; A. lancifolium Stearn;
segments. Ovary applanate-globose, minutely tuberculate, base A. polyastrum var. pallens F. T. Wang & Tang.
constricted into a short stipe; ovules 2 per locule. Style equaling
Leaves oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, base narrowed
to slightly longer than ovary; stigma punctiform. Fl. and fr. Jul
into a petiole. Scape covered with leaf sheaths for ca. 1/2 its
Sep.
length.
Dry slopes, meadows, sandy places; 22005400 m. SE Qinghai, Meadows, stream banks; 31003400 m. NW Yunnan.
W Sichuan, SE Xizang [Bhutan, Nepal, Sikkim].
14. Allium macranthum Baker, J. Bot. 12: 293. 1874.
13. Allium wallichii Kunth, Enum. Pl. 4: 443. 1843.
da hua jiu
duo xing jiu
Roots elongate, thick. Bulb solitary or clustered, cylindric; Allium oviflorum Regel; A. simethis H. Lveill & Girau-
tunic yellowish brown, laciniate or fibrous to subreticulate. dias.
Leaves linear to oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, shorter than to Roots rather short, thick. Bulb solitary, cylindric; tunic
subequaling scape, (2)520 mm wide, midvein distinct, base membranous, entire, rarely fibrous. Leaves subequaling scape,
narrowed into a petiole or not. Scape lateral, (10)2050(110) 410 mm wide, midvein distinct. Scape terminal, 2060 cm,
cm, 3-angled, sometimes narrowly 3-winged, covered with leaf 2- or 3-angled, sometimes narrowly winged, covered with leaf
sheaths only at base or for ca. 1/2 its length. Spathe 1- or 2- sheaths only at base. Spathe 2- or 3-valved, deciduous. Umbel
valved, deciduous. Umbel hemispheric, laxly or densely flow- laxly few flowered. Pedicels subequal, 25 as long as
ered. Pedicels subequal, 24 as long as perianth, ebracteolate. perianth, ebracteolate, apex nodding. Perianth spreading-cam-
Perianth stellately spreading, recurved after anthesis, pale red, panulate, red-purple to purple; outer segments oblong, boat-
red, or purple to blackish purple, rarely white; segments ob- shaped, shorter and wider than inner ones, 911.5 58 mm,
long-elliptic to narrowly so, 59 1.52 mm, apex retuse or apex truncate or retuse; inner ones narrowly ovate- oblong,
obtuse. Filaments subulate, shorter than to subequaling perianth 10.212 46 mm. Filaments subulate, equal, equaling to
segments, connate at base and adnate to perianth segments. slightly longer than perianth segments, connate at base and ad-
Ovary obovoid-globose, smooth; ovules 2 per locule. Style nate to perianth segments. Ovary obovoid-globose, apex some-
longer than ovary. Fl. and fr. JulOct. times 6-horned; ovules 2 per locule. Style much longer than
Forest margins, scrub, meadows, stream banks; 23004800 m. ovary, exserted; stigma punctiform. Fl. and fr. AugOct. 2n =
Guangxi, Guizhou, S Hunan, SW Sichuan, SE Xizang, NW Yunnan 14, 28.
[Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sikkim]. Meadows, stream banks, damp places; 27004200 m. SW Gansu,
S Shaanxi, SW Sichuan, S Xizang (Yadong Xian), NW Yunnan [Bhu-
1a. Leaves linear to broadly so, base not narrowed
tan, Sikkim].
into a petiole; scape covered with leaf sheaths
only at base ............................................. 13a. var. wallichii 15. Allium cyathophorum Bureau & Franchet, J. Bot. (Morot)
1b. Leaves oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, base 5: 154. 1891.
narrowed into a petiole; scape covered with leaf
bei hua jiu
sheaths for ca. 1/2 its length ........... 13b. var. platyphyllum
Roots rather long, thick. Bulb solitary or clustered, cylin-
13a. Allium wallichii var. wallichii
dric; tunic grayish brown, fibrous, sometimes subreticulate.
() duo xing jiu (yuan bian zhong) Leaves linear, usually shorter than scape, 25 mm wide, mid-
vein distinct. Scape lateral, 1315 cm, terete, usually 2-angled,
Allium bulleyanum Diels; A. bulleyanum var. tchong-
covered with leaf sheaths only at base. Spathe 1(3)-valved,
chanense (H. Lveill) Airy Shaw; A. feddei H. Lveill; A.
persistent. Umbel hemispheric, laxly flowered. Pedicels 13
liangshanense Z. Y. Zhu; A. polyastrum Diels; A. praelatitium
as long as perianth, ebracteolate. Perianth purple to dark purple;
H. Lveill; A. tchongchanense H. Lveill; A. wallichii var.
segments elliptic-oblong, 79 34 mm, apex retuse to obtuse
albidum F. T. Wang & Tang; Nothoscordum mairei H. Lv-
or acuminate; inner ones slightly longer than outer. Filaments
eill.
ca. 2/3 as long as perianth segments, connate into a tube for
Leaves linear to broadly so, base not narrowed into a 2/33/4 their length; outer ones narrowly triangular; inner ones
petiole. Scape covered with leaf sheaths only at base. Fl. and fr. broadened at base, shoulder-shaped or triangular. Ovary ovoid-
JulOct. 2n = 14*, 28*. globose, tuberculate; ovules 2 per locule. Style shorter than
ovary; stigma 3-cleft. Fl. and fr. JunAug.
Forest margins, scrub, moist meadows, stream banks; 23004800
m. Guangxi, Guizhou, S Hunan (Mang Shan), SW Sichuan, SE Xizang, Slopes, meadows, rock crevices; 27004600 m. SE Gansu, S
NW Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sikkim]. Qinghai, W Sichuan, E Xizang, NW Yunnan.

13b. Allium wallichii var. platyphyllum (Diels) J. M. Xu in F. 1a. Perianth segments retuse to obtuse at apex;
T. Wang & Tang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 14: 211. 1980. inner filaments shoulder-shaped at
base ............................................... 15a. var. cyathophorum
liu ye jiu 1b. Perianth segments acuminate at apex;
 inner filaments triangular at base .............. 15b. var. farreri terete, finely angled, angles scabrous. Scape usually tinged with
purple, 1030(40) cm, terete, 2-angled, covered with leaf
15a. Allium cyathophorumvar. cyathophorum
sheaths only at base. Spathe 1-valved, persistent. Umbels 2,
() bei hua jiu (yuan bian zhong)
each with a basal bract, or umbel 1 and ebracteate. Pedicels un-
Allium venustum C. H. Wright. equal, 1.52 as long as perianth, rarely slightly longer,
elongate in fruit, ebracteolate. Perianth pale red to purple-red;
Perianth segments retuse to obtuse at apex. Inner filaments
segments linear, narrowly oblong, oblanceolate-oblong, or el-
shoulder-shaped at base. 2n = 16*.
liptic-oblong, 812(15) 1.54 mm, apex obtuse or acute,
Slopes, meadows, rock crevices; 30004600 m. S Qinghai (Yu- sometimes conduplicate and reflexed; inner ones slightly nar-
shu Xian), SW Sichuan, E Xizang, NW Yunnan. rower. Filaments subulate, equal, 1/22/3 as long as perianth
15b. Allium cyathophorum var. farreri (Stearn) Stearn, Bot. segments, rarely shorter, connate at base and adnate to perianth
Mag. 170: t. 252. 1955. segments for ca. 1 mm. Ovary constricted at both ends, without
concave nectaries at base, apex rarely constricted into a beak.
chuan gan jiu Style not exserted; stigma slightly 3-cleft. Fl. and fr. AugOct.
2n = 16*, 32*,
Allium farreri Stearn, J. Bot. 64: 342. 1930.
Forests, slopes, meadows, rock crevices; 12004200 m. SW
Perianth segments acuminate at apex. Inner filaments tri- Sichuan, SE Xizang, Yunnan.
angular at base. 2n = 16*.
18. Allium forrestii Diels, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 5:
Slopes, meadows; 27003600 m. SE Gansu, NW Sichuan. 302. 1912.
16. Allium trifurcatum (F. T. Wang & Tang) J. M. Xu, Fl. suo sha jiu
Sichuan. 7: 145. 1991.
Bulbs clustered, cylindric, 0.4 0.7 cm in diam.; tunic gray-
san zhu jiu
ish brown, fibrous, usually subreticulate at base, rarely
Allium humile Kunth var. trifurcatum F. T. Wang & Tang, laciniate. Leaves linear, shorter than scape, 1.53(5) mm wide.
Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 14: 284. 1980. Scape usually purple-red, 1530 cm, terete, covered with leaf
sheaths only at base. Spathe 1-valved, deciduous. Umbel few
Roots elongate, relatively thick. Bulbs clustered, cylindric, flowered. Pedicels subequal, shorter than to equaling perianth,
attached to horizontal rhizome; tunic grayish black, thinly lea- ebracteolate. Perianth purple to dark purple; segments elliptic to
thery, laciniate or fibrous. Leaves broadly linear, shorter than ovate- or obovate-elliptic, 813 44.5 mm, apex obtuse or
scape, 410 mm wide, midvein distinct. Scape lateral, (14)20 attenuate into an obtuse point. Filaments equal, ca. 1/2 as long
30 cm, terete, narrowly 2-winged, covered with leaf sheaths as perianth segments, connate at base and adnate to perianth
only at base. Spathe 2-valved, usually persistent. Umbel broom- segments for ca. 1 mm; outer ones subulate; inner ones usually
like, laxly few flowered. Pedicels unequal, elongate at an- broadened at base, rarely 1-toothed on each side. Ovary
thesis, 1.52 as long as perianth, ebracteolate. Perianth white, subglobose, with concave nectaries at base. Style shorter than to
spreading funnelform; segments narrowly oblong to oblong- subequaling ovary; stigma usually 3-cleft. Fl. and fr. AugOct.
lanceolate, rarely ovate, (4)68 1.72 mm; inner ones 2n = 16*.
slightly longer than outer. Filaments 1/31/2 as long as perianth
segments, base broadly triangular, connate and adnate to peri- Meadows, gravelly slopes; 27004200 m. SW Sichuan, E
anth segments, apex attenuate, subulate; inner ones slightly Xizang, NW Yunnan.
shorter than outer. Ovary obovoid, smooth; ovules 1 per locule. 19. Allium kingdonii Stearn, Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bot.
Style much shorter than ovary, sometimes absent; stigma 3- 2: 175. 1960.
cleft. Fl. and fr. end of MayAug.
zhong hua jiu
Forests, scrub, damp slopes, stream banks; 30004000 m. SW
Sichuan, NW Yunnan. Bulb usually solitary, cylindric, ca. 0.6 cm in diam.;
tunic dull yellowish red, thinly leathery, laciniate. Leaves
17. Allium mairei H. Lveill, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg.
linear, shorter than scape, 1.54 mm wide, apex obtuse. Scape
7: 339. 1909.
1030 cm, terete, covered with leaf sheaths only at base.
dian jiu Spathe 2-valved, persistent or deciduous. Umbel few flowered.
Pedicels unequal, shorter to slightly longer than perianth,
Allium amabile Stapf; A. giraudiasii H. Lveill; A. mairei ebracteolate. Perianth purple-red; segments narrowly oblong,
H. Lveill (loc. cit.: 384, not 339); A. pyrrhorrhizum Airy 1318 34.2 mm, apex obtuse; inner ones slightly longer and
Shaw; A. pyrrhorrhizum var. leucorrhizum F. T. Wang & Tang; narrower than outer. Filaments subulate, equal, ca. 1/2 as long
A. yunnanense Diels. as perianth segments, connate at base for ca. 1 mm; outer ones
Bulbs usually clustered, cylindric, slightly thickened at adnate to perianth segments for ca. 1 mm; inner ones adnate
base; tunic yellowish brown to grayish brown, fibrous, some- for ca. 2 mm. Ovary globose, without concave nectaries at
times slightly reticulate. Leaves shorter than to subequaling base. Style longer than ovary; stigma slightly 3-cleft. Fl. and fr.
scape, 11.5(2) mm wide, semiterete-flat to semiterete or sub- JunAug.
 Scrub, moist places; 45005000 m. SE Xizang. Biol. 7: 295. 1937.
20. Allium changduense J. M. Xu in F. T. Wang & Tang, Fl. chi bei jiu
Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 14: 285. 1980.
Bulb solitary or clustered, cylindric, 0.20.4 cm in diam.;
chang du jiu tunic brown, subreticulate. Leaves linear, usually twisted when
Bulb solitary or clustered, cylindric, 0.51 cm in diam.; dried, shorter or slightly longer than scape, 1.53 mm wide,
tunic brown, subreticulate. Leaves linear, shorter than scape, 2 abaxially keeled. Scape 17 55 cm, terete, covered with leaf
3 mm wide. Scape 1520 cm, terete, covered with leaf sheaths sheaths only at base. Spathe (1 or)2(or 3)-valved, persistent.
only at base. Spathe 2-valved, persistent. Umbel few flowered. Umbel hemispheric, densely many flowered. Pedicels subequal,
Pedicels unequal, 0.22.5 cm, ebracteolate. Perianth purple-red; shorter to longer than perianth, ebracteolate. Perianth blue; seg-
outer segments narrowly oblong, 6.514.5 2.54 mm, apex ments ovate, 7.510 34 mm, margin irregularly denticulate
obtuse; inner ones 7.215.5 24.5 mm. Filaments subulate, or (on outer segments) entire, apex acuminate. Filaments subu-
subequal, slightly shorter to slightly longer than perianth seg- late, ca. 1/2 as long as perianth segments, connate at base and
ments, connate at base and adnate to perianth segments. Ovary adnate to perianth segments; inner ones sometimes broadened
ovoid, with concave nectaries covered by short, hoodlike pro- at base, entire. Ovary subglobose, with concave nectaries
jections at base. Style slightly longer than ovary; stigma punc- covered by hoodlike projections at base. Style equaling to
tiform. Fl. AugSep. slightly longer than ovary, not exserted; stigma slightly 3-cleft.
Scrub, slopes; 32004500 m. NW Sichuan (Dg Xian), E Fl. and fr. AugSep.
Xizang (Jomda Xian, Qamdo Xian). Forest margins, meadows in forests, slopes; 28003500 m. NW
Sichuan.
21. Allium rhynchogynum Diels, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edin-
burgh 5: 302. 1912. 24. Allium sikkimense Baker, J. Bot. 12: 292. 1874.
kuan ye dian jiu gao shan jiu

Bulb probably solitary, narrowly cylindric; tunic fibrous. Allium cyaneum Regel var. brachystemon Regel; A. kansu-
Leaves broadly linear, shorter than scape, 810 mm wide, flat, ense Regel; A. tibeticum Rendle.
apex rounded. Scape lateral, 1622 cm, with 1 leaf sheath at
Bulbs clustered, cylindric, 0.30.5 cm in diam.; tunic dark
base. Spathe thinly leathery, persistent. Umbel few flowered.
brown, fibrous, subreticulate at base, rarely laciniate. Leaves
Pedicels unequal, 12.5 cm, ebracteolate. Perianth pinkish red;
linear, shorter than scape, 25 mm wide, flat. Scape (5)1540
segments narrowly lanceolate, 1012 2.53 mm, apex acumi-
cm, terete, covered with leaf sheaths only at base. Spathe 1-
nate. Filaments subulate, equal, ca. 1/2 as long as perianth seg-
valved, deciduous. Umbel hemispheric, densely many flowered.
ments, connate at base and adnate to perianth segments. Ovary
Pedicels subequal, shorter than to equaling perianth, ebrac-
constricted at base into a stipe, without concave nectaries at
teolate. Perianth blue; segments ovate to ovate-oblong, 610
base. Style shorter than ovary, persistent; stigma globose. Fl.
34.5 mm, apex obtuse; inner ones usually slightly longer and
Aug.
wider than outer, margin usually irregularly remotely dentic-
Cliffs, valleys; 27003200 m. NW Yunnan. ulate. Filaments equal, 1/22/3 as long as perianth segments,
connate and adnate to perianth segments for ca. 1 mm, usually
22. Allium beesianum W. W. Smith, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard.
all broadened at base, sometimes 1-toothed on each side. Ovary
Edinburgh 8: 176. 1914.
subglobose, with concave nectaries covered by short, hoodlike
lan hua jiu projections at base. Style shorter than to subequaling ovary, not
exserted; stigma punctiform. Fl. and fr. JulSep. 2n = 32, 48*.
Bulbs clustered, cylindric, 0.51 cm in diam.; tunic brown,
fibrous, subreticulate at base, sometimes laciniate. Leaves line- Forest margins, scrub, slopes, meadows; 24005000 m. S Gansu,
ar, shorter than scape, 38 mm wide. Scape (20)3050 cm, S Ningxia, E and S Qinghai, SW Shaanxi, W Sichuan, SE Xizang, NW
terete, covered with leaf sheaths only at base. Spathe 1-valved, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Nepal, Sikkim].
deciduous. Umbel hemispheric,laxly fewflowered. Pedicelssub- 25. Allium cyaneum Regel, Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot.
equal, shorter than to equaling perianth, ebracteolate. Perianth Sada 3(2): 174. 1875.
blue; outer segments narrowly ovate-oblong, 1114(17) 3
5.5 mm, margin entire, apex obtuse; inner ones slightly longer tian lan jiu
and narrower than outer. Filaments subequal, usually ca. 4/5 as Allium hugonianum Rendle; A. szechuanicum F. T. Wang
long as perianth segments, connate at base and adnate to peri- & Tang; A. tui F. T. Wang & Tang.
anth segments for ca. 1 mm; outer ones subulate; inner ones
broadened at base, sometimes 1-toothed on each side. Ovary Bulbs clustered,cylindric, 0.20.4(0.6) cm in diam.; tunic
obovoid-globose, with concave nectaries at base. Style 23 as dark brown, usually not distinctly reticulate. Leaves shorter or
long as ovary; stigma punctiform. Fl. and fr. AugOct. longer than scape, 1.52.5 mm wide, semiterete, adaxially
channeled. Scape 1030(45) cm, terete, covered with leaf
Slopes, meadows; 30004200 m. SW Sichuan (Yanbian Xian),
sheaths only at base. Spathe 1- or 2-valved, deciduous. Umbel
NW Yunnan (Heqing Xian, Lijiang Naxi Zu Zizhixian).
subfascicled, sometimes hemispheric. Pedicels subequal, 12
23. Allium yuanum F. T. Wang & Tang, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. as long as perianth, ebracteolate. Perianth blue; segments ovate
to oblong-ovate, 46.5 23 mm; inner ones slightly longer angled, covered with leaf sheaths only at base. Spathe 1-valved,
than outer. Filaments equal, 1.32 as long as perianth seg- persistent. Umbel few flowered. Pedicels very unequal, 24
ments, connate at base and adnate to perianth segments; outer as long as perianth, ebracteolate. Perianth purple-blue; outer
ones subulate; inner ones broadened at base, base sometimes 1- segments narrowly ovate, 77.5 22.7 mm; inner ones nar-
toothed on each side. Ovary subglobose, with concave nectaries rowly oblong, ca. 8 2.52.7 mm. Filaments slightly longer
covered by short, hoodlike projections at base. Style exserted. than perianth segments, connate at base and adnate to perianth
Fl. and fr. AugOct. 2n = 32*. segments; outer ones subulate; inner ones broadened for ca. 2.5
mm and oblong at base, 1-toothed on 1 or both sides. Ovary
Forest margins, slopes, meadows; 21005000 m. Gansu, W Hu-
obovoid-globose, with concave nectaries covered by hoodlike
bei, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Xizang [Korea].
projections at base. Style exserted. Fl. Aug.
Allium cyaneum var. deltoides S. O. Yu et al. (J. Korean Pl.
Taxon. 11(12): 29. 1981) was described from Korea, but no material Slopes; 16002300 m. E Sichuan (Chengkou Xian, Nanchuan
has been seen by the present authors. Xian).

26. Allium aciphyllum J. M. Xu in F. T. Wang & Tang, Fl. 29. Allium paepalanthoides Airy Shaw, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard.
Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 14: 284. 1980. Edinburgh 16: 142. 1931.

zhen ye jiu tian suan

Bulbs clustered, cylindric, thickened at base, 0.81 cm in Allium albostellerianum F. T. Wang & Tang.
diam.; tunic dark brown, reticulate. Leaves subequaling scape, Bulb solitary, narrowly ovoid-cylindric, 0.51.5 cm in
ca. 1 mm wide, adaxially channeled. Scape 1525 cm, terete, diam.; tunic yellowish brown to blackish brown, sometimes
covered with leaf sheaths only at base. Spathe 1-valved, persis- tinged with red, papery, laciniate, sometimes subfibrous.
tent. Umbel few flowered. Pedicels subequal, ca. 2 as long as Leaves broadly linear to linear-lanceolate, shorter than to
perianth, ebracteolate. Perianth pale red; outer segments ovate, subequaling scape, 515(23) mm wide, apex acuminate. Scape
ca. 3.5 1.8 mm; inner ones oblong, ca. 4 2 mm. Filaments (15)3050 cm, terete, covered with leaf sheaths for ca. 1/2 its
equal, ca. 1.25 as long as perianth segments, connate at base length. Spathe 1-valved, persistent or deciduous; beak to 7 cm.
and adnate to perianth segments; outer ones subulate; inner Umbel laxly many flowered. Pedicels subequal, 24 as long
ones broadened at base for ca. 1 mm, 1-toothed on each side. as perianth, ebracteolate. Perianth white; segments with green
Ovary obovoid-globose, with concave nectaries covered by midvein; outer ones ovate, boat-shaped, 34.5 1.52.5 mm;
hoodlike projections at base. Style exserted. Fl. AugOct. inner ones ovate-oblong, 3.25 1.52.5 mm, apex truncate or
Slopes; 20002100 m. N Sichuan (Jinchuan Xian). obtuse. Filaments equal, 1.52 as long as perianth segments,
connate at base and adnate to perianth segments; outer ones
27. Allium henryi C.H. Wright, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1895: subulate; inner ones broadened at base, 1-toothed on each side,
119. 1895. teeth 1.52 mm, irregularly denticulate at apex. Ovary obovoid,
shu hua jiu with concave nectaries covered by hoodlike projections at base.
Style exserted. Fl. and fr. AugSep. 2n = 16*.
Bulbs clustered, cylindric, sometimes slightly thickened at
Forests, shady and moist slopes, streamsides; 14002000 m. W
base, 0.41.2 cm in diam.; tunic dark brown, reticulate. Leaves
Henan, S Nei Mongol (Yin Shan), S Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan.
linear, longer than scape, 25 mm wide, flat, apex long acu-
minate. Scape 1125 cm, terete, finely angled, covered with 30. Allium plurifoliatum Rendle, J. Bot. 44: 43. 1906.
leaf sheaths only at base. Spathe 1-valved, persistent. Umbel
duo ye jiu
few flowered. Pedicels subequal, 1.52 as long as perianth,
ebracteolate. Perianth purple-blue to blue; segments ovate, 5.5 Bulbs usually clustered, cylindric, thickened at base, 0.31
7 ca. 3 mm; inner ones sometimes slightly longer than outer. cm in diam.; tunic blackish brown to yellowish brown, fibrous,
Filaments slightly longer than to 1.5 as long as perianth sometimes subreticulate. Leaves subequaling scape, 26(8)
segments, connate at base and adnate to perianth segments; mm wide, abaxially glaucous, margin revolute, apex long acu-
outer ones subulate; inner ones broadened at base, 1-toothed on minate. Scape 1540 cm, terete, covered with leaf sheaths for
each side. Ovary obovoid-globose, with concave nectaries ca. 1/2 its length. Spathe 1-valved, persistent or deciduous; beak
covered by hoodlike projections at base. Style exserted. Fl. and short. Umbel laxly flowered. Pedicels subequal, 24 as long
fr. SepOct. as perianth, ebracteolate. Perianth pale red or pale purple to pur-
Sunny slopes; 13002300 m. W Hubei, E Sichuan. ple; outer segments ovate, boat-shaped, 3.54.5(6.5) 1.52.4
(3.4) mm; inner ones ovate-oblong, 45(7) 1.52.4(3.4)
28. Allium heteronema F. T. Wang & Tang, Fl. Reipubl. Pop- mm, apex truncate or obtuse. Filaments equal, 1.52 as long
ularis Sin. 14: 285. 1980. as perianth segments, connate at base and adnate to perianth
yi geng jiu segments; outer ones subulate; inner ones subulate and entire at
base or broadened and 1-toothed on each side at base, teeth
Bulb cylindric, slightly thickened at base, 0.81 cm in (1)23 mm, irregularly denticulate at apex. Ovary obovoid,
diam.; tunic dark brown, reticulate. Leaves subequaling scape, with concave nectaries covered by hoodlike projections at base.
37 mm wide, apex long acuminate. Scape 2530 cm, terete, Style exserted. Fl. and fr. JulOct.
 Forests, slopes, pastures; 16003300 m. SE Anhui, Gansu, NW Bulbs clustered, cylindric; tunic dull yellow to yellowish
Hubei, Shaanxi, Sichuan. brown, reticulate to subreticulate. Leaves linear, shorter than
1a. Inner filaments broadened at base, 1-toothed scape, 1.58 mm wide, flat, solid, margin smooth. Scape 2560
on each side, teeth irregularly denticulate at cm, terete, usually 2-angled, covered with leaf sheaths only at
apex ................................................. 30a. var. plurifoliatum base. Spathe 2- or 3-valved, persistent. Umbel hemispheric to
1b. Inner filaments subulate, entire at subglobose, laxly many flowered. Pedicels subequal, 24 as
base ............................................... 30b. var. zhegushanense long as perianth, bracteolate and several covered with a com-
mon bract at base. Perianth white; segments usually with green
30a. Allium plurifoliatum var. plurifoliatum or yellowish green midvein; outer ones oblong-ovate to oblong-
() duo ye jiu (yuan bian zhong) lanceolate, 47(8) 1.83 mm; inner ones oblong-obovate, 4
7(8) 2.13.5 mm. Filaments narrowly triangular, equal, 2/3
Inner filaments broadened at base, 1-toothed on each side, 4/5 as long as perianth segments, connate at base and adnate to
teeth irregularly denticulate at apex. Fl. and fr. AugOct. 2n = perianth segments; inner ones slightly wider than outer at base.
16*, 32*. Ovary obconical-globose, minutely tuberculate, without con-
cave nectaries at base. Fl. and fr. JulSep. 2n = 16*, 24*, 32*.
Forests, slopes, pastures; 16003300 m. SE Anhui (Huang
Shan), Gansu, NW Hubei, Shaanxi, Sichuan. Among shrubs, also widely cultivated as a vegetable; 10001100
m. Native in SW Shanxi (Yongji Xian); naturalized S China [tropical
30b. Allium plurifoliatum var. zhegushanense J. M. Xu in F.
Asia].
T. Wang & Tang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 14: 285. 1980.
Allium tuberosum is generally regarded as a cultivated species
zhe gu jiu with a tetraploid chromosome number (2n = 32), although a wild pop-
Inner filaments subulate, entire at base. Fl. and fr. JulSep. ulation was recently discovered in Shanxi Province with a diploid num-
ber (2n = 16; Yang et al., Acta Phytotax. Sin. 36: 3646. 1998). This
Forests, slopes, pastures; 32003300 m. NC Sichuan (Li Xian). species has leaves solid and perianth segments usually with a green or
yellowish green midvein, whereas its close wild relative, A. ramosum,
31. Allium stenodon Nakai & Kitagawa, Rep. Exped. Man- differs in having leaves fistulose and perianth segments with a pale red
choukuo Sect. 4, 1: 18. 1934. midvein. One of us (Xu) agrees with Stearn (Herbertia 11: 238. 1946)
wu ling jiu that the name A. tataricum Linnaeus f. (Suppl. Pl. 196. 1782) should be
regarded as a synonym of A. ramosum. On the other hand, Kamelin reg-
Allium plurifoliatum Rendle var. stenodon (Nakai & Kita- ards A. tataricum as a synonym of A. tuberosum, over which name it
gawa) J. M. Xu. would have priority. He bases his opinion on two specimens (LE),
labeled as A. tataricum and made from plants cultivated during the
Bulbs usually clustered, cylindric, slightly thickened at 1790s in theSt. Petersburg Botanical Garden, and on his belief that only
base, 0.30.8 cm in diam.; tunic blackish brown, fibrous, some- A. tuberosum, never A. ramosum, has been cultivated. However, Kam-
times subreticulate. Leaves linear, shorter than to subequaling elin has observed that these two specimens have fistulose leaves, which
scape, 23 mm wide, flat. Scape 2050 cm, terete, covered with suggests that they are A. ramosum, unless this character is not diag-
leaf sheaths for ca. 1/2 its length. Spathe 1-valved, persistent; nostic for the two species. Xu has not seen the specimens but notes that
they could be cultivated A. ramosum because, as noted by Stearn (loc.
beak short. Umbel hemispheric to subglobose, densely many cit.: 229), A. ramosum was already in cultivation in Europe by 1750.
flowered. Pedicels 11.5 as long as perianth, ebracteolate. Therefore, A. tataricum is here treated as a synonym of A. ramosum,
Perianth blue to purple-blue; outer segments ovate, boat- based on Xus opinion. The nomenclature of the two species remains
shaped, 45 23 mm; inner ones ovate-oblong, 4.55.5 23 unstable because, although the type of A. tuberosum (B) supports the
mm. Filaments equal, 1.52 as long as perianth segments, current application of that name, no type has yet been designated for
connate at base and adnate to perianth segments; outer ones either A. ramosum or A. tataricum. Further studies are required in order
subulate; inner ones broadened at base, with 1 long tooth on to resolve the classification.
each side, teeth sometimes denticulate at apex. Ovary obovoid,
33. Allium ramosum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 296. 1753.
with concave nectaries covered by hoodlike projections at base.
Style exserted. Fl. and fr. JulSep. ye jiu
Forest margins, slopes, pastures; 16003000 m. Hebei, Henan, Allium lancipetalum Y. P. Hsu; A. odorum Linnaeus; A.
Nei Mongol, Shanxi. potaninii Regel; A. tataricum Linnaeus f.; A. weichanicum
32. Allium tuberosum Rottler ex Sprengel, Syst. Veg. 2: 38. Palibin.
1825.
Bulbs clustered, subcylindric; tunic dull yellow to yel-
jiu lowish brown, reticulate to subreticulate. Leaves linear, shorter
than scape, 1.58 mm wide, 3-angled, 1-keeled abaxially, fis-
Allium argyi H. Lveill; A. chinense Maximowicz (1859), tulose, margin and angles scabrous-denticulate or smooth.
not G. Don (1827); A. clarkei J. D. Hooker; A. roxburghii Scape 2560 cm, terete, obscurely angled, covered with leaf
Kunth; A. sulvia Buchanan-Hamilton ex D. Don; A. tuberosum sheaths only at base. Spathe 1- or 2-valved. Umbel hemispheric
Roxburgh (1832); A. uliginosum G. Don (1827), not Ledebour to subglobose, many flowered. Pedicels subequal, 24 as long
(1830); A. yesoense Nakai. as perianth, bracteolate and several covered with a common
bract at base. Perianth white, sometimes slightly tinged with
pale red; segments with pale red midvein; outer ones oblong- diam.; tunic grayish brown, reticulate. Leaves linear, shorter
ovate to oblong-lanceolate, usually slightly narrower than inner, than scape, 35 mm wide, flat, margin smooth. Scape 4060
(4.5)5.59(11) 1.52.9 mm; inner ones oblong-obovate, cm, terete, covered with leaf sheaths for 1/31/2 its length.
(4.5)5.59(11) 1.8 3.1 mm. Filaments narrowly triangular, Umbel usually globose, many flowered. Pedicels subequal,
equal, 1/23/4 as long as perianth segments, connate at base slender, bracteolate. Perianth pink-red; outer segments
and adnate to perianth segments; inner ones slightly wider oblong-elliptic, slightly shorter than inner ones, 3.54 ca. 2
than outer at base. Ovary obconical-globose, minutely mm; inner ones 45 ca. 2 mm. Filaments 1.52 as long as
tuberculate, without concave nectaries at base. Fl. and fr. Jun perianth segments, connate at base and adnate to perianth
Sep. 2n = 16*, 32*. segments; outer ones subulate; inner ones broadened at base, 1-
toothed on each side. Ovary obovoid-globose, with concave
Sunny hills, pastures; 5002100 m. Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang,
Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, nectaries at base. Style exserted; stigma punctiform. Fl. Jun. 2n
Shanxi, Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Mongolia, Russia]. = 16.

34. Allium oreoprasum Schrenk, Bull. Sci. Acad. Imp. Sci. Stony slopes, mostly in scrub; 18002400 m. NW Xinjiang [Ka-
zakstan, Mongolia, Russia].
Saint-Ptersbourg 10: 354. 1842.
37. Allium schrenkii Regel, Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot.
tan di jiu
Sada 3(2): 172. 1875.
Bulbs clustered, narrowly ovoid-cylindric, 0.51 cm in dan si hui jiu
diam.; tunic yellowish brown, reticulate. Leaves narrowly line-
ar, shorter than (sometimes 1/2 as long as) scape, 13(4) mm Allium bogdoicola Regel.
wide. Scape 1130(40) cm, terete, covered with leaf sheaths
Bulb solitary, cylindric, 0.50.8 cm; tunic grayish brown,
only at base. Spathe 1- or 2-valved, persistent. Umbel fascicled
reticulate. Leaves linear, shorter than scape, 25 mm wide, flat,
to hemispheric, few flowered. Pedicels subequal, 1.53 as
margin smooth. Scape 2040 cm, covered with leaf sheaths for
long as perianth, bracteolate. Perianth pale red to white; seg-
ca. 1/3its length. Umbel globose, many flowered.Pedicels equal,
ments with dark purple midvein, obovate-elliptic to broadly so,
slender, bracteolate. Perianth pink or pinkish lilac; segments
4.27 2.54 mm, apex with a conduplicate and reflexed point;
with purple midvein, oblong-linear, 34.5 mm. Filaments ca.
inner ones usually shorter and wider than outer. Filaments 1/2
1.5 as long as perianth segments, connate at base and adnate
3/4 as long as perianth segments, connate at base and adnate to
to perianth segments; outer ones subulate; inner ones subulate
perianth segments for 1.21.5 mm; outer ones narrowly triangu-
from broadened base, entire. Ovary obovoid-globose, with con-
lar, slightly shorter than inner and ca. 1/2 as wide at base; inner
cave nectaries at base. Style exserted; stigma punctiform. Fl.
ones broadly triangular. Ovary subglobose, without concave
Jul. 2n = 32.
nectaries at base. Style not exserted; stigma slightly 3-cleft. Fl.
and fr. JunAug. 2n = 16, 48. Stony slopes in high mountains; 24002800 m. W Xinjiang [Ka-
zakstan, Mongolia, Russia].
Sunny slopes, stony shores of rivers; 12002700 m. Xinjiang, W
Xizang [Afghanistan, Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Uz- 38. Allium amphibolum Ledebour, Fl. Altaic. 2: 5. 1830.
bekistan].
zhi li jiu
35. Allium humile Kunth, Enum. Pl. 4: 443. 1843.
Bulbs densely clustered, cylindric-conical, 11.5 cm in
xue jiu diam.; tunic yellowish brown, reticulate. Leaves linear, shorter
than scape, 35 mm wide, flat, margin smooth. Scape 2030
Allium gowanianum Wallich ex Baker; A. nivale Jacque-
cm, covered with leaf sheaths for 1/41/3 its length. Umbel
mont ex J. D. Hooker & Thomson.
hemispheric, densely many flowered. Pedicels equal, very
Bulb solitary, cylindric; tunic brown, reticulate or subretic- short, bracteolate. Perianth rose lilac or purplish red; segments
ulate. Leaves 47, linear, 45 mm wide, flat, solid, fleshy, apex with dark purple midvein; outer ones lanceolate, 56 mm, apex
obtuse. Scape 515 cm, slightly compressed, covered with leaf usually hooded. Filaments dark red, slightly longer than
sheaths only at base. Umbel hemispheric, many flowered. Ped- perianth segments; inner ones broadened at base, with 1 short,
icels subequal, 1.52 as long as perianth. Perianth broadly rounded tooth on each side. Ovary subglobose, with concave
exposed, white; segments with yellowish green midvein, lan- nectaries at base. Style very long, exserted; stigma punctiform.
ceolate, 78(10) ca. 2 mm. Filaments equal, ca. 1/2 as long Fl. Jul. 2n = 48.
as perianth segments. Ovary obconical-globose. Style short;
Slopes; 25003000 m. W Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Mongolia,
stigma slightly 3-cleft. Fl. Jun.
Russia].
Slopes at high elevations; 40004500m. NW Xizang, NW Yun-
nan [India, Pakistan]. 39. Allium strictum Schrader, Hort. Gott. 7. 1809.
hui jiu
36. Allium lineare Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 295. 1753.
bei jiu Bulb solitary or paired, subcylindric, 0.50.8 cm in diam.;
tunic grayish brown, reticulate. Leaves linear, shorter than
Bulb solitary or paired, cylindric-conical, 0.51.5 cm in scape, 35 mm wide, flat, margin scabrous-denticulate. Scape
(40)5080 cm, terete, covered with leaf sheaths for 1/31/2 its cave nectaries at base. Style long exserted; stigma subglobose.
length. Spathe usually persistent. Umbel globose, densely many Fl. Jun. 2n = 32.
flowered. Pedicels subequal, straight, 12 as long as perianth, Dry slopes and cliffs; 200500 m. Heilongjiang [Russia].
not slender, bracteolate. Perianth dark rose pink to pale purple-
red; segments usually with dark purple midvein, elliptic, 45 42. Allium clathratum Ledebour, Fl. Altaic. 2: 18. 1830.
22.3 mm, apex rounded. Filaments slightly shorter than to xi ye bei jiu
equaling perianth segments, connate at base and adnate to peri-
anth segments; outer ones subulate; inner ones broadened at Bulb solitary or paired, cylindric-conical, 0.7 1 cm wide;
base, with 1 short, rounded tooth on each side, teeth very rarely tunic grayish brown, reticulate. Leaves usually shorter than
with 2 rounded teeth at apex. Ovary obovoid-globose, with con- scape, 0.51.5 mm wide, semiterete, margin smooth. Spathe
cave nectaries at base. Style exserted; stigma usually subcapi- persistent; beak very short. Umbel usually hemispheric, many
tate. Fl. Jun. 2n = 32*, 40, 48. flowered. Pedicels subequal, very slender, 23(or more) as
long as perianth, bracteolate. Perianth pink or pale pink; seg-
Stony slopes, cliffs; 4001500 m. NW Gansu, Nei Mongol, Xin- ments with dark red midvein, broadly linear or narrowly lan-
jiang (Altay Shan, Tian Shan) [Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Rus- ceolate, 45 11.5 mm, apex obtusely triangular. Filaments
sia; Europe].
1.52 as long as perianth segments, connate at base and
40. Allium splendens Willdenow ex Schultes & J. H. Schultes adnate to perianth segments; outer ones subulate; inner ones
in Roemer & Schultes, Syst. Veg. 7: 1025. 1830. broadened at base, entire or with 1 or 2 teeth on each side.
Ovary subglobose, with concave nectaries at base. Style long
li jiu
exserted; stigma punctiform. Fl. Jun. 2n = 16, 32.
Bulb solitary or paired, narrowly cylindric or cylindric-
Mostly dry slopes, cliffs; 4002000 m. Xinjiang [Kazakstan,
conical, 0.40.7 cm in diam.; tunic grayish brown, reticulate. Mongolia, Russia].
Leaves linear or narrowly linear, shorter than scape, 13(4)
mm wide, flat, margin scabrous-denticulate. Scape 2035(50) 43. Allium siphonanthum J. M. Xu in F. T. Wang & Tang, Fl.
cm, slender, terete. Spathe persistent. Umbel hemispheric, Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 14: 284. 1980.
many flowered. Pedicels subequal, ca. 2 as long as perianth, guan hua jiu
very slender, bracteolate. Perianth pale lilac or pinkish lilac;
segments with purple midvein, lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, Bulb solitary or clustered, cylindric, 11.5 cm in diam.;
3.54 ca. 1.5 mm, apex rounded.Filaments 1.52 as long as tunic yellowish brown, subreticulate. Leaves subequaling scape,
perianth segments, connate at base and adnate to perianth 1.53 mm wide. Scape 1860 cm, terete, covered with leaf
segments; outer ones subulate; inner ones with enlarged base sheaths only at base. Spathe 2-valved, persistent. Umbel glo-
wider than long, with 1 or 2 teeth on each side. Ovary bose, densely many flowered. Pedicels subequal, shorter than
subglobose, with concave nectaries at base. Style long exserted; perianth, ebracteolate. Perianth purple red; segments obovate-
stigma capitate. Fl. Jun. 2n = 16, 32, (40). oblong, 5.57.8 1.83 mm, basally united into a tube 1.52
Forests, scrub, meadows, moist slopes; 1001000 m. Heilong- mm, apex obtuse, sometimes retuse; inner ones slightly longer
jiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol [Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia]. than outer, apex obtuse, irregularly denticulate. Filaments
equal, ca. 1.5 as long as perianth segments, connate at base
41. Allium maackii (Maximowicz) Prokhanov ex Komarov & and adnate to perianth segments for 1.52 mm; outer ones
Alissova-Klobukova, Key Pl. Far East. USSR 1: 366. 1931. subulate; inner ones 3.24.5 mm wide at base, entire or 1-
ma ke jiu toothed on each side. Ovary obovoid-globose, without concave
nectaries at base. Style much longer than ovary, exserted. Fl.
Allium lineare Linnaeus var. maackii Maximowicz, Mm. and fr. SepOct.
Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Ptersbourg Divers Savans 9: 282. 1859; A.
prokhanovii (Voroschilov) Barkalov; A. splendens Willdenow Slopes; ca. 2800 m. NW Yunnan.
ex Schultes & J. H. Schultes subsp. prokhanovii Voroschilov. 44. Allium flavidum Ledebour, Fl. Altaic. 2: 7. 1830.
Bulb solitary or clustered, cylindric-obovoid, to 1.5 cm xin jiang jiu
wide; outer tunic yellowish brown, reticulate; inner layers lea-
thery, neither laciniate nor fibrous. Leaves linear or narrowly Bulb solitary or paired, narrowly ovoid-cylindric, 0.41
so, shorter than scape, 23 mm wide, flat, margin scabrous-den- cm in diam.; tunic grayish brown to yellowish brown,
ticulate or smooth. Scape 2050 cm, terete, furrowed, covered reticulate. Leaves linear, shorter than scape, 25(7) mm
with leaf sheaths for 1/41/3 its length. Spathe persistent. Um- wide, margin scabrous-denticulate, apex obtuse. Scape 1045
bel hemispheric or globose, many flowered. Pedicels subequal, cm, terete, covered with leaf sheaths for 1/31/2 its length.
1.52 as long as perianth, bracteolate. Perianth rose pink; Spathe 2-valved, persistent. Umbel globose, densely many
segments with purple midvein, oblong or oblong elliptic, 45 flowered. Pedicels subequal, usually subequaling perianth
1.52 mm, apex obtuse. Filaments 1.52 as long as perianth (rarely ca. 2 as long), bracteolate. Perianth white to pale
segments, connate at base and adnate to perianth segments; out- yellow, lustrous; segments oblong to ovate-oblong, 46 1.22
er ones subulate; inner ones broadened at base, 1-toothed on mm; inner ones 1.21.25 as long as outer. Filaments equal,
each side, teeth sometimes forked. Ovary subglobose, with con- 1.21.5 as long as perianth segments, connate at base and
adnate to perianth segments; inner ones with an enlarged base
longer than wide, 1-toothed on each side. Ovary obovoid- cm in diam., usually covered with a common tunic; tunic yel-
globose, with concave nectaries at base. Style exserted. Fl. and lowish brown, reticulate. Leaves shorter than scape, ca. 1 mm
fr. JulAug. wide, semiterete, adaxially channeled. Scape 1130 cm, terete,
covered with leaf sheaths only at base. Spathe 1-valved, per-
Rock crevices in forests, sunny slopes. N Xinjiang [Kazakstan,
Mongolia, Russia]. sistent; beak ca. 3 as long as limb. Umbel hemispheric. Ped-
icels subequal, 1.53 as long as perianth, bracteolate. Peri-
45.Allium leucocephalum Turczaninow, Bull. Soc. Imp. Natu- anth pale purple to purple; segments oblong-ovate to oblong-
ralistes Moscou 27(2): 123. 1854. lanceolate, 56.5 22.5 mm, apex with a reflexed point; inner
ones ca. 1 mm longer than outer. Filaments equal, equaling or
bai tou jiu
slightly longer than perianth segments, connate at base and
Bulb solitary or paired, subcylindric, 0.61.3 cm in diam.;
adnate to perianth segments for ca. 1 mm; outer ones subulate;
tunic dark yellowish brown, reticulate. Leaves shorter than
inner ones broadened for 1/51/4 their length, with 1 sharp
scape, (1)25 mm wide, semiterete, fistulose, adaxially chan-
tooth on each side. Ovary subglobose, without concave nec-
neled, smooth. Scape 2050(60) cm, terete, covered with leaf
taries at base. Style much longer than ovary, exserted. Fl. Aug.
sheaths for ca. 1/3 its length. Spathe 2-valved, persistent.
2n = 32*.
Umbel globose, densely many flowered. Pedicels subequal,
slightly less than to 1.5 as long as perianth, bracteolate. Dry slopes, plains. N Hebei, SW Nei Mongol, N Ningxia, N
Perianth white or slightly tinged with yellow; inner segments Xinjiang [Mongolia, Russia].
oblong-ovate, 3.55.5 1.42 mm. Filaments equal, slightly 48. Allium przewalskianum Regel, Trudy Imp. S.-Peter-
longer than to 2 as long as perianth segments, connate at burgsk. Bot. Sada 3(2): 164. 1875.
base and adnate to perianth segments; outer ones subulate;
inner ones broadened at base, 1-toothed on each side, teeth qing gan jiu
sometimes irregularly 24-denticulate at apex. Ovary Allium jacquemontii Regel (1875), not Kunth (1843); A.
obovoid, with concave nectaries at base. Style exserted. Fl. and junceum Jacquemont ex Baker (1874), not Smith (1809); A.
fr. JulAug. 2n = 16*, 32. stoliczkii Regel.
Sandy places. Gansu, Heilongjiang, Nei Mongol [Mongolia, Rus-
Bulbs clustered, narrowly ovoid-cylindric, 0.51 cm in
sia].
diam., sometimes covered with common tunic; tunic red, rarely
46. Allium flavovirens Regel, Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. light brown, reticulate. Leaves shorter or slightly longer than
Sada 10: 344. 1887. scape, 0.51.5 mm wide, semiterete to terete, 4- or 5-angled.
a la shan jiu Scape 1040 cm, terete, covered with leaf sheaths only at base.
Spathe 1-valved, persistent; beak usually equaling limb. Umbel
Allium alaschanicum Y. Z. Zhao. hemispheric to globose, densely many flowered. Pedicels sub-
equal, 23 as long as perianth, ebracteolate, rarely a few brac-
Bulb solitary or in clusters of 2 or 3, cylindric, 0.82 cm
teolate. Perianth pale red to dark purple; outer segments ovate
in diam.; tunic yellowish brown to dark brown, laciniate or fi-
to narrowly so, 36 1.52.5 mm; inner ones oblong to ob-
brous. Leaves subequaling to conspicuously longer than scape,
long-lanceolate, 46.5 1.52.5 mm. Filaments equal, 1.52
24 mm wide, adaxially channeled. Scape 1525 cm, terete,
as long as perianth segments, connate at base and adnate to
covered with leaf sheaths only at base. Spathe 2-valved, per-
perianth segments; outer ones subulate; inner ones broadened
sistent; beak long. Umbel hemispheric to globose, many flow-
for 1/31/2 their length, 1-toothed on each side. Ovary globose,
ered. Pedicels subequal, 1.52 as long as perianth, ebracteo-
without concave nectaries at base. Style much longer than
late. Perianth white or pale yellow; segments oblong to ovate-
ovary, exserted. Fl. and fr. JunSep. 2n = 32*.
oblong, 46 1.72.5 mm; outer ones pale purple-red abax-
ially; inner ones slightly longer than outer. Filaments equal, Scrub, dry slopes, plains, rock crevices; 20004800 m. Gansu, Nei
1.52 as long as perianth segments, connate at base and ad- Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Xizang, NW
nate to perianth segments; outer ones subulate; inner ones Yunnan [India, Nepal, Pakistan].
broadened at base, base longer than wide, with 1 obtuse or 49. Allium teretifolium Regel, Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot.
acute tooth on each side. Ovary subglobose, with concave nec- Sada 5: 629. 1878.
taries at base. Style exserted. Fl. and fr. AugSep.
xi jiang jiu
Rock crevices, calcareous slopes, dry places; 18003100 m. W
Nei Mongol (Helan Shan). Allium grimmii Regel.

47. Allium eduardii Stearn in Airy Shaw, Herbertia 11: 102. Bulbs usually clustered, narrowly ovoid, ca. 1 cm in diam.;
1946. tunic yellowish brown, subreticulate to reticulate. Leaves 3 or 4,
shorter than to equaling scape, 0.51 mm wide, nearly semi-
he lan jiu terete, adaxially channeled, smooth. Scape 1050 cm, terete,
Allium fischeri Regel, Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. covered with leaf sheaths for 1/41/2 its length. Spathe 2-val-
Sada 3(2): 161. 1875, not Besser (1830). ved. Umbel nearly hemispheric. Pedicels unequal, 1.52 as
long as perianth, bracteolate. Perianth pale purple to pale red;
Bulbs densely clustered, narrowly ovoid-cylindric, 0.51 segments subequal, 67(9) 22.5(3) mm. Filaments equal,
2/35/6 as long as perianth segments, connate at base and ad- elongate rhizome; tunic grayish brown, membranous, laciniate.
nate to perianth segments for ca. 1/5 their length; inner ones Leaves shorter than scape, ca. 1 mm wide, semiterete. Scape 9
broadly triangular at base, ca. 3 as wide as outer and 20 cm, terete, covered with leaf sheaths only at base. Spathe 1-
gradually attenuate distally. Ovary narrowly ovoid, with small, valved, persistent. Umbel hemispheric. Pedicels 11.5 as long
concave nectaries at base. Style not exserted. Fl. and fr. Jul as perianth, ebracteolate. Perianth white, usually tinged with
Aug. pink; segments elliptic to ovate, 67 34 mm, apex obtuse;
Dry and gravelly slopes. Xinjiang (Tian Shan) [Kazakstan, inner ones slightly longer than outer. Filaments subequal, 2/3
Kyrgyzstan]. 3/4 as long as perianth segments, connate at base and adnate
to perianth segments; outer ones subulate; inner ones narrowly
50. Allium tekesicola Regel, Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. ovate for ca. 1/2 their length. Ovary subglobose, without con-
Sada 10: 350. 1887. cave nectaries at base. Style not exserted. Fl. and fr. JunAug.
huang mo jiu Deserts, sandy places. N Xinjiang [Kazakstan].
Allium deserticola M. Popov. 53. Allium yongdengense J. M. Xu in F. T. Wang & Tang, Fl.
Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 14: 284. 1980.
Bulb usually solitary, rarely paired, narrowly ovoid, 0.7
1 cm in diam.; outer tunic chestnut brown or pale brown, yong deng jiu
scarious, finely subreticulate; inner layers scarious, yellowish
Bulbs clustered, cylindric, 0.3 0.5 cm in diam.; tunic gray-
brown. Leaves subulate to narrowly linear, shorter than scape,
ish brown, papery,subfibrous at apex. Leaves shorter than scape,
0.51 mm wide, semiterete, adaxially channeled. Scape 2060
0.51 mm wide, semiterete. Scape 1317 cm, covered with
cm, terete, covered with leaf sheaths for ca. 1/3 its length,
leaf sheaths only at base. Spathe 2-valved, persistent. Umbel
smooth. Spathe 2-valved, persistent; beak 23 as long as
few flowered. Pedicels subequal, ca. 2 as long as perianth,
limb. Umbel laxly few flowered. Pedicels unequal, 27 as
ebracteolate. Perianth purple-red; segments ovate-oblong, 79
long as perianth, bracteolate. Perianth pale red; segments with
2.53 mm; inner ones slightly longer than outer. Filaments sub-
dark red midvein, equal, oblong-lanceolate, 68 ca. 2 mm,
equal, 2/33/4 as long as perianth segments, connate at base
apex acute. Filaments subequal, 2/33/4 as long as perianth
and adnate to perianth segments; outer ones subulate; inner
segments, connate at base and adnate to perianth segments for
ones broadened at base, narrowly triangular. Ovary narrowly
11.5 mm; outer ones subulate; inner ones subulate from tri-
ovoid, without concave nectaries at base. Style not exserted. Fl.
angular base. Ovary conical-ovoid, with very small, concave
and fr. AugSep.
nectaries at base. Style not exserted, 23(4) mm; stigma capi-
tate, small. Fl JunJul. Sunny and dry slopes. Gansu (Yongdeng Xian), E Qinghai
(Ledu Xian).
Dry slopes. W Xinjiang (basin of Ili He) [Kazakstan (middle part
of basin of Ili River)]. 54. Allium subangulatum Regel, Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk.
Bot. Sada 10: 340. 1887.
51. Allium mongolicum Regel, Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk.
Bot. Sada 3(2): 160. 1875. zi hua jiu
meng gu jiu Bulbs densely clustered, cylindric, 0.51 cm in diam.; tu-
nic yellowish brown to dark chestnut brown, subreticulate to
Bulbs densely clustered, cylindric; tunic brownish yellow,
reticulate. Leaves shorter than scape, ca. 1 mm wide,
fibrous. Leaves shorter than scape, 0.51 mm wide, semiterete
semiterete, margin scabrous-denticulate, rarely smooth. Scape
to terete. Scape 1030 cm, terete, covered with leaf sheaths
1535 cm, terete, covered with leaf sheaths only at base.
only at base. Spathe 1-valved, persistent. Umbel hemispheric to
Spathe 2- or 3-valved, persistent. Umbel hemispheric, densely
globose, densely many flowered. Pedicels 12 as long as peri-
many flowered. Pedicels 11.5 as long as perianth,
anth, ebracteolate. Perianth pale red or pale purple-red to pur-
bracteolate, rarely ebracteolate. Perianth purple-red to pale
ple-red; segments ovate-oblong, 69 35 mm, apex obtuse;
purple-red; segments with red midvein; outer ones ovate to
inner ones usually slightly longer than outer. Filaments sub-
narrowly so, 68.5 2.53 mm; inner ones oblong-ovate,
equal, 1/22/3 as long as perianth segments, connate at base
slightly longer than outer ones. Filaments equal, slightly shorter
and adnate to perianth segments; outer ones subulate; inner
than perianth segments, connate at base for 1/31/2 their length,
ones ovate for ca. 1/2 their length. Ovary obovoid-globose,
adnate to perianth segments for 1/31/2 of connate part; outer
without concave nectaries at base. Style not exserted. Fl. and fr.
ones subulate; inner ones broadened at base, 1-toothed on
JulSep. 2n = 16*.
each side. Ovary ovoid, without concave nectaries at base.
Deserts, sandy places, dry slopes; 8002800 m. Gansu, W Liao- Style longer than ovary, exserted. Fl. and fr. JunAug.
ning, Nei Mongol, N Ningxia, N Qinghai, N Shaanxi, NE Xinjiang
[Kazakstan, Mongolia, Russia]. Sunny and dry slopes. Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai.

52. Allium caespitosum Sievers ex Bongard & C. A. Meyer, 55. Allium polyrhizum Turczaninow ex Regel, Trudy Imp. S.-
Bull. Sci. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Ptersbourg 8: 341. 1841. Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 3(2): 162. 1875.

shu sheng jiu jian jiu

Bulbs laxly clustered, cylindric, attached to a horizontal, Allium polyrhizum var. przewalskii Regel.
 Bulbs densely clustered, cylindric, 0.51 cm in diam.; tu- 1/2 as long as scape, 0.51 mm wide, semiterete. Scape 1535
nic yellowish brown to dark chestnut brown, subreticulate to cm, terete, covered with leaf sheaths only at base. Spathe 2-
reticulate. Leaves shorter than scape, 0.31 mm wide, semi- valved, persistent.Umbel hemispheric to globose, densely many
terete, scabrous-denticulate or rarely smooth on margin. Scape flowered. Pedicels subequal, 23 as long as perianth, ebrac-
730 cm, terete, covered with leaf sheaths only at base. Spathe teolate. Perianth purple-red; outer segments ovate, 33.5 1.8
2- or 3-valved, persistent. Umbel hemispheric, densely many mm; inner ones ovate-oblong, 3.84.2 1.82.2 mm, apex
flowered. Pedicels 12 as long as perianth, bracteolate or obtuse, usually irregularly denticulate. Filaments equal, slightly
rarely ebracteolate. Perianth purple-red to pale purple-red, shorter than to equaling perianth segments, connate at base and
rarely white; segments with red midvein; outer ones ovate to adnate to perianth segments; outer ones subulate; inner ones
narrowly so, 35 1.5 2.5 mm; inner ones oblong-ovate, 46 broadly ovate at base, with 1 obtuse tooth on each side, rarely
1.52 mm. Filaments equal, equaling or slightly longer than entire. Ovary ovoid-globose, minutely tuberculate, without con-
perianth segments, connate at base for 1/61/3 their length, cave nectaries at base. Style slightly longer than ovary, not ex-
adnate to perianth segments for 1/31/2 of connate part; outer serted. Fl. Aug.
ones subulate; inner ones broadened at base, 1-toothed on Slopes, pastures, sandy soils; 15002500 m. Gansu, NW Shaan-
each side. Ovary ovoid, without concave nectaries at base. xi.
Style longer than ovary, exserted. Fl. and fr. JunAug. 2n = 58. Allium tenuissimum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 301. 1753.
32*.
xi ye jiu
Sunny slopes, pastures, saline-alkaline soils, gravelly places,
desert steppes; 10003700 m. Gansu, N Hebei, W Heilongjiang, W Allium tenuissimum var. nalinicum Shan Chen.
Jilin, N Liaoning, Nei Mongol, N Ningxia, Qinghai, N Shaanxi, N
Shanxi, Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Mongolia, Russia]. Bulbs clustered, subcylindric; tunic grayish violet or gray-
ish brown to blackish brown, membranous, apex splitting; inner
56. Allium bidentatum Fischer ex Prokhanov & Ikonnikov- layers usually pinkish lilac. Leaves shorter than scape, 0.51 (
Galitzky, Mater. Comm. tude Republ. Mongol. Tannou-Tou- 2) mm wide, semiterete to subterete, smooth, rarely scabrous
va 2: 83. 1929. along ribs and at margin. Scape 1035(50) cm, terete, finely
angled, smooth, covered with leaf sheaths for ca. 1/4 its length.
sha jiu
Umbel hemispheric to fascicled, laxly flowered. Pedicels sub-
Allium bidentatum var. andaense Q. S. Sun; A. edentatum equal, 1.53 as long as perianth, smooth, rarely scabrous
Y. P. Hsu; A. omiostema Airy Shaw; A. polyrhizum Turczani- along angles, ebracteolate. Perianth white or pinkish white,
now ex Regel var. potaninii Regel. rarely purple-red; segments with dark purple, fine midvein;
outer ones ovate-oblong to broadly so, 2.84 1.52 mm, apex
Bulbs usually densely clustered, cylindric, sometimes obtuse; inner ones obovate-oblong, 34.2 1.82.7 mm, apex
slightly thickened at base, 0.30.4 cm in diam.; tunic brown to truncate to truncate-obtuse. Filaments ca. 2/3 as long as
grayish brown, thinly leathery, laciniate, apex sometimes perianth segments, connate at base and adnate to perianth
fibrous. Leaves shorter than scape (usually ca. 1/2 as long), 1 segments; outer ones subulate; inner ones with basal ca. 2/3
1.5 mm wide, semiterete. Scape 1030 cm, terete, covered with broadened, ovate-orbicular, entire. Ovary subglobose, without
leaf sheaths only at base. Spathe 2-valved, persistent. Umbel concave nectaries at base. Style not exerted. Fl. and fr. JulSep.
hemispheric, densely many flowered. Pedicels 1(1.5) as long 2n = 16*.
as perianth, ebracteolate. Perianth red to pale purple-red; outer
segments oblong-ovate to ovate, 45.5 1.52.8 mm; inner Slopes, pastures, sandy places; near sea level to 2000 m. Gansu,
ones narrowly oblong to oblong-elliptic, 56.5 1.53 mm, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, N and S Jiangsu, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei
Mongol, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, N Xinjiang
apex subtruncate, usually irregularly denticulate. Filaments
(Altay Shan), Zhejiang [Kazakstan, Mongolia, Russia].
equal, slightly shorter than perianth segments, connate at base
and adnate to perianth segments for 0.61 mm; outer ones Allium tenuissimum differs in only a few characters from A.
subulate; inner ones ovate-oblong for ca. 4/5 their length, with 1 elegantulum, which was treated as a synonym of the former in FRPS.
obtuse tooth on each side, rarely entire. Ovary ovoid-globose, 59. Allium elegantulum Kitagawa in Nakai et al., Rep. Exped.
minutely or inconspicuously tuberculate, without concave nec- Manchoukuo Sect. 4, 2: 98. 1935.
taries. Style not exserted. Fl. and fr. JulSep. 2n = 32*.
ya jiu
Sunny slopes, pastures, meadows, saline places; 6002000 m.
Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shanxi, NE Xinjiang Bulbs clustered, cylindric, 0.30.5 cm wide; tunic whitish
[Kazakstan, Mongolia, Russia]. yellow or yellowish brown to dark gray, membranous, laciniate.
Leaves subulate to narrowly linear, (1)34 mm wide, semi-
57. Allium dentigerum Prokhanov, Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada terete, margin smooth. Scape 1016(20) cm (0.5)11.5
SSSR 29: 563. 1930. mm, terete, smooth, covered with leaf sheaths only at base.
duan chi jiu Umbel hemispheric to globose, densely many flowered.
Pedicels 11.5 as long as perianth, ebracteolate. Perianth
Bulbs clustered, cylindric, slightly thickened at base, 0.3 white to pinkish white; segments with red midvein; outer ones
0.6 cm in diam.; tunic grayish white, sometimes slightly tinged elliptic to ovate, ca. 3 1.82 mm; inner ones obovate, 3.54
with red, papery, laciniate, apex sometimes fibrous. Leaves ca. 1.82 mm, apex truncate, sometimes obscurely denticulate.
Filaments shorter than perianth segments, connate at base; 61. Allium weschniakowii Regel, Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk.
outer ones subulate; inner ones subulate from obovate base. Bot. Sada 6: 531. 1880.
Ovary subglobose. Style short; stigma punctiform. Fl. JulAug.
tan si jiu
Sandy or stony places, cliffs. Liaoning.
Bulbs clustered, cylindric, 0.30.5 cm in diam.; tunic dirty
60. Allium anisopodium Ledebour, Fl. Ross. 4: 183. 1852. gray, sometimes tinged with brown, membranous, entire.
ai jiu Leaves 3 or 4, slender, shorter than scape, 0.51 mm wide,
semiterete, adaxially channeled. Scape 916 cm, slender, terete,
Bulbs clustered, subcylindric; tunic violet-brown, or black- finely angled, covered with leaf sheaths only at base. Spathe 1-
ish brown to grayish brown, membranous, irregularly splitting, or 2-valved, persistent. Umbel laxly few flowered. Pedicels
apex sometimes subfibrous. Leaves subequaling scape, 12(4) subequal, 1.52 as long as perianth, ebracteolate. Perianth
mm wide, smooth or scabrous along angles. Scape (20)30 pale red to pinkish lilac; segments with dark violet midvein;
50(65) cm, terete, finely angled, smooth or scabrous, covered outer ones ovate-elliptic, 56 22.5 mm; inner ones oblong-
with leaf sheaths only at base. Spathe 1-valved, persistent. Um- elliptic, 67 22.5 mm. Filaments urceolate, 2/33/4 as long
bel subfascicled, laxly flowered. Pedicels unequal, especially in as perianth segments, connate for 3/44/5 their length, basally
fruit, 1.53.5 cm, smooth or scabrous angled, ebracteolate. Peri- adnate to perianth segments; outer ones subulate, free part
anth pale purple to purple-red; outer segments ovate-oblong to shorter than that of inner ones; inner ones adnate to perianth
broadly so, 45 23 mm, apex obtuse; inner ones obovate-ob- segments for nearly 1/2 their length, free part narrowly tri-
long, 45 2.23.2 mm, apex truncate to obtuse-truncate. Fila- angular or shoulder-shaped, sometimes 1-toothed on each side.
ments ca. 2/3 as long as perianth segments, connate at base and Ovary ellipsoid to ovoid-globose, without concave nectaries.
adnate to perianth segments; outer ones subulate, sometimes Style not exserted. Fl. Aug.
slightly broadened at base, slightly shorter than inner; inner
ones ovate-orbicular for ca. 2/3 their length, rarely with 1 small Dry slopes, gravelly places. NW Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Kyrgyz-
tooth on each side. Ovary ovoid-globose, without concave nec- stan].
taries at base. Style not exserted. Fl. and fr. JulSep.
62. Allium prostratum Treviranus, Allii Sp. 16. 1822.
Slopes, pastures, sandy places; near sea level to 2200 m. Gansu,
meng gu ye jiu
Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shandong,
Shanxi, N Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia]. Allium congestum G. Don; A. declinatum Willdenow; A.
1a. Leaves and pedicels smooth, rarely deflexum Fischer ex Schultes & J. H. Schultes; A. fischeri
scabrous; scape smooth ................... 60a. var. anisopodium Besser ex Schultes & J. H. Schultes; A. satoanum Kitagawa.
1b. Leaves, scape, and pedicels scabrous Bulb solitary or paired, subcylindric, 0.51 cm in diam.,
along angles .......................... 60b. var. zimmermannianum attached to a horizontal, robust rhizome; tunic light brown,
60a. Allium anisopodium var. anisopodium sometimes tinged with black, subleathery, apex usually entire,
sometimes laciniate. Leaves shorter than scape, 0.71.5 mm
() ai jiu (yuan bian zhong) wide, semiterete, adaxially channeled, margin scabrous. Scape
1025 cm, terete, covered with leaf sheaths only at base. Spathe
Allium tchefouense Debeaux; A. tenuissimum Linnaeus
1-valved, persistent. Umbel hemispheric. Pedicels subequal, 2
var. purpureum Regel.
3 as long as perianth, bracteolate or ebracteolate. Perianth
Leaves and pedicels smooth, rarely scabrous. Scape pale purple to purple-red; outer segments ovate, 3.25 1.82.9
smooth. 2n = 16*, 32*. mm; inner ones oblong to oblong-ovate, 45.5 2.23.2 mm,
apex obtuse, distal margin and apex irregularly crenulate. Fila-
Slopes, pastures, sandy places; near sea level to 1300 m. Hebei, ments equal, equaling to slightly longer than perianth segments,
Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shandong, N Xinjiang
connate at base and adnate to perianth segments; outer ones
[Kazakstan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia].
subulate; inner ones narrowly triangular-subulate, 23 as
60b. Allium anisopodium var. zimmermannianum (Gilg) F. wide as outer ones. Ovary obovoid, minutely tuberculate, with-
T. Wang & Tang, Contr. Inst. Bot. Natl. Acad. Peiping 2(8): out concave nectaries at base. Style exserted. Fl. and fr. Jul
260. 1934. Aug.
cao ting jiu Stony slopes, steppes. N Nei Mongol (Hulun Buir, Manzhouli
Shi), N Xinjiang (Tacheng Xian, Toli Xian) [Mongolia, Russia].
Allium zimmermannianum Gilg, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 34
(Beibl. 75): 23. 1904; A. tenuissimum Linnaeus f. zimmerman- 63. Allium rubens Schrader ex Willdenow, Enum. Pl. 1: 360.
nianum (Gilg) Q. S. Sun. 1809.
Leaves, scape, and pedicels scabrous along angles. Fl. and hong hua jiu
fr. JunSep. 2n = 16*, 32*.
Bulbs clustered, narrowly conical, 0.51 cm in diam.,
Slopes, pastures, sandy places; near sea level to 2200 m. Gansu, attached to a horizontal rhizome; tunic light brown, subleathery,
Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shandong,
subentire. Leaves subequaling scape, 11.5(2) mm wide,
Shanxi.
adaxially channeled, margin scabrous. Scape 1025 cm, Bulb solitary or clustered, subcylindric, 0.71.3 cm in
terete, slightly angled, covered with leaf sheaths only at base. diam., attached to a horizontal, stout rhizome; tunic grayish
Spathe persistent. Umbel hemispheric to globose, few flowered. black, sometimes tinged with purple, membranous, entire.
Pedicels equal, 2(3) as long as perianth, ebracteolate. Leaves linear, shorter than to subequaling scape, 25 mm wide,
Perianth purple-red; segments with conspicuous midvein, flat, smooth, apex obtuse. Scape 1330 cm, terete, 2-angled,
broadly elliptic to ovate, (4)5 mm, apex obtuse; outer ones covered with leaf sheaths only at base. Spathe 2-valved, persis-
boat-shaped; inner ones slightly longer than outer. Filaments tent. Umbel hemispheric, densely many flowered. Pedicels sub-
subulate, subequal, 12 as long as perianth segments, connate equaling perianth, ebracteolate. Perianth white to yellow; outer
at base and adnate to perianth segments. Ovary subglobose, segments ovate, boat- shaped, 46 22.5 mm; inner ones
without concave nectaries at base. Style not exserted. Fl. and fr. ovate-oblong, 4.57 2.22.9 mm. Filaments equal, equaling
JunAug. 2n = 16. to slightly longer than perianth segments, connate at base and
adnate to perianth segments; outer ones subulate; inner ones
Scrub, stony slopes, steppes. NW Xinjiang (Toli Xian) [Kazak-
triangular. Ovary obovoid-globose, without concave nectaries
stan, Mongolia, Russia].
at base. Style longer than ovary, exserted. Fl. Jul.
64. Allium brevidentatum F. Z. Li, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin
Slopes; 21002500 m. WC Hebei (Huailai Xian, Xiaowutai
6(1): 170. 1986.
Shan).
ai chi jiu
67. Allium spurium G. Don, Mem. Wern. Nat. Hist. Soc. 6:
Bulb usually solitary, cylindric; tunic brown, pale brown 59. 1827.
inside, usually irregularly splitting at apex. Leaves linear, long- yan jiu
er than scape, 23 mm wide, flat. Scape 2030 cm, terete,
finely angled near apex. Spathe 2-valved, persistent. Umbel Allium dauricum Frizen; A. saxicola Kitagawa.
laxly flowered. Pedicels subequal, ca. 2 as long as perianth, Bulb solitary or paired, cylindric to conical-cylindric, 0.5
ebracteolate. Perianth pale yellowish green; outer segments 1.5 cm in diam., attached to a subterranean, normally not thick
oblong, boat-shaped, ca. 5 mm; inner ones oblong, ca. 5.5 mm. rhizome; tunic whitish gray, membranous, apex splitting.
Filaments equal, ca. 1.5 as long as perianth segments, connate Leaves narrowly linear, straight, shorter or longer than scape,
at base and adnate to perianth segments; outer ones subulate; (1.5)24 mm wide, flat to convex-flat, fleshy, margin minutely
inner ones broadened at base, 1-toothed on each side. Ovary scabrous, apex acute to gradually attenuate, truncate. Scape
ovoid, with concave nectaries covered by hoodlike projections (20)3040 cm, terete, not angled, wingless, covered with leaf
at base. Style exserted, ca. 4 mm. Fl. Jul. sheaths only at base. Spathe 2-valved, usually caducous, apex
Sunny slopes. C Shandong (Tai Shan). acuminate. Umbel laxly hemispheric, many flowered. Pedicels
(2)34 as long as perianth, usually ebracteolate. Perianth
65. Allium taishanense J. M. Xu in F. T. Wang & Tang, Fl. whitish pink or rose pink to pink-lilac, lustrous; segments with
Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 14: 285. 1980. red, fine midvein or without midvein, narrowly elliptic or
tai shan jiu oblong-elliptic, 4.55.5(6) 1.52 mm, apex truncate to
acute; outer ones boat-shaped. Filaments subulate, subequal,
Bulb solitary or clustered, subcylindric, ca. 0.5 cm in slightly longer than perianth segments, connate at base and
diam., attached to an oblique,stout rhizome; tunic grayish black, adnate to perianth segments; inner ones wider than outer. Ovary
membranous, entire. Leaves broadly linear, shorter than to sub- ovoid, without concave nectaries. Style exserted. Fl. JulJug. 2n
equaling scape, 710 mm wide, attenuate at both ends, abax- = 32.
ially 1-angled, scabrous-denticulate along angle and margin. Saline meadows, steppes, sandy places, sometimes stony places
Scape 2227 cm, 2-angled, scabrous-denticulate along angles, and cliffs. Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, E Nei Mongol [Mon-
covered with leaf sheaths only at base. Spathe 2-valved, per- golia, Russia].
sistent. Umbel nearly hemispheric, many flowered. Pedicels Allium spurium, A. spirale, and A. senescens are closely related
subequal, 23 as long as perianth, ebracteolate. Perianth pale taxa, and have been united under the name A. senescens in treatments in
red to white; segments ovate-oblong; outer ones 3.23.8 1.7 other floras, e.g., FRPS and Fl. URSS.
1.9 mm; inner ones 3.74.6 2.22.5 mm. Filaments equal,
slightly longer than perianth segments, connate at base and ad- 68. Allium spirale Willdenow, Enum. Pl., Suppl. 17. 1814.
nate to perianth segments for ca. 0.6 mm; outer ones ca. 1/2 as niu ye jiu
wide at base as inner; inner ones with a broadened, triangular
base. Ovary obovoid-globose, with concave nectaries covered Allium austrosibiricum Frizen; A. burjaticum Frizen; A.
by hoodlike projections at base. Style exserted. Fl. Sep. glaucum Schrader ex Poiret.
Bulbs clustered, conical-cylindric, 0.51.5 cm in diam.,
Slopes; 300600 m. C Shandong (Tai Shan).
attached to a subterranean, horizontal rhizome; tunic grayish
66. Allium chiwui F. T. Wang & Tang, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. white to yellowish brown or pale lilac-gray, membranous or
Biol. 7: 294. 1937. scarious, usually entire. Leaves linear, spirally tortuous, shorter
than scape, 46 mm wide, flat, main veins and margins mi-
ji jiu
nutely scabrous-denticulate, rarely smooth, apex obtuse. Scape
(15)2040 cm, terete, subangular, narrowly 2-winged beneath
umbel, covered with leaf sheaths only at base. Spathe 2-valved, broadened at base for 2.53 mm, 1-toothed on each side. Ovary
persistent, apex acuminate. Umbel usually hemispheric, many oblong-globose, without concave nectaries at base. Style ex-
flowered. Pedicels 1.52 as long as perianth, ebracteolate or a serted. Fl. and fr. JunAug. 2n = 16, 17, 24, 28, 32*, 44, 48*,
few with a small bracteoles. Perianth pink to pale red; segments 56, 64*, 72*.
with dark red midvein, oblong ovate, 3.55.5 22.5 mm, apex
Meadows, damp places. N Xinjiang (Altay Shan) [Kazakstan,
obtuse, sometimes with unequal, very small denticles; outer
Mongolia, Russia].
ones boat-shaped, shorter than inner. Filaments subequal, us-
ually subequaling to slightly longer than perianth segments, 71. Allium obliquum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 296. 1753.
connate at base and adnate to perianth segments; outer ones
gao ting jiu
subulate; inner ones narrowly triangular. Ovary broadly ovoid,
without concave nectaries. Style exserted. Fl. JulAug. 2n = 16, Bulb solitary, ovoid-cylindric, 23 cm in diam.; tunic pale
32. brown to brown, hard, leathery, entire. Leaves broadly linear,
Dry slopes, steppes, stony and gravelly places, sands and loess. shorter than scape, 520 mm wide, gradually attenuate toward
Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, N Henan, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, apex. Scape 60100 cm, terete, covered with leaf sheaths for ca.
Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shanxi [N Korea, Mongolia, Russia]. 1/2 its length. Spathe 1- or 2-valved, persistent; beak short.
69. Allium senescens Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 299. 1753. Umbel globose, densely many flowered. Pedicels subequal, 24
shan jiu as long as perianth, bracteolate. Perianth pale yellow to green-
ish yellow; outer segments oblong to oblong-ovate, 45 1.52
Allium baicalense Willdenow; A. senescens f. albiflorum mm; inner ones ovate, 4.55.5 22.5 mm. Filaments subulate,
Q. S. Sun. equal, ca. 1.5 as long as perianth segments, connate at base
Bulb solitary or paired, ovate-cylindric or conical, 12 cm and adnate to perianth segments. Ovary ovoid, with concave
in diam., attached to a horizontal or oblique rhizome, some- nectaries covered by hoodlike projections at base. Style exsert-
times developed above ground; outer tunic usually blackish ed. Fl. and fr. JunJul. 2n = 16.
gray or black, scarious, entire or slightly splitting. Leaves Forests, meadows. NW Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mon-
spirally arranged, never distichous, broadly linear, sometimes golia, Russia; E Europe].
slightly falcate, shorter than scape, 710(12) mm wide, flat,
72. Allium hymenorhizum Ledebour, Fl. Altaic. 2: 12. 1830.
thick, smooth or minutely scabrous, apex obtuse. Scape (25)
3060 cm, 2-angled or narrowly 2-winged, covered with leaf bei jiang jiu
sheaths only at base. Spathe 2-valved, persistent, apex acumi-
nate. Umbel hemispheric to globose, many flowered. Pedicels Bulb solitary or clustered, subcylindric, ca. 1.5 cm in
equal, 23 as long as perianth, a few bracteolate. Perianth diam.; tunic red-brown, lustrous, leathery, splitting. Leaves lin-
pink to pale red, later becoming whitish; segments subovate, 4 ear, shorter than scape, 26 mm wide, flat, smooth. Scape 30
6(7) 22.5 mm, apex obtuse, sometimes minutely denticu- 90 cm, terete, covered with leaf sheaths for ca. 1/2 its length.
late; outer ones boat-shaped. Filaments subequal, to 1.5 as Spathe 1-valved, persistent or deciduous. Umbel hemispheric to
long as perianth segments, connate at base and adnate to peri- globose, densely many flowered. Pedicels subequal, 1.52 as
anth segments; outer ones subulate; inner ones narrowly tri- long as perianth, ebracteolate. Perianth pale red to purple-red;
angular. Ovary globose, without concave nectaries. Style long outer segments lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, 44.5 1.11.2
exserted. Fl. JulAug. 2n = 16*, 32*, (40), 48. mm; inner ones narrowly oblong-elliptic, 4.65.5 1.31.6
mm. Filaments subulate, 1.251.5 as long as perianth seg-
Forests, dry stony slopes, steppes, saline meadows, gravelly ments, connate at base and adnate to perianth segments; inner
places; 500800 m. Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, N Xin- ones entire or 1-toothed on each side at base. Ovary obovoid to
jiang [Korea, Mongolia, Russia]. subglobose, with concave nectaries at base. Style exserted. Fl.
70. Allium nutans Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 299. 1753. Aug.
Meadows, dry pastures, high plains, mountain slopes; 11002700
chi si shan jiu
m. N and W Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Russia, Ta-
Bulb solitary or paired, narrowly cylindric to subconical, jikistan].
1.52 cm in diam., attached to a horizontal or oblique, stout 1a. Inner filaments entire .................... 72a. var. hymenorhizum
rhizome; tunic blackish, membranous, entire. Leaves broadly 1b. Inner filaments 1-toothed on each
linear, subfalcate, ca. 1/2 as long as scape, 610(15) mm wide, side at base ............................................ 72b. var. dentatum
flat, thick, smooth, apex obtuse. Scape 3060 cm, 2-angled,
72a. Allium hymenorhizum var. hymenorhizum
narrowly 2-winged, covered with leaf sheaths only at base.
Spathe 2-valved, persistent. Umbel globose, densely many () bei jiang jiu (yuan bian zhong)
flowered. Pedicels subequal, 23 as long as perianth, brac-
teolate. Perianth pale red to pale purple; outer segments nar- Allium macrorrhizum Boissier (1854), not A. macrorhizon
rowly ovate, boat-shaped, 4.55.5 1.52 mm; inner ones Regel (1875).
ovate, 56.5 2.23 mm, apex obtuse. Filaments subequal, Inner filaments entire. Fl. Aug.
1.52 as long as perianth segments, connate at base and
adnate to perianth segments; outer ones subulate; inner ones Meadows, high plains, mountain slopes; 11002700 m. N Xin-
jiang [Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Russia, Tajikistan]. 75. Allium blandum Wallich, Pl. Asiat. Rar. 3: 38. 1832.
72b. Allium hymenorhizum var. dentatum J. M. Xu in F. T. bai jiu
Wang & Tang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 14: 285. 1980.
Bulb usually solitary, rarely paired, narrowly ovoid, 1.5
han sheng jiu 2 cm in diam.; tunic brown, leathery, usually entire. Leaves
Inner filaments 1-toothed on each side at base. Fl. Aug. broadly linear, shorter than scape, (5)710 mm wide, flat,
smooth, apex obtuse or gradually attenuate to obtuse tip. Scape
Dry pastures, plains; 11001700 m. N and W Xinjiang (Fuyun 2530 cm, terete, covered with leaf sheaths only at base. Spathe
Xian, Zhaosu Xian). 2-valved, membranous, persistent; beak very short. Umbel glo-
73. Allium kaschianum Regel, Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. bose, densely many flowered. Pedicels subequal, usually sub-
Sada 10: 338. 1887. equaling perianth, ebracteolate or a few bracteolate. Perianth
pinkish red; segments oblong, 5.57 mm, apex obtuse. Fila-
cao di jiu ments subulate, equal, ca. 2 as long as perianth segments, not
connate but slightly adnate to base of perianth segments; inner
Bulbs clustered, cylindric, 0.51(1.5) cm in diam.; tunic
ones not broadened at base. Ovary subglobose, with concave
brown, thinly leathery, usually laciniate. Leaves narrowly
nectaries at base. Style exserted. Fl. and fr. JulAug.
linear, slightly shorter to longer than scape, 11.5(3) mm
Moist slopes in high mountains; 35005000 m. NW Xinjiang
wide, scabrous-denticulate at margin. Scape 1540 cm, terete,
[Afghanistan, India, Pakistan, Tajikistan].
covered with leaf sheaths for 1/41/2 its length. Spathe 1- or
2-valved, persistent. Umbel hemispheric to globose, usually 76. Allium phariense Rendle, J. Bot. 44: 42. 1906.
densely many flowered. Pedicels subequal, shorter than to pa li jiu
equaling perianth, ebracteolate. Perianth pale purple; segments
narrowly oblong to narrowly obovate-oblong, 35 11.8 mm, Bulb solitary or in clusters of 2 or 3, narrowly ovoid, 0.7
apex obtuse or retuse; inner ones slightly longer than outer. 1.5 cm in diam.; tunic grayish black, membranous or papery,
Filaments equal, subulate, ca. 1.5 as long as perianth seg- entire or apex separated. Leaves linear, falcate, equaling to
ments, connate at base and adnate to perianth segments. Ovary slightly longer than scape, rarely shorter, 25(7) mm wide,
globose, without concave nectaries at base. Style much longer flat. Scape usually nodding distally, 615 cm, terete, covered
than ovary, exserted. Fl. and fr. JulSep. with leaf sheaths only at base. Spathe 1- or 2-valved, persistent.
Umbel globose, densely many flowered. Pedicels subequal,
Meadows, gravelly plains, slopes; 24003000 m. NW Xinjiang 1.52 as long as perianth, ebracteolate. Perianth white; seg-
[Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan]. ments with purple midvein when dried, narrowly ovate to obo-
74. Allium carolinianum Redout, Liliac. 2: t. 101. 1804. vate-oblong, 4.56 22.5 mm; inner ones sometimes slightly
longer and narrower than outer, apex obtuse, sometimes slightly
lian ye jiu retuse. Filaments subulate, equal, 1.251.5 as long as perianth
Allium aitchisonii Baker (1882), not Regel (1879); A. segments, connate at base and adnate to perianth segments for
obtusifolium Klotzsch; A. platyspathum Schrenk var. falcatum ca. 1 mm. Ovary subglobose, without concave nectaries at base.
Regel; A. platystylum Regel; A. polyphyllum Karelin & Kirilov; Style exserted. Fl. and fr. JulAug.
A. thomsonii Baker. Meadows, gravelly slopes; 44005200 m. NW Sichuan (Dg
Xian), S Xizang [Bhutan].
Bulbs usually paired, ovoid to ovoid-cylindric, 12.5 cm
in diam.; tunic brown to yellowish brown, leathery, apex separ- 77. Allium platyspathum Schrenk, Enum. Pl. Nov. 1: 7. 1841.
ated, usually fibrous. Leaves broadly linear, usually falcate, kuan bao jiu
shorter than scape, (3)515 mm wide, flat, smooth, apex ob-
tuse. Scape 2040(60) cm, terete, covered with leaf sheaths for Bulb solitary or rarely paired, cylindric to ovoid-cylindric,
ca. 1/2 its length. Spathe 2-valved, persistent. Umbel globose, 12 cm in diam.; tunic blackish gray to black, thinly papery,
densely many flowered. Pedicels subequal, slightly shorter than decaying quickly; inner layers grayish lilac or light pinkish
to 2 as long as perianth, bracteolate or ebracteolate. Perianth white, membranous. Leaves broadly linear, shorter to slightly
pale red to purple-red or white; segments oblong to narrowly longer than scape, 217 mm wide, flat, apex obtuse or gradually
so, (4.5)68(9.4) 1.53 mm, apex obtuse, sometimes re- acute. Scape 1060(100) cm, terete, covered with leaf sheaths
tuse; inner ones subequaling to slightly longer than outer. Fil- only at base or for 1/31/2 its length. Spathe 2-valved, persis-
aments subulate, slightly shorter than than to 2 as long as tent; beak very short. Umbel hemispheric to globose, densely
perianth segments, connate at base and adnate to perianth seg- many flowered. Pedicels subequal, equaling to 2 as long as
ments for ca. 1 mm; inner ones wider than outer at base. Ovary perianth, ebracteolate. Perianth pink or pinkish lilac; segments
subglobose, with concave nectaries at base. Style exserted. Fl. lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 68 1.52 mm; inner ones
and fr. JunSep. 2n = 32. slightly longer than outer. Filaments 11.5 as long as peri-
anth segments, connate at base and adnate to perianth seg-
Gravelly or stony slopes; 30005000 m. Xinjiang, N and W Xi- ments. Ovary subglobose, with concave nectaries at base. Style
zang [Afghanistan, ?Bhutan, India, Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan, W Nepal, exserted. Fl. and fr. JunAug. 2n = 16.
Pakistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan].
Forest margins, subalpine or alpine meadows, stony slopes, river
shores; 19003700 m. Xinjiang [Afghanistan, Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan, Bulb solitary, cylindric, sometimes thickened at base, 0.5
Mongolia, Russia, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan]. 1 cm in diam.; tunic pale brown to brown, thinly leathery, apex
1a. Scape to 25 cm, covered with leaf sheaths laciniate. Leaves linear to broadly so, slightly falcate, usually
only at base; leaves 27 mm wide; ca. 1/2 as long as or rarely subequaling scape, 310 mm wide,
perianth pinkish lilac, segments flat. Scape 525 cm, terete, covered with leaf sheaths only at
(5)68 mm ................................ 77a. subsp. platyspathum base. Spathe 2- or 3-valved, persistent. Umbel hemispheric to
1b. Scape (35)4070(100) cm, covered globose, densely many flowered. Pedicels subequaling to slight-
with leaf sheaths for 1/31/2 its length; ly longer than perianth, ebracteolate. Perianth bright yellow;
leaves 1017 mm wide; perianth rose outer segments oblong-ovate, boat-shaped, 5.56.5 2.23
pink, segments 78 mm .......... 77b. subsp. amblyophyllum mm; inner ones oblong-lanceolate, 78 22.7 mm, apex re-
curved. Filaments subulate, ca. 2/3 as long as inner perianth
77a. Allium platyspathum subsp. platyspathum
segments, connate at base and adnate to perianth segments for
() kuan bao jiu (yuan ya zhong) ca. 1 mm. Ovary ovoid to ovoid-globose, with concave nec-
taries at base. Style not exserted. Fl. and fr. JulSep.
Leaves 27 mm wide. Scape to 25 cm, covered with leaf
sheaths only at base. Perianth pinkish lilac; segments (5)68 Damp slopes, meadows; 34004800 m. Gansu, Qinghai, NW
mm. Fl. JulAug. Sichuan.
Alpine meadows, stony slopes; 27003700 m. Xinjiang [Afghani- 80. Allium herderianum Regel, Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk.
stan, Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Russia, Tajikistan, Uzbeki- Bot. Sada 10: 324. 1887.
stan]. jin tou jiu
77b. Allium platyspathum subsp. amblyophyllum (Karelin &
Bulb solitary, ovoid-globose to ovoid, 11.5 cm in diam.;
Kirilov) Frizen in Malyschev & Peschkova, Fl. Sibir. 4: 81.
tunic grayish brown, thinly leathery, apex splitting or laciniate.
1987.
Leaves subequaling scape, 24 mm wide. Scape (12)2040
dun ye jiu cm, terete, covered with leaf sheaths only at base. Spathe 2- or
3-valved, persistent. Umbel hemispheric to globose, densely
Allium amblyophyllum Karelin & Kirilov, Bull. Soc. Imp. many flowered. Pedicels subequal, equaling to slightly longer
Naturalistes Moscou 15: 510. 1842; A. alataviense Regel. than perianth, ebracteolate. Perianth pale to bright yellow; outer
Leaves 1017 mm wide. Scape (35)4070(100) cm, segments oblong-ovate, boat-shaped, 56 2.53 mm; inner
covered with leaf sheaths for 1/31/2 its length. Perianth rose ones oblong-lanceolate, 78 22.5 mm, apex recurved. Fil-
pink; segments 78 mm. Fl. JunJul. aments subulate, 1/22/3 as long as inner perianth segments,
connate at base and adnate to perianth segments for ca. 1 mm.
Forest margins, subalpine meadows, river shores; 19002500 m. Ovary ovoid, with concave nectaries at base. Style not exserted.
Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Russia]. Fl. and fr. JulSep.
78. Allium rude J. M. Xu in F. T. Wang & Tang, Fl. Reipubl. Sunny slopes, dry plains; 29003900 m. Gansu, Qinghai.
Popularis Sin. 14: 286. 1980.
81. Allium saxatile Marschall von Bieberstein, Tabl. Prov.
ye huang jiu Mer. Casp. 114. 1798.
Bulb solitary, cylindric, sometimes narrowly ovoid-cylin- chang hui jiu
dric, 0.51(1.5) cm in diam.; tunic brown to pale brown, thinly
leathery, splitting. Leaves linear, sometimes slightly falcate, Allium caucasicum Marschall von Bieberstein; A. dshun-
shorter than to subequaling scape, 310 mm wide, flat. Scape garicum Vvedensky; A. globosum Marschall von Bieberstein ex
2070 cm, terete, covered with leaf sheaths only at base. Spathe Redout; A. gmelinianum Misczenko ex Grossheim; A. stevenii
2- or 3-valved, persistent. Umbel globose, densely many flow- Ledebour.
ered. Pedicels 11.5 as long as perianth, ebracteolate. Bulbs usually clustered, ovoid-cylindric, 0.71.5 cm in
Perianth pale yellow to greenish yellow; segments oblong- diam.; tunic brown to red-brown, leathery, entire or splitting.
elliptic to oblong-ovate, 56 22.5(3) mm; inner ones Leaves shorter than scape, 0.51.5 mm wide, semiterete, adaxi-
sometimes slightly longer than outer. Filaments subulate, equal, ally channeled, smooth, sometimes scabrous-denticulate along
1.251.35 as long as perianth segments, connate at base and angles. Scape 2060 cm, terete, solid, smooth, covered with
adnate to perianth segments. Ovary ovoid to ovoid-globose, leaf sheaths for ca. 1/3 its length; outermost leaf sheath usually
with concave nectaries covered by short, hoodlike projections at scabrous. Spathe 1- or 2-valved, persistent; beak ca. 2 as long
base. Style exserted. Fl. and fr. JulSep. as limb, sometimes to 6 cm. Umbel globose, densely many
Damp slopes, meadows; 27005000 m. S Gansu, SE Qinghai, flowered. Pedicels subequal, 1.52(4) as long as perianth,
W Sichuan, E Xizang. elongate in fruit, bracteolate. Perianth purple-red to pale red,
rarely white; segments with darker midvein, oblong-ovate, 45
79. Allium chrysocephalum Regel, Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburg- 22.5 mm, apex shortly pointed; inner ones slightly longer
sk. Bot. Sada 10: 335. 1887. than outer. Filaments subulate, equal, 1.52 as long as peri-
zhe bei jiu anth segments, connate at base and adnate to perianth segments.
Ovary subglobose, with concave nectaries at base. Style ex- or scabrous, covered with leaf sheaths for 1/41/3 its length.
serted. Fl. and fr. JulSep. 2n = 16, 32. Spathe persistent; beak 24 as long as limb. Umbel globose,
densely many flowered. Pedicels equal, ca. 1.5 as long as
Dry slopes; 11003100 m. Xinjiang (Altay Shan, Tarbagatay
perianth, bracteolate. Perianth pale to lemon yellow; segments
Shan, Tian Shan) [Kazakstan, Russia; C Europe].
with green or greenish pink midvein, oblong-ovate, ca. 4 mm,
82. Allium kurssanovii M. Popov, Bjull. Moskovsk. Obshch. apex acute; inner ones slightly longer than outer. Filaments sub-
Isp. Prir., Otd. Biol., 47: 85. 1938. ulate, equal, ca. 1.5 as long as perianth segments, connate at
base and adnate to perianth segments. Ovary subglobose, with
tiao ye chang hui jiu
small, concave nectaries at base. Style exserted. Fl. Jul. 2n = 16.
Allium pseudoglobosum M. Popov ex Gamajunova. Stony slopes, cliffs. NW Xinjiang [Kazakstan].
Bulbs clustered, cylindric to cylindric-ovoid, very long, 85. Allium tianschanicum Ruprecht, Mm. Acad. Imp. Sci.
1015 23 cm; tunic dark brown, hard, leathery, entire or Saint Ptersbourg, sr. 7, 14(4): 33. 1869.
splitting. Leaves linear, slightly shorter or longer than scape, 3
4 mm wide, flat, margin smooth, rarely scabrous. Scape 50 tian shan jiu
70(90) cm, terete, smooth, covered with leaf sheaths for ca. Allium globosum Marschall von Bieberstein ex Redout
1/2 its length. Spathe 2-valved, persistent; beak ca. 2 as long var. albidum Regel; A. hymenorhizum Ledebour var. tianscha-
as limb. Umbel globose, 23 cm in diam., many flowered. Ped- nicum (Ruprecht) Regel; A. macrorhizon Regel (1875), not A.
icels equal, to 2 as long as perianth, bracteolate. Perianth macrorrhizum Boissier (1854).
pink-lilac to dark violet-red; segments with dark purple mid-
vein, oblong-ovate, 3.54 mm, apex acute; inner ones ovate, Bulbs clustered, cylindric-conical to subcylindric, (0.8)1
apex truncate. Filaments subulate, 1.52 as long as perianth 2 cm in diam.; tunic brown, thinly leathery, splitting, Leaves
segments, connate at base and adnate to perianth segments. narrowly linear, usually shorter than scape, 11.5 mm wide,
Ovary conical-subglobose. Style exserted. adaxially channeled, margin ciliate-denticulate. Scape 1525
cm, terete, covered with leaf sheaths only at base. Spathe
Stony slopes, cliffs; 22002700 m. W Xinjiang (Tian Shan) [Ka- persistent; beak equaling limb. Umbel hemispheric to
zakstan, Kyrgyzstan]. subglobose, usually densely many flowered. Pedicels equal,
83. Allium caricoides Regel, Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. slightly shorter to slightly longer than perianth, bracteolate.
Sada 6: 532. 1880. Perianth pale yellow or white and becoming red; segments
ovate, 56 mm, apex obtuse; outer ones sometimes retuse at
shi sheng jiu
apex; inner ones ca. 1.2 as long as outer. Filaments subulate,
Allium hoeitzeri Regel. equal, 1.251.5 as long as perianth segments, connate at base
and adnate to perianth segments. Ovary subglobose, with
Bulbs clustered, cylindric, 0.51 cm in diam.; tunic brown, small, concave nectaries at base. Style exserted. Fl. and fr.
leathery, apex entire or laciniate. Leaves 3 or 4, subequaling JulSep. 2n = 16.
scape, 0.51(1.5) mm wide, semiterete or subterete, adaxially
Scrub in subalpine zone, meadows. W Xinjiang [Kazakstan,
channeled, margin ciliate-denticulate or scabrous-denticulate.
Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan].
Scape 520 cm, slender, terete, covered with leaf sheaths only
at base. Spathe 2-valved, persistent. Umbel hemispheric, dense- 86. Allium megalobulbon Regel, Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk.
ly flowered. Pedicels subequal, 0.51 as long as perianth, Bot. Sada 6: 526. 1880.
bracteolate. Perianth pale red to pale purple; segments oblong to da lin jiu
ovate, 3.55.8 1.52.5 mm, apex usually shortly pointed;
inner ones slightly longer than outer. Filaments subulate, equal, Bulbs paired or clustered, cylindric, very long, to 10 1
1.52 as long as perianth segments, connate at base and ad- 1.5 cm; tunic yellowish brown, thinly leathery to papery, split-
nate to perianth segments. Ovary obovoid to subglobose, with ting; inner layers pinkish white. Leaves subulate to linear, 12
concave nectaries covered by hoodlike projections at base. mm wide, semiterete to flat, margin scabrous-denticulate. Scape
Style exserted. Fl. and fr. JulAug. 2535(40) cm, terete, covered with leaf sheaths for ca. 1/4
its length. Spathe thinly leathery; beak small. Umbel globose,
Gravelly slopes, rock crevices; 18003300 m. Xinjiang (Tian densely many flowered. Pedicels subequal, shorter than peri-
Shan) [Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan].
anth, bracteolate. Perianth rose pink, becoming whitish when
84. Allium petraeum Karelin & Kirilov, Bull. Soc. Imp. Na- dried; segments with red midvein, lanceolate, 56 1.52 mm,
turalistes Moscou 15: 512. 1842. apex acute. Filaments ca. 1/2 as long as perianth segments, base
slightly broadened, connate and adnate to perianth segments,
shi po jiu
free part subulate. Ovary conical-ovoid, with concave nectaries
Bulbs clustered, narrowly conical to subcylindric, 0.81.5 at base. Style short, not exserted. Fl. Jul.
cm in diam.; tunic grayish or yellowish white, thinly leathery to Stony slopes. W Xinjiang (Borohoro Shan, Tian Shan).
subpapery, splitting; inner layers pinkish lilac. Leaves slightly
shorter than scape, 0.51 mm wide, semiterete, adaxially chan- 87. Allium pevtzovii Prokhanov, Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada SSSR
neled, usually smooth. Scape (20)3050 cm, terete, smooth 29: 561. 1930.
 kun lun jiu ellipsoid-globose, with concave nectaries covered by hoodlike
projections at base.Style not exserted. Fl. and fr. JunAug. 2n =
Bulbs clustered, cylindric; tunic brown, thinly leathery,
16.
entire. Leaves linear, equaling to slightly longer than scape, 23
mm wide, subfistulose. Scape 2025 cm, terete, fistulose, cov- Calcareous slopes, deserts; 4001000 m. NW Xinjiang [Kazak-
stan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia].
ered with leaf sheaths only at base. Spathe 1-valved, persistent.
Umbel hemispheric, densely many flowered. Pedicels subequal, 90. Allium subtilissimum Ledebour, Fl. Altaic 2: 22. 1830.
slightly shorter than to equaling perianth, ebracteolate. Perianth
mi nang jiu
pale red, lustrous; segments linear-lanceolate, 68 12 mm,
apex acuminate with a reflexed point. Filaments equal, ca. 2/3 Bulbs clustered, narrowly ovoid -cylindric to narrowly
as long as perianth segments, connate at base and adnate to conical, 0.50.6(1) cm in diam.; tunic grayish brown or gray,
perianth segments; outer ones subulate; inner ones ovate at slightly tinged with red, membranous to thinly scarious, entire
base, 1-toothed on each side. Ovary with concave nectaries at or splitting at apex. Leaves 35, usually shorter than scape, ca.
base. Style not exserted. Fl. and fr. JunJul. 0.5 mm wide, slender, subterete, adaxially channeled. Scape
Slopes; 13001400 m. SW Xinjiang (Kunlun Shan, Yecheng 520 cm, terete, covered with leaf sheaths for ca. 1/4 its length.
Xian). Spathe 2-valved, persistent; beak equaling limb. Umbel laxly
few flowered. Pedicels subequal, 23(4) as long as perianth,
88. Allium korolkowii Regel, Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot.
bracteolate. Perianth pale red to pale purple-red; segments with
Sada 3(2): 158. 1875.
purple midvein; outer ones ovate-elliptic, boat-shaped, 34.5
he pi jiu
1.21.8 mm, apex shortly pointed; inner ones oblong-elliptic,
Allium moschatum Linnaeus var. brevipedunculatum 3.85 1.52.1 mm, apex obtuse or shortly pointed. Filaments
Regel; A. moschatum var. dubium Regel; A. oliganthum Karelin equal, slightly longer than perianth segments, rarely slightly
& Kirilov var. elongatum Karelin & Kirilov. shorter, connate at base and adnate to perianth segments. Ovary
subglobose, with longitudinally convex nectaries along septa;
Bulb solitary or clustered, ovoid, 0.51 cm in diam.; tunic nectary pit at ovary base open. Style exserted. Fl. JulAug. 2n =
brown, sometimes lustrous, leathery, prominently reticulate 16.
veined, apex fibrous or subreticulate. Leaves 24, much shorter
than scape, ca. 0.5 mm wide, semiterete, adaxially channeled, Dry stony slopes, cliffs, gravelly saline places along rivers; 700
smooth or scabrous along ribs. Scape 1030 cm, terete, covered 1500 m. SW Nei Mongol (Longshou Shan), NW Xinjiang [Kazakstan,
with leaf sheaths for ca. 1/3 its length. Spathe 2-valved, per- Mongolia, Russia].
sistent; beak 1/31/2 as long as limb. Umbel nearly hemispher- 91. Allium longistylum Baker, J. Bot. 12: 294. 1874.
ic, few flowered. Pedicels unequal, especially in fruit, 23 as
long as perianth, bracteolate. Perianth white to pinkish white or chang zhu jiu
pale red; segments with purple midvein, oblong-lanceolate, Allium hopeiense Nakai; A. jeholense Franchet.
equal, 56.5 1.21.8 mm, apex shortly pointed. Filaments
equal, 1/22/3 as long as perianth segments, connate at base Bulbs usually clustered, cylindric, 0.40.8 cm in diam.;
and adnate to perianth segments for 1/41/3 their length; outer tunic red-brown, lustrous, scarious to subleathery, laciniate.
ones triangular; inner ones ca. 2 as wide as outer at base and Leaves subequaling to slightly longer than scape, 23 mm
abruptly subulate distally. Ovary ovoid, with concave nectaries wide, adaxially channeled. Scape (10)3050 cm, terete,
covered by hoodlike projections at base. Style not exserted. Fl. covered with leaf sheaths only at base. Spathe 3-valved. Umbel
and fr. JulAug. globose, many flowered or sometimes few flowered. Pedicels
13 as long as perianth, bracteolate. Perianth red to purple-
Dry slopes, basins, river shores; 15002500 m. Xinjiang (Tian
red; outer segments oblong, 3.54.5 1.82.3 mm; inner ones
Shan) [Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan].
ovate, 45 22.5 mm. Filaments subulate, equal, ca. 2 as
89. Allium setifolium Schrenk, Enum. Pl. Nov. 1: 6. 1841. long as perianth segments, connate at base and adnate to
si ye jiu perianth segments. Ovary obovoid, with concave nectaries
covered by hoodlike projections at base. Style exserted. Fl. and
Bulbs clustered, narrowly ovoid to ovoid-cylindric, 0.51 fr. AugSep.
cm in diam.; tunic usually 1-valved, pale brown, leathery, entire
Slopes, plains; 15003000 m. Hebei, Nei Mongol (Daqing
or splitting, apex laciniate. Leaves 2 or 3, hairlike, shorter than Shan), Shanxi.
to subequaling scape, 0.20.3 mm wide. Scape 510 cm, terete,
covered with leaf sheaths only at base. Spathe 2-valved, per- 92. Allium alabasicum Y. Z. Zhao, Acta Sci. Nat. Univ. Intra-
sistent; beak very short. Umbel laxly few flowered. Pedicels mongol. 23: 555. 1992.
subequal, 12 as long as perianth, bracteolate. Perianth pale e er duo si jiu
red to red; segments with purple midvein, lanceolate to oblong-
lanceolate, 57 1.21.6 mm, apex obtuse. Filaments subequal, Bulbs clustered, cylindric; tunic brown, fibrous. Leaves
ca. 2/3 as long as perianth segments, connate at base and ad- conspicuously longer than scape, ca. 0.3 mm wide, semiterete
nate to perianth segments for 1/31/2 their length, base triang- or terete. Scape 35 cm, terete, usually 2-angled, covered
ular, free part subulate; inner ones wider than outer. Ovary with leaf sheaths only at base. Spathe 1-valved, persistent.
Umbel usually 4- or 5-flowered. Pedicels subequal, 1.52 as laciniate. Leaves shorter than scape, 1.54 mm wide, terete,
long as perianth, ebracteolate. Perianth purple-red; segments fistulose. Scape 2050 cm, terete, fistulose, covered with leaf
ovate-oblong, 33.5 ca. 2 mm, apex obtuse; inner ones sheaths only at base. Spathe 2-valved, persistent. Umbel glo-
slightly longer than outer. Filaments subequaling perianth bose, densely many flowered. Pedicels subequal, slightly short-
segments, connate at base and adnate to perianth segments; er than to 1.5 as long as perianth, ebracteolate. Perianth yel-
outer ones subulate; inner ones triangular-ovate for ca. 1/4 low to pale yellow; segments ovate-oblong, 56.5 23 mm;
their length. Ovary ovoid-globose, with concave nectaries inner ones slightly longer than outer. Filaments subulate, equal,
covered by hoodlike projections at base. Style not exserted. Fl. 1.32 as long as perianth segments, connate at base and
Aug. adnate to perianth segments. Ovary obovoid, without concave
nectaries at base. Style exserted. Fl. and fr. JulSep. 2n = 16*.
Dry slopes. Nei Mongol (Arbas Shan).
Slopes, plains; 20004500 m. Gansu, W Hubei, E Qinghai, S
93. Allium condensatum Turczaninow, Bull. Soc. Imp. Natur- Shaanxi, Sichuan, SE Xizang, NW Yunnan.
alistes Moscou 27(2): 121. 1854.
96. Allium altaicum Pallas, Reise Russ. Reich. 2: 737. 1773.
huang hua jiu
a er tai cong
Bulb usually solitary, rarely paired, narrowly ovoid-cylin-
dric to subcylindric, 12(2.5) cm in diam.; tunic red-brown, Allium ceratophyllum Besser ex Schultes & J. H. Schultes;
lustrous, thinly leathery, laciniate. Leaves shorter than scape, 1 A. sapidissimum Pallas ex Schultes & J. H. Schultes.
2.5 mm wide, terete to semiterete, fistulose, adaxially channel- Bulb solitary, ovoid-cylindric, 24 cm in diam.; tunic red-
ed. Scape 3080 cm, terete, solid, covered with leaf sheaths brown, thinly leathery or hard and leathery, entire or outer layer
only at base. Spathe 2-valved, persistent. Umbel globose, dense- splitting. Leaves 1/31/2 as long as scape, 0.52 cm wide,
ly many flowered. Pedicels subequal, 24 as long as perianth, terete, fistulose.Scape 40100 cm,terete, fistulose, covered with
ebracteolate. Perianth pale yellow to white; segments ovate- leaf sheaths for 1/41/2 its length. Spathe 2-valved, persistent.
oblong, 45 1.82.2 mm; inner ones slightly longer. Fila - Umbel globose, densely many flowered. Pedicels subequal,
ments subulate, equal, 1/41/2 as long as perianth segments, slightly shorter than to 1.5(2) as long as perianth, stout,
connate at base and adnate to perianth segments. Ovary obo- ebracteolate. Perianth white tinged with yellow; outer segments
void, with concave nectaries covered by hoodlike projections at ovate 69 2.84 mm, apex acute or acuminate; inner ones
base. Style exserted. Fl. and fr. JulSep. 2n = 16*. ovate-oblong, equaling or slightly longer than outer. Filaments
Slopes, meadows; near sea level to 2000 m. Hebei, Heilong- subulate, equal, 1.52 as long as perianth segments, connate
jiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shandong, Shanxi [Korea, Mon- at base and adnate to perianth segments. Ovary obovoid, with
golia, Russia]. narrow, concave nectaries at base. Style exserted. Fl. and fr.
AugSep. 2n = 16*.
94. Allium xichuanense J. M. Xu in F. T. Wang & Tang, Fl.
Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 14: 285. 1980. Slopes, plains. W Heilongjiang, Nei Mongol, N Xinjiang [Kazak-
stan, Mongolia, Russia].
xi chuan jiu
97. Allium fistulosum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 301. 1753.
Bulb solitary, ovoid or narrowly so to ovoid-cylindric,
0.81.2 cm in diam.; tunic pale brown to brown, thinly leathery, cong
splitting. Leaves equaling to slightly longer than scape, 1.54
Bulb solitary or clustered, cylindric, rarely ovoid-
mm wide, semiterete to semiterete-angled, fistulose. Scape
cylindric, 12(4.5) cm in diam.; tunic white, rarely pale red-
(10)2040 cm, terete, covered with leaf sheaths only at base.
brown, membranous to thinly leathery, entire. Leaves
Spathe 2-valved, persistent. Umbel globose, densely many flow-
subequaling scape, 0.51.5 cm wide. Scape 3050(100) cm,
ered. Pedicels equal, 11.5 as long as perianth, ebracteolate.
terete, fistulose, covered with leaf sheaths for ca. 1/3 its length.
Perianth pale yellow to greenish yellow; segments oblong-ellip-
Spathe 2-valved, persistent. Umbel globose, many flowered.
tic to oblong-ovate, 56 22.5(3) mm; inner ones sometimes
Pedicels subequal, slender, 13 as long as perianth,
slightly longer than outer. Filaments equal, equaling to 1.3 as
ebracteolate. Perianth white; segments ovate, 68.5 2.53
long as perianth segments, connate at base and adnate to peri-
mm, apex acuminate, with a reflexed point; inner ones slightly
anth segments. Ovary ovoid-globose, with concave nectaries
longer than outer. Filaments equal, 1.52 as long as perianth
covered by short, hoodlike projections at base. Style exserted.
segments, connate at base and adnate to perianth segments.
Fl. and fr. AugOct.
Ovary obovoid, with inconspicuous nectaries at base. Style
Slopes, meadows; 31004400 m. W Sichuan, NW Yunnan. exserted. Fl. and fr. AprAug. 2n = 16*.
95. Allium chrysanthum Regel, Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Cultivated as a vegetable since ancient times [possibly native to
Bot. Sada 3(2): 91. 1875. W China, but no wild plants have been collected; widely cultivated
elsewhere].
ye cong
98. Allium cepa Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 300. 1753.
Bulb cylindric to narrowly ovoid-cylindric, 0.51(1.5)
cm in diam.; tunic red-brown to brown, thinly leathery, usually yang cong
 Bulb solitary or clustered, applanate-globose to cylindric- Bulbs clustered, narrowly ovoid or cylindric-ovoid. Scape
ovoid; tunic purple-red, brown-red, pale brown-red, or yellow not developed (plants propagated by bulbs). 2n = 16.
to pale yellow, papery to thinly leathery, entire. Leaves shorter
Cultivated as a vegetable. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi,
than scape, 0.52 cm wide, terete, fistulose. Scape developed or
Hainan, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Zhejiang [widely cultivated
not, if developed then to 1 m, terete, conspicuously inflated be- elsewhere].
low middle, fistulose, covered with leaf sheaths only at base.
Spathe 2- or 3-valved, persistent. Umbel globose, densely many The name Allium ascalonicum Linnaeus (Fl. Palaest. 17. 1756)
flowered or with bulblets and a few flowers. Pedicels equal, ca. has been persistently applied to this variety, although the type of A.
5 as long as perianth, bracteolate. Perianth chalk white or ascalonicum belongs to a SW Asian species currently known as A.
hierochuntinum Boissier (1882). Allium ascalonicum could be rejected
white; segments with green or pale red midvein, oblong-ovate,
to prevent the displacement of A. hierochuntinum for the SW Asian
45 ca. 2 mm. Filaments equal, slightly longer than perianth species, or it could be conserved with a conserved type to permit its
segments, connate at base for ca. 1/5 their length, adnate to traditional usage as well as to protect A. hierochuntinum. Article 57 of
perianth segments for 1/2 of connate part; outer ones subulate; the ICBN would prevent any nomenclatural disruption for the time
inner ones broadened at base, 1-toothed on each side. Ovary being.
subglobose, with concave nectaries covered by hoodlike projec-
99. Allium cepiforme G. Don, Mem. Wern. Nat. Hist. Soc. 6:
tions at base. Style slightly exserted. Fl. and fr. MayJul. 2n =
31. 1827
16*, 32.
Cultivated as a vegetable. Throughout China [widely cultivated xiang cong
elsewhere].
Allium ascalonicum Linnaeus var. chinense Kunth.
1a. Bulbs clustered; scape not developed (plants
propagated by bulbs) ........................ 98c. var. aggregatum Bulb ovoid-globose to ovoid; tunic red-brown to yellowish
1b. Bulb solitary; scape developed (plants propagated brown, scarious, entire. Leaves deep green, narrower than
by seeds or bulblets). those of Allium cepa and A. fistulosum, terete, fistulose. Scape
2a. Umbel without bulblets; perianth chalk usually not developed (plants propagated by bulbs), if devel-
white, segments with green midvein ... 98a. var. cepa oped then fistulose, inflated. Spathe 2- or 3(or 4)-valved. Umbel
2b. Umbel with bulblets; perianth white, globose. Pedicels slender, longer than perianth. Perianth white;
segments with pale red midvein segments with green midvein, oblong, apex obtuse, sometimes
...................................................... 98b. var. proliferum with reflexed point. Filaments subulate, subequal, ca. 2 as
long as perianth segments. 2n = 16.
98a. Allium cepa var. cepa
Cultivated. Mostly in E China, also Xinjiang [widely cultivated
() yang cong (yuan bian zhong) elsewhere].

Bulb solitary, applanate globose to subglobose. Scape de- Allium cepiforme originated in cultivation, probably as a result of
veloped. Umbel without bulblets. Perianth chalk white; seg- hybridization between A. cepa and A. fistulosum.
ments with green midvein. Fl. and fr. MayJul. 2n = 16*, 32. 100. Allium galanthum Karelin & Kirilov, Bull. Soc. Imp.
Cultivated as a vegetable. Throughout China [widely cultivated Naturalistes Moscou 15: 508. 1842.
elsewhere]. shi ting cong
98b. Allium cepa var. proliferum (Moench) Regel, Trudy Imp. Allium pseudocepa Schrenk.
S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 3(2): 93. 1875.
Bulbs clustered, cylindric, slightly inflated at base, 1.53
lou zi cong cm in diam.; tunic brown-red, lustrous, thinly leathery, entire.
Leaves 1/22/3 as long as scape, 310 mm wide, terete, fistu-
Cepa prolifera Moench, Methodus, 244. 1794; Allium
lose. Scape (20)30 60 cm, terete, solid, covered with leaf
proliferum (Moench) Schrader ex Willdenow.
sheaths only at base. Spathe 2-valved, persistent. Umbel glo-
Bulb solitary, ovoid to oblong-ovoid. Scape developed. bose, densely many flowered. Pedicels equal, 24 as long as
Umbel with many bulblets and few flowers, bulblets leafing on perianth, bracteolate. Perianth white; segments oblong to ovate-
umbel. Perianth white; segments with pale red midvein. oblong, 3.25 1.82.2 mm; outer ones slightly shorter than or
equaling inner. Filaments slightly longer than perianth seg-
Cultivated as a vegetable. Gansu, Hebei, Henan, Ningxia,
ments, rarely slightly shorter, connate at base for 11.3 mm,
Shaanxi, Sichuan [widely cultivated elsewhere].
adnate to perianth segments for ca. 1/2 of connate part; outer
The Chinese name (hong cong) was given to this variety in ones subulate; inner ones broadened at base, 1-toothed on each
FRPS. However, this name was also used for Eleutherine plicata side, rarely teeth inconspicuous. Ovary conical, with concave
Herbert in the Iridaceae. nectaries covered by hoodlike projections at base. Style not ex-
98c. Allium cepa var. aggregatum G. Don, Mem. Wern. Nat. serted. Fl. and fr. AugOct. 2n = 16.
Hist. Soc. 6: 27. 1827. Dry stony and gravelly slopes, cliffs, valleys; 5001500 m. N
huo cong Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Mongolia, Russia].
101. Allium semenovii Regel in Regel & Herder, Bull. Soc.
Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 41(1): 449. 1868. later becoming yellowish white to grayish
pink .......................................... 102a. var. atrosanguineum
guan si cong
1b. Perianth whitish yellow to pink with yellowish
Allium tristylum Regel. base and later becoming yellowish white, or brass
yellow to copper red, lustrous, and later becoming
Bulb solitary or clustered, cylindric, 0.51.5 cm in diam.;
pale yellow with pinkish base and apex.
tunic dirty brown to dark gray, fibrous, usually subreticulate.
2a. Perianth whitish yellow to pink with
Leaves broadly linear, often falcate, usually longer than scape,
yellowish base, later becoming
rarely shorter, 515 mm wide, often plicate. Scape 825(50)
yellowish white, segments attenuate
cm, terete, covered with leaf sheaths for ca. 1/3 its length.
at apex ............................ 102b. var. fedschenkoanum
Spathe 2-valved, persistent. Umbel ovoid-globose to globose,
2b. Perianth brass yellow to copper red,
densely many flowered. Pedicels unequal; outer ones much
lustrous, later becoming pale yellow
shorter than perianth; inner ones subequaling or slightly longer
with pinkish base and apex, segments
than perianth, ebracteolate. Perianth yellow, becoming red to
rounded at apex ........................... 102c. var. tibeticum
purple-red; segments lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 1017 3
5 mm, margin sometimes irregularly denticulate, apex acu- 102a. Allium atrosanguineum var. atrosanguineum
minate; inner ones slightly shorter than outer. Filaments 1/41/3 () lan bao cong (yuan bian zhong)
as long as perianth segments, connate for 3/54/5 their length,
adnate to perianth segments for 1/31/2 of connate part; inner Allium monadelphum Turczaninow ex Karelin & Kirilov.
ones broadened at base, 1-toothed on each side. Ovary subglo- Perianth purple-red, minutely black dotted, later becoming
bose, with concave nectaries covered by hoodlike projections at yellowish white to grayish pink; segments oblong-obovate, ob-
base. Style shorter than ovary; stigma 3-cleft. Fl. and fr. May long, or oblong-lanceolate, 79 mm, apex subacute, never at-
Aug. tenuate. Fl. Jun. 2n = 16.
Forest margins, damp slopes, meadows; 20003000 m. Xinjiang Meadows, streamsides; 25003000 m. Qinghai, W Sichuan, Xin-
(Tian Shan) [Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan]. jiang (Tarbagatay Shan, Tian Shan) [NE Afghanistan, Kazakstan, Kyr-
The specific epithet was misspelled as semenori in the proto- gyzstan, Mongolia, Russia, Tajikistan].
logue.
102b. Allium atrosanguineum var. fedschenkoanum (Regel)
102. Allium atrosanguineum Schrenk, Bull. Sci. Acad. Imp. G. Zhu & Turland, Novon 10: 181. 2000.
Sci. Saint-Ptersbourg 10: 355. 1842.
fei cong
lan bao cong
Allium fedschenkoanum Regel, Trudy Imp. S.-Peter-
Bulb solitary or clustered, cylindric, 0.51 cm in diam.;
burgsk. Bot. Sada 3(2): 82. 1875; A. fedschenkoanum var. ela-
tunic grayish brown, laciniate, slightly fibrous. Leaves shorter
tum Regel; A. kaufmannii Regel; A. monadelphum var. fed-
than to subequaling scape, 24 mm wide, terete, fistulose.
schenkoanum (Regel) Regel; A. monadelphum var. kaufmannii
Scape 760 cm, terete, covered with leaf sheaths only at base.
(Regel) Regel.
Spathe 2-valved, blue, persistent. Umbel globose, densely many
flowered. Pedicels unequal; outer ones usually shorter than Perianth whitish yellow to pink with yellowish base, later
perianth; inner ones usually longer than perianth, ebracteolate. becoming yellowish white; segments oblong-lanceolate, 1015
Perianth purple-red, minutely black dotted, and later becoming mm, margin sometimes minutely denticulate, apex attenuate.
yellowish white to grayish pink, or else whitish yellow to pink Fl. JunJul. 2n = 16.
with yellowish base and later becoming yellowish white, or else
Meadows, high mountain bogs, streamsides; 24003500 m. Xin-
brass yellow to copper red, lustrous, and later becoming pale
jiang (Tian Shan), NW Xizang [Afghanistan, India, Kazakstan, Kyr-
yellow with pinkish base and apex; segments oblong-obovate, gyzstan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan].
oblong, or oblong-lanceolate, 716 34 mm, margin some-
times minutely denticulate, apex rounded, subacute, or attenu- 102c. Allium atrosanguineum var. tibeticum (Regel) G. Zhu
ate; inner ones slightly shorter than or rarely equaling outer. & Turland, Novon 10: 182. 2000.
Filaments 5.58 mm, shorter than perianth segments, connate
zang cong
into a tube for 1/33/4 their length, adnate to perianth segments
for 1/22/3 of connate part; outer ones subulate; inner ones Allium monadelphum var. tibeticum Regel, Trudy Imp. S.-
triangular or shoulder-shaped at base. Ovary obovoid, base us- Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 10: 311. 1887; A. chalcophengos Airy
ually constricted into a short stipe, with concave nectaries. Style Shaw.
3.57 mm; stigma entire or 3-cleft. Fl. and fr. JunSep. 2n = 16,
32. Perianth brass yellow to copper red, lustrous, later becom-
ing pale yellow with pinkish base and apex; segments oblong-
Meadows, high mountain bogs, streamsides, moist places; 2400
obovate, 1016 mm, apex rounded. Fl. JulAug.
5400 m. Gansu, Qinghai, W Sichuan, Xinjiang, E and NW Xizang, NW
Yunnan [Afghanistan, India, Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Meadows, moist places; 35005400 m. Gansu, Qinghai, W Si-
Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan]. chuan, E Xizang, NW Yunnan.
1a. Perianth purple-red, minutely black dotted, 103. Allium schoenoprasum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 301. 1753.
 bei cong pink; segments with darker midvein, oblong, 56 11.5 mm,
apex acute. Filaments subequal, slightly shorter than perianth
Bulbs usually clustered, ovoid-cylindric, 0.51 cm in segments, connate at base and adnate to perianth segments.
diam.; tunic grayish brown or tinged with yellow, papery, laci- Style slightly exserted. Fl. and fr. JunJul.
niate, sometimes fibrous at apex. Leaves 1 or 2, slightly shorter
than scape, 26 mm wide, terete, fistulose, smooth or scabrous- Saline meadows, lake shores, along rivers; near sea level to 2000
denticulate. Scape 1040(60) cm, terete, covered with leaf m. N Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Mongolia, Russia].
sheaths for 1/31/2 its length, smooth or scabrous-denticulate. 105. Allium maximowiczii Regel, Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk.
Spathe 2-valved, purple-red, persistent. Umbel subglobose, Bot. Sada 3(2): 153. 1875.
densely many flowered. Pedicels usually unequal, shorter than
perianth, ebracteolate. Perianth purple-red to pale red; segments ma cong
lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate to oblong, equal, 711(17) Allium schoenoprasum Linnaeus var. orientale Regel.
34 mm, apex acute or acuminate. Filaments 1/31/2(2/3) as
long as perianth segments, connate at base and adnate to peri- Bulb usually solitary or paired, rarely clustered, tunic gray
anth segments for 11.5 mm; inner ones with triangular base, or yellowish brown, papery, subentire. Leaves 1 or 2, shorter
ca. 1/2 as wide as outer. Ovary subglobose, with concave nec- than scape, semiterete to terete, fistulose, smooth. Scape 20
taries at base. Style not exserted. Fl. and fr. JulSep. 40(70) cm, covered with leaf sheaths for 1/31/2 its length,
smooth. Spathe 2-valved, persistent; beak short. Umbel hemi-
Meadows, valleys, damp slopes, along streams; 20003000 m.
spheric, densely many flowered. Pedicels 23 as long as peri-
Xinjiang [India, Japan, Kazakstan, Korea, Mongolia, Pakistan, Russia;
SW Asia, Europe, North America]. anth, ebracteolate. Perianth rose pink or dark pink; segments
with red, fine midvein, oblong-lanceolate, 57 mm, apex acute.
1a. Leaves, leaf sheaths, and scape Filaments subequal, slightly shorter than or equaling perianth
smooth ....................................... 103a. var. schoenoprasum segments, connate at base and adnate to perianth segments; out-
1b. Leaves, leaf sheaths, and scape scabrous- er ones subulate; inner ones narrowly triangular, ca. 2 as wide
denticulate along angles ............... 103b. var. scaberrimum as outer ones at base. Ovary globose. Style exserted. Fl. Jul. 2n
= 16.
103a. Allium schoenoprasum var. schoenoprasum
Meadows, riversides; 100500 m. Heilongjiang, Jilin, Nei Mongol
() bei cong (yuan bian zhong) [Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia].
Allium raddeanum Regel; Allium sibiricum Linnaeus. 106. Allium ledebourianum Schultes & J. H. Schultes in
Roemer & Schultes, Syst. Veg. 7: 1029. 1830.
Leaves, leaf sheaths, and scape smooth. Fl. and fr. Jul
Sep. 2n = 16, 24, 32. ying pi cong
Meadows, valleys, damp slopes; 20003000 m. N Xinjiang (Altay Allium uliginosum Ledebour, Fl. Altaic. 2: 16. 1830, not
Shan) [India, Japan, Kazakstan, Korea, Mongolia, Pakistan, Russia; SW G. Don (1827).
Asia, Europe, North America].
Bulbs clustered, narrowly ovoid-cylindric, 0.82 cm in
103b. Allium schoenoprasum var. scaberrimum Regel, Trudy diam.; tunic grayish violet to grayish black, membranous to
Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 3(2): 80. 1875. scarious, entire, quickly withered. Leaves 1 or 2, shorter than
cao ting bei cong scape, 57(10) mm wide, terete, fistulose. Scape 7080(100)
cm, terete, covered with leaf sheaths for 1/31/2 its length.
Allium karelinii Poljakov; A. scabrellumBoissier & Buhse. Spathe 2-valved, persistent. Umbel hemispheric, densely many
Leaves, leaf sheaths, and scape scabrous-denticulate along flowered. Pedicels subequal, 1.5 3 as long as perianth, ebrac-
angles. Fl. Aug. teolate. Perianth pale purple; segments ovate-lanceolate to lan-
ceolate, equal, 68(10) 1.52 mm; inner ones with purple
Meadows, along streams; 20002500 m. Xinjiang (Altay Shan, midvein, sometimes slightly longer than outer ones, apex acute,
Tarbagatay Shan, Tian Shan) [Kazakstan, Mongolia, Russia]. shortly pointed. Filaments subequal, longer than perianth seg-
104. Allium oliganthum Karelin & Kirilov, Bull. Soc. Imp. ments, connate at base and adnate to perianth segments for ca. 1
Naturalistes Moscou 14: 856. 1841. mm; outer ones subulate; inner ones narrowly triangular, ca. 2
as wide as outer ones at base; anthers purple-red. Ovary ovoid-
shao hua cong globose, with concave nectaries at base. Style exserted. Fl. and
Allium stenophyllum Schrenk. fr. JunSep. 2n = 16.

Bulbs clustered, ovoid, ca. 1 cm in diam.; tunic light Mountains, moist meadows, river banks, gravelly and sandy
brown or violet-brown, membranous to scarious, splitting into places; 1001800 m. Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, N
Xinjiang (Altay Shan) [Kazakstan, Mongolia, Russia].
fibers. Leaves 1 or 2, shorter than scape, 12 mm wide, semi-
terete, adaxially channeled. Scape 815(35) cm, terete, cov- 107. Allium grisellum J. M. Xu in F. T. Wang & Tang, Fl.
ered with leaf sheaths for 1/31/2 its length. Spathe persistent; Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 14: 286. 1980.
beak short. Umbel hemispheric to globose, many flowered. Ped-
hui pi xie
icels subequal, 23 as long as perianth, ebracteolate. Perianth
 Bulbs clustered, narrowly ovoid, 0.71 cm in diam.; tunic shaped projections at base. Style exserted. Fl. and fr. AugSep.
black-gray, papery, apex fibrous. Leaves subequaling scape, 1 Shady and damp slopes, valleys; 13002000 m. Gansu, WC
1.5 mm wide, adaxially channeled. Scape 1120 cm, terete, Hebei (Xiaowutai Shan), W Nei Mongol (Helan Shan), E and N Ning-
covered with leaf sheaths only at base. Spathe 1-valved, persis- xia (Helan Shan, Yanchi Xian), Qinghai (Jigzhi Xian), N Shaanxi
tent. Umbel few flowered. Pedicels equal, slightly longer than (Jingbian Xian), W Shanxi (Wuzhai Xian, Zhongyang Xian).
perianth, ebracteolate. Perianth white, slightly tinged with red;
110. Allium sacculiferum Maximowicz, Mm. Acad. Imp. Sci.
segments with purple midvein, oblong, 5.56 ca. 2 mm, apex
St.-Ptersbourg Divers Savans 9: 281. 1859.
with a short, slightly reflexed point. Filaments equal, 2/33/4 as
long as perianth segments, connate and adnate to perianth seg- chao xian xie
ments for ca. 1 mm, base broadly triangular, free part subulate; Allium komarovianum Vvedensky; A. pseudojaponicum
inner ones 1/2 as wide as outer. Ovary ovoid, without concave Makino; A. yuchuanii Y. Z. Zhao & J. Y. Chao.
nectaries at base, apex slightly constricted. Style not exserted.
Fl. Jun. Bulb solitary or often paired, cylindric or ovoid-cylindric,
0.71.5(2) cm in diam.; outer tunic dark brown to brownish
Meadows; ca. 300 m. C Xinjiang (Toksun Xian).
black, thinly leathery, split into fibers and subreticulate, rarely
108. Allium chinense G. Don, Mem. Wern. Nat. Hist. Soc. 6: subentire. Leaves 35(7), linear, shorter than scape, (2)34
83. 1827. (5) mm wide, rarely subfistulose near base, keeled to nearly 3-
angled, margin smooth, apex subattenuate. Scape 3060(70)
jiao tou
cm, terete, covered with leaf sheaths for 1/41/2 its length.
Allium bakeri Regel; A. bodinieri H. Lveill & Vaniot; A. Spathe 1- or 2-valved, persistent; beak ca. 1/2 as long as limb.
martini H. Lveill & Vaniot; Caloscordum exsertum Lindley. Umbel globose, densely many flowered. Pedicels 1.53 as
long as perianth, bracteolate. Perianth lilac-pink to red-violet;
Bulbs clustered, narrowly ovoid, (0.5)11.5(2) cm in segments with dark red or purple midvein; outer ones elliptic,
diam.; tunic white, sometimes tinged with red, membranous, boat-shaped, 44.5 ca. 2 mm, apex obtuse; inner ones elliptic,
entire. Leaves subequaling scape, 13 mm wide, 35-angled, 4.55(5.5) 22.5 mm, apex truncate. Filaments equal, ca. 1.5
fistulose. Scape lateral, 2040 cm, terete, covered with leaf as long as perianth segments, connate at base and adnate to
sheaths only at base. Spathe 2-valved, persistent. Umbel nearly perianth segments. Ovary obovoid-globose. Style long exserted.
hemispheric, laxly flowered. Pedicels subequal, 24 as long Fl. AugSep. 2n = 16.
as perianth, bracteolate. Perianth pale purple to dull purple; seg-
Meadows, riversides, lakesides; 100500 m. Heilongjiang, Jilin,
ments broadly elliptic to suborbicular, 46 34 mm; inner
Liaoning, NE Nei Mongol [N Japan, Korea, Russia].
ones slightly longer than outer. Filaments equal, ca. 1.5 as
long as perianth segments, connate at base and adnate to peri- 111. Allium thunbergii G. Don, Mem. Wern. Nat. Hist. Soc. 6:
anth segments; outer ones subulate; inner ones broadened at 84. 1827.
base, 1-toothed on each side. Ovary obovoid-globose, with con- qiu xu xie
cave nectaries covered by hoodlike projections at base. Style
exserted. Fl. and fr. OctNov. 2n = 24*, 32*. Allium odorum Thunberg, Fl. Jap. 132. 1784, not Linnaeus
(1767); A. bakeri Regel var. morrisonense (Hayata) Tang S. Liu
Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Henan,
Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Zhejiang. & S. S. Ying; A. japonicum Regel; A. morrisonense Hayata; A.
taquetii H. Lveill.
Cultivated as a vegetable in tropical and subtropical China.
Bulb solitary, rarely paired, ovoid to ovoid-cylindric, 12
109. Allium yanchiense J. M. Xu in F. T. Wang & Tang, Fl.
cm in diam.; outer tunic whitish black-brown to dirty black,
Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 14: 286. 1980.
membranous to scarious or subpapery, apex sometimes
bai hua xie laciniate to fibrous. Leaves linear, longer than scape, 24 mm
wide, 3-angled, subfistulose, margin smooth, apex attenuate.
Bulb solitary or clustered, narrowly ovoid, 12 cm in
Scape 2540(50) cm, covered with leaf sheaths for 1/41/3 its
diam.; tunic dirty gray, papery, apex fibrous. Leaves shorter
length. Spathe 1- or 2-valved, persistent; beak short. Umbel
than scape, 12 mm wide, semiterete, fistulose, smooth or mi-
subfascicled to globose, laxly many flowered. Pedicels
nutely scabrous-denticulate along angles. Scape terminal, 20
subequal, 34 as long as perianth, bracteolate. Perianth red to
40 cm, terete, smooth or minutely scabrous-denticulate, covered
purple; segments with dark midvein, ovate-elliptic, 56 2.5
with leaf sheaths only at base. Spathe 2-valved, persistent. Um-
3.5 mm, apex obtuse; outer ones boat-shaped, shorter than
bel globose, densely many flowered. Pedicels 12 as long as
inner. Filaments subulate, ca. 1.5 as long as perianth
perianth, bracteolate. Perianth white to pale red, sometimes
segments, connate at base and adnate to perianth segments;
greenish; segments usually with pale red midvein; outer ones
inner ones sometimes with 1 very small tooth on each side.
oblong-ovate, 45.2 1.82.7 mm, apex obtuse; inner ones
Ovary subglobose. Style long exserted. Fl AugOct. 2n = 16*,
oblong to ovate-oblong, 46 22.9 mm, apex obtuse or
32.
retuse, sometimes irregularly denticulate. Filaments subulate,
equal, 1/51/2 as long as perianth segments, connate at base Forest margins, slopes, pastures; near sea level to 1300 m. Hebei,
and adnate to perianth segments. Ovary ovoid-globose, with Heilongjiang, Henan, E Hubei, Jiangsu, Jilin, Liaoning, E Nei Mongol,
concave nectaries covered by hoodlike or sometimes tongue- S Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Taiwan [Japan, Korea].
112. Allium songpanicum J. M. Xu in F. T. Wang & Tang, Fl. Dry slopes, sandy places, plains; 20003500 m. Gansu, Qinghai,
Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 14: 286. 1980. Xizang (Lholong Xian).

song pan xie 115. Allium eusperma Airy Shaw, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard.
Edinburgh 16: 137. 1931.
Bulb solitary or clustered, ovoid to narrowly so, 0.51.5
cm in diam.; tunic dirty brown, papery, apex fibrous. Leaves zhen zi xie
narrowly linear, slightly longer than scape, 1.53 mm wide.
Scape 1220 cm, slender, terete, finely angled, covered with Bulb solitary, ovoid-globose, 12 cm in diam.; tunic yel-
leaf sheaths only at base. Spathe 2-valved, persistent. Umbel low-brown to grayish brown, usually tinged with red, mem-
few flowered. Pedicels unequal, 35 as long as perianth, branous to papery, entire or fibrous at apex. Leaves 3/4 as long
ebracteolate. Perianth purple-red; segments subequal; outer as to slightly longer than scape, (0.5)1.53 mm wide, semi-
ones ovate-oblong, 44.5 1.92.5 mm; inner ones ovate to terete, fistulose, smooth. Scape 2050 cm, terete, covered with
broadly so, 44.5 2.32.9 mm. Filaments equal, ca. 2 as leaf sheaths for ca. 1/2 its length. Spathe 2-valved, persistent.
long as perianth segments, connate at base and adnate to peri- Umbel hemispheric to globose, densely many flowered. Pedi-
anth segments; outer ones subulate; inner ones broadened at cels subequal, 23 as long as perianth, ebracteolate, rarely a
base, 1-toothed on each side, teeth 2.22.5 mm, irregularly den- few bracteolate. Perianth pink to pale purple-red; segments
ticulate at apex. Ovary obovoid, with concave nectaries covered ovate-oblong to ovate-lanceolate, 45 11.5 mm. Filaments
by hoodlike projections at base. Style exserted. Fl. and fr. Oct equal, 1.31.5 as long as perianth segments, connate at base
Nov. and adnate to perianth segments; inner ones slightly longer than
outer, base narrowly triangular, sometimes with 1 short tooth on
Forest, scrub; 16001700 m. N Sichuan (Nanping Xian, Song-
each side. Ovary subglobose, with concave nectaries at base.
pan Xian).
Style exserted. Fl. and fr. AugSep.
113. Allium juldusicola Regel, Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot.
Forest margins, slopes; 20002800 m. W Sichuan (Srx Xian,
Sada 6: 523. 1880.
Xiangcheng Xian), NW Yunnan (Dqn Xian).
you er du si xie 116. Allium maowenense J. M. Xu in J. M. Xu et al., Acta
Phytotax. Sin. 32: 356. 1994.
Bulb solitary, ovoid, 1.5 cm in diam.; tunic delicately re-
mao wen xie
ticulate. Leaves narrowly linear, flat, solid, margin scabrous-
denticulate. Scape 2030 cm, terete, smooth, covered with leaf Bulb solitary or clustered, ovoid to narrowly so, 12 cm in
sheaths only at base. Spathe 1-valved; beak short. Umbel glo- diam.; tunic pale brown, thinly leathery, apex subfibrous.
bose, densely many flowered. Pedicels subequaling perianth, Leaves shorter than scape, 25 mm wide, semiterete, fistulose,
bracteolate. Perianth white; segments oblong-lanceolate, 34 adaxially channeled, smooth. Scape 1630(60) cm, terete,
ca. 1.5 mm, apex subacute. Filaments linear-subulate, slightly covered with leaf sheaths only at base. Spathe 1-valved,
shorter or longer than perianth segments, connate at base and deciduous. Umbel globose, densely many flowered. Pedicels
adnate to perianth segments. Ovary applanate-globose, without equal, ca. 2 as long as perianth, ebracteolate. Perianth white;
concave nectaries at base.Style very short, not exserted. Fr. Sep. segments with greenish or pale red midvein; outer ones
narrowly ovate, boat-shaped, 35 1.52 mm; inner ones
High plains, steppes. W Xinjiang (Youerdusi).
ovate, 45.5 23 mm. Filaments subulate, equal, ca. 2 as
Only fruiting type material has been seen by the present authors. long as perianth segments, connate at base and adnate to
perianth segments. Ovary green, subglobose, with concave
114. Allium tanguticum Regel, Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk.
nectaries covered by short, hoodlike projections at base. Style
Bot. Sada 10: 317. 1887.
exserted; stigma punctiform. Fl. and fr. SepNov. 2n = 16*.
tang gu xie Dry slopes; 11001500 m. NC Sichuan (Mao Xian, Wenchuan
Xian).
Bulb solitary, ovoid to ovoid-globose, 11.5 cm in diam.;
tunic grayish brown to grayish yellow, papery, usually fibrous 117. Allium sabulosum Steven ex Bunge in Goebel, Reise
at apex. Leaves linear, shorter than scape, 13(4) mm wide, Steppen Russl. 2: 311. 1838.
flat, adaxially channeled, scabrous-denticulate along angles.
sha di xie
Scape 1540 cm or more, terete, covered with leaf sheaths only
at base. Spathe 2-valved, persistent. Umbel hemispheric, dense- Bulb solitary, cylindric ovoid to ovoid, 1.52 cm in diam.,
ly many flowered. Pedicels subequal, 23 as long as perianth, with pale brown, sometimes yellowish brown, irregularly tuber-
bracteolate. Perianth purple to purple-red; segments narrowly culate-pitted bulbels; tunic grayish to pale brown, leathery, with
lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, (3)45 11.8 mm, apex acu- parallel veins, usually splitting along veins. Leaves shorter than
minate. Filaments equal, 1.5(2) as long as perianth scape, 12 mm wide, semiterete, fistulose, adaxially channel-
segments, connate at base and adnate to perianth segments; ed, smooth, rarely scabrous-denticulate. Scape 2060 cm,
inner ones narrowly triangular at base, distinctly wider than stout, fistulose, covered with leaf sheaths for ca. 1/4 its length.
outer. Ovary subglobose, with concave nectaries at base. Style Spathe quickly deciduous; beak long. Umbel hemispheric to
slightly exserted. Fl. and fr. JulSep. 2n = 32*, 48*. globose, densely many flowered. Pedicels 35 as long as
perianth, bracteolate. Perianth greenish; segments with green xiao shan xie
midvein in fruit, elliptic, equal, ca. 3 mm; outer ones boat-
Allium albertii Regel; A. caricifolium Karelin & Kirilov;
shaped; inner ones retuse at apex. Filaments subulate, equal,
A. lepidum Ledebour; A. semiretschenskianum Regel; A. tenue
slightly longer than perianth segments, connate at base and
G. Don.
adnate to perianth segments. Ovary globose, with very small
nectaries. Style exserted. Fl. and fr. MayJun. 2n = 16. Bulb solitary, ovoid-globose to subglobose, 0.71.5(2)
cm in diam.; tunic grayish white to pinkish white, membranous,
Sandy places. W Xinjiang (Huocheng Xian) [Kazakstan, Kyrgyz-
stan, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan]. transparent, with parallel veins, entire. Leaves 35, shorter than
scape, 0.51.5(2.5) mm wide, semiterete, adaxially channeled.
118. Allium delicatulum Sievers ex Schultes & J. H. Schultes Scape 1530 cm, terete, covered with leaf sheaths for 1/41/2
in Roemer & Schultes, Syst. Veg. 7: 1133. 1830. its length. Spathe 2-valved, persistent. Umbel hemispheric to
mi ren xie globose, laxly or densely many flowered. Pedicels subequal, 2
4 as long as perianth, ebracteolate or a few bracteolate. Peri-
Allium dolonkarense Regel; A. willdenowii Kunth. anth pale red to pale purple; segments lanceolate to oblong
lanceolate, equal, 24 0.81.8 mm; inner ones usually nar-
Bulb solitary, ovoid-globose, 0.81.5 cm in diam., some-
rower than outer. Filaments 11.5 as long as perianth seg-
times with yellowish white, smooth bulbels; tunic gray to
ments, connate at base and adnate to perianth segments; outer
nearly black, membranous to papery. Leaves 2 or 3, shorter
ones subulate; inner ones broadened at base, sometimes 1-
than scape, 0.51.5 mm wide, semiterete, adaxially channeled,
toothed on each side. Ovary subglobose, minutely tuberculate,
smooth, rarely scabrous-denticulate. Scape 1525 cm, terete,
with concave nectaries at base. Style slightly exserted; stigma
covered with leaf sheaths for 1/31/2 its length. Spathe 2-
globose. Fl. and fr. AprJul. 2n = 16.
valved, persistent; beak short or long, rarely to 3 as long as
limb. Umbel fascicled to subglobose, few or many flowered. Deserts, dry slopes; 6002300 m. N Xinjiang (Altay Shan,
Pedicels subequal, 23(4) as long as perianth, bracteolate, Tarbagatay Shan) [Kazakstan, Mongolia, Russia].
rarely ebracteolate. Perianth white to red; segments with purple- One of us (Kamelin) believes that plants with bracteolate pedicels
red midvein, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, equal, (3)46 represent another species, Allium semiretschenskianum Regel (Trudy
1.52 mm, apex obtuse to subacute; inner ones somewhat Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 5: 630. 1878), and limits A. pallasii to
wider than outer. Filaments triangular-subulate, 3/4 as long as plants with ebracteolate pedicels. Allium albertii Regel (loc. cit.: 632)
to subequaling perianth segments, connate at base and adnate to was described from plants collected on sands in W Xinjiang between
perianth segments for ca. 1/5 their length; inner ones ca. 1.5 Huocheng Xian and Ili He, and is regarded by Kamelin as an uncertain
species, similar to A. semiretschenskianum, but only 2030 cm high,
as wide as outer at base. Ovary ovoid-globose, minutely with a membranous and finely reticulate-veined tunic, and ebracteolate
tuberculate. Style short, but elongate after anthesis, scarcely pedicels. Xu believes that both A. albertii and A. semiretschenskianum
exserted; stigma punctiform. Fl. and fr. JunJul. are synonymous with A. pallasii, and notes that other species exhibit
Pastures, dry slopes, deserts, sands and saline places. N Xinjiang both bracteolate and ebracteolate pedicels, e.g., A. eusperma and A.
[Kazakstan, Russia]. sairamense.

119. Allium glomeratum Prokhanov, Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada 121. Allium macrostemon Bunge, Enum. Pl. China Bor. 65.
SSSR 29: 560. 1930. 1833.

tou hua xie xie bai

Bulb solitary, ovoid -globose, 0.81.5(2) cm in diam.; Allium chanetii H. Lveill; A. grayi Regel; A. grayi var.
tunic gray to grayish yellow, membranous to papery, subentire chanetii (H. Lveill) H. Lveill; A. iatasen H. Lveill; A.
to slightly fibrous. Leaves 2 or 3, narrowly linear, shorter than nereidum Hance; A. nipponicum Franchet & Savatier; A. ouen-
scape, 0.51.5 mm wide, adaxially channeled, scabrous-den- sanense Nakai; A. uratense Franchet.
ticulate along angles. Scape 630 cm, terete, covered with leaf
Bulb solitary, subglobose, 0.71.5(2) cm in diam., usual-
sheaths for ca. 1/3 its length. Spathe 2-valved, persistent; beak
ly with bulbels at base; tunic blackish, papery or membranous,
short. Umbel hemispheric to globose, densely many flowered.
entire. Leaves shorter than scape, 25 mm wide, semiterete or
Pedicels subequal, equaling to slightly longer than perianth,
3-angled-semiterete,abaxially strongly 1-angled, fistulose, adax-
bracteolate. Perianth pale purple; segments ovate-lanceolate, 4
ially channeled. Scape 3070 cm, terete, covered with leaf
6 1.52 mm, apex acute; inner ones slightly narrower than
sheaths for 1/41/3 its length. Spathe 2-valved, persistent. Um-
outer. Filaments equal, slightly shorter than to subequaling peri-
bel hemispheric to globose, densely many flowered, bearing
anth segments, connate and adnate to perianth segments, base
bulblets and flowers or bulblets only. Pedicels subequal, 35
narrowly triangular, free part subulate. Ovary globose, without
as long as perianth, bracteolate. Perianth pale purple to pale red;
concave nectaries at base. Style exserted. Fl. and fr. JulAug.
segments oblong-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, equal, 45.5
Slopes, valleys; 15003000 m. Xinjiang (Kunlun Shan, Tian 1.22 mm; inner ones usually shorter than outer. Filaments
Shan) [Kyrgyzstan]. equal, 1/2 as long as to slightly shorter than perianth segments,
120. Allium pallasii Murray, Novi Comment. Soc. Regiae Sci. connate and adnate to perianth segments, base triangular; inner
Gott. 6: 32. 1775. ones ca. 1/2 as wide as outer at base. Ovary subglobose, with
concave nectaries covered by hoodlike projections at base.
Style exserted. Fl. and fr. MayJul. 2n = 16, 24, 32*, 40*, 48. lei bei xie

Hills, slopes, valleys, plains; near sea level to 1600 m (to 3000 m Bulb solitary, broadly ovoid to subglobose, 0.81.5 cm in
in Xizang and Yunnan). Throughout China except Hainan, Qinghai, diam.; tunic purple-black to black, membranous, entire. Leaves
and Xinjiang [Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia (Far East)]. 2 or 3, shorter than scape, 13 mm wide, semiterete, sometimes
122. Allium caeruleum Pallas,Reise Russ. Reich. 2: 737. 1773. fistulose, adaxially channeled. Scape 1015(20) cm, terete,
covered with leaf sheaths for 1/31/2 its length. Spathe decidu-
leng ye xie ous. Umbel globose, densely many flowered. Pedicels
subequal, shorter than to subequaling perianth, ebracteolate.
Allium azureum Ledebour; A. coerulescens G. Don; A.
Perianth purple-red; segments oblong-lanceolate to oblong-
viviparum Karelin & Kirilov.
ovate, 4.58 23 mm, apex obtuse or attenuate. Filaments
Bulb solitary, subglobose, 12 cm in diam., usually bear- equal, 1/31/2 as long as perianth segments, connate at base
ing bulbels at base; tunic dull gray, papery, entire, Leaves line- and adnate to perianth segments for ca. 1 mm; outer ones
ar, twisted when dried, shorter than scape, (1)25 mm wide, subulate; inner ones with basal 2/33/4 broadened, ovate-
fistulose, abaxially angled, smooth or scabrous-denticulate oblong, with 1 small tooth on each side. Ovary ovoid-globose,
along angles. Scape 2535 cm, terete, smooth or scabrous-den- without concave nectaries at base. Style not exserted. Fl. and fr.
ticulate along angles, covered with leaf sheaths for ca. 1/3 its JulAug. 2n = 16.
length. Spathe 2-valved, persistent. Umbel hemispheric to glo-
Slopes, pastures; 27003000 m. Xinjiang (Tian Shan) [Kazakstan,
bose, densely many flowered, sometimes with bulblets or with
Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan].
bulblets only. Pedicels subequal, 26 as long as perianth,
bracteolate. Perianth azure; segments oblong to oblong-lanceo- 125. Allium sairamense Regel, Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk.
late, equal, 35 0.81.8 mm; inner ones narrower than outer. Bot. Sada 6: 520. 1880.
Filaments equal, slightly shorter to slightly longer than perianth sai li mu xie
segments, connate and adnate to perianth segments, base triang-
ular; inner ones 1.52 as wide as outer, sometimes 1-toothed Bulb solitary, subglobose, 11.5 cm in diam.; tunic whit-
on each side at base. Ovary subglobose, with concave nectaries ish lilac to brownish violet, membranous, entire. Leaves 2, usu-
covered by hoodlike projections at base. Style exserted. Fl. and ally shorter than scape, 13 mm wide, semiterete, solid, margin
fr. JunAug. 2n = 16. minutely scabrous-denticulate. Scape (15)2540 cm, terete,
covered with leaf sheaths for ca. 1/3 its length. Spathe 2-valved;
Dry slopes, plains; 11002300 m. Xinjiang (Altay Shan, Tian
Shan) [Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan]. beak very short. Umbel hemispheric to globose, many
flowered. Pedicels shorter than or subequaling perianth,
123. Allium caesium Schrenk, Bull. Cl. Phys.-Math. Acad. ebracteolate or a few bracteolate. Perianth pale purple to purple-
Imp. Sci. Saint-Ptersbourg 2: 113. 1844. red, lustrous; segments elliptic-lanceolate, 67 mm, apex acute.
Filaments ca. 1/3 as long as perianth segments, connate at base
zhi mu xie
and adnate to perianth segments; outer ones narrowly
Allium renardii Regel; A. urceolatum Regel. triangular; inner ones wider than outer, entire. Ovary
applanate-globose, without concave nectaries. Style short, not
Bulb solitary, ovoid-globose, 11.5 cm in diam., with exserted. Fl. JunJul.
grayish brown or violet bulbels at base; tunic gray, subleathery
to papery. Leaves 2 or 3, slightly shorter to slightly longer than Slopes in Picea forests, meadows, subalpine to alpine slopes;
24003400 m. W Xinjiang (Tian Shan) [Kazakstan (basin of Ili River)].
scape, 13 mm wide, semiterete, sometimes fistulose, adaxially
channeled, scabrous-denticulate, rarely subsmooth. Scape 15 126. Allium jacquemontii Kunth, Enum. Pl. 4: 399. 1843.
65 cm, scabrous-denticulate or rarely subsmooth, covered with
gao yuan xie
leaf sheaths for 1/41/2 its length. Spathe persistent. Umbel
hemispheric to globose, densely many flowered, sometimes Bulb solitary, ovoid, ca. 1 cm in diam.; tunic lilac-brown
with a few bulblets, never with bulblets only. Pedicels equal, 2 to brown-black, scarious. Leaves 2(or 3), 0.71.5 mm wide,
3(5) as long as perianth, bracteolate. Perianth azure, rarely semiterete, fistulose, margin glabrous. Scape (15)2540 cm,
white; segments with darker midvein, oblong to oblong-lanceo- slender, terete. Spathe 2-valved, persistent; beak very short.
late, equal, 46 mm, apex subobtuse; inner ones slightly wider Umbel hemispheric, many flowered. Pedicels ca. 3 as long
than outer. Filaments 3/4 as long as to equaling perianth seg- as perianth, ebracteolate. Perianth pale red to pale purple; seg-
ments, connate at base and adnate to perianth segments; outer ments with darker midvein, elliptic-lanceolate, 4.55 22.5
ones narrowly triangular; inner ones broadened for ca. 2/3 their mm, apex acute. Filaments triangular, 1/22/3 as long as peri-
length, to 2 as wide as outer ones, with 1 obtuse tooth on each anth segments, connate at base and adnate to perianth seg-
side. Style slightly exserted. Fl. and fr. MayJun. 2n = 16, 32. ments, entire; inner ones 1.52 as wide as outer. Ovary glo-
Deserts, dry pastures; 7002000 m. N and W Xinjiang [Kazak- bose, without concave nectaries. Style not exserted. Fl. Jul.
stan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan]. High plateaus, gravelly places; 42004600 m. SW Xinjiang
(upper reaches of Karakax He), S and W Xizang (Gar Zangbo, Raka
124. Allium schoenoprasoides Regel, Trudy Imp. S.-Peter- Zangbo, Rutog Xian) [India, Pakistan].
burgsk. Bot. Sada 5: 630. 1878.
127. Allium porrum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 295. 1753.
 jiu cong unequal, ca. 1/2 as long as perianth segments, connate and ad-
nate to perianth segments for ca. 1/2 their length; inner ones
Bulb solitary, cylindric ovoid to subglobose, sometimes
lanceolate-ovate, wider than outer ones. Ovary ovoid, without
bearing bulbels; tunic white, membranous, entire. Leaves
concave nectaries. Style short; stigma 3-cleft. Fl. JulAug. 2n =
broadly linear to linear-lanceolate, shorter than scape, 15 cm
14, 16.
wide or more, slightly conduplicate, abaxially keeled. Scape
6080 cm or more, terete, covered with leaf sheaths for ca. 1/2 Gravelly slopes; 25003000 m. N and W Xinjiang (Altay Shan,
its length. Spathe 1-valved, deciduous; beak long. Umbel glo- Tian Shan) [Afghanistan, Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Russia,
bose, densely many flowered. Pedicels subequal, several times Tajikistan, Uzbekistan; SW Asia].
as long as perianth, bracteolate. Perianth white to pale purple; 130. Allium tulipifolium Ledebour, Fl. Altaic. 2: 9. 1830.
segments with green midvein, suboblong, 4.55 22.3 mm,
yu jin ye suan
apex acute; outer ones denticulate along midvein abaxially. Fil-
aments slightly longer than perianth segments, connate at base Bulb ovoid-globose, 1.52 cm in diam.; outer tunic gray,
and adnate to perianth segments; outer ones narrowly triangular quickly lost; inner layers milk white, subpapery, entire. Leaves
to linear-triangular, margin denticulate toward base; inner ones 2 or 3, glaucous, broadly linear, much shorter than scape, 1
oblong, as wide as perianth segments for ca. 2/3 their length, 1- 1.5(2) cm wide, margin dark green or whitish red, papillose-
toothed on each side, teeth with apex elongated into a twisted, denticulate, apex gradually attenuate. Scape 2030(40) cm,
filiform cusp much longer than anther-bearing cusp. Ovary terete, covered with leaf sheaths only at base. Spathe 2(or 3)-
ovoid-globose, with transversely convex nectaries near middle valved, laciniate, partly persistent, apex acuminate. Umbel
of septa. Style exserted. Fl. and fr. MayJul. 2n = 32. hemispheric, many flowered. Pedicels ca. 3 as long than peri-
Cultivated as a vegetable [native to SW Asia and Europe; also anth, ebracteolate. Perianth stellate, recurved and withered after
widely cultivated]. anthesis, white; segments with green or purple-violet, fine mid-
vein, narrowly elliptic, 4.55 1.52 mm, apex subacute. Fil-
128. Allium sativum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 296. 1753.
aments subequaling perianth segments, connate and adnate to
suan perianth segments, base broadened; inner ones nearly 2 as
Allium pekinense Prokhanov. wide as outer. Ovary ovoid, without concave nectaries at base;
Bulb solitary, globose to applanate-globose, usually con- ovules 46 per locule. Fl. May. 2n = 16.
sisting of several bulbels covered with a common tunic; tunic Scrub, slopes, steppes; 6001000 m. NW Xinjiang [Kazakstan,
white to purple, membranous, entire. Leaves broadly linear to Russia].
linear-lanceolate, shorter than scape, to 2.5 cm wide, apex acu- In FRPS, a broad species concept was adopted, with Allium tu-
minate. Scape 2550 cm, terete, covered with leaf sheaths for lipifolium and A. roborowskianum treated as synonyms of A. decipiens
ca. 1/2 its length. Spathe deciduous; beak 720 cm. Umbel with Fischer ex Schultes & J. H. Schultes, under which name all specimens
many bulblets and few flowers. Pedicels slender, longer than in Chinese herbaria are filed. In the present account, a narrow species
concept is adopted, with A. tulipifolium and A. roborowskianum treated
perianth; bracteoles ovate, rather large,membranous, apex acute. separately from A. decipiens, which was described from Ukraine and
Perianth usually pale red; outer segments ovate-lanceolate, ca. 4 does not occur in China.
1.4 mm; inner ones ovate, ca. 3 1.4 mm. Filaments shorter
than perianth segments, connate at base and adnate to perianth 131. Allium roborowskianum Regel, Trudy Imp. S.-Peter-
segments; outer ones subulate; inner ones broadened at base, 1- burgsk. Bot. Sada 10: 359. 1887.
toothed on each side, teeth with apex filiform and longer than xin jiang suan
perianth segments. Ovary globose. Style not exserted. Fl. Jul.
Allium sinkiangense F. T. Wang & Y. C. Tang.
2n = 16*, 48.
Cultivated as a vegetable [native to Asia; also widely cultivated]. Bulb solitary, subglobose, 1.52.5 cm in diam., tunic whit-
ish gray to grayish black, quickly lost; inner layers milk white,
129. Allium oreophilum C. A. Meyer, Verzeichn. Pfl. Cauc. papery, entire. Leaves (1 or)2, linear, shorter than scape, 715
37. 1831. mm wide, margin minutely scabrous-denticulate or smooth,
gao di suan apex acute. Scape 3050 cm, terete, covered with leaf sheaths
only at base. Spathe 2- or 3-valved, partly persistent, apex acu-
Allium ostrowskianum Regel; A. platystemon Karelin & minate. Umbel hemispheric, many flowered. Pedicels 1.52
Kirilov. as long as perianth, ebracteolate. Perianth recurved or erect
Bulb solitary, ovoid-globose, 1.52 cm in diam.; tunic after anthesis, white or whitish lilac to lilac-pink, persistent;
grayish, papery. Leaves 2, linear, longer than scape, 46(8) segments with green or purple midvein, ovate-elliptic to elliptic,
mm wide, margin scabrous. Scape (5)1520 cm, terete, cov- 45 1.52 mm, apex obtuse. Filaments 2/3 as long as to
ered with leaf sheaths only at base. Spathe 2- or 3-valved, slightly shorter than perianth segments, connate at base and
sometimes reddish, scarious, apex acuminate. Umbel subglob- adnate to perianth segments; outer ones narrowly triangular
ose, laxly 1015-flowered. Pedicels equaling or a few longer from broadened base; inner ones triangular from higher,
than perianth, rarely shorter, ebracteolate. Perianth red, cupular; broadly triangular-ovate base. Ovary obovoid-globose, densely
segments with dark midvein, broadly elliptic, 811 44.5 papillose, without concave nectaries at base; ovules ca. 4 per
mm, apex obtuse or gradually attenuate, not acute. Filaments locule. Fl. May.
 Forests on shady slopes, sands, sandy mud; 10001300 m. W ulate, apex acute. Scape subterranean, 1540 cm, terete, cov-
Xinjiang (Huocheng Xian) [Mongolia]. ered with leaf sheaths only at base. Spathe 2-valved, persistent;
132. Allium robustum Karelin & Kirilov, Bull. Soc. Imp. Na- beak short. Umbel hemispheric, densely many flowered. Ped-
turalistes Moscou 14: 753 [853]. 1841. icels equal, ca. 1.5 as long as perianth, ebracteolate. Perianth
pinkish lilac to red-lilac, faded after anthesis, campanulate; seg-
jian suan ments without strong midvein, linear-oblong, 710(15) 2.5
Allium robustum var. alpestre Karelin & Kirilov. 3 mm, apex rounded. Filaments ca. 1/2 as long as perianth seg-
ments, connate for 1/22/3 their length and adnate to perianth
Bulb solitary, subglobose, 12 cm in diam.; tunic blackish,
segments, apex triangular; inner ones wider than outer. Ovary
papery, quickly lost; inner layers yellowish white. Leaves 24,
ovoid, without concave nectaries; ovules 4 or more per locule.
linear, much shorter than scape, 210 mm wide, smooth. Scape
Style short. Fl. MayJun. 2n = 16.
4060 cm, terete, slightly ribbed, covered with leaf sheaths only
at base. Spathe 2/3 as long as to slightly shorter than umbel, Forests, scrub, moist slopes; 10002500 m. W Xinjiang (basin of
apex shortly acuminate. Umbel hemispheric to subglobose, Ili He) [C Afghanistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan].
densely many flowered. Pedicels equal, 1.52(3) as long as 135. Allium tubiflorum Rendle, J. Bot. 44: 44. 1906.
perianth, ebracteolate. Perianth stellately spreading or rotate,
he bei jiu
recurved and twisted after anthesis, red to purple-red; segments
with dark purple midvein, linear-lanceolate to obovate-oblan- Caloscordum tubiflorum (Rendle) Traub.
ceolate, 55.5 ca. 2 mm, apex subobtuse. Filaments equaling
perianth segments, connate at base and adnate to perianth seg- Plants without onionlike or garliclike odor. Bulb solitary,
ments; outer ones subulate; inner ones with triangular base, ca. ovoid-globose to subglobose, 12 cm in diam.; tunic grayish
2 as wide as outer ones. Ovary applanate-globose, minutely black, membranous, entire. Leaves equaling to longer than
tuberculate, with small, concave nectaries at base; ovlues 4 or scape, 13 mm wide, terete to subterete, fistulose, scabrous-
more per locule. Fl. and fr. MayJun. denticulate along angles. Scape 1530(40) cm, terete, covered
with leaf sheaths only at base. Spathe 1-valved, persistent. Um-
Scrub, steppes, stony and dry slopes; 6001000 m. N Xinjiang bel few flowered. Pedicels unequal, 0.84(7) cm, bracteolate.
(Qinghe Xian, Tacheng Xian) [E Kazakstan]. Perianth stellately spreading, red to purple; segments ovate-ob-
133. Allium fetisowii Regel, Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. long, 57(8) 1.52(2.4) mm, connate at base into a ca. 2
Sada 5: 631. 1878. mm tube, apex obtuse or acute; inner ones equaling or slightly
duo zi suan longer than outer. Filaments subulate, ca. 1/2 as long as
perianth segments, connate at base and adnate to perianth
Allium simile Regel; A. tschimganicum B. Fedtschenko.
segments for ca. 2 mm. Ovary conical, without concave
Bulb solitary, globose, 12.5 cm in diam.; tunic grayish nectaries at base; ovules (3 or)4(6) per locule. Stigma 3-cleft.
black, papery, splitting at apex. Leaves broadly linear, much Fl. and fr. JulOct. 2n = 16*, 32*.
shorter than scape, 215 mm wide. Scape 3070 cm, terete,
Shrubby areas, slopes, rock crevices; near sea level to 2000 m.
covered with leaf sheaths only at base. Spathe 2-valved, persis- Gansu, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Shaanxi, Shanxi, NE Sichuan.
tent. Umbel hemispheric to globose, densely many flowered.
Pedicels subequal, 23 as long as perianth, ebracteolate. Peri- 136. Allium inutile Makino, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 12: 104. 1898.
anth stellately spreading, recurved and twisted after anthesis, chi leng jing he bei jiu
purple-red; segments linear to linear-lanceolate, (4)57 1
Caloscordum inutile (Makino) Okuyama & Kitagawa.
1.2 mm, without strong midvein. Filaments equal, 3/44/5 as
long as perianth segments, connate at base and adnate to peri- Plants without onionlike or garliclike odor. Bulb solitary,
anth segments; outer ones subulate; inner ones with broadened ovoid or obovoid to subglobose, 1.11.3 cm in diam.; tunic pale
part subsquare and with 1 or 2 teeth on each side, rarely tri- brown, membranous, longitudinally veined. Leaves to 30 cm,
angular and entire. Ovary subglobose, minutely tuberculate, semiterete, midvein raised abaxially. Scape 1828 cm 11.5
with cracklike nectaries at base; ovules 46 per locule. Fl. and mm, terete, ribbed, covered with 35 leaf sheaths at base; ribs
fr. AprJun. 2n = 16. with short, thick, triangular teeth. Spathe 1-valved, pale brown,
Among shrubs in meadows, exposed places. W Xinjiang (Xin- 912 mm, membranous, longitudinally striate when dry, per-
yuan Xian) [Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan]. sistent. Umbel 47-flowered. Pedicels unequal, 1.54 cm,
thickened in fruit, with short teeth along ribs. Perianth
One of us (Kamelin) believes that plants with basally entire inner
stellately spreading, white; segments linear -oblanceolate, 5
filaments represent a new, as yet undescribed species; however, further
study is required to ascertain their true status. 7 mm, 1-veined, connate at base into a 11.5 mm tube.
Filaments 22.5 mm, connate to middle and adnate to perianth
134. Allium winklerianum Regel, Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. segments, entire. Ovary flattened globose; ovules 3 or 4 per
Bot. Sada 8: 661. 1884. locule. Style 11.5 mm; stigma (2 or)3-lobed.
yi li suan Forests. Anhui (Chu Xian) [Japan].
Bulb globose, 0.752 cm in diam.; tunic blackish gray, 137. Allium neriniflorum (Herbert) G. Don in Loudon, En-
usually papery. Leaves (1 or)24, broadly linear, shorter than cycl. Pl., ed. 1855, 1342. 1855.
scape, (5)1025 mm wide, margin smooth or scabrous-dentic-
 chang geng he bei jiu dan hua xie
Caloscordum neriniflorum Herbert, Edwards Bot. Reg. Allium monanthum var. floribundum Z. J. Zhong & X. T.
30 (Misc. Matter): 67. 1844; Nothoscordum neriniflorum (Her- Huang.
bert) Bentham & J. D. Hooker; N. neriniflorum var. albiflorum
Kitagawa. Plants dioecious. Bulb solitary, globose, 0.51 cm in
diam.; tunic yellowish brown, sometimes tinged with red, entire
Bulb solitary, ovoid-globose to subglobose, 12 cm in or apex finely reticulate. Leaves 1 or 2, broadly linear, 1.52
diam.; tunic grayish black, membranous, entire. Leaves equal- as long as scape, 38 mm wide, adaxially flat, abaxially
ing to longer than scape, 13 mm wide, terete to subterete, fis- convex, nearly semicircular in cross section, thick, attenuate at
tulose,scabrous-denticulate along angles. Scape (15)2050 cm, both ends. Scape 510 cm, slender, terete, covered with leaf
terete, covered with leaf sheaths only at base. Spathe 1-valved, sheaths only at base. Spathe 1-valved, persistent. Umbel 24(or
persistent. Umbel few flowered. Pedicels unequal, (4.5)711 5)-flowered in male plants, 1-flowered in female plants.
cm, bracteolate. Perianth stellately spreading, red to purple, Pedicels subequaling perianth. Perianth white or pale red to
rarely white; segments ovate-oblong or narrowly ovate to obo- dark red. Male flowers: pedicels nearly as thick as scape;
vate-oblong, 710 23.2 mm, connate at base into a 23 mm perianth segments narrowly oblong or oblong to ovate-oblong,
tube, apex obtuse or with a point; inner ones usually longer and ca. 4 1.42(2.4) mm, apex obtuse, inner ones narrower than
wider than outer. Filaments subulate, ca. 1/2 as long as peri- outer; filaments narrowly triangular, equaling perianth
anth segments, connate at base and adnate to perianth segments segments, connate at base and adnate to perianth segments,
for 23 mm. Ovary conical-globose, without concave nectaries inner ones wider than outer at base; ovules absent or rarely 1
at base; ovules (5 or)6(8) per locule. Stigma 3-cleft. Fl. and fr. locule with 1 sterile ovule. Female flowers: pedicels thicker
JulAug. 2n = 16*. than scape, dilated at apex; perianth segments ovate to ovate-
Slopes, damp places, meadows, sandy places on coasts; near sea lanceolate, 45 1.22 mm, apex acute, inner ones narrower
level to 2000 m. Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol than outer; stamens sterile; ovary ellipsoid-globose, without
[Mongolia, Russia (Far East)]. concave nectaries at base; stigma 3-cleft. Fl. May. 2n = 16, 32.
138. Allium monanthum Maximowicz, Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Forests, slopes. Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning [Japan, Ko-
Saint-Ptersbourg 31: 109. 1886. rea, Russia (Far East)].

33. MILULA Prain, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 5: 164. 1896.
sui hua jiu shu
Chen Xinqi ( Chen Sing-chi); Nicholas J. Turland
Herbs perennial, with strong, onionlike odor. Bulb cylindric, enveloped by fibers derived from disintegrated leaf sheaths, usu-
ally with a short rhizome at base. Leaves linear, base sheathing. Inflorescence a terminal spike, many flowered, enveloped while
young by a membranous spathe. Flowers crowded, small. Perianth segments usually 6, connate for 1/32/3 their length into a tube.
Stamens 6, inserted at base of perianth tube, exserted; inner ones strongly dilated in basal 1/2, with 1 tooth on each side; anthers sub-
dorsifixed. Ovary 3-loculed; ovules 2 per locule. Style columnar, slender; stigma small. Fruit a capsule, several seeded, loculicidal.
One species: China, Nepal.
Some authors consider that Milula should be included within Allium.

1. Milula spicata Prain, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 5: broadly ovate to orbicular, 11.2 ca. 1.2 mm. Stamens 5.5
165. 1896. 6.5 mm, much longer than perianth. Style 2.54 mm, slightly
exserted. Capsule subglobose, 34 mm in diam., obtusely 3-
sui hua jiu angled. Seeds black, narrowly ovate, 22.5 mm. Fl. and fr.
Plants (5)1025(60) cm tall. Bulb 410 cm. Leaves usu- AugOct. 2 n = 16.
ally 1020 cm 24 mm. Scape erect, hollow, subequaling Pinus forests, thickets, grassy slopes, sandy grasslands; 2900
leaves, naked. Spathe broken and pendulous at anthesis, 23 4800 m. S Xizang [Nepal].
cm. Spike 1.53.5 0.81.2 cm, very densely flowered. Peri-
anth pale purple, campanulate, 2.53.5 mm, persistent; lobes

34. BARNARDIA Lindley, Bot. Reg. 12: t. 1029. 1826.

mian zao er shu

Chen Xinqi ( Chen Sing-chi); Minoru N. Tamura

Herbs perennial, bulbiferous. Bulb covered with a tunic. Leaves basal, sessile, linear to subovate. Scape erect, simple, naked. In-
florescence a terminal raceme, usually many flowered; bracts small, membranous. Pedicels articulate. Perianth segments 6,
ascending or spreading, free to slightly connate at base. Stamens 6, inserted at base or near middle of perianth segments; filaments
slender or slightly dilated toward base; anthers dorsifixed, introrse. Ovary 3-loculed; ovules 1 or 2(or 810) per locule. Style filiform;
stigma small. Fruit a capsule, globose to obovoid, loculicidal. Seeds black, sometimes angular.
Two species: one in China, Japan, Korea, and Russia, the other in NW Africa and SW Europe.
1. Barnardia japonica (Thunberg) Schultes & J. H. Schultes in (Kitagawa) Kitagawa; S. thunbergii Miyabe & Kud; S.
Roemer & Schultes, Syst. Veg. 7: 555. 1829. thunbergii var. pulchella Kitagawa.
mian zao er Bulb ovoid to globose, 25 13 cm; tunic blackish
Ornithogalum japonicum Thunberg in Murray, Syst. brown. Leaves usually 4 or 5, (10)1540 cm 29 mm, soft,
Veg., ed. 14, 328. 1784; Barnardia alboviridis (Handel- smooth. Scape longer than leaves. Raceme (2)720 cm, dense-
Mazzetti) Speta; B. bispatha (Handel-Mazzetti) Speta; B. ly many flowered; bracts narrowly lanceolate. Pedicels 512
borealijaponica (M. Kikuchi) Speta; B. pulchella (Kitagawa) mm. Perianth segments rose purple, pink, or white, obovate,
Speta; B. scilloides Lindley; B. sinensis (Loureiro) Speta; O. elliptic, or narrowly elliptic, 2.54 ca. 1.2 mm, slightly con-
sinense Loureiro; Scilla alboviridis Handel-Mazzetti; S. nate and discoid at base. Stamens 23.5 mm; filaments sublan-
bispatha Handel-Mazzetti; S. borealijaponica M. Kikuchi; S. ceolate, papillose-puberulent or glabrous. Ovary 1.52 mm,
chinensis Bentham, nom. illeg. (included B. scilloides); S. papillose-puberulent; ovules 1 or 2 per locule. Style 11.3 mm.
chinensis var. mounsei H. Lveill; S. japonica Baker Capsule subobovoid, 36 24 mm. Seeds 13, 2.55 mm. Fl.
(1873), not Thunberg (1784); S. scilloides (Lindley) Druce; and fr. JulNov. 2n = 16, 18, 26, 27, 34*, 35, 36, 43.
S. scilloides f. albida Y. N. Lee; S. scilloides var. alboviridis Forest margins, hillsides, open slopes, grasslands; near sea level to
(Handel-Mazzetti) F. T. Wang & Y. C. Tang; S. scilloides var. 2600 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei,
mounsei (H. Lveill) McKean; S. scilloides var. pulchella Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shanxi, Sichuan,
(Kitagawa) Kitagawa; S. sinensis Merrill (1919), not S. Taiwan, Yunnan [Japan (including Ryukyu Islands), Korea, E Russia].
chinensis Bentham (1861); S. sinensis var. pulchella

35. THYSANOTUS R. Brown, Prodr. 282. 1810, nom. cons.

yi rui cao shu

Chen Xinqi ( Chen Sing-chi); Minoru N. Tamura

Chlamysporum Salisbury, nom. rej.
Herbs perennial, with a short or elongate rhizome. Leaves basal or nearly so, grasslike, sometimes very narrow, flat or terete.
Scape axillary. Inflorescence usually a terminal raceme or panicle, less often an umbel or solitary flower; bracts small. Flowers
bisexual; pedicel articulate proximally. Tepals 6, free, persistent; outer ones entire; inner ones usually fimbriate-ciliate at margin.
Stamens 6, included, inner ones sometimes reduced; filaments rather short; anthers basifixed, inner ones usually longer. Ovary 3-
loculed; ovules 2 per locule. Style filiform; stigma small. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds few, black.
About 50 species: mainly in Australia, a few species in tropical Asia; one species in China.
1. Thysanotus chinensis Bentham, Fl. Hongk. 372. 1861. branous. Pedicels 11.5 cm, articulate near base. Tepals blue,
suboblong, 78 12 mm, membranous, 35-veined; inner
yi rui cao ones sometimes fimbriate-denticulate at margin proximally. Sta-
mens 45 mm; outer anthers ca. 1.2 mm, inner ones ca. 2.2 mm.
Halongia purpurea Jeanplong; Thysanotus chrysantherus
Capsule ellipsoid, ca. 4 3 mm. Seeds subglobose, ca. 1 mm.
F. Mueller. Fl. and fr. JunJul.
Rhizome short, stout. Leaves many, tufted, narrowly linear SE Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Taiwan [Indonesia, Malaysia,
or flattened filiform, 1520 cm ca. 1 mm, rigid, glabrous. Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam; Australia].
Scape erect, 2030 cm, slender, bearing a terminal umbel. Um-
bel 410-flowered; bracts ovate or lanceolate, 35 mm, mem-
36. CORDYLINE Commerson ex R. Brown, Prodr. 280. 1810, nom. cons.
zhu jiao shu

Chen Xinqi ( Chen Sing-chi); Nicholas J. Turland

Taetsia Medikus, nom. rej.
Plants treelike or shrubby. Stems woody, usually few branched, with conspicuous leaf scars distally. Leaves crowded at apex
of stems, petiolate (or sessile); petiole 1030 cm, base amplexicaul; leaf blade elliptic-lanceolate to sword-shaped, veins essentially
parallel but with lateral veins branching from midvein in proximal 1/2. Inflorescence arising from axils of distal leaves, usually pan-
iculate, large, many branched. Flowers bisexual, solitary, usually tubular-campanulate or subcylindric; pedicel usually short, articu-
late at or near apex. Perianth with short tube; lobes in 2 whorls of 3. Stamens 6, inserted in tube or throat of perianth; anthers versa-
tile. Ovary 3-loculed; ovules 2 to many per locule. Style slender; stigma capitate, small. Fruit a capsule, leathery, 1- to several
133 LILIACEAE

seeded. Seeds black, coated with phytomelanin.

About 20 species: S and SE Asia, Australia, Pacific Islands, South America; one species (introduced) in China.
1. Cordyline fruticosa (Linnaeus) A. Chevalier, Cat. Pl. Jard. vein distinct and raised abaxially, apex aristate. Panicle 3060
Bot. Saigon, 66. 1919. cm; branches spreading, 613 cm, many flowered. Flowers sub-
sessile or shortly pedicellate; pedicel (if distinct) to 4 mm, sub-
zhu jiao
tended by 3 bracteoles; bracteoles ovate, 23 mm, margin
Convallaria fruticosa Linnaeus, Herb. Amb. 16. 1754; broadly membranous, apex cuspidate. Perianth reddish, yellow-
Aletris chinensis Lamarck; Asparagus terminalis Linnaeus, ish, or bluish purple; tube 56 mm; lobes erect or recurved,
nom. illeg. (included C. fruticosa); Cordyline terminalis (Lin- nearly as long as tube. Stamens inserted in throat of perianth,
naeus) Kunth; C. terminalis var. ferrea (Linnaeus) Baker; Dra- scarcely exserted. Fruit reddish, several seeded. Fl. NovMar.
caena ferrea Linnaeus, nom. illeg. (included C. fruticosa); D.
Widely cultivated, sometimes naturalized. Fujian, Guangdong,
terminalis (Linnaeus) Linnaeus; Taetsia ferrea (Linnaeus) Me-
Guangxi, Hainan [probably native to Pacific Islands but cultivated pan-
dikus; T. fruticosa (Linnaeus) Merrill; T. terminalis (Linnaeus) tropically].
W. Wight ex Safford.
Some authors have adopted the name Cordyline terminalis instead
Plants erect, shrubby. Stems simple or sometimes branch- of C. fruticosa because of the apparent earlier homonym C. fruticosa
ed, 13 m 13 cm. Leaves petiolate; petiole 1030 cm, chan- Goeppinger (1855); however, the latter name was not validly published.
neled adaxially, base dilated, clasping stem and other petiole
bases; leaf blade green or variously colored, oblong-lanceolate,
elliptic-lanceolate, or narrowly oblong, 2550 510 cm, mid-

37. HOSTA Trattinnick, Arch. Gewchsk. 1: 55. 1812, nom. cons.

yu zan shu

Chen Xinqi ( Chen Sing-chi); David E. Boufford 7

Herbs perennial, rhizomatous. Rhizome horizontal, large, sometimes with stolons. Leaves numerous, basal, spiral, long petio-
late. Scape terminal, usually with a few bractlike cauline leaves. Inflorescence a terminal raceme, few to many flowered; bracts green
or white. Flowers bisexual, solitary, rarely in clusters of 2 or 3; pedicel short. Perianth white to blue or lavender, tubular-campanulate
or nearly funnelform; segments 6, connate. Stamens 6, free or rarely adnate to perianth tube near base; filaments filiform; anthers
dorsifixed, introrse, dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary 3-loculed; ovules many per locule. Style filiform; stigma capitate, small. Fruit a
loculicidal capsule. Seeds many, black.
About 45 species: mainly in Japan, a few species in China, Korea, and Russia; four species (three endemic) in China.
1a. Perianth white, 10 cm or more; flowers fragrant, subtended by 2 bracts; filaments adnate to perianth tube near
base; capsule ca. 6 cm .............................................................................................................................................. 1. H. plantaginea
1b. Perianth purplish red, purple, or white with purple streaks, 46.5 cm; flowers not fragrant, subtended by 1 bract;
filaments free; capsule less than 6 cm.
2a. Petiole winged at least in distal 1/2, wings 25 mm wide; bracts 0.50.7 cm .......................................................... 4. H. ensata
2b. Petiole scarcely winged; bracts 13.5 cm.
3a. Plants green, glabrous, not white powdery; base of leaf blade usually cordate or truncate; perianth
purple-red; bracts 12 cm .............................................................................................................................. 2. H. ventricosa
3b. Plants white powdery particularly on abaxial surface of leaves; base of leaf blade cuneate; perianth
white, with purple streaks; bracts 13.5 cm .............................................................................................. 3. H. albofarinosa
1. Hosta plantaginea (Lamarck) Ascherson, Bot. Zeitung (Ber- each flower, outer one ovate or lanceolate, 2.57 11.5 cm,
lin) 21: 53. 1863. inner one very small. Flowers solitary or sometimes in clusters
yu zan of 2 or 3, fragrant; pedicel ca. 1 cm. Perianth white, funnelform,
1013 cm. Stamens slightly shorter than or subequaling peri-
Hemerocallis plantaginea Lamarck, Encycl. 3: 103. 1789; anth; filaments adnate to perianth tube near base. Capsule cylin-
Hosta plantaginea f. stenantha F. Maekawa. dric, ca. 6 1 cm, 3-angled. Fl. and fr. AugOct. 2n = 60*.
Plants green, glabrous. Rhizome 1.52 cm thick, stout. Forests, grassy slopes, rocky places; near sea level to 2200 m.
Petiole 2040 cm; leaf blade ovate-cordate, -orbicular, or ovate, Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, ?Hebei, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu,
1425 816 cm, glabrous, veins in 610 pairs, base cordate, ?Liaoning, ?S Shaanxi (Qin Ling), Sichuan, ?Yunnan, ?Zhejiang.
margin slightly undulate, apex abruptly acute. Scape 4080 cm. Widely cultivated as an ornamental.
Raceme several to more than 10-flowered; bracts 2 subtending
2. Hosta ventricosa (Salisbury) Stearn, Gard. Chron., ser. 3,

7 Harvard University Herbaria, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138-2020, U.S.A.

90: 27. 1931. tending each flower, greenish white, ovate or lanceolate, 13.5
zi e 0.61.1 cm. Flowers solitary, not fragrant; pedicel ca. 1 cm.
Perianth white with purple streaks, funnelform, ca. 5.5 cm.
Bryocles ventricosa Salisbury, Trans. Hort. Soc. London Stamens subequaling or slightly longer than perianth; filaments
1: 335. 1812. free. Style ca. 5 cm, exserted. Fl. Jun.
Plants green, glabrous. Rhizome 0.31 cm thick, stout. Grassy slopes; ca. 800 m. SE Anhui (Xiuning Xian).
Petiole 630 cm; leaf blade ovate-cordate, -orbicular, or ovate,
419 417 cm, glabrous, veins in 711 pairs, base subcordate 4. Hosta ensata F. Maekawa, J. Jap. Bot. 13: 900. 1937.
or subtruncate, very rarely slightly cuneate, apex abruptly acute
dong bei yu zan
or nearly shortly caudate. Scape 60100 cm. Raceme 1030-
flowered; bracts 1 subtending each flower, white, oblong-lan- Hosta clausa Nakai var. ensata (F. Maekawa) W. G. G.
ceolate, 12 cm, membranous. Flowers solitary, not fragrant; Schmid; H. clausa var. normalis F. Maekawa; H. ensata var.
pedicel 710 mm. Perianth purple-red, funnelform, 46 cm. foliata P. Y. Fu & Q. S. Sun; H. ensata var. normalis (F. Mae-
Stamens slightly longer than perianth, exserted; filaments free. kawa) Q. S. Sun.
Capsule cylindric, 2.54.5 cm 67 mm, 3-angled. Fl. and fr.
JunSep. 2n = 60*, ca. 102*. Plants green, glabrous. Rhizome ca. 1 cm thick, stout, us-
Forests, grassy slopes, hillsides; 500 2400 m. Anhui, Fujian, ually with a long, creeping stolon. Petiole 525 cm, winged at
Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Si- least in distal 1/2, wings 25 mm wide; leaf blade oblong-lan-
chuan. ceolate to ovate-elliptic, 1015 27 cm, glabrous, veins in 5
8 pairs, base cuneate or obtuse, apex subacuminate. Scape 33
Widely cultivated as an ornamental. 55 cm. Raceme several to more than 20-flowered; bracts 1 sub-
3. Hosta albofarinosa D. Q. Wang, Guihaia 9: 297. 1989. tending each flower, broadly lanceolate, 0.50.7 cm, membran-
ous. Flowers solitary; pedicel 510 mm. Perianth purple, sub-
bai fen yu zan funnelform, 44.5 cm. Stamens slightly exserted; filaments
free. Fl. Aug.
Plants white powdery. Petiole 1420 cm; leaf blade ovate
to narrowly so, 1330 69 cm, abaxially strongly white Forest margins, moist places; near sea level to 500 m. S Jilin, S
powdery, veins in 57 pairs, base cuneate, apex acuminate. Liaoning [Korea, Russia].
Scape 4045 cm. Raceme usually ca. 10-flowered; bracts 1 sub-

38. CHLOROPHYTUM Ker Gawler, Bot. Mag. 27: t. 1071. 1807.

diao lan shu
Chen Xinqi ( Chen Sing-chi); Minoru N. Tamura
Herbs perennial, rhizomatous. Rhizome often short, inconspicuous, sometimes thick, elongate. Roots usually thick or slightly
fleshy. Leaves basal, subdistichous or fasciculate, sessile or petiolate, usually linear to elliptic-lanceolate, conduplicate, base sheath-
ing. Scape axillary, proximally with bractlike cauline leaves. Inflorescence a terminal raceme or panicle; bracts small. Flowers bisex-
ual; pedicel articulate. Perianth usually white; tepals 6, free, 37-veined, persistent or marcescent. Stamens 6, inserted at base of te-
pals; filaments filiform, usually slightly widened near middle; anthers nearly basifixed, introrse. Ovary 3-loculed; ovules 1 to several
per locule. Style slender; stigma small. Fruit a capsule, acutely 3-angled, loculicidal. Seeds black coated, flattened.
Between 100 and 150 species:mainly in tropical areas of Africa, Asia, and Australia,also in South America; four species (one endemic) in China.
In addition to the following species, Chlorophytum comosum (Thunberg) Jacques, native to S Africa, is cultivated in China as an ornamental.
1a. Leaves subdistichous; tepals 23 mm ................................................................................................................................ 4. C. laxum
1b. Leaves fasciculate; tepals more than 8 mm.
2a. Leaves grasslike, 0.20.4 cm wide; flowers solitary ............................................................................................. 2. C. chinense
2b. Leaves not grasslike, 0.65 cm wide; at least some flowers in clusters of 2 or 3.
3a. Rhizome short, inconspicuous; roots nearly clustered; inflorescence simple or few branched ................... 1. C. nepalense
3b. Rhizome ascending, elongate, rather thick; roots scattered; inflorescence many branched ......................... 3. C. malayense
1. Chlorophytum nepalense (Lindley) Baker, J. Linn. Soc., rowed and petiolelike basally, linear to sublanceolate, 860
Bot. 15: 320. 1876. 0.62(5) cm, glabrous. Scape erect, 3060(90) cm. Raceme
sometimes few branched and paniculate, many flowered; bracts
xi nan diao lan linear-lanceolate, shorter than flowers. Flowers solitary or in
Phalangium nepalensis Lindley, Trans. Hort. Soc. London clusters of 2 or 3; pedicel ca. 1 cm, articulate near middle or
6: 277. 1826; Chlorophytum flaccidum W. W. Smith; C. kha- distally. Tepals white, narrowly oblong-elliptic, 11.4 cm
sianum J. D. Hooker; C. mekongense W. W. Smith; C. oreo- 23 mm. Stamens slightly shorter than tepals; anthers usually
genes W. W. Smith. longer than filaments. Capsule obovoid, rarely subglobose, 69
mm; seeds several per valve. Fl. and fr. JulSep. 2n = 42, 56.
Rhizome short, inconspicuous. Roots 12 mm thick,
slightly thickened. Leaves fasciculate, sessile or slightly nar- Forest margins, grassy slopes, rocky places along valleys; 1300
2800 m. Guizhou, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, NE India, Myan- rarely solitary or in clusters of 3; pedicel 35 mm, articulate
mar, Nepal, Sikkim]. near middle. Tepals white, elliptic-oblong, 810 34 mm.
2. Chlorophytum chinense Bureau & Franchet, J. Bot. Stamens shorter than tepals; anthers 34 mm, slightly longer
(Morot) 5: 154. 1891. than filaments. Capsule subglobose, 67 79 mm; seeds ca. 4
per valve. Fl. and fr. AprMay.
xia ye diao lan
Forests, thickets, hillsides along valleys; 4001500 m. Guangxi, S
Chlorophytum platystemon Diels. Yunnan [Laos, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam].
4. Chlorophytum laxum R. Brown, Prodr. 277. 1810.
Rhizome short, inconspicuous. Roots cylindric or subfusi-
form, 23 mm thick, fleshy. Leaves fasciculate, sessile, grass- xiao hua diao lan
like, 1030 0.20.4 cm, glabrous. Scape erect, 2040 cm,
Anthericum parviflorum (Wight) Bentham; Chlorophytum
rather slender. Raceme sometimes few branched and
parviflorum (Wight) Dalzell; Phalangium parviflorum Wight.
paniculate, several to many flowered; bracts very small.
Flowers solitary; pedicel 711 mm, usually articulate Rhizome short, inconspicuous. Roots clustered. Leaves
proximally. Tepals white with pink veins, oblong-elliptic, 9 subdistichous, sessile, grasslike, usually falcate, 1020(37) cm
10 34 mm, 35-veined. Stamens slightly shorter than tepals; 36 mm, glabrous. Scape usually 2 or 3, erect or arching, 10
anthers usually connivent, 56 mm, ca. 2 as long as filaments. 20 cm. Raceme sometimes few branched and paniculate,
Style ca. 8 mm. Fl. JunAug. several to many flowered; bracts narrowly deltoid to
Forest margins, grassy slopes, river banks; 2600 3000 m. SW lanceolate, very small. Flowers solitary or paired; pedicel 25
Sichuan, NW Yunnan. mm, articulate proximally. Tepals greenish white, ovate, 23
3. Chlorophytum malayense Ridley, Fl. Malay Penins. 5: 341. ca. 1 mm, closely 3-veined. Stamens shorter than tepals;
1925. anthers subglobose, ca. 0.4 mm, 1/31/2 as long as filaments.
Capsule broadly globose to broadly obcordate, ca. 3 5(7.5)
da ye diao lan mm; seeds usually 1 per valve. Fl. and fr. OctApr. 2n = 14, 16,
Rhizome ascending, cylindric, elongate, 12 cm thick, 32.
with some scattered roots. Leaves fasciculate, basally gradually Shady places, rocky slopes; near sea level to 200 m. S Guang-
narrowed into a long petiole; leaf blade narrowly oblong-lan- dong, Hainan [India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thai-
ceolate to lanceolate, 4555 25 cm, glabrous, turning black- land; tropical Africa, Australia].
ish when dry. Scape erect, 5080 cm. Raceme sometimes many
branched and paniculate; bracts small. Flowers usually paired,

39. DIURANTHERA Hemsley, Hookers Icon. Pl. 28: t. 2734. 1902.

lu si lan shu

Chen Xinqi ( Chen Sing-chi); Nicholas J. Turland

Herbs perennial, rhizomatous. Rhizome vertical, very short. Roots numerous, thickened, fleshy. Leaves several, all basal, tufted
or arranged in a lax rosette, narrowly linear to linear-oblanceolate. Scape simple or few branched, longer than leaves, proximally
with a few sterile bracts, terminating in a lax raceme. Bracts ovate to linear-lanceolate, usually shorter than flowers, membranous or
so, veined. Flowers bisexual, usually paired, shortly pedicellate; pedicel articulate or not. Tepals 6, spreading or so, free, linear,
320-veined; outer ones slightly narrower or sometimes shorter than inner ones. Stamens 6, slightly shorter than tepals; filaments
filiform; anthers dorsifixed at base, linear, base with 2 prominent, caudate appendages 13 mm. Ovary 3-loculed. Style filiform,
long; stigma very small. Fruit a capsule, obovoid or ellipsoid, 3-angled, loculicidal. Seeds black, orbicular, flattened, base cordate.
Four species: China.
Except for its prominently appendaged anthers, Diuranthera is very similar to Chlorophytum, the similarity extending to the karyotypes, and
some authors treat the former genus as a highly specialized member of the latter. However, the two are here distinguished at generic level.
1a. Leaves densely white powdery abaxially; tepals yellow, ca. 20-veined, inner ones much longer than outer .... 2. D. chinglingensis
1b. Leaves glabrous abaxially; tepals white, 35-veined, inner ones nearly as long as outer.
2a. Pedicels not articulate ........................................................................................................................................ 1. D. inarticulata
2b. Pedicels articulate.
3a. Leaves linear-oblanceolate, 1565 0.73 cm, margin often somewhat undulate; tepals 3(5)-veined; basal
appendages of anthers 23 mm, apex acute ......................................................................................................... 3. D. major
3b. Leaves usually narrowly linear, 840 0.31 cm, margin flat; tepals 5-veined; basal appendages of anthers
11.5 mm, apex obtuse-rounded ........................................................................................................................... 4. D. minor

1. Diuranthera inarticulata F. T. Wang & K. Y. Lang in F. T. Leaves linear-oblanceolate, 3050 1.53 cm, glabrous,
Wang & Tang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 14: 282. 1980. margin serrulate, apex acuminate. Scape 3340 cm. Bracts 12
nan chuan lu si lan cm. Flowers usually paired; pedicel 0.81.1 cm, not articulate.
Tepals white, linear, membranous; outer ones ca. 2 0.2 cm, 5- inner. Filaments 0.51.2 cm. Anthers 1.11.6 cm (including
veined; inner ones ca. 2.2 0.2 cm, 3-veined. Filaments white, appendages); basal appendages 23 mm, apex acute. Style 1.1
0.80.9 cm. Anthers ca. 1.3 cm; basal appendages ca. 3 mm, 2.4 cm. Capsule ellipsoid or obovoid, 610 58 mm. Fl. and
apex acute. Style 1.41.6 cm. Fl. JulAug. fr. JunOct.
Grassy slopes; ca. 1800 m. SE Sichuan (Nanchuan Xian). Forests, grassy slopes, hillsides, ledges of cliffs, moist hard-
2. Diuranthera chinglingensis J. Q. Xing & T. C. Cui, Acta packed red soil, gardens, sometimes cultivated and naturalized; 1200
3000 m. Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan.
Bot. Bor.-Occid. Sin. 7: 203. 1987.
qin ling lu si lan 4. Diuranthera minor (C. H. Wright) C. H. Wright ex Hems-
ley, Hookers Icon. Pl. 28: t. 2734. 1902.
Leaves linear-oblanceolate, 4060 1.52.6 cm, abaxially
densely white powdery, margin sparsely serrulate, apex long xiao lu si lan
acuminate. Scape 7085 cm. Raceme 2530 cm; bracts 0.72.2
Paradisea minor C. H. Wright, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew
cm. Flowers solitary or paired; pedicel 1.72 cm, not articulate.
1895: 118. 1895.
Tepals yellow, membranous, ca. 20-veined; outer ones narrow-
ly ovate, ca. 1.7 0.4 cm; inner ones linear, ca. 4 0.5 cm. Fil- Leaves usually narrowly linear, sometimes linear-oblan-
aments pale yellow, ca. 0.35 cm. Anthers ca. 0.8 cm; basal ap- ceolate, 840 0.31 cm, soft, glabrous, margin flat, minutely
pendages ca. 1.5 mm, apex acute. Style longer than stamens. Fl. serrulate, apex gradually long acuminate. Scape 3085 cm. Ra-
Jun. ceme usually simple; bracts ovate to linear-lanceolate, 0.31.8
About 1200 m. S Shaanxi (Ningshan Xian). cm, apex acuminate. Flowers usually paired, narrowly ellipsoid
to cylindric in bud; pedicel 0.51 cm, articulate proximally.
3. Diuranthera major Hemsley, Hookers Icon. Pl. 28: t. 2734. Tepals white, linear, 1.52 0.20.4 cm, 5-veined. Filaments
1902. 0.51.2 cm. Anthers 0.81.2 cm (including appendages); basal
lu si lan appendages 11.5 mm, apex obtuse-rounded. Style 1.42 cm.
Capsule ellipsoid or obovoid, 0.81 0.70.9 cm. Fl. and fr.
Chlorophytum majus (Hemsley) Marais & Reilly. AprOct.
Leaves linear-oblanceolate, 1565 0.73 cm, soft, gla- Pinus and Quercus forests, plantations, grasslands, hillsides;
brous,margin often somewhat undulate, minutely serrulate, apex 11003200 m. Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan.
acuminate. Scape 2080 cm. Raceme sometimes few branched;
Diuranthera minor is somewhat similar to Chlorophytum nepal-
bracts ovate to linear-lanceolate, 0.42.5(5) cm, apex acumi-
ense, but the latter species differs as follows: leaves longer, often linear-
nate. Flowers usually paired, cylindric in bud; pedicel 0.51.8 oblanceolate; flowers smaller, often ellipsoid in bud; anthers with small,
cm, articulate proximally. Tepals white, linear, 1.53 0.10.3 rounded basal lobes ca. 0.5 mm.
cm, 3(5)-veined; outer ones generally slightly narrower than

40. ANEMARRHENA Bunge, Mm. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Ptersbourg Divers Savans
2: 140. 1833.
zhi mu shu

Chen Xinqi ( Chen Sing-chi); Nicholas J. Turland

Herbs perennial, rhizomatous. Rhizome horizontal, creeping, stout, covered on upper side with fibers from old, disintegrated
leaf bases. Roots emerging from lower side of rhizome, thickened, fleshy. Leaves several, all basal, tufted, grasslike, gradually nar-
rowed into a filiform, distal part. Scape erect, simple, longer than leaves, bearing a few sterile bracts and a terminal raceme. Raceme
many flowered; bracts small, membranous, apex acute to filiform acuminate. Flowers bisexual, solitary or in clusters of 2 or 3, sub-
sessile to shortly pedicellate. Perianth narrowly funnelform; segments 6, slightly connate at base, 3-veined. Stamens 3, inserted near
middle of inner perianth segments, not exserted; filaments short, flattened; anthers nearly basifixed. Ovary 3-loculed; ovules 2 per
locule.Style short; stigma small. Fruit a capsule, narrowly ovoid-ellipsoid, loculicidal.Seeds flattened, narrowly winged along angles.

One species: China, Korea, Mongolia.

1. Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge, Mm. Acad. Imp. Sci. linear or narrowly oblong, 510 11.5 mm, persistent in fruit.
St.-Ptersbourg Divers Savans 2: 140. 1833. Ovary ovoid, ca. 1.5 1 mm. Style ca. 1 mm. Capsule 0.81.5
0.30.6 cm including beaked apex, prominently 6-angled.
zhi mu
Seeds black, narrowly oblong-elliptic, slightly curved, 712
Rhizome to 10 0.51.7 cm. Leaves 1060 0.151 cm, 2.53 mm. Fl. and fr. JunSep. 2n = 22*.
glabrous, margin scabrid. Scape (20)35100 cm, glabrous. Ra- Scrub, grassy slopes, steppes, sunny and sandy hillsides, also cul-
ceme 1050 cm; bracts ovate or ovate-orbicular, apex often tivated; near sea level to 1500 m. Gansu, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang,
long acuminate. Perianth segments pink, pale purple, or white, Jiangsu, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi,
Sichuan; cultivated in Taiwan [Korea, Mongolia].
 The rhizomes are used medicinally.

41. ASPARAGUS Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 313. 1753.

tian men dong shu

Chen Xinqi ( Chen Sing-chi); Kamilla G. Tamanian1

Herbs perennial or subshrubs, dioecious or hermaphroditic, usually with short rhizomes. Main stems erect or climbing, gener-
ally branched, with cladodes (leaflike stems) in axils of main stems and branches. Cladodes borne in clusters, rarely solitary, green,
flat, 3-angled, or subterete. Leaves appressed to stem, not green, scalelike, base spurred, spurs often extended into spines. Inflores-
cence an axillary cluster of flowers, rarely a solitary flower, sometimes a raceme or umbel. Pedicel articulate, subtended by mem-
branous bracteoles. Perianth campanulate or subglobose; segments free or occasionally connate at base. Stamens 6; filaments usually
adnate to perianth segments in varying degrees; anthers dorsifixed. Ovary 3-loculed; ovules few per locule. Fruit a berry. Seeds 1 to
few.
Between 160 and 300 species: widespread in temperate and tropical regions of Africa, Asia, and Europe; 31 species (15 endemic, two intro-
duced) in China.

1a. Inflorescence an axillary raceme; plants hermaphroditic.

2a. Spines 1520 mm on main stems and 510 mm on branches ............................................................................. 1. A. racemosus
2b. Spines 35 mm on main stems and indistinct on branches ................................................................................. 2. A. densiflorus
1b. Inflorescence a solitary flower or sessile cluster of flowers; plants dioecious (hermaphroditic in A. setaceus).
3a. Cladodes flat with a distinct midvein or 3-winged.
4a. Stems without sharp spines.
5a. Plants climbing; branches sparsely cartilaginous denticulate ....................................................... 12. A. subscandens
5b. Plants erect; branches not cartilaginous denticulate.
6a. Cladodes 3-winged basally; stamens equal, filaments free ........................................................ 7. A. schoberioides
6b. Cladodes flat; stamens unequal, filaments adnate to perianth segments for ca. 1/2 their length.
7a. Pedicels 1020 mm ........................................................................................................................ 4. A. filicinus
7b. Pedicels 16 mm.
8a. Cladodes (1 or)2 or 3 per fascicle, 512 (1)23 mm ................................................ 5. A. lycopodineus
8b. Cladodes 510 per fascicle, 34 ca. 0.5 mm ............................................................... 6. A. yanbianensis
4b. Stems with sharp spines.
9a. Male flowers subglobose, 11.5 mm ............................................................................................... 13. A. yanyuanensis
9b. Male flowers subcampanulate, 1.55 mm.
10a. Branches and branchlets generally without sharp spines; flowers developing after cladodes.
11a. Cladodes usually 3 per fascicle; filaments free ........................................................... 8. A. cochinchinensis
11b. Cladodes 69 per fascicle; filaments adnate to perianth segments for ca. 1/2 their length .... 9. A. taliensis
10b. Branches and branchlets with woody, sharp spines; flowers developing before or with cladodes.
12a. Cladodes 25(7) per fascicle; stems not striate-ridged; spines on branches shorter than
or equaling pedicels ................................................................................................................ 10. A. munitus
12b. Cladodes (3)614 per fascicle; stems distinctly striate-ridged; spines on branches
longer than pedicels ....................................................................................................... 11. A. myriacanthus
3b. Cladodes subterete, sometimes slightly flattened, but without clear midvein.
13a. Plants hermaphroditic; cladodes 1013 per fascicle, filiform, 45 mm; secondary branches and
cladodes arranged in 1 plane, frondlike ......................................................................................................... 3. A. setaceus
13b. Plants dioecious (but flowers sometimes with aborted stamens or pistil); cladodes 110(25) per fascicle.
14a. Stems with sharp spines 23 mm.
15a. Branches and cladodes cartilaginous denticulate.
16a. Plants climbing; roots tuberous, 715 mm thick, fleshy ........................................ 21. A. brachyphyllus
16b. Plants erect or suberect; roots sometimes with swollen, tuberous part near tip,
24 mm thick, rather slender.
17a. Plants dwarf subshrubs; branches with woody, sharp spines 24 mm; pedicels
ca. 1 mm; roots with tuberous part ..................................................................... 30. A. kansuensis
17b. Plants tall herbs; branches without pungent spines; pedicels 715 mm; roots
without tuberous part.
18a. Branches strongly reflexed basally and ascending distally; pedicels
1.21.6 cm .............................................................................................. 25. A. trichophyllus
18b. Branches not as above; pedicels 0.61.3 cm ............................................. 24. A. longiflorus
15b. Branches and cladodes generally not cartilaginous denticulate.

1 Herbarium, Department of Plant Taxonomy and Geography, Botanical Institute, Academy of Sciences, Yerevan, 63, 375063, Armenia.
 19a. Male flowers 24 mm; branches spiny.
20a. Plants suberect; stem indistinctly striate; perianth of male flowers purplish red,
subcampanulate, 34 mm in diam.; filaments adnate to perianth segments for
ca. 1/4 their length ................................................................................................... 23. A. tibeticus
20b. Plants climbing; stem not striate; perianth of male flowers greenish white,
subglobose, 22.5 mm in diam.; filaments free .................................................... 29. A. acicularis
19b. Male flowers 69 mm; branches unarmed.
21a. Pedicels (1)1.52 cm; perianth yellowish green .............................................. 26. A. oligoclonos
21b. Pedicels 0.51.3 cm; perianth purplish.
22a. Plants suberect; stem cartilaginous denticulate distally; spines straight;
pedicels 613 mm ...................................................................................... 24. A. longiflorus
22b. Plants climbing or nearly so; stem not cartilaginous denticulate; spines
curved; pedicels ca. 5 mm ........................................................................ 22. A. sichuanicus
14b. Stems and branches unarmed or, if spiny, spines very short, not sharp, and appressed to branches.
23a. Plants climbing.
24a. Pedicels 625 mm; branches not cartilaginous denticulate ....................................... 20. A. breslerianus
24b. Pedicels 26 mm; branches usually cartilaginous denticulate.
25a. Roots tuberous, 715 mm thick, fleshy ......................................................... 21. A. brachyphyllus
25b. Roots not tuberous, 25 mm thick .................................................................... 16. A. trichoclados
23b. Plants erect.
26a. Pedicels more than 1 cm.
27a. Branchlets cartilaginous denticulate.
28a. Branches strongly reflexed basally and ascending distally; pedicels
1.21.6 cm .............................................................................................. 25. A. trichophyllus
28b. Branches not as above; pedicels 0.61.3 cm ............................................. 24. A. longiflorus
27b. Branchlets not cartilaginous denticulate.
29a. Male flowers ca. 3 mm; filaments free; stem striate-ridged distally; cladodes
slightly tetragonous or sometimes irregularly trigonous .................................. 14. A. mairei
29b. Male flowers 59 mm; filaments adnate to perianth segments for 1/23/4 their
length; stem not or minutely striate; cladodes indistinctly grooved or angled.
30a. Stems and branches soft, usually pendulous apically; male flowers
56 mm; anthers 11.5 mm ................................................................ 27. A. officinalis
30b. Stems and branches rather rigid; male flowers 79 mm; anthers
ca. 2 mm ........................................................................................... 26. A. oligoclonos
26b. Pedicels less than 1 cm.
31a. Young branches cartilaginous denticulate.
32a. Pedicels usually more than 6 mm .............................................................. 24. A. longiflorus
32b. Pedicels 35 mm.
33a. Roots with tubers; stem and branches densely cartilaginous
denticulate; male flowers ca. 2 mm ................................................. 15. A. meioclados
33b. Roots without tubers; stem and branches not or only slightly
cartilaginous denticulate; male flowers more than 3 mm.
34a. Plants dwarf subshrubs; stems strongly zigzagged toward apex,
rigid; cladodes rigid, spinescent ................................................... 18. A. gobicus
34b. Plants tall herbs; stems straight or slightly flexuous; cladodes
rather soft, never spinescent ........................................................ 17. A. dauricus
31b. Young branches not cartilaginous denticulate.
35a. Pedicels more than 8 mm.
36a. Male flowers ca. 3 mm; filaments free; stem striate-ridged distally ...... 14. A. mairei
36b. Male flowers 56 mm; filaments adnate to perianth segments for
ca. 1/2 their length; stem not striate-ridged ........................................ 27. A. officinalis
35b. Pedicels 26 mm.
37a. Stems with cladodes (except near base), usually covered with
stripelike remains of whitish, hyaline periderm when old .................. 28. A. neglectus
37b. Stems with cladodes only near apex, without stripelike remains of
periderm when old.
38a. Plants with creeping, stolonlike rhizomes to 2 mm thick; stems
usually simple; cladodes in fascicles of 57, falcate ............. 31. A. przewalskyi
38b. Plants with thick, abbreviated rhizomes 420 mm thick; stems
always branched; cladodes in fascicles of 16, usually straight.
39a. Roots slender, ca. 2 mm thick; cladodes usually
 spreading upward at an acute angle ................................... 17. A. dauricus
39b. Roots rather thick, 45 mm thick; cladodes spreading
downward at an obtuse angle .................................... 19. A. angulofractus
1. Asparagus racemosus Willdenow, Sp. Pl. 2: 152. 1799. The foliage is much used by florists.

chang ci tian men dong 4. Asparagus filicinus D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 49. 1825.

Subshrubs hermaphroditic. Stems climbing, branched, to 2 yang chi tian men dong
m; branches usually distinctly striate-ridged, ridges cartilagi-
Asparagus filicinus var. giraldii C. H. Wright; A. filicinus
nous denticulate. Cladodes in fascicles of 36(8), linear, 1
var. megaphyllus F. T. Wang & Tang; A. qinghaiensis Y. Wan.
2.5 cm ca. 1 mm, flat, midvein distinct. Leaf spur spines-
cent; spine straight or subrecurved, 1.52 cm on main stems, 5 Herbs dioecious. Stems erect, unarmed. Rootstock a short
10 mm on branches, woody, sharp. Inflorescences developing rhizome with a cluster of fusiform roots; roots swollen at base.
after cladodes, axillary, each a many-flowered raceme or pan- Stems much branched, 5070 cm, subsmooth; branches gen-
icle 14 cm; bracts ca. 1 mm. Pedicel 1.53 mm, slender, artic- erally striate-ridged, ridges sometimes slightly cartilaginous
ulate at middle. Perianth campanulate, 23 mm. Stamens equal, denticulate. Cladodes in fascicles of 58, linear, falcate, 315
ca. 0.7 mm; anthers yellow, minute. Fl. Nov. 2n = 20*, 48. 0.82 mm, flat, midvein distinct. Leaf spur short, not spines-
Broad-leaved forests along streams or valleys; 21002200 m. S cent. Inflorescences developing with cladodes or very soon
Xizang [Bhutan, India, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Sikkim; afterward. Flowers of both sexes solitary or paired; pedicel 12
Africa, Australia]. cm, articulate near middle. Male flowers: perianth pale green
or sometimes tinged with pale purple, campanulate, ca. 2.5 mm;
2. Asparagus densiflorus (Kunth) Jessop, Bothalia 9: 65. 1966.
filaments free; anthers ovate, ca. 8 mm. Berry deep green, 56
fei zhou tian men dong mm in diam., 2- or 3- seeded. Fl. MayJun, fr. JulAug. 2n =
18*, 20.
Asparagopsis densiflora Kunth, Enum. Pl. 5: 96. 1850;
Asparagus sprengeri Regel. Forests, thickets, shady and moist places along valleys; 1200
3000 m. Gansu, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Si-
Subshrubs hermaphroditic. Stems climbing, branched, to chuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Thailand].
1 m; branches distinctly striate-ridged. Cladodes in fascicles of
15, linear, 13 cm 1.52.5 mm, flat. Leaf spur spinescent; 5. Asparagus lycopodineus (Baker) F. T. Wang & Tang, Bull.
spine slightly hooked, 35 mm and sharp on main stems, very Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. 7: 291. 1937
short and not sharp on branches, woody. Inflorescences devel- duan geng tian men dong
oping after cladodes, solitary or paired, axillary, each a many-
flowered raceme or panicle 22.5 cm; bracts linear, 25 mm. Asparagus filicinus D. Don var. lycopodineus Baker, J.
Pedicel ca. 2 mm, articulate at middle. Perianth white; segments Linn. Soc., Bot. 14: 605. 1875; A. lycopodineus var. sessilis F.
oblong-ovate, ca. 2 mm. Stamens shorter than perianth; an- T. Wang & Tang.
thers minute. Berry red, 810 mm in diam., 1- or 2-seeded. Fl.
Herbs dioecious. Roots usually with swollen, tuberous part
throughout year. 2n = 40, 60.
1.53.5 cm 58 mm. Stems erect, 45100 cm, unarmed,
Commonly cultivated and occasionally becoming naturalized [na- smooth or slightly striate, sometimes narrowly winged distally;
tive to S Africa]. branches narrowly winged. Cladodes in fascicles of 3, linear,
3. Asparagus setaceus (Kunth) Jessop, Bothalia 9: 51. 1966. falcate, (2)512 13 mm, flat, midvein distinct. Leaf spur
short. Inflorescences developing after cladodes. Flowers of both
wen zhu sexes solitary or in clusters of 24; pedicel 11.5 mm or less.
Asparagopsis setacea Kunth, Enum. Pl. 5: 82. 1850; As- Male flowers: perianth white, campanulate, 34 mm; stamens
paragus plumosus Baker. unequal; filaments adnate to perianth segments for ca. 1/4 their
length. Female flowers: perianth ca. 2 mm. Berry 56 mm in
Herbs hermaphroditic. Stems climbing, much branched, to diam., 2- or 3-seeded. Fl. MayJun, fr. JulAug.
several meters, slightly woody near base; branches spreading
Forests, thickets; 5002600 m. Gansu, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei,
horizontally, with branchlets and cladodes arranged in 1 plane,
Hunan, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Myanmar].
frondlike. Cladodes in fascicles of 1013, 45 mm, very slen-
der, slightly trigonous. Leaf spur short, occasionally spinescent 6. Asparagus yanbianensis S. C. Chen, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 26:
on main stems. Inflorescences developing after cladodes. Flow- 139. 1988.
ers solitary or in clusters of 2 or 3; pedicel short, articulate at
yan bian tian men dong
middle. Perianth white; segments widely spreading, lanceolate-
oblong, ca. 7 mm. Berry purplish black, 67 mm in diam., 13- Herbs dioecious. Stems erect, to more than 40 cm, unarm-
seeded. Fl. Jun. 2n = 20*. ed, smooth or indistinctly striate; branches striate-ridged. Cla-
Commonly cultivated and occasionally becoming naturalized dodes in fascicles of 510, linear, falcate, 34 ca. 0.5 mm,
[native to S Africa]. flat, midvein distinct. Leaf spur short. Inflorescences develop-
ing after cladodes. Female flowers: usually paired, subsessile;
perianth yellowish green, campanulate, ca. 3 mm; aborted sta- Herbs, sometimes slightly subshrubby, dioecious. Stems
mens 6, outer ones with filaments and anthers, inserted at mid- climbing, to 1 m, slightly woody proximally, indistinctly stri-
dle of outer perianth segments, inner ones nearly without fila- ate-ridged; branches angled. Cladodes in fascicles of 69, line-
ments, inserted distally on inner segments; style ca. 1 mm. Fl. ar, 613 ca. 0.5 mm, acutely 3-angled. Leaf spur spinescent;
Jun. spine 46 mm on main stems, very short or indistinct on
Evergreen broad-leaved forests along valleys; ca. 2200 m. SW branches, woody, sharp. Inflorescences developing after cla-
Sichuan. dodes, axillary. Flowers of both sexes paired, subequal; pedicel
ca. 2 mm, articulate at middle. Male flowers: perianth yellow-
7. Asparagus schoberioides Kunth, Enum. Pl. 5: 70. 1850. ish, campanulate, 33.5 mm; filaments adnate to perianth seg-
long xu cai ments for ca. 1/2 their length; aborted ovary shortly rostrate
apically. Berry red, 67 mm in diam., usually 1-seeded. Fl.
Asparagus schoberioides var. subsetaceus Franchet; A. JunAug, fr. JulAug.
sieboldii Maximowicz.
Grassy slopes; 18002000. Yunnan.
Herbs dioecious. Roots 23 mm thick, slender. Stems
10. Asparagus munitus F. T. Wang & S. C. Chen in S. C.
erect, to 1 m, unarmed, distinctly striate-ridged distally;
Chen, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 16(1): 91. 1978.
branches angled or sometimes narrowly winged. Cladodes
usually in fascicles of 3 or 4, linear, falcate, 14 cm ca. 1 mm, xi nan tian men dong
flat, basally 3-angled, midvein distinct. Leaf spur short. Subshrubs dioecious. Stems climbing, to 1 m, becoming
Inflorescences developing after cladodes, axillary. Flowers of yellowish when dried; branches distinctly striate-ridged. Cla-
both sexes in clusters of 24, subequal; pedicel ca. 1 mm or dodes in fascicles of 25(7), 0.51.5 cm 0.50.8 mm,
less. Male flowers: perianth yellowish green, campanulate, 2 acutely 3-angled. Leaf spur spinescent; spine straight, 57 mm
2.5 mm; filaments free. Berry red, ca. 6 mm in diam., usually 1- on main stems, 1.52 mm on branches, rather thick, woody. In-
or 2-seeded. Fl. MayJun, fr. AugSep. 2n = 20*. florescences developing with cladodes. Male flowers: paired;
Forests, grassy slopes; 4002300 m. Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, pedicel 34.5 mm, articulate above middle or near apex; peri-
Henan,Jilin, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi [Japan, Korea, Mon- anth yellowish, campanulate, 45 mm; filaments adnate to peri-
golia, Russia (Far East, Kurile Islands, Sakhalin, Siberia)]. anth segments for ca. 1/2 their length. Berry ca. 7 mm in diam.,
8. Asparagus cochinchinensis (Loureiro) Merrill, Philipp. J. 14-seeded. Fl. AprMay.
Sci. 15: 230. 1919. Forest margins, thickets; 19002400 m. SW Sichuan, Yunnan.

tian men dong 11. Asparagus myriacanthus F. T. Wang & S. C. Chen in S.

C. Chen, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 16(1): 92. 1978.
Melanthium cochinchinense Loureiro, Fl. Cochinch. 1:
duo ci tian men dong
216. 1790; Asparagopsis sinica Miquel; Asparagus cochinchi-
nensis var. longifolius F. T. Wang & Tang; A. dauricus Link Subshrubs dioecious. Roots ca. 3 mm thick, rather slender.
var. elongatus Pampanini; A. gaudichaudianus Kunth; A. insul- Stems slightly diffuse or climbing, 12 m, densely striate-rid-
aris Hance; A. lucidus Lindley; A. sinicus (Miquel) C. H. ged; branches angled. Cladodes in fascicles of (3)614, 0.6
Wright. 2 cm 0.51 mm, acutely 3-angled. Leaf spur spinescent;
spine nearly straight, 4.58 mm on main stems, 2.55 mm on
Herbs dioecious. Roots with swollen, tuberous part 35
branches, woody, sharp. Inflorescences developing with cla-
12 cm. Stems climbing, 12 m, slightly woody proximally;
dodes. Male flowers: in clusters of 24; pedicel 1.52.5 mm,
branches angled or narrowly winged. Cladodes usually in fasci-
articulate above middle; perianth yellowish green, campanulate,
cles of 3, subfalcate, 0.58 cm 12 mm, flat or slightly 3-
1.52.5 mm; filaments adnate to perianth segments for ca. 1/2
angled. Leaf spur sometimes spinescent; spine 2.53.5 mm on
their length. Berry 56 mm in diam., 2- or 3-seeded. Fl. May,
main stems, minute or indistinct on branches. Inflorescences
fr. Sep.
developing after cladodes, axillary. Flowers of both sexes us-
ually paired, subequal; pedicel 26 mm, articulate at middle. Thickets, open slopes, sandy banks; 21003100 m. SE Xizang,
Male flowers: perianth greenish, campanulate, 2.53 mm; fila- NW Yunnan.
ments free. Berry green, 67 mm in diam., 1- or 2-seeded. Fl. 12. Asparagus subscandens F. T. Wang & S. C. Chen in S. C.
MayJun, fr. Sep. 2n = 20*. Chen, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 16(1): 92. 1978.
Thinly forested slopes, roadsides, waste fields; near sea level to
1700 m. Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, dian nan tian men dong
Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shandong, Herbs dioecious. Roots with swollen, tuberous part ca. 5
Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea, 1.2 cm. Stems climbing, to 1 m, slightly angled when young;
Laos, Vietnam].
branches angled, slightly cartilaginous denticulate. Cladodes in
The tuberous roots are used medicinally. fascicles of 37, falcate, 36 ca. 0.6 mm, flat or slightly 3 -
9. Asparagus taliensis F. T. Wang & Tang ex S. C. Chen, Acta angled. Leaf spur not spinescent. Inflorescences developing
Phytotax. Sin. 16(1): 91. 1978. after cladodes, axillary. Flowers of both sexes solitary or paired,
subequal; pedicel 1.52 mm, articulate at middle. Male flowers:
da li tian men dong
perianth yellowish green, campanulate, 34 mm; stamens un- xi zhi tian men dong
equal; filaments adnate to perianth segments for ca. 1/2 their
Asparagus meioclados H. Lveill var. trichoclados F. T.
length. Berry ca. 5 mm in diam. Fl. JulAug, fr. Aug. 2n = 20*.
Wang & Tang, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. 7: 290. 1937.
Forests, thickets; 8001700 m. S Yunnan. Herbs dioecious. Stems climbing, long, slightly woody
13. Asparagus yanyuanensis S. C. Chen, Acta Phytotax. Sin. proximally, smooth; branches angled, densely cartilaginous
19: 501. 1981. denticulate. Cladodes in fascicles of 48, filiform, 27 ca. 0.2
yan yuan tian men dong mm, slightly flattened, irregularly grooved. Leaf spur indistinct-
ly and shortly spinescent. Inflorescences developing after cla-
Herbs dioecious. Roots ca. 3 mm thick, slightly fleshy. dodes. Flowers unknown. Berry 45 mm in diam., 1- or 2-
Stems climbing, to more than 30 cm, slightly striate; branches seeded; pedicel ca. 2 mm, articulate at middle. Fr. Nov.
angled. Cladodes in fascicles of 46, 47 ca. 0.4 mm (im- Sparse forests, open grassy slopes; 11001400 m. C Yunnan.
mature), 3-angled. Leaf spur spinescent; spine slightly curved,
ca. 5 mm on main stems, much shorter on branches. Inflores- 17. Asparagus dauricus Link, Enum. Hort. Berol. Alt. 1: 340.
cences developing with cladodes. Male flowers: paired; pedicel 1821.
ca. 2 mm, articulate at middle; perianth yellowish green, sub- xing an tian men dong
globose, 11.5 mm; stamens equal; filaments adnate to perianth
segments for ca. 1/2 their length; anthers suboblong, ca. 1 mm. Asparagus gibbus Bunge; A. tuberculatus Bunge ex Iljin.
Fl. May. Herbs dioecious. Roots slender. Stems erect, 3070 cm,
Forests along streams. SW Sichuan. unarmed, striate; branches striate, younger ones cartilaginous
denticulate. Cladodes in fascicles of 16, usually spreading up-
14. Asparagus mairei H. Lveill, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni
ward at an acute angle, 14(5) cm ca. 0.6 mm, subterete,
Veg. 7: 339. 1909.
slightly flattened, irregularly grooved, rather soft, sometimes
kun ming tian men dong cartilaginous denticulate. Leaf spur short, not spinescent. Inflo-
rescences developing after cladodes. Flowers of both sexes
Herbs dioecious. Stems erect, to 60 cm, striate-ridged dis- paired. Male flowers: pedicel 35 mm; perianth yellowish
tally; branches distinctly striate-ridged. Cladodes usually in fas- green, ca. 4 mm; filaments adnate to perianth segments for ca.
cicles of 49, 512 ca. 0.7 mm, subterete, slightly flattened, 4/5 their length. Female flowers: pedicel ca. 2 mm; perianth ca.
irregularly grooved. Leaf spur shortly spinescent. Inflores- 1.5 mm. Berry 67 mm in diam., 24(6)-seeded. Fl. MayJun,
cences developing after cladodes. Flowers of both sexes gener- fr. AugSep.
ally paired; pedicel 912 mm, articulate distally. Male flowers:
perianth campanulate, ca. 3 mm; filaments free. Berry 67 mm Sandy wastelands, arid slopes; near sea level to 2200 m. Hebei,
Heilongjiang, Jiangsu, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shandong,
in diam., 1- or 2-seeded. Fl. May, fr. Aug.
Shanxi [Korea, Mongolia, Russia (Far East, Siberia)].
Yunnan (Kunming Shi). 18. Asparagus gobicus N. A. Ivanova ex Grubov, Bot. Mater.
15. Asparagus meioclados H. Lveill, Repert. Spec. Nov. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Acad. Nauk SSSR 17: 9. 1955.
Regni Veg. 8: 59. 1909. ge bi tian men dong
mi chi tian men dong Asparagus angulofractus Iljin var. scabridus Kitagawa.
Asparagus mairei H. Lveill (Jan 1913 and Jul 1913, Subshrubs dioecious. Roots slender. Stems suberect, usu-
not 1910); A. vaniotii H. Lveill; A. yunnanensis H. Lveill. ally flexuous distally, 1545 cm, rigid, covered with stripelike
Herbs dioecious. Roots with tuberous part. Stems erect, to remains of whitish, hyaline periderm; branches strongly flex-
1 m, angled, densely cartilaginous denticulate; branches strong- uous, slightly striate-ridged, sparsely cartilaginous denticulate.
ly angled, cartilaginous denticulate except apically and on Cladodes in fascicles of 38, usually spreading horizontally or
branchlets. Cladodes usually in fascicles of 510, 35(8) downward at an obtuse angle, 0.52.5 cm ca. 1 mm, subter-
0.30.5 mm, subterete, slightly flattened, irregularly grooved, ete, irregularly grooved, rather rigid. Leaf spur short, not spin-
generally not cartilaginous denticulate. Leaf spur indistinctly escent. Inflorescences developing after cladodes. Flowers of
spinescent. Inflorescences developing after cladodes. Male both sexes solitary or paired; pedicel 24 mm. Male flowers:
flowers: solitary or in clusters of 2 or 3; pedicel ca. 2 mm; perianth campanulate, 57 mm; filaments adnate to perianth
perianth yellowish green, narrowly campanulate, ca. 2 mm; segments for ca. 1/2 their length. Female flowers slightly
filaments adnate to perianth segments for ca. 1/2 their length. smaller than male ones. Berry red, 57 mm in diam., 35-
Berry red, 56 mm in diam., usually 1- or 2-seeded. Fl. May seeded. Fl. May, fr. JulOct.
Jul, fr. Aug. Sandy wastelands, sands; 16002600 m. Gansu, Nei Mongol,
Forests, grassy slopes along valleys and streams; 13003500 m. Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi [Mongolia].
Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan. 19. Asparagus angulofractus Iljin in Komarov, Fl. URSS 4:
16. Asparagus trichoclados (F. T. Wang & Tang) F. T. Wang 746. 1935.
& S. C. Chen in F. T. Wang & Tang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. zhe zhi tian men dong
15: 111. 1978.
 Asparagus soongoricus Iljin. si chuan tian men dong
Herbs dioecious. Roots 45 mm thick. Stems erect, 3080 Herbs slightly subshrubby, dioecious. Stems climbing,
cm, smooth; branches usually slightly flexuous, sometimes much branched, to 40 cm or more, slightly striate; branches
indistinctly striate. Cladodes in fascicles of 15, generally spreading; branchlets occasionally cartilaginous denticulate.
spreading horizontally or downward at an obtuse angle, usually Cladodes in fascicles of 68(16), appressed to branches, 59
straight,12.5 cm 11.5 mm, suberete, slightly flattened,some- ca. 0.4 mm, subterete, slightly flattened, occasionally carti-
times irregularly grooved. Leaf spur short, not spinescent. In- laginous denticulate. Leaf spur spinescent; spine 23 mm on
florescences developing after cladodes. Flowers of both sexes main stems, indistinct on branches, sharp. Inflorescences devel-
paired. Male flowers: pedicel 46 mm; perianth yellowish oping with cladodes. Male flowers: paired; pedicel ca. 5 mm;
green, campanulate, 45 mm; filaments adnate to perianth perianth purplish brown, campanulate; filaments adnate to
segments for ca. 1/2 their length. Female flowers: pedicel 57 perianth segments for 1/33/4 their length; anthers ca. 2 mm.
mm, articulate at or near apex; perianth 34 mm. Fl. MayJun. Berry red, 910 mm in diam., 4- or 5-seeded. Fl. AprMay, fr.
Sandy soil; 13002000 m. SW Xinjiang [Kazakstan]. AugSep.
Sparse forests, grassy slopes, roadsides; 15003300 m. Sichuan,
20. Asparagus breslerianus Schultes & J. H. Schultes in Roe-
Xizang.
mer & Schultes, Syst. Veg. 7: 323. 1829.
23. Asparagus tibeticus F. T. Wang & S. C. Chen in S. C.
xi bei tian men dong
Chen, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 16(1): 93. 1978.
Herbs dioecious. Roots 23 mm thick, rather slender. xi zang tian men dong
Stems climbing, 30100 cm; branches not or only slightly stri-
ate. Cladodes in fascicles of 48, generally straight, 0.51.5 ( Subshrubs dioecious. Stems suberect, 3060 cm, indis-
3.5) cm 0.40.7 mm, subterete, slightly flattened, grooved. tinctly striate, yellowish when dried, covered with stripelike
Leaf spur short, not or only slightly spinescent. Inflorescences remains of whitish, hyaline periderm; branches slightly striate.
developing after cladodes. Flowers of both sexes in clusters of Cladodes in fascicles of 47, slightly curved, 510 ca. 0.5
24; pedicel 618 mm, usually articulate above middle. Male mm, subterete, slightly flattened, irregularly grooved. Leaf spur
flowers: perianth reddish purple or greenish white, campanu- spinescent; spine slightly hooked, 46 mm on main stems, 3.5
late, ca. 6 mm; filaments adnate to perianth segments for ca. 1/2 4 mm on branches, woody, sharp. Inflorescences developing
their length; anthers apiculate. Female flowers: perianth ca. 3 with cladodes. Male flowers: in clusters of 24; pedicel 34
mm. Berry red, ca. 6 mm. in diam., 5- or 6-seeded. Fl. May, fr. mm, articulate below middle; perianth purplish red, subcam-
JulSep. 2n = 40*. panulate, ca. 3.5 mm; filaments adnate to perianth segments for
ca. 1/4 their length. Berry 67 mm in diam. Fl. MayJun, fr.
River banks, wastelands, saline soil; near sea level to 2900 m.
Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai, Xinjiang[Kazakstan, Mongolia, Russia, Turk- Jul.
menistan, Uzbekistan; SW Asia]. Hillsides, river flats; 38004000 m. Xizang.
This species was misidentified in FRPS as Asparagus persicus 24. Asparagus longiflorus Franchet, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist.
Baker. Nat., sr. 2, 7: 110. 1884.
21. Asparagus brachyphyllus Turczaninow, Bull. Soc. Imp. chang hua tian men dong
Naturalistes Moscou 13: 78. 1840.
Herbs dioecious. Roots rather slender. Stems suberect, 20
pan yuan tian men dong 170 cm, slightly striate-ridged distally; branches distinctly
Asparagus trichophyllus Bunge var. trachyphyllus Kunth. striate-ridged, ridges usually cartilaginous denticulate, particu-
larly on young branches. Cladodes in fascicles of 412, straight,
Herbs dioecious. Roots tuberous, subcylindric, 0.71.5 cm 615 ca. 0.6 mm, subterete, slightly flattened, irregularly
thick, fleshy. Stems climbing, 20100 cm; branches striate- grooved, usually cartilaginous denticulate. Leaf spur slightly
ridged, ridges usually cartilaginous denticulate. Cladodes in fas- spinescent; spine 15 mm on main stems, very short on branch-
cicles of 410, 412 ca. 0.5 mm, subterete, slightly flattened, es. Inflorescences developing after cladodes. Flowers of both
irregularly grooved, usually cartilaginous denticulate. Leaf spur sexes paired; pedicel usually 613 mm. Male flowers: perianth
not or only slightly spinescent; spine 12 mm. Inflorescences purplish, 67 mm; filaments adnate to perianth segments for ca.
developing after cladodes. Flowers of both sexes in clusters of 1/2 their length. Female flowers: perianth ca. 3 mm. Berry red,
24; pedicel 36 mm. Male flowers: perianth pale purplish 710 mm in diam., ca. 4-seeded. Fl. AprMay, fr. JunAug.
brown, campanulate, ca. 7 mm; filaments adnate to perianth
segments for ca. 1/2 their length. Female flowers: perianth ca. 3 Forests, thickets, grassy slopes; 24003300 m. Gansu, Hebei,
mm. Berry red, 67 mm in diam., 4- or 5-seeded. Fl. MayJun, Henan, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi.
fr. Aug. 2n = 40*. 25. Asparagus trichophyllus Bunge, Enum. Pl. China Bor. 65.
Thickets, open grassy slopes, field margins; 8002000 m. Hebei, 1833.
Jilin, Liaoning, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shanxi [Kazakstan, Korea, Mongolia,
Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan]. qu zhi tian men dong

22. Asparagus sichuanicus S. C. Chen & D. Q. Liu, Acta Phy- Herbs dioecious. Roots rather slender. Stems suberect,
totax. Sin. 22: 418. 1984. strongly flexuous distally, 60100 cm, sometimes sparsely
cartilaginous denticulate; branches strongly reflexed basally, Naturalistes Moscou 14: 750. 1841.
ascending distally; branchlets cartilaginous denticulate. Cla-
xin jiang tian men dong
dodes in fascicles of 58, usually appressed to branches, fili-
form, 0.71.8 cm ca. 0.3 mm, irregularly grooved. Leaf spur Herbs dioecious. Roots slender. Stems suberect, densely
slightly spinescent; spine 13 mm on main stems, indistinct branched, to 1 m, usually slightly striate, usually covered with
on branches. Inflorescences developing after cladodes. Flowers stripelike remains of whitish, hyaline periderm when old;
of both sexes paired; pedicel 1.21.6 cm. Male flowers: peri- branches slightly striate when young. Cladodes usually in fas-
anth yellowish green, usually tinged with pale purple, campan- cicles of 725, filiform, 0.51.7 cm ca. 0.3 mm, irregularly
ulate, 68 mm; filaments adnate to perianth segments for ca. grooved, usually several fascicles at each node of stem. Leaf
1/2 their length. Female flowers: perianth 2.53.5 mm. Berry 6 spur slightly spinescent; spine 23 mm on main stems, very
7 mm in diam., 35-seeded. Fl. May, fr. JulSep. 2n = 30*. short or indistinct on branches. Inflorescences developing after
Grassy slopes, roadsides,field margins, waste lands; near sea level cladodes. Flowers of both sexes solitary or paired; pedicel 1
to 2100 m. Hebei, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shanxi [Mongolia, Russia (E 1.5 cm. Male flowers: perianth campanulate, 57 mm;
Siberia)]. filaments adnate to perianth segments for ca. 1/2 their
length. Female flowers: perianth ca. 3 mm. Berry red, 67 mm
26. Asparagus oligoclonos Maximowicz, Mm. Acad. Imp. in diam., 13-seeded. Fl. MayJun, fr. Aug.
Sci. St.-Ptersbourg Divers Savans 9: 286. 1859.
Thickets, grassy slopes, river banks, sandy flats of rivers; 600
nan yu dai 1700 m. N Xinjiang [Afghanistan, Kazakstan, Mongolia, Pakistan,
Russia (E Siberia), Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan].
Asparagus oligoclonos var. purpurascens X. J. Xue & H.
Yao; A. tamaboki Yatabe. One of us (Tamanian) notes that Asparagus neglectus is very sim-
ilar to, and may be synonymous with, A. trichophyllus.
Herbs dioecious. Roots 23 mm thick, rather slender.
29. Asparagus acicularis F. T. Wang & S. C. Chen in S. C.
Stems erect, 4080 cm, sometimes slightly striate; branches
Chen, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 16(1): 93. 1978.
rather rigid, striate. Cladodes in fascicles of 512, 13 cm ca.
0.5 mm, subterete, slightly flattened, irregularly grooved. Leaf shan wen zhu
spur short or indistinct, rarely shortly spinescent. Inflorescences
developing after cladodes. Flowers of both sexes solitary or Herbs dioecious. Roots 24 mm thick basally, thickening
paired; pedicel (1)1.52 cm. Male flowers: perianth yellowish toward tip. Stems climbing, to 1 m or more; branches slender.
green, campanulate, 79 mm; filaments adnate to perianth Cladodes in fascicles of 37, needlelike, 612(15) ca. 0.3
segments for ca. 3/4 their length; anthers ca. 2 mm. Female mm, irregularly grooved. Leaf spur spinescent; spine 46 mm
flowers: perianth ca. 3 mm. Berry 810 mm in diam. Fl. Apr on main stems, 12 mm on branches, woody, sharp. Inflores-
May, fr. JulSep. 2n = 20. cences developing with cladodes. Male flowers: paired; pedicel
45 mm, articulate at middle; perianth greenish white, subglo-
Forests, meadows, moist places; near sea level to 500 m. Hebei, bose, ca. 2 mm in diam.; filaments free. Berry 56 mm in
Heilongjiang, Henan, Jilin, Liaoning, Shandong [Japan, Korea, Mon- diam., usually 1-seeded. Fl. JunJul, fr. Aug.
golia, Russia (Far East, Siberia)].
Thickets, grasslands, lake margins; near sea level to 200 m.
27. Asparagus officinalis Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 313. 1753. Guangdong, Guangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi.

shi diao bai 30. Asparagus kansuensis F. T. Wang & Tang ex S. C. Chen,
Acta Phytotax. Sin. 16(1): 94. 1978.
Asparagus officinalis var. altilis Linnaeus; A. polyphyllus
Steven. gan su tian men dong
Herbs dioecious. Roots 23 mm thick, rather slender. Stems Subshrubs dioecious. Roots with subterminal tuber 23 cm
suberect, to 1 m, usually slightly pendent apically; branches thick. Stems erect, much branched, 1727 cm, densely noded;
soft. Cladodes in fascicles of 36, 0.53 cm ca. 0.4 mm, sub- stem and branches striate-ridged, ridges cartilaginous denticu-
terete, slightly flattened, irregularly grooved. Leaf spur slightly late. Cladodes in fascicles of (3)510, needlelike, 58 ca. 0.4
spinescent or indistinct. Inflorescences developing after cla- mm, irregularly grooved. Leaf spur spinescent; spine spreading
dodes. Flowers of both sexes solitary of in clusters of 24; pedi- horizontally, straight, 25 mm on main stems, slightly shorter
cel 0.81.2(1.4) cm. Male flowers: perianth yellowish green, toward base of plant, slender, sharp. Inflorescences developing
campanulate, 56 mm; filaments adnate to perianth segments after cladodes. Flowers of both sexes solitary or paired; pedicel
for ca. 1/2 their length; anthers 11.5 mm. Female flowers: ca. 1 mm. Male flowers: perianth campanulate, 22.5 mm; fila-
perianth ca. 3 mm. Berry red, 78 mm in diam., 2- or 3-seeded. ments adnate to perianth segments for ca. 1/4 their length. Fl.
Fl. MayJun, fr. Aug. 2n = 20*, 40. Jun.
Slopes; 9001600 m. S Gansu.
Steppes. NW Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Mongolia, Russia; NW Africa,
C and SW Asia, Europe, widely cultivated elsewhere]. The tuberous roots are edible.

A very variable species; some cultivars are grown as a vegetable 31. Asparagus przewalskyi N. A. Ivanova ex Grubov & T. V.
in China. Egorova, Rast. Tsent. Azii, Mater. Bot. Inst. Komarova 7: 81.
28. Asparagus neglectus Karelin & Kirilov, Bull. Soc. Imp. 1977.
 bei tian men dong Inflorescences developing after cladodes. Flowers of both sexes
paired; pedicel 3.54 mm, articulate distally. Male flowers:
Asparagus borealis S. C. Chen; A. dolichorhizomatus J.
perianth pale purple, ca. 7 mm; stamens unequal, outer ones
M. Ni & R. N. Zhao.
longer than inner, filaments adnate to perianth segments for ca.
Herbs dioecious. Rhizomes creeping, stolonlike, 1.21.8 3/4 their length. Female flowers: perianth ca. 4 mm; aborted
mm thick., with spaced roots. Stems erect, usually simple, 10 stamens 6. Berry ca. 7 mm in diam., ca. 3-seeded. Fl. May,
30 cm, striate or striate-ridged. Cladodes in fascicles of 57, fr. Aug.
spreading, falcate, 0.42(3.2) cm ca. 0.7 mm, subterete, Thickets; 22002300 m. Qinghai.
slightly flattened, indistinctly grooved. Leaves scarcely spurred.

42. DRACAENA Vandelli ex Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 2: 229, 246. 1767;
Mant. Pl. 1: 9, 63. 1767.
long xue shu shu
Chen Xinqi ( Chen Sing-chi); Nicholas J. Turland
Pleomele Salisbury.
Plants treelike, shrubby, or subshrubby. Stems simple or branched, woody. Leaves crowded toward apex of stems or spaced
along distal part of stems, sessile or petiolate; petiole to 8 cm, base amplexicaul; leaf blade usually sword-shaped to elliptic-lanceo-
late, veins truly parallel from base, lateral veins absent. Inflorescence terminal, branched, rarely simple. Flowers bisexual, clustered,
sometimes solitary; pedicel articulate. Perianth cylindric, campanulate, or funnelform; tube short; lobes 6, similar. Stamens 6, insert-
ed in tube or throat of perianth; anthers versatile. Ovary 3-loculed; ovules 1 or 2 per locule. Style slender; stigma capitate or 3-lobed.
Fruit a berry, globose, 13-seeded. Seeds not coated with phytomelanin.
About 50 species: mainly in tropical regions of Africa and Asia; six species in China.
Dracaena, as treated in Dracaenaceae by Bos (in Kubitzki, Fam. Gen. Vasc. Pl. 3: 240. 1998), includes the genus Sansevieria Thunberg from
Africa to S Asia. If this arrangement is accepted, Dracaena probably comprises from 100150 species. Dracaena in Asia has been studied very little
for several decades. Consequently there are many taxononomic and nomenclatural problems and large numbers of unidentified specimens in herbaria.
The present account attempts to identify some of the problems affecting the Chinese species, which can only be properly understood in the context of
an in-depth study on the genus throughout tropical Asia.
1a. Plants treelike, 315 m tall; leaves crowded toward apex of stems, base completely covering internode; internodes
much shorter than wide; flowers in clusters of 27, perianth 68 mm.
2a. Branches reddish apically; leaves reddish basally; inflorescence rachis densely papillose-pubescent;
filaments reddish brown tuberculate distally ............................................................................................... 1. D. cochinchinensis
2b. Branches not reddish apically; leaves not reddish basally; inflorescence rachis glabrous or subglabrous;
filaments not tuberculate ................................................................................................................................... 2. D. cambodiana
1b. Plants shrubby or subshrubby, to 5 m tall; leaves spaced along distal part of stems, base usually not completely
covering internode; internodes often longer than wide; flowers solitary or in clusters of 24, perianth
(14)1823 mm.
3a. Leaves subsessile or indistinctly petiolate, petiole to 1 cm, leaf blade nearly sword-shaped to linear-
oblanceolate ....................................................................................................................................................... 3. D. angustifolia
3b. Leaves distinctly petiolate, petiole 18 cm, leaf blade linear-lanceolate to elliptic or broadly oblanceolate.
4a. Leaf blade linear-lanceolate or narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, 1015 23 cm; base of petiole neither
enlarged nor sheathing internode ...................................................................................................................... 4. D. elliptica
4b. Leaf blade elliptic-lanceolate, elliptic, or broadly oblanceolate, 2040 68 cm; base of petiole enlarged
and sheathing internode.
5a. Plants shrubby, to 5 m tall; inflorescence branched, 3060 cm; pedicels 810 mm, articulate at
middle .............................................................................................................................................. 5. D. hokouensis
5b. Plants subshrubby, less than 1 m tall; inflorescence simple, ca. 15 cm; pedicels 34 mm, articulate
above middle ...................................................................................................................................... 6. D. terniflora
1. Dracaena cochinchinensis (Loureiro) S. C. Chen in F. T. Plants treelike, 515 m tall. Stems branched, sometimes to
Wang & Tang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 14: 276. 1980. 1 m thick, reddish apically; internodes much shorter than wide;
bark grayish white, becoming grayish brown with age, smooth.
jian ye long xue shu
Leaves crowded at apex of branches, sessile, sword-shaped, 30
Aletris cochinchinensis Loureiro, Fl. Cochinch. 1: 204. 100 25 cm, leathery, base reddish, completely covering in-
1790; Dracaena loureiroi Gagnepain, nom. illeg. (included A. ternode. Inflorescence terminal, branched, more than 40 cm;
cochinchinensis); Pleomele cochinchinensis (Loureiro) Merrill. rachis densely papillose-pubescent. Flowers in clusters of 25;
pedicel 36 mm, articulate distally. Perianth milky white, 68 covering internode; leaf blade nearly sword-shaped to linear-
mm; tube 1.52 mm; lobes 56 mm. Filaments flat, 0.50.7 mm oblanceolate, 2045 1.55.5 cm. Inflorescence terminal,
wide, reddish brown tuberculate distally. Berry orange, subglo- branched, 3050 cm; rachis glabrous. Flowers in clusters of 2
bose, 0.81.2 cm in diam., 13-seeded. Fl. Mar, fr. JulAug. or 3; pedicel 78 mm, articulate distally or near apex. Perianth
Limestone slopes; 9001700 m. SW Guangxi, S Yunnan [Cam- greenish white, 1.92.3 cm; tube 78 mm; lobes 1.11.6 cm.
bodia, Vietnam]. Filaments filiform; anthers 23 mm. Style 58 as long as
ovary. Berry orange, globose, 0.81.2 cm in diam., 1- or 2-
There is a nomenclatural problem with the treelike Chinese plants
known under this name. The neotype specimen of Aletris cochin- seeded. Fl. MarMay, fr. JunAug. 2n = 40.
chinensis (J. & M. S. Clemens 4048, designated by Bos in Agric. Univ. Forests, thickets. Hainan, S Taiwan (including Lan Yu), S Yunnan
Wageningen Papers 84: 121. 1984) was said to be at P with duplicates at [Bhutan, Cambodia, India (including Andaman Islands), Indonesia,
BM, K, and MO, but, after searching each herbarium, only the sheet at Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Thailand,
BM could be found. This appears to be a specimen of the shrubby Vietnam; N Australia].
species traditionally known as Dracaena angustifolia, which should Dracaena menglaensis G. Z. Ye (in G. Z. Ye et al., Acta Bot. Yun-
therefore take the name D. cochinchinensis, leaving the treelike Chinese
nan. 14: 30. 1992) was described from two collections from the same
plants possibly without a name unless they are conspecific with D. locality in S Yunnan (Mengla Xian). It is said to differ from D. angust-
cambodiana, which is very similar morphologically (see below). The ifolia in its longer, sword-shaped leaves with bases completely covering
specimen does not conflict with Loureiros protologue. Rejection of the
internodes, perianth lobes tinged reddish purple distally, and 3-ribbed
name A. cochinchinensis would maintain the traditional and current berry with 4 small, apical projections. However, in all other features, it
application of D. angustifolia. Alternatively, conservation of A. cochin- falls within the range of variation of D. angustifolia, and is probably
chinensis with a conserved type could additionally preserve its usage in
best regarded as a robust plant of that species.
the sense of the treelike Chinese plants.
4. Dracaena elliptica Thunberg, Dracaena, 6. 1808.
The dried resin, called xue jie () or dragons blood, is used
medicinally. The collection of this resin, together with habitat destruc- xi zhi long xue shu
tion, hasmade Dracaena cochinchinensis a vulnerable species in China.
Dracaena atropurpurea Roxburgh var. gracilis (Baker)
2. Dracaena cambodiana Pierre ex Gagnepain, Bull. Soc. Bot.
Baker; D. elliptica var. gracilis Baker; D. gracilis (Baker) J. D.
France 81: 286. 1934.
Hooker (1892), not Salisbury (1796, nom. illeg., included D.
jian pu zhai long xue shu marginata Lamarck).
Pleomele cambodiana (Pierre ex Gagnepain) Merrill & Plants shrubby, 15 m tall. Stems branched; internodes
Chun. longer than wide. Leaves spaced along distal part of branches,
distinctly petiolate; petiole ca. 1 cm, base neither enlarged nor
Plants treelike, 34(10) m tall. Stems usually branched,
covering internode; leaf blade linear-lanceolate or narrowly
not reddish apically; internodes much shorter than wide; bark
elliptic-lanceolate, 1015 23 cm, midvein distinct. Inflores-
grayish brown. Leaves crowded at apex of branches, sessile,
cence terminal, branched, 710 cm; rachis glabrous. Flowers
sword-shaped, 6070 1.53 cm, leathery, base not reddish,
solitary, rarely paired; pedicel ca. 10 mm, articulate above mid-
completely covering internode. Inflorescence terminal, branch-
dle. Perianth greenish, sometimes flushed red or purple, 22.3
ed, 3040 cm; rachis glabrous or subglabrous. Flowers in clus-
cm.
ters of 37; pedicel 57 mm, articulate distally. Perianth green-
ish white or pale yellow, 67 mm; tube 1.21.6 mm; lobes 4.5 S Guangxi [Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Viet-
nam].
5 mm. Filaments flat, ca. 0.5 mm wide, not tuberculate. Style
slightly shorter than ovary. Berry ca. 1 cm in diam. Fl. Jul. Chinese plants were treated in FRPS as Dracaena gracilis, which
is an illegitimate name (a later homonym). J. J. Bos (pers. comm.) notes
Forests, dry and sandy soils; near sea level to 300 m. S Hainan that the type specimen of D. elliptica var. gracilis, from Penang, Ma-
[Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam]. laysia, differs from typical D. elliptica only in having somewhat nar-
Dracaena cambodiana is very similar morphologically to the rower leaves. He believes that the plant should be treated under D.
elliptica, but does not support any infraspecific status for it.
species here named D. cochinchinensis, and J. J. Bos (pers. comm.)
notes that the two may be conspecific. 5. Dracaena hokouensis G. Z. Ye in G. Z. Ye et al., Acta Bot.
Yunnan. 14: 29. 1992.
The dried resin can be used medicinally as a substitute for that of
Dracaena cochinchinensis. he kou long xue shu

3. Dracaena angustifolia Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., ed. 1832, 2: 155. Plants shrubby, to 5 m tall. Stem simple; internodes often
1832. longer than wide. Leaves spaced along distal part of stem, dis-
tinctly petiolate; petiole 48 cm, base neither enlarged nor cov-
chang hua long xue shu
ering internode; leaf blade elliptic-lanceolate or broadly oblan-
Pleomele angustifolia (Roxburgh) N. E. Brown. ceolate, 2540 67 cm, midvein distinct. Inflorescence termi-
nal, branched, 3060 cm; rachis glabrous. Flowers in clusters of
Plants shrubby, rhizomatous, 13 m tall. Stems simple or 24; pedicel 810 mm, articulate at middle. Perianth white, 1.8
few branched; internodes often longer than wide; bark grayish, 2 cm; tube ca. 8 mm; lobes 11.2 cm. Filaments filiform; an-
smooth. Leaves spaced along distal part of stems, subsessile or thers ca. 2 mm. Style filiform, much longer than ovary. Berry
indistinctly petiolate; petiole to 1 cm, base not completely orange, globose, 1.52 cm in diam., 3-furrowed. Fl. AprMay,
fr. SepNov. simple, ca. 15 cm; rachis glabrous. Flowers solitary or in
Forests, bamboo forests, hillsides along valleys; 100700 m. S clusters of 2 or 3; pedicel 34 mm, articulate above middle.
Guangxi, SE Yunnan [?Thailand, Vietnam]. Perianth white, (1.4)1.82.2 cm. Berry globose, 11.3 cm in
diam., 13-seeded. Fr. Aug. 2n = 80.
Dracaena hokouensis was compared in the protologue with D.
helferiana Wallich ex Kurz, described from Myanmar, and is also simi- Dense forests; 10001100 m. SW Yunnan (Jinghong Xian) [Bang-
lar to D. spicata Roxburgh, described from cultivated plants originating ladesh, India, Malaysia, Thailand].
from Chittagong, Bangladesh, except that the latter species has sub-
sessile flowers. There may be a nomenclatural problem with the Chinese plants
known under this name. The only locality mentioned in the protologue
6. Dracaena terniflora Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., ed. 1832, 2: 159. is Sylhet in Bangladesh. The gathering Wallich 5147A (BM, K), labeled
1832. D. terniflora and from Sylhet, is original material for the name but
ai long xue shu clearly belongs to the species traditionally known as D. elliptica. If one
of these specimens were designated as the lectotype of D. terniflora,
Plants subshrubby, less than 1 m tall. Stems somewhat that name would fall into the synonymy of D. elliptica, leaving the Chi-
sprawling, simple or few branched; internodes often longer than nese plants without a name. However, it is possible that these Chinese
wide. Leaves spaced along distal part of stem, distinctly petio- plants are less robust individuals of D. hokouensis, characterized by
late; petiole 36 cm, distinctly widened at base to form a per- smaller stature, simple inflorescence, and shorter pedicels. Further col-
sistent sheath normally concealing internode; leaf blade elliptic- lections are needed to ascertain their true identity.
lanceolate or elliptic, 2030 68 cm. Inflorescence terminal,

43. MAIANTHEMUM F. H. Wiggers, Prim. Fl. Holsat. 14. 1780, nom. cons.
wu he cao shu

Chen Xinqi ( Chen Sing-chi); Shoichi Kawano8

Oligobotrya Baker; Polygonastrum Moench; Smilacina Desfontaines; Tovaria Necker ex Baker (1875), not Ruiz & Pavn
(1794); Vagnera Adanson.
Herbs perennial, rhizomatous. Stems erect, simple. Leaves alternate, sessile or petiolate, usually elliptic to ovate, sometimes
basal leaf solitary and early withered. Inflorescence a terminal raceme or panicle. Flowers bisexual or sometimes unisexual (when
plants dioceous), small. Perianth segments 4 or 6, in 2 whorls, free or proximally connate, rarely forming a long tube. Stamens 4 or
6, inserted at base of perianth segments or adnate to perianth tube; filaments filiform; anthers dorsifixed. Ovary 2- or 3-loculed;
ovules 1 or 2 per locule. Style columnar, relatively short; stigma entire or 2- or 3-lobed. Fruit a berry, globose or subglobose. Seeds
13, globose to ovoid.
About 35 species: mainly in E Asia and North America, also in N Asia, Central America, and N Europe; 19 species (nine endemic) in China.
Wu Zhengyi (editors note) believes that Smilacina would be better kept separate from Maianthemum on the basis of morphology and
geographic distribution.
1a. Plants with a solitary, early-withered basal leaf, cauline leaves 2 or 3; perianth segments 4, in 2 whorls; stamens 4;
ovary 2-loculed, ovules 2 per locule ............................................................................................................................. 1. M. bifolium
1b. Plants without basal leaf, cauline leaves more than 3; perianth segments 6; stamens 6; ovary 3-loculed, ovules 1 or 2
per locule.
2a. Rhizome (0.7)12 cm thick.
3a. Ovary 34 as long as style .............................................................................................................................. 2. M. fuscum
3b. Ovary shorter than or subequaling style.
4a. Inflorescence rachis glabrous ................................................................................................................ 3. M. tatsienense
4b. Inflorescence rachis pubescent.
5a. Leaves basally cordate and clasping stem ........................................................................................... 8. M. forrestii
5b. Leaves basally neither cordate nor clasping stem.
6a. Perianth funnelform.
7a. Perianth tube 610 mm, 2/33/4 as long as perianth ................................................................ 9. M. henryi
7b. Perianth tube 34 mm, nearly 1/2 as long as perianth ............................................... 10. M. szechuanicum
6b. Perianth usually campanulate or rotate.
8a. Style 22.5 as long as ovary ............................................................................................ 4. M. oleraceum
8b. Style nearly as long as ovary.
9a. Perianth tube 12 mm, segments connate proximally ........................................ 7. M. atropurpureum
9b. Perianth tube indistinct, segments free to the base or connate for less than 2 mm.
10a. Panicle with only 1 or 2 branches at base; stigma 3-lobed ............................... 5. M. purpureum
10b. Panicle with 3 or more branches; stigma subentire ........................................... 6. M. japonicum
2b. Rhizome 0.10.7 cm thick.

8 Kyoto University, 303-204 Greentown Makishima, 51-1 Motoyashiki, Makishima-cho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0041, Japan.
 11a. Inflorescence a panicle.
12a. Inflorescence 22.5 cm; perianth segments ca. 2.3 mm; style ca. 1 mm (Sichuan) ................ 11. M. nanchuanense
12b. Inflorescence 45 cm; perianth segments 34 mm; style ca. 0.5 mm (Taiwan) ......................... 12. M. formosanum
11b. Inflorescence a raceme.
13a. Flowers mostly in clusters of 24 .................................................................................................. 13. M. dahuricum
13b. Flowers all solitary.
14a. Inflorescence rachis pubescent.
15a. Perianth segments violet, free to base .................................................................. 14. M. fusciduliflorum
15b. Perianth segments white or tinged violet, connate at base to form a tube 13 mm.
16a. Perianth segments forming a long tube 2.53 mm; style 2.53 mm .............. 15. M. lichiangense
16b. Perianth segments forming a short tube 12 mm; style 0.51 mm ..................... 16. M. tubiferum
14b. Inflorescence rachis glabrous.
17a. Inner perianth segments obovate, margin ciliate ................................................... 17. M. gongshanense
17b. Inner perianth segments oblong or narrowly lanceolate, margin not ciliate.
18a. Inner perianth segments oblong, 23 mm ............................................................. 18. M. trifolium
18b. Inner perianth segments narrowly lanceolate, 57 mm .................................... 19. M. stenolobum
1. Maianthemum bifolium (Linnaeus)F. W. Schmidt, Fl. Boem. oblong to ovate-lanceolate, 817 36.5 cm, base rounded or
Cent. 4: 55. 1794. subcordate, margin sometimes ciliate, apex cuspidate-caudate.
Inflorescence a panicle; rachis zigzagged or straight, sometimes
wu he cao
with spreading, stiff hairs. Flowers solitary; pedicel 48(13)
Convallaria bifolia Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 316. 1753; Smila- mm. Perianth rose; segments nearly free, subelliptic, 34 23
cina bifolia (Linnaeus) Desfontaines. mm. Filaments subdeltoid, ca. 1 mm, flat; anthers small. Ovary
1.52 mm, 34 as long as style. Style very short. Berries red
Plants 820(25) cm tall. Rhizome sometimes forked, to
at maturity, 58 mm in diam., 13-seeded. Fl. MayJul, fr.
20 cm 12 mm. Stem sometimes scattered papillose-pubes-
SepNov. 2n = 28, 36, 54*, 66, 72.
cent. Basal leaf withered at anthesis; petiole to 10 cm. Cauline
leaves usually 2, borne distally to apically on stem; petiole 12 Forests, thickets; 16002800 m. S Xizang, NW Yunnan [Bhutan,
cm, often papillose-pubescent; leaf blade deltoid-ovate, 38 ( NE India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sikkim].
10) 15(9) cm, abaxial veins puberulent, base cordate, mar- 3. Maianthemum tatsienense (Franchet) LaFrankie, Taxon 35:
gin minutely denticulate-papillose or puberulent. Raceme erect, 589. 1986.
35 cm, 1025-flowered; rachis papillose-pubescent; bracts mi-
nute. Flowers solitary or paired; pedicel ca. 5 mm, slender, zhai ban lu yao
articulate apically. Perianth white; segments oblong, 22.5
Tovaria tatsienensis Franchet, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 43:
1.51.8 mm. Stamens 1.62.1 mm. Style ca. 1 mm. Berries red
47. 1896; Smilacina paniculata (Baker) F. T. Wang & Tang
at maturity, 36 mm in diam. Seeds with yellow testa. Fl. May
(1978), not M. Martens & Galeotti (1842); S. tatsienensis
Jul, fr. AugSep. 2n = 28, 30, 36, 42, 54, 88.
(Franchet) H. R. Wehrhahn; S. tatsienensis var. paniculata
Forests, thickets, moist places, hillsides along streams; 5002700 (Baker) F. T. Wang & Tang; S. yunnanensis (Franchet) Handel-
m. Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Qinghai, Mazzetti; Streptopus paniculatus Baker; Tovaria delavayi
Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, N Xinjiang [Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia; Franchet; T. yunnanensis Franchet; T. yunnanensis var. rigida
Europe, North America].
Franchet.
Maianthemum dilatatum (A. W. Wood) A. Nelson & J. F.
Macbride (Bot. Gaz. 61: 30. 1916), from Japan, Mongolia, E Russia, Plants 3080 cm tall. Rhizome subtuberous or slightly
and NW North America, probably occurs in China. In Russia and moniliform, (2.5)716 mm thick. Stem glabrous. Leaves 68,
Japan, M. dilatatum is sympatric with M. bifolium and, in Japan, there shortly petiolate; leaf blade ovate, oblong-lanceolate, or sub-
occur intermediate forms which may have derived from hybridization elliptic, 27 27.5 cm. Inflorescence a panicle, sometimes a
between the two species (Kawano, pers. obs.). Such plants in the raceme, 2.511 cm, glabrous. Flowers solitary; pedicel 212
Russian Far East have been called M. intermedium Voroschilov (Izv. (18) mm. Perianth greenish or sometimes tinged purple; seg-
Glavn. Bot. Sada RSFSR 38, 50. 1960) and may also occur in China. ments connate at base, narrowly lanceolate, 2.55 0.61.2
2. Maianthemum fuscum (Wallich) LaFrankie,Taxon 35: 588. mm. Filaments short, flat. Ovary globose, slightly longer than
1986. short style. Stigma deeply 3-lobed. Berries red at maturity, 67
mm in diam., 15-seeded. Fl. MayJun, fr. AugOct.
xi nan lu yao
Smilacina fusca Wallich, Pl. Asiat. Rar. 3: 37. 1832; S. Forests, forest margins, grassy slopes; 15003500 m. Gansu,
bootanensis Griffith; S. finitima (W. W. Smith) F. T. Wang & Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, N
Tang; S. fusca var. pilosa H. Hara; Tovaria finitima W. W. Myanmar].
Smith; T. fusca (Wallich) Baker. 4. Maianthemum oleraceum (Baker) LaFrankie, Taxon 35:
Plants 2550 cm tall. Rhizome creeping, tuberous-moni- 589. 1986.
liform, ca. 1 cm thick, stout. Stem glabrous or distally pilose.
chang zhu lu yao
Leaves 49; petiole 12.5 cm, glabrous or pilose; leaf blade
 Tovaria oleracea Baker, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 14: 569. 1875; Inflorescence paniculate, with 35 branches, 36 cm, 1025-
Maianthemum oleraceum var. acuminatum (F. T. Wang & flowered; rachis pubescent. Flowers solitary; pedicel 26 mm,
Tang) Noltie; Smilacina crassifolia Kawano; S. mientienensis pubescent. Perianth white; segments free or slightly connate at
F. T. Wang & Tang; S. oleracea (Baker) J. D. Hooker & Thom- base, oblong or oblong-obovate, ca. 3 1.5 mm. Filaments fili-
son; S. oleracea f. acuminata (F. T. Wang & Tang) H. Hara; S. form, 22.5 mm; anthers small. Style 0.51 mm, subequaling
oleracea var. acuminata F. T. Wang & Tang. ovary; stigma subentire. Berries red at maturity, 56 mm in
diam., 1- or 2-seeded. Fl. MayJun, fr. AugSep. 2n = 36*.
Plants 4580 cm tall. Rhizome tuberous, 12 cm thick.
Stem zigzagged, distally pubescent or glabrescent. Leaves 4 Forests, moist and shaded places, cliffs; 9002000 m. Anhui,
9; petiole 37 mm; leaf blade oblong-ovate, oblong-lanceolate, ?Fujian, Gansu, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei,
or broadly lanceolate, 1221 26 cm, abaxially laxly pub- Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi,
Sichuan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea, Russia].
escent. Inflorescence a panicle, 510 cm; rachis pubescent.
Flowers solitary; pedicel 510 mm. Perianth white or deep pur- 7. Maianthemum atropurpureum (Franchet) LaFrankie,
plish red; segments nearly free, obovate-oblong, 46 23.5 Taxon 35: 588. 1986.
mm, usually minutely denticulate on distal margin. Filaments
gao da lu yao
subulate, ca. 1.3 mm; anthers ca. 1 mm. Style 22.5 mm;
stigma 3-lobed. Berries red at maturity, 67 mm in diam., 13- Tovaria atropurpurea Franchet, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 43:
seeded. Fl. MayJul, fr. AugOct. 2n = 36. 45. 1896; Maianthemum wardii (W. W. Smith) H. Li; Pelio-
santhes mairei H. Lveill; Smilacina atropurpurea (Franchet)
Forests; 21003300 m. Guizhou, Sichuan, SE Xizang, NW Yun- F. T. Wang & Tang; S. prattii (Franchet) H. R. Wehrhahn; S.
nan [Bhutan, N India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sikkim].
robusta (Franchet) F. T. Wang & Tang; S. smithii K. Krause; S.
5. Maianthemum purpureum (Wallich) LaFrankie, Taxon 35: wardii (W. W. Smith) F. T. Wang & Tang; T. prattii Franchet;
589. 1986. T. prattii var. robusta Franchet; T. wardii W. W. Smith.
zi hua lu yao Plants 3060 cm tall. Rhizome creeping, moniliform, 1
1.5 cm thick. Stem zigzagged, hispidulous distally. Leaves 5
Smilacina purpurea Wallich, Pl. Asiat. Rar. 2: 38. 1831; 9; petiole 56 mm; leaf blade oblong or ovate-elliptic, 911
Jocaste purpurea (Wallich) Kunth; S. oligophylla (Baker) J. D. 4.55.2 cm, both surfaces laxly hispidulous. Inflorescence a
Hooker; S. pallida Royle; S. purpurea f. albiflora (Wallich) H. panicle, 320 cm; rachis pubescent. Flowers solitary; pedicel 2
Hara; S. purpurea var. albiflora Wallich; S. purpurea f. oligo- 3 mm, elongate in fruit. Perianth white to purplish red; seg-
phylla (Baker) H. Hara; S. zhongdianensis H. Li & Y. Chen; ments connate proximally, forming a tube 12 mm, lobes
Tovaria oligophylla Baker; T. pallida (Royle) Baker; T. pur- ovate-lanceolate or oblong, 24 1.52.5 mm. Filaments flat,
purea (Wallich) Baker. widened at base, ca. 0.5 mm; anthers small. Style 11.5 mm,
Plants 2560 cm tall. Rhizome usually moniliform, 11.5 subequaling ovary; stigma 3-lobed. Berries 56 mm in diam., 1-
cm thick. Stem pubescent distally. Leaves 59, subsessile or or 2-seeded. Fl. MayJun, fr. AugSep.
shortly petiolate; leaf blade oblong or ovate-oblong, 713 3 Forests, moist and shaded places; 14003000 m. S Sichuan, N
6.5 cm, pubescent along abaxial veins. Inflorescence usually a Yunnan.
raceme, occasionally with 1 or 2 branches, 1.57 cm; rachis
8. Maianthemum forrestii (W. W. Smith)LaFrankie, Taxon 35:
pubescent. Flowers solitary; pedicel 24 mm, pubescent. Peri-
588. 1986.
anth white or sometimes tinged purplish; segments free, ovate-
elliptic or ovate, 45 23 mm. Filaments ca. 1.5 mm, dilated bao jing lu yao
to base; anthers small. Style nearly as long as ovary; stigma 3-
Tovaria forrestii W. W. Smith, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard.
lobed. Berries red at maturity, 67 mm in diam., 14-seeded.
Edinburgh 8: 209. 1914; Smilacina forrestii (W. W. Smith)
Fl. JunJul, fr. Sep. 2n = 36, 38*.
Handel-Mazzetti.
Forests, thickets; 32004000 m. E and S Xizang, NW Yunnan
[Bhutan, NE India, Nepal, Sikkim]. Plants 5080 cm tall. Stem glabrous. Leaves 69, sessile;
leaf blade ovate-elliptic or narrowly elliptic, 1117 38 cm,
6. Maianthemum japonicum (A. Gray) LaFrankie, Taxon 35: thinly papery, base cordate and clasping stem, apex long acumi-
588. 1986. nate. Inflorescence a panicle or raceme, 815 cm, many flow-
lu yao ered; rachis laxly pubescent. Flowers solitary; pedicel 36 mm,
pubescent. Perianth yellow-green, tinged purple; segments bas-
Smilacina japonica A. Gray in Perry, Jap. Exped. 2: 321. ally connate, forming a short tube ca. 1 mm, lobes spreading,
1856; S. hirta Maximowicz; S. japonica var. mandshurica subovate or deltoid-lanceolate, 23 1.41.8 mm. Filaments
Maximowicz; S. rossii (Baker) Maximowicz; Tovaria japonica ca. 0.5 mm; anthers small. Style ca. 0.8 mm, nearly as long as
(A. Gray) Baker; T. rossii Baker. ovary. Fl. JunJul.
Plants 3060 cm tall. Rhizome creeping, subterete or sub- Forests; 28003200 m. NW Yunnan.
moniliform, 710 mm thick. Stem strigose distally. Leaves 49,
shortly petiolate; leaf blade ovate-elliptic, elliptic, or oblong, 6 9. Maianthemum henryi (Baker) LaFrankie, Taxon 35: 588.
15 37 cm, both surfaces laxly pubescent or glabrescent. 1986.
 guan hua lu yao subequaling ovary; stigma slightly 3-lobed. Fl. MayJun.

Oligobotrya henryi Baker, Hookers Icon. Pl. 16: t. 1537. Forests, hillsides along ravines; 17002100 m. SE Sichuan
1886; O. henryi var. violacea C. H. Wright; O. limprichtii Lin- (Nanchuan Xian).
gelsheim ex H. Limpricht; Smilacina henryi (Baker) H. Hara. 12. Maianthemum formosanum (Hayata) LaFrankie, Taxon
Plants 5080 cm tall. Rhizome submoniliform, 12 cm 35: 588. 1986.
thick. Stem hispidulous or hirsutulous distally, rarely glabres- tai wan lu yao
cent.Leaves 58, subsessile or shortly petiolate; leaf blade ellip-
tic, ovate, or oblong, 922 3.511 cm, pubescent or glabres- Smilacina formosana Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formos. 9: 141.
cent. Inflorescence a raceme, sometimes a panicle, 37(17) 1920; S. nokomonticola Yamamoto.
cm; rachis pubescent. Flowers solitary; pedicel 1.55 mm, pub- Plants 1535 cm tall. Rhizome creeping, subterete, 27
escent. Perianth yellowish green to white, funnelform; segments mm thick, sometimes with swollen nodes. Stem hirsute distally,
connate except distally, forming a long tube, tube 610 mm, zigzagged. Leaves subsessile or shortly petiolate; leaf blade
lobes spreading, 23 1.52 mm. Stamens short. Style 23 oblong, oblong-ovate, or lanceolate, 3.512 25 cm, papery,
mm, slightly longer than ovary; stigma 3-lobed. Berries red at sometimes slightly pubescent on veins. Inflorescence usually a
maturity, 79 mm in diam., 24-seeded. Fl. MayJun, fr. Aug panicle, 45 cm; rachis hirsute. Flowers solitary; pedicel ca. 2
Oct. 2n = 36*. mm, hirsute. Perianth white; segments connate at base, ob-
Forests, thickets, moist places along streams; 13004000 m. Gan- long or oblanceolate, 34 12 mm. Filaments 1.52 mm; an-
su, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan thers small. Style very short, ca. 0.5 mm, ca. 1/2 as long as
[N Myanmar, Vietnam]. ovary; stigma slightly 3-lobed. Fl. JunAug. 2n = 36*.
10. Maianthemum szechuanicum (F. T. Wang & Tang) H. Li, Forests, wet shaded places; 20003700 m. Taiwan.
Acta Bot. Yunnan., Suppl. 3: 9. 1990.
13. Maianthemum dahuricum (Turczaninow ex Fischer & C.
si chuan lu yao A. Meyer) LaFrankie, Taxon 35: 588. 1986.

Oligobotrya szechuanica F. T. Wang & Tang, Bull. Fan xing an lu yao

Mem. Inst. Biol. 7: 289. 1937; Maianthemum henryi (Baker) La
Smilacina dahurica Turczaninow ex Fischer & C. A.
Frankie var. szechuanicum (F. T. Wang & Tang) H. Li; Smila-
Meyer, Index Sem. Hort. Petrop. 1: 38. 1835; Asteranthemum
cina henryi (Baker) H. Hara var. szechuanica (F. T. Wang &
dahuricum (Turczaninow ex Fischer & C. A. Meyer) Kunth;
Tang) F. T. Wang & Tang; S. szechuanica (F. T. Wang & Tang)
Tovaria dahurica (Turczaninow ex Fischer & C. A. Meyer)
H. Hara.
Baker; Vagnera dahurica (Turczaninow ex Fischer & C. A.
Plants 4050 cm tall. Rhizome submoniliform, 0.71.5 cm Meyer) Makino.
thick. Stem hispidulous or hirsutulous distally. Leaves 58, sub- Plants 3060 cm tall. Rhizome creeping, 12.5 mm thick,
sessile or shortly petiolate; leaf blade oblong, elliptic, or ovate, slender. Stem glabrous or shortly pubescent distally. Leaves 6
611 35(7.5) cm, pubescent or glabrescent. Inflorescence a 12, sessile; leaf blade oblong-ovate or oblong, 613 24 cm,
raceme, sometimes a panicle, 38(17) cm; rachis pubescent. abaxially densely pubescent. Inflorescence a raceme, 34 cm;
Flowers solitary; pedicel 1.54 mm, pubescent. Perianth pur- rachis shortly pubescent. Flowers in clusters of 24, very rarely
plish to white, funnelform; segments connate proximally, form- solitary; pedicel 35 mm, pubescent. Perianth white; segments
ing a tube 34 mm, lobes oblong, 34 1.52 mm. Filaments connate at base, obovate-oblong or oblong, 24 11.5 mm.
11.5 mm; anthers small. Style 34 mm, nearly 2 as long as Filaments 1.53 mm; anthers small. Style ca. 1 mm, shorter
ovary; stigma slightly 3-lobed. Fl. MayJul. than ovary; stigma slightly 3-lobed. Berries red or purplish red
Alpine coniferous forests, hillsides, river banks; 20003600 m. at maturity, 67 mm in diam., 1- or 2-seeded. Fl. Jun, fr. Aug.
W Sichuan, NE Yunnan. 2n = 36*.
11. Maianthemum nanchuanense H. Li & J. L. Huang, Bull. Forests; 4001000 m. Heilongjiang, Jilin, ?Liaoning, ?Nei Mon-
Bot. Res., Harbin 10(3): 51. 1990. gol [Korea, Russia].

nan chuan lu yao 14. Maianthemum fusciduliflorum (Kawano) S. C. Chen &

Kawano, Novon 10: 113. 2000.
Smilacina nanchuanensis (H. Li & J. L. Huang) S. Yun
he hua lu yao
Liang.
Smilacina fusciduliflora Kawano, J. Jap. Bot. 41: 354. 1966;
Plants 1222 cm tall. Rhizome creeping, terete, ca. 3 mm
Maianthemum dulongense H. Li.
thick, slender. Stem yellow-brown hirsute distally. Leaves 3 or
4; petiole 34 mm; leaf blade ovate or oblong-ovate, 4.57 Plants 320 cm tall. Rhizome creeping, moniliform, 34
3.24.3 cm, abaxially strigose, base rounded or somewhat cor- cm 48 mm. Stems sometimes 24-crowded, purplish, pub-
date, margin ciliate. Inflorescence a panicle, 22.5 cm; rachis erulent. Leaves 46, subsessile; leaf blade ovate, 2.53.6(6)
densely hirsute. Flowers solitary; pedicel 34 mm, hirsute. Peri- 12(3.5) cm, base cordate, apex acute. Inflorescence a raceme,
anth white; segments free, spreading, ca. 2.3 0.71 mm. Fila- 56 cm, 315-flowered; rachis pubescent. Flowers solitary; ped-
ments ca. 1.7 mm, slightly flat. Ovary white, ca. 1 mm. Style icel 24 mm, pubescent. Perianth violet; segments scarcely con-
nate at base, outer ones broadly ovate, ca. 3 2.5 mm, inner al., Acta Bot. Yunnan. 5: 261. 1983.
ones oblong, ca. 1 mm wide. Filaments ca. 1 mm; anthers ca. 1
Plants 520 cm tall. Rhizome 1.52 mm thick, slender.
mm. Style very short; stigma 3-lobed. Fl. Jul.
Stem white pubescent distally. Leaves 2, shortly petiolate; leaf
Forests, thicket meadows; 22003600 m. SE Xizang, NW Yunnan blade ovate or oblong-ovate, 25 1.53 cm, both surfaces
[Myanmar]. laxly pubescent, base rounded or subcordate. Inflorescence a ra-
15. Maianthemum lichiangense (W. W. Smith) LaFrankie, ceme, 13 cm, 14-flowered, glabrous. Flowers solitary; pedi-
Taxon 35: 589. 1986. cel 510 mm. Perianth brownish; segments slightly connate at
base, outer ones oblong, ca. 3 1.52 mm, inner ones obovate,
li jiang lu yao
44.5 33.5 mm. Filaments 0.50.8 mm, flat, basally connate;
Tovaria lichiangensis W. W. Smith, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. anthers 0.50.8 mm. Style short; stigma 3-parted. Fl. Jul.
Edinburgh 8: 209. 1914; Smilacina lichiangensis (W. W. Smith) Alpine meadows, thickets; 34003600 m. NW Yunnan (Gong-
W. W. Smith. shan Drung-Nu Zu Zizhixian).
Plants 720 cm tall. Rhizome subterete, 11.5 mm thick, 18. Maianthemum trifolium (Linnaeus) Sloboda, Rostlinnict-
slender. Stem hirsute distally. Leaves 24; petiole 310(14) v, 192. 1852.
mm; leaf blade ovate, broadly ovate, or oblong-ovate, 2.53.5
1.63.3 cm, both surfaces hispidulous or glabrescent, base ob- san ye lu yao
tuse or subcordate. Inflorescence usually a raceme, 12(5) cm, Convallaria trifolia Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 316. 1753; Aster-
24-flowered; rachis papillose-pubescent. Flowers solitary, fra- anthemum trifolium (Linnaeus) Kunth; Smilacina trifolia
grant; pedicel 23 mm. Perianth white; segments connate prox- (Linnaeus) Desfontaines; Tovaria trifolia (Linnaeus) Necker ex
imally, forming a tube 2.53 mm, lobes spreading, suboblong, Baker; Vagnera trifolia (Linnaeus) Morong.
45 2.53 mm. Filaments deltoid-lanceolate, 1.52 mm. Style
2.53 mm, longer than ovary; stigma 3-lobed. Berries red at Plants 1020 cm tall. Rhizome 22.5 mm thick, slender.
maturity, 56 mm in diam., 1- or 2-seeded. Fl. JunJul, fr. Sep Stem glabrous. Leaves usually 3; petiole short, clasping stem;
Oct. leaf blade oblong or narrowly elliptic, 613 1.53.5 cm,
papery, glabrous. Inflorescence a raceme, (2)3.56 cm, 47-
Forests, thickets; 28003500 m. S Gansu, ?S Shaanxi (Qin flowered, glabrous. Flowers solitary; pedicel 46 mm. Perianth
Ling), Sichuan, NW Yunnan.
white; segments slightly connate at base, oblong, 23 1.52
16. Maianthemum tubiferum (Batalin) LaFrankie, Taxon 35: mm. Filaments filiform, 22.5 mm; anthers small. Style ca. 1
589. 1986. mm, subequaling ovary; stigma slightly 3-lobed. Fl. Jun, fr.
he ban lu yao Aug. 2n = 36.

Smilacina tubifera Batalin, Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Forests; 400700 m. Heilongjiang, Jilin, ?Nei Mongol [N Korea,
Russia; North America].
Bot. Sada 13: 104. 1893; S. fargesii (Franchet) Diels; S. souliei
(Franchet) F. T. Wang & Tang; Tovaria fargesii Franchet; T. 19. Maianthemum stenolobum (Franchet) S. C. Chen & Ka-
prattii Franchet var. quadrifolia Franchet; T. souliei Franchet; wano, Novon 10: 113. 2000.
T. tubifera (Batalin) C. H. Wright. shao ye lu yao
Plants 1030 cm tall. Rhizome subterete, 1(6) mm thick, Tovaria stenoloba Franchet, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 43: 47.
usually slender. Stem hispidulous distally. Leaves 25, subses- 1896; Maianthemum tatsienense (Franchet) LaFrankie var.
sile or shortly petiolate; leaf blade ovate or oblong-ovate, 3 stenolobum (Franchet) H. Li; Smilacina paniculata (Baker) F.
3.5(9) 2.54.5 cm, both surfaces laxly pubescent or gla- T. Wang & Tang var. stenoloba (Franchet) F. T. Wang & Tang;
brescent, base truncate or subcordate. Inflorescence a raceme, S. stenoloba (Franchet) Diels; S. tatsienensis (Franchet) H. R.
14(7) cm, 2- or 3(10)-flowered; rachis pubescent. Flowers Wehrhahn f. stenoloba (Franchet) H. Hara; S. tatsienensis var.
solitary; pedicel 12(4) mm. Perianth white or sometimes stenoloba (Franchet) D. M. Liu.
tinged purple; segments connate proximally, forming a short
tube 12 mm, lobes oblong, 2.53(5) 22.5 mm. Filaments Plants 1015 cm tall. Rhizome 23 mm thick, slender.
very short. Style 0.51 mm, subequaling ovary. Berries 67 Stem glabrous. Leaves 35; petiole (1)25 mm; leaf blade
mm in diam., 2- or 3-seeded. Fl. MayJul, fr. Sep. ovate or ovate-elliptic, 34.5 1.82.6 cm. Inflorescence usu-
ally a raceme, 1.54 cm, 311-flowered, glabrous. Flowers soli-
Moist places in forests; 25003000 m. Gansu, Hubei, Qinghai,
tary; pedicel 23 mm. Perianth green; segments connate at base,
Shaanxi, Sichuan.
narrowly lanceolate, 57 ca. 1 mm. Filaments flat, ca. 1 mm;
17. Maianthemum gongshanense (S. Yun Liang) H. Li, Acta anthers small. Style very short; stigma 3-parted. Berries 45
Bot. Yunnan., Suppl. 3: 10. 1990. mm in diam. Fl. MayJun, fr. Jul.
gong shan lu yao Forests, grassy slopes, hillsides along ravines; 20003000 m. S
Gansu, W Hubei, E Sichuan.
Smilacina gongshanensis S. Yun Liang in F. T. Wang et

44. HETEROPOLYGONATUM M. N. Tamura & Ogisu in M. N. Tamura et al.,

 Kew Bull. 52: 950. 1997.
yi huang jing shu

Chen Xinqi ( Chen Sing-chi); Minoru N. Tamura

Herbs perennial, rhizomatous, sympodial, epiphytic. Rhizome horizontally creeping, often branched, moniliform, fleshy. Stem
ascending or pendulous, simple. Leaves cauline, alternate, shortly or indistinctly petiolate, entire. Inflorescences terminal and often
also axillary, racemose or subumbellate, often 1- or 2-flowered, sometimes 36-flowered. Flowers bisexual, pendulous, ebracteate.
Perianth pinkish or whitish, tubular or campanulate; segments 6, imbricate, subequal, connate proximally for 1/55/6 their length.
Corona absent. Stamens 6, in 2 whorls, outer ones shorter than or equaling inner; filaments filiform, smooth or verrucose, proximally
adnate to perianth for most of their length; anthers lanceolate to ovate, introrse. Ovary ellipsoid, 3-loculed. Style slender; stigma capi-
tate or 3-lobed, small. Fruit a berry, orange, globose to ovoid.
Four species: China.
1a. Stem pendulous, 50100 cm; leaf blade fasciate-falcate, 2040 cm .......................................................................... 4. H. pendulum
1b. Stem ascending, 0.540 cm; leaf blade lanceolate, oblong, ovate-oblong, or oblanceolate, 3.514 cm.
2a. Stem 2040 cm; leaves 69; outer stamens shorter than inner ones .................................................................... 1. H. roseolum
2b. Stem 0.514 cm; leaves 1 or 2; outer stamens equaling inner ones.
3a. Inflorescence 24-flowered; stem 514 cm; leaves 2, thickly papery; perianth 68 mm; anthers
0.71 mm ................................................................................................................................................ 2. H. ginfushanicum
3b. Inflorescence 1-flowered; stem 0.53.5 cm; leaf 1(or 2), leathery; perianth 912 mm; anthers 1.52 mm ........... 3. H. xui

1. Heteropolygonatum roseolum M.N. Tamura & Ogisu in M. kou Xian), SW Hubei (Lichuan Xian), SE Sichuan (Jinfo Shan, Shizhu
N.Tamura et al., Kew Bull. 52: 951. 1997. Xian).
3. Heteropolygonatum xui W. K. Bao & M. N. Tamura in W.
yi huang jing
K. Bao et al., Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 49: 143. 1998.
Rhizome 12 cm thick. Stem ascending, purple speckled, si chuan yi huang jing
2040 cm 24 mm. Leaves 69; petiole ca. 5 mm, base
twisted; leaf blade lanceolate, 814 1.53.6 cm, leathery, 7 Rhizome 15 mm thick. Stem ascending, purple speckled,
9-veined with prominent midvein, base obtuse, apex 0.53.5 cm 0.51 mm. Leaf 1(or 2); petiole 1.52.5 mm; leaf
acuminate with blunt tip. Inflorescence (1 or)2-flowered; blade abaxially whitish or occasionally purplish, linear-oblong
peduncle 714 mm. Pedicel 722 mm. Perianth pinkish, tipped to oblong or oblanceolate, 3.510 0.63 cm, leathery, 7-vein-
greenish, tubular, 1.41.6 cm 45 mm; lobes 68 mm. Outer ed with prominent midvein, base attenuate to obtuse, apex
stamens ca. 6 mm, inner ones ca. 8 mm; free part of filaments acuminate with blunt or sharp tip. Flower 1; pedicel 24 cm.
11.5 mm, smooth; anthers lanceolate, ca. 2 1 mm. Ovary Perianth whitish pink adaxially, pink abaxially, tubular to cam-
ca. 4 2.5 mm. Style ca. 2 mm. Berries 0.81 cm in diam. Fl. panulate, 0.91.2 cm 35 mm; lobes lanceolate, 4.59.5 mm,
May. 2n = 32*. recurved near apex. Stamens subequal; filaments 35 mm, free
part 0.81 mm; anthers lanceolate, 1.52 mm, apex mucronate.
Dark mossy evergreen broad-leaved forests; 12001300 m. EC Ovary 1.82.2 mm. Style 1.52 mm; stigma capitate. Berries 5
Guangxi (Dayao Shan). 8 mm in diam. Fl. May, fr. Aug.
2. Heteropolygonatum ginfushanicum (F. T. Wang & Tang) Epiphytic in mossy mixed forests dominated by Abies fabri;
M. N. Tamura et al., Novon 10: 157. 2000. 26002700 m. C Sichuan (Hongya Xian).

jin fo shan yi huang jing 4. Heteropolygonatum pendulum (Z. G. Liu & X. H. Hu) M.
N. Tamura & Ogisu in M.N. Tamura et al., Kew Bull. 52: 951.
Smilacina ginfushanica F. T. Wang & Tang, Fl. Reipubl. 1997.
Popularis Sin. 15: 249. 1978; Polygonatum ginfushanicum (F. chui jing yi huang jing
T. Wang & Tang) F. T. Wang & Tang. Polygonatum pendulum Z. G. Liu & X. H. Hu, Acta
Rhizome pale purple, terete, 15 mm thick. Stem ascend- Phytotax. Sin. 22: 426. 1984.
ing, purple, 514 cm, slender, glabrous. Leaves 2; petiole very Rhizome 12 cm thick. Stem pendulous, purple streaked,
short; leaf blade oblong to ovate-oblong, 3.59 1.33.8 cm, 50100 cm ca. 2 mm, geniculate. Leaves 410 or more; peti-
thickly papery, glabrous, base rounded, apex acuminate. Inflo- ole indistinct; leaf blade fasciate-falcate, 2040 1.52.5 cm,
rescences terminal and sometimes also axillary, racemose, 24- thickly papery, 79-veined, base tapered-cuneate, apex obtuse.
flowered. Pedicel 18 mm. Perianth cylindric-campanulate, 68 Inflorescence 26-flowered; peduncle 23 cm, slender. Pedicel
36 mm; lobes erect, 11.5 mm, apically papillose abaxially. 23 cm, articulate in middle part. Perianth white or occasionally
Stamens subequal; filaments very short; anthers ovate, 0.71 pinkish, campanulate, 0.91.3 cm; lobes oblong-ovate, 45 mm,
mm. Ovary 23 mm. Style 1.51.8 mm; stigma capitate. Fl. apex truncate and papillose. Outer stamens ca. 6 mm, inner
MayJun. ones ca. 7 mm; free part of filaments 12 mm, abaxially ver-
Dense forests, shady rocks; 13001800 m. NE Guizhou (Jiang- rucose; anthers lanceolate, 2.53 ca. 1 mm. Ovary ca. 4.5
2.5 mm. Style ca. 2 mm; stigma capitate to 3-lobed. Berries 1 Forests; 20002200 m. WC Sichuan (Gongga Shan).
1.5 cm in diam., many seeded. Fl. MayJun, fr. AugSep. 2n =
32*

45. POLYGONATUM Miller, Gard. Dict. Abr., ed. 4, [1109]. 1754.

huang jing shu

Chen Xinqi ( Chen Sing-chi); Minoru N. Tamura

Herbs perennial, rhizomatous, sympodial, usually terrestrial, rarely epiphytic. Stem erect, arching, or sometimes scandent,
simple. Leaves cauline, lateral and pseudoterminal, alternate, opposite, or whorled, sessile or shortly petiolate, sometimes cirrose at
apex. Inflorescences axillary, umbel-, corymb-, or racemelike, or a solitary flower; bracts present or absent, when present
herbaceous, membranous, or scarious, persistent or caducous. Flowers bisexual, usually pendulous, rarely erect; pedicel articulate at
apex. Perianth segments 6, valvate, connate proximally and forming a tube usually for at least 1/2 their length. Corona absent.
Stamens 6; filaments proximally adnate to perianth tube, free part filiform or flattened, short to long, smooth, papillose or hairy;
anthers basifixed to dorsifixed and versatile, introrse, base 2-lobed. Ovary 3-loculed; ovules 28 per locule. Style slender; stigma 3-
lobed, small. Fruit a berry, globose, several to more than 10-seeded. Seeds subglobose.
About 60 species: temperate regions of the N hemisphere, mainly from the Himalayas to Japan; 39 species (20 endemic) in China.

1a. Bracts ovate to lanceolate, 13.5 cm, herbaceous, usually 7- or more veined.
2a. Perianth 3.55 mm; rhizome tuberous terete, 1520 mm thick ............................................................................. 4. P. leiboense
2b. Perianth 1125 mm; rhizome terete or moniliform, 36 mm thick, slender.
3a. Plants laxly pubescent except basal part of stem and flowers; inflorescences 3- or 4-bracteate ............. 3. P. megaphyllum
3b. Plants glabrous; inflorescences (1 or)2-bracteate.
4a. Bracts borne at base of pedicel, ovate to broadly ovate-elliptic, 23.5 13 cm; filaments
papillose .............................................................................................................................................. 1. P. involucratum
4b. Bracts borne near apex of pedicel, lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, to 2 0.30.6 cm; filaments
smooth ...................................................................................................................................................... 2. P. desoulavyi
1b. Bracts subulate to linear-lanceolate, rarely to 1.2 cm, membranous, scarious, or subherbaceous with scarious
margin, 15-veined, or veinless, or bracts absent.
5a. Plants hirsutulous except flowers ......................................................................................................................... 27. P. hirtellum
5b. Plants glabrous, or sometimes scabridulous, papillose, or hirsutulous on stem (glabrous on leaves).
6a. Leaves mostly opposite or whorled.
7a. Perianth (15)1825 mm.
8a. Plants large, usually 13 m tall; leaves whorled, strongly cirrose at apex; perianth lobes
35 mm ........................................................................................................................................... 17. P. kingianum
8b. Plants small, less than 10 cm tall; leaves crowded, or alternate on proximal part of stem,
straight at apex; perianth lobes 610 mm ........................................................................................... 18. P. hookeri
7b. Perianth 512(15) mm.
9a. Filaments 57 mm ................................................................................................................................ 28. P. wardii
9b. Filaments 0.53(4) mm.
10a. Ovary 47 mm; anthers 34 mm.
11a. Leaves mostly whorled; pedicel of ripe berry ascending ........................................... 26. P. tessellatum
11b. Leaves mostly opposite; pedicel of ripe berry reflexed.
12a. Leaves strongly cirrose at apex ........................................................................ 25. P. longistylum
12b. Leaves straight at apex.
13a. Filaments dilated and saccate apically ....................................................... 23. P. cathcartii
13b. Filaments not dilated apically.
14a. Style 23 as long as ovary; leaves sessile, linear-lanceolate,
papery .................................................................................................. 24. P. griffithii
14b. Style slightly longer than ovary; leaves petiolate, petiole ca. 5 mm,
leaf blade ovate-oblong to ovate-lanceolate, subleathery ......... 22. P. oppositifolium
10b. Ovary 1.53 mm; anthers 13(3.5) mm.
15a. Leaves cirrose or curved at apex.
16a. Style long, 1.52 as long as ovary ..................................................................... 36. P. sibiricum
16b. Style short, subequaling ovary.
17a. Inflorescences 26(11)-flowered; bracts (1)26 mm, scarious or
subherbaceous with scarious margin, 1-veined .............................. 39. P. zanlanscianense
 17b. Inflorescences (1 or)2-flowered; bracts 12 mm, scarious, veinless,
or bracts absent.
18a. Leaves flaccid, apex usually cirrose at anthesis ........................... 37. P. cirrhifolium
18b. Leaves stiff, leathery, apex hooked at anthesis ....................... 38. P. stewartianum
15b. Leaves straight at apex.
19a. Leaves reflexed at anthesis ............................................................................ 32. P. curvistylum
19b. Leaves horizontal or ascending.
20a. Leaves elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, 26 cm; flowers 68 mm; plants
small, 830 cm tall.
21a. Leaves alternate or opposite, often in whorls of 3 in apical part of stem,
apex subobtuse to acute; peduncle 26 mm; pedicels (2)56 mm ....... 31. P. prattii
21b. Leaves in whorls of 36, rarely also scattered between whorls, apex
acuminate; peduncle 1020 mm; pedicels 12 mm ............................. 33. P. gracile
20b. Leaves oblong-lanceolate to linear, 612 cm; flowers 812 mm; plants
large, (20)40110 cm tall.
22a. Peduncle 24 mm ........................................................................ 34. P. stenophyllum
22b. Peduncle 1020 mm.
23a. Rhizome usually tuberous terete, very rarely moniliform,
715 mm thick .................................................................... 30. P. verticillatum
23b. Rhizome terete, 35 mm thick ..................................................... 35. P. roseum
6b. Leaves alternate or mostly so.
24a. Perianth 69(11) mm.
25a. Perianth tube short, 13 mm, markedly shorter than lobes.
26a. Leaves 2.33.6 cm wide, apex straight; peduncle obsolete; plants small, 1745
cm tall ............................................................................................................................ 21. P. altelobatum
26b. Leaves 0.81.7 cm wide, apex strongly cirrose; peduncle 11.5 cm; plants large,
80170 cm tall ....................................................................................................... 29. P. alternicirrhosum
25b. Perianth tube long, 4.56 mm, markedly longer than lobes.
27a. Stem hirsutulous; peduncle 2.55 cm ............................................................... 20. P. longipedunculatum
27b. Stem glabrous or papillose distally; peduncle 0.21.2 cm.
28a. Rhizome moniliform, 1015 mm thick; leaves acuminate at apex; perianth
urceolate; peduncle 512 mm; plants usually epiphytic ..................................... 19. P. punctatum
28b. Rhizome terete, 35 mm thick; leaves subobtuse to acute at apex; perianth
cylindric; peduncle 26 mm; plants terrestrial .............................................................. 31. P. prattii
24b. Perianth (13)1430 mm.
29a. Rhizome gingerlike, moniliform or nearly so, with annual knots swollen; annual elongation
(distance between knots) short.
30a. Filaments spurred apically; pedicel with a basal bract ca. 5 mm ..................................... 12. P. franchetii
30b. Filaments usually not spurred apically; pedicel with a small, basal bract 12 mm or
ebracteate.
31a. Leaves shortly pubescent abaxially; peduncle 38 cm, very slender ........................... 13. P. filipes
31b. Leaves glabrous abaxially; peduncle 14(6) cm, relatively thick.
32a. Rhizome 57 mm thick; inflorescences 1- or 2-flowered; leaves 59 ........... 16. P. nodosum
32b. Rhizome 825 mm thick; inflorescences (1 or)27(14)-flowered; leaves 1023.
33a. Filaments thickened distally, slightly compressed or saccate-convex
apically, 34 mm, papillose or pubescent ............................................ 14. P. cyrtonema
33b. Filaments thickened proximally, filiform apically, 510 mm, often
wholly smooth, sometimes basally slightly verruculose .................... 15. P. arisanense
29b. Rhizome terete; annual elongation long.
34a. Leaves long petiolate, petiole 515 mm; perianth tube often with short, cottony hairs inside.
35a. Bracts 812 mm, 35-veined; leaves 59, 79 cm wide, abaxially glaucous;
rhizome 610 mm thick ............................................................................................... 5. P. inflatum
35b. Bracts absent to 8 mm, veinless or 1-veined; leaves 4 or 5, 1.83.5 cm wide,
abaxially not glaucous; rhizome 34 mm thick ............................................. 6. P. acuminatifolium
34b. Leaves sessile or shortly petiolate, petiole to 5 mm; perianth tube not pubescent inside.
36a. Leaves hispidulous abaxially .......................................................................................... 7. P. humile
36b. Leaves glabrous abaxially.
37a. Peduncle not adnate to stem proximally.
38a. Peduncle 35 cm; inflorescences (3)512(17)-flowered ........... 11. P. macropodum
 38b. Peduncle usually 11.5 cm; inflorescences 14(8)-flowered .............. 8. P. odoratum
37b. Peduncle adnate to stem proximally (215 mm).
39a. Perianth 1416 mm; filaments glabrous ................................................... 9. P. adnatum
39b. Perianth 2025 mm; filaments densely white villous ........................... 10. P. omeiense
1. Polygonatum involucratum (Franchet & Savatier) Rhizome moniliform or terete, 36 mm thick. Stem
Maximowicz, Mlanges Biol. Bull. Phys.-Math. Acad. Imp. arching, 1530 cm, laxly pubescent except basally. Leaves 5 or
Sci. Saint-Ptersbourg 11: 844. 1883. 6, alternate; petiole very short; leaf blade narrowly ovate to
ovate-elliptic, 3.58 2.34.6 cm, both surfaces pubescent,
er bao huang jing
base rounded, apex acuminate. Inflorescences usually 2-flow-
Periballanthus involucratus Franchet & Savatier, Enum. ered; peduncle 46 mm, pubescent; bracts 3 or 4, borne at apex
Pl. Jap. 2: 524. 1878; Polygonatum platyphyllum Franchet. of peduncle, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 12 0.51.2 cm, leaf-
like, 7- or more veined, pubescent, persistent. Flowers pendu-
Rhizome terete, 35 mm thick, slender. Stem arching, 20 lous; pedicel 12 mm. Perianth pale green, cylindric, 1.11.9
50 cm, glabrous. Leaves 47, alternate; petiole short or indis- cm; lobes ca. 3 2 mm. Filaments slightly compressed to fili-
tinct; leaf blade broadly elliptic to ovate, usually 510 36 form, 45 mm, basally slightly verruculose, apically smooth;
cm, glabrous, base rounded or tapering, apex acute to shortly anthers 34 mm. Ovary 34 mm. Style 611 mm, usually
acuminate. Inflorescences 2-flowered; peduncle 12 cm, gla- slightly exserted. Fl. MayJun. 2n = 22*.
brous; bracts 2, borne at base of pedicel, ovate to broadly ovate-
elliptic, 23.5 13 cm, leaflike, 7- or more veined, persistent. Forests, grassy slopes; 17002500 m. Gansu, Hebei, Shaanxi,
Flowers pendulous; pedicel 12 mm, glabrous. Perianth green- Shanxi, Sichuan.
ish white, cylindric, 2.32.5 cm; lobes ca. 3 2 mm. Filaments 4. Polygonatum leiboense S. C. Chen & D. Q. Liu, Acta Phy-
compressed, 24 mm, papillose; anthers 35 mm. Ovary ca. 5 totax. Sin. 22: 417. 1984.
mm. Style 1.82 cm, slightly exserted. Berries ca. 1 cm in
diam., 7- or 8-seeded. Fl. MayJun, fr. AugSep. 2n = 18*, (20, lei bo huang jing
22).
Rhizome tuberous terete, 1.52 cm thick. Stem erect, to 1
Forests, shaded and moist slopes; 7001400 m. Hebei, Heilong- m, glabrous. Leaves many, alternate or occasionally also oppo-
jiang, Henan, Jilin, Liaoning, ?Nei Mongol, ?S Shaanxi (Qin Ling), site; petiole 510 mm; leaf blade oblong-lanceolate to lanceo-
Shanxi [Japan, Korea, Russia (Far East)]. late, (6)911 1.52.2 cm, prominently 7-veined, glabrous,
Polygonatum cryptanthum H. Lveill & Vaniot (Repert. Spec. base tapering, apex long acuminate and obtuse tipped. Inflores-
Nov. Regni Veg. 5: 282. 1908), from small islands between Korea and cences umbel-like, 2- or 3-flowered; peduncle to 6 cm; bracts
Japan (Kyushu), is often considered to be conspecific with P. involu- 24, oblong-lanceolate, 12 cm 36 mm, leaflike, 7- or more
cratum (e.g., by Jeffrey, Kew Bull. 34: 435471. 1980). However, the veined, persistent. Pedicel 12 mm. Perianth greenish, cylin-
former differs from the latter in its papillose peduncle, pedicels, and
abaxial leaf and bract surfaces, shape and size of flowers, shape of fil- dric, 3.55 ca. 2 mm; lobes oblong-ovate, ca. 2 1.5 mm,
aments, and length of style in relation to perianth. In this treatment, P. slightly shorter than or subequaling tube, apex penicillate-pa-
cryptanthum is regarded as an independent species and is excluded from pillose adaxially. Filaments very short, ca. 0.3 mm, smooth; an-
the synonymy of P. involucratum. thers suboblong, ca. 2 mm. Style slightly thickened, ca. 2 mm.
Fl. May.
2. Polygonatum desoulavyi Komarov in Komarov & Alissova-
Klobukova, Key Pl. Far East. USSR 1: 378. 1931. About 2000 m. S Sichuan (Leibo Xian).

chang bao huang jing 5. Polygonatum inflatum Komarov, Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburg-
sk. Bot. Sada 18: 442. 1901.
Rhizome terete, ca. 3 mm thick, slender. Stem erect, 20
30 cm. Leaves alternate, elliptic to ovate, 68 cm, prominently mao tong yu zhu
35-veined, apex acute to shortly acuminate. Inflorescences (1
Polygonatum inflatum var. rotundifolium Hatusima; P.
or) 2-flowered; peduncle glabrous; bracts (1 or)2, borne near
virens Nakai.
apex of pedicel, lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, to 2 0.3
0.6 cm, herbaceous, persistent. Flowers pendulous; pedicel Rhizome terete, 610 mm thick. Stem arching, 5080 cm,
glabrous. Perianth white, cylindric, ca. 2.3 cm. Filaments glabrous. Leaves 59, alternate; petiole 0.51.5 cm; leaf blade
compressed, smooth. 2n = 18. ovate to broadly elliptic, 816 79 cm, glabrous, abaxially
Forests; ca. 600 m. Heilongjiang [Korea, Russia (Far East)]. glaucous, base rounded, apex obtuse to shortly acuminate. In-
florescences 2- or 3-flowered; peduncle 24 cm; bracts 2 or 3,
Further research is needed to determine whether or not Poly-
gonatum mediobracteatum Ohwi (J. Jap. Bot. 13: 443. 1937) should be borne at base of pedicel, linear-lanceolate, 812 1.53 mm,
included within P. desoulavyi. membranous, 35-veined, caducous. Flowers pendulous; pedi-
cel 46 mm. Perianth pale green, campanulate-cylindric, slight-
3. Polygonatum megaphyllum P. Y. Li, Acta Phytotax. Sin. ly constricted near mouth, 1.82.3 cm 56 mm; lobes 23
11: 252. 1966. 34 mm. Filaments compressed, ca. 4 mm, free part cottony
da bao huang jing with uniseriate, short hairs; anthers ca. 4 mm. Ovary ca. 5 mm.
Style ca. 1.5 cm, scarcely exserted. Berries blue-black, 11.2
cm in diam., 913-seeded. Fl. MayJul, fr. AugSep. 2n = 22*. Rhizome terete, 514 mm thick. Stem arching, 2050
(100) cm, glabrous, angled. Leaves 712, alternate; petiole
Forests, forest margins; near sea level to 1000 m. Heilongjiang,
short; leaf blade abaxially glaucous, elliptic to ovate-oblong, 5
Jilin, Liaoning [Japan, Korea].
12(20) 36(8) cm, often smooth, sometimes papillose-
6. Polygonatum acuminatifolium Komarov, Izv. Imp. Bot. scabrous on veins, apex acuminate and obtuse tipped.
Sada Petra Velikago 16: 157. 1916. Inflorescences 14(8)-flowered; peduncle usually 11.5 cm;
bracts small or absent. Flowers pendulous; pedicel 510(20)
wu ye huang jing mm. Perianth yellowish green to white, cylindric to
campanulate-cylindric, 1.32(2.5) cm; lobes ca. 3 mm.
Polygonatum quinquefolium Kitagawa.
Filaments filiform, smooth or verruculose; anthers ca. 4 mm.
Rhizome terete, 34 mm thick, slender. Stem erect, 2030 Ovary 34 mm. Style 11.4 cm, included. Berries blue-black,
cm, glabrous. Leaves 4 or 5, alternate; petiole 0.51.5 cm; leaf 710(12) mm in diam., 79-seeded. Fl. MayJun, fr. JulSep.
blade elliptic to oblong-elliptic, 59 1.83.5 cm, glabrous, 2n = (18*), 20*, (21, 22*, 23, 26, 28, 29, 30, 40*).
abaxially not glaucous, base tapering, apex shortly acuminate
Forests, shaded slopes; 5003000 m. Anhui, Gansu, Guangxi,
and obtuse tipped. Inflorescences (1 or)2-flowered; peduncle 1
Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Liaoning,
2 cm; bracts (1 or)2, subulate, to 8 mm, membranous, veinless Nei Mongol, Qinghai, ?Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Taiwan, ?Zhejiang
or 1-veined, caducous, or bracts absent. Flowers pendulous; [Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia; Europe].
pedicel 16 mm. Perianth whitish green, cylindric, 22.7 cm;
lobes 45 mm. Filaments compressed, 3.54.5 mm, free part 9. Polygonatum adnatum S. Yun Liang, Acta Phytotax. Sin.
papillose or shortly cottony, apex sometimes swollen-saccate; 25: 65. 1987.
anthers 44.5 mm. Ovary ca. 6 mm. Style 1.52 cm. Fl. May
tie geng huang jing
Jun. 2n = 20.
Rhizome usually branched, terete, 47 mm thick. Stem
Forests; 11001400 m. Hebei, Jilin, ?Liaoning[Russia (Far East)].
erect, 1235 cm, glabrous. Leaves 6, alternate; petiole 23 mm;
7. Polygonatum humile Fischer ex Maximowicz, Mm. Acad. leaf blade abaxially glaucous, ovate to elliptic, 59 33.8 cm,
Imp. Sci. St.-Ptersbourg Divers Savans 9: 275. 1859. glabrous, base rounded to obtuse, apex obtuse to shortly acumi-
nate. Inflorescences 1-flowered; bracts subulate, ca. 1 mm, cad-
xiao yu zhu ucous. Pedicel 23.5 cm, proximal 29 mm adnate to stem.
Polygonatum humillimum Nakai; P. officinale Allioni var. Perianth subcylindric, 1.41.6 cm; lobes ca. 2 mm. Filaments
humile (Fischer ex Maximowicz) Baker. ca. 7 mm, glabrous; anthers oblong, ca. 3 mm. Style ca. 1 cm.
Fl. JunJul.
Rhizome terete, (2)35 mm thick, slender. Stem erect,
Shaded slopes; ca. 2300 m. S Sichuan (Leibo Xian).
(8)2550 cm, glabrous.Leaves 79(11), alternate; petiole very
short; leaf blade oblong to ovate-elliptic, (4)5.58.5 1.54 10. Polygonatum omeiense Z. Y. Zhu, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin
cm, abaxially hispidulous, base obtuse, apex acuminate and 12: 267. 1992.
obtuse tipped. Inflorescences usually 1-flowered; bracts absent.
Flowers pendulous; pedicel 0.81.3 cm. Perianth white, tinged e mei huang jing
with green at apex, cylindric, 1.51.7 cm; lobes ca. 2 mm. Fil- Rhizome branched, terete, 35 mm thick, densely noded.
aments slightly compressed, ca. 3 mm, densely verruculose; Stem erect, purple-brown spotted, 2535 cm, glabrous. Leaves
anthers ca. 3 mm. Ovary ca. 4 mm. Style 1.11.3 cm. Berries 7 or 8, alternate; petiole 25 mm; leaf blade oblong-lanceolate
blue-black, ca. 1 cm in diam., 5- or 6-seeded. Fl. MayJun, fr. to ovate-elliptic, 410 23.5 cm, glabrous, base obtuse-cu-
AugSep. 2n = 20*, (22, 30, 31). neate, apex acute-obtuse to acuminate. Inflorescences 1- or 2-
Forests, grassy slopes; 8002200 m. Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, flowered; peduncle 1.55 cm; bracts small, caducous. Pedicel
Liaoning, ?Nei Mongol, Shanxi [Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia (Far 510 mm. Perianth yellowish white, cylindric or campanulate-
East, Siberia)]. cylindric, 22.5 cm; lobes deltoid, 23 mm. Filaments com-
pressed, 78 mm, densely white-villous; anthers oblong, ca. 4
8. Polygonatum odoratum (Miller) Druce, Ann. Scott. Nat. mm. Ovary ca. 4 mm. Style 1.41.6 cm. Fl. MayJun.
Hist. 60: 226. 1906.
Forested slopes; ca. 1800 m. C Sichuan (Emei Shan).
yu zhu
11. Polygonatum macropodum Turczaninow, Bull. Soc. Imp.
Convallaria odorata Miller, Gard. Dict., ed. 8, Convalla- Naturalistes Moscou 5: 205. 1832.
ria no. 4. 1768; C. polygonatum Linnaeus; Polygonatum hon-
doense Nakai ex Koidzumi; P. japonicum C. Morren & De- re he huang jing
caisne; P. langyaense D. C. Zhang & J. Z. Shao; P. maximo-
Polygonatum umbellatum Baker.
wiczii F. Schmidt; P. odoratum f. ovalifolium Y. C. Chu et al.;
P. officinale Allioni; P. officinale var. papillosum Franchet; P. Rhizome terete, 12 cm thick. Stem erect, 30100 cm, gla-
planifilum Kitagawa & Hir. Takahashi; P. quelpaertense Ohwi; brous. Leaves alternate; petiole very short; leaf blade ovate or
P. simizui Kitagawa; P. thunbergii C. Morren & Decaisne; P. ovate-elliptic, rarely ovate-oblong, 48(10) 25 cm, gla-
vulgare Desfontaines. brous, apex acute to acuminate. Inflorescences corymblike, (3)
512(17)-flowered; peduncle 35 cm; bracts borne on proxi- 1.5(3) cm. Perianth yellowish green, campanulate-cylindric,
mal part of pedicel, very small, or absent. Flowers pendulous; 1.82.5 cm; lobes ca. 3 mm. Filaments slightly compressed, 3
pedicel 0.51.5 cm. Perianth white or reddish, cylindric-cam- 4 mm, papillose or shortly cottony, apically slightly dilated or
panulate, 1.52 cm; lobes 45 mm. Filaments ca. 5 mm, nar- saccate-convex; anthers 3.54 mm. Ovary 36 mm. Style 1.2
rowly 3-winged, scurfy-scabrous; anthers ca. 4 mm. Ovary 34 1.5 cm. Berries black, ca. 1 cm in diam., 39-seeded. Fl. May
mm. Style 11.3 cm. Berries deep blue, 711 mm in diam., 7- Jun, fr. AugOct. 2n = 18*, 20*, 22*.
or 8-seeded. Fl. MayJun, fr. Sep. 2n = 22*. Forests, thickets, shaded slopes; 5002100 m. Anhui, Fujian,
Forests, shaded slopes; 4001500 m. Hebei, Liaoning, ?Nei Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi,
Mongol, Shandong, Shanxi. ?S Shaanxi (Qin Ling), Sichuan, Zhejiang.

12. Polygonatum franchetii Hua, J. Bot. (Morot) 6: 392. 1892. Polygonatum zhejiangense X. J. Xue & H. Yao (Bull. Bot. Res.,
Harbin 14: 242. 1994) seems to be related to, or conspecific with, P.
ju yao huang jing cyrtonema, but its leaves are cirrose at the apex. No specimens have
been seen by the present authors. Polygonatum jinzhaiense D. C. Zhang
Rhizome moniliform, 710 mm thick. Stem erect, 4080 & J. Z. Shao (in D. C. Zhang et al., Guihaia 20: 34. 2000) was recently
cm, glabrous. Leaves alternate; petiole very short; leaf blade described from W Anhui (Jinzhai Xian). Although the present authors
oblong-lanceolate or occasionally narrowly oblong, 612 have not seen the type specimen, it is evident from the description that
1.53.5 cm, glabrous, apex acuminate. Inflorescences 2(or 3)- P. jinzhaiense is similar to P. cyrtonema and P. arisanense in general,
flowered; peduncle 26 cm; bracts 2(or 3), borne at base of but differs from these two species in rhizome shape and the position of
pedicel and enclosing flower bud, subequaling mature pedicel, the thickening part along the filamentscharacters which are usually
stable in Polygonatum. Further studies are needed to clarify whether or
membranous, deciduous. Flowers pendulous; pedicel ca. 5 mm.
not P. jinzhaiense is distinct.
Perianth pale green, cylindric-campanulate, ca. 2 cm; lobes ca.
2 mm. Filaments slightly curved, compressed, ca. 3 mm, papil- 15. Polygonatum arisanense Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formos. 9: 140.
lose, apex with a retrorse spur ca. 1.5 mm; anthers 2.53 mm. 1920.
Ovary ca. 5 mm. Style ca. 1.5 cm. Berries purple, 78 mm in
a li huang jing
diam., 46-seeded. Fl. MayJun, fr. SepOct. 2n = 22*, 26*.
Polygonatum formosanum (Hayata) Masamune & Shima-
Forests; 11001900 m. Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Sichuan.
da; P. officinale Allioni var. formosanum Hayata.
13. Polygonatum filipes Merrill ex C. Jeffrey & McEwan,
Kew Bull. 34: 445. 1980. Rhizome moniliform, 0.82.5 cm thick. Stem arching, 12
m, glabrous. Leaves 1223, alternate; petiole 25 mm; leaf
chang geng huang jing blade glaucous abaxially, lanceolate to narrowly oblong, 8
20 24.5 cm, glabrous, base obtuse, apex acute to acuminate.
Rhizome moniliform, sometimes terete-moniliform, 11.5
Inflorescences umbel-like, 24-flowered; peduncle 12 cm;
cm thick. Stem erect, 3070 cm, glabrous. Leaves alternate;
bracts absent. Flowers pendulous; pedicel 0.51.5 cm. Perianth
petiole 24 mm; leaf blade oblong-lanceolate to elliptic, 612
yellowish white, campanulate-cylindric, 22.8 cm; lobes 56
37 cm, shortly pubescent on veins abaxially. Inflorescences 2
3.55 mm. Filaments 510 mm, basally thickened, occasionally
7-flowered; peduncle very slender, 38 cm; bracts caducous or
compressed, smooth to slightly verruculose, apically filiform,
absent. Flowers pendulous; pedicel 0.51.5 cm. Perianth yel-
smooth; anthers 25 mm. Ovary 45.5 mm. Style 11.5 cm.
lowish green, cylindric, 1.52 cm; lobes ca. 4 mm. Filaments
Berries ca. 8 mm in diam., several seeded. Fl. May. 2n = 22*,
ca. 4 mm, shortly cottony; anthers 2.53 mm. Ovary ca. 4 mm.
(44*).
Style 11.4 cm. Berries ca. 8 mm in diam., 25-seeded. Fl.
AprMay, fr. SepOct. 2n = 16*, 18*. Forests; 6002100 m. Taiwan.

Forests, thickets, grassy slopes; 200600 m. Anhui, Fujian, 16. Polygonatum nodosum Hua, J. Bot. (Morot) 6: 394. 1892.
Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Zhejiang.
jie gen huang jing
14. Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua, J. Bot. (Morot) 6: 393.
1892. Polygonatum leveilleanum Fedde; P. mairei H. Lveill
(1912, not 1909); P. yunnanense H. Lveill.
duo hua huang jing
Rhizome moniliform, 57 mm thick, rather slender.Stem
Polygonatum brachynema Handel-Mazzetti; P. henryi erect, 1540 cm, glabrous. Leaves 59, alternate; petiole short;
Diels; P. martini H. Lveill; P. multiflorum Allioni var. longi- leaf blade ovate-elliptic or elliptic. 57 24 cm, glabrous,
folium Merrill. apex shortly acuminate. Inflorescences 1- or 2-flowered; ped-
Rhizome usually moniliform or tuberous moniliform, rare- uncle and pedicel 12 cm; bracts absent. Perianth yellowish
ly subterete, 12 cm thick. Stem erect, 50100 cm, glabrous. green, cylindric, slightly constricted near mouth, 23 cm; lobes
Leaves 1015, alternate; petiole short; leaf blade elliptic to ca. 3 mm. Filaments slightly curved, compressed, 24 mm, free
oblong-lanceolate, occasionally falcate, 1018 27 cm, apex part papillose or shortly cottony; anthers ca. 5 mm. Ovary 45
usually acuminate. Inflorescences umbel-like, (1 or)27(14)- mm. Style 1.72 cm. Berries ca. 7 mm in diam., 47-seeded. Fl.
flowered; peduncle 14(6) cm; bracts borne on proximal part MayJun, fr. SepOct.
of pedicel, small, or absent. Flowers pendulous; pedicel 0.5 Forests, shaded moist places along ravines, shaded rocks; 1600
2000 m. Gansu, Guangxi, Hubei, ?S Shaanxi (Qin Ling), Sichuan, Yun- Disporopsis mairei H. Lveill; Polygonatum anomalum
nan. Hua; P. marmoratum H. Lveill; P. mengtzense F. T. Wang &
17. Polygonatum kingianum Collett & Hemsley, J. Linn. Soc., Tang; P. parcefolium F. T. Wang & Tang; P. sinomairei F. T.
Bot. 28: 138. 1890. Wang & Tang.

dian huang jing Rhizome moniliform, 11.5 cm thick, with dense, fleshy
roots. Stem arching, usually spotted with lilac, (10)3070 cm,
Polygonatum agglutinatum Hua; P. cavaleriei H. Lveill; sometimes papillose distally. Leaves alternate or occasionally
P. darrisii H. Lveill; P. ericoideum H. Lveill; P. esquirolii also subopposite; petiole short; leaf blade shiny, ovate to lan-
H. Lveill; P. huanum H. Lveill; P. kingianum var. cava- ceolate, rarely slightly falcate, 614 1.55 cm, usually with
leriei (H. Lveill) C. Jeffrey & McEwan; P. kingianum var. distinct cross veins, apex acuminate and obtuse tipped. Inflo-
ericoideum (H. Lveill) C. Jeffrey & McEwan; P. kingianum rescences racemose, 26(8)-flowered; peduncle 512 mm;
var. grandifolium D. M. Liu & W. Z. Zeng; P. kingianum var. bracts caducous or absent. Flowers pendulous to erect; pedicel
uncinatum (Diels) C. Jeffrey & McEwan; P. uncinatum Diels. 210 mm. Perianth white, sometimes greenish spotted with
Rhizome subterete or submoniliform, 13 cm thick. Stem lilac, urceolate, 79(11) mm; lobes 1.52 mm. Filaments
erect, 13 m, glabrous, apex subscandent. Leaves in whorls of filiform, 0.51 mm, smooth to scabrous; anthers 1.52 mm.
310, sessile, linear to lanceolate, 620(25) 0.33 cm, her- Ovary 22.5(4) mm. Style 1.52.5 mm; stigma slightly di-
baceous or leathery, apex cirrose. Inflorescences (1 or)24(6)- lated. Berries red, ca. 7 mm in diam., 810-seeded. Fl. AprJun,
flowered; peduncle 12 cm, pendulous; bracts borne usually on fr. SepNov. 2n = (26), 30.
proximal part of pedicel, small, membranous. Pedicel 0.51.5 On rocks or trees in forests; 11002700 m. Guangxi, Guizhou,
cm. Perianth pink or white, cylindric-campanulate, 1.82.5 cm; Hainan, ?S Shaanxi (Qin Ling), Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, NE
lobes 35 mm. Filaments filiform or compressed, 1.75 mm, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sikkim, Thailand, Vietnam].
glabrous or slightly papillose; anthers 46 mm. Ovary 46 mm.
20. Polygonatum longipedunculatum S.Yun Liang, Acta Phy-
Style (0.8)11.4 cm. Berries red, 11.5 cm in diam., 712-
totax. Sin. 25: 64. 1987.
seeded. Fl. MarMay, fr. SepOct. 2n = 26*, 30*, 32*, 64.
Forests, thickets, shaded moist grassy slopes and rocks; 7003600 chang bing huang jing
m. Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan [Myanmar, Thailand,
Rhizome branched, tuberous terete, 56 mm thick. Stem
Vietnam].
erect, ca. 35 cm, hirsutulous. Leaves ca. 11, alternate; petiole
This species is highly variable. For example, the type of Poly- short, ca. 2 mm; leaf blade ovate-elliptic, 612 2.57 cm,
gonatum cavaleriei (Cavalerie 2166, E) is apparently quite different glabrous, base subrounded, apex shortly acuminate. Inflores-
from that of P. kingianum in leaves and flowers. Further studies are cences 5- or 6-flowered; peduncle 2.55 cm, laxly pubescent;
needed to confirm whether or not the synonyms listed above for P.
bracts caducous or absent. Pedicel 0.81.5 cm. Perianth ca. 7
kingianum really belong to this species.
mm; lobes lanceolate-ovate, 1.52 mm. Filaments very short,
18. Polygonatum hookeri Baker, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 14: 558. ca. 0.7 mm, glabrous; anthers ovate-lanceolate, 1.82 mm. Fl.
1875. Jul.
du hua huang jing Forested slopes; 18001900 m. S Sichuan (Leibo Xian), SE
Yunnan (Mengzi Xian).
Polygonatum pumilum Hua.
21. Polygonatum altelobatum Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formos. 5:
Rhizome terete, 37 mm thick, usually with slightly swol- 229. 1915.
len annual knots; annual elongation (distance between knots) 2
3.5 cm. Stem erect, less than 10 cm, glabrous. Leaves several to duan tong huang jing
more than 10, usually crowded, proximal ones alternate, distal
Rhizome tuberous terete, 12 cm thick. Stem erect, 1745
ones opposite or in whorls of 3, sessile, linear to oblong, 24.5
cm, glabrous. Leaves alternate; petiole ca. 5 mm; leaf blade
cm 38 mm, glabrous. Inflorescence solitary in axil of basal
oblong-lanceolate, sometimes slightly falcate, 613 2.33.6
leaf, 1(or 2)- flowered; bracts small, membranous, caducous.
cm, many veined, glabrous, base acute, apex acuminate, ob-
Flower erect; pedicel 47 mm. Perianth purple or pink, cylin-
tuse tipped. Inflorescences 1- or 2-flowered; peduncle obsolete;
dric-funnelform, 1.52(2.5) cm; tube 34 mm wide; lobes 6
bracts caducous or absent. Flowers pendulous; pedicel 0.72
10 mm. Filaments very short, ca. 0.5 mm; anthers ca. 2 mm.
cm. Perianth white, campanulate-cylindric, 68 mm; tube 12
Ovary 23 mm. Style 1.52 mm. Berry red, 78 mm in diam.,
mm; lobes oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 56 mm. Filaments
57-seeded. Fl. MayJun, fr. SepOct. 2n = 30.
very short, 0.31 mm; anthers ovate-oblong, 12 mm. Ovary 2
Forests, grassy slopes, alluvial soil; 32004300 m. Gansu, Qing- 3 mm. Style 11.5 mm. Berries blackish brown, 710 mm in
hai, ?S Shaanxi (Qin Ling) Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [N India, Sik- diam., ca. 16-seeded. Fl. MayJun, fr. Oct.
kim].
Forests; 6001900 m. Taiwan.
19. Polygonatum punctatum Royle ex Kunth, Enum. Pl. 5: No specimens of this species have been seen by the present
142. 1850. authors.
dian hua huang jing 22. Polygonatum oppositifolium (Wallich) Royle, Ill. Bot.
Himal. Mts. 1: 380. 1839. Maianthemum.
dui ye huang jing 25. Polygonatum longistylum Y. Wan & C. Z. Gao, Guihaia
10: 177. 1990.
Convallaria oppositifolia Wallich, Asiat. Res. 13: 380.
1820. bai se huang jing

Rhizome branched, tuberous terete, 11.5 cm thick. Rhizome tuberous terete, 1.72.6 cm thick. Stem suberect,
Stem arching, 4060 cm, glabrous. Leaves many, opposite; to 1.3 m, glabrous. Leaves opposite or subopposite, sometimes
petiole short, ca. 5 mm; leaf blade usually shiny, ovate- also alternate or in whorls of 3 or 4; petiole 36 mm; leaf blade
oblong to ovate-lanceolate, 611 1.53.5 cm, subleathery, elliptic-lanceolate, 1319 3.55 cm, glabrous, base obtuse-
with distinct cross veins, apex acuminate. Inflorescences 35- rounded, apex strongly cirrose. Inflorescences 1- or 2-flowered;
flowered; peduncle pendulous, 58 mm; bracts small, peduncle 22.7 cm; bracts 2, white, lanceolate, 22.5 mm,
membranous, caducous. Pedicel 512 mm. Perianth white or membranous. Pedicel 79 mm. Perianth cylindric, ca. 1.5 cm;
pale yellowish green, sometimes spotted with lilac, cylindric, lobes oblong- ovate, 45 mm. Filaments ca. 2 mm, glabrous;
slightly constricted near mouth, 1.11.3 cm; lobes ca. 2.5 mm. anthers 34 mm. Ovary ca. 4 mm. Style 78 mm. Fl. Jun.
Filaments filiform, 3.54 ca. 0.25 mm, papillose, sometimes W Guangxi (Bose Xian); also cultivated in Guangxi (Nanning
smooth proximally; anthers ca. 4 mm. Ovary ca. 5 mm. Style Shi).
ca. 6 mm. Fl. May. 2n = (24), 30*, (36).
26. Polygonatum tessellatum F. T. Wang & Tang, Bull. Fan
Rocks in forests; 18002200 m. S Xizang [Bhutan, NE India, Mem. Inst. Biol. 7: 85. 1936.
Nepal, Sikkim].
ge mai huang jing
23. Polygonatum cathcartii Baker, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 14: 559.
1875. Rhizome moniliform, ca. 1.5 cm thick. Stem erect to arch-
ing, 5080 cm, glabrous. Leaves in whorls of 35, occasion-
bang si huang jing ally also opposite, sessile, oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, 712
Rhizome irregularly moniliform, ca. 1.5 cm thick. Stem 1.52.5 cm, leathery, with 3 distinct, longitudinal veins and
erect, 0.62 m, glabrous. Leaves opposite, occasionally also cross veins, apex acuminate. Inflorescences 13-flowered; ped-
alternate or in whorls of 3; petiole short or indistinct; leaf blade uncle very short; bracts caducous or absent. Pedicel 1.53.5 cm.
abaxially grayish glaucous, lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 7 Perianth pale yellow, 11.2 cm; lobes ca. 2.5 mm. Filaments
15 1.54 cm, apex acuminate. Inflorescences (1 or)2- or 3- slightly compressed, ca. 3 mm, papillose-scabrous; anthers 3
flowered; peduncle pendulous, 1.53 cm; bracts small, mem- 3.5 mm. Ovary ca. 4 mm. Style subequaling ovary. Berries red,
branous, caducous. Pedicel 510 mm. Perianth pale yellow or ca. 8 mm in diam., 912-seeded; pedicel ascending at maturity.
white, cylindric or campanulate, 1.11.5 cm; lobes 23 mm. Fl. May, fr. SepNov. 2n = 60.
Filaments 23 mm, apically dilated and saccate; anthers 34 Rocks, trees in forests; 16002200 m. Guangxi, W Yunnan
mm. Ovary 57 mm. Style ca. 4 mm. Berries orange-red, ca. 7 [Myanmar, Thailand].
mm in diam., 24-seeded; pedicel reflexed at maturity. Fl. Jun
27. Polygonatum hirtellum Handel-Mazzetti, Symb. Sin. 7:
Jul, fr. SepOct.
1209. 1936.
Forests; 24002900 m. Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, Nepal,
cu mao huang jing
Sikkim].
24. Polygonatum griffithii Baker, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 14: 558. Polygonatum alternicirrhosum Handel-Mazzetti var. pili-
1875. ferum P. Y. Li.
Rhizome moniliform, 12 cm thick, with ovoid-globose
san mai huang jing
annual knots. Stem erect, 30100 cm, hirsutulous. Leaves alter-
Stem terete, ca. 90 cm, slender, glabrous. Leaves all oppo- nate or in whorls of 3, sometimes also opposite, sessile, oblong-
site, distant, sessile, green adaxially, subglaucous abaxially, lanceolate to lanceolate, 310 0.71.5 cm, hirsutulous
linear-lanceolate, 7.513 cm, papery, 3-veined, apex acute to particularly on abaxial veins, margin slightly crisped, apex
acuminate. Peduncle and pedicels 1.22 cm. Flowers paired. slightly curved to strongly cirrose. Inflorescences (1 or)2- or 3-
Perianth tube white, constricted above ovary; lobes green, del- flowered; peduncle (1)410 mm, hirsutulous; bracts
toid, very short. Stamens inserted at mouth of perianth tube; fil- lanceolate, very small, membranous, caducous, or absent.
aments very short, naked; anthers small. Style filiform, 23 Flowers pendulous; pedicel 24 mm, hirsutulous. Perianth
as long as the ovary. 2n = ?36*. white, cylindric-campanulate, 78 mm; lobes 1.52 mm.
Filaments very short, ca. 0.5 mm; anthers ca. 1.5 mm. Ovary
About 1700 m. Xizang [Nepal].
ca. 2 mm. Style ca. 1 mm. Fl. Jun.
One of us (Tamura) has not seen specimens of this species which,
according to Chen (Fl. Xizang. 5: 572. 1987), is related to P. cath- Forests, open slopes; 10002900 m. S Gansu, ?S Shaanxi (Qin
cartii. The chromosome number 2n = 36 was reported for P. griffithii Ling), Sichuan.
from SE Xizang (Mdog Xian) by Gu and Sun (Acta Bot. Yunnan. 20:
28. Polygonatum wardii F. T. Wang & Tang, Bull. Fan Mem.
207210. 1998), but judging from the photograph of the chromo-
somes in the paper, the karyotype corresponds well with that of Inst. Biol. 7: 284. 1937.
 xi zang huang jing has leaves in whorls of 57, inflorescences mostly 3 - or 4-flowered,
perianth white, and berries dark blue-green (although one of us
Rhizome unknown. Stem erect, dull crimson striate, to 40 (Tamura) has collected P. verticillatum with orange berries in S Den-
cm. Leaves opposite or whorled except basal ones alternate; mark: Tamura & Kubitzki 3425 (KYO)). Tamura considers that P. ver-
petiole very short or indistinct; leaf blade abaxially glaucous, ticillatum of the present sense may be a species in which different
ovate- or oblong-elliptic, 3.86 1.43.2 cm, glabrous, apex lineages are lumped. However, Chen and Tamura together decided to
acuminate. Inflorescences 2-flowered; peduncle curved, 1.12.7 maintain the present circumscription until sufficient morphological
cm; bracts lanceolate, small, caducous. Flowers pendulous; variation data have accumulated. Kamelin also notes that Polygonatum
pedicel 0.51.6 cm. Perianth pale yellow to dull orange, 11.4 minutiflorum, regarded here as a synonym of P. verticillatum, may
cm; lobes ca. 2 mm. Filaments 35 mm; anthers ca. 2 mm. instead be synonymous with P. gracile, in which case the former name,
published in 1915, would have priority.
Fruit unknown.
31. Polygonatum prattii Baker, Hookers Icon. Pl. 23: t. 2217.
Bamboo thickets; 30003600 m. Xizang [NE India]. 1892.
No specimens of this species were seen by the present authors. kang ding yu zhu
29. Polygonatum alternicirrhosum Handel-Mazzetti, Symb. Polygonatum delavayi Hua; P. gentilianum H. Lveill.
Sin. 7: 1209. 1936.
Rhizome terete, 35 mm thick, slender. Stem erect, 830
hu juan huang jing cm, slender, glabrous. Leaves 415, alternate, sometimes also
Polygonatum racemosum F. T. Wang & Tang. opposite in proximal part of stem, mostly opposite in distal part
of stem, often in whorls of 3 in apical part of stem; petiole very
Rhizome moniliform, thick. Stem erect, usually flexuous short; leaf blade elliptic to oblong, 26 12 cm, apex sub-
distally, 0.81.7 m, glabrous. Leaves alternate; petiole 35 mm; obtuse or acute. Inflorescences 2(or 3)-flowered; peduncle 26
leaf blade oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, 510 0.81.7 cm, mm; bracts very small, caducous. Flowers pendulous; pedicel
glabrous, margin slightly crisped, apex strongly cirrose. Inflo- (2)56 mm. Perianth white or pale purple, cylindric, 68 mm;
rescences racemelike, 15-flowered; peduncle 11.5 cm, slen- tube smooth or papillose-scabrous inside; lobes 1.52.5 mm.
der, ascending and apically recurved; bracts small, scarious. Filaments very short, papillose; anthers ca. 1.5 mm. Ovary ca.
Pedicel 38 mm. Perianth white, cylindric, 78 mm; tube 23 1.5 mm. Style ca. 1.5 mm. Berries purple-red to brown, 57
mm; lobes 45 mm. Filaments short, less than 1 mm, glabrous; mm in diam., 1- or 2-seeded. Fl. MayJun, fr. AugOct. 2n =
anthers ca. 1.2 mm. Ovary ca. 2.5 mm. Style ca. 1.5 mm. Fl. 28*, 56*.
MayJul.
Forests, thickets, grassy slopes; 25003300 m. W Sichuan, NW
Rocks in limestone areas; 17001800 m. SW Sichuan. Yunnan.

30. Polygonatum verticillatum (Linnaeus) Allioni, Fl. Pedem. 32. Polygonatum curvistylum Hua, J. Bot. (Morot) 6: 424.
1: 131. 1785. 1892.

lun ye huang jing chui ye huang jing

Convallaria verticillata Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 315. 1753; Rhizome usually shortly branched, subterete, sometimes
Polygonatum erythrocarpum Hua; P. kansuense Maximowicz submoniliform due to many short branches, 510 mm thick.
ex Batalin; P. minutiflorum H. Lveill. Stem erect, 1535 cm, glabrous. Leaves many, in whorls of 3
6, occasionally also alternate or opposite, sessile, linear-lan-
Rhizome usually shortly branched, usually tuberous terete, ceolate to linear, 37 cm 15 mm, apex acuminate, ascending
very rarely moniliform, 0.71.5 cm thick. Stem erect, (20)40 before anthesis, pendulous after anthesis. Inflorescences 1-
80 cm, glabrous. Leaves in whorls of 3, occasionally alternate or 2-flowered; peduncle 79 mm; bracts caducous or absent.
near base of stem, sometimes opposite near apex of stem, sub- Flowers pendulous; pedicel 24 mm. Perianth pale purple, cy-
sessile, oblong-lanceolate to linear, 610 0.53 cm, apex lindric, 68 mm; lobes 1.52 mm. Filaments very short, ca. 0.7
acute to acuminate, not cirrose. Inflorescences 1- or 2(4)-flow- mm, slightly scabrous; anthers ca. 1.5 mm. Ovary ca. 2 mm.
ered; peduncle 12 cm; bracts small or absent. Flowers pen- Style subequaling ovary. Berries red, 68 mm in diam., 37-
dulous; pedicel 310 mm. Perianth pale purple (or white or pale seeded. Fl. MayJul, fr. SepOct. 2n = 28*.
yellow, but probably only when dry), cylindric, 0.81.2 cm;
Forests, grasslands; 27003900 m. W Sichuan, NW Yunnan.
lobes 23 mm. Filaments 0.51(2) mm, papillose; anthers ca. 33. Polygonatum gracile P. Y. Li, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 11: 252.
2.5 mm. Ovary ca. 3 mm. Style 2.53 mm. Berries red, 69 mm 1966.
in diam., 612-seeded. Fl. MayJun, fr. AugOct. 2n = (24), 28,
30, (56*), 60, (64, 66, 84), ca. 90. xi gen jing huang jing
Forests, grassy slopes; 21004000 m. Gansu, Nei Mongol, Qing- Rhizome terete, 23 mm thick, slender. Stem 1030 cm,
hai, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [Afghanistan, Bhutan, slender, glabrous. Leaves in (1 or)2(or 3) whorls of 36, rarely
Nepal, Pakistan, Russia, Sikkim; SW Asia, Europe]. also a few scattered between whorls; petiole very short; leaf
Rudolf Kamelin (pers. comm.) believes that Polygonatum verti- blade oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 36 0.82 cm, glabrous,
cillatum is absent from China, and that the plants there are instead P. apex acuminate. Inflorescences usually 2-flowered; peduncle
kansuense (P. erythrocarpum). In SW Asia and Europe, P. verticillatum slender, 12 cm; bracts membranous, 23 mm. Pedicel 12
mm. Perianth pale yellow, cylindric, 68 mm; lobes ca. 1.5 MayJun, fr. AugSep. 2n = 20, 21, 22*, 24*, 26, 28, 36.
mm. Filaments very short, ca. 0.5 mm; anthers ca. 1.5 mm. Forests, thickets, shaded slopes; 8002800 m. Anhui, Gansu,
Ovary ca. 1.5 mm. Style slightly shorter than ovary. Berries 57 Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia,
mm in diam., 24-seeded. Fl. Jun, fr. Aug. Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Zhejiang [Korea, Mongolia, Russia (Si-
Forests, grassy slopes; 21002400 m. Gansu, Shaanxi, Shanxi. beria)].

34. Polygonatum stenophyllum Maximowicz, Mm. Acad. 37. Polygonatum cirrhifolium (Wallich) Royle, Ill. Bot. Him-
Imp. Sci. St.-Ptersbourg Divers Savans 9: 274. 1859. al. Mts. 1: 380. 1839.

xia ye huang jing juan ye huang jing

Polygonatum verticillatum (Linnaeus) Allioni var. steno- Convallaria cirrhifolia Wallich, Asiat. Res. 13: 382. 1820;
phyllum (Maximowicz) Baker. Polygonatum bulbosum H. Lveill; P. cirrhifoliodes D. M. Liu
& W. Z. Zeng; P. fargesii Hua; P. fuscum Hua; P. lebrunii H.
Rhizome terete, 46 mm thick, with slightly swollen annu-
Lveill; P. mairei H. Lveill (1909, not 1912); P. souliei Hua;
al knots. Stem erect, 60110 cm, glabrous. Leaves many, in
P. strumulosum D. M. Liu & W. Z. Zeng; P. trinerve Hua.
whorls of 46, sessile, abaxially slightly glaucous, linear-lan-
ceolate, 610 cm 38 mm, glabrous, apex acuminate. Inflo- Rhizome moniliform or tuberous terete, 12 cm thick.
rescences 2-flowered; peduncle reflexed, 24 mm; bracts white, Stem erect or scandent, 3090 cm, glabrous. Leaves in whorls
23 mm, membranous. Pedicel 23 mm. Perianth white, cylin- of 36, rarely also a few alternate in proximal part of stem,
dric, slightly constricted near mouth, 0.81.2 cm; lobes 23 sessile, narrowly linear to linear-lanceolate, very rarely oblong-
mm. Filaments filiform, ca. 1 mm; anthers ca. 2 mm. Ovary ca. lanceolate, 49(12) cm 28(15) mm, apex usually cirrose
2.5 mm. Style ca. 3.5 mm. Fl. Jun. 2n = 24, 30. at anthesis. Inflorescences usually 2- flowered; peduncle 3
10 mm; bracts 12 mm, scarious, veinless, or bract absent.
Forests, thickets. ?Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, ?Nei
Mongol [Korea, Russia (Far East)]. Flowers pendulous; pedicel 38 mm. Perianth white, greenish,
or pale purple, subcylindric, slightly constricted in middle, 8
35. Polygonatum roseum (Ledebour) Kunth, Enum. Pl. 5: 144. 11 mm; lobes ca. 2 mm. Filaments 0.60.8 ca. 0.15 mm,
1850. papillose; anthers 22.5 mm. Ovary ca. 2.5 mm. Style ca. 2
xin jiang huang jing mm. Berries red or purple-red, 89 mm in diam., 49-seeded.
Fl. MayJul, fr. SepOct. 2n = (20*, 24*), 30* (38).
Convallaria rosea Ledebour, Icon. Pl. 3: t. 1. 1829.
Forests, grassy slopes; 20004000 m. Gansu, Guangxi, Ningxia,
Rhizome terete, 35 mm thick, slender. Stem erect, 40 Qinghai, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Nepal,
80 cm, glabrous. Leaves in whorls of 3 or 4, sometimes also Sikkim].
alternate or opposite in proximal part of stem, sessile, lan- Rudolf Kamelin (pers. comm.) believes that both Polygonatum
ceolate to linear-lanceolate, 712 11.6 cm, apex acute. In- fargesii and P. fuscum differ from P. cirrhifolium: P. fargesii has leaves
florescences 1- or 2-flowered; peduncle 11.5 cm; bracts very not cirrose apically, perianth white, and is distributed in Bhutan, China,
small. Pedicel 14 mm. Perianth pale purple, cylindric, 11.2 and Sikkim; P. fuscum has stems 3035 cm tall, never scandent, leaves
cm; lobes 1.52 mm. Filaments very short, less than 1 mm, not cirrose apically, perianth green (or dark green or brown-green),
glabrous; anthers 1.51.8 mm. Ovary ca. 2 mm. Style ca. 2 and is endemic to China. One of us (Tamura) considers that P. cirrhi-
mm. Berries 711 mm in diam., 27-seeded. Fl. May, fr. Oct. folium of the present sense may be a species in which different lineages
2n = 28. are lumped. However, Chen and Tamura together decided to maintain
the present circumscription until sufficient morphological variation data
Shaded slopes; 14001900 m. Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan, have accumulated.
Tajikistan, Russia].
38. Polygonatum stewartianum Diels, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard.
36. Polygonatum sibiricum Redout, Liliac. 6: t. 315. 1811. Edinburgh 5: 298. 1912.
huang jing xi nan huang jing

Polygonatum chinense Kunth. Polygonatum kalapanum Handel-Mazzetti.

Rhizome usually shortly branched, subterete or tuberous Rhizome thick. Stem erect or semiscandent, sometimes
terete, 12 cm thick. Stem erect or sometimes subscandent, 50 minutely spotted with lilac, 3080 cm, glabrous. Leaves (except
90(140) cm, glabrous. Leaves in whorls of 46, sessile, abax- basal ones) in whorls of 3 or 4, occasionally opposite, sessile,
ially glaucous, linear-lanceolate, 815 cm 416 mm, gla- abaxially glaucous, linear to lanceolate, 511 cm 516 mm,
brous, apex strongly cirrose or curved. Inflorescences umbel- leathery, abaxially scaberulose on veins, apex hooked at anthe-
like, usually 24-flowered; peduncle 12 cm; bracts borne at sis. Inflorescences (1 or)2-flowered; peduncle 0.51.5 cm;
base of pedicel, subulate to linear-lanceolate, 35 mm, mem- bracts very small. Flowers pendulous; pedicel 310 mm. Peri-
branous, 1-veined, persistent. Flowers pendulous; pedicel (2.5) anth purplish pink, pale greenish purple, or greenish crimson,
410 mm. Perianth milky white to pale yellow, cylindric, cylindric, 512 mm; lobes 13 mm. Filaments 0.61.5 mm,
slightly constricted in middle, 0.91.2 cm; lobes ca. 4 mm. papillose; anthers 13.5 mm. Ovary ca. 3 mm. Style 22.5 mm.
Filaments 0.51 mm; anthers 23 mm. Ovary ca. 3 mm. Style Berries 57 mm in diam., 2- or 3-seeded. Fl. May. 2n = 28*.
57 mm. Berries black, 710 mm in diam., 47-seeded. Fl.
 Forests, thickets, dry shaded slopes; 27003300 m. Sichuan, curved. Inflorescences umbel-like, 26(11)-flowered; ped-
Yunnan. uncle 0.52(4) cm; bracts borne at base of pedicel, (1)26
39. Polygonatum zanlanscianense Pampanini, Nuovo Giorn. mm, scarious or subherbaceous with scarious margin, 1-vein-
Bot. Ital., n.s., 22: 267. 1915. ed, persistent. Pedicel (2)47(10) mm. Perianth white, yel-
lowish green, or pale purple, slightly constricted at middle, 69
hu bei huang jing mm; lobes ca. 1.5 mm. Filaments 0.71 mm; anthers 22.5 mm.
Polygonatum anhuiense D. C. Zhang & J. Z. Shao; P. Ovary ca. 2.5 mm. Style 1.52 mm. Berries purple-red or black,
kungii F. T. Wang & Tang. 67 mm in diam., 24-seeded. Fl. JunJul, fr. AugOct. 2n =
Rhizome moniliform or gingerlike, 12.5 cm thick. Stem 22*, 28*, 30*, 32*.
erect or slightly scandent distally, to over 1 m, glabrous. Leaves
in whorls of 36; petiole very short or indistinct; leaf blade vari- Forests, shady and moist slopes; 8002700 m. Gansu, Guangxi,
Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan,
able, elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, rarely to linear, (5)815 ?Zhejiang.
(0.4)1.32.8(3.5) cm, glabrous, apex strongly cirrose to

46. DISPOROPSIS Hance, J. Bot. 21: 278. 1883.

zhu gen qi shu

Liang Songyun ( Liang Song-jun); Minoru N. Tamura

Aulisconema Hua.
Herbs perennial, rhizomatous, sympodial, terrestrial. Rhizome horizontally creeping, terete or moniliform, fleshy. Stem usually
arching, rarely erect, simple, glabrous. Leaves cauline, lateral and pseudoterminal, usually alternate, rarely subopposite, shortly petio-
late, glabrous. Inflorescences axillary, each a solitary flower or cluster of 2 to several flowers; bracts usually absent, rarely present.
Flowers bisexual; pedicel articulate apically. Perianth campanulate; segments 6, imbricate, fleshy, proximally connate and forming
a tube for up to 1/2 their length. Corona attached near apex of perianth tube, fleshy or membranous; lobes 6, alternate to or opposite
perianth segments, apex often 2-cleft into lobelets, sometimes emarginate, rarely entire. Anthers 6, opposite perianth segments,
attached at lobe sinus, lobelet sinus, or lobe apex of corona, dorsifixed, introrse. Ovary 3-loculed; ovules 46 per locule. Style short;
stigma capitate to slightly 3-lobed. Fruit a berry, several seeded.
Six species: China, Laos, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam; six species (four endemic) in China.

Hayata (Icon. Pl. Formos. 5: 230233, 1915) interpreted the corona of Disporopsis as a product of fusion of dilated filaments.
1a. Flowers in clusters of 510; corona lobes not exceeding anthers, fleshy; berries white; plants 60100 cm tall;
perianth 0.81 cm ......................................................................................................................................................... 1. D. longifolia
1b. Flowers solitary or in clusters of 2 or 3; corona lobes exceeding anthers, membranous; berries purplish; plants
650(90) cm tall; perianth (0.8)12.2 cm.
2a. Rhizome moniliform; perianth 1.52.2 cm .......................................................................................................... 6. D. fuscopicta
2b. Rhizome terete; perianth (0.8)11.5(2) cm.
3a. Plants 610 cm tall; leaves (1 or)2(or 3); apex of corona lobes often entire, sometimes slightly
emarginate ............................................................................................................................................... 2. D. jinfushanensis
3b. Plants (10)2040(90) cm tall; leaves more than 3; apex of corona lobes 2-cleft.
4a. Leaf margin undulate ................................................................................................................................. 4. D. undulata
4b. Leaf margin entire.
5a. Corona lobes usually opposite perianth segments, rarely alternate to them; leaf base rounded to
obtuse; perianth white abaxially ............................................................................................................. 5. D. pernyi
5b. Corona lobes alternate to perianth segments; leaf base usually slightly cordate to truncate; perianth
greenish yellow abaxially, spotted with lilac .................................................................................... 3. D. aspersa

1. Disporopsis longifolia Craib, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1912: Bracts absent. Flowers in clusters of 510; pedicel 1.21.5 cm.
410. 1912. Perianth white, 810 mm; tube 35 mm, slightly constricted
near mouth; lobes narrowly elliptic, 47 1.64.5 mm. Corona
chang ye zhu gen qi
lobes opposite perianth lobes, 1.52 ca. 0.8 mm, fleshy, apex
Polygonatum laoticum Gagnepain; P. tonkinense Gagne- slightly emarginate. Anthers attached at hollowed point of co-
pain. rona lobe apex, oblong, 2.53 mm, base emarginate-cordate.
Rhizome moniliform, 12 cm thick. Stem arching, (30) Ovary ovoid, ca. 3 mm. Style 12 mm, base constricted. Berries
60100(110) cm. Leaves alternate; petiole 58 mm; leaf blade white at maturity, ovoid-globose, 1.21.5 cm in diam., 25-
lanceolate to elliptic, 1020(30) 2.56(10) cm, base cu- seeded. Fl. MayJun, fr. OctDec. 2n = 40*.
neate-rounded to cuneate-obtuse, apex attenuate-acuminate. Forests, forest margins, thickets; 1001800 m. Guangxi, S Yun-
nan [Laos, Thailand, Vietnam]. let sinus, ovoid, ca. 2 mm. Ovary depressed ovoid, ca. 2.7 mm,
2. Disporopsis jinfushanensis Z. Y. Liu, Acta Phytotax. Sin. with 3 shallow grooves along sutures. Style ca. 1.6 mm. Fl.
25: 67. 1987. May.

jin fo shan zhu gen qi Stony places in evergreen broad-leaved forests; 10001100 m.
Sichuan (Emei Shan).
Rhizome terete, 35 mm thick. Stem erect, lilac spotted,
5. Disporopsis pernyi (Hua) Diels, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 29: 239.
610 cm. Leaves (1 or)2(or 3), subopposite; petiole lilac spot-
1900.
ted, 36 mm; leaf blade ovate-elliptic, 3.54.5 1.52.5 cm,
subleathery, base slightly cordate or obtuse-rounded, apex shen lie zhu gen qi
cuspidate-acuminate. Bracts absent. Flower solitary; pedicel 4
8 mm. Perianth white, tinged with yellowish green, ca. 10 mm; Aulisconema pernyi Hua, J. Bot. (Morot) 6: 472. 1892;
tube ca. 2.5 mm, not constricted; lobes narrowly elliptic, ca. 7.5 Disporopsis arisanensis Hayata; D. leptophylla Hayata; D. tai-
34 mm. Corona lobes alternate to perianth lobes, ovate, ca. 1 wanensis S. S. Ying; Polygonatum bodinieri H. Lveill; P.
mm, membranous, apex acute and entire or occasionally slight- ensifolium H. Lveill; P. ensifolium var. didymocarpum H.
ly emarginate. Anthers attached at corona lobe sinus, ca. 1 mm. Lveill.
Ovary subglobose, ca. 3 mm. Style ca. 2 mm. Berries brown- Rhizome terete, 410 mm thick. Stem arching, purple
purple at maturity, subglobose, 78 mm in diam., 24-seeded. spotted, 2040(80) cm. Leaves alternate; petiole 0.51.5 cm;
Fl. MayJun, fr. JulSep. leaf blade lanceolate to elliptic, 514 1.26 cm, base rounded
Broad-leaved forests; 16001700 m. SE Sichuan (Nanchuan to obtuse, apex acuminate to attenuate-acuminate. Bracts ab-
Xian). sent. Flowers usually solitary, occasionally in clusters of 2 or 3;
pedicel (0.2)12 cm. Perianth white, occasionally dark reddish
3. Disporopsis aspersa (Hua) Engler in Engler & Prantl, Nat. adaxially, (0.9)1.21.5(2) cm; tube 36(9) mm, not con-
Pflanzenfam., ed. 2, 15a: 370. 1930. stricted; lobes suboblong, (2)810(12) 35 mm. Corona
san ban zhu gen qi lobes usually opposite perianth lobes, rarely alternate to them,
lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 34(5) mm, membranous, apex
Aulisconema aspersa Hua, J. Bot. (Morot) 6: 471. 1892. deeply 2-cleft into lobelets. Anthers attached usually at corona
Rhizome terete, 311 mm thick. Stem arching, 1040(90) lobelet sinus, rarely at corona lobe sinus, suboblong-lanceolate,
cm. Leaves alternate; petiole 512 mm; leaf blade ovate-lan - 1.53 mm. Ovary subglobose, 35 mm. Style (1.5)2.53.5(5)
ceolate to ovate-elliptic, 39 15 cm, base usually slightly mm. Berries dark purple or brown-purple at maturity, subglo-
cordate to truncate, apex acuminate to attenuate-acuminate. bose, rarely slightly depressed, 410 mm in diam., 13-seeded.
Bracts absent. Flowers solitary or paired; pedicel 11.4 cm. Fl. AprMay, fr. NovDec. 2n = 40*.
Perianth yellowish green, spotted with blackish lilac, (8)10 Rocky places in forests, shady places along valleys or streams;
14 mm; tube 35 mm, not constricted; lobes suboblong, 710 3002500 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan,
34 mm. Corona lobes alternate to perianth lobes, lanceolate, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang.
34 mm, membranous, apex 2-cleft. Anthers attached at co-
6. Disporopsis fuscopicta Hance, J. Bot. 21: 278. 1883.
rona lobe sinus, ca. 1 mm. Ovary ovoid-globose, 23 mm. Style
equaling ovary. Berries blue-purple at maturity, subglobose, ca. zhu gen qi
8 mm in diam.,24-seeded. Fl. MayJun,fr. SepOct. 2n = 40*.
Disporum luzoniense Merrill.
Forests, shady places along valleys or streams; 7002900 m.
Guangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Yunnan. Rhizome moniliform, (0.4)11.5 cm thick. Stem arching,
2550(80) cm. Leaves alternate; petiole 0.51.5 cm; leaf blade
4. Disporopsis undulata M. N. Tamura & Ogisu, Acta Phy-
ovate or elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, 411(15) 1.65 cm,
totax. Geobot. 49: 34. 1998.
base obtuse to subcuneate, rarely slightly cordate, apex acumi-
e mei zhu gen qi nate. Bracts absent. Flowers solitary or paired; pedicel 714
(25) mm. Perianth white, purple tinged adaxially, (1.3)1.5
Rhizome terete, 0.81.3 cm thick. Stem arching, mottled 2.2 cm; tube 49 mm, not constricted; lobes suboblong, 0.8
with lilac basally, 2030 cm. Leaves alternate; petiole longi- 1.3 cm 44.5 mm. Corona lobes alternate to perianth lobes,
tudinally lilac striped, 27 mm; leaf blade adaxially often dark ovate-lanceolate, (4)5 mm, membranous, apex usually 2- or 3-
green checkered along longitudinal and transverse veinlets, ob- denticulate or 2-lobed. Anthers attached at corona lobe sinus,
long-lanceolate to ovate, 57 1.93.7 cm, base slightly cor- (1)22.5 mm. Ovary ovoid, 44.5 mm. Style slightly shorter
date to truncate, margin undulate, apex acuminate to slightly than or equaling ovary. Berries purplish at maturity, subglo-
aristate. Bracts linear, to 7 mm, or absent. Flowers solitary or in bose, 0.71.4 cm in diam., 28-seeded. Fl. AprMay, fr. Nov.
clusters of 2 or 3; pedicel 58 mm. Perianth cream, distally dark 2n = 40*.
reddish purple adaxially and often yellowish green or reddish Forests, hillsides along valleys; 5001400(2500) m. Fujian,
purple abaxially, 1.11.2 cm; tube ca. 3 mm, slightly constrict- Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan
ed near mouth; lobes oblong, 89 4.56 mm. Corona lobes [Philippines].
opposite perianth lobes, 35 2.12.7 mm, membranous, apex
deeply 2-cleft into lobelets. Anthers attached at corona lobe-
 47. THEROPOGON Maximowicz, Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Ptersbourg 15: 89. 1870.
xia xu cao shu

Liang Songyun ( Liang Song-jun); Minoru N. Tamura

Herbs perennial, shortly rhizomatous, with several membranous sheaths surrounding leaf bases. Roots thick, densely hairy.
Leaves basal, tufted, sessile, grasslike. Scape erect, angled and narrowly winged. Inflorescence a terminal raceme, many flowered;
bracts 2 at base of each pedicel. Flowers solitary or rarely paired; pedicel usually curved, articulate apically. Tepals 6, free. Stamens
6, inserted at base of tepals; filaments flattened, membranous, slightly connate basally; anthers basifixed. Ovary ovoid, 3-loculed;
ovules 610 per locule. Style slender, elongate; stigma small. Fruit a berry. Seeds several, subglobose, thinly coated.
One species: Bhutan, China, India, Nepal, Sikkim.
1. Theropogon pallidus Maximowicz, Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. 3.56 mm. Pedicel 0.81.5 cm, usually very narrowly winged.
Saint-Ptersbourg 15: 90. 1870. Perianth white, campanulate; tepals oblong-ovate, 58 34
mm, 1-veined, apex obtuse. Filaments 1.52 mm; anthers sub-
xia xu cao
cordate, 22.5 mm. Ovary ca. 2.5 mm. Style ca. 5 mm. Fl.
Rhizome ca. 1 cm thick. Leaves 610, suberect or arching, MayJun. 2n = 40*.
abaxially glaucous, 1540 cm 412 mm, glabrous, midvein Thickets, shady rocky slopes; 23002600 m. S Xizang, W Yun-
conspicuous, apex acuminate. Scape 3035 cm, usually shorter nan [Bhutan, India, Nepal, Sikkim].
than leaves. Raceme 4.57 cm, 914-flowered; bracts green,
lanceolate-linear to linear, larger one 0.71.3 cm, smaller one

48. SPEIRANTHA Baker, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 14: 562. 1875.

bai sui hua shu

Liang Songyun ( Liang Song-jun); Minoru N. Tamura

Herbs perennial, rhizomatous, with several sheaths surrounding leaf bases. Rhizome subascending, thick, with creeping, long,
slender stolons. Leaves several, basal, slightly tufted, petiolate, gradually narrowed to base, many veined. Scape axillary, suberect,
naked. Inflorescence a terminal raceme; bracts submembranous. Flowers bisexual; pedicel articulate apically. Tepals 6, free. Stamens
6, inserted at base of tepals; filaments filiform; anthers versatile. Ovary ovoid-globose, 3-loculed; ovules 3 or 4 per locule. Style
slender; stigma small. Fruit a berry.
One species: China.

1. Speirantha gardenii (Hooker) Baillon, Hist. Pl. 12: 524. or sometimes tinged reddish, 39 mm, shorter than pedicel.
1894. Pedicel 0.71.7 cm. Tepals spreading, lanceolate, 46 1.5
2.4 mm, 1-veined, apex obtuse. Stamens 35 mm; filaments
bai sui hua
filiform, ca. 3 mm; anthers elliptic, ca. 2 mm. Ovary ca. 2
Albuca gardenii Hooker, Bot. Mag. 81: t. 4842. 1855; mm. Style ca. 2 mm. Berries subglobose, ca. 5 mm in diam.
Speirantha convallarioides Baker. Fl. MayJun, fr. Jul. 2n = 38*.
Rhizome terete, 212 cm or longer 315 mm. Leaves 4 Broad-leaved forests, hillsides along valleys or streams; 600
8; petiole 35 cm; leaf blade narrowly elliptic to elliptic-oblan- 900 m. Anhui, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Zhejiang.
ceolate, 715 35 cm, glabrous, apex acuminate. Scape 13
20 cm. Raceme 46 2.54 cm, 1218-flowered; bracts white

49. CONVALLARIA Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 314. 1753.

ling lan shu

Liang Songyun ( Liang Song-jun); Minoru N. Tamura

Herbs perennial, rhizomatous. Rhizome short, with 1 or 2 creeping stolons. Roots rather slender. Leaves 2(or 3), basal, long
petiolate; petiole erect, equitant, forming a pseudostem, proximally enveloped by several cylindric, membranous sheaths. Scape
arising from a sheath axil, naked. Inflorescence a terminal raceme, laxly few to many flowered, 1-sided; bracts membranous, cadu-
cous. Flowers bisexual, nodding, long pedicellate. Perianth broadly campanulate; segments connate to form a tube; lobes very short.
Stamens 6, inserted at base of perianth tube, included; filaments short; anthers basifixed. Ovary ovoid-globose, 3-loculed; ovules
several per locule. Style long; stigma small. Fruit a berry. Seeds several, small.
One species: temperate regions of the N hemisphere.
1. Convallaria majalis Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 314. 1753. ling lan
 Convallaria keiskei Miquel; C. keiskei var. trifolia Y. C. 2 mm, 1-veined, apex obtuse. Stamens ca. 4 mm; filaments
Chu et al.; C. majalis var. manshurica Komarov. widened gradually toward base; anthers suboblong. Style col-
umnar, 2.53 mm. Berry red at maturity, globose, 612 mm in
Plants 1830 cm tall, glabrous. Petiole 820 cm; leaf blade
diam. Fl. MayJun, fr. JulSep. 2n = 38*.
abaxially glaucescent, elliptic to ovate-lanceolate, 720 38.5
cm, base cuneate, apex subacute to acuminate. Scape slightly Moist places in forests, shady hillsides along ravines; 8002500
arching, 1530 cm. Bracts lanceolate, 36 mm, much shorter m. Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hunan, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei
Mongol, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea,
than pedicel. Pedicel slightly curved, 0.61.5 cm, articulate api- Mongolia, Myanmar, Russia; Europe, North America].
cally. Perianth white, 57 57 mm; lobes ovate-deltoid, ca. 2

50. REINECKEA Kunth, Abh. Knigl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1842: 29. 1844, nom. cons.
ji xiang cao shu

Liang Songyun ( Liang Song-jun); Minoru N. Tamura

Herbs perennial, rhizomatous, evergreen. Rhizome prostrate on ground, laxly many noded. Leaves tufted at rhizome tip, incon-
spicuously petiolate, gradually narrowed toward base. Scape arising from a leaf axil, erect, shorter than leaves, naked. Inflorescence a
terminal spike, few to many flowered; bracts brownish or purplish, membranous. Flowers bisexual, sessile. Perianth segments prox-
imally connate to form a tube, distally free. Stamens 6, inserted in throat of perianth tube; filaments filiform, proximally adnate to
perianth tube; anthers dorsifixed. Ovary 3-loculed; ovules 2 per locule. Style columnar, slender; stigma capitate to 3-lobed. Fruit a
berry, globose, several seeded.
One species: China, Japan.

The identity of Reineckea incurva H. Lveill & Vaniot (Mem. Pontif. Accad. Romana Nuovi Lincei 23: 362. 1905), described from Guizhou, is
uncertain. The present authors as well as McKean (Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 44: 195. 1986) did not see the type and therefore could not assess
its status.

1. Reineckea carnea (Andrews) Kunth, Abh. Knigl. Akad. cm; bracts ovate-deltoid, 57 mm. Flowers fragrant, sometimes
Wiss. Berlin 1842: 29. 1844. male flowers borne distally on spike. Perianth pink or pale rose,
ji xiang cao 0.81.3 cm; tube 46 mm; lobes reflexed, oblong, 57 mm,
slightly fleshy. Filaments with free part 34 mm; anthers sub-
Sansevieria carnea Andrews, Bot. Repos. 6: t. 361. 1804; oblong, 22.5 mm, emarginate at both ends. Ovary narrowly
Reineckea carnea var. rubra H. Lveill; R. ovata Z. Y. Zhu; R. ovoid, ca. 3 mm. Style 710 mm. Berry red at maturity, 610
yunnanensis W. W. Smith; S. sessiliflora Ker Gawler. mm in diam. Fl. and fr. JulNov. 2n = 38*.
Rhizome terete, elongate, 24 mm thick, slender. Leaves Dense forests, shady and moist slopes, hillsides along valleys;
38, linear, narrowly oblanceolate, or lanceolate, 1040 0.5 1003200 m. Anhui, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei,
3.5 cm, glabrous, apex acuminate. Scape 515 cm. Spike 26.5 Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan].

51. CAMPYLANDRA Baker, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 14: 582. 1875.

kai kou jian shu

Liang Songyun ( Liang Song-jun); Minoru N. Tamura

Tilcusta Rafinesque.
Herbs perennial, rhizomatous, monopodial. Rhizome ascending or less often creeping, thick, stout, sometimes slightly woody.
Stem very short or sometimes slightly elongate. Leaves basal or on short stem, usually distichous equitant, sometimes spaced, basally
distinctly petiolate or not; leaf blade lorate to ovate-elliptic. Scape axillary. Inflorescence a terminal spike, several to many flowered,
sometimes with several sterile bracts apically; fertile bracts lanceolate to ovate, often longer than flowers, sometimes shorter.
Perianth segments 6, connate into a tube for 1/22/3 their length, fleshy, sometimes with a ringlike, fleshy appendage in throat; lobes
often spreading, sometimes incurved, sometimes fimbriate at margin. Stamens 6; filaments proximally adnate to perianth tube, free
part short to long; anthers positioned as high as or higher than stigma, dorsifixed. Ovary 3-loculed; ovules 24 per locule. Style 1, to
1 (3.5) mm; stigma small, 3-lobed. Fruit a berry, 13-seeded.
Sixteen species: Bhutan, China, India, Nepal, Sikkim; 16 species (13 endemic) in China.

1a. Perianth throat with a cushionlike, ringed, fleshy appendage.

2a. Flower subtended by 2 bracts; free part of filaments 1.52.5 mm.
3a. Perianth lobes ca. 5 mm, smooth abaxially; filaments 22.5 mm ................................................................. 15. C. annulata
3b. Perianth lobes 68 mm, densely verruculose abaxially; filaments 1.52 mm ......................................... 16. C. verruculosa
2a. Flower subtended by 1 bract; free part of filaments less than 1 mm.
 4a. Perianth lobes entire at margin ..................................................................................................................... 12. C. urotepala
4b. Perianth lobes erose at margin.
5a. Leaves 23.5 cm wide; perianth tube with brown dots adaxially .................................................................... 13. C. tui
5b. Leaves 0.41.2 cm wide; perianth tube without brown dots adaxially ............................................ 14. C. lichuanensis
1b. Perianth throat without a cushionlike appendage, but sometimes with a thin ring formed from by fusion of
widened filaments.
6a. Leaves sessile, leaf blade lorate, apex long acuminate.
7a. Perianth tubular-campanulate, 55.5 mm; fertile bracts longer than flowers, margin denticulate ................ 10. C. ensifolia
7b. Perianth subcampanulate, 6.58 mm; fertile bracts shorter than flowers, margin entire ........................ 11. C. jinshanensis
6b. Leaves gradually narrowed basally into a distinct or indistinct petiole, leaf blade varying in shape, apex
acute or acuminate.
8a. Rhizome stemlike, elongate, nodes spaced; leaves cauline, slightly spaced.
9a. Spike with several sterile bracts apically ....................................................................................................... 1. C. wattii
9b. Spike without sterile bracts apically ......................................................................................................... 2. C. emeiensis
8b. Rhizome short or slightly elongate, nodes dense (sometimes spaced in C. chinensis); leaves basal or nearly
so, usually crowded.
10a. Bracts and perianth lobes fimbriate at margin ........................................................................................ 9. C. fimbriata
10b. Bracts and perianth lobes not fimbriate at margin.
11a. Widened part of filaments denticulate at margin ....................................................................... 3. C. aurantiaca
11b. Widened part of filaments entire at margin.
12a. Anther connective protruding from locules, recurved, ca. 1.5 mm ............................ 4. C. liangshanensis
12b. Anther connective included.
13a. Leaves crisped at margin; bracts in proximal 1/2 of spike usually with 1 or 2
teeth at middle of margin ....................................................................................... 5. C. yunnanensis
13b. Leaves not crisped at margin; bracts without teeth at margin.
14a. Perianth tubular, 711 mm ................................................................................. 6. C. delavayi
14b. Perianth campanulate, 4.57.5 mm.
15a. Peduncle 16(15) mm; perianth 57 mm .............................................. 7. C. chinensis
15b. Peduncle 1540 mm; perianth 4.55 mm .................................. 8. C. longipedunculata
1. Campylandra wattii C. B. Clarke, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 25: 78. Tupistra emeiensis Z. Y. Zhu, Acta Bot. Yunnan. 4: 271.
1890. 1982.
wan rui kai kou jian Rhizome stemlike, elongate, to 2432 cm 24 mm;
nodes spaced. Stem elongate. Leaves 5 or 6, spaced; petiole 2
Campylandra cauliflora Chun; C. longibracteata F. T. 2.5 cm, basally widened and clasping; leaf blade subelliptic or
Wang & Tang; Tupistra tonkinensis Baillon; T. wattii (C. B. ovate, 56.5 2.53.5 cm, papery or subleathery. Spike 45
Clarke) J. D. Hooker. cm, 69-flowered, without sterile bracts apically; peduncle ca. 1
Rhizome yellow- brown when dried, stemlike, elongate, cm; fertile bracts elliptic-ovate or elliptic-lanceolate, 68 ca.
terete, curved, 0.81.2 cm thick; nodes spaced. Stem 2.5 mm. Perianth yellow-green; tube ca. 3 mm, throat with a
elongate. Leaves 310, spaced; petiole 39 cm, basally thin, undulate-crenate ring of connate, widened filament bases;
widened and clasping; leaf blade ovate-elliptic to elliptic- lobes narrowly ovate-oblong, 34 ca. 2 mm. Filaments with
lanceolate, 6.520 37 cm, papery. Spike 2.56 11.5 cm, incurved free part ca. 1 mm. Ovary obovoid-globose. Style in-
several to many flowered, with several sterile bracts apically; conspicuous; stigma 3-lobed. Fl. JunJul.
peduncle 1.52.5 cm; fertile bracts lanceolate, 1.21.8(5) cm Bamboo forests, moist places in thickets, hillsides along valleys
24 mm. Perianth tube 35 mm; lobes red-brown or or streams; 18002500 m. C Sichuan (Emei Shan).
yellowish green, broadly ovate, 3.54 24 mm, fleshy.
3. Campylandra aurantiaca Baker,J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 14: 582.
Filaments proximally widened and adnate to perianth tube,
1875.
free part incurved, 1.52 mm. Ovary globose. Style
inconspicuous; stigma 3-lobed. Berry red at maturity, globose, cheng hua kai kou jian
0.91.1 cm in diam. Fl. FebMay, fr. JanApr of following
Rhizome ascending, short, 1.22 cm thick; nodes dense.
year. 2n = 38*.
Leaves 46, basal, slightly distichous equitant, shortly petiolate;
Moist places in dense forests, hillsides along valleys or streams; leaf blade lanceolate or linear, 1860 26 cm, subleathery.
8002800 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan [Bhu- Spike 2.54 cm, densely many flowered, with several sterile
tan, India]. bracts apically; peduncle 12 cm; fertile bracts lanceolate, 1.5
2. Campylandra emeiensis (Z. Y. Zhu) M. N. Tamura et al., 3 cm 58 mm, margin denticulate. Perianth campanulate,
Novon 10: 159. 2000. 0.81.2 cm; tube 57 mm; lobes yellow or orange, deltoid-
ovate, 35 24 mm, fleshy. Filaments proximally widened
e mei kai kou jian and adnate to perianth tube, widened part denticulate at
margin, free part very short. Ovary ovoid-globose, ca. 2 mm in leathery. Spike 56 1.51.7 cm, densely many flowered; ped-
diam. Style distinct, ca. 1 mm; stigma 3-lobed. Fl. AprMay. 2n uncle 4.510 cm; fertile bracts white or pale brown, ovate to
= 38*. deltoid-lanceolate, 4 7 45 mm, membranous, margin not
fimbriate. Perianth yellow, tubular-campanulate, 711 mm,
Dense forests, mixed forests along valleys, shady rocky slopes;
18002900 m. S Xizang, NW Yunnan [India, Nepal, Sikkim]. fleshy; tube 46 mm; lobes ovate or suborbicular, 23 2.53
mm. Ovary oblong-ovoid, ca. 4.5 mm. Style usually very short
4. Campylandra liangshanensis (Z. Y. Zhu) M. N. Tamura et or inconspicuous; stigma 3-lobed. Berry purple-red at maturity,
al., Novon 10: 159. 2000. subglobose, 610 mm in diam. Fl. Apr, fr. Aug. 2n = 38*.
liang shan kai kou jian Moist places in broad-leaved forests, thickets; 10001500 m.
Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Yunnan.
Tupistra liangshanensis Z. Y. Zhu in Z. Y. Zhu & J. L.
Zhang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 19: 521. 1981. 7. Campylandra chinensis (Baker) M. N. Tamura et al., No-
von 10: 159. 2000.
Rhizome terete, ca. 3 cm thick, stout; nodes dense. Leaves
5 or 6, basal, slightly distichous equitant; petiole 812 cm; leaf kai kou jian
blade narrowly elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, ca. 22 712 cm.
Spike 56 23 cm, densely many flowered, with several ster- Tupistra chinensis Baker, Hookers Icon. Pl. 19: t. 1867.
ile bracts apically; peduncle 13 cm; fertile bracts 2 per flower, 1889; Campylandra kwangtungensis Dandy; C. pachynema F.
ovate-lanceolate, 11.7 cm 37 mm. Perianth subcampanu- T. Wang & Tang; C. viridiflora (Franchet) Handel-Mazzetti; C.
late, 811 mm; tube 46 mm; lobes yellowish white, suborbic- watanabei (Hayata) Dandy; Rohdea japonica (Thunberg) Roth
ular or broadly ovate, 45 56 mm, fleshy. Filaments proxi- var. watanabei (Hayata) S. S. Ying; R. watanabei Hayata; T.
mally widened and adnate to perianth tube, widened part entire, chlorantha Baillon; T. fargesii Baillon; T. heensis Y. Wan & X.
free part 11.5 mm; anther connective protruding from locules, H. Lu; T. kwangtungensis S. S. Ying; T. lorifolia Franchet; T.
recurved, ca. 1.5 mm. Ovary globose, ca. 2 mm in diam. Style sparsiflora S. C. Chen & Y. T. Ma; T. viridiflora Franchet.
0.51 mm or inconspicuous; stigma white, 3-lobed. Fl. Nov. Rhizome slightly elongate, terete, 11.5 cm thick. Leaves
Moist places in thickets along valleys or streams; ca. 2500 m. 48(12), basal, distichous equitant; petiole 38 cm, usually
SW Sichuan (Puge Xian). conduplicate; leaf blade linear-lanceolate to oblanceolate, 15
65 1.59.5 cm. Spike 2.514 cm, with several sterile bracts
5. Campylandra yunnanensis (F. T. Wang & S. Yun Liang) apically; peduncle 16(15) cm; fertile bracts green, 47 mm.
M. N. Tamura et al., Novon 10: 160. 2000. Perianth campanulate, 57 mm; tube 22.5 mm; lobes ovate, 3
yun nan kai kou jian 5 24 mm. Filaments proximally widened and adnate to peri-
anth tube, widened part sometimes connate into a thin ring in
Tupistra yunnanensis F. T. Wang & S. Yun Liang in F. T. perianth tube or throat, apical part incurved, 12 mm. Ovary
Wang & Tang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 15: 249. 1978. subglobose, 22.5 mm in diam. Style to 1 mm; stigma 3-lobed.
Rhizome ascending, yellow-brown, terete, 12.5 cm thick, Berries purple-red at maturity, globose, 810 mm in diam. Fl.
stout; nodes dense. Leaves 35, basal, nearly distichous equi- AprJun, fr. SepNov. 2n = 38*.
tant; petiole indistinct; leaf blade lorate-lanceolate, 4095 Moist places in forests, hillsides along streams; 6003000 m.
35.5 cm, margin crisped, apex acuminate. Spike 4.511 cm, Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi,
many flowered; peduncle 812 cm; fertile bracts lanceolate, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan.
6.59 1.53 mm, those in proximal 1/2 of spike usually with
8. Campylandra longipedunculata (F. T. Wang & S. Yun
1 or 2 teeth at middle of margin. Perianth subcampanulate, 78
Liang) M. N. Tamura et al., Novon 10: 160. 2000.
mm; tube 4.55 mm, throat with a thin ring of widened fila-
ments; lobes white, deltoid-lanceolate, 2.53 mm, fleshy, apex chang geng kai kou jian
cuspidate-acuminate. Filaments with very short free part. Ovary
ovoid, 22.5 ca. 2 mm. Style inconspicuous. Berry red at Tupistra longipedunculata F. T. Wang & S. Yun Liang in
maturity, ovoid-globose, 0.91.4 cm 79 mm. Fl. May, fr. F. T. Wang & Tang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 15: 249. 1978.
OctNov. 2n = 38*. Rhizome yellow-brown, short, terete, 1.51.7 cm thick;
Forests; 12002800 m. NE Yunnan. nodes dense. Leaves 35, basal, distichous equitant; petiole 5
12 cm; leaf blade usually linear-oblanceolate, 4080 36.5
6. Campylandra delavayi (Franchet) M. N. Tamura et al., No- cm, papery or subleathery. Spike 5.58 11.5 cm, densely
von 10: 159. 2000. many flowered; peduncle 1540 cm, much longer than spike;
tong hua kai kou jian fertile bracts green, ovate, 3.55.5 2.53 mm, margin white.
Perianth subcampanulate, 4.55 mm; tube 2.53 mm; lobes
Tupistra delavayi Franchet, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 43: 40. yellow, deltoid-ovate, 22.5 1.52.5 mm, fleshy. Filaments
1896. with very short free part. Ovary ovoid, ca. 3.5 mm. Style incon-
Rhizome brownish, terete, 11.5 cm thick, stout; nodes spicuous; stigma 3-lobed. Fl. Jun. 2n = 38*.
dense. Leaves 3 or 4, basal, slightly distichous equitant; petiole Forests, hillsides along streams, shady limestone slopes; 500
812 cm; leaf blade lorate-lanceolate, 2545 59 cm, sub- 1700 m. Yunnan.
9. Campylandra fimbriata (Handel-Mazzetti) M. N. Tamura widened and corrugated, free part incurved, ca. 2 mm. Ovary
et al., Novon 10: 159. 2000. ovoid-globose, 23 mm in diam. Style less than 1 mm. Fl. Apr.
chi ban kai kou jian Forests; ca. 1800 m. SE Sichuan (Nanchuan Xian).

Tupistra fimbriata Handel-Mazzetti, Anz. Akad. Wiss. 12. Campylandra urotepala (Handel-Mazzetti) M. N. Tamura
Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 59: 253. 1922; T. fimbriata var. et al., Novon 10: 160. 2000.
breviloba H. Li & J. L. Huang. wei e kai kou jian
Rhizome yellow-brown or green, terete, 0.61.5 cm thick;
Rohdea urotepala Handel-Mazzetti, Anz. Akad. Wiss.
nodes dense. Leaves 36(8), basal, nearly distichous equitant;
Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 57: 272. 1920; Tupistra urotepala
petiole usually distinct, 35 cm; leaf blade linear-lanceolate or
(Handel-Mazzetti) F. T. Wang & Tang.
oblanceolate, 3065 3.56.5 cm, margin crisped. Spike 26
11.8 cm, densely many flowered; peduncle 615(25) cm; Rhizome slightly elongate, 11.5 cm thick, stout; nodes
fertile bracts pale green or pale brown, membranous, margin dense. Leaves 57, basal, slightly distichous equitant or sub-
white, fimbriate. Perianth campanulate, 68 mm; tube 36 mm; tufted,sessile, usually narrowly oblong-lanceolate, gradually nar-
lobes green, broadly ovate, 23 33.5 mm, fleshy, margin rowed toward base, 3045 24 cm, margin crisped. Spike 3
white, membranous, irregularly dentate or fimbriate. Filaments 4.5 11.5 cm; peduncle 16 cm; fertile bracts white or green-
with suberect free part 23 mm. Ovary ovoid-globose, ca. 2 ish, ovate, 3.56.5 3.55 mm, membranous. Perianth 510
mm in diam. Style 13.5 mm; stigma 3-lobed. Fl. AprMay. 2n mm, with a cushionlike, ringed, fleshy, smooth appendage in
= 38*. throat; tube 25 mm; lobes spreading, yellow, deltoid-ovate, 3
5 34.5 mm, fleshy, margin thin, entire. Filaments very short;
Dense forests, broad-leaved forests along ravines, shady rocky
slopes; 12002900 m. S Xizang, NW Yunnan [India, Nepal]. anthers 11.5 mm. Ovary ovoid, ca. 3 2 mm. Style ca. 1 mm;
stigma 3-lobed. Fl. MayJun. 2n = 38*.
10.Campylandra ensifolia (F. T.Wang & Tang) M. N. Tamura
et al., Novon 10: 159. 2000. Forests, rocky wastelands; 17003000 m. SW Sichuan.

jian ye kai kou jian 13. Campylandra tui (F. T. Wang & Tang) M. N. Tamura et
al., Novon 10: 160. 2000.
Tupistra ensifolia F. T. Wang & Tang, Bull. Fan Mem.
die hua kai kou jian
Inst. Biol. 7: 86. 1936.
Rohdea tui F. T. Wang & Tang, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol.
Rhizome brown or green, stemlike, elongate, terete; nodes
7: 284. 1937; Tupistra tui (F. T. Wang & Tang) F. T. Wang &
spaced. Stem elongate, to 10 cm; nodes many. Leaves many,
S. Yun Liang.
cauline, distichous, sessile, lorate, 3550 cm 512 mm. Spike
45.5 cm, densely many flowered, with several sterile bracts Rhizome slightly elongate, terete, 0.81.3 cm thick; nodes
apically; peduncle 45 cm; fertile bracts green or pale brown, dense. Leaves 46, basal or nearly so, nearly distichous
712 mm. Perianth tubular-campanulate, 55.5 mm; tube 22.5 equitant, sessile, usually linear-lanceolate, 2550 23.5 cm.
mm; lobes spreading, brownish or green, ovate, 22.5 1.52 Spike 34.5 11.8 cm, densely many flowered; peduncle 6
mm, fleshy, margin white, membranous, erose. Filaments basal- 15 cm; fertile bracts pale green, 2.54 2.53.5 mm, shorter
ly widened and corrugated, free part very short. Ovary ovoid. than flowers, membranous. Perianth 4.55.5 mm, with a
Style inconspicuous. Berries red-black at maturity, subglobose, cushionlike, ringed, fleshy, papillose appendage in throat; tube
58 mm in diam. Fl. Jun, fr. Oct. 2n = 38*. adaxially brown spotted, 23 mm; lobes slightly spreading,
Broad-leaved forests, shady rocky slopes; 10003200 m. yellow, ovate-deltoid, 2.53 2.53 mm, fleshy, margin
Yunnan. white, membranous, erose. Filaments with very short free
part. Ovary ovoid, 3.54 22.5 mm. Style very short; stigma
11. Campylandra jinshanensis (Z. L. Yang & X. G. Luo) M. scarcely 3-lobed, small. Fl. Jun.
N. Tamura et al., Novon 10: 159. 2000.
Forests, thickets; 10002500 m. S and W Sichuan.
jin shan kai kou jian
14. Campylandra lichuanensis (Y. K. Yang et al.) M. N. Ta-
Tupistra jinshanensis Z. L. Yang & X. G. Luo, Acta Bot. mura et al., Novon 10: 160. 2000.
Yunnan. 6: 389. 1984.
li chuan kai kou jian
Rhizome yellowish brown, slightly curved, 13 cm thick,
Tupistra lichuanensis Y. K. Yang et al., J. Wuhan Bot.
stout; nodes dense. Stem short. Leaves many, distichous equi-
Res. 9: 40. 1991.
tant, sessile, lorate, 3045 1.22 cm. Spike 24 ca. 1.5 cm,
densely many flowered, sometimes with several sterile bracts Rhizome slightly curved, subterete, 12.5 cm thick, stout;
apically; peduncle ca. 4 cm; fertile bracts green-white, 34 nodes dense. Leaves (4)69, nearly distichous equitant, ses-
1.52.5 mm, margin membranous and entire. Perianth subcam- sile, strap-shaped, 2435 0.41.2 cm, subleathery, base ob-
panulate, 6.58 mm, fleshy; tube 2.53 mm; lobes ovate-lan- viously dilated and clasping, apex acuminate. Spike 13.2
ceolate or broadly ovate, 45 34 mm, margin white, mem- 0.61.2 cm, densely (2)814-flowered, usually with 37 sterile
branous, entire, apex shortly cuspidate. Filaments basally bracts apically; peduncle 1.710 cm; fertile bracts pale yellow,
sometimes greenish, ovate to lanceolate, 2.55 0.71.2 mm, cuspidate. Filaments with free part 22.5 mm. Ovary globose,
membranous. Perianth yellowish green, subcampanulate, ca. 2.5 mm in diam. Style very short. Fl. MarMay. 2n = 38*.
fleshy, with a cushionlike, ringed, fleshy appendage in throat; Yunnan.
tube without brown spots, 23.5 23 mm; lobes spread-
Described from a cultivated plant.
ing, ovate-deltoid to ovate-elliptic, 23.5 22.5 mm, margin
white, membranous, erose, apex usually caudate, rarely subob- 16. Campylandra verruculosa (Q. H. Chen) M. N. Tamura et
tuse. Filaments with free part 0.20.4 mm; anthers subovate, 1 al., Novon 10: 160. 2000.
1.4 mm. Ovary ovoid, 22.5 mm in diam. Style to 0.5 mm; you dian kai kou jian
stigma obtusely 3-angled, distinctly 3-lobed. Berries red at ma-
turity, ovoid, 57 mm in diam. Fl. Apr. Tupistra verruculosa Q. H. Chen, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 25:
69. 1987.
11001500 m. SW Hubei (Lichuan Xian).
Rhizome brown, terete, 1.52 cm thick; nodes dense.
15. Campylandra annulata (H. Li & J. L. Huang) M. N. Ta- Leaves 512, basal or nearly so, distichous equitant; petiole 4
mura et al., Novon 10: 159. 2000. 12 cm; leaf blade 2140 68 cm. Spike 1012 1.52 cm,
huan hua kai kou jian densely many flowered; peduncle ca. 15 cm; fertile bracts 2 per
flower, pale green, membranous, larger one 59 34 mm,
Tupistra annulata H. Li & J. L. Huang, Acta Bot. Yun- smaller one 36 11.5 mm. Perianth pale yellow-green, sub-
nan., Suppl. 3: 51. 1990. campanulate, 811 mm, with a cushionlike, ringed, fleshy,
Rhizome terete, 2.53 cm thick; nodes dense. Leaves 68, sparsely papillose appendage in throat; tube 23 mm; lobes
basal or nearly so, slightly or scarcely distichous equitant, grad- ovate, 68 45 mm, fleshy, abaxially densely verruculose,
ually narrowed into indistinct petiole; leaf blade oblanceolate- apex cuspidate. Filaments with free part 1.52 mm. Ovary glo-
oblong, 1540 2.54 cm. Spike ca. 5 cm, densely many flo- bose, ca. 3 mm in diam. Style 0.51 mm, 3-angled; stigma 3-
wered, with several sterile bracts apically; peduncle ca. 4 cm; lobed. Fl. May.
fertile bracts 2 per flower, green, larger one 1.11.3 cm, smaller Forests on limestone slopes; ca. 700 m. C and S Guizhou (Ping-
one 45 mm. Perianth green, subcampanulate, with a cushion- tang Xian, Wengan Xian).
like, ringed, fleshy, smooth appendage in throat; tube 45 mm;
lobes ovate-lanceolate, ca. 5 mm, apex incurved, acuminate-

52. ROHDEA Roth, Nov. Pl. Sp. 196. 1821.

wan nian qing shu
Liang Songyun ( Liang Song-jun); Minoru N. Tamura
Herbs perennial, rhizomatous. Rhizome ascending, thick, stout. Leaves basal, tufted, usually slightly distichous equitant, sessile,
base dilated. Scape axillary, suberect, much shorter than leaves. Inflorescence a terminal spike, densely flowered, fleshy; bracts short,
membranous. Flowers bisexual. Perianth segments connate except at apex into a globose-campanulate tube; lobes incurved, short,
fleshy. Stamens 6; filaments nearly wholly adnate to perianth tube; anthers positioned distally in perianth tube, dorsifixed. Ovary glo-
bose, 3-loculed; ovules 2 per locule. Style very short or inconspicuous; stigma 3-lobed. Fruit a berry, 1-seeded.
One species: China, Japan.
1. Rohdea japonica (Thunberg) Roth, Nov. Pl. Sp. 197. 1821. ovate, 2.56 24 mm. Perianth pale yellow, 45 ca. 6 mm;
wan nian qing lobes small, thick. Anthers ovate, 1.31.5 mm. Berries red at
maturity, globose, ca. 8 mm in diam. Fl. MayJun, fr. SepOct.
Orontium japonicum Thunberg in Murray, Syst. Veg., ed. 2n = 14, 36, 38, ca. 72*.
14, 340. 1784; Rohdea esquirolii H. Lveill; R. sinensis H.
Lveill. Moist places in forests, grassy slopes; 7001700 m. Guangxi,
Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Zhe-
Rhizome suberect, 1.52.5 cm thick. Leaves 38(12), jiang [Japan].
dark green, lanceolate-oblong, oblanceolate, or lanceolate, grad-
ually narrowed to both ends, 1550 2.57 cm, thickly papery, Widely cultivated as an ornamental.
apex acute to subacuminate. Scape 2.54(10) cm, stout. Spike
suboblong, 34 1.21.7 cm, densely many flowered; bracts

53. TUPISTRA Ker Gawler, Bot. Mag. 40: t. 1655. 1814.

chang zhu kai kou jian shu
Liang Songyun ( Liang Song-jun); Minoru N. Tamura
Macrostigma Kunth.
Herbs perennial, rhizomatous, monopodial. Rhizome usually ascending, rarely creeping, thick, stout, sometimes slightly woody.
Stem very short. Leaves basal, alternate fasciculate or distichous equitant, distinctly petiolate or not; leaf blade narrowly lanceolate to
ovate. Scape axillary. Inflorescence a terminal spike, 2- to many flowered, without sterile bracts apically; bracts deltoid to ovate,
usually shorter than flowers. Perianth segments 6 or 8, connate for 1/22/3 their length into a tube, fleshy; lobes spreading. Stamens
6 or 8; filaments nearly wholly adnate to perianth tube; anthers positioned lower than stigma, dorsifixed. Ovary 3- or 4-loculed;
ovules 2 per locule. Style 1, cylindric, 412 mm; stigma peltate to mushroom-shaped, 27 mm in diam., fleshy. Fruit a berry, 1-seed-
ed.
Fourteen species: Bhutan, China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Sikkim, Thailand, Vietnam; four species (three endemic) in
China.
The syntype specimens of Tupistra cavaleriei H. Lveill can be identified as Amischotolype hispida (A. Richard) D. Y. Hong (Commelinaceae).
Tupistra esquirolii H. Lveill & Vaniot is referable to Curculigo capitulata (Loureiro) Kuntze (Amaryllidaceae). The identity of Tupistra
bambusifolia H. Lveill & Vaniot and T. bambusifolia var. rubromaculosa H. Lveill & Vaniot (in H. Lveill, Mem. Pontif. Accad. Romana Nuovi
Lincei 24: 349. 1906) remains uncertain. The types, from Guizhou, have not been seen by the present authors but were said by McKean (Notes Roy.
Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 44: 176. 1986) to resemble Zingiber pleiostachyum K. Schumann (Zingiberaceae), which is endemic to Taiwan.
1a. Flower subtended by 1 bract; style ca. 12 mm ....................................................................................................... 1. T. grandistigma
1b. Flower subtended by 2 or 3 bracts; style 48 mm.
2a. Spike 1825(35) cm; peduncle slightly longer than spike; stigma 57 mm in diam. ....................................... 2. T. longispica
2b. Spike 2.510 cm; peduncle shorter than spike; stigma 23 mm in diam.
3a. Stigma mushroom-shaped; rhizome ascending; spike 610 cm .............................................................. 3. T. fungilliformis
3b. Stigma peltate; rhizome creeping; spike 2.54.5 cm ................................................................................ 4. T. pingbianensis

1. Tupistra grandistigma F. T. Wang & S. Yun Liang in F. T. 3. Tupistra fungilliformis F. T. Wang & S. Yun Liang in F. T.
Wang & Tang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 15: 249. 1978. Wang & Tang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 15: 249. 1978.
chang zhu kai kou jian san zhu kai kou jian
Rhizome rather short, 1.52 cm thick, stout; nodes dense. Rhizome ascending, short, 12 cm thick, stout; nodes
Leaves 35 or more, basal, distichous equitant; petiole 25 cm; dense. Leaves 2 or more, basal; petiole 1416 cm; leaf blade
leaf blade oblong-oblanceolate, 65110 7.512 cm, glabrous, linear-lanceolate, 420 11.5 cm, papery, glabrous, apex acu-
apex acuminate. Spike 616 cm, several to many flowered; minate. Spike 610 1.22 cm, usually laxly several flowered;
peduncle 515 cm; bracts 1 per flower, deltoid, ca. 1.8 1 mm. peduncle 1.53 cm; bracts 2(or 3) per flower, brownish yellow,
Perianth campanulate, ca. 1.4 cm; tube ca. 5 mm; lobes black- 47 411 mm, membranous. Perianth subcampanulate, 11.5
purple, lanceolate, 810 34 mm, fleshy. Filaments with very cm; tube 37 mm; lobes purple, ovate, 58 46 mm, fleshy.
short free part; anthers elliptic, 22.5 mm. Ovary subglobose, Filaments with very short free part. Ovary ovoid, 1.52 ca.
35 mm. Style ca. 1.2 cm; stigma capitate, dilated, 67 mm in 2 mm. Style 45 mm, 3-angled; stigma mushroom-shaped, ca. 2
diam. Berries globose, 1.22 cm in diam. Fl. Mar, fr. Jun. 2n = mm in diam. Berries ovoid-globose, ca. 12 5 mm. Fl. Dec
38*. Jan, fr. DecJan of following year. 2n = 38*.
Forests; ca. 1600 m. Guangxi, S Yunnan [Vietnam]. Rocks in forests; 10001600 m. Guangxi, SE Yunnan.
2. Tupistra longispica Y. Wan & X. H. Lu in Y. Wan, Bull. 4. Tupistra pingbianensis J. L. Huang & X. Z. Liu, Acta Phy-
Bot. Res., Harbin 4(4): 168. 1984. totax. Sin. 34: 592. 1996.
chang sui kai kou jian ping bian kai kou jian
Rhizome 23 cm thick, stout; nodes dense. Leaves 46, Rhizome creeping, short, 23 cm thick, stout. Leaves
basal, nearly distichous equitant; petiole 1020 cm; leaf blade basal, tufted or spaced, petiolate, oblong-lanceolate, 4090
oblanceolate, 90150 12.518 cm, glabrous, apex acuminate. 4.57 cm, thickly papery, apex acuminate. Spike procumbent,
Spike 1825(35) 1.52 cm, densely many flowered; pedun- 2.54.5 cm, 27-flowered; peduncle recurved, 0.52.5 cm,
cle 2033 cm; bracts 2 per flower, pink, 37 36 mm, mem- fleshy; bracts 2 or 3 per flower, brownish yellow, broadly delt-
branous. Perianth adaxially white turning yellow, abaxially pale oid-ovate, 412 512 mm, subleathery. Perianth purple, 1.2
purple, shortly campanulate, 11.3 1.31.8 cm, fleshy; tube 1.5 ca. 1.5 cm, fleshy; tube white adaxially, 57 mm; lobes
34 mm; lobes recurved, oblong-ovate, 79 34 mm. Fila- broadly deltoid-ovate,57 56 mm,apex acute. Filaments with
ments basally widened, free part ca. 1 mm. Ovary subglobose. very short free part; anthers suborbicular, ca. 1.5 mm in diam.
Style 78 mm; stigma peltate, suborbicular, dilated, 57 mm in Ovary spheroidal, ca. 1.5 mm in diam. Style ca. 7 mm; stigma
diam., 3-lobed. Fl. Nov. peltate, slightly inflated, ca. 3 mm in diam. Fl. NovDec.
Forests on limestone slopes along valleys; 300400 m. WC Dense forests; ca. 1700 m. SE Yunnan (Pingbian Miao Zu Zi-
Guangxi (Longan Xian). zhixian).

54. ASPIDISTRA Ker Gawler, Bot. Reg. 8: t. 628. 1822.

zhi zhu bao dan shu
 Liang Songyun ( Liang Song-jun); Minoru N. Tamura

Antherolophus Gagnepain; Colania Gagnepain; Evrardiella Gagnepain; Macrogyne Link & Otto; Plectogyne Link.
Herbs perennial, rhizomatous. Rhizome creeping, elongate; nodes dense. Leaves solitary or 24-tufted, basal, erect, long petio-
late; leaf blade many veined. Scape usually very short, with 28 scales, 1(or 2)-flowered. Flowers bisexual, terminal, generally em-
braced by 1 or 2 bracts at perianth base. Perianth campanulate, urceolate, or cupular, fleshy, apically (4)68(10)-lobed. Stamens as
many as and opposite perianth lobes, usually inserted in proximal part of perianth tube; filaments very short or absent; anthers dorsi-
fixed. Ovary 3- or 4-loculed; ovules several per locule. Style short, sometimes articulate; stigma usually peltate or mushroom-shaped,
large, entire or lobed at margin. Fruit a berry, globose to ovoid-ellipsoid, usually 1-seeded.
About 55 species: China, India, Japan, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam; 49 species (46 endemic, one introduced) in China.
Aspidistra has never been well studied so, for the convenience of later criticisms, we use the narrowest species concept in this treatment. Ac-
cordingly, the key to the species may not function completely in some cases. Further studies are needed in order to understand the precise species
variation and to establish an adequate species concept in the genus.
1a. Leaves 25-tufted (at least mostly so in a clone).
2a. Perianth urceolate.
3a. Perianth surface with many deep, longitudinal grooves ................................................................................... 49. A. hekouensis
3b. Perianth surface flat, not deeply grooved.
4a. Scapes usually tufted; leaf blade rounded or nearly so at base .............................................................................. 45. A. typica
4b. Scape solitary.
5a. Stigma 1012 mm in diam., margin slightly 3-lobed .................................................................................. 46. A. caespitosa
5b. Stigma 1.52.5 mm in diam., margin 3-lobed or (4 or)6-crenate.
6a. Leaf blade oblong to oblong-lanceolate; stigma strongly convex centrally, margin 3-lobed .................. 47. A. urceolata
6b. Leaf blade lorate to lorate-oblanceolate; stigma not strongly convex centrally, margin
(4 or)6-crenate .......................................................................................................................................... 48. A. minutiflora
2b. Perianth campanulate or subcupular.
7a. Perianth subcupular; lobes deltoid, erect and smooth ....................................................................................... 38. A. cyathiflora
7b. Perianth campanulate; lobes oblong, oblong-ovate, or deltoid-ovate, recurved and/or papillose.
8a. Leaf blade ovate to ovate-lanceolate; perianth white; anthers 56 mm ................................................... 39. A. dolichanthera
8b. Leaf blade lorate, linear, linear-lanceolate, or narrowly oblanceolate; perianth blackish purple, purple,
purple-red, pale green, or pale yellow-green, not white; anthers 1.54 mm.
9a. Leaf blade spotted with pale yellow on both surfaces, narrowly oblanceolate; perianth lobes with
4 papillose keels adaxially .................................................................................................................... 40. A. yingjiangensis
9b. Leaf blade without yellow spots, lorate, linear, or linear-lanceolate; perianth lobes with 2, 4, or 6
keels, or sometimes without a keel.
10a. Stamens inserted at middle of perianth tube, positioned nearly as high as stigma ................................. 41. A. muricata
10b. Stamens inserted near base or proximally in perianth tube, positioned lower than stigma.
11a. Perianth lobes with 4 smooth keels adaxially ................................................................................. 42. A. hainanensis
11b. Perianth lobes with 46 papillose keels adaxially.
12a. Stigma with white convex markings adaxially; perianth lobes 78 mm ......................................... 43. A. omeiensis
12b. Stigma purple, with 36 minute grooves adaxially; perianth lobes 1519 mm ............................ 44. A. linearifolia
1b. Leaves solitary, spaced.
13a. Perianth urceolate.
14a. Perianth tube with fleshy keels on both surfaces; ovary keeled ......................................................................... 34. A. carinata
14b. Perianth tube and ovary without keels.
15a. Perianth lobes narrowly oblong ................................................................................................................... 37. A. marginella
15b. Perianth lobes deltoid-ovate or ovate.
16a. Leaf blade oblong or narrowly oblong-lanceolate; perianth lobes purple, deltoid ................................ 35. A. leshanensis
16b. Leaf blade oblanceolate-oblong; perianth lobes yellow, ovate ........................................................ 36. A. fenghuangensis
13b. Perianth campanulate (including urceolate-campanulate in plants in Taiwan).
17a. Perianth white or yellow (at least abaxial surface wholly white or yellow).
18a. Perianth white .................................................................................................................................................... 1. A. cavicola
18b. Perianth yellow (at least mostly so).
19a. Scape 10.522.5 cm; perianth lobes 815 mm ............................................................................... 2. A. longipedunculata
19b. Scape 0.52.5 cm; perianth lobes 4.57 mm.
20a. Perianth lobes narrowly ovate-lanceolate, ca. 4.5 mm, not keeled adaxially; stamens inserted at middle
of perianth tube, positioned higher than stigma ............................................................................................ 3. A. triloba
20b. Perianth lobes lanceolate, 57 mm, with 2 fleshy keels adaxially; stamens inserted in proximal part of
perianth tube, positioned lower than stigma .............................................................................................. 4. A. flaviflora
17b. Perianth pink, red, purple, blue, or pale green.
21a. Perianth pale green with purplish brown speckles.
22a. Leaf blade lanceolate, 2530 4.55.5 cm; perianth lobes with 2 keels adaxially ...................................... 5. A. punctata
22b. Leaf blade narrowly oblanceolate or lorate-lanceolate, 2.53.0 4.55.5 cm; perianth lobes with 4 keels
adaxially ......................................................................................................................................................... 6. A. fasciaria
21b. Perianth pink, red, purple, or blue (sometimes tube white), sometimes with colored speckles.
23a. Scapes usually 25-tufted; perianth lobes smooth adaxially ....................................................................... 33. A. saxicola
23b. Scape solitary.
24a. Perianth lobes basally expanded inward forming toothlike, subulate, or oblong appendages.
25a. Perianth lobes 0.31 cm, shorter than or nearly as long as tube.
26a. Perianth lobes 0.30.4 cm, shorter than tube ............................................................................... 28. A. oblongifolia
26b. Perianth lobes 0.71 cm, nearly as long as tube .......................................................................... 29. A. longanensis
25b. Perianth lobes 2.47.5 cm, much longer than tube.
27a. Perianth tube villous, lobes 77.5 cm, appendages papillose .......................................................... 32. A. longiloba
27b. Perianth tube glabrous, lobes 2.44.5 cm, appendages not papillose.
28a. Perianth pale purple; perianth lobes less than 2 as long as tube; berry softly prickly ........... 30. A. patentiloba
28b. Perianth red-pink; perianth lobes ca. 3 as long as tube; berry glabrous .............................. 31. A. luodianensis
24b. Perianth lobes without appendages basally.
29a. Stamens inserted at or above middle of perianth tube, positioned as high as or higher than stigma.
30a. Perianth 0.91.2 cm .......................................................................................................................... 7. A. claviformis
30b. Perianth 1.72.5 cm.
31a. Stamens inserted above middle of perianth tube, positioned much higher than stigma; perianth
lobes (5 or)6 ........................................................................................................................................... 8. A. retusa
31b. Stamens inserted at middle of perianth tube, positioned slightly higher than stigma; perianth lobes
7 or 8.
32a. Perianth tubular-campanulate, lobes ovate-deltoid, not keeled adaxially ................................... 9. A. attenuata
32b. Perianth urceolate-campanulate, lobes narrowly deltoid, 2-keeled adaxially ........................ 10. A. daibuensis
29b. Stamens inserted nearly at base of or proximally in perianth tube, positioned lower than stigma.
33a. Perianth pink .................................................................................................................................. 13. A. mushaensis
33b. Perianth not pink (at least in Chinese plants).
34a. Stigma subglobose or mushroom-shaped, 11.9 cm in diam.
35a. Style articulate; stigma mushroom-shaped, 11.2 cm in diam. .......................................... 11. A. fungilliformis
35b. Style not articulate; stigma subglobose, to 1.9 cm in diam. ...................................................... 12. A. subrotata
34b. Stigma peltate, orbicular to cross-shaped, sometimes convex adaxially, 514 mm in diam.
36a. Perianth lobes equaling or longer than tube.
37a. Scape 14 cm; perianth 11.8 cm ................................................................................... 15. A. austrosinensis
37b. Scape 0.30.5 cm; perianth 33.5 cm ................................................................................. 17. A. longipetala
36b. Perianth lobes shorter than tube.
38a. Stigma cross-shaped ............................................................................................................ 26. A. cruciformis
38b. Stigma usually orbicular, not cross-shaped.
39a. Perianth 33.5 cm .............................................................................................................. 16. A. tonkinensis
39b. Perianth 12.5 cm.
40a. Stigma with 3 or 4 globose, fleshy projections at center adaxially ...................... 14. A. acetabuliformis
40b. Stigma without globose projections.
41a. Stigma with 4 hollows at center adaxially .................................................................... 27. A. leyeensis
41b. Stigma without hollows.
42a. Fleshy keels on adaxial surface of perianth lobes fimbriate ...................................... 18. A. fimbriata
42b. Fleshy keels on adaxial surface of perianth lobes not fimbriate.
43a. Leaf blade oblanceolate, or at least partly so.
44a. Leaf blade 59 cm wide; perianth lobes subdeltoid; stigma 3(or 4)-lobed at
margin .................................................................................................................. 21. A. xilinensis
44b. Leaf blade 24 cm wide; perianth lobes narrowly lanceolate or narrowly oblong;
stigma 4- or 8-lobed at margin.
45a. Perianth lobes narrowly lanceolate; stigma 11.2 cm in diam., 4-lobed at
margin ............................................................................................................. 19. A. ebianensis
45b. Perianth lobes narrowly oblong; stigma 0.50.6 cm in diam., 8-lobed at
margin ........................................................................................................ 20. A. oblanceifolia
43b. Leaf blade narrowly lanceolate to elliptic, never oblanceolate.
46a. Leaf blade subrounded or broadly cuneate at base; stigma 6-lobed at margin,
 lobes with a white hollow on adaxial surface ..................................................... 25. A. zongbayi
46b. Leaf blade cuneate at base; stigma 4-lobed at margin, lobes without a hollow
on adaxial surface.
47a. Keels of perianth lobes strongly fleshy, not papillose ......................................... 22. A. elatior
47b. Keels of perianth lobes not fleshy, papillose.
48a. Stigma strongly convex, lobes entire ................................................................. 23. A. lurida
48b. Stigma slightly convex, lobes emarginate at apex ................................. 24. A. sichuanensis
1. Aspidistra cavicola D. Fang & K. C. Yen in D. Fang et al., slightly enlarged, ca. 1.7 mm in diam., 3-parted at margin. Fl.
Acta Phytotax. Sin. 31: 180. 1993. Apr. 2n = 36*.
dong sheng zhi zhu bao dan Sparse forests along valleys; 300400 m. SC Hunan (Qiyang
Xian), W Jiangxi (Jinggangshan).
Rhizome subterete, ca. 3 mm thick, densely covered with 4. Aspidistra flaviflora K. Y. Lang & Z. Y. Zhu, Acta Phyto-
scales. Leaves solitary; petiole 7.525 cm; leaf blade elliptic to tax. Sin. 20: 485. 1982.
elliptic-ovate, 514 2.24.4 cm, base rounded or broadly
huang hua zhi zhu bao dan
cuneate, distal margin denticulate, apex acuminate, mucronate.
Scape 0.71.5 cm; bracts ca. 4. Flower solitary, erect. Perianth Rhizome terete, 37 mm thick. Leaves solitary; petiole
white, campanulate, 5- or 6-lobed apically; tube ca. 5 5 mm; 1026 cm; leaf blade spotted with yellow-white, oblong-lanceo-
lobes broadly ovate, ca. 3.5 4 mm, 3-veined. Stamens 5 or 6, late to narrowly elliptic, 1930 36 cm. Scape 0.51.5 cm,
inserted in proximal part of perianth tube, subsessile; anthers bracts 1 or 2. Flower solitary, fragrant. Perianth yellow, tinged
oblong, ca. 2.5 mm. Pistil ca. 4.5 mm; stigma scarcely or purplish adaxially and whitish abaxially, campanulate, 5- or 6-
slightly enlarged, ca. 2.5 mm in diam., slightly exceeding an- lobed apically; tube 713 57 mm; lobes reflexed, lanceolate,
thers. Berry pale purple, subglobose or depressed globose, 710 57 24 mm, with 2 fleshy keels adaxially. Stamens 6, in-
mm in diam., ca. 3-seeded. Fl. and fr. JunJul. 2n = 36*. serted proximally in perianth tube, positioned lower than stig-
Limestone caverns; 500600 m. NW Guangxi (Fengshan Xian). ma, subsessile; anthers elliptic, ca. 2 mm. Pistil 38 mm; stigma
purple, 34 mm in diam., adaxially concave, slightly 3- or 6-
2. Aspidistra longipedunculata D. Fang in X. X. Chen & D. lobed at margin. Berry ovoid, 11.5 cm in diam., tuberculate.
Fang, Guihaia 2: 78. 1982. Fl. SepOct, fr. JanJul. 2n = 38*.
chang geng zhi zhu bao dan Forested slopes; ca. 800 m. SC Sichuan (Muchuan Xian).
Rhizome subterete, 410 mm thick, densely covered with 5. Aspidistra punctata Lindley, Bot. Reg. 12: t. 977. 1826.
scales. Leaves solitary; petiole 445 cm; leaf blade narrowly
elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, 1750 3.513.5 cm, base cune- zi dian zhi zhu bao dan
ate, apex acuminate. Scape purple-brown, 10.522.5 cm; bracts Rhizome terete. Leaves solitary; petiole 7.550 cm, rigid;
69. Flower solitary, nodding, slightly fragrant. Perianth yel- leaf blade lanceolate, 2530 4.55.5 cm. Scape rather short;
low, campanulate, (6)8(10)-lobed apically; tube ca. 7 10 bracts ca. 5, speckled with purplish brown. Flower solitary, nod-
mm; lobes reflexed, suboblong, 0.81.5 cm 7(9) mm, slight- ding. Perianth pale green, densely speckled with purplish
ly fleshy, smooth adaxially. Stamens 610, inserted at or slight- brown, campanulate, fleshy, 8-lobed apically; tube hemispheric;
ly below middle of perianth tube, subsessile; anthers subreni- lobes ovate, with 2 fleshy keels adaxially, keels dark purple,
form, ca. 5 mm. Pistil 78 mm; stigma slightly enlarged, ca. 1 densely and minutely papillose. Stamens 8, inserted at middle
mm in diam., exceeding anthers, inconspicuously 3-lobed at of perianth tube, positioned lower than stigma, subsessile; an-
margin. Fl. AprMay. 2n = 36*. thers oblong. Ovary with deeply colored speckles, ovoid, ang-
Forests along ravines. SW Guangxi (Longzhou Xian, Ningming led; stigma white, orbicular, large, adaxially with 4 radial, fork-
Xian). tipped ridges from center to margin. Fl. Mar.
3. Aspidistra triloba F. T. Wang & K. Y. Lang in K. Y. Lang, Damp places along streams. Guangdong (Yunan Xian, Zeng-
Acta Phytotax. Sin. 19: 380. 1981. cheng Xian), Hong Kong.
hu nan zhi zhu bao dan 6. Aspidistra fasciaria G. Z. Li in K. Y. Lang et al., Acta Phy-
totax. Sin. 37: 484. 1999.
Rhizome subterete, ca. 4 mm thick, densely covered with
scales. Leaves solitary; petiole 79 cm, rigid; leaf blade slightly dai ye zhi zhu bao dan
spotted with yellow,oblong-lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, 11.5
23 35 cm, base cuneate, apex acuminate. Scape 1.52.5 cm; Rhizome creeping, terete, covered with scales. Leaves
bracts 24. Flower solitary. Perianth yellow, campanulate, 6- or solitary, spaced; leaf blade narrowly oblanceolate or lorate-
7-lobed apically; tube ca. 1.3 1 cm; lobes recurved, nar- lanceolate, 5060 2.54.5 cm, leathery, base gradually
rowly ovate-lanceolate, ca. 4.5 3 mm, slightly fleshy. narrowed, margin entire, apex acuminate. Scape 1.82.5 cm;
Stamens 6 or 7, inserted at middle of perianth tube, positioned bracts 46. Flower solitary, erect. Perianth yellow-green,
higher than stigma; filaments 11.5 mm; anthers broadly speckled with purple, campanulate, 1516 1.52.5 mm,
elliptic, ca. 1 mm. Pistil ca. 3 mm; style articulate; stigma fleshy, 68(10)-lobed apically; tube 7 8 1.21.5 mm; lobes
dark purple, deltoid-ovate, 78 34 mm, with 4 keels Mountains; 10002000 m. Taiwan.
adaxially, papillose. Stamens 68(10), inserted at base of
10. Aspidistra daibuensis Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formos. 9: 143.
perianth tube; anthers broadly ovate, ca. 3 2.5 mm. Pistil ca.
1920.
5 mm; style short, not articulate; stigma peltate, enlarged, ca.
1.3 cm in diam., convex and purple-red adaxially, 68(10)- da wu zhi zhu bao dan
lobed at margin, lobes suborbicular at apex. Fl. Jun.
Rhizome stout, densely covered with scales. Leaves soli-
?Guangxi. tary; petiole 1013 cm; leaf blade green and sometimes with
Aspidistra fasciaria was described from a plant cultivated at the white or yellowish white spots adaxially, oblong-lanceolate to
Guilin Botanical Garden, Yanshan, NE Guangxi, but no details of a lanceolate, 4550 812 cm, base cuneate, apex acute to acu-
wild origin were cited. minate. Scape erect, 22.5 cm; bracts 4 or 5. Flower solitary.
7. Aspidistra claviformis Y. Wan, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin Perianth urceolate-campanulate, 2 2.5 cm, 8-lobed apically;
4(4): 166. 1984. lobes narrowly deltoid, ca. 10 5 mm, thickened, adaxially
with 2 fleshy keels at middle. Stamens 8, inserted at middle of
bang rui zhi zhu bao dan perianth tube; anthers yellow. Ovary cylindric. Berry globose,
Rhizome subterete, 68 mm thick, densely covered with 11.5 cm in diam. Fl. Jan. 2n = 36*.
scales. Leaves solitary, much spaced; petiole (15)2550 cm; Forests; 7001800 m. Taiwan.
leaf blade elliptic, 17.530 5.58.5 cm, apex long acuminate.
11. Aspidistra fungilliformis Y. Wan, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin
Scape 0.93.5 cm; bracts 35, white, speckled with purple.
4(4): 165. 1984.
Flower solitary. Perianth campanulate, 6-lobed apically; tube
white, sometimes speckled with purple, 811 67 mm; lobes san zhu zhi zhu bao dan
reflexed, purple, ovate, 45 34 mm. Stamens 6, inserted just
Rhizome subterete, 35 mm thick. Leaves solitary, spaced;
above middle of perianth tube, positioned nearly level with stig-
petiole 517 cm, rather slender; leaf blade generally yellowish
ma, subsessile; anthers oblong, 4.55.5 mm. Pistil purple, 79
white spotted, ovate-elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, 8.514 2.8
mm; stigma scarcely enlarged, slightly concave and white adax-
6.5 cm. Scape 14 cm; bracts 46, white, speckled with purple.
ially, 3-lobed at margin. Fl. Nov. 2n = 36*.
Flower solitary. Perianth campanulate, 6-lobed apically; tube
Forests on limestone hillsides. W Guangxi (Longan Xian, Napo purple-black adaxially, purple abaxially, 1.21.6 1.11.3 cm;
Xian). lobes spreading or reflexed, white adaxially, purple abaxially,
8. Aspidistra retusa K. Y. Lang & S. Z. Huang in K. Y. Lang, broadly oblong, 610 58 mm. Stamens 6, inserted at base of
Acta Phytotax. Sin. 19: 379. 1981. perianth tube; filaments ca. 1 mm; anthers subreniform, 22.5
mm. Pistil 11.2 cm; style articulate; stigma hemispheric,
guang xi zhi zhu bao dan mushroom-shaped, very large, 56 mm 11.2 cm, exceeding
Rhizome subterete, ca. 5 mm thick, densely covered with anthers. Fl. Nov. 2n = 36*.
scales. Leaves solitary; petiole 1633 cm; leaf blade oblong to Forests in limestone ravines; 300400 m. W Guangxi (Longan
oblong-lanceolate, base cuneate, apex acuminate. Scape 2.54.5 Xian, Tiane Xian).
cm; bracts 5 or 6. Flower solitary. Perianth campanulate, (5 or)
12. Aspidistra subrotata Y. Wan & C. C. Huang, Guihaia 7:
6-lobed; tube 1.31.5 0.91 cm; lobes recurved, deltoid-
223. 1987.
ovate, ca. 4 3 mm, rather thick. Stamens (5 or)6, inserted dis-
tally in perianth tube, positioned much higher than stigma, sub- fu hua zhi zhu bao dan
sessile; anthers ovate, ca. 1.8 mm. Pistil ca. 4 mm; style obvi-
ously articulate; stigma slightly enlarged, ca. 1.5 mm in diam., Rhizome subterete, 810 mm thick, densely covered with
6-lobed or undulate-lobed at margin. Fl. Apr. 2n = 36*. scales. Leaves solitary; petiole 2228 cm, rigid; leaf blade ob-
long-oblanceolate, 2545 5.58 cm. Scape ca. 5.5 cm; bracts
NE Guangxi (Jinxiu Yao Zu Zizhixian, Lingui Xian, Yangshuo 3 or 4, white, speckled with purple. Flower solitary. Perianth
Xian). dark purple, 6-lobed apically; tube ca. 8 18 mm; lobes hori-
9. Aspidistra attenuata Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formos. 2: 145. 1912. zontally spreading, ovate-lanceolate, 1.82.3 cm 810 mm,
adaxially minutely papillose, 4-keeled, keels papillose, central 2
bo ye zhi zhu bao dan
extending to tube and fused with those of other lobes. Stamens
Rhizome terete, thickened, ca. 1 cm thick, usually covered 8, inserted at middle of perianth tube; filaments ca. 2 mm. Stig-
with scales. Leaves solitary; petiole 3040 cm; leaf blade oblan- ma subglobose, to 1.3 1.9 cm. Fl. Nov. 2n = 38*.
ceolate, 4550 710 cm. Scape erect, 35 cm; bracts 35. S and W Guangxi (Dongxing Xian, Napo Xian).
Flower solitary. Perianth tubular-campanulate, 22.5 cm, 7- or
8-lobed apically; lobes reflexed, speckled with black, ovate- 13. Aspidistra mushaensis Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formos. 9: 144.
deltoid, 78 mm. Stamens 7 or 8, inserted at middle of perianth 1920.
tube, subsessile; anthers narrowly oblong, ca. 2.5 mm. Pistil 4 wu she zhi zhu bao dan
5 mm; ovary broadly conical, ca. 2 mm; style ca. 2 mm; stigma
peltate, large. Berry green, globose, 22.5 cm in diam. Fl. Jun, Rhizome terete, ca. 6 mm thick, covered with scales.
fr. Jun. 2n = 36*. Leaves solitary; petiole 2050 cm; leaf blade lanceolate to line-
ar-lanceolate, 3040 35 cm, leathery, base cuneate, apex dull purple, speckled with dark purple-red adaxially and pale
acute to acuminate. Scape 12 cm; bracts triangular-ovate. Peri- purple abaxially, 22.3 1.61.8 cm; lobes white adaxially,
anth pink, broadly campanulate, ca. 1 cm, 8-lobed apically; dull purple with pale purple speckles abaxially, ovate to semi-
lobes deltoid-lanceolate, adaxially distinctly 2 -keeled, margin orbicular, 11.2 ca. 1.2 cm. Stamens 6, inserted near base of
often folded. Stamens 8, subsessile; anthers ovate, ca. 2 mm. perianth tube, subsessile; anthers reniform. Style white, articu-
Ovary cylindric, 56 mm; stigma broadly peltate, mushroom- late; stigma peltate, large. Fl. OctNov. 2n = 36*.
shaped, large. Berry globose, 12 cm in diam. Fl. Apr. 2n =
Forests; ca. 1800 m. NW Guangxi (Tiane Xian), S Guizhou
36*. (Luodian Xian), SE Yunnan (Pingbian Miao Zu Zizhixian) [Vietnam].
8001900 m. C and N Taiwan. 17. Aspidistra longipetala S. Z. Huang, Guihaia 6: 273. 1986.
No material of this species has been seen by the present authors. chang ban zhi zhu bao dan
14. Aspidistra acetabuliformis Y. Wan & C. C. Huang in Y. Rhizome subterete, 57 mm thick. Leaves solitary; petiole
Wan, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 25: 396. 1987. 67 cm, rather slender; leaf blade ovate to elliptic, 1317 56
die zhu zhi zhu bao dan cm. Scape 35 mm; bracts 5 or 6. Flower solitary. Perianth pale
yellow adaxially, purple-red abaxially, 6-parted apically; tube
Rhizome subterete, 47 mm thick. Leaves solitary, spaced; ca. 1 1.8 cm; lobes suberect, ovate-lanceolate, (1.7)22.5 cm
petiole 911 cm; leaf blade spotted with yellowish white, ob- ca. 5 mm, rather thick. Stamens 6, inserted at base of perianth
long-lanceolate to narrowly oblong, ca. 25 45 cm. Scape 1 tube, subsessile; anthers oblong, ca. 2 mm. Pistil ca. 7 mm;
2.7 cm; bracts ca. 4. Flower solitary. Perianth campanulate, 8- style ca. 5 mm, thickened, 12-ribbed; stigma peltate, large, 1
lobed apically; tube purple adaxially, white abaxially, 910 1.2 cm in diam., slightly 12-lobed at margin. Fl. MarApr.
mm 1.21.4 cm; lobes recurved, purple, deltoid, ca. 5 5
mm, adaxially with 2 or 3 fleshy, papillose keels. Stamens 8, Forests in ravines. C Guangxi (Liucheng Xian, Wuming Xian).
inserted proximally in perianth tube; filaments ca. 1.5 mm; 18. Aspidistra fimbriata F. T. Wang & K. Y. Lang in K. Y.
anthers oblong, ca. 2.6 mm. Pistil ca. 4 mm; stigma large, ca. Lang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 16(1): 76. 1978.
7 mm in diam., with 3 or 4 fleshy, globose projections at
center adaxially, 8-lobed at margin. Fl. Oct. liu su zhi zhu bao dan

Guangxi. Rhizome 46 mm thick. Leaves solitary; petiole 2535

Described from a cultivated plant originating from Guangxi, cm, stiff; leaf blade oblong-lanceolate, 3045 3.56 cm. Scape
without precise locality. 310 mm; bracts 4 or 5. Flower solitary. Perianth campanulate,
810-lobed apically; tube 79 mm 11.5 cm; lobes slightly
15. Aspidistra austrosinensis Y. Wan & C. C. Huang, Guihaia recurved, purple speckled abaxially, ovate-deltoid, 68 3.55
7: 221. 1987. mm, with 4 fleshy, fimbriate keels adaxially. Stamens 810,
hua nan zhi zhu bao dan inserted proximally in perianth tube, subsessile; anthers broadly
ovate, ca. 1.8 mm. Pistil ca. 4 mm; stigma purple, peltate, large,
Rhizome subterete, 58 mm thick. Leaves solitary, spaced; ca. 7 mm in diam., 4-lobed at margin, lobes emarginate at apex.
petiole 4555 cm, stiff; leaf blade oblong-lanceolate, 4045 Fl. NovDec. 2n = 38*.
ca. 5.5 cm, margin denticulate. Scape 14 cm; bracts 4 or 5,
white, speckled with purple. Flower solitary. Perianth campan- Forests along ravines; 400500 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan.
ulate, 6-lobed apically; tube pale yellow, 78 mm 11.2 cm; 19. Aspidistra ebianensis K. Y. Lang & Z. Y. Zhu in K. Y.
lobes slightly recurved, purple, subdeltoid, 810 67 mm. Lang et al., Acta Phytotax. Sin. 37: 492. 1999.
Stamens 6, inserted proximally in perianth tube; filaments ca. 1
mm; anthers ovate, 3.54 mm. Pistil ca. 7 mm; stigma large, ca. e bian zhi zhu bao dan
5 mm in diam., obviously exceeding anthers, undulate at mar-
Rhizome creeping, subterete, covered with scales. Leaves
gin. Fl. Oct.
solitary; leaf blade spotted with yellowish white, oblanceolate-
Guangxi. oblong, 3565 35 cm. Scape 35 cm. Flower solitary. Peri-
Described from a cultivated plant originating from Guangxi, anth purplish or purplish red, campanulate, 8-lobed apically;
without precise locality. tube 11.2 cm; lobes purple or purplish red, narrowly lanceo-
late, rarely deltoid-lanceolate, 811 23 mm, 24-keeled to
16. Aspidistra tonkinensis (Gagnepain) F. T. Wang & K. Y.
middle of tube. Stamens 8, inserted at base of perianth tube;
Lang in K. Y. Lang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 16(1): 77. 1978.
anthers yellow, oblong, ca. 2 1.5 mm. Pistil 35 mm; style
da hua zhi zhu bao dan short; stigma purple, peltate, 11.2 cm in diam., convex, 4-rid-
ged at center adaxially, 4-lobed at margin, lobes emarginate at
Colania tonkinensis Gagnepain, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat.
apex. Berry obovoid, 26 ca. 2 cm, scabrous. Fl. May.
(Paris), sr. 2, 6: 190. 1934.
About 800 m. Sichuan.
Rhizome terete, 45 mm thick. Leaves solitary, spaced;
petiole 1013 cm; leaf blade lanceolate-oblong, 1320 45.5 20. Aspidistra oblanceifolia F. T. Wang & K. Y. Lang in K.
cm, margin slightly undulate. Scape ca. 3 cm; bracts ca. 5. Y. Lang & Z. Y. Zhu, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 20: 487. 1982.
Flower solitary. Perianth campanulate, 6-lobed apically; tube
 zong ye cao forests of Castanopsis sieboldii (Makino) Hatusima ex T. Yamazaki &
Mashiba, the understory of which is occupied by A. elatior.
Rhizome subterete, 57 mm thick. Leaves solitary; petiole
613 cm, stiff; leaf blade sometimes inconspicuously yellowish 23. Aspidistra lurida Ker Gawler, Bot. Reg. 8: t. 628. 1822.
white spotted, narrowly oblanceolate, 3550 2.54 cm. Scape jiu long pan
32 mm; bracts several. Flower solitary. Perianth purple-red,
campanulate, fleshy, 8-lobed apically; tube 911 610 mm; Aspidistra kouytchensis H. Lveill & Vaniot; A. kouy-
lobes slightly recurved, oblong, 34 1.52 mm, 2-keeled near tchensis var. aucubimaculata H. Lveill; Macrogyne conval-
base and papillose adaxially, keels fleshy, papillose. Stamens 8, lariifolia Link & Otto.
inserted proximally in perianth tube, subsessile; anthers ovate, Rhizome terete, 410 mm thick. Leaves solitary; petiole
ca. 1 mm. Pistil 3.54 mm; stigma purple, peltate, orbicular, 1015 cm, stiff; leaf blade narrowly lanceolate, 1522.5 35
large, 56 mm in diam., exceeding anthers, 4-ribbed adaxially, cm. Scape arching, ca. 3 cm; bracts ca. 5, dark reddish. Flower
8-lobed at margin. Fl. Apr. 2n = 38*. solitary, nodding. Perianth dark purple, cupular-campanulate,
6-lobed apically; tube basally pale yellow-brown speckled
Moist places in forests; 4001300 m. S Guizhou (Dushan Xian),
with purple; lobes ovate-deltoid, shorter than tube, adaxially pa-
W Hubei (Badong Xian), Sichuan.
pillose. Stamens 6(8), inserted proximally in perianth tube,
21. Aspidistra xilinensis Y. Wan & X. H. Lu in Y. Wan, Acta positioned nearly level with stigma, subsessile. Pistil equaling
Phytotax. Sin. 25: 397. 1987. perianth tube; ovary purple speckled; stigma peltate, orbicular,
xi lin zhi zhu bao dan large, strongly convex adaxially, inconspicuously 4-lobed at
margin, lobes entire at apex. 2n = 36*.
Rhizome subterete, 59 mm thick, covered with scales.
Rock crevices in limestone mountains; ca. 300 m. Guangdong,
Leaves solitary, spaced; petiole 2037 cm; leaf blade with yel- NC Guangxi (Liuzhou Shi), SC Guizhou (Guiding Xian).
lowish white spots, oblanceolate to subelliptic, 2545 59
cm. Scape 0.55 cm; bracts 4 or 5. Flower solitary. Perianth 24. Aspidistra sichuanensis K. Y. Lang & Z. Y. Zhu, Acta
campanulate, 6-lobed apically; tube pale yellow, 910 10 Bot. Yunnan. 6: 387. 1984.
mm; lobes slightly recurved, pale purple, subdeltoid, 68 46 si chuan zhi zhu bao dan
mm, adaxially 4-keeled, keels fleshy, papillose. Stamens 6,
inserted proximally in perianth tube, subsessile; anthers broadly Rhizome terete, 612 mm thick. Leaves solitary; petiole
ovate, ca. 2 mm. Pistil ca. 8 mm; stigma peltate, orbicular, 1035(40) cm; leaf blade sometimes with yellowish white
large, ca. 7 mm in diam., obviously exceeding anthers, 3(or 4)- spots, lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, 2035 48 cm. Scape
lobed at margin. Fl. Sep. 0.55 cm. Flower solitary. Perianth subcampanulate, (6)8-
lobed apically; tube brown-purple adaxially, purple abaxially,
NW Guangxi (Xilin Xian). 79 0.91.5 cm; lobes recurved, purple-red, deltoid-lanceo-
22. Aspidistra elatior Blume, Tijdschr. Natuuri. Gesch. Phy- late, 36 23 mm, adaxially 4-keeled, keels densely papillose.
siol. 1: 76. 1834. Stamens (6)8, inserted proximally in perianth tube, subsessile.
Stigma peltate, orbicular, large, 0.81.2 cm in diam., slightly
zhi zhu bao dan convex centrally, 4-ridged, (3 or)4-lobed at margin, lobes emar-
Aspidistra punctata Lindley var. albomaculata Hooker; ginate at apex. Berry tuberculate. Fl. and fr. JanMar. 2n = 38*.
Plectogyne variegata Link. Forests, bamboo forests, thickets; 5001100 m. Guangxi (Jinxiu
Yao Zu Zizhixian, Napo Xian, Xingan Xian), Guizhou (Anlong Xian,
Rhizome subterete, 510 mm thick. Leaves solitary, Zunyi Xian), W Hunan (Yongshun Xian, Zhijiang Xian), Sichuan,
spaced; petiole 535 cm, stiff; leaf blade sometimes with yel- Yunnan (Kunming Shi).
lowish white markings, oblong-lanceolate, lanceolate, or sub-
elliptic, 2045 610 cm. Scape 0.52 cm; bracts 24. Flower 25. Aspidistra zongbayi K. Y. Lang & Z. Y. Zhu, Acta Phyto-
solitary. Perianth purplish to dark-purple, rarely pinkish, cam- tax. Sin. 20: 486. 1982.
panulate, (6)8-lobed apically; tube 11.2 11.5 cm; lobes zong ba ye
greenish at margin, deltoid, 68 3.54 mm, adaxially 4-keel-
ed, keels purple-red, very thick, fleshy, smooth, central 2 up to Rhizome terete, 35 mm thick. Leaves solitary; petiole 5
1.5 mm wide. Stamens (6)8, inserted at base of perianth tube, 25 cm, stiff; leaf blade with yellowish white spots basally, ellip-
subsessile; anthers elliptic, ca. 2 mm. Pistil ca. 8 mm; stigma tic to elliptic-lanceolate, 1425 37 cm. Scape 23 cm; bracts
peltate, orbicular, large, 11.3 cm in diam., 4-lobed at margin, 1 or 2.Flower solitary. Perianth purple-red, campanulate, 6-lobed
lobes emarginate at apex. Fl. JanApr. 2n = 36*. apically; tube 57 811 mm; lobes recurved, deltoid-ovate, 4
5 24 mm, adaxially with 4 fleshy, papillose keels. Stamens 6,
Widely cultivated in China [native to Japan (Osumi Islands)]. inserted proximally in perianth tube, subsessile; anthers ovate.
Aspidistra elatior was said to be of Chinese origin, but no wild Pistil 45 mm; stigma yellowish white or purple, peltate, orbic-
plants have been found in China. Sako and Maruno (Bull. Kagoshima ular, large, ca. 9 mm in diam., 6-lobed at margin, lobes with a
Univ. For. 11: 3378. 1983) and Sako et al. (ibid. 16: 83108. 1988) white hollow adaxially. Berry ellipsoid-ovoid, 11.3 cm in
noted that the species originated from Kuroshima, Suwanose, and Uji diam., tuberculate. Fl. JanFeb, fr. AugDec. 2n = 38*.
Islands (Osumi Islands, S of Kyushu, Japan). The Uji Islands are largely
covered with thickets of Ardisia sieboldii Miquel, where Aspidis tra Forests; ca. 1200 m. Sichuan.
elatior grows abundantly. Kuroshima Island is largely covered with
26. Aspidistra cruciformis Y. Wan & X. H. Lu in Y. Wan & Stamens 8, inserted at base of perianth tube, subsessile;
C. C. Huang, Guihaia 7: 217. 1987. anthers ovate, ca. 4 mm. Pistil 810 mm; stigma peltate,
shi zi zhi zhu bao dan orbicular, large, 11.2 cm in diam., convex at center, 4-parted
and 12-lobed at margin. Fl. Jun. 2n = 38*.
Rhizome subterete, 612 mm thick. Leaves solitary; peti-
Shady and moist places on limestone hillsides. WC Guangxi
ole 3050 cm; leaf blade with yellowish white spots, elliptic to (Longan Xian).
oblong-elliptic, 2535 69 cm. Scape 0.61.5 cm; bracts 2 or
3. Flower solitary. Perianth dark purple, subcampanulate, 8- 30. Aspidistra patentiloba Y.Wan & X. H. Lu in Y.Wan, Bull.
lobed apically; tube 1.11.4 1.41.6 cm, adaxially papillose; Bot. Res., Harbin 9(2): 99. 1989.
lobes slightly recurved, oblong to deltoid, 56.5 45 mm, liu jiang zhi zhu bao dan
adaxially papillose. Stamens 8, inserted proximally in perianth Rhizome subterete, 0.81.5 cm thick. Leaves solitary; peti-
tube; filaments ca. 1.5 mm; anthers ovate, ca. 2 mm. Pistil ca. 5 ole 2240 cm; leaf blade narrowly elliptic, 2860 613 cm.
mm; stigma peltate, cross-shaped, large, 1.21.4 cm in diam., 4- Scape 2.54 cm; bracts ca. 7. Flower solitary. Perianth pale pur-
lobed at margin. Berry subglobose, ca. 7 mm in diam., sca- ple, deeply 8-lobed; tube ca. 1.4 1.8 cm, glabrous; lobes yel-
brous. Fl. Sep. lowish adaxially, linear-lanceolate, ca. 2.4 cm 58 mm, basal-
NW Guangxi (Longlin Ge Zu Zizhixian, Tiane Xian). ly expanded inward forming toothlike or spurlike appendages.
Stamens 8, inserted at middle of perianth tube, subsessile; an-
27. Aspidistra leyeensis Y. Wan & C. C. Huang, Guihaia 7: thers ovate,ca. 3.5 mm. Pistil ca. 7 mm; stigma purple, orbicular,
219. 1987. large, to 1.5 cm in diam.,concave adaxially,16-lobed at margin.
le ye zhi zhu bao dan Berry purple, subglobose, 1.41.7 cm in diam., softly prickly.
Fl. Apr, fr. Jun. 2n = 38*.
Rhizome subterete, 610 mm thick. Leaves solitary or
occasionally paired; petiole 1021 cm, stiff; leaf blade usually C Guangxi (Liujiang Xian).
with yellowish green spots, narrowly lanceolate, 3055 46 31. Aspidistra luodianensis D. D. Tao, Acta Phytotax. Geobot.
cm. Scape 1.56 cm; bracts 46. Flower solitary. Perianth pur- 43: 121. 1992.
ple except for white base, campanulate, 8-lobed apically; tube
11.2 1.31.5 cm, adaxially papillose; lobes spreading or re- luo dian zhi zhu bao dan
flexed, deltoid-ovate to oblong, 79 46 mm, 3- or 4-keeled
Rhizome terete, 22.5 cm thick, without scales. Leaves
and papillose adaxially, keels fleshy, papillose. Stamens 8, in-
solitary; petiole 3060 cm; leaf blade lanceolate, 80110 10
serted proximally in perianth tube; filaments ca. 2 mm; anthers
13 cm. Scape 11.5 cm; bracts 1 or 2, purple. Flower solitary.
ovate, 1.52 mm. Pistil 56 mm; stigma peltate,orbicular, large,
Perianth red-pink, campanulate, deeply 6-lobed apically; tube
0.91.1 cm in diam., with 4 hollows at center adaxially. Fl. Mar.
11.5 22.5 cm, glabrous; lobes recurved, linear-lanceolate,
NW Guangxi (Leye Xian, Tiane Xian). ca. 4.5 0.5 cm, basally expanded inward forming toothlike or
28. Aspidistra oblongifolia F. T. Wang & K. Y. Lang in K. Y. spurlike appendages. Stamens 6, inserted at middle of perianth
Lang et al., Acta Phytotax. Sin. 37: 476. 1999. tube, subsessile; anthers suboblong, ca. 2.5 mm. Pistil 59 mm;
ovary 35-ribbed; stigma purple, orbicular, large, 11.5 cm in
chang yuan ye zhi zhu bao dan diam. concave adaxially, slightly 8-lobed at margin. Berry red,
Rhizome creeping, subterete, covered with scales. Leaves globose, ca. 2.5 cm in diam., glabrous. Fl. Apr, fr. Jun. 2n =
solitary; leaf blade oblong or ovate-oblong, 10.514 45 cm. 38*.
Scape 510 mm. Flower solitary. Perianth purple, campanulate, Streamsides in evergreen forests in limestone areas; ca. 500 m.
6-lobed apically; tube 78 mm; lobes oblong, 34 ca. 2.5 NW Guangxi (Tiane Xian), S Guizhou (Luodian Xian).
mm. Stamens 6, inserted proximally in perianth tube; anthers
broadly elliptic, 1.21.5 0.81.2 mm. Pistil 6 7 mm; style 32. Aspidistra longiloba G. Z. Li, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 26: 156.
long, slender; stigma enlarged, ca. 1.7 mm in diam., convex 1988.
adaxially, 3-ridged. Berry globose, 810 mm in diam., scab- ju xing zhi zhu bao dan
rous. Fl. Nov.
Rhizome subterete, ca. 1.5 cm thick. Leaves solitary; peti-
N Guangxi (Hechi Xian).
ole purple-brown, 4575 cm, rigid; leaf blade oblanceolate, 50
29. Aspidistra longanensis Y. Wan, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 23: 70 1015 cm. Scape 511 cm; bracts ca. 4. Flower solitary,
151. 1985. erect. Perianth purple, deeply 12(14)-lobed apically; tube 3.5
long an zhi zhu bao dan 3.7 3.54 cm, villous; lobes slightly recurved, linear-lanceo-
late, 77.5 11.2 cm, basally expanded inward forming ob-
Rhizome terete, 36 mm thick. Leaves solitary; petiole 9 long, papillose appendages ca.13 6 mm. Stamens 12(14),
17.5 cm; leaf blade oblong-elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, 1421 inserted at base of perianth tube, subsessile; anthers oblong, ca.
68.5 cm. Scape 1.55 cm; bracts ca. 4. Flower solitary. Peri- 6 mm. Pistil ca. 9 mm; style articulate; stigma peltate, orbicular,
anth blue-purple, subcampanulate, 8-lobed apically; tube 0.81 large, to 2.2 cm in diam., 12(14)-lobed at margin. Fl. May
1.31.6 cm; lobes triangular-lanceolate, 910 67 mm, Jun. 2n = 38*.
adaxially with 2 papillose keels distally, basally expanded Guangxi.
inward forming subulate appendages connate into a ring.
 Described from a cultivated plant originating from Guangxi, late-oblong, 3050 4.56.5 cm, margin sparsely denticulate.
without precise locality. Scape 0.52.5 cm. Flower solitary. Perianth pale yellow, urceo-
33. Aspidistra saxicola Y. Wan, Guihaia 4: 129. 1984. late, 68-lobed apically; tube ca. 4 8 mm; lobes incurved,
ovate, ca. 3 2 mm, with 2 keels adaxially, keels fleshy, papil-
shi shan zhi zhu bao dan lose at base. Stamens 68, inserted at middle of perianth tube;
anthers long elliptic, ca. 3 1.8 mm. Pistil ca. 3 mm; stigma
Rhizome subterete, 57 mm thick. Leaves solitary; petiole
peltate, orbicular, enlarged, ca. 6 mm in diam., convex adaxi-
514 cm, rigid; leaf blade slightly spotted with yellowish white,
ally, 3- or 4-ridged, 3- or 4-lobed at margin, lobes emarginate at
elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, 1223 4.57(9.5) cm. Scapes us-
apex. Fl. Sep.
ually 25-tufted, 0.52.5 cm; bracts 46. Flower solitary. Peri-
About 700 m. W Hunan (Fenghuang Xian).
anth purple, campanulate, 6-lobed apically; tube 810 67
mm; lobes broadly ovate, 45 46 mm, smooth adaxially. 37. Aspidistra marginella D. Fang & L. Zeng in D. Fang et al.,
Stamens 6, inserted at middle of perianth tube, subsessile; an- Acta Phytotax. Sin. 31: 182. 1993.
thers oblong, ca. 4.5 mm. Pistil 78.5 mm; stigma purple, pel- nie bian zhi zhu bao dan
tate, orbicular, large, 45 mm in diam. Berry dark purple, tri-
gonous globose, 11.4 cm in diam., tuberculate. Fl. Oct. 2n = Rhizome subterete, 35 mm thick. Leaves solitary; petiole
36*. 1117(25) cm; leaf blade usually ovate, 1223 5.59 cm.
Scape 2.56 cm. Flower solitary, slightly nodding. Perianth
Evergreen forests on limestone slopes; 300400 m. WC Guang-
pale green, speckled with purple on both surfaces, urceolate, 6-
xi (Longan Xian).
or 8-lobed apically; tube 11.3 cm; lobes usually incurved, nar-
34. Aspidistra carinata Y. Wan & X. H. Lu in Y. Wan, Bull. rowly oblong, ca. 9 2 mm, basally expanded inward forming
Bot. Res., Harbin 9(2): 97. 1989. a crenate appendage, margin erose. Stamens 68, inserted
tian e zhi zhu bao dan proximally in perianth tube, subsessile. Pistil ca. 7 mm; stigma
large, ca. 1.2 cm in diam., 16-dentate at margin. Berry dark pur-
Rhizome subterete, 68 mm thick. Leaves solitary; petiole ple, depressed globose, 1.21.4 cm in diam., slightly tuberculate
2224 cm; leaf blade green with yellowish white spots, linear- and prickly. Fl. May. 2n = 38*.
lanceolate, 6070 3.54.5 cm. Scape 12 cm; bracts ca. 4.
Flower solitary. Perianth suburceolate, 8-lobed apically; tube Forests in limestone areas; 500600 m. SW Guangxi (Longzhou
ca. 8 7 mm, with fleshy keels on both surfaces; lobes Xian).
reflexed, deltoid-oblong, ca. 3 1.5 mm, adaxially with 2 or 3 38. Aspidistra cyathiflora Y. Wan & C. C. Huang in Y. Wan,
papillose keels.Stamens 8, inserted proximally in perianth tube, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 9(2): 100. 1989.
subsessile; anthers oblong, ca. 1.5 mm. Pistil ca. 7 mm; ovary bei hua zhi zhu bao dan
enlarged, ridged; style articulate; stigma peltate, orbicular, ca.
4 mm in diam., convex at center, 8-lobed at margin. Fl. Nov. Rhizome subterete, 611 mm thick. Leaves solitary or 2-
N Guangxi (Jinxiu Yao Zu Zizhixian, Tiane Xian). or 3-tufted; petiole 214 cm; leaf blade linear-oblanceolate, 25
45 1.83.5 cm. Scape 0.82 cm; bracts 35. Flower solitary.
35. Aspidistra leshanensis K. Y. Lang & Z. Y. Zhu, Acta Bot. Perianth pale yellow-green, spotted with purple abaxially, sub-
Yunnan. 6: 385. 1984. cupular, 6-lobed apically; tube purple adaxially except for white
le shan zhi zhu bao dan base, ca. 7 13 mm; lobes erect, pale yellow adaxially, deltoid,
57 56 mm, smooth. Stamens usually 6, inserted at base of
Rhizome subterete, 48 mm thick. Leaves solitary; petiole perianth tube; filaments ca. 1 mm; anthers broadly ovate, 23
2745 cm; leaf blade sometimes with yellowish white spots, mm. Pistil ca. 5 mm; stigma purple or with yellow center, pel-
oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 2040 36 cm. Scape 16 cm; tate, orbicular, 58 mm in diam., with 3 white grooves, 3(or 4)-
bracts 46. Flower solitary. Perianth urceolate, 68(or 9)-lobed lobed at margin. Fl. Dec.
apically; tube purple-brown adaxially, purple abaxially, 0.81.2
12 cm; lobes recurved, white or yellowish white adaxially, Guangxi.
purple abaxially, deltoid-ovate, 56 45 mm, with 2 short, pa- Described from a cultivated plant originating from Guangxi,
pillose keels near adaxial base. Stamens 68(or 9), inserted at without precise locality.
base of perianth tube, subsessile; anthers ca. 2 mm. Pistil 46 39. Aspidistra dolichanthera X. X. Chen in X. X. Chen & D.
mm; stigma peltate, orbicular, large, 11.5 cm in diam., 68(or Fang, Guihaia 2: 77. 1982.
9)-lobed at margin. Berry ca. 1.5 cm in diam., tuberculate. Fl.
Sep. 2n = 38*. chang yao zhi zhu bao dan

Moist places in forests; ca. 600 m. SC Sichuan (Leshan Shi). Rhizome subterete, 69 mm thick. Leaves 2- or 3-tufted;
petiole 2030 cm, rigid; leaf blade green with sparse, yellow
36. Aspidistra fenghuangensis K. Y. Lang in K. Y. Lang et al.,
spots, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 1830 815 cm, base round-
Acta Phytotax. Sin. 37: 494. 1999.
ed. Scape 515 cm; bracts 36. Flower solitary. Perianth white,
feng huang zhi zhu bao dan campanulate, 6- or 7-lobed apically; tube 68 ca. 8 mm; lobes
Rhizome creeping, subterete, covered with scales. Leaves recurved, oblong, ca. 12 78 mm. Stamens 67, inserted at
solitary; leaf blade with yellowish white markings, oblanceo- base of perianth tube, subsessile; anthers oblong, 56 mm. Stig-
ma slightly enlarged, ca. 1.7 mm in diam., exceeding anthers.
Fl. Apr. 2n = 36*. 513 cm; leaf blade lorate, 8100 24 cm. Scape 312 mm;
SW Guangxi (Longzhou Xian). bracts 3 or 4. Flower solitary. Perianth purple or purple-red,
campanulate, 6(8)-lobed apically; tube 0.81.1 1.21.4 cm;
40. Aspidistra yingjiangensis L. J. Peng, Acta Bot. Yunnan. lobes deltoid-ovate, 78 45 mm, 4(6)-keeled adaxially,
11: 173. 1989. keels fleshy, papillose, extending from middle or base of tube to
ying jiang zhi zhu bao dan apex of lobes. Stamens 6(8), inserted proximally in perianth
tube; filaments ca. 1 mm; anthers transversely elliptic. Pistil ca.
Rhizome terete, 46 mm thick. Leaves 3-tufted; petiole 6 mm; stigma peltate, orbicular, large, 0.91.3 cm in diam., ex-
1113 cm; leaf blade green with pale yellow spots, narrowly ceeding anthers, with white, convex markings. Fl. Mar. 2n = 38*.
oblanceolate, 5080 24.5 cm. Scape 11.5 cm; bracts 2 or 3. Forests, humus-rich places; 6001100 m. Sichuan.
Flowers solitary or paired. Perianth campanulate, 6-lobed api-
cally; tube 710 710 mm; lobes oblong-ovate, 710 35 44. Aspidistra linearifolia Y. Wan & C. C. Huang, Guihaia 7:
mm, adaxially with 4 fleshy, papillose keels. Stamens 6, insert- 220. 1987.
ed at base of perianth tube, subsessile; anthers broadly elliptic, xian e zhi zhu bao dan
ca. 4 mm. Pistil 45 mm; stigma purple, peltate, orbicular, large,
57 mm in diam., 6-lobed at margin. Berry purple-red, globose, Rhizome subterete, 1.32 cm thick. Leaves 25-tufted;
57 mm in diam. Fl. Oct. 2n = 36*. petiole 310 cm; leaf blade lorate, 60100 1.53.5 cm. Scape
25.5 cm; bracts 4 or 5. Flower solitary. Perianth blackish pur-
Forests; 15001600 m. W Yunnan (Yingjiang Xian). ple, campanulate, 6-lobed apically; tube 0.81.3 1.82.2 cm,
41. Aspidistra muricata How ex K. Y. Lang, Acta Phytotax. papillose adaxially; lobes slightly recurved, deltoid-ovate, 1.5
Sin. 19: 383. 1981. 1.9 cm 0.8 1.0 mm, 6-keeled adaxially, apex widened, keels
fleshy, papillose, central 4 extending from base of tube to apex
cao guo zhi zhu bao dan
of lobes. Stamens 6, inserted at base of perianth tube, subses-
Rhizome terete, ca. 5 mm thick. Leaves 2- or 3- tufted; sile; anthers subreniform, ca. 3 mm. Pistil ca. 9 mm; stigma
petiole 510 cm; leaf blade lorate to linear-lanceolate, 3050 purple, peltate, orbicular, large, ca. 1.4 cm in diam., exceeding
11.5 cm. Scape 11.3 cm; bracts 4 or 5. Flower solitary. anthers, with 36 minute grooves and 6 ridges adaxially. Fl.
Perianth pale green, campanulate, 6-lobed apically; tube ca. 10 Mar. 2n = 36*.
6.5 mm; lobes recurved, oblong, ca. 5 3 mm. Stamens 6, W Guangxi (Bose Xian).
inserted at middle of perianth tube, positioned nearly level with
stigma, subsessile; anthers oblong, ca. 3 mm. Pistil ca. 6 mm; 45. Aspidistra typica Baillon, Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris 2:
style articulate; stigma orbicular, slightly enlarged, ca. 4 mm in 1129. 1894.
diam., slightly 6-lobed at margin. Berry globose, ca. 1 cm in luan ye zhi zhu bao dan
diam., tuberculate. Fl. and fr. Oct.
NC and W Guangxi (Luocheng Xian, Napo Xian). Rhizome subterete, ca. 7 mm thick. Leaves 2- or 3-tufted;
petiole 1221 cm, stiff; leaf blade green, sometimes sparsely
42. Aspidistra hainanensis Chun & How, Fl. Hainan. 4: 533. yellowish spotted, ovate-lanceolate to ovate, 1832 712 cm,
1977. baserounded or nearly so. Scapes usually tufted, arching or hori-
hai nan zhi zhu bao dan zontal, 2.54.6 cm; bracts 35. Flower solitary. Perianth purple,
urceolate, 6-lobed apically; tube 0.91.2 1.41.8 cm; lobes
Rhizome ca. 8 mm thick, stout. Leaves 24-tufted; petiole suberect, ovate, 35 35 mm. Stamens 6, inserted at base of
310 cm; leaf blade lorate, 5070 11.5 cm. Scape 518 mm; perianth tube, subsessile. Stigma peltate, orbicular, large, 0.9
bracts ca. 4. Flower solitary. Perianth purple or tinged with yel- 1.5 cm in diam., slightly 6-lobed at margin. Fl. Jun.
low, campanulate, 6(8)-lobed apically; tube 11.2 1.31.5
Forests. ?SW Guangxi, SE Yunnan (Hekou Yao Zu Zizhixian)
cm; lobes recurved, oblong-ovate, 810 ca. 2 mm, 4-keeled
[Vietnam].
adaxially, keels fleshy, smooth, central 2 extending from base
of tube to apex of lobes, other 2 short or sometimes inconspic- 46. Aspidistra caespitosa C.Pei, Contr. Biol. Lab. Chin. Assoc.
uous. Stamens 6(8), inserted proximally in perianth tube, sub- Advancem. Sci., Sect. Bot. 12: 101. 1939.
sessile; anthers transversely elliptic, ca. 1.5 2 mm. Pistil ca. 8 cong sheng zhi zhu bao dan
mm; stigma peltate, orbicular, large, 11.3 cm in diam., 3-lobed
at margin. Fl. MarApr. 2n = 38*. Rhizome ca. 6 mm thick. Leaves usually 3-tufted; petiole
1018 cm or shorter; leaf blade lorate, 4080 12.5 cm.
Moist places along ravines, forests; ca. 600 m. S Guangdong
(Xinyi Xian, Zhuhai Shi), EC Guangxi (Jinxiu Yao Zu Zizhixian), S Scape solitary,arching or horizontal, 211 cm, geniculate; bracts
Hainan (Sanya). 4 or 5. Flower solitary. Perianth purple or tinged with purple,
urceolate, 6-lobed apically; tube 11.2 1.62 cm; lobes sub-
43. Aspidistra omeiensis Z. Y. Zhu & J. L. Zhang, Acta Phyto- erect, ovate-lanceolate, ca. 10 4 mm. Stamens 6, inserted near
tax. Sin. 19: 386. 1981. base of perianth tube, subsessile. Stigma peltate, large, 11.2
e mei zhi zhu bao dan cm in diam., slightly 3-lobed at margin. Berry purple, ovoid, ca.
6 mm in diam., scabrous. Fl. MarApr, fr. JunJul. 2n = 38*.
Rhizome 12 cm thick, stout. Leaves 35-tufted; petiole
 Forests, bamboo forests; 5001600 m. Sichuan. mens (4)6, inserted at base of perianth tube, subsessile; an-
thers nearly broadly ovate, 1.21.5 mm. Pistil 2.53 mm; stig-
47. Aspidistra urceolata F. T. Wang & K. Y. Lang in K. Y.
ma orbicular, 1.52.5 mm in diam., (4)6-crenate at margin. Fl.
Lang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 19: 381. 1981.
JulOct. 2n = 38*.
tan hua zhi zhu bao dan Moist places on hillsides, cliffs; ca. 400 m. N Guangdong (Ren-
hua Xian), Guangxi, ?Guizhou, Hainan (Baoting Xian), Hong Kong,
Rhizome subterete, ca. 6 mm thick. Leaves 2- or 3-tufted; SW Hunan (Xinning Xian).
petiole 816 cm, rigid; leaf blade oblong to oblong-lanceolate,
2025 34 cm. Scape solitary, ca. 3 cm, slender; bracts ca. 49. Aspidistra hekouensis H. Li et al., Sendtnera 5: 15. 1998.
3. Flower solitary. Perianth with many purple speckles, urceo- he kou zhi zhu bao dan
late, 6-lobed apically; tube ca. 5 5 mm; lobes slightly in-
curved, deltoid, ca. 1 1 mm. Stamens 6, inserted at base of Rhizome 613 mm thick. Leaves 24-tufted; petiole 10
perianth tube, subsessile; anthers narrowly elliptic, ca. 1 mm. 18 cm; leaf blade dark green with pale green or yellowish spots,
Pistil ca. 2 mm; ovary basally enlarged; stigma ca. 1.5 mm in elliptic, 1222 812.5 cm, leathery, base attenuate to obtuse
diam., highly convex at center, 3-lobed at margin, lobes emargi- and decurrent at petiole, apex cuspidate. Scape solitary, 34 cm;
nate at apex. bracts ca. 3. Flower solitary. Perianth blackish purple, urceo-
late, 1.51.8 1.82.3 cm, with many deep, longitudinal
Guizhou.
grooves, adaxially smooth, abaxially slightly verrucose, 6-lobed
Known only from the type specimen (Anonymous 7128, IBSC), apically; tube strongly constricted at mouth and opening 45
which was collected in Guizhou without precise locality. mm wide; lobes reflexed, yellow adaxially, oblong, 56 ca. 3
48. Aspidistra minutiflora Stapf, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 36: 113. mm. Stamens 6, inserted at base of perianth tube, positioned
1903. lower than stigma, subsessile; anthers oblong, ca. 2.5 mm. Stig-
ma peltate, orbicular, large, 1.51.8 cm in diam., radiate rugose
xiao hua zhi zhu bao dan
adaxially. Berry yellowish green, subglobose, ca. 1.5 cm in
Rhizome subterete, 56 mm thick. Leaves 2- or 3-tufted; diam., with 12 longitudinal wings. Fl. MarJul.
leaf blade lorate to lorate-oblanceolate, 2665 12.5 cm, basal- Dense forests; 200300 m. SE Yunnan (Hekou Yao Zu Zizhi-
ly gradually narrowed into inconspicuous petiole. Scape soli- xian).
tary, 12.5 cm, slender; bracts 24. Flower solitary, small. Peri-
No material of this species has been seen by the present authors.
anth blue-green, tinged and speckled with purple, urceolate,
4.55 46 mm; lobes erect, deltoid, 12 11.5 mm. Sta-

55. LIRIOPE Loureiro, Fl. Cochinch. 1: 190, 200. 1790.

shan mai dong shu

Chen Xinqi ( Chen Sing-chi); Minoru N. Tamura

Herbs perennial, shortly rhizomatous, often stoloniferous. Roots sometimes with fleshy, tuberous part near tip. Leaves basal,
tufted, sessile, grasslike or narrowly linear. Scape simple, naked, terminating in a reduced panicle. Flowers bisexual, often in clusters
of 24, sometimes solitary, small, subtended by a bract and a few bracteoles; pedicel articulate. Tepals 6, free. Stamens 6, inserted at
base of tepals; filaments narrowly linear; anthers basifixed. Ovary superior, 3-loculed; ovules 2 per locule. Style columnar, slightly 3-
angled; stigma small. Fruit bursting irregularly at an early stage and exposing young seeds. Seeds deep blue to purple at maturity,
berrylike, globose or ellipsoid.
About eight species, E Asia, extending to Japan, the Philippines, and Vietnam; six species (three endemic) in China.
1a. Filaments ca. 2 as long as anthers; leaves 12 mm wide ........................................................................................ 1. L. kansuensis
1b. Filaments equaling or slightly longer than anthers; leaves 235 mm wide.
2a. Plants not stoloniferous.
3a. Pedicel (5)68 mm; anthers slightly shorter than filaments ............................................................... 4. L. longipedicellata
3b. Pedicel (2)45 mm; anthers equaling filaments .............................................................................................. 6. L. muscari
2b. Plants stoloniferous.
4a. Anthers ca. 2 mm ................................................................................................................................................ 5. L. spicata
4b. Anthers 11.5 mm.
5a. Inflorescence 13 cm ...................................................................................................................................... 2. L. minor
5b. Inflorescence 615 cm .......................................................................................................................... 3. L. graminifolia
1. Liriope kansuensis (Batalin) C. H. Wright, J. Linn. Soc., Farwell.
Bot. 36: 79. 1903.
Roots without fleshy, tuberous part. Stolons creeping,
gan su shan mai dong slender. Leaves filiform-linear, 1520 cm 12 mm, 3-veined,
margin revolute, serrulate. Scape ca. 25 cm. Inflorescence ca.
Ophiopogon kansuensis Batalin, Trudy Imp. S.-Peter -
5.5 cm, 1012-flowered; bracts setiform, scarious, basal one ca.
burgsk. Bot. Sada 13: 103. 1893; Mondo kansuense (Batalin)
2.5 mm. Flowers solitary, sometimes paired; pedicel 56 mm, Roots without fleshy, tuberous part. Stolons absent.
articulate near apex. Tepals purplish, oblong to elliptic-lanceo- Leaves glaucous abaxially, narrowly linear, 3050 cm (3)4
late, ca. 5 2 mm. Filaments filiform, ca. 2 mm; anthers ca. 1 5 mm, distinctly 5-veined abaxially, base surrounded by many
mm. Ovary subglobose. Style ca. 2.8 mm, slender; stigma brown, membranous sheaths, margin serrulate. Scape 3060
slightly 3-lobed. Fl. Jun. cm. Inflorescence 712 cm, many flowered; bracts small, 12
River banks, hillsides along streams. S Gansu, NW Sichuan. mm. Flowers in clusters of 24; pedicel (5)68 mm, articulate
near or above middle. Tepals purplish red or purple, obovate or
2. Liriope minor (Maximowicz) Makino, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) obovate-oblong, ca. 3 1.5 mm. Filaments ca. 1.2 mm, flat;
7: 323. 1893. anthers suboblong or ovate, ca. 1 mm. Style ca. 2 mm; stigma
ai xiao shan mai dong as wide as style. Seeds blackish purple at maturity, subglobose
or globose-ellipsoid, 56 mm in diam. Fl. Jul, fr. AugSep.
Ophiopogon spicatus (Thunberg) Ker Gawler var. minor Moist grasslands, shady and moist rocky places; 14002000 m.
Maximowicz, Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Ptersbourg 15: 85. NE Sichuan.
1871; Liriope cernua (Koidzumi) Masamune; L. graminifolia
(Linnaeus) Baker var. minor (Maximowicz) Baker; L. spicata 5. Liriope spicata (Thunberg) Loureiro, Fl. Cochinch. 1: 201.
(Thunberg) Loureiro var. minor (Maximowicz) C. H. Wright; 1790.
Mondo cernuum Koidzumi; M. tokyoense Nakai. shan mai dong
Roots with fusiform, fleshy, tuberous part near tip. Stolons Convallaria spicata Thunberg in Murray, Syst. Veg., ed.
creeping, elongate, slender. Leaves narrowly linear, 720 cm 14, 334. 1784; Liriope spicata var. humilis F. Z. Li; L. spicata f.
23(4) mm, 5-veined, basally surrounded by many membra- koreana (Palibin) H. Hara; L. spicata var. prolifera Y. T. Ma;
nous-margined sheaths. Scape 67(15) cm, much shorter than Mondo fauriei (H. Lveill & Vaniot) Farwell; Ophiopogon
leaves. Inflorescence 13(5) cm, 512-flowered; bracts ovate- fauriei H. Lveill & Vaniot; O. spicatus (Thunberg) Ker
lanceolate, basal one ca. 4 mm, margin membranous. Flowers Gawler; O. spicatus var. koreanus Palibin.
solitary, sometimes in clusters of 2 or 3; pedicel 34 mm. Te-
Roots usually with fusiform, fleshy, tuberous part near tip.
pals purplish, ovate-oblong, ca. 3.5 0.7 mm. Filaments ca. 1.5
Stolons creeping, slender. Leaves glaucous abaxially, narrowly
mm; anthers ca. 1.5 mm. Style ca. 2 mm; stigma small. Seeds
linear, 2560 cm 48 mm, distinctly 5-veined abaxially, base
dark blue at maturity, subglobose, 45 mm in diam. Fl. JunJul,
surrounded by many brownish sheaths, margin serrulate. Scape
fr. AugSep. 2n = 36.
2565 cm. Inflorescence 615(20) cm, many flowered; bracts
Forests, shady hillsides, grassy slopes; 6002600 m. Fujian, lanceolate, basal one 56 mm. Flowers in clusters of (2 or)35;
Guangxi, Henan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, pedicel ca. 4 mm, articulate distally. Tepals purplish or bluish,
Zhejiang [Japan]. suboblong, 45 22.5 mm. Filaments ca. 2 mm; anthers ca. 2
3. Liriope graminifolia (Linnaeus) Baker, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. mm. Style ca. 2 mm; stigma as wide as style. Seeds subglobose,
14: 538. 1875. ca. 5 mm in diam. Fl. MayJul, fr. AugOct. 2n = 36, 72*,
he ye shan mai dong (88*), 90*, 108*.
Forests, grassy slopes, hillsides, moist places; near sea level to
Asparagus graminifolius Linnaeus, Sp. Pl., ed. 2, 1: 450.
1800 m. Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan,
1762; Dracaena graminifolia (Linnaeus) Linnaeus; Liriope an- Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shandong,
gustissima Ohwi; L. crassiuscula Ohwi; Mondo graminifolium Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea, Vietnam].
(Linnaeus) Koidzumi.
Widely cultivated in China for its tuberous roots, which are used
Roots sometimes with fusiform, fleshy, tuberous part near medicinally.
tip. Stolons creeping, slender. Leaves narrowly linear, ca. 60 cm
6. Liriope muscari (Decaisne) L. H. Bailey, Gentes Herb. 2:
23(4) mm, 5-veined, base surrounded by many sheaths and
35. 1929.
fibers, margin serrulate apically. Scape 2050 cm.
Inflorescence 615 cm, many flowered; bracts ovate, scarious, kuo ye shan mai dong
basal one 56 mm. Flowers in clusters of 24, sometimes Ophiopogon muscari Decaisne, Fl. Serres Jard. Eur. 17:
solitary; pedicel ca. 4 mm, articulate near apex. Tepals white or 181. 18671868; Liriope graminifolia (Linnaeus) Baker var.
purplish, suboblong, 3.54 1.51.8 mm. Filaments 11.5 mm, densifolia Maximowicz ex Baker; L. muscari var. communis
flat; anthers ca. 1 mm. Style ca. 2 mm; stigma as wide as style. (Maximowicz) P. S. Hsu & L. C. Li; L. platyphylla F. T. Wang
Seeds blue-black at maturity, ovoid or subglobose, 45 mm in & Tang; L. spicata (Thunberg) Loureiro var. densifolia (Maxi-
diam. Fl. JunAug, fr. SepNov. 2n = 36*, 72*, 108*. mowicz ex Baker) C. H. Wright; L. spicata var. latifolia Fran-
Forests, thickets, shady places along ravines, grassy and rocky chet; L. yingdeensis R. H. Miao; O. spicatus (Thunberg) Ker
places; near sea level to 2300 m. Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Gawler var. communis Maximowicz.
Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shanxi,
Sichuan, Taiwan, Zhejiang. Roots sometimes with fleshy, tuberous part near tip. Sto-
lons absent. Leaves linear to narrowly so, (12)2565 (0.2)
4. Liriope longipedicellata F. T. Wang & Tang, Fl. Reipubl. 0.82(3.5) cm, stiff, (5)911-veined. Scape (12)45100 cm.
Popularis Sin. 15: 251. 1978. Inflorescence (2)845 cm, many flowered; bracts setiform, 3
chang geng shan mai dong 4 mm; bracteoles ovate. Flowers in clusters of (3 or)48; pedi-
cel (2)45 mm, articulate near middle. Tepals purple or lilac- (112*).
purple, elliptic-oblong, 3.54 1.51.8 mm. Filaments ca. 1.5 Forests, bamboo forests, scrub, shady and moist places in ravines
mm; anthers equaling filaments. Style ca. 2 mm; stigma small, and on slopes; 1001400(2000) m.Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guang-
slightly 3-lobed. Seeds blackish purple at maturity, globose, 6 xi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shandong, Si-
7 mm in diam. Fl. JulAug, fr. SepOct. 2n = 36*, 72*, 108, chuan, Taiwan, Zhejiang [Japan].
56. OPHIOPOGON Ker Gawler, Bot. Mag. 27: t. 1063. 1807, nom. cons.
yan jie cao shu

Chen Xinqi ( Chen Sing-chi); Minoru N. Tamura

Chloopsis Blume; Flueggea Richard (1807), not Willdenow (1806); Mondo Adanson, nom. rej.; Slateria Desvaux.

Herbs perennial, rhizomatous, sometimes stoloniferous. Roots occasionally woody or with fleshy, tuberous part near tip. Stem
suberect or prostrate, usually simple, elongate or short, sometimes indistinct. Leaves basal or cauline, alternate, tufted or scattered,
sessile or petiolate, linear to oblong, usually whitish streaked abaxially. Scape arising from a leaf axil. Inflorescence a raceme or re-
duced panicle, rarely a panicle, several to many flowered; bracts small. Flowers bisexual, campanulate to opening flat, usually nod-
ding; pedicel articulate. Tepals 6, free, deciduous or persistent in fruit. Stamens 6, inserted at base of tepals; filaments usually very
short; anthers basifixed, sometimes connate. Ovary semi-inferior, 3-loculed; ovules 2(6) per locule, basal. Style 1, columnar; stigma
capitate, small. Fruit bursting irregularly at an early stage and exposing young seeds. Seeds usually blue at maturity, berrylike.

About 65 species: warm-temperate, subtropical, and tropical Asia; 47 species (38 endemic) in China.

Several species with elongate stems bearing distant tufts of leaves were recently described. They have not yet been well studied, and are here
treated provisionally as different species, although future research is needed to clarify their exact circumscription.

1a. Inflorescence a panicle ........................................................................................................................................... 47. O. paniculatus

1b. Inflorescence a raceme or reduced panicle.
2a. Stem elongate, not rhizomelike, with spaced nodes; leaves in distant tufts (rarely in a single, subterminal tuft)
or laxly scattered.
3a. Leaves laxly scattered.
4a. Raceme 510-flowered; bracts white, basal one ca. 6 mm; pedicels articulate proximally; tepals white or
purplish, ca. 5 mm ................................................................................................................................................ 14. O. chingii
4b. Raceme ca. 60-flowered; bracts pale green, basal one ca. 6 cm; pedicels articulate distally; tepals salmon
pink, ca. 3.5 mm ..................................................................................................................................................... 15. O. filipes
3b. Leaves in distant tufts, rarely in a single, subterminal tuft.
5a. Stem with a single, subterminal tuft of leaves ........................................................................................ 23. O. hongjiangensis
5b. Stem with distant tufts of leaves.
6a. Leaves distinctly petiolate.
7a. At least some flowers in clusters of 2 or 3 ............................................................................................ 2. O. dracaenoides
7b. Flowers all solitary.
8a. Anthers 24 mm, much shorter than tepals.
9a. Stem covered with purple-brown or deep brown sheaths; leaf blade 1530 mm wide .................. 1. O. sarmentosus
9b. Stem covered with greenish to grayish sheaths; leaf blade 48 mm wide ............................................ 5. O. sylvicola
8b. Anthers 67 mm, slightly shorter than or nearly as long as tepals.
10a. Anthers free; tepals spreading ............................................................................................................. 3. O. tienensis
10b. Anthers connate; tepals revolute .................................................................................................... 4. O. heterandrus
6b. Leaves basally attenuate, indistinctly petiolate or subsessile.
11a. Inflorescence densely 110180-flowered; anthers connate, ca. 1/2 as long as style ............................. 8. O. multiflorus
11b. Inflorescence laxly several to 60-flowered; anthers free, slightly shorter than or equaling style.
12a. Bracts nearly as long as pedicels.
13a. Leaves 34 mm wide; pedicels articulate near middle ......................................................................... 7. O. reptans
13b. Leaves 716 mm wide; pedicels articulate proximally.
14a. Scape and inflorescence (20)3045 cm; bracts linear-lanceolate ........................................... 10. O. motouensis
14b. Scape and inflorescence ca. 12 cm; bracts ovate to ovate-lanceolate .................................. 11. O. menglianensis
12b. Bracts much longer than pedicels.
15a. Tepals white, 7.59 mm ................................................................................................................ 6. O. yunnanensis
15b. Tepals purplish, 2.57 mm.
16a. Tepals ca. 2.5 mm; pedicel 23 mm ....................................................................................................... 9. O. tsaii
16b. Tepals 4.87 mm; pedicel 69 mm.
17a. Plants to 70 cm tall; tepals 4.85 mm ............................................................................. 12. O. jiangchengensis
 17b. Plants less than 40 cm tall; tepals ca. 7 mm ..................................................................... 13. O. albimarginatus
2b. Stem indistinct or rhizomelike, with dense nodes; leaves somewhat crowded, densely scattered, or tufted.
18a. Stem rhizomelike, with dense nodes; leaves subterminal, somewhat crowded or densely arranged.
19a. Plants stoloniferous.
20a. Anthers free; leaves 824 mm wide; pedicel 34 mm ........................................................................ 16. O. amblyphyllus
20b. Anthers connate; leaves 37 mm wide; pedicel 810 mm ............................................................... 17. O. angustifoliatus
19b. Plants not stoloniferous.
21a. Roots somewhat stiltlike, straight, 35 mm thick, stiff, woody, glabrescent.
22a. Leaves 46 mm wide; pedicel shorter than tepals ............................................................................. 18. O. fooningensis
22b. Leaves at least partly more than 10 mm wide; pedicel longer than tepals.
23a. Pedicel much longer than bracts, articulate proximally; inflorescence 56 cm ............................. 19. O. platyphyllus
23b. Pedicel shorter than or equaling bracts, articulate distally; inflorescence 1020 cm .......................... 20. O. latifolius
21b. Roots not stiltlike, 12.5 mm thick, soft, not woody, usually densely hairy.
24a. Anthers free.
25a. Leaves 23 mm wide; flowers solitary ............................................................................................. 27. O. lushuiensis
25b. Leaves (4)714 mm wide; at least some flowers paired.
26a. Bract at base of inflorescence 24 cm; style ca. 7 mm ....................................................................... 21. O. grandis
26b. Bract at base of inflorescence 57 mm; style ca. 2.5 mm .................................................................... 22. O. mairei
24b. Anthers connate.
27a. Anthers 6.57 mm; flowers all solitary ....................................................................................... 28. O. szechuanensis
27b. Anthers 2.53(4.5) mm; at least some flowers paired.
28a. Bract at base of inflorescence much shorter than pedicels ................................................................. 26. O. sinensis
28b. Bract at base of inflorescence nearly as long as or much longer than pedicels.
29a. Filaments ca. 1 mm; bract at base of inflorescence nearly as long as pedicels ...................... 24. O. stenophyllus
29b. Filaments indistinct; bract at base of inflorescence much longer than pedicels ......................... 25. O. bockianus
18b. Stem indistinct; leaves basal or nearly so, tufted.
30a. Leaves oblong to oblanceolate, distinctly petiolate.
31a. Plants stoloniferous; filaments ca. 2 mm; pedicel articulate near apex ....................................................... 30. O. clavatus
31b. Plants not stoloniferous; filaments less than 1 mm; pedicel articulate proximally or near middle.
32a. Leaves with pinnate-parallel venation, 4(6) lateral veins running from midvein, margin
wrinkled ...................................................................................................................................... 29. O. peliosanthoides
32b. Leaves with parallel venation, veins running from base, margin not wrinkled.
33a. Roots somewhat stiltlike, straight, 35 mm thick, stiff, woody, not hairy ................................... 35. O. xylorrhizus
33b. Roots not stiltlike, 12 mm thick, soft, not woody, usually hairy.
34a. Inflorescence a raceme, several flowered; flowers solitary; tepals 811 mm; anthers ca.
6 mm .......................................................................................................................................... 31. O. pingbienensis
34b. Inflorescence a reduced panicle, 1035-flowered; at least some flowers in clusters of 2 or
3; tepals 48 mm; anthers 34 mm.
35a. Tepals oblong-lanceolate, ca. 8 mm; style ca. 8 mm ............................................................... 34. O. marmoratus
35b. Tepals ovate to oblong, 45 mm; style 3.55 mm.
36a. Tepals reflexed distally, white; anthers connate; leaves 12.2 cm wide, papery ....... 33. O. pseudotonkinensis
36b. Tepals erect, purplish; anthers free; leaves 2.53.5(4.2) cm wide, leathery ........................ 32. O. tonkinensis
30b. Leaves grasslike or linear, indistinctly petiolate or sessile.
37a. Plants stoloniferous.
38a. Tepals 78 mm; filaments distinct, ca. 1.5 mm, ca. 1/3 as long as anthers ............................................... 46. O. clarkei
38b. Tepals 46 mm; filaments very short or indistinct.
39a. Style terete, slender, basally not widened; tepals spreading; scape and inflorescence usually
slightly shorter than leaves ................................................................................................................... 44. O. bodinieri
39b. Style somewhat narrowly conical, moderately thick, basally widened; tepals scarcely spreading;
scape and inflorescence usually much shorter than leaves ................................................................. 45. O. japonicus
37b. Plants not stoloniferous.
40a. Rhizome gingerlike, ca. 3 cm thick, fleshy ..................................................................................... 36. O. zingiberaceus
40b. Rhizome not gingerlike, much thinner.
41a. Leaves 11.5 mm wide ................................................................................................................... 43. O. umbraticola
41b. Leaves (2)325 mm wide.
42a. Plants basally purple-brown; roots yellow-brown hairy; bracts at middle of inflorescence
more than 1 cm ............................................................................................................................ 37. O. megalanthus
42b. Plants basally not purple-brown; roots whitish hairy; bracts at middle of inflorescence less
than 1 cm.
 43a. Anthers 34 mm, ca. 1/2 as long as tepals.
44a. Style basally widened, without a clear line of demarcation between ovary and style ............... 42. O. reversus
44b. Style not basally widened, terete, with a clear line of demarcation between ovary and
style ........................................................................................................................................ 41. O. intermedius
43b. Anthers 78 mm, ca. 2/3 as long as or equaling tepals.
45a. Filaments very short or indistinct; tepals revolute; pedicels articulate near base ..................... 38. O. revolutus
45b. Filaments distinct, 12 mm; tepals spreading; pedicels articulate near or above middle.
46a. Leaves 1015 mm wide, white streaked abaxially; flowers in clusters of 24; anthers
free .......................................................................................................................................... 39. O. corifolius
46b. Leaves 47(9) mm wide, not streaked abaxially; flowers solitary; anthers initially
connate, later free ............................................................................................................... 40. O. sparsiflorus
1. Ophiopogon sarmentosus F. T. Wang & L. K. Dai in F. T. yun nan yan jie cao
Wang & Tang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 15: 251. 1978.
Ophiopogon lancangensis H. Li & Y. P. Yang.
pu jing yan jie cao
Stem prostrate, elongate, 24 mm thick, with some aerial
Stem prostrate, elongate, 34 mm thick, slender, with roots. Leaves in distant tufts, 39 per tuft; petiole (5)818 cm;
spaced nodes, covered with purple-brown or deep brown, mem- leaf blade abaxially glaucous, lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate,
branous sheaths. Leaves cauline, in distant tufts, 5 or 6 per tuft; 720 0.81.5 cm, ca. 11-veined, apex acute or acuminate. Scape
petiole 411 cm; leaf blade glaucous abaxially, oblong to ob- arising from an apical leaf axil, 712 cm. Inflorescence a ra-
long-elliptic, 510 1.53 cm, apex subacute. Scape arising ceme, several to 20-flowered; bracts ovate to ovate-lanceolate,
from an apical leaf axil, 710 cm. Inflorescence a raceme, 5- or 312 mm, membranous. Flowers solitary; pedicel 610 mm,
6-flowered; bracts lanceolate, basal one 710 mm. Flowers soli- articulate proximally. Tepals chalk white, ovate to ovate-lan-
tary; pedicel 710 mm, articulate proximally. Tepals purplish, ceolate, 89 2.53 mm. Filaments ca. 1 mm; anthers free, 6 7
lanceolate to ovate, 78 24 mm. Filaments very short; an- mm. Style nearly as long as anthers. Seeds ellipsoid, 810 mm
thers free, ca. 4 mm. Style nearly exceeding perianth, slender. in diam. Fl. MayJun, fr. JulAug. 2n = 36*.
Seeds ellipsoid, ca. 8 mm in diam. Fl. Aug, fr. SepOct. 2n =
Mixed forests, bamboo forests; 17002500 m. Guangxi, Yun-
36*. nan.
Dense tropical forests, evergreen broad-leaved forests, river
4. Ophiopogon heterandrus F. T. Wang & L. K. Dai in F. T.
banks; 10002700 m. NW Guangxi (Tiane Xian), S Yunnan [?Viet-
Wang & Tang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 15: 251. 1978.
nam].
This species probably also occurs in Vietnam: one locality is on yi yao yan jie cao
the border between Yunnan and Vietnam. Stem prostrate, elongate, 23 mm thick,covered with gray-
2. Ophiopogon dracaenoides (Baker) J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. ish, membranous sheaths, proximally with some aerial roots.
India 6: 268. 1892. Leaves in distant tufts, 24 per tuft; petiole 58 mm; leaf blade
abaxially glaucous, oblong to narrowly so, 4.56.5 11.6 cm,
he qiao yan jie cao ca. 7-veined. Scape arising from an apical leaf axil. Inflores-
Flueggea dracaenoides Baker, J. Bot. 12: 174. 1874; cence a raceme, 3- or 4-flowered; bracts lanceolate, basal one
Mondo dracaenoides (Baker) Farwell. 34 mm. Flowers solitary; pedicel 68 mm, articulate at or
below middle. Tepals revolute, white, lanceolate, 78 1.5
Stem suberect, elongate, covered with grayish brown 2.5 mm. Filaments very short; anthers lanceolate, ca. 7 mm,
sheaths, sometimes with several stiltlike, woody roots near base. connate to form a cone. Style slightly longer than anthers. Fl.
Leaves in distant tufts, 47 per tuft; petiole 27 cm; leaf blade Jul.
oblong to oblong-oblanceolate, 5.514 1.83.5 cm. Scape aris-
Forests; 12001700 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Si-
ing from an apical leaf axil, 812 cm. Inflorescence a reduced
chuan.
panicle, 1025-flowered; bracts ovate-lanceolate, basal one
0.81.2 cm. Flowers solitary or in clusters of 2 or 3; pedicel 46 5. Ophiopogon sylvicola F. T. Wang & Tang, Bull. Fan Mem.
mm, articulate at middle. Tepals white, lanceolate to ovate-lan- Inst. Biol. 7: 281. 1937.
ceolate, 46 1.52.5 mm. Filaments very short; anthers ca. lin sheng yan jie cao
2.5 mm. Style slightly or scarcely exceeding perianth. Seeds
broadly ellipsoid, ca. 1.2 cm in diam. Fl. Aug, fr. SepOct. 2n = Ophiopogon dielsianus Handel-Mazzetti.
36*.
Stem elongate, 34 mm thick, covered with grayish
Evergreen broad-leaved forests, bamboo forests, moist places in sheaths, proximally with some aerial roots. Leaves in distant
forests, hillsides along ravines; 2001800 m. W Guangxi, Guizhou, S tufts, 58 per tuft; petiole 1.55(10) cm; leaf blade abaxially
Yunnan [NE India, Laos, Sikkim, N Thailand, Vietnam].
glaucous, narrowly oblanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 520(30)
3. Ophiopogon tienensis F. T. Wang & Tang, Bull. Fan Mem. cm 48 mm, 57-veined. Scape arising from an apical leaf
Inst. Biol. 7: 283. 1937. axil. Inflorescence a raceme, 410-flowered; bracts lanceolate,
basal one 68 mm. Flowers solitary; pedicel 46 mm, articulate 9. Ophiopogon tsaii F. T. Wang & Tang, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst.
proximally. Tepals bluish, ovate, ca. 5 2.53 mm. Filaments Biol. 7: 282. 1937.
ca. 0.5 mm; anthers ca. 2 mm. Style ca. 2 as long as anthers,
cu ye yan jie cao
slender. Fl. Jun. 2n = 36*.
Broad-leaved forests, scrub forests, streamsides, moist and Stemprostrate, distally ascending,elongate, ca. 4 mm thick,
shady places, cliffs; 7001800 m. N Guizhou, S Sichuan. covered with grayish brown sheaths, proximally with some
white-hairy roots. Leaves in distal tufts, 812 per tuft, sessile,
6. Ophiopogon yunnanensis S. C. Chen, Acta Phytotax. Sin. grasslike, 435 cm 46 mm, margin membranous at base.
26: 140. 1988. Scape arising from an apical leaf axil, 1319 cm. Inflorescence
dian xi yan jie cao a reduced panicle, 1025-flowered; bracts setiform, ca. 1 cm,
basal one to 3.5 cm. Flowers solitary or in clusters of 24; pedi-
Stem elongate,subterete, 57 mm thick,covered with gray- cel 23 mm. Tepals purplish, oblong to subelliptic, ca. 2.5 1.5
ish sheaths, with some aerial roots. Leaves in distant tufts 34 mm. Filaments short; anthers ca. 2 mm. Style ca. 3 mm,
cm apart, 911 per tuft, sessile, long linear, 4050 cm 59 slender. Seeds ellipsoid to globose, 810 mm in diam. Fl.
mm, base somewhat equitant, margin membranous. Scape aris- JunJul, fr. AugOct. 2n = 36*.
ing from an apical leaf axil, 1722 cm. Inflorescence a reduced
panicle, more than 10-flowered; bracts lanceolate to linear- Forests, hillsides along ravines; 8001800 m. S Yunnan.
lanceolate, 12 cm. Flowers paired, rarely also solitary; pedicel 10. Ophiopogon motouensis S. C. Chen, Acta Phytotax. Sin.
much shorter than the bracts, articulate proximally. Tepals 17(4): 111. 1979.
white, oblong to subovate, 7.59 35 mm, inner ones slightly
mo tuo yan jie cao
wider than outer. Filaments very short; anthers ca. 5 mm. Style
slightly exceeding anthers, slender. Fl. Jun. Stem prostrate, distally usually suberect, occasionally
Forests along rivers; 17002200 m. W Yunnan (Lushui Xian). branched, elongate, 1030 cm 48 mm, covered with purplish
brown sheaths. Leaves in distant tufts 510 cm apart, usually 4
7. Ophiopogon reptans J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 6: 268. 8 per tuft, sessile, long linear, 4060 0.71.2 cm, 915 -
1892. veined, base somewhat distichous equitant, margin purplish
man jing yan jie cao brown at base. Scape arising from an apical leaf axil, (20)30
45 cm. Inflorescence a reduced panicle, more than 10-flowered;
Mondo dracaenoides (Baker) Farwell var. reptans (J. D. rachis slightly flat and narrowly 2-winged; bracts linear-
Hooker) Farwell. lanceolate, 59 mm. Flowers usually paired; pedicel 59 mm,
articulate proximally. Tepals white, narrowly ovate to oblong-
Stem prostrate, elongate, sometimes with a few somewhat
lanceolate, 89 1.53 mm. Filaments very short; anthers 67
stiltlike roots. Leaves in distant tufts, subsessile, abaxially glau-
mm. Style 68 mm, slender. Fl. Aug.
cous, long linear, 1015 cm 34 mm, ca. 5-veined, margin
membranous at base. Scape arising from an apical leaf axil, 48 Forests, shady places; 8001700 m. SE Xizang (Mdog Xian).
cm, slender. Inflorescence a reduced panicle, several flowered; 11. Ophiopogon menglianensis H. W. Li, Acta Bot. Yunnan.
bracts ovate-lanceolate, 46 mm, membranous. Flowers solitary 13: 268. 1991.
or paired; pedicel 58 mm, articulate near middle. Tepals
greenish yellow, lanceolate, 56 1.52 mm. Filaments very meng lian yan jie cao
short; anthers ca. 3 mm. Style nearly as long as anthers. Seeds
Stem prostrate, elongate, subterete, 57 mm thick, cov-
subglobose, 45 mm in diam. Fl. JunJul, fr. Aug. 2n = 36.
ered with sheaths and with a few roots. Leaves in distant tufts
Forests, sandy soil along streams; 13001800 m. SW Guangxi, 45 cm apart, 79 per tuft, sessile, adaxially green, abaxially
Hainan [India, Thailand, Vietnam]. glaucescent, long linear, 2840 (0.7)11.6 cm, base some-
what distichous equitant,margin membranous at base, apex acu-
8. Ophiopogon multiflorus Y. Wan, Guihaia 8: 235. 1988.
minate. Scape arising from an apical leaf axil, ca. 6 cm, slightly
long an yan jie cao compressed, wingless. Inflorescence a reduced panicle, ca. 6
cm; bracts ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 57 mm, base ca. 5 mm
Stem prostrate, distally ascending, elongate, 12 cm thick,
wide, apex acuminate to long acuminate. Flowers often in
with a few woody roots. Leaves in distant tufts, indistinctly
clusters of 3 or 4; pedicel less than 8 mm, articulate
petiolate, abaxially longitudinally grayish streaked, grasslike,
proximally. Tepals white, subovate, ca. 7 3 mm.
3580 1.32.6 cm, base attenuate, margin membranous.
Scape 1(or 2) arising from apical leaf axils. Inflorescence a Forests; ca. 1000 m. SW Yunnan (Menglian Dai-Lahu-Va Zu
reduced panicle, densely 110180-flowered; bracts ovate- Zizhixian).
lanceolate to lanceolate, basal one 23(5) cm. Flowers usually 12. Ophiopogon jiangchengensis Y. Y. Qian, Acta Bot. Au-
in clusters of 26; pedicel 1.21.8 cm, articulate near middle. stro Sin. 7: 14. 1991.
Tepals recurved, purplish blue, ovate, ca. 6 2.5 mm.
Filaments very short; anthers 2.53 mm, connate. Style ca. 5 jiang cheng yan jie cao
mm. Seeds ellipsoid, ca. 13 9 mm. Fl. Oct, fr. Nov. Stem erect, rarely prostrate, elongate, 2.54 mm thick,
Forests on rocky slopes. WC Guangxi (Longan Xian). covered with sheaths and with a few woody, striate, densely
pubescent roots 34 mm thick. Leaves in distant tufts 57 cm axil, 815 cm. Inflorescence a reduced panicle, 510-flowered;
apart, 414 per tuft, indistinctly petiolate (petiole 110 cm), bracts white, ovate to lanceolate, scarious, basal one ca. 6 mm.
adaxially deep green, abaxially gray-green or whitish streaked, Flowers solitary or in clusters of 24; pedicel 612 mm,
long linear, 535 cm 48(11) mm, papery, base attenuate, articulate proximally. Tepals white or purplish, oblong to ovate-
sheathing, margin membranous at base, apex acuminate. Scape oblong, ca. 5 2 mm. Filaments ca. 1 mm; anthers ca. 2 mm.
arising from an apical leaf axil, deep violet, 820 cm, slightly Style 34 mm. Fl. MayJul. 2n = 36*.
compressed, furrowed. Inflorescence a reduced panicle, 412
Dense evergreen broad-leaved forests, bamboo forests, thickets,
cm, 2060-flowered; bracts ovate-lanceolate, basal one 12 cm. rocky and moist places; 7002100 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou,
Flowers in clusters of 25, campanulate, 811 mm in diam.; Hainan, Sichuan, Yunnan.
pedicel 68 mm, articulate near middle. Tepals pale violet,
ovate, 4.85 33.2 mm, apex slightly revolute. Filaments 0.2 15. Ophiopogon filipes D. Fang, J. Trop. Subtrop. Bot. 6: 98.
0.3 mm; anthers narrowly ovate-deltoid, 3.54 ca. 1.5 mm, 1998.
free. Style 44.5 mm. Seeds pale violet at maturity, ellipsoid, si geng yan jie cao
710 57 mm. Fl. AugSep, fr. OctFeb. Stem decumbent, elongate, terete, more than 19 cm 35
Forests; 3001300 m. S Yunnan (Jiangcheng Hani-Yi Zu Zi- mm, proximally with dense, residual sheaths. Leaves scattered
zhixian). distally on stem, sessile, long linear, 1624 cm 2.55 mm, 5-
This species is similar to Ophiopogon siamensis M. N. Tamura or 6-veined, base not attenuate, apex acuminate. Scape arising
(Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 49: 27. 1998), from N Thailand, but differs in from an apical leaf axil, ca. 5 cm. Inflorescence a reduced pan-
having longer bracts and shorter filaments and style. Ophiopogon sia- icle, ca. 12 cm, ca. 60-flowered; bracts pale green, linear-lan-
mensis has bracts less than 1 cm, filaments 0.71.1 mm, and style 55.4 ceolate to narrowly deltoid, basal one ca. 6 cm, base ca. 2 mm
mm. Further studies are needed to ascertain whether or not these two wide. Flowers in clusters of 24; pedicel filiform, 1315 mm,
species are really distinct. articulate distally. Tepals salmon pink, ovate to narrowly so, ca.
13.Ophiopogon albimarginatus D. Fang, J. Trop.Subtrop. Bot. 3.5 22.5 mm, apex obtuse. Filaments very short; anthers nar-
6: 97. 1998. rowly ovate, ca. 2.5 mm, free. Style ca. 4 mm. Fl. Oct.

bai bian yan jie cao Limestone hills. SW Guangxi (Daxin Xian).

Stem prostrate proximally and erect distally, or wholly de- 16. Ophiopogon amblyphyllus F. T. Wang & L. K. Dai in F.
cumbent, elongate, terete, 1322 cm 25 mm, covered with T. Wang & Tang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 15: 251. 1978.
sheaths and with a few roots (1)23 mm thick. Leaves in dun ye yan jie cao
distant tufts, indistinctly petiolate, long linear to narrowly ellip-
tic-linear, 1430 cm 611 mm, 59-veined, base slightly at- Stem rhizomelike, terete, elongate, stout, with dense nodes
tenuate, apex acuminate. Scape arising from an apical leaf axil, and several creeping stolons. Leaves nearly crowded and sub-
slightly compressed, narrowly 2- winged. Inflorescence a re- terminal; petiole 36 cm; leaf blade abaxially glaucous, oblan-
duced panicle, 4.56.5 cm, 1418-flowered; bracts linear-lan- ceolate-oblong to suboblanceolate, 68 0.82.4 cm, apex sub-
ceolate to narrowly ovate, basal one ca. 2 cm, base 35 mm rounded or obtuse. Scape 915 cm. Inflorescence a raceme or a
wide, membranous. Flowers in clusters of 2 or 3; pedicel 69 reduced panicle, 58 cm, several to 15-flowered; bracts lanceo-
mm, shorter than bracts, articulate proximally or near middle. late, basal one 58 mm. Flowers solitary or rarely paired; pedi-
Tepals reflexed distally, purple with white margin, narrowly cel 34 mm, articulate near middle. Tepals purple, ovate, ca. 4
ovate to lanceolate, ca. 7 2.3 mm, apex obtuse. Seeds broadly 2 mm. Filaments short, less than 1 mm; anthers ca. 1.5 mm.
ellipsoid, 811 58 mm. Style ca. 3 mm. Seeds ellipsoid, ca. 9 mm. Fl. Jul, fr. AugSep.
2n = 108*.
Valley forests; ca. 300 m. E Guangxi (He Xian).
Forests, shady and humid places, hillsides; 16002200 m. S
The present authors have not seen flowers of this species. Judging
from the characteristics of the vegetative organs, it is similar to Ophio- Sichuan, NW Yunnan.
pogon jiangchengensis. Detailed observation of the flowers is neces sary 17. Ophiopogon angustifoliatus (F. T. Wang & Tang) S. C.
in order to ascertain whether or not the two species are really distinct. Chen, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 26: 141. 1988.
14. Ophiopogon chingii F. T. Wang & Tang, Bull. Fan Mem. duan yao yan jie cao
Inst. Biol. 7: 282. 1937.
Ophiopogon bockianus Diels var. angustifoliatus F. T.
chang jing yan jie cao Wang & Tang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 15: 252. 1978.
Ophiopogon chingii var. glaucifolius F. T. Wang & L. K. Stem rhizomelike,elongate, subterete, 46 mm thick, stout,
Dai. with dense nodes, stoloniferous. Leaves nearly crowded and
Stem prostrate, distally ascending, sometimes branched, subterminal, long linear, 1525 cm 37 mm. Scape 515 cm.
elongate,25 mm thick, proximally with stiff, somewhat woody Inflorescence a raceme, usually 36-flowered; bracts lanceo-
roots. Leaves scattered, subsessile, abaxially glaucous, sword- late, 69 mm. Flowers solitary; pedicel 810 mm, articulate
shaped, 720 cm 38(20) mm, 59-veined, base clasping, near middle. Tepals subovate, 78 33.5 mm. Filaments very
margin membranous at base. Scape arising from a distal leaf short; anthers 3.54 mm, connate to form a cone. Style 67.5
mm, slender. Seeds globose, 57 mm. Fl. JulAug, fr. SepOct.
2n = 36*, 72*. ones ovate. Filaments very short; anthers ca. 3 mm. Style longer
Dense forests, mossy forests, hillsides, valleys, stream banks, than anthers, apically curved. Seeds subglobose. Fl. Aug. 2n =
moist and shady places; 8003200 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hu- 36*.
nan, Sichuan, NW Yunnan (Weixi Xian). Forests, moist places along valleys; 1001200 m. Guangxi, SE
Yunnan [Vietnam].
18. Ophiopogon fooningensis F. T. Wang & L. K. Dai in F. T.
Wang & Tang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 15: 252. 1978. 21. Ophiopogon grandis W. W. Smith, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard.
Edinburgh 13: 171. 1921.
fu ning yan jie cao
da yan jie cao
Stem rhizomelike, elongate, stout, with dense nodes, usu-
ally with somewhat woody, white-hairy roots. Leaves some- Stem rhizomelike, elongate, 410 mm thick, stout, with
what crowded and subterminal, abaxially slightly glaucous, dense nodes and relatively slender, hairy roots. Leaves some-
grasslike, 3050 cm 46 mm, 79-veined, margin serrulate, what crowded and subterminal, grasslike, 2555 cm (4)711
white membranous at base. Scape arising from an apical leaf mm, 59-veined, margin distinctly denticulate, white membra-
axil, much shorter than leaves. Inflorescence a reduced panicle, nous at base. Scape 1520 cm. Inflorescence a reduced panicle,
1022-flowered; bracts ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, basal one 78 mm, many flowered; bracts lanceolate to subulate, broadly
ca. 6 mm. Flowers solitary or paired; pedicel ca. 4 mm, articu- membranous at margin, basal one 24 cm. Flowers usually
late distally. Tepals purplish, oblong to ovate-lanceolate, ca. 6 paired; pedicel 35 mm, articulate near middle. Tepals white,
2 mm. Filaments distinct, ca. 1 mm; anthers ca. 4 mm. Style ca. ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 89 22.5 mm, inner ones slightly
4.5 mm, slender. Fl. May. 2n = 36*. narrower than outer. Filaments distinct, ca. 1 mm; anthers 46
mm. Style ca. 7 mm. Seeds ellipsoid, ca. 9 mm in diam. Fl.
Evergreen broad-leaved forests; 10001600 m. SE Yunnan. JunJul, fr. AugSep.
One of us (Tamura) has never seen specimens of this species
Forests; 18002800 m. Guizhou, Yunnan.
and, therefore, does not know the exact characteristics of the stem. If
the stem is not rhizomelike and the leaves are not only tufted sub- 22. Ophiopogon mairei H. Lveill, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni
terminally but also at distant nodes along the stem, then Ophiopogon Veg. 9: 78. 1910.
fooningensis is similar to O. siamensis M. N. Tamura (Acta Phytotax.
Geobot. 49: 27. 1998), from N Thailand. However, O. fooningensis xi nan yan jie cao
flowers in May, whereas O. siamensis flowers in September and Octo- Anemarrhena mairei (H. Lveill) H. Lveill.
ber.
Roots numerous, long, soft, usually with fusiform, tuber-
19. Ophiopogon platyphyllus Merrill & Chun, Sunyatsenia 2:
ous part near tip. Stem rhizomelike, elongate, stout, with dense
211. 1935.
nodes. Leaves somewhat crowded and subterminal, sessile,
kuan ye yan jie cao abaxially glaucous, grasslike or sword-shaped, 2040 0.71.4
cm, ca. 9-veined, margin serrulate, membranous at base. Scape
Ophiopogon hainanensis Masamune.
1015 cm. Inflorescence a reduced panicle, 57 cm, densely
Stem rhizomelike, elongate, stout, with dense nodes and many flowered; bracts subulate, basal one 57 mm. Flowers
somewhat woody roots. Leaves somewhat crowded and subter- solitary or paired; pedicel 35 mm, articulate near middle.
minal, subsessile, abaxially glaucous, linear-lanceolate, (24) Tepals white to blue, ovate, 45 1.52 mm. Filaments ca. 0.5
4055 1.82.2 cm, leathery, margin membranous at base. mm; anthers ca. 2 mm. Style ca. 2.5 mm. Seeds bluish gray at
Scape 1216 cm. Inflorescence a reduced panicle, ca. 6 cm, 20 maturity, ellipsoid to ovoid-globose, ca. 8 mm in diam. Fl.
26-flowered; bracts ovate, basal one ca. 7 mm. Flowers usually MayJul, fr. JulAug. 2n = 36*.
in clusters of 24; pedicel 79 mm, articulate proximally. Tepals
Forests, ravines, moist and shady places; 8002100 m. Guizhou,
white, lanceolate to narrowly so, ca. 7 1.52 mm. Filaments Hubei, Sichuan, Yunnan.
very short; anthers ca. 6 mm. Style ca. 6 mm. Seeds oblong, ca.
11 5 mm. Fl. MayJun, fr. JulAug. 23. Ophiopogon hongjiangensis Y. Y. Qian, Acta Bot. Austro
Sin. 9: 54. 1994.
Forest, hillsidess, stream banks; 6001800 m. Guangdong,
Guangxi, Hainan. hong jiang yan jie cao
20.Ophiopogon latifolius L. Rodriguez, Bull. Soc. Bot. France Roots numerous, long and thick. Stem not rhizomelike,
75: 998. 1928. short, with a few roots. Leaves in a single, subterminal tuft,
da ye yan jie cao grasslike; petiole 316 cm, winged; leaf blade adaxially deep
green, abaxially glaucous, 1560 cm 713 mm, 1115-vein-
Stem rhizomelike, elongate, stout, with dense nodes and ed, base attenuate, apex acute or obtuse. Scape 1422 cm. In-
somewhat woody roots. Leaves somewhat crowded and subter- florescence a reduced panicle, 39 cm, 1020-flowered; bracts
minal, sessile, grasslike, 55100 12.7 cm, leathery. Scape ovate-lanceolate, basal one 0.81.4 cm. Flowers in clusters of
4045 cm. Inflorescence a reduced panicle, 1020(25) cm, 24, rarely solitary; pedicel 46 mm, articulate at middle or
many flowered; bracts lanceolate to subulate, basal one 11.5 distally. Tepals white or pale purple, long ovate, 56 23 mm.
cm. Flowers in clusters of 3 or 4; pedicel ca. 1 cm, articulate Filaments ca. 0.5 mm; anthers pale green, lanceolate, 34 mm.
distally. Tepals bluish, 56 mm, outer ones lanceolate, inner Style 45 mm. Fl. JulAug.
 Forests; ca. 1100 m. S Yunnan (Jiangcheng Hani-Yi Zu Zi- nan.
zhixian).
27. Ophiopogon lushuiensis S. C. Chen, Acta Phytotax. Sin.
24. Ophiopogon stenophyllus (Merrill) L. Rodriguez, Bull. 26: 141. 1988.
Mus. Hist. Nat. (Paris), sr. 2, 6: 95. 1934.
lu shui yan jie cao
xia ye yan jie cao
Stem rhizomelike, 79 cm ca. 5 mm, with dense nodes
Peliosanthes stenophylla Merrill, Philipp. J. Sci. 13: 134.
and slender roots. Leaves somewhat crowded and subterminal,
1918.
sessile, long linear, 2035 cm 23 mm, margin membranous
Stem rhizomelike, stout, with dense nodes and somewhat at base. Scape 1015 cm. Inflorescence a raceme, 47 cm, 7
woody, densely hairy roots. Leaves somewhat crowded and 12-flowered; bracts lanceolate, basal one 11.5 cm. Flowers
subterminal, subsessile, grasslike, 2560 (0.4)0.71.3 cm, solitary; pedicel 34 mm, articulate at middle. Tepals oblong to
ca. 9-veined, margin serrulate, membranous at base. Scape 10 ovate, 58 35 mm, inner ones slightly wider than outer. Fil-
30 cm. Inflorescence a reduced panicle, 414 cm, usually ca. aments ca. 0.8 mm; anthers 34 mm. Style ca. 4 mm. Fl. May.
100-flowered; bracts lanceolate, basal one 0.81.5 cm. Evergreen broad-leaved forests, moist and shady places; 1900
Flowers solitary or paired; pedicel 11.4 cm, articulate prox- 3000 m. W Yunnan (Lushui Xian).
imally or at middle. Tepals white or purplish, ovate to lanceo- 28. Ophiopogon szechuanensis F. T. Wang & Tang, Fl. Rei-
late, ca. 6 2.53 mm. Filaments ca. 1 mm; anthers ca. 3 mm, publ. Popularis Sin. 15: 252. 1978.
sometimes connate. Style ca. 5 mm. Seeds ellipsoid, ca. 1 cm
in diam. Fl. JulSep, fr. OctNov. 2n = 36*. si chuan yan jie cao

Dense forests; 9002300 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, S Roots relatively slender, sometimes with fusiform, tuber-
Jiangxi, SE Yunnan. ous part near tip. Stem rhizomelike, stout, with dense nodes.
Leaves somewhat crowded and subterminal, sessile, abaxially
25. Ophiopogon bockianus Diels, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 29: 254.
glaucous, grasslike, 2560 cm 511 mm, 59-veined, margin
1900.
serrulate, membranous at base. Scape 1326 cm. Inflorescence
lian yao yan jie cao a raceme, 411 cm, several to many flowered; bracts lanceolate,
basal one 0.81.6 cm. Flowers solitary; pedicel 79 mm, artic-
Mondo bockianum (Diels) Farwell. ulate proximally. Tepals purple or purplish red, ovate-lanceo-
Roots 13 mm thick, white hairy, sometimes with tuber- late, 89 22.5 mm. Filaments very short; anthers 6.57 mm,
ous part near tip. Stem rhizomelike, relatively short, more than connate to form a cone. Style ca. 7 mm, slender. Fl. JunJul. 2n
1 cm thick, with dense nodes. Leaves somewhat crowded and = 36*.
subterminal, subsessile, abaxially glaucous, suboblong, 2030 Moist places in sparse forests, hillsides along streams; 1000
(80) (0.7)1.42.2 cm, margin serrulate, membranous at 2000 m. Sichuan, Yunnan.
base. Scape 1828 cm. Inflorescence a reduced panicle, 514
cm, more than 10-flowered; bracts lanceolate, basal one 1.21.5 29. Ophiopogon peliosanthoides F. T. Wang & Tang, Fl. Rei-
cm. Flowers paired; pedicel 69 mm, articulate proximally. publ. Popularis Sin. 15: 252. 1978.
Tepals purplish, ovate, 67 23 mm, apex usually recurved or chang yao yan jie cao
re-volute. Filaments very short; anthers 2.53 mm, connate.
Style ca. 5 mm. Seeds ca. 10 8 mm. Fl. JunJul, fr. Aug. 2n = Rhizome 12 cm. Roots slender, stiff, usually with fusi-
36*. form or oblong, tuberous part near tip. Leaves basal or nearly
so, tufted; petiole 1035 cm; leaf blade abaxially glaucous, ob-
Forests, bamboo forests, hillsides along ravines, shady and hu- long, 1015 3.23.8 cm, pinnate-parallel veined, with 4(6)
mid places; 9002100 m. Guangxi, NE Guizhou (Fanjing Shan), Hubei, lateral veins running from midvein, margin wrinkled. Scape
Hunan, Sichuan, Yunnan.
ca. 30 cm. Inflorescence a reduced panicle, ca. 13 cm, 2025-
26. Ophiopogon sinensis Y. Wan & C. C. Huang in Y. Wan, flowered; bracts ovate, ca. 1 cm, margin membranous. Flowers
Acta Phytotax. Sin. 25: 398. 1987. solitary or in clusters of 2 or 3; pedicel 511 mm, articulate
near middle. Tepals purple or white, lanceolate to narrowly so,
zhong hua yan jie cao 11.2 cm 1.52.5 mm. Filaments very short; anthers ca. 8
Stem rhizomelike, relatively short, ca. 1 cm thick. Leaves mm. Style ca. 9 mm. Fl. May. 2n = 36*.
nearly crowded and subterminal, indistinctly petiolate, oblan- Evergreen broad-leaved forests, bamboo forests, scrub forests,
ceolate-oblong to suboblong, 2335 3.24 cm, apex obtuse. moist places in thickets; 10002100 m. Guangxi, SW Guizhou, SE
Scape ca. 14 cm. Inflorescence a reduced panicle, ca. 5 cm, Yunnan.
several flowered; bracts ovate, basal one 57 mm. Flowers 30. Ophiopogon clavatus C. H. Wright ex Oliver, Hookers
solitary or paired; pedicel 1.21.5 cm, articulate proximally. Icon. Pl. 24: t. 2582. 1895.
Tepals white, tinged purplish at base, oblong, ca. 7 2.5 mm.
Filaments very short; anthers ca. 4.5 mm, initially connate, later bang ye yan jie cao
free. Style ca. 6 mm. Fl. Jul.
Mondo clavatum (C. H. Wright ex Oliver) Farwell.
Forests on limestone slopes; 13001400 m. Guangxi, SE Yun-
 Plants stoloniferous; stolons with spaced nodes. Leaves very short; anthers ovate-oblong, ca. 3 mm, connate, apex sub-
basal, tufted; petiole 2.510 cm; leaf blade abaxially glaucous, truncate. Style ca. 5 mm. Fl. Sep.
narrowly oblong to suboblanceolate, 512 0.51.3 cm, 57-
Limestone hillsides. NW Guangxi (Nandan Xian).
veined, base attenuate, apex subrounded or obtuse. Scape 711
cm. Inflorescence a raceme, 13(or 4)-flowered; bracts ovate, 34. Ophiopogon marmoratus Pierre ex L. Rodriguez, Bull.
ca. 7 mm, margin membranous. Flowers solitary; pedicel 5 Soc. Bot. France 75: 997. 1928.
8 mm, articulate near apex. Tepals scarcely spreading, white, li ye yan jie cao
tinged purplish, suboblong, ca. 1.2 cm 34.5 mm. Filaments
ca. 2 mm; anthers ca. 7 mm. Style ca. 1 cm, slender. Seeds deep Roots slender, soft. Leaves basal, tufted; petiole 812 cm;
blue at maturity, ellipsoid, ca. 8 mm in diam. Fl. MayJun, fr. leaf blade narrowly oblong, 1318 1.82.5 cm, distinctly ca.
JulAug. 2n = 36*. 7-veined, base attenuate, apex acute to shortly acuminate. Scape
Forests, sparse forests, hillsides along streams; 10001600 m. 1530 cm. Inflorescence a reduced panicle,1013 cm, laxly 15
Guangdong, Guangxi, NE Guizhou (Fanjing Shan), Hubei, Hunan, Si- 20-flowered; bracts ovate to broadly so, membranous, basal one
chuan. ca. 1 cm. Flowers solitary or in clusters of 2 or 3; pedicel ca. 8
31. Ophiopogon pingbienensis F. T. Wang & L. K. Dai in F. mm, articulate proximally. Tepals white, oblong-lanceolate, ca.
T. Wang & Tang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 15: 251. 1978. 8 1.52.5 mm. Filaments very short; anthers ca. 4 mm. Style
ca. 8 mm. Fl. Aug. 2n = 36*.
ping bian yan jie cao
Dense forests along valleys. SW Guangxi, SE Yunnan [Cam-
Stem very short, indistinct. Leaves basal, tufted; petiole 4 bodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam].
14 cm; leaf blade abaxially slightly glaucous, narrowly elliptic-
oblong, 5.59 1.52 cm, base attenuate, apex acute. Scape 6 35. Ophiopogon xylorrhizus F. T. Wang & L. K. Dai in F. T.
10 cm. Inflorescence a raceme, several flowered; bracts ovate to Wang & Tang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 15: 252. 1978.
ovate-lanceolate, 68 mm. Flowers solitary; pedicel 46 mm, mu gen yan jie cao
articulate at middle. Tepals oblong-lanceolate to narrowly ob-
long, 811 2.53.5 mm. Filaments ca. 1 mm; anthers ca. 6 Roots somewhat stiltlike, straight, 35 mm thick, stiff,
mm. Style ca. 7 mm, slender. Fl. May. 2n = 36*. woody, not hairy. Leaves basal, tufted; petiole 79 cm; leaf
blade suboblong, 1116 3.24.2 cm, base attenuate, apex
Dense forests; 18002000 m. SE Yunnan (Pingbian Miao Zu
shortly acuminate. Scape ca. 10 cm. Inflorescence a reduced
Zizhixian).
panicle, ca. 6 cm, more than 20-flowered; bracts ovate, 45
32. Ophiopogon tonkinensis L. Rodriguez, Bull. Soc. Bot. mm. Flowers solitary or in clusters of 2 or 3; pedicel ca. 3 mm,
France 75: 998. 1928. articulate at middle. Tepals bluish, ovate-lanceolate to lanceo-
duo hua yan jie cao late, ca. 5 2 mm. Filaments ca. 1 mm; anthers 22.5 mm.
Style ca. 4 mm. Fl. Jun. 2n = 36*.
Rhizome short, with densely white-hairy roots. Leaves
Dense forests, rainforests, thickets, moist and shady places;
basal, tufted; petiole (6)1020(28) cm; leaf blade oblanceo- 6001200 m. S Yunnan.
late-oblong, 1525 2.53.5(4.2) cm, thickly leathery, apex
acute or mucronate. Scape 1524 cm. Inflorescence a reduced 36. Ophiopogon zingiberaceus F. T. Wang & L. K. Dai in F.
panicle, 912 cm, 1535-flowered; bracts ovate to lanceolate, T. Wang & Tang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 15: 252. 1978.
basal one 69 mm. Flowers usually in clusters of 24; pedicel jiang zhuang yan jie cao
35 mm, articulate at middle. Tepals purplish, ovate to oblong,
ca. 4 2 mm. Filaments ca. 1 mm; anthers ca. 3 mm. Style 34 Rhizome gingerlike, ca. 3 cm thick, fleshy. Leaves basal,
mm, slender. Seeds ellipsoid to globose, ca. 9 mm in diam. Fl. tufted, sessile, grasslike, 1530 cm 46 mm, 59-veined.
Sep, fr. OctNov. 2n = 36*. Scape ca. 18 cm. Inflorescence a raceme, ca. 3 cm, more than
Dense forests, scrub forests, thickets, open grassy slopes; 1000 10-flowered; bracts linear, basal one ca. 7 mm. Flowers
1600 m. W Guangxi, SE Yunnan [Vietnam]. solitary; pedicel ca. 2.5 mm, articulate near middle. Tepals
deltoid-ovate, ca. 4 mm (in slightly immature flowers).
33. Ophiopogon pseudotonkinensis D. Fang, J. Trop. Subtrop. Filaments very short; anthers ca. 3 mm. Style ca. 3 mm. Fl.
Bot. 6: 100. 1998. MayJun. 2n = 36*.
ni duo hua yan jie cao Mixed forests, bamboo forests, moist and shady places; 1400
3000 m. S Sichuan, N and SE Yunnan.
Rhizome ca. 2.5 1 cm, robust. Roots ca. 1.5 mm thick.
Leaves basal, tufted; petiole 48 cm; leaf blade usually nar- 37. Ophiopogon megalanthus F. T. Wang & L. K. Dai in F. T.
rowly elliptic-oblong, rarely linear, asymmetric, 13.527 1 Wang & Tang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 15: 253. 1978.
2.2 cm, papery, 916-veined, base attenuate, apex obtuse. da hua yan jie cao
Scape ca. 5.5 cm, compressed. Inflorescence a reduced panicle,
ca. 7 cm, ca. 30-flowered; bracts narrowly ovate, membranous, Plants basally purple-brown. Rhizome tuberous, thick.
basal one ca. 7 mm, base ca. 3 mm wide. Flowers in clusters of Roots densely yellow-brown tomentose when young. Leaves
2 or 3; pedicel ca. 1 cm, articulate at middle. Tepals reflexed basal, tufted, sessile, grasslike, 2560 0.81.5 cm, margin
distally, white, ovate, ca. 5 3.54 mm, apex obtuse. Filaments membranous at base, serrulate distally; leaf tufts surrounded by
many linear-lanceolate sheaths. Scape 3035 cm. Inflorescence late, basal one 78 mm. Flowers solitary; pedicel ca. 1 cm,
a reduced panicle, 710 cm, 1025-flowered; bracts lanceolate, articulate near middle. Tepals purplish, narrowly lanceolate, ca.
slightly falcate, broadly membranous at margin, basal one 1.5 10 2.53 mm. Filaments ca. 2 mm; anthers ca. 7 mm, initially
4 cm. Flowers in clusters of 24; pedicel 11.5 cm, articulate connate, later free. Style ca. 8 mm, slender. Fl. May.
proximally. Tepals purplish red, 910 mm, outer ones ovate, Forests, moist and shady places along streams; 800 1400 m.
inner ones lanceolate. Filaments very short; anthers ca. 5 mm. SW Guangdong, Guangxi.
Style ca. 8 mm. Fl. Jul. 2n = 36*.
41. Ophiopogon intermedius D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 48.
Dense forests, scrub forests, thickets along streams; 11002800 1825.
m. S Yunnan.
jian xing yan jie cao
38. Ophiopogon revolutus F. T. Wang & L. K. Dai in F. T.
Wang & Tang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 15: 253. 1978. Flueggea dubia Kunth; F. griffithii Baker; F. jacquemon-
tiana Kunth; F. japonica (Linnaeus f.) Richard var. intermedia
juan ban yan jie cao
(D. Don) Schultes; F. wallichiana Kunth; Mondo intermedium
Roots slender, white hairy, sometimes with small, (D. Don) L. H. Bailey; M. japonicum (Linnaeus f.) Farwell var.
tuberous part near tip. Leaves basal, tufted, indistinctly griffithii (Baker) Farwell; M. japonicum var. intermedium (D.
petiolate, abaxially glaucous, grasslike, 2550 0.81.2 cm, Don) Farwell; M. japonicum var. wallichianum (Kunth) Far-
base attenuate, margin serrulate; leaf tufts surrounded by well; M. scabrum Ohwi; M. wallichianum (Kunth) L. H.
broadly lanceolate sheaths. Scape 2040 cm. Inflorescence a Bailey; Ophiopogon aciformis F. T. Wang & Tang ex H. Li &
raceme or a reduced panicle, 823 cm, 1024-flowered; bracts Y. P. Yang; O. compressus Y. Wan & C. C. Huang; O.
subulate, basal one 1628 mm. Flowers solitary or sometimes griffithii (Baker) J. D. Hooker; O. japonicus (Linnaeus f.) Ker
paired; pedicel 79 mm, articulate near base. Tepals revolute, Gawler var. intermedius (D. Don) Maximowicz; O.
white or purplish, linear, ca. 9 1.5 mm. Filaments very longibracteatus H. Li & Y. P. Yang; O. longipedicellatus Y.
short; anthers ca. 7 mm, slightly connate or free. Style ca. 8 Wan & C. C. Huang; O. wallichianus (Kunth) J. D. Hooker; O.
mm, slender. Seeds ellipsoid, ca. 9 5 mm. Fl. and fr. Sep xiaokuai Z. Y. Zhu.
Oct. 2n = 36*.
Roots sometimes with fleshy, tuberous part near tip. Rhi-
Rainforests, evergreen broad-leaved forests, dense or sparse for- zome short, thick. Leaves basal, tufted, sessile, grasslike, 15
ests; 5001900 m. S Yunnan [Thailand]. 55(70) cm 315 mm, 59-veined, base attenuate, margin us-
Tanaka (in J. Jap. Bot. 74: 321328. 1999) reduced Ophiopogon ually serrulate; leaf tufts usually surrounded by brownish, mem-
revolutus to the synonymy of O. griffithii. However, one of us (Tamura) branous sheaths. Scape (15)2050 cm, sometimes slightly
prefers to maintain the former species and regard the latter as a syn- flattened and narrowly 2-winged. Inflorescence a reduced pan-
onym of the very variable O. intermedius. icle, (2.5)516 cm, many flowered; bracts subulate, linear, or
lanceolate, basal one 1.54 cm. Flowers in clusters of 2 or 3 or
39. Ophiopogon corifolius F. T. Wang & L. K. Dai in F. T.
sometimes solitary; pedicel 47 mm, articulate proximally or at
Wang & Tang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 15: 353. 1978.
middle. Tepals white or purplish, oblong, ovate, or ovate-lan-
hou ye yan jie cao ceolate, 47 22.5 mm. Filaments very short; anthers 24
mm. Style 34 mm. Seeds ellipsoid. Fl. MayAug, fr. AugOct.
Roots slender, soft, white hairy. Leaves basal, tufted, in-
2n = 36*, 54, 68, 72*, 108*, 112.
distinctly petiolate, abaxially glaucous and whitestreaked, grass-
like, 3860 11.5 cm, leathery, rigid, base attenuate, margin Evergreen broad-leaved forests, mixed forests, bamboo forests,
slightly recurved; leaf tufts surrounded by membranous scrub, moist and shady places along streams, grassy slopes; 7003000
sheaths. Scape ca. 22 cm. Inflorescence a reduced panicle, ca. m. Anhui, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Henan, Hubei, Hu-
12 cm, many flowered; bracts purple-brown, subovate, basal nan, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bangladesh, Bhutan,
one ca. 6 mm. Flowers usually in clusters of 24; pedicel 11.2 India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sikkim, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam].
cm, articulate distally. Tepals purple, ca. 9 mm, outer ones line- Ophiopogon intermedius is a very variable species. Ophiopogon
ar, inner ones lanceolate. Filaments ca. 1 mm; anthers ca. 8 griffithii, reported by Yang and Li (Acta Bot. Yunnan., Suppl. 3: 82
mm. Style ca. 9 mm, slender. Seeds ellipsoid, ca. 10 8 mm. 83. 1990) from S Yunnan, seems to be conspecific with O. inter-
Fl. AprMay, fr. JulAug. medius.

Dense forests; 12001400 m. Guangxi, SW Guizhou. 42. Ophiopogon reversus C. C. Huang, Fl. Hainan. 4: 534.
1977.
40. Ophiopogon sparsiflorus F. T. Wang & L. K. Dai in F. T.
Wang & Tang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 15: 253. 1978. gao jie yan jie cao
shu hua yan jie cao Rhizome short. Leaves basal, tufted, sessile, long linear,
3050 cm 38 mm, (5)79-veined, base attenuate, margin
Roots slender, soft, densely white hairy. Leaves basal, tuft-
serrulate distally. Scape 1825 cm, slightly flattened and mi-
ed, indistinctly petiolate, abaxially glaucous, grasslike, 1540
nutely winged. Inflorescence a reduced panicle, 57 cm, many
cm 47(9) mm, 59-veined, base attenuate; leaf tufts sur-
flowered; bracts deltoid to ovate, basal one to 2 cm. Flowers in
rounded by membranous sheaths. Scape 1328 cm. Inflores-
clusters of 2 or 3 or solitary; pedicel curved, 510 mm, artic-
cence a raceme, 68 cm, several to 15-flowered; bracts lanceo-
ulate distally. Tepals purple, or white tinged with purple, ob- (Linnaeus f.) Farwell; M. stolonifer (H. Lveill & Vaniot)
long-ovate, ca. 5 2 mm, 1-veined. Filaments short; anthers Farwell; O. argyi H. Lveill; O. chekiangensis Koiti Kimura
oblong. Style 56 mm, slender. Seeds purple-blue at maturity, & Migo; O. stolonifer H. Lveill & Vaniot; Slateria ja-
ellipsoid or globose. Fl. and fr. AugOct. ponica (Linnaeus f.) Desvaux.
Forests, hillsides along streams, moist places. Guangxi, Hainan. Plants stoloniferous. Roots moderately thick, usually with
tuberous part near middle or tip. Leaves basal, tufted, sessile,
43. Ophiopogon umbraticola Hance, J. Bot. 6: 115. 1868.
grasslike, generally 1050 cm 24 mm, 37-veined, margin
yin sheng yan jie cao serrulate. Scape 615(27) cm, much shorter than leaves. Inflo-
Flueggea japonica (Linnaeus f.) Richard var. umbraticola rescence a reduced panicle, 25 cm, several to more than 10-
(Hance) Baker; Mondo umbraticola (Hance) Ohwi; M. japoni- flowered; bracts lanceolate, basal one 78 mm. Flowers solitary
cum (Linnaeus f.) Farwell var. umbraticola (Hance) Farwell; or paired, usually nodding; pedicel 34 mm, articulate near
Ophiopogon japonicus (Linnaeus f.) Ker Gawler var. umbrati- middle. Tepals white or purplish, lanceolate, ca. 5 2 mm. Fil-
cola (Hance) C. H. Wright. aments very short; anthers 2.53 mm. Style somewhat narrowly
conical, ca. 4 mm, moderately thick, basally widened. Seeds
Rhizome short. Leaves basal, tufted, sessile, grasslike, 15 globose, 78 mm in diam. Fl. MayAug, fr. AugSep. 2n =
35(50) cm 12 mm, ca. 3-veined, margin serrulate. Scape 34*, 36*, 67, 68*, 72*, 108*.
ca. 30 cm. Inflorescence a reduced panicle, 816 cm, many
flowered; bracts nearly subulate, basal one 68 mm. Flowers in Forests, dense scrub in ravines, moist and shady places on slopes
clusters of 2 or 3 or solitary; pedicel ca. 1 cm, slender, articulate and along streams, cliffs; 2002800 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong,
Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi,
near middle. Tepals bluish, lanceolate to oblong, ca. 4 1.52 Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan,
mm. Filaments ca. 0.8 mm; anthers ca. 2 mm. Style ca. 1.2 mm Korea].
in diam., longer than anthers, basally widened. Fl. Aug. 2n =
68*, 72*. Widely cultivated in China for its tuberous roots, which are used
medicinally.
Forests, scrub, cliffs, streamsides, moist and shady places along
valleys; 7001000 m. N Guangdong, NE Guizhou (Fanjing Shan), 46. Ophiopogon clarkei J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 6: 268.
Jiangxi, SE Sichuan (Jinfo Shan). 1892.

44. Ophiopogon bodinieri H. Lveill, Mem. Pontif. Accad. chang si yan jie cao
Romana Nuovi Lincei 23: 343. 1905.
Mondo dracaenoides (Baker) Farwell var. clarkei (J. D.
yan jie cao Hooker) Farwell.
Mondo bodinieri (H. Lveill) Farwell; M. formosanum Plants stoloniferous. Roots slender, usually with fusiform,
Ohwi; Ophiopogon bodinieri var. pygmaeus F. T. Wang & L. tuberous part near middle or tip. Leaves basal, tufted, sessile,
K. Dai; O. filiformis H. Lveill; ?O. lofouensis H. Lveill. grasslike, 730 cm 23 mm, 57-veined, margin slightly ser-
rulate. Scape 1020 cm. Inflorescence a reduced panicle, 23
Plants stoloniferous. Roots slender, usually with tuberous
cm, 25-flowered; bracts lanceolate to narrowly ovate, basal
part near tip. Leaves basal, tufted, sessile, grasslike, (5)2040
one 67 mm. Flowers solitary or paired; pedicel 45 mm,
14(7) mm, margin serrulate. Scape (5)1535 cm. Inflo-
articulate at or below middle. Tepals white, ovate to ovate-lan-
rescence a reduced panicle, 17 cm, several to many flowered;
ceolate, 78 2.53.5 mm. Filaments ca. 1.5 mm; anthers ca.
bracts yellowish, linear, basal one ca. 7 mm. Flowers solitary or
4.5 mm. Style basally slightly widened. Fl. JunJul. 2n = 36*,
paired; pedicel 58 mm, articulate at middle. Tepals white, pur-
?38.
plish, or yellowish, tinged reddish, ovate-lanceolate to subob-
long, 46 1.53 mm. Filaments 0.50.8 mm; anthers ca. 2.5 Forests, scrub forests, cliffs, streamsides; 20003500 m. E Xi-
mm. Style 45 mm, slender. Seeds subglobose or ellipsoid, 56 zang, NW Yunnan [Bhutan, NE India, Nepal, Sikkim].
mm in diam. Fl. JunAug, fr. AugOct. 2n = 36*, 108*. 47. Ophiopogon paniculatus Z. Y. Zhu, Guihaia 14: 206. 1994.
Forests, scrub forests, thickets, hillsides along ravines, moist zhui xu yan jie cao
places on grassy slopes; 5003600 m. Gansu, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei,
Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan [?Bhutan]. Plants stoloniferous. Rhizome stout. Roots slender. Leaves
The tuberous roots are used medicinally. basal, tufted, subsessile or indistinctly petiolate, grasslike, 12
33 0.20.7 cm, 57-veined, base attenuate. Scape 1520 cm.
45. Ophiopogon japonicus (Linnaeus f.) Ker Gawler, Bot. Inflorescence a panicle, 35 cm, many flowered; branches 57
Mag. 27: t. 1063. 1807. mm, 24-flowered; bracts and bracteoles lanceolate to ovate-
mai dong lanceolate, 57 mm. Pedicel 47 mm, articulate near apex. Te-
pals white, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 56 1.52 mm. Fila-
Convallaria japonica Linnaeus f., Suppl. Pl. 204. 1782; ments indistinct; anthers lanceolate, 3.84.5 mm. Style 45
Anemarrhena cavaleriei H. Lveill, nom. illeg. (included mm, slender. Fl. JunJul.
Ophiopogon stolonifer); C. japonica var. minor Thunberg;
Flueggea japonica (Linnaeus f.) Richard; Mondo japonicum Slopes; ca. 1000 m. Sichuan.
 57. PELIOSANTHES Andrews, Bot. Repos. 10: t. 605. 1810.
qiu zi cao shu

Chen Xinqi ( Chen Sing-chi); Minoru N. Tamura

Bulbospermum Blume; Lourya Baillon; Neolourya L. Rodriguez; Teta Roxburgh.
Herbs perennial, rhizomatous, with thick roots. Stem usually short, rarely elongate and procumbent. Leaves usually basal, rarely
cauline, petiolate; leaf blade linear to elliptic-ovate, subplicate veined, with conspicuous, transverse veins between main, longitudinal
veins, glabrous. Scape terminating in a raceme or reduced panicle. Flowers solitary or in clusters of 25, subtended by a bract; ped-
icel articulate near apex; bracteole absent or 1. Perianth segments 6, united into a tube. Stamens 6; filaments dilated, connate in a
fleshy ring (corona), rarely free; corona flat or elevated; anthers subsessile. Ovary inferior to semi-inferior, 3-loculed; ovules 24(or
5) per locule. Style shortly conical to columnar; stigma capitate to 3-lobed, small. Fruit bursting at an early stage and exposing young
seeds. Seeds blue at maturity, berrylike, ellipsoid to globose.
About 16 species: Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Sikkim, Thailand, Vietnam; six species (five en-
demic) in China.

Jessop (Blumea 23: 141159. 1976) united all the previously recognized species of Peliosanthes into a single species, P. teta Andrews, com-
prising two subspecies, subsp. teta and subsp. humilis (Andrews) Jessop ex Gandhi, because he could not find satisfactory correlations between the
variations of gross morphological characters. However, according to a molecular taxonomic study by Yamashita, Vogel, and Tamura (unpublished),
individuals of some species of Peliosanthes based on the earlier, narrower species concept clearly form clades. Therefore, in this treatment, we use the
narrower species concept instead of that of Jessop. Peliosanthes kaoi, P. macrostegia, and P. yunnanensis are distinguishable from one another
primarily by size, and P. ophiopogonoides is distinguished from these three species primarily by leaf venation (the diagnostic value of which in
Peliosanthes is not well known). Further studies are needed to ascertain whether or not these four species are really distinct from one another and also
from the Himalayan species P. macrophylla Wallich ex Baker. Peliosanthes stenophylla Merrill, described from Guangdong, has been transferred to
Ophiopogon, as O. stenophyllus (Merrill) L. Rodriguez. The holotype specimen of P. mairei H. Lveill, described from Yunnan, can be identified as
Maianthemum atropurpureum (Franchet) LaFrankie.
1a. Flowers in clusters of 25; ovary inferior .............................................................................................................................. 1. P. teta
1b. Flowers solitary; ovary semi-inferior.
2a. Stem procumbent, 5.518.5 cm ................................................................................................................................... 2. P. sinica
2b. Stem erect, less than 3 cm.
3a. Leaves with oblique transverse veins ................................................................................................. 3. P. ophiopogonoides
3b. Leaves with horizontal transverse veins.
4a. Perianth 1216 mm in diam.; anthers ca. 2 mm .................................................................................. 4. P. yunnanensis
4b. Perianth 5.512 mm in diam.; anthers 0.51 mm.
5a. Leaf blade 1525 56 cm; petiole 2030 cm; raceme 925 cm; scape 610 cm; pedicels
56 mm .......................................................................................................................................... 5. P. macrostegia
5b. Leaf blade 68 1.52 cm; petiole 35 cm; raceme 35 cm; scape 45 cm; pedicels 1.52 mm ........... 6. P. kaoi
1. Peliosanthes teta Andrews, Bot. Repos. 10: t. 605. 1810. 2. Peliosanthes sinica F. T. Wang & Tang, Fl. Reipubl. Pop-
ularis Sin. 15: 253. 1978.
cu hua qiu zi cao
pu fu qiu zi cao
Peliosanthes minor Yamamoto; P. tonkinensis F. T. Wang
& Tang; P. torulosa Y. Wan. Stem procumbent, 5.518.5 cm. Leaves 3 or 4; petiole (2)
720 cm; leaf blade oblong to elliptic, 1117 36 cm, with 7
Stem short. Leaves 48; petiole (5)2030 cm, slightly
main veins. Scape ca. 3.5 cm. Inflorescence a raceme, 1.55
compressed; leaf blade lanceolate to elliptic, (12)1623 24
cm; bracts lanceolate, 510 mm, papery, apex caudate. Flowers
cm, with 5 main veins, apex acute to acuminate. Scape 320
solitary; pedicel ca. 3 mm; bracteole absent. Perianth purple, 6
cm. Inflorescence a reduced panicle, (5)1015 cm; bracts
7 mm in diam.; tube ca. 1 mm, proximally adnate to ovary;
lanceolate, 37 mm, membranous. Flowers in clusters of 25;
lobes ovate, 34 mm. Corona ca. 1 mm wide; anthers ca. 0.5
pedicel (3)58 mm; bracteole 1, ca. 2 mm. Perianth purple, 6
mm. Style short; stigma shortly 3-lobed. Seeds ellipsoid, 0.7
8 mm in diam.; tube 23 mm, mostly adnate to ovary; lobes
1.5 cm. Fr. Oct. 2n = 36*.
oblong to ovate, 2.54 1.52 mm. Corona purple, ca. 0.5 mm
wide; anthers ca. 0.5 mm. Style short; stigma capitate. Seeds Evergreen broad-leaved forests, rainforests, bamboo forests;
subglobose, 57 mm. Fl. Jan. 2n = 36*. 4002100 m. S Guangxi, S Yunnan.

Forests; ca. 600 m. S Guangxi, Hainan, S Yunnan [Bangladesh, 3. Peliosanthes ophiopogonoides F. T. Wang & Tang, Fl.
NE and SE India, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Sikkim, Thailand, Viet- Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 15: 253. 1978.
nam].
chang bao qiu zi cao
 Stem 23 cm. Leaves 2 or 3; petiole 1530 cm; leaf blade purple, ca. 3 mm; tube turbinate, proximally adnate to ovary;
linear-lanceolate, 1730 23 cm, with 5 main veins, apex cau- lobes deltoid-ovate, slightly shorter than tube, apex obtuse. Co-
date. Scape 715 cm. Inflorescence a raceme, 815 cm; bracts rona narrow. Style short. Seeds ovoid. Fl. Jul. 2n = 34*, 36*.
lanceolate, 715 mm, herbaceous. Flowers solitary; pedicel 23
mm; bracteole 1, 23 mm. Perianth 68 mm in diam.; tube 34 Forests; 14001600 m. SE Taiwan (Taidong Xian).
mm, basally adnate to ovary; lobes deltoid-ovate, ca. 3 2.5
mm. Corona ca. 1 mm wide; anthers ca. 1 mm. Style ca. 1 mm;
stigma capitate. Seeds narrowly ellipsoid, ca. 1.2 cm. Fl. Oct, fr.
Jun. 2n = 36*.
Dense forests, evergreen broad-leaved forests; 13001800 m. SE
Yunnan (Pingbian Miao Zu Zizhixian).
4. Peliosanthes yunnanensis F. T. Wang & Tang, Fl. Reipubl.
Popularis Sin. 15: 254. 1978.
yun nan qiu zi cao
Stem short. Leaves 25; petiole 1525 cm; leaf blade line-
ar-oblong, 2535 ca. 3 cm, with 810 main veins, apex cau-
date. Scape 1013 cm. Inflorescence a raceme, 57 cm; bracts
lanceolate-oblong, 510 mm. Flowers solitary; pedicel 13
mm; bracteole 1, 34 mm. Perianth purplish green, 1.21.6
cm in diam.; tube ca. 1.5 56 mm, proximally adnate to
ovary; lobes ovate, 46 ca. 4 mm. Corona ca. 2 mm wide;
anthers ca. 2 mm. Style short; stigma capitate. Fl. Nov. 2n =
36*.
Forests; 2001800 m. SE Yunnan (Hekou Yao Zu Zizhixian,
Malipo Xian).
5. Peliosanthes macrostegia Hance, J. Bot. 23: 328. 1885.
da gai qiu zi cao
Peliosanthes arisanensis Hayata; P. delavayi Franchet; P.
tashiroi Hayata.
Stem ca. 1 cm. Leaves 25; petiole 2030 cm; leaf blade
lanceolate-oblong, 1525 56 cm, with 59 main veins.
Scape 610 cm. Inflorescence a raceme, 925 cm; bracts lan-
ceolate to lanceolate-oblong, 615 mm, membranous. Flowers
solitary; pedicel 56 mm; bracteole 1, 35 mm. Perianth pur-
ple, 5.512 mm in diam.; tube ca. 2 mm, proximally adnate to
ovary; lobes deltoid-ovate, ca. 4 mm. Corona undulate apically;
anthers 0.51 mm. Style short; stigma 3-lobed. Seeds subglo-
bose, ca. 1 cm. Fl. AprJun, fr. JulSep. 2n = 36*.
Dense tropical forests, evergreen broad-leaved forests, bamboo
forests and thickets, scrub, shady and humid cliffs; 4001800 m.
Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, NE Sichuan, Taiwan, SE Yun-
nan [?Vietnam].

This species probably also occurs in Vietnam: one locality is on

the border between Yunnan and Vietnam. The plants here identified as
Peliosanthes macrostegia were treated by Handel-Mazzetti (Symb. Sin.
7: 1219. 1936) as P. macrophylla Wallich ex Baker.

6. Peliosanthes kaoi Ohwi, J. Jap. Bot. 42: 317. 1967.

tai dong qiu zi cao

Stem short. Petiole 35 cm, slightly compressed; leaf blade

not shining, oblong to ovate-oblong, 68 1.52 cm, thickly
papery, with 5 main veins, apex abruptly acuminate. Scape 45
cm. Inflorescence a raceme, 35 cm; bracts lanceolate, 310
mm. Flowers solitary; pedicel 1.52 mm; bracteole 1. Perianth