^a^

< To A minute JntMtigatioii of the peculiir virtues of certain plants and hertM Hw Tndiani
of old were naturally incited by the Tast Tariety and beauty of the innumerable ves^table
productions which coTer the face of their fertile territory: these in some places grow up
spontaneously; many applied to sacred pmpoaes, the ministers of religion reverently
cherished; and many the hand of traffic diligently cultivated for exportation*"
IxpuH Anuivaast toL Til. p. 624.

LonnoN:
Printed by A. & R. Spottiswoode>
New.Street> Square.
CONTENTS
or
THE SECOND VOLUME.
PAELIMfNARY ObSERVATIOMB ...... t
Names in some of the Oriental Languages of the descrip. tion of Plants, and the parts of
Plants, that are used in medicine in India ...... xxxvii
CHAP. L
Medicines in use amongst the Hindoos, and other Eastern nations .........i
CHAP. IL
Books in various Eastern languages connected with Medicine and other sciences ....... 4.91
A List of Sanscrit Medical and other Books, verbatim as it was given to me by a celebrated
Hindoo physician of Southern Lidia, and written by a learned native of the name of
Ramaswlmy Naig ...... 491
A List of Tamool Medical and Scientific Books ... 499
A List of Persian and Arabic Medical and Scientific Books; die names of some of which were
taken from Stewart's descriptive Catalogue of Tippoo Sultan's Library - . 504

A furtherXist of Tamool Books, procured for me by a learned Vy tian of Southern India . . . ^ .

. S20
List of Medical Works in the hands of the native practitioners of Ceylon; they are mostly in
Sanscrit, which in that island is written in the Cyngalese character; many of them, how. ever,
are translated into Cyngalese. The list was procured for me by the late much-lamented W.
Tolfrey, Esq. of Ceylon 525
CHAP. in.
Names of Diseases in various Eastern languages - - 528
Addenda - - - 54S
A 2
PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONSIt is much tx) be lamented that it was ever found necessary to include the sciences, and arts^
amongst those subjects which are treated of in the sacred writings of the Hindoos } a
circumstance which has been hitherto an insurmountable obstacle to improvement ; and is,
no doubt, one of the causes why medicine in India is still sunk in a state of empirical
darkness.
" The At/ur Veda^ as the medical writings of the highest antiquity are called, is considered to
be a portion of the fourtii or Athartta Veda, and is con* sequentiy the work of Brahma *, who
composed the four immortal Vedas\ this Ayur Veda was communicated by Brahma to Dacsha
the pnyapati, and by him the two Aswins, or sons of Surj/a (the sun) were instructed in it; ^id
they then became the medical attendants of the Gods: a genealogy which cannot fail recalling
to our remembrance the two sons of Esculapius, and their descent from Apollo/' The Aswins,
it is believed by some, first made Indra acquainted with the medical science contained in the
* See an interesting account of the medical and sui^ical sciences of the Hindoos, in the
Oriental Magaxine for March 182S.
A S
Ayur Veday and that he was the precepter of Dhatt'' wantrie ; others are of opinion that
Atret/a, BharacU wqjUf and Charaka were instructed in the mysteries of the healing art prior
to Dharvwantrie ; be that as it may, CJiaraka^s work is still extant, and goe by his name.
Dhanwantrie is sometimes called Kasi-rcga (Prince of Kasi or Benares); his disciple was
Susrutay son of Vimamitra^ a contemporary of Rama ; his work (Susmta's) still exists ; it is
supposed to be c^ great antiquity, perhaps the oldest, with the exception of that of Charaka *,
which the Hindoos yet possess.
The Ayur Veda itself is said to have originally consisted of one hundred sections of a
thousand stanzas each ; it was adapted to the limited faculties of man, and Was divided into
eight parts, comprising the whole of the ars medendi amongst the Hindoos ; according to the

valuable account above mentioned, they were the following :

I. Sab/a, which instructed in the art of extracting extraneous substances that chance or
mischief may have forced into the human frame.
II. Salakya. This treated of external organic affections, such as diseases of the eyes, ears, &c.
III. Kaya CMkitsa. This treated of the application of the healing art to the body in general.
IV. BhiUavidya. This treated of the restoration of the faculties from a deranged state, induced
by demoniacal possession.
V. Kavmarahhritya. The subject of this was the care of infancy; it also embraced the
treatment of puerperal disorders in mothers and nurses.
* This some imagine to have been inspired by Seeva; other Sanscrit medical works of great
celebrity, but of more modem date are the Roganirupana and Nidana. (As. Res, vol. i. p.
350.V
FBEUMWABT OBSXRYATIQNib VU
VL Agada. .This taught the best mode of acU ininistering antidotes.
VII. Rasajfona* This treated of chemistry^ or more properly speaking, alchemy*
VIII. Bxgikarana. This taught how the increase of the human race could best be promoted.
Sir William Jones informs us, that the Ajfur Veda has been almost entirely lost in the lapse of
ages * \ but that he had met with a curious fragment of it; in which he was surprized to find
an account of the internal structure of the human frame. Whatever may have been done,
however, in this way, in former times, it is to be regretted that the custom of dissecting and
examining the dead subject, does not now exist amongst the Hindoos; indeed it is, I believe,
contrary to the Brahminical tenets of the present day: so that all the knowledge they have of
the anatomy of man, can be little else than conjecture, formed from what they may have seen
in looking into the bodies of brute animals.t
With regard to the surgical knowledge the ancient Hindoos possessed, however neglected
that branch of medicine may now be in India, it will I think be allowed, from what has been
advanced respecting
* In the hermetic writings, or bible of figjrpt, the Zend-Aveda of Iran, the Vedas and Upavedas
of Hindoostan, Mr. Miller in* forms us, are discovered^ respectively^ complete sections on
the subject of medicine; and which must be considered as incomparably the most ancient
monuments of that science. See Miller s DisquuUion on the Huiory of Medicine, part i. p.
249
f 'the present Rajah of Tanjore is a most enlightened and learned prince, and particularly
distinguished by his attachment to scientific research ; anxious to make himself acquainted
with the structure of the human body but too rigid a Hindoo to satisfy his curiosity at the

expence of his religious opinions, he ordered a complete skeleton made of ivory to be sent to
him from England. The Rajah is, besides, a tolerable chemist; and, what is better, a very
worthy and amiable man.
A 4
Vlii PRELIMrNARY OBSERVATIONS.
the two first subdivisions of the Ayur Veda, viz. Salt/a and Salaki/a, tiiat those must have
treated of surgery, strictly so called ; and it has as clearly been ascertained, that in the first
portion of a commentary on Susruta's work, already noticed, many valuable surgical
definitions are distinctly detailed : this portion is entitled Suira Sl'hana or chirurgical
definitions. The second portion of the commentary is the Nidana Sl'hana, or section on
symptoms or diagnosis. The third is the Sarira Sl'hana, the subject of which is anatomy. The
fourth, Chikitsa Sl'hana, treats of the internal use of medicines. The fifth, Kalpa Sl'hana, gives
a copious list of antidotes. The sixth and last is the Uilara ; it is a supplementary section on
various local diseases or affections of the eye, ear, &c. In all those portions, however, it would
appear from the testimony last quoted, that surgery, and not general medicine, is the
principal object of the commentary.
The instrumental part of surgery, was, according to the best authority, of eight kinds,
chedhana, cutting, or excision ; kkhana, which signifies drawing lines, appears to be
applicable to scarification and inoculation ; vyadhana, puncturing j eshyam, probing, or
sounding; afiarya, extraction of solid bodies; visravana, extraction t of fluids ; seiana, or
sewing, and bhedana, division, or excision.
This commentary was made by Ubhatta, a Caslirairian, and may be as old as llie twelfth
century. See Asiatic Journal for September 1823, p.212.
j" Under tliis bead, extracting of fluids, arc included tbe use of leeches (jnlauka) and
bleeding or venesection. On the subject of leeches some of the surgical sastrums of Upper
India treat fijlly. Twelve species of leech are therein enumerated, six of which arc said to be
poisonous; and their names in Sanscrit are the karbura, atagarda, tndraifudha, samudrika,
and the eobondana. The SIX that are fit for use are the kapila, or tawny leech; the
The mechanical means employed in Hindoo surgery seem to have been numerous; these
were generally termed yantras^ including a great variety of instruments (sastras), and having
distinct names, corresponding with the purposes for which they were intended; such as tongs
{sandansas)^ needles (jsuchi)^ teeth instruments {danta sanku)^ saws (Jcarapatra\ tabular
instruments (nari\ lancets (mandalagra\ knives (ardhadara$\ histories (kucharicd) \ of
bandages according to Ubliattaj or Baghbattaj there were no less than fourteen kinds; of rods
and sounds, and instruments for eradicating nasal polypi (nakra) so common and
troublesome in India, there were also a great variety; then again in their surgical pharmacy
they ^pear to have had, frequently, recourse to kshara, which signifies alkaline salts, or
solutions, as are directed in the saranghadra. The actual cautery, with heated metals (agni) is
very commonly employed by the Hindoos of the present age, who al30 not unfrequently use a
cautery prepared with hot seedsy combustible substances, or inflamed boiling fluids of a
gelatinous or mucous consistence ; but as has been said in speaking of anatomy^ whatever

may have been done in former times, it may be justly observed, that no operations in surgery
of any nicety, are now ventured on by the medical men of India; certainly, not by the Tamool
or Tellingoo practitioners of the Southern provinces, where, however, dislocated joints are
replaced, and fractured limbs set
pingda^ which has a red tinge; the sanka mukki^ yrhxcYi is yellow, and has a long sharp head
; the muskika^ which is dun; the pan^ darika ntukki, which has the hue of the tnudga
(phaseolus moong); and the savarikof which resembles the leaf of the lotus in iit colour. See
Oriental Magazine for March 1823.
PRELrMINARY OBSERVATIONS.
with tolerable skill, by a class of men called in Tamool liaymtgkatugara aluvanien, wlio also
apply leeches, &c. Tiie Mahometan doctors, Hakeems *>=-, oc caaionally bleed, and couch
for the cataract, which last is done in a very clumsy and uncertain manner. We learn from Mr.
Crawford's excellent History of the Eastern Archipelago (vol. i. p. 329.), that neither are the
Malay doctors much in the habit of taking away blood j like the Hindoos they have much
faith in incantations, but never feel the pulse ; in this last respect differing essentially from
the Indians, who distinguish no fewer than " twenty kinds of pulse." t
The Vitians or Vydias (physicians) being sudras, are not permitted to peruse the sacred J
medical writings (vedas), which are guarded with religious awe by the Shastree Brahmins;
but they have free access to many professional tracts (sastras), which correspond with, and
are, in fact, commentaries on them. These are said to have been composed by prophets and
holy men of antiquity (^Maharshies), to whom is generally given a divine origin, such as
Aghastier, whose work has just been quoted.
This is no place to enter minutely into the discussion, which has so long engaged the
attention of mankind, regarding the claims of priority of Hin-doostan over other countries,
with respect to the cultivation of the human mind; nor have I sufficient of Eastern lore to
enter with confidence on the 8ub* See Asiatic Researches, vol.i. p. 408. (Calcutta edition.) \ Sec a medical BasCrum by
Agliastier, entitled Aghastier Vyiia An If our 00.
\ Sir William Jones infurms us, tliat there ia o vast collectioii of them from the Charaka,
which is confiidered as a work of Seeva, to the Roganirapnna and Nidana, which are
comparatively modern.
ject i much has been said on either side, and we know that there are some very enlightened
in-dividualsy who acknowledge, that they begin to lose faith in the assumption, that the
Hindoos had made great progress in the arts and sciences, at a timer when other nations
were, if I may use the expres* sion, still in their cradle. Nay, these gentlemen further state,
that they <*have now the strongest grounds to suspect, that in many cases the knowledge of
the Indians was borrowed at second hand, from the communication of their Persian and
Arabic conquerors; who themselves had been instructed by the creative genius of the
Greeks." (See Edin^ burgh Review, for May 1811.)

In opposition to this, Mr. Maurice observes, in his History qf Hmdoostan, (vol. i. p. 79.) " the
genius of the Hindoos was ever too proud to borrow either ceremonies of religion, or maxims
of policy from their neighbours; the Egyptians, if they did not appropriate to themselves the
ancient mythofo-gical rites, and symbols, of India, have perhaps de-* rived both from one
primitive source of Cuthite profanation;" and it may be further noticed, that I have not been
able to hear of any translations that ever were made of medical writings from the Arabic into
the Sanscrit; but there is existing evidence of the borrowing of the Arabians from the
Hindoos, which the reader may convince himself of, by referring to the list of Arabic books, in
the second volume of this work.
Let us see what the learned Mr. Bryant has said on this point, in his New System qf Ancient
Mytho^ hgy(yo\. iv. pp. ^5&, 25?.): " From circumstances of this nature many learned men
have contended, that
XU PHEUMINART OBSERVATIONS.
the Indians and even the Chinese * were a colony from Egypt, while others have proceeded as
warmly upon the opposite principle ; and have insisted, that the Egyptians, at least their
learning, and customs, are to be derived from the Ind't and Seres; but neither opinion is quite
true : nor need wc be brought to this alternative, ibr they both proceed from one central
place; and the same people who imported their religion, rites, and science into Egypt, carried
the same to the Indies and the Ganges, and still farther into China, and Japan j not but that
some colonies undoubtedly came from Egypt. But the arts and sciences imported into India,
were derived from another family, even the Cuthites of Caldea, by whom the Mizraim
themselves were instructed, and from Egypt they passed westward."
The Hindoo medical treatises (^Vaghduni), we are told, were all written many himdred years
ago, but at what exact periods it is next to impossible to ascertain J as dates are \eTy rarely
affixed to the manu* John Davis, Esq., in his admirable " Memoir concerning the Chinese," says, tlial from tlie
race of Chom (B. C. 1100 years) we may date the autheniic history of the Chinese; but that
the empire of China cannot be ilated earlier than about 200 years before Christ. The period of
Clwui, Mr. Davis observes, was distinguislied by the birth of Confucius; though M. Chatfield
iii rather inclined to thinli, tlial he was cotemporury with Hero-dotus, who wrote 450 years B.
C.: be that as it may, it was not till after the death of that great legislator that idol worship
was introduced into China. Mr. Davis stales, that it was at the same period (B.C. 1100 years)
that Binlii/,a was born in India; but that his religion was not introduced into China before the
6rst century of the Christian era. Mr. Davis further notices, that, with the exception of this
heresy, the Chinese appear to have borrowed nothing from their Western neighbours. The
Hindoos did not impart their knowledge of astronomy to the Chinese, that was first
introduced into China by the Arabians, and subsequently by European missionaries. See
Transncliorts of the Royal Asiatic Sodeli/, vol. i. p. 1. '
PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS. XIU
scripts, and whatever questions are put, touching particular eras, to those Brahmins who
might be supposed best able to reply to them, they are invariably answered in an

unsatisfactory manner; a lamentable fact, which is, I perceive, also noticed by Dr. Buchanan
(now Hamilton), in his Journey through Mysore^ 4tr. (vol. i. p. 335.)
The different nations or tribes of India have their respective medical authors, whose writings
are of more or less repute. Those of the Hindoos of Upper Hindoostan are numerous, and are
nearly all in Sanscrit. They are highly venerated, the natural consequence, we must conclude,
of the very dignified character which the Brahminical institutions have long maintained. But
the medical books which more particularly call our attention are those of the Tellingas and
Tamools. Few of the first are composed in Tel* lingoo*, but in Sanscrit, and are either
transcripts of tracts, common in the higher provinces, or written by some of the Maharshies
(saints) of Lower India. They are all in verse, and remarkable for the minute, though strange
descriptions they give of the symptoms of diseases; they at the same time betray a woeful
ignorance of the internal economy and nicer functions of the human frame; and are but too
often obscured by mystical illusions, and a blind belief in the powers of magic and
enchantment.
The Tamool medical works, on the other hand, are many of them originally written in what is
called high Tamool (Y611ac6num), which is allowed to be a
* The TelliDgoOi though not the most energetic, is, certainly, from the frequency of vowel
terminations, the softest of all the Eastern languages, with the exception of the Malay, which
has been called the Italian of Asia, and is, no doubt, the sweetest and most musical language
in the world, not even excepting the Italian.
f

UT PBELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS.
richly cultivated language, and peculiarly energetic. The poetry^ (Cavi), in which all scientific
works are written, is much admired by those who have made it a study ; so liberal would
appear to be the poetical license in permitting, as in the Greek, the transposing, altering, and
occasionallyaltogethertakingaway certain lettere, in order to harmonize and vary the rhythm}
and 90 much care is ever bestowed on the construction of the various measures. Those
sastrums are supposed to be more valuable than many which are written in Sanscrit j they are
said to be less sliackled with the mythological doctrines of the original Ayur Veda, to contain
a greater number of valuable ^rj/m/rt", and to show a still more minute attention to the
enumeration of morbid symptoms; but, like them, tliey evince a firm conviction in the belief
and intervention of evil spirits, and offer many curious rules for averU ing their
machinations.
Before proceeding to offer to the reader a few extracts from a medical sastrum of high repute
in Lower India, I shall lay before him a brief outline of the religious institutions of the

Hindoos, with some account of the state of general science amongst them, which, although
such discussions may not be immediately connected with the subjects treated of in the
Materia Indica, will, I trust, be not altogether unacceptable, when it is recollected that the
chronology, science, literature, &c. of this singularly interesting people, are all intimately
interwoven with their mystical theology.
Mr. Chatfield, in his admirable workf, obseiTes,
There is this singularity in some of the yellacanum poetry, that the rhyme depends not on
the last word of the tine, but on the first; and the etfect it has oa Uic ear once accustomed to
it IB by no means unpleasant.
f See Chatfield'e Revieio of Hindoostan, p. 153. ,i
that, ** whether the Hindoo mythology was founded on the dark enigmas of their
astronomers, or the fio tions of their poets disguising natural light, it is proved firom the
authority of a learned Orientalist, that their history, notwithstanding its claims to a much
higher antiquity, cannot be traced farther back than SOOO years before Christ Their early
historians, as in all infant states, were their poets, their priests, and their philosophers; and
therefore, whatever they relate is so much enveloped in mystery and fable, that belief is
violated, and the path to truth is lost in the mazes of vague and uncertain conjecture/'*
The Hindoos believe that all things have been derived firom BrahmSf who is their God
Creator; Veeshnu is their God Preserver ; and Sceva (or Mahdeo) their God Destroy ert; yet it
is singular, that however supreme the first-mentioned being is, there exists throughout all
India not one templet devoted to his particular worship as Creator; nor, amidst the numerous
festivals of the Hindoos, is there one peculiarly consecrated to Brahma. In
* According to the system of the Hindoos^ it would appear, with respect to the age of the
world, that from the commencement of the $atya vug^ which is the first of the four yngi^ or
great periods, to the present time, is comprehended a space of 3,892,919 jears, EhanU is said
bysome to have been the first universal sovereign of India. Sir William Jones, however,
supposes that Rama the son of Cxuh (who was preceded by Bharat) was he who established
the first regular government in liidia; but the name, as Mills observes, by wnich diiefly the
idea of universal sovereignty of India, and of the glory of art and science is combined, is that
of Vicramaditi/ay who reisned till about the year of the caliyue{fhe fourth i/ug) SIOl, which
corresponds to the first of the Christian era. See Mills's History o/* British India, vol. i. p.
439. And this, as we have above stated, is about the period that the sect of JPo, or Buddha^
was introduced into China firom India, whence it was expelled by a bigotted priesthood.
f Also called the avenging god.
i At Pooskhuri near Ajmcre, however, one is said to have been dedicated to Brahma.
Sm. PREI-rMINAnY OBSEnVATIONS,
conversation once with a learned, I may say enlightened, pundit, I ventured, with some
hesitation, to question him on this point, when he, with an air of candour, informed me, that

much had been misun-derstood, and much misrepresented on the subject of his rehgion,
owing, perhaps, in a great measure, to the difficulty of rightly understanding the mysteries
contained in the institutes of Menu, who was the first of created beings, the son of Brahma,
and their oldest and most holy lawgiver. He continued to state, that a Jabulous account
existed, which profanely represented Brahma, while in the heavens, before the world was, to
have, in one instance, acted improperly, and so to have it denounced against him as a
punishment, that no temple should ever be built to him on eaith : how strange, said he, to
have any infirmity whatever ascribed to that gi'eat and wise being, who, in after time, was to
be hailed Creator! and who is known first to have sprang from the Su-preme Essence, the
principle of Truth! " No!" added the intelligent Brahmin, "I believe it maybe otherwise and
more justly explained. Brahma has no visible church on earth j and why? because nothing
that mortals could erect could ever be worthy of him : he is the Almighty one, the first, the
best, the most glorious, whose shrine must be the heart qf man, not built by his impotent
hands! Veeshnu, Seeva, and Crishria*, sacred and powerful as they are, can only properly be
considered as so many emanations from,
* Crishna is supposed to have been the son of Devaci, by Vasu-deva; and is enthusiastically
worshipped by the Hindoos; he is the darling god of the Hindoo women; is allowed to be
equally heroic and lovely ; and is by some conjectured to be Veeshtu himself in a human
form. See Asiatic Itesearc/ies, vol. i. pp.260, 261. Calcutia edition. The life of Crishna may be
found in the poem called Bagavad Getn, composed by Vi/asa.
P1ILIMINABT OBSERVATIONS. XVU
SO many types and symbols o^ the higher divinity, and to them occasional incarnations have
been allowed for the instruction and improvement of mankind! Brahma it was who formed
the four great castes or tribes, into which the Hindoos are divided. The firsts the BrahmanSf
or priests, who proceeded from Brahma's. mouth, and who, notwithstanding their holy duties,
are not prohibited from holding civil appointments. The second, the Cshatrijfas^ or
Kshatrnfos^ these are the modern rajpoots, whose profession is war, to draw the bow, to
fight and command, also to receive and give alms. The third, the Visoj or Vaisyas^ destined to
the employments of agriculture and traffic ; and the last, the Sudras^ doomed to servitude,
labour, and subjection. The sects of Veeshnu and Seeva have their peculiar characteristics,
and not a little jealousy exists between them. The ceremonies at their respective fanes are
very different, and their varying tenets, some have imagined, to have a corresponding
influence on individual dispositions and habits of thinking: Veeshnu is appeased with the
simple fruits of the earth, with milk, flowers, and herbs, and is worshipped as the munificent,
the humane^i^ibie placid, and the Preserver : Seeva, on the othet hand, is ever adored with a
degree of fear and trembling; known as he is to be fierce and vindictive*, and: distinguished,
as the eloquent Mr. Chatfield has observed, " by penances and austerities the most revolting
to the feelings of our nature; his shrines are generally darkened with gloomy horrors j his
appearance is terrible; his features distorted; and even at the present day, peaceable and
gentle as the spirit of the Hindoo ritual
Corresponding with the Ahriman of the ancient Persians, VOL. II. a
f

XVJU PBELIMINABY OBSERVATIONS.

is, the Mahrattas, in other respects the most scrupulous observers of the religiou of Brahma,
are not exempt irom the suspicion of an occasional, but secret, sacrifice of a human victim to
Qi/i, the wife of Seeva, in his character of the Stygian Jove; and to this black goddess, with a
collar of golden skulls, as she is seen exhibited, in all her temples, it is known from the Vedas,
that human sacrifices were anciently . ofTcred."
Although the zeal of proselytism never seems to have animated the breast of the Brahmin,
his religion, as Mr. Chatfield states, under various forma and modifications, has been widely
difliised over Asia; it is not only the principal mode of faith of the Northern and Western
provinces of India, but it has penetrated the mountains of Thibet, the kingdoms of Ava, Pegu,
Siam, Arracan, and Laos, in fact, the Birraan empire; nay, extended to the islands of the
Indian ocean, to Tonquin, Cochin, and even China itself. It would seem that at some very
remote period, certain differences having taken place amongst the followers of Brahma, a
dreadful persecution ensued, which was the means of spreading the Brah-minical tenets into
other countries, as has been above mentioned; and the name of Buddlnsls became the
distinguishing title of the dissenting sect.f When the great personage (Buddh) first made his
appearance in
' What are called the munis in the Carnata, are demons of the first magnitude, and are, in
fact, the male spirits of destruction, as tlie saklis are the female destroying spirits; the
Brahmins do not worship them openly, but fear them, and make ofiierings pri< vately to
them to avert their vengeance. See Buchanan's Joarmy in Southern India, vol. ii. p. 168.
f The great change introduced by Buddha into Hindoo super-tition, was to render it lees
sanguinary; he prohibited immolation of human Eacrifices. See Miller's Dis^uisiiion on the
Hutory of Medicine (p. 97.)
the world is a disputed point: some authors would have it upwards of 3000 years ago, and
that he was an incarnation of the Deity. The Thibetians suppose him to have been a native of
Cashmire, and assign his birth to 1100 years before Christ, which corresponds with Mr.
Davis's opinion. He has also been said to have been bom a Siamite, but Koempher makes him
out of African extraction. See Miller's Disquisiiion on the History qf Medicine^ p. 96.
Percival, in his Account qf Ceylon^ informs us, that the religion of Buddha^ was introduced
into that island about forty years before the Christian era, at the time of the Brahminical
persecution. Another and singular notion respecting the sect in question is that entertained
by Hyde (Fe/. ReU Pers. cap. v.), which is, that the name of the idol Budd was carried from
Persiat to India, and that he is the same that
* EJaprothy in his Asia Poli^glotta^ would eeem to give a preference to the date adopted by
the Chinese for the birth of Buddha^ viz. 1027 years before our era. The Cyngalese era,
according to Dr. Davy, is A. C. 619. That of the Bhagavad-Amrita is 2099 years A. C. In
pursuance of the Hindoo belief of the transmigration of souls, we are informed, that Buddha
himself now exists in Thibet, under the form of the grand lama. See a valuable paper on this
subject, in the Oriental Herald for May 1825, p. 390.
f The Siamese, who, as well as the Burmese, profess the Buddhist faith, say, that they

received their religion from Kamboja, and from thence they trace it to Magadha in
Hindoostan ; and it is a curious fact, that the Bali character of Siam is the same as the
Kamboja character, and differs from the Bali character of the Cyngalese, the Burman, or that
of any other Buddhist nation. Ihe Buddhists believe in the doctrine of metempsychosis, and
will on no account destroy animal life. The statues of Buddha^ in Siam, have the African
features and curled hair, but the ears have not the distended lobes they have in the Burman
empire. Perfect religious toleration exists in Siam, and proselytes are admitted by the
Siamese from any other sect. For some account of the life of Buddha, the reader is referred to
M. Klaproth's Ana Polyglotta^ and an excellent memoir by M. Remusat, On th^
a@
KX PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS.
is worshipped on Ceylon; and it is a truth which many testimonies conduce to substantiate,
that the religion of the ancient Persians and that of the Brahmins were derived from the same
source. Mr. Scot-WAitiNG, in his Journey to Sheeraz, says Jt might be proved that the
Brahmins once prevailed in Persia: and Sir W. Jongs has remarket!, that in the Shah Namu of
Ferdusi, Ky-haoos, one of their kings, is accused of being a Brahmin; atlded to all this, we
may mention the early intercourse which certainly existed betwixt Iran and India ; the
resemblance which the ancient Persian, Zend (in which Zoroaster Wrote), bears to the
Sanscrit language; the di\'ision of the people into tour castes or orders; the incarnations or
appearances of Mdhabdd hke those of Menu; their dread of polluting their rivers; and the
peculiar regard shewn in their ancient temples to the preservation of the sacred fire.
I have already touclied on the claims of priority which have been advanced in favour of the
Hindoos, with respect to the cultivation of science and literature, as those come blended with
the peculiar cast of their religious opinions; and here it may be considered as not irrelevant to
quote again from Mr. Chatfield, " Whether it is to be beUeved that colonies were anciently
sent from tlie Nile to the Ganges, and to China, or that the Western shores of the Red Sea and
the plain of Thebaid were planted from India, there can be no hesitation in agreeing with Sir
W. Jones, that the Egyptian, Indian, Grecian, and Italian superstitions proceeded from one
central point, and
L
Origin of ihe Lamaic Hierarchy s both of which may be founcl amongst the valuable and
erudite Transactions of the Asiatic Socitty of Paris.
that the same people carried their religion and sciences to Japan/'
We learn from a Dissertation on the Gods qfGrccQe^ Italy^ and India *, by Sir W. Jones, that
Sonnerat has referred to a publication by M. Schmit, which gained the prize at the Academy
of Inscriptions: "On an Egyptian Colony established in India." This establishment Sir William
is not inclined to dispute, but seems to hold it more probable that they (Egyptians) visited the
Sarmans of India, as the sages of Greece visited them, rather to acquire than impart
knowledge. But however all that may be, continues the great Orientalist, ** I am persuaded,
that a con^ nection subsisted between the old idolatrous nations


of Egypt, India, Greece, and Italy, long before the
birth o Moses; but the proof of this position will,
in no degree, affect the truth and sanctity of the
Mosaic history; which, if confirmation were required,
it would rather tend to confirm."! At another part
of the same dissertation Sir William Jones observes,
"That the Vedas were actually written before the
flood I shall never believe; nor have we good reason
to suppose that the Hindoos themselves believe it;
but that they are very ancient, and &r older than
other Sanscrit compositions, I will venture to assert
from my own examination of them, and a comparison
of their style with that of the Purans J and the
Dermah SastraJ' %
* See Asiatic Researches^ vol. i. p, 221, Calcutta edition.
f See same work and vol. p. 271*
\ Eighteen Puranas are said to have been composed by the poet Vyasa, for the instruction and
information of mankind.
Hmdoo laws, a valuable comment on this sastra is entitled *he Mitacshera. The word
dharma signifying justice or the genius of justice. See As. Res. vol. i. p. 892, Calcutta edition.
aS
L
XXU TRELIMINART OBSERVATIONS.
Mr. CoLEBRooKE, in his admirable Essai/ " on the Philosophy of the Hindoos, informs us,
that there are two schools of metaphysics, called Mimmtsa\, recognised by them : the prior
one (purva), which has Jaimini for its founder, teaches the art of reasoning ; the latter
(yedantd) is attnbuted to Vyasa, and goes to a denial of the material world. Tlie Nyaya of

G6tama teaches the strict rules of reasoning, and there is another course of philosophy,
connected with this last, wliich is termed VaisesMca, said to be composed by Canade, who,
like Democritus, maintained the doctrine of atoms. Mr.Colebrooke observes, in the memoir
just mentioned, that heretical treatises of philosophy are very numerous in Hindoostan;
amongst these the Charvaca, wliich exhibits the doctrine of the jaina sect, is conspicuous, and
next to it the pasupata. A collection of succinct aphorisms (sutras), in six lectures, is
attributed to Capila, under the title of Sanc'hya-Pravachana. It would not be consistent with
the limited view to which I must here confine myselfi to follow Mr. Colebrooke through all
his learned discussion, enough that I should refer the reader to it. In it he will find the
doctrine of the schools of the Sanchya, which professes to instruct regarding the means by
which eternal beatitude may be obtained after death, fully explained ; and the abstract, and
certauily very interesting notions of the Hindoo philosophers elucidated in the ablest
manner, regarding nature, intelligence, consciousness j the organs of sense and action ; the
five elements; the soul, and the body; passions; errors ; illusions, &c. The paper finishing with
this
* See Transactions of the Royal Asiatic Societt/, vol. i. p. 19. ) Mr. Elpbinslon, in hia
Account of Cabul (p. 189.), say*, that the Afghanis are fond of metaphysics and dialectics.
remarkable sentence, taken from the Carica: " When the separation of the informed soul
from its corporeal frame at length takes place, and nature, in respect to it, ceases, then is
absolute and final deliverance accomplished!!"
In another essay on the same subject, or rather in the second division * of the same essay,
Mr. Cole-brooke observes, that havings in the first part, examined the Sanchi/a, theistical as
well atheistical, he will now proceed to say something of the dialectic f philosophy of G6tama,
and the atomical of Candde, respectively called the Nyaya^ reasonings and Vaise* sfiica^
particular. To this learned memoir I refer the reader, and to much more curious information
regarding the subjects in question. It would appear, that the order observed by both (G6tama
and Canade), in delivering the precepts of the science they engage to teach, is three-fold;
enunciation, definition, and investigation. G6tama seems to confine his investigation to
reasoning. Nyaya^ like the Sanc^hya^ instructs us regarding the truth and conviction of the
souPs eternal existence separable from the body. The Vaiseshica of Can4de, or, what is called
above particular^ chiefly relates to corporeal and organic substances, though it is not
unmixed with much logical discussion.
With respect to the epic poetry of the Hindoos^ if so it may be called, embracing as it does at
once history, religion, and philosophy, it would appear that ancient existing fables had
generally been chosen for the subjects of such compositions; and the reader may find an
excellent account of them in
* Transactions of the Royal Asiatic Societyf vol.i. p. 92. t See note ( f ) in the preceding page.
a 4
a paper " On the Polite Literature of tlie Hindoos," in the Oriental Herald for September 1825.
It is there stated, that " Kalidasa was the most celebrated of all the poets of this class, and
equally distinguished as a dramatist; he was, according to a common tradition, one of the

nine gems, or celebrated literary characters, at the court of Vikrama. Amongst the works
ascribed to him, are 1. the Raghuvama, or narration of the Hfe and exploits of the family of
Raghu, of which family Rama was one; this poem, therefore, includes, as a part, the same
events which tbrms the specific subject of the Rama_i/na, which was composed by Vai.mic,
translated into Enghsh prose by Dr. Gary, and which Mr. Shlegel is now employed in
translating into Frendi ,or German- 2. The Kumara Sambhava, or birth of Kartikeya (the god
of war); this is a mythological poem, founded on a tale which is recorded in the first book of"
the Kamayana. 3- His Nalodaya, which contains tlie same story, as it is found in one of the
episodes of the Mahabharata* ; in this poem {Nalodaya^, Kalidasa is said to appear to
disadvan-tage, when compared with the simple narration of his antient predecessor (the
author of the Mahabharaia)
* It would appear, that a translation of the Mahabkarata into Persian has lately attracted
much attention from the Asiatic Society of Paris, and that a paper on the subject had been
laid before the society by Schuiz, See Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Parti {cahier
quarantifeme). Professor Bopp, who seems to be well acquainted with the translation in
question, tells me, that the writer baa altogether failed in giving the nigh poetical tone of the
original. The Makabharata is a well known Sanscrit epic poem, consisting of 100,000 dotas,
or metrical verses; it describes the wars of the rival houses of Pundu and Kuru for the
Bovereignty of India, and was composed by Krishna Dwaipaj/na. Mr. Wilkins has translated
several beautiful episodes of it; and Profesmr Bopp is now engaged in editing pertiona of the
same poem.
FBELHaKART OBSERVATIONS. XXT
thoDgfa the Nalodaya does contain some fine poetry. One of the minor pieces of Kalidasa,
and one of the besty is called the Megha^DiUa^ or cloud messenger; it has been translated
into English verse by Horace Hayman Wilson, Esq., Secretary to the Asiatic So^ dety."
" The next poet of the epic order is Sariuarsta, remarkable for the merits and faults peculiar to
Indian poets; this author has chosen the same story as Kalidasa, in his Nalodaya^ and
extended his poem to twenty cantos, though the original consists but of five. It would be
tedious to give a long list of the names and titles of the other poets belonging to this dassy we
shall only mention that the two most celebrated are Magma, the author of the Sissupala^ and
Fhairari, whose work is entitled Kiratcajun^a, or combat of Arjtma with the Ktrata^ a tribe of
mountaineers.'*
<^ Amongst the poets of a later age imitators of the greater epic authors of antiquity, we
may reckon Kaviraja, who wrote the work entitled Raghupanda (king of the poets). Another is
Buartrihari, who wrote the Bhaftikavya ; it treats of the same subjects as those contained in
the Ramayana; but what is sin. gular in this poem is, that the author has made it his study,
that in this composition should be found all tiie inflections of the Sanscrit language, and
particular^ ly all anomalous exceptions from the general rules.**
The Heetopades of Vishnoa-sarma, a most interesting work, containing a series of connected
fables and many excellent moral sentiments, it has been translated into English by Mr.
Wilkins, the same Oriental scholar who translated the Bhagavad GSta, or dialogue betwixt
Krishna and Arjoon, upwards of forty years ago.

L
PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS.
As to dramatic poetry, the Sakontala of Calidas, a work of great merit, has been translated by
Sir William Jones, wiio calls its author the Shakspeare of India. The story upon which the
play was founded has also been translated into English by Mr. Willfins.
On the subjects of arithmetic and geometry, the natives of India have many works: on the
first, perhaps, the most celebrated is the hildvati, translated into English by Dr. John Taylor
j a treatise on algebra, the Vija-Ganita, and so accurately translated, by every account, by Mr.
Colebrooke, has excited sufficient sensation in Europe; and there is, I fancy, Httle doubt, but
that the algebraic characters brought into Europe from Arabia were originally from India.
It is by no means my business here to enter upon the great question connected with the
astronomy of the Hindoos, having neither science nor oriental lore sufficient for the
discussion j I shall therefore merely observe, that there have been very serious differences of
opinion with respect to the age in which the great astronomical work, the Surya Siddiianta,
was written. Mr. Bentley, at one period, affirmed that he believed it to have been composed
by Varaha, A. D. 1060; in a posthumous work, however, he appears to have altered his
opinion, and adopted the notion of Vara/ia's being an impostor of a recent date; indeed, he
would seem altogether latterly to have become thoroughly sceptical on such points, going so
far as to doubt if the avatars or descents of the Hindoo deities, under various Ibrms of
incarna* The same exceWnat scholar also translated a drama called the Prabodha Chandrodt/a, or
the Rise of the Moon of Intellect.
PRELIHINART OBSERVATIONS. XXvil
tion, were not an invention of the Brahmins, parti cularly that of Krishna (in imitation of
Christ). But, to return to the Surya SiddhantOy Mr. Cole-brooke, and we desire no better
authority, has told us, that he believes the work to be 1300 years old. Mr. Mill, in his History
qf India, very justly remarks, that of all the arguments in favour of the antiquity of the
Hindoo astronomy, the strongest is that of Le Gentii, having brought home with him, from
Hindoostan, an ancient zodiac. On the other hand, Mr. Platfair declares, that the astronomy
of that people gives no theory, nor even description of the celestial phenomena, but merely
satisfies itself with the calculation of the changes in the heavens.
In botany, with regard to arrangement, little or nothing has been done by the inhabitants of
the Indian continent, but they have been great observers of the natural qualities of plants. In
geography they have, perhaps, done still less. In many of the arts , on the other hand, they
are not surpassed by any nation on earth: witness the perfection to which they have brought,'
with the simplest implements possible, their weaving t, dyeing |, stone-cutting, bleaching,
agriculture, &c. But, to sum up the
* The Silpey Sastra is the Sanscrit name of a book in high repute in Lower India, and which is
said to treat of the arts and manufactures of the Hindoos. Mr. Colebrooke informs me, that

such is the proper title of all or any treatise on the mechanical arts in India; but that he had,
in the North of Hindoostan, only met with one small tract which might be classed under this
head; it was on architecture.
f See Sonnerat's VoyageSf book iii. chap. viii.
t See Goquet's Origin of Latos, book li. chap. ii.; see also Plutarch's Xj/^ of Alexander,
Tennant's Indian Recreations, Cravfurd's Sketches qf the Hindoos, &c.
L
XXVUl BEELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS.
whole, and what is, perhaps, more to their crecUt than all their other inventions, behold the
Sanscrit language! which, certainly, for the perfection of its construction, its richness, its
copiousness, its energy, its harmony, and, above all, the peculiar grace of its various
infections, is without an equal in the world: truths to be best understood, by an attentive
study of the philological and critical writings of those men of whom England is justly proud,
and whose names must ever live while talent can dignify, or oriental literature be revered.
Perhaps I cannot conclude this part of my Preliminary Observations better than by an
eloquent eulogy on India, which I have fbimd, in a foreign work (^Religions de VAntiqidti,
par J, D. Guigniaut): " If there is a country on earth which may claim the honour of having
been the cradle of the human race, that country is India; if there is a rehgion which explains
itself by the powerful impression of nature, and by the free inspirations of the mind, the
forms and conceptions of which are at once simple and profound ; that religion we find still
flourishing on the banks of the Ganges, with its priests and its fanes, its sacred books, its
poetry, and its moral doctrines. Always ancient, yet always new, India stands over her ruins,
Uke an eternally luminous focus, in whicii are concentrated those rays which for ages
enlightened the world, and which can never Cease to shine ! "
The following extracts are taken from a translation of Aghastier Vytia Anyouroo, a medical
sastra, written in yellacaniim, or Tamool verse; they are
* Amongst these may be reckoned the Sanscrit Grnmrnars of Mr. Wilkins and Mr.
Colebrooke, the Amera Coslia of the latter, the StMicrit Dictionary of Horace Hayman
Wilson, Esq., &c.
FEBUMIMABT 0B8BVATI01f& XZIX
brie^ but may be sufficient to convey some idea of the manner of such performances. Should
the reader be curious to see quotations more in detail of an Indian medical writing
(^Kalpastanian\ he is referred to Dr. Htyn^s Tracts on India, pp. 125 148.
** Signs of a biliotis and irritable habil. A person of what is called a bilious habit, generally
becomes grey very early in life; he is easily made to per-^ire ; his eyes are often inflamed,
while his body is pale; he is impatient, perverse, opiniative, and consequential; and for the
most part very amorous; the conversation of such an individual is unguarded; he is addicted
to falsehood, fond of abstruse studies, yet is he more partial stiU to the praises that are

bestowed on himself
" Causes offeoer. An exposure to the heat of the sun, at an early hour of the morning, while
fasting; eating voraciously any food of a very hot nature, when the body has been previously
weakened by extreme hunger or fatigue} drinking stagnated water, into which withered
leaves have fallen; taking a full meal without appetite; unseasonable weather; sadden
vicissitudes of temperature ; wooded, ill-ventilated valleys; neglected adoration of Crishna;
air we have not been accustomed to, whether that of the plains or mountains; the malign
influence of an evil spirit or demta ; checked perspiration ; fear; grief; sleepless nights; longcontinued constipation ; in a word, whatever exposes our mortal fnune \/[i deviations from
its natural and accustomed movements! or clogs nature so much, that it re quires great
agitation, and consequent heat to bring tile body back to sound health."
" What constitutes a good pki/sician. The sages of antiquity (inaharshies) have thus lianded
down to us the qualities which constitute a good physician : he must be a person of strict
veracity, and of the greatest sobriety and decorum, holding sexual intercourse with no
woman, except his own wife ; he ought to be thoroughly skilled in all the commentaries on
the ayurveda, and be otherwise a man of sense and benevolence; his heart must be charitable
; liis temper calm; and his constant study how to do good. Such an individual is properly
called a good physician, and such a physician ought still daily to Improve his mind by an
attentive perusal of scientific books (vaghadum).
" When a patient expresses himself peevishly or hastily, a Vytian, so endowed, will not
thereby be provoked to impatience j he remains mild, yet courageous, and cherishes a
cheerful hope of" being able to save the sufferer's life; he is frank, communicative, impartial
and liberal, yet ever rigid in exacting an adherence to whatever regimen or rules he may think
it necessary to enjoin. Should death come upon us, under the care of this earthly saint, it can
only be considered as inevitable fate, and not the consequence of presumptuous ignorance."
The Hindoo medical writers generally preface their works with an account of climate,
weather, situation, soil, &c.; they are very particular in their directions regarding the proper
time of the year for collecting medicines, as well as the mode of preparing them, ascertaining
their doses, and prescribing them ; they are most minute observers of the state of the pulse,
and place great faith on a strict observance of proper diet. Diagnosis they arrange under
the seven following heads: temperature of the body; tiie appearance of the eyes ; the mode of
speaking; the colour of the face and body; the state of the tirine; of the stools; and of the
tongue. Some of their notions of prognosis are excellent, others very strange, nay, truly
absurd. As an example of the first, I would mention those favourable symptoms: when the
natural tones of the patient's voice remain unaltered; when he wakes from sleep without
agitation; and when eating rather cools than heats his frame. AmoQgst the second I have
been amused with this, <' Attention to the position of stars may likewise give us considerable
information respecting the fate of our patient.** But one of their most happy indications of
returning health (and the sentiment is virtuous and laudable) is, when the sick person forgets
not his God amongst his sufferings, but daily prostrates himself in prayer with humility and
resignation.
I shall not, perhaps, find, a better occasion than the present to do what I conceive to be a

justice to the Hindoo medical men, attacked as they have been somewhat roughly by
Monsieur Sonnerat, in his excellent and interesting " Voyage to the East Indies^^* (vol. ii. pp.
136, 137. English Trans.) That gen-tleman says, that the Indians are mostly all pretenders to
some knowledge of medicine; that there is not one physician amongst them more learned
than another; that they are generally individuals who have been washermen, weavers, or
blacksmiths, but a few months before; and, to crown all, that they administer few remedies
internally, and make little
* See a translation of the Kalpastanum by Dr. B. Heyne, in his Tracts on India.
XXXll FRELIMmABV OBSERVATIONS.
use of ointments or cataplasms. In reply to the latter part of tliis gentleman's remarks, I sliall
only offer a perusal of the second chapter of this part of the work, and the list of Tamool
medical books in that chapter; to the former I must say, that either Mr. Sonnerat has been a
little remiss in his inquiries; or that I have been peculiarly fortunate in meeting with Vytiaiis
of a very different description from those he alludes to. That there may be occasionally found
in India, as well as other countries, men, who with more impudence than education or
talents, push themselves into notice, will not be disputed; but it is as certain that there are
many Hindoo physicians who are doctoju by long descent, who from their early youth have
been intended for tlie proiession, and taught every thing that was necessai'y respecting it. Not
a few of them have I known, who were not only intimately acquainted with all the medical
Sastras, great part of wliich they knew by heart, but who, in other respects, were in their lives
and manners correct, obliging, and communicative. And I am happy to see that a character
nearly similar to this, has been given of the same description of people in Bengal, by Sir
William Jones, who speaks of them in the following terms : " All tlie tracts on medicine must
indeed be studied by the Vydyas (doctors), and ihey have ojlen more leaiming and far less
pride than any qf the Brahmins ; they are usually poets, grammarians, rhetoricians, and
moralists; and may, in tact, be deemed the most virtuous and amiable of the Hindoos." And
are we not told, that so highly has medical skill beeii prized by the Indians, that one of the
fourteen retnas, or precious things, which their Gods are bePRKLIHINART OBSERVATIONS. XXXUl
]ieved to have produced by churning the ocean, was a teamed physician !
There are no medical tracts of any note in Dukha* nie t. Such of the Hakeems (Mahometan
doctors) as have any pretensions to learning are sufficiently well accquainted with the
Persian and Arabic, to read with ease the professional works that are written in those
languages; and some of them, by combining a knowledge of the Tamool Materia Medica, with
the opinions and doctrines which they find in the books they peruse, possess a great deal of
information, and are, in general, men of polite manners, unassuming, liberal minded, and
humane.
It is with great diffidence that I enter upon the subject proposed in this volume of the work,
yet when I consider now little attention has hitherto been paid to the Materia Medica of the
Hindoos, and how scanty are, consequently, the sources of knowle^e regarding it, I am
induced to hope, that every allowance will be made for whatever defects may appear. Anxious

I certainly have been to procure some guide in the investigation, some manual in one or
other of the languages of Europe, that might have aided me in the prosecution of so
interesting an inquiry} but I looked in vain. I have, therefore, been under the necessity of
altogether trusting to what information I could collect
* See Asiatic ResearcheSf vd. i. p. 406, Calcutta edition.
f Dukhanie is the language currently spoken by the Mahome-> tain of Lower Hindoostan. It
has a great affinity with the Hin-doostanie of the higher proyinces; like it too, it has two
different t^les, viz. the low jargon of the common people, which is a yery poor dialecty and
that m use amongst the more enlightened and bi|^-ca8t MoosulmanSf which, by containing a
great manyPi^mit, Arabicp and even Sanscrit words, is rich, copious, expressive, and
energetic VOL. II. b
from Aghastier's work, already mentioned, and other* Sastrums, as also from the general
botanical works of Rheede, Rumphius, and Loureiro, and from such Vytians and Hakeems as
appeared to be the best suited to assist me, with occasional hints from the writings of Dr.
Roxburgh and the travels of Buchanan* (now Hamilton). For the Hindoostanie names of
many articles, as well as much useful information, I am indebted to Dr. Fleming's " Catalogue
(^ Indian Medicinal Plants and Drugs^*' a work so admirably executed, that it is only to be
regretted that it is not more vduminous ; and since the publication of my " Materia Medica qf
Hindoostan,** I have to state, that I have seen Dr. Heyne's * Tracts Historical and Statistical
on India,** in which the names of several native medicines are given, but scarcely one word
of their virtues, or external apr pearances.
The articles employed by the Hindoos in medicine are extremely numerous, much more so
than those of any Materia Medica in Europe t; and in the
Journey through Mi/sore, Canara, &c., also Through some qf the more Northern Tracts qf
Hindoostan.
f Baron Humboldt has informed us {Journal qf SctencCf No. xxiv. p. 338.), that of
cryptogamous and phanerogamous plants we now have discovered upwards of 56,000; might
it not be interesting to ascertain what proportion of those had medicitial or other virtues ? I
am acquainted with no modern writer, except Mr. Catteau (in his General Vieto qf Sweden, p.
5.), who has turned his attention particularly to tliis subject; he tell^ us, that out of 1300
plants that are m that country, 200 are possessed of medicinal properties. The ancients, with
much less science, seem to have beien more observant of such matters: Theophrastus, who
wrote about 300 years before Christ, in his history of plants, entitled Utps ^ow toTopioff
describes 500 that were officiniU* Dioscorides, who was a native of Anagarba in Cilisia, and
who flourished in the time of Nero, wrote a work on the Materia Medica; called Utpt vkvi^
<arp/x^<, in which he gives some account of 600 plants. And Pliny, who lived a short time
before Christ,
PAELIMINART OBSERVATIONS. XXXV
State of empirical obscurity in which the science is still sunk in India, it will readily be
believed that many substances* are daily prescribed with but trifling virtues, if, indeed, any to

recommend them. As for those of which I am now about to give some accomit, I can only say,
that in my selection, I have been entirely influenced by the opinions of the native
practitioners, whom I consulted in the research i nor can I, from any positive practice of my
own, aver that the properties of many of the different drugs are such as they are said to
possess. It is true, that to gain the best verbal information respecting them, every exertion in
my power has been made; yet it must be confessed, that much is still to be performed to bring
this branch of Hindoo medicine to a state even approaching to perfection. Nay, in the present
attempt, I am well aware that I have done little more than call the attention of the medical
men of India to a subject, which has, hitherto, perhaps, been too much neglected; and I shaU,
therefore, consider myself as not ill requited for my efforts, if these pages should prove but
the happy means of exciting in others a curiosity that may ultimately lead to greater
undertakings and more definite and valuable results. In the mean time 1 cannot too strongly
inculcate the greatest caution in administering many of the medicines included in this
chapter; the greater number by far of which can be
with all the accumulated information of his predecessors, has only noticed 1000. See Dr. A. T.
Thomson's Lectures on ike Elements of Botany^ vol. i- p. 7, &c.
The reader may find a nearly similar character given of the Blateria Medica of the Indian
islanders bjr Dr. Horsfield. See his account of the medical plants of Java, m the eighth
volume f the Transactions of the Batavian Society,
b2
XXXVl PHELIMINARV OBSERVATIONS.
viewed in no other light than as objects for further and patient investigation. The crude
notions of" the Vytians (industrious and well-meaning, however, those individuals may be),
though they may ultimately lead to important truths, are not to be taken without distrust.
That various substances, possessing powerful qualities, have been brought forward, will not, I
presume, be disputed; that others, of more dubious or trifling properties, have also found a
place, I am willing to admit. Let it be the business, then, of future experience to contirm or
reject whatever may be ascertained to be in its nature sanative, benign, narcotic, or altogether
inefficacious.
There are other embarrassments which I must here notice, amongst those which I have had
to encounter on the present occasion ; for instance, the imperfect condition in which a great
many of tlie medicines are found in the bazars ; old, dry, and not seldom decayed. I have
frequently been obliged to take on trust a description of their characterizing taste and smell;
at other times, the root, or bark, or leaf, called for, was not to be found ; so that I was under
the necessity of giving an account of it from the observation of others. With no pretensions
whatever to any critical knowledge of botany, I have, in every instance, trusted to the best
descriptions which it was in my power to obtain from other sources. Such obstacles being in
my way, it can easily be conceived how great the difficulties * I must iiave combated, in
ascertaining the scientific names of the different plants, several of which, it will be observed,
I have altogether failed in discovering; and for many of those inserted, I am indebted to the
kind friendship

A difficult V, increased by different names being often given to the same plat.t in different
districts.
PRELIMINARY OBSERVATfOVS. XZXVU
of the Rev. Dr. Rottler^ whose scientific skill and accurate acquaintance with the native
languages, so peculiarly fit him for Indian research.
The greater number of the artides mentioned in this volume, are parts of plants which grow
in India; and are to be met with in the jungles, amongst the woods of Malabar, and
mountains of the lower tracts of the peninsula, and, more especially, in Travan-core *, that
country so beaut^ul, so rich, I may say, in vegetable productions; others are the produce of
neighbouring or distant Asiatic territories, a circumstance which adds greatiy to the difficulty
in ascertaining the botanical appellations of the plants to which they belong.
NAMES t IN SOME OF THE ORIENTAL LANGUAGES OF THE DESCRIPTION OF PLANTS,
AND THE PARTS OF PLANTS, THAT ARE USED IN MEDICINE IN INDIA.
I. A TREE. Mdrum uyru) (Tam.) JSrJ^ss. (Duk.) Skjffur jcK^ (Arab.) Gaha, also Ghas (Cyng.)
* I cannot help expressinff a regret, that in that singular country, fitted by climate and soil for
the cultivation, perhaps, of eyery vegetable produce which any part of the torrid zone affords,
it has never been attempted to rear those articles of the Materia Medica for which the world
is now solely indebted to America. Travancortf, and Malabar also, no doubt, possess
(notwithstanding ^e great Exertions of Rheede) many curious and useful plants w^ich hir^e
not yet come within the reach of scientific investigation.
f It may be further here noticed with regard to names bestowed often on plants in Ceylon,
that hin is little; hen is high ground; kalut black; katu^ thorny; rwa, sweet; ratOj foreign;
raiha, red; suduy white; tvo/, wild ; and eea, white.
XXXVlll PRELIMIKARY OBSERVATIONS.
2. A SHRUB. Cheddie Q m 9 (Tam.) Roope ^^ (Duk.) NabSt ^U3 (Arab.) Stamba ?r(T^
(Sans.)
3. A CREEPER. Cddie C^^i Q (Tam.) Bai/l yu (Duk.) Khuzzib-bath oUaaaS (Arab.) Vallie
(SansO Wcel {Cyng.)
4. Root, bulbous. Kdlung ^yyrv (Tam.) Gudda sj^> (Duk.) Ussilie sitabur ^^Uum J^^t
(Arab.)
5. Root, common. Fayr C<5\-J^ (Tam.) Jur y^ (Duk.) ZTs^iV > (Arab.) Mul (Cyng.)
6. Bark. Pultay l-'l_cS)L- (Tam.) CA5a?/ Jl^ (Duk.) KusUr jiA (Arab.)
7. Milky juice. Fcvwl '^rra>c) (Tam.) Dood 5^A (Duk.) Ltibn ^ (Arab.) Kin/ (Cyng.)

8. Seed. VSrie crxSos:^ (Tam.) Beenge ^,j (Duk.) Btizzir^yj (Arab.)

9. Tender shoots. Kdlindoo Q^rr^r^uS^ (Tam.) Kaunglapat cA^y^ (Duk.) Vurk-h/in cjtJ ^^3
(Arab.)
10. Leaf. Ella/ uSsj^^ (Tam.) Paal oL (Duk.) Furk o^ (Arab.) Patra ^T^ (Sans.)
11. Bud. Aroombu 24C5lou-j (Tam.). Kulli ^^ (Duk.) Zuhirj^j (Arab.) Jaiaka 3TT^^ (Sans.)
12. Flower. Poo \^ (Tam.) Phool J^. (Duk.) FttrrfA;^(Arab.) iJfa/(Cyng.) Pi^Apa ^^ (Sans.)
MATERIA INDICA.
PART II.
CHAPTER I,
MEDICINES IK USE AMONGST THE HINDOOS, AND OTHER
EASTERN NATIONS.
I.
AaT-ALARIE oiB-aiONTre^ (Tam.) Velutta^ modela^mucu (Rheede).* Bartiger knoterig
(Nom. Triv. Willd.) JRatukimbul-wenna (Cyng.) Leao^ (Chin.) JWo (Jap.) Bearded
polygonum.
PoLTOONUM Barbatum (Lin.).
CI. and Ord. Octandria Trigjmia. Nat Ord. Holoraceas.
This annual plant, which has << an herbaceous rufous stem; stipules loose and sheathing, set
with strong bristles almost the length of the stipule itself; fUmers hexandrous, trigynous, and
spikes rod-like/'
MiJ. 12. 145. t.77. VOL. II. B
is common in the Coromandel woods. Retziiis and Thunberg have both distinguished three
varieties; the latter remarks, that what is peculiar to the Malabar variety is, " that it is smooth
all over, the stipules only toothletted, and the bractes quite entire." The seeds of the aat-alarie
are dark and shining; the leaves, which are longish and lanceolate, are used as medicine by
the Hindoo practitioners; they are ordered in infusion to ease the pain of griping in colic. The
plant is the kunda-mallier of the Tel-lingoos.* Fourteen species of polygonum grow in the
botanical garden of Calcutta, ten of which are indigenous to India, t
ACHIE PATCHIE ELLEY (Tam.) or Pachte elley LjR=ii3)3"i-L'a/0 (Tam.).
This is a Tamool name, which signifies " the green leaves of Acheen." They, as they are seen
in the medicine bazars, are dry and wrinkled, and have a very pleasant and sub-astringent

flavour, not unlike black tea; all I can learn respecting them is, that they are held in high
estimation amongst the Hindoo medical men as stomachic and sedative, given in infusion.
Another sort is, I understand, brouglit from Ceylon, of nearly similar virtues, and is called columbo paic/uc elley (Tam.).
The species of polygonum Periiearia is a medicinal plant in the West Indies; an in^sion of
tha leaves is considered u a powerful discutient. See Horlus Jamaiceneis, vol. i. p. S2.
f Tlic species nviculare (knot grdss) is considered as a medicinal plant in Bnhtir; its Sanscrit
name is miromalij in Hindoo-stanic it is macholi (Ilaniitlon's MSS.).
CHAP. I. MATERIA IKDICA.
III.
ADATODEY ELLEY (s^L^rrQ^m^iLS^/oo
(Tarn.) AdSsdrd pSkoo (Tel.) Adhotoda (Cyng.)
Lectaes of the Malabar nut. Uroos^ also Vasica
also Attamsha (Sans.)
JusTiciA* Adhatoda (Lin.)t
CI. and Ord. Diandria Monogynia. Nat. Ord. Personats. Treibende Justice (Norn. Triv. Willd.).
This large shrub, which is the bakus of the Ben-galese, is common in Lower India, but is,
properly speaking, a native of Ceylon, and is the adhatoda zejflonensium (Herm. Lugd. b.). Of
the essential character, Willdenow says, " Cal. simplex, s. duplex} cor. 1-petala irregularis;
caps, ungue elastico dis-siliens, dissepimentum. contrarium adnatum" (Spec. PL i. 48.).
On Ceylon, the Malabar nut tree is said to grow to the height of fourteen or fifteen feet, and is
there called wan-apala; but I have never seen it in the peninsula more than seven or eight. ^*
It rises with a strong woody stem, sending forth numerous branches J the leaves are about
five inches long and three broad, opposite, and lance-shaped; the flowers on short spikes at
the end of the branches; the corolla is white with some darkish spots.''
The flowers, leaves, and roott, but especially the
< A species of justicia (pectoralis) is held in high repute in Jamaica, as a pectoral medicine; a
syrup is made of it. The bruised leaves are serviceable in cuts. The French name of the plant
is herbe a charpentih-e. See Lunan's Flora Jamaicensis, voL i. p. 432.
t To which (root) Revinus gave the name of ecboburo.
B 2
CI. and Ord. Monoecia Monadelpiiia. Nat. Ord. Ti'icocCEE. Meergrune Brechnuss (Norn.

Tiiv.-Willd.). >'"
Of the essential character, Willdenow says, '
" Masculi. Ckil.O; s. 5-pbyllu8; cor. 1-petala, infimdibiiliformis ; stam. 10, alterna breviora.
" Feminei. Cal.O; cor. S-petala, patens ; slyU 3, bifidi; caps, trilocularis ; sem. 1." (Spec. Plant
iv. 1719.)
This plant, which is a native of Arabia* as well as India, has an herbaceous stem, which " rises
to the height of about one foot, and is quite erect and pubescent; tlie leaves, y/Mich are five,
and sometimes three-cleft and serrate-toothed, are smooth, glaucus, and almost veinless ;
petioles subviliose, longer than the leaves, without glandular hairs; bractes lanceolate, awlshaped; petals of the female flower the length of the calyx, ovate; capsule nearly as large as a
hazel nut, muricated; seed, the size of a pea, and in shape like that of the ricinus" (^Miller').
From the seeds the Vytians (Hindoo doctors) prepare, by careful expression, an oil which,
from its stimulating quality, they recommend as an external application in cases of chronic
rheumatism and paralytic affections.
Four species of jatropha grow in the Honourable Company's botanical garden at Calcutta; two
of which are natives of India, and two of America.
Forskahl, in liia Account of Arabian Plants, has called it
I croton lol/alut.
CHAP. I. MATaiA IN DIG A.
VL
ADIEVEDYUM aj^ct^^U-luU) (Tarn.) also Potie adievedyum (Tarn.) Uttie vussa (Tel. and
Sans.).
Adiv^dj'um is the name of a root which is found in the native druggists' shops, in pieces
about an inch long, and of a whitish colour ; it is intensely bitter, and is prescribed in powder
and in infusion as a tonic and stomachic, especially in long-protracted bowel complsdnts. I
could not procure a sight of the fresh plant. Of the powder, the quarter of a pagoda weight is
given twice daily.
VII.
AG AS AT A MAR AY (Tam.) UntareUamdrd (Tel.) Kodda pail (Rheede). Untergungha it'S^l
(Duk.) Toka-pana (UmA.) Water soldier? Unta-rei'tdmdrd (Sans.)
PisTiA Stratiotes (Liu.).
CI. and Ord. Monadelphia Octandria. Nat Ord. Miscellaneae. Schwimmende Muschelhlume
(Nom. Triv. WiUd.).

This beautiful and stemless annual plant does not appear, hitherto, to have got any very
distinct English name, but is the plantago aqtuiHca of Rhum-phius (Amb. 6. t. 74.). It would
seem to be equally a native of Asia, America, Jamaica, and Africa,
B 4
and is constantly found floating on stagnant pools.* Miller says, " Roots many, a foot and a
half long, put forth simple fibres from their circumference an inch and a half in length and
numerous." The leaves are sub-sessile, wedge-shaped at the base, elliptic, radiate-veined, and,
wiien the plant is young, are about twenty in number, spread out in a circle like a rose; the
flowers are white, inodorous, and axillary. The pistia stratiotes is the only species of its genus.
The essential character is, cal. spatha tubuloso, cucullata lingulata ; cor, 0 ; Jilamentum,
laterale; (i/ilherte, 3-8; slyL\; caps, l-locularis polysperma (Spec. Plant. Willd. iii. 1265.)The Hindoo doctors consider a decoction or infusion of this plant as cooling and demulcent,
(though Brown seems to think the Jamaica plant acrid), and prescribe it in cases of dysuria
(inootray Lritchie'), in the quantity of about ten pagodas weight twice daily ; the leaves are
made into a poultice for the piles.
AIL-PUTTAY (Tain.)
L A yellowish, subaromatic tasted bark, used in
W decoction in fevers. The botanical name of the
I plant is not ascertained, the bark is brought from
I the woods.t
I ^
L
Browne (3S0.) found the plant in JaiDEiicB; and by Moon's Catalogue or Ceylon Plants, it
appears to be a native of that island, and known by the name of diyo-paratidal.
11 am told it is also omctimes called tolzipullai/ ; the bark, beaten, is applied, externally, for
rheumatic pains.
CHAP. I. MATERIA INDICA.
IX.
ALAMANDA CATHARTICA (Lin.>
I give this a place here merely from having seen
it growing in great luxuriance in the Mission garden

at Tranquebar; and, therefore, supposing it may be

a native of some of our Indian woods. It is the
purgirende Allamanda of Wilidenow (Nom. Triv.),
who says of its generic character, << Contorta, caps.
lentiformis, erecta, echinata, 1-locularis, S-valvis,
polysperma'' (Spec Plant i. 4790* ^^ ^^ ^ beautiful
milky shrub, with a twining stem^ and climbs high on
trees; '< its leaves^ which are shining and quite entire,
are arranged in fours round the stem, on very short
petioles, and are eUiptic, lanceolate; the Jlowers are
large, terminale, and the corolla yellow/' Like the
lastpmentioned article but one, it is the only species
of its genus, and is of the cU and ord. Pentandria
Monogyma. The plant grows wild at Surinam,
where the Dutch consider an infusion of its leaves as
a valuable cathartic; it got the name of oreUa grari'diflora from Aublet^ in his << Histoire des Plantes de
la Guian^."
The Alamanda cathartica is growing on Ceylon; it also, I find, is in the Honourable Company's
botanical garden at Calcutta, introduced, it would appear, by W. Hamilton, Esq. in 1803. See
Hortus Bengalensis, p. 19.
X.
ALAVEREI ^a>c(rxsc^rr (Tarn.) Marrtvit-tiloo (Tel.) B^ ha beenge ,^j^ \ijj (Duk.) Seed of
the Indian Jig-tree. Nyagrodha^ also Vd^ta^ also Chiravrutchali (Sans.).
Frcus Indica (Lin.).
CI. and Ord. Polygamia Dioecia. Nat. Ord. Scabridse. Ostindische Feige (Nom. Triv. Willd.).
The tree which produces the seeds in question is one of the largest and most beautiful in the

world. Of the essential character Willdenow says," Recepta-culum commune turbinatum,

carnosum, conveniens, occultans flosculos vel in eodem vel distincto,
" Masculi. Cal. 3-partitus; cor. 0 j stam. 3.
" Feminei. Cflf/. 5-partitus; cor. 0 j pistillum 1; sent. 1., calyce persistenti clauso subcamoso
tectum** (Spec. Plant iv. 1931.).
It has got, in India, the English name of the great banyan tree, and is the arbor de rai/z of the
Portuguese, that is to say, the 7^ooting tree^ from the circumstance that it propagates itself
by letting a Jdnd of gummy string fall from its branches, which takes root, grows large, and by
this means the branches are often spread to a vast circuit, affording a most delightful shade
in a hot climate. This tree is noticed both by Strabo and Pliny ; and is almost as much
venerated by the Hindoos as Xhejicus reli-giosa itself. It is called in Cyngalese kiri-pcella, in
Hindoostanie but Cu ; the Mahratta appellation
L. 12. c. 5.
for it is bergot; the Arabs term it thaab ^^ ; it is common in China, and is there termed yangtchoo ; and in Cochin-China cay sank ; it is the isiela of the Hort Malab. (iii. t. 63.) " The
leaves^ which are acuminate, with a blunt point, are obscurely waved and marked with
parallel nerves; ihejruit is about the size of a large hazel nut, round, and, when ripe, of a palered colour, containing many seeds; these seeds are prescribed, by the Tamool practitioners, in
the form of electuary, as a cooling and tonic remedy, in the quantity of about one pagoda
weight twice daily. The white glutinous juice which exudes from the tender stalks when
pricked or bruised, is applied to the teeth and gums to ease the toothache ; it is also
considered as a valuable application to the soles of the feet when cracked and inflamed} with
it, and a similar juice obtained from the ardsum mdrum (flcus religiosa), the natives prepare
a kind of bird-lime. The bark of the Ji(ms Indica^ given in infusion, is supposed to be a
powerful tonic, and is administered in neer alivoo (diabetes). The Sanscrit name vatta has
also been bestowed on another species of banyan tree, iS[\Qjicus Bengalensis (Lin.), and
which the Tamools call kull-eic/tee mdram; it is \hejicus vasta of Forskal^ the peralu of
Rheede.t In Malayalie it is ittialu^ and in Dukhanie her.
* For a claMtcal and very iDteresting account of the banyan tree, by Dr. Noehden, see
Transactions of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain aftid Ireland, voUi. part i. p. 119.
t Roxburgh, in his excellent Commentary on the Hortus Ma-U>aricus, contained in the xiii.
vol. and part ii. of the Transactions of the Unnsean Society, says, that peralu ought to get the
name of ficus Indica, as in the Hort^ Beng.
MATERIA INDICA,
XI.
ALIVERIE* &iyrfnJ'iS)T (Tarn.) Haleem
4^ (Duk.) Hiiruff (__Sj* (Arab.) Adalavittiloo

(Tel.) China wall-cress. Jiohila sdrushapa (Sans.).

Ahabis Chinensis (Rottler).
CI. and Ortl. Tetradynamia Siliquosa. Nat. Ord. Siltquoste.
AHv^rie is the name of a small reddish coloured, and not unpleasant tasted seed, which is
conimon in every bazar in Lower India, and which is said to be brought from China. I have
repeatedly sown it, but it never came up. Dr. Rottler, however, informed me, that it was a new
species of Arabis, to which he had given the name of Cfdtiensis. The Hakeems are in the habit
of prescribing it as a stomachic and gentle stimulant; but doubt whether it does not
sometimes, if imprudently given, bring on abortion. The Vylians consider it, when bruised
and mixed with lime juice, as a valuable repellent in cases of local inflammation. Of the
essential character, Willdenow says, " Glandulw nectariferie 4, singulie intra calycis tbliola,
squamK instar reflexs" (Spec. Plant, iii. IStS.)- May it not be this species of cress which
Morier speaks of as common in Persia, and there called ispedan (^,li._.l? See his Second
Journey to Persia, p. 108.
^
* Someiimea called ialivtrie.
XII.
ALPAM (Malealei).
This I have given a place here on the authority of Bartolomeo^ who, in his " Voyage to the
East Indies" (p. 416.), informs us that it is the name of a shrub which grows on the Malabar
coast, and which he can, with certainty, call an << antidote to poison;" the root, he says, is
pounded and administered in warm water. What it is, I had not ascertained on leaving India;
but, so recommended, it will, I trust, ere long be brought under scientific investigation. In all
probability the appellation has been incor* rectiy printed.
XIII.
AMAUM PATCHEH ARISEE (Tam.) PilU
hearing spurge.
Euphorbia Filulifera (Lin.)
CI. and Otd. Dodecandria Trigynia. Nat. Ord. Tricoccae. PiUen^tragende Wolfsmikh (Nom.
Triv. Willd.).
Of the essential character, Willdenow says, " Cor. 4; s. 5-petala, calyci insidens; cal. 1-phyllus,
ventrico-sus; caps. S-cocca" (Spec. Plant ii. 959.).
This species of spurge does not grow more than a foot high, with ** a tender, simple, round
stenif covered with reddish brown hairs; the leaves are opposite, bluntly, and scarcely serrate;

peduncles an inch
Stem, witli leaves obovate, blunt, toothed, truncated, naked, with the petioles glandular on
each side; the fiowers are axillary, solitary, and small, and of a beautiful straw colour." The
whole plant, when in full flower, as has been noticed by Rotlboell*, has a smell of musk ; it is
the only species of its genus. Of the essential character, Willdenow Kiys, " Cal. 5-partitU3;
cor. subringens. limbo 5-fido; Jitix sube-rosa, tetragona, angulis spinosa, S-locularis; sent.
bina" (Spec. Plant, iii. 121*.).
The fresh leaf of this plant when agitated in water renders it mucilaginous, in which state it is
prescribed by the Vytians in dysuriaand gonorrhcea. The seeds, which are contained in the
prickly capsule, possess similar virtues, and are administered in decoction, in the quantity of
about one tea-cupful twice daily. Rheede, in speaking of the plant, has these words: "
Foliorum succus uti et aqua viscosa calorem in renebus pra?tematuralem temperat, urinse
ardorem restringit, stranguriam amovet, calculam fran-git" (vide Hort. Mai. x. p. 143. t. 72.). It
would seem to be a valuable medicine in all such cases as require mucilaginous mixtures. The
plant is the cEt'iiercnchi of the Cyngalese.
Our article grows in the botanical garden of Calcutta, introduced by Dr. A. Berry, in 1811. See
Hortus Bengalensis, p. 47.
Vide Rottboell Collect. Societ. Med. Mavn. ii. p. 2Se. R-

XVI.
ANA^HOVADI e^ijtA^Gj^rra^^ (Malealey). ShSm-dulun (Beogalese). PrickfyJeaved
Elephanfs Foot.
Elephantopus Scaber (Lin.).
CL and Ord. Syngenesia Segregata. Nat Ord. Composite Capitatse* Rauher Elephantenfuss
(Norn. Triv. WiUd.)
Of the essential character, Willdenow says, << Caly^ cuius if-ttorua ; coroUuke lingulatae,
hermaphroditas; recept. nudum; pappus setaceus'^ (Spec. Plant lii.
15710-I have given this species of elephant's foot a place
here on the authority of Rheede^ who tells us, that
a decoction of the root and leaves is given, on the

Malabar coast, in cases of dysuria; he says, the

Brahmins there call it astipata^ ** quia folia in orbem
se explicant,'' which, indeed, they appear to do by
the engraving given to us in the Hort Mai. x p 13
17* It is the cetadiya of the Cyngalese. I have
never seep the plant, of which different descriptions
ieem to have been given by Dillenius, Browne, Vail*
lant, &c. It would appear, that from a perennial
nxA many oblong rough leaves are sent ibrth, which
^read near the ground ; between these, in the
^ring, arises a branching stalk, little more than a
foot high; the aide branches are short, and generally
terminated by two heads of flowers, each on a short
Nuncle; the florets are of a pale purple colour
VOL. a. c

MATERIA INDICA.
(Miller). Sioane and Browne", in speaking of this plant, say, it is accounted a good vulnerary,
and jfTows in the woods of Jamaica very plentifully; he adds that the leaves are frequently
employed instead oicarduus benediclus, amongst the inhabitants of the French West India
Islands, of which country the species scaber would seem to be a native, as well as of India,
though Dillenius doubts whether the East and West India plants may not be different species.
Tlie elephantopus scabei' grows in the botanical warden of Calcutta, introduced, it would
appear, by Dr. W. Carey. See Hortus Bengalensis, p. 62. It also grows in Ceylon. See Moon's
Catalogue of Cevlon Plants, p. 59-

xvn.
ANASEE-POO si'.E?fri_JU) (Tarn.) Ajidspool ^ ^J^j^ (Duk.) Badiane hutlaie (Arab.) Skimmi
(Japan.) also Somo (Jap.) Pa-co-hu-kueUiiam (Cliin.) Yello'W;Jlo'wered Aniseed, or Slar
Anise.
Ilucium Anisatum (Lin.),
CI. and Ord. Polyandria Polygynia. Nat Ordi Coadunatae. Aechter Stenianis (Nom. Triv.
Willd.),
Of the essential character, Willdenow says, " Cal. 6-phyllus ; petala 27 ; caps, plures in orbeni
digestie, bivalves; l-spermae" (Spec. Plant, ii. 1072.).
The ilHcium anisalum is not a native of India, but
* Browne (Patrick), M.D., has written an interesting work, though now of old date, a Civil and
Natural History of Jamaica, 1756, fol. SeeLunan's Flora Janiaicensis, vol.i. p. 281.
of China and Japan, and has been described by Thunberg*, Loureirot, and GsBrtner.t The &rsl
tells us, that it has an arboreous stem of a fathoni or more in height; trichotomous branches,
which are wrinkled and angular from spreading upwards, with ^SST^^te leaves, in threes or
fours, elliptic, quite entire, evergreen, and paler underneath; yellow flowers, axillary,
peduncled, and solitary. The second, that it has eight or more germs; and Gsertner, that it has
capsules six or eight, ovate-lanceolate, compressed a little, horizontal, of a substance like
cork, rugged without and even within, and having a strong smell of anise when rubbed ; seed,
elliptic, lens-shaped, smooth and glossy, and cinnamon coloured.
Bauhirij in his " Hisloria Plantarum Universalis^*^ in speaking of this plant, calls it **
zingijhictus steU lotus** and, perhaps, no name could be better applied. The capsules, as they
appear in the Indian bazars, exactly resemble stars in shape, with six or eight points, of a
pale-brown colour, leather-like substance, about the size of a sixpence, and nearly a quarter
of an inch thick; they, as well as the seeds they contain, have a v^ry strong smell of anise; but
would appear to be hitherto very little known to Europeans in India. The Vytians consider
them as powerfully stomachic and carminative, and prescribe them accordingly. The
Mahometans season some
* In his Flora Japonica.
f Loureiro gives nearly the same description of the plant; it; growB, by his account, in the
neighbourhood of Canton, and is much prized by Uie Chinese, as a carminative and
stomachic,
Cving also beneficial in rheumatism, colic, and cough*; they ides use it as a condiment for
their food. Vide Flor. Cochin-Chin. vol. i. p. 353. ^
t In his work ** De Plantarum frudiiui et Semnibus.
c 2

of their dislies with the capsules, and occasionally prepare with thera a very fragrant volatile
oil. Thun-berg tells us, that in Japan they prepare liqueurs with them, and place bundles and
garlands of the aniseed tree in their temples before their idols, and on the tombs of their
friends; he also seems to doubt whether tins, and another specie&,Jloridanum, be distinct, or
only varieties.
ANDJANG-ANDJANG (Javanese). Ekeocar-pus redjosso (Horsfield).
CI. and Ord. Polyandria Monogynia. The fruit of this tree is employed as a diuretic by the
Javanese: the bark is a strong bitter.
XIX.
ANDONG (Javanese). IVtFdUcok-gaha (Cyng.) Terminati7ig Dractena. Granzen
Drachenbaiim (Norn. Triv. Willd.).
Dracjena Terminalis (Lin.).
CI. and Ord. Hexandria Mont^ynia. Nat. Ord. Sarmentaceee.
We are told by Dr. Horsfield, in his " Account of the Medicinal Plants of Java," that the
Javauese consider the root of this shrnb as a valuable medicine in dysenteric affections. 21
: Wflldenow says, << habitat in India,*' and Forster^ infiinns us, that it is a native of the
Society Isles; and we know it to be a native of the Moluccas and Ceylon. I perceive, by the
Hortus Bengalensis (p. S4.), that in 1814 it was growing in the botanic garden at Calcutta,
there introduced from the Moluccas, by C. Smith, Esq., in 1798. It would seem that ** the
lewoes are lanceolate, almost like those of caama; raceme terminating, composed of a few
branched racemes; pedicles alternate, solitary, shorter than the flower, surrounded at the
base by an obtuse glume.'' It is the tenninalis of Rumphius (Amb. 4. L S4.). Of the essential
character, Willdenow says, <* Cor. 6-partita, erecta; Jilam. medio subcrassiora; bdcca Siocularis, l-sperma'' (Spec. Plants Willd. ii
XX.
APPAKOVAY KALUNG fiijLJCH)LJ^CQ>n-a2) (Tu^yyTv/ (Tam) Root qf the Beaked
Bryony.
Bryonia Rostrata (RottlerJ.
CI. and Ord Monoecia Monadelphia. Nat. Ord Cucurbitaceas. Geschnabelte Zaimrube
(Noou Triv. Willd.
This root, as It appears in the medicine bazars, is
* In his work ** De Pkntis Eaculenlit InBularum Oceanl Avm* tndif Commentatio.'*
f Seven species of dracsena grow in the botanical garden of Caicatta, three of which are

natives of India. The speciesy^rrea w the Ujoolee<hiauk of the Ben^ese, and the tatsio of the
Chinese, who consider it as a beautiful garden plant, owing to its Ene purple flowers. ,
c 3
about the size of a finger, and of a light-grey colour; it has no particular smell, but a slightly
sweetish and mucilaginous taste; it is prescribed, internally, in electuary, in cases of piles; in
powder, it is sometimes ordered as a demulcent in humoral asthma: dose of the electuary,
two tea-spoonfuls thrice daily.
This annual plant was first scientifically described by my mucli respected friend, Dr. Rottler,
of Madras, who found it growing in the vicinity of Tran-quebar; in his communication to
Willdenow respecting it, he says, " Foliis cordatis obtusis denticulatis, baccis angulatis
acuminatis." Of the essential character, Willdenow observes:
" Masculi. Cal. 5-dentatus; cor. 5-partita; ^-tam. 3.
"Feminei. C/. 5-deiitatus i cor. 5-partita; stj/lus S-fidus; bacca subglobosa; polysperma"
(Spec. Plant, iv. 1742.)..
Dr. Horsfield, in his Account of " Medicinal Plants of Java," informs us, that another species,
cordifoUa, and wliich the Javanese call jwrpassom, is prized on that island, from its root
being considered as cooling, and to possess virtues in complaints re. quiring expectorants; it
is also a native of Ceylon (Flor. Zeylonica, 354.). The leaves of the appako-vay (Tarn.) are
eaten as greens in Southern India.
Four species grow in the botanical garden of Calcutta, two* of which are natives of India.
These are the ogamulee {Hind,), bri/onia tcabrella, and the gkeedi maraloo (Tel.), which is
the br^onta garchii, it Ceylon plant.
XXL
ARALIVAYR (5^/T(7\dG0\j& (Tam.) or Ald^ rievqyr (Tarn.) Kaneerk^ury^^^jj^i (Duk.)
Gh6iu neru vayroo (Tel.) Kamer (Hindooie). Kdrrdoiri^ also Praiikasa^ also Chandata
(Sans.) Root qf the Sweet-icented Oleander.
Nerium Odorum (Ait) (Hort Kew. i. p. 297.).
CI. and Ord. Pentandria Monogynia. Nat. Ord. Contortae. Wohlriechender Oleander (Nom.
Triv. Willd.).
The bark of the root, and the sweet-smelling leaves of this beautiful shrub*, are considered,
by the Vytians^ as powerful repellents, applied externally. The root itself^ taken internally,
acts as a poison, and is but too often resorted to for the purpose of self-destruction, by the
Hindoo women, when tormented with jealousy. Of the essential character, Willde-now says,
*' Contorta. JbllicuU 2, erecti; sem. plu* mosa; cor. tubus terminatus, corona lacera'' (Spec.
Plant L 481.)-It rises to the height of about six or seven feet;

the leaves are rigid, and about three or four inches

long, and little more than a quarter of an inch broad;
the leaves are produced in loose bunches at the end
* Roques, in his Fhytographie Medicalci vol. i. p. 273 informs iis that the plant was known
to Dioscorides, Galen, and Apuleius, and believes it to have been the rhododendron of Pliny;
he might have addedy that writer imagined that while the leaves were a poiwn to all fourfooted animals, they were a preservative and counter poison against serpents. See Natural
History, book xxiv.
chapter xi.
c 4
of tlie brandies, and have a most delightful smell. Of this species, Willdenow observes, "
Foliis lineari, lanceolatis ternis subtus costatis, laciniis calycinis erectls, nectariis
multipartitis, laciniis filiformibus." It has been often confounded with the nerium oleander*
(Lin.); of that, however, Willdenow says, " Nectariis ^/an/s tricuspidatis," and which may
sufficiently distinguish them.
There are several varieties of the nerium odorum in India and in Ceylon, according as they
may be white, red, crimson, double, or single. In tlie botanical garden at Calcutta there are the
following : The single red, which in Hind, and Beng. is called laUntrubee ; it is a native of
Syria. The double red^ which is in the same languages termed pudma ku-rubee. The single
white (^shwet kurvbee). The double wliite; and the single crimson. Barrow found tlie plant
common in China (Travels, p.505.)j and we are told, by Sir W. Jones, that, from the
poisonous quality of the root, it has got from the Hindoos of Upper India the singular epitliet
of hqy-maraca, or hare-killer. Rheede (Mai. 9. t. I, 2.) has given us some account of this plant,
tsjovanna. It is common in the Soutliern parts of Spain ; and may be fbimd in Avicenna,
under the name of ^is (p. 158.).t
Chineac, and the belulia nare//(Rheed).
f Twelve species of nerium are cultivated id tlie botanical
garden of Calcutta. The epecics oleander, which is a native of
the Levant, lias leaves, Mr. Gray informs us, which, when infused
ID oil, arc a good application iot the itch ; the wood, he says, is
I used to clear muddy water. See his Supplement to the Phar macopccias, p. 65. I find the modern Greeks call this species
I "AftJAoSe. Forskahl I'lor. Conslnntiii.

CHAP. I. MATERIA INDICA. US

xxn.
ARAStJM VEREI siYrmjxnsssi'T (Tain.) Ampeepul Jcebeenge .^ f/ ^.f/^ (Duk.) RaghivittUoo (TeL) Peepul (Mahr.) Pipptd (Hind.) Pipala (Sans.) Seed qf ike Poplar-leaved Fig-tree.
Ficus Religiosa (Lin.)
CL an^ Ord. Polygamia Dioecia. Nat Qrd. Scabrids. HeiUge Feige (Nom. Triv. WiUd.).
The small, smooth, whitish, and globular seeds of this lai^e, beautiful, and sacred tree are
supposed, by the Vytians^ to possess cooling and alterative qualities, and are prescribed in
electuary and in powder; of the latter, to the quantity of a quarter of a pagoda weight twice
daily. The essential character of Jicus has already been given. Of the species* in question it
may be observed, that the leaves are smooth, ovate, cuspidate, of a light-green colour, about
five inches long, and three broad at the base, diminishing gradually to a narrow point, which
is in itself an inch and a half long \ the fruit is small, round, and, when ripe, of a darkish hue;
it comes out on the branches. The tree is the areSki * of the Hort. Malab. (3. p.47. t. 27.), and
the arbor conciUorum of Rumphius (Amb. iii. p. 142. tab. 9I9
92-). On pricking the stem of ihe^ficus religiosa a white
glutinous juice is poured out, with which the natives.
^ Dr. F. Hamilton, in his Commentary on the Hortus Malabari-cu, informs us that the
arealu is the bodhiban of the Avanese,
prepare a kind of bird-lime, which is termed in Dukhanie shclim. Tlie Cyngalese call this
noble tree bogaka, and the Malays cqjwtod't ; it is the cay-bO'de of the Cochin-Chinese; and
does not rarely get, from the Brahmins of Upper Hindoostan, the expressive appellation of
chaladala, from the circumstance of the almost constant trembling of its beautiful leaves,
which is occasioned by the great length and delicacy of the foot-stalks; it is sacred to
Veeshnu. I shall conclude what I have to say of this article, by stating what Bartolomeo, in his
Voyage to the East Indies*, tells us respecting the dried fruit: " Pulverised, and taken in water
for fourteen days together, it removes asthma, and promotes fruitfulness in women!!"
The species septica, the cay-lauc-cho of the Cocliin-Chinese, and the atvar-axvar of the
Javanese, is a medicinal plant of Java; its leaves are emetic, as noticed by Rumphius and
Horsfield. The plant grows in Otahette, tliere called matte; the Cochin-Chinese consider it as
caustic and anthelmintic.
XXIII.
ARK or ORK ^1 (Arab.) also Juij also JT, (Arab.) also v^.r- (-Arab.)
Cissus AttBOREA (Forsk.). Salvadora Persica (Vahl.).
This is a tree mentioned by Forskahl, in his De-scriptiones Florai Egyptiaco-Arabica;, p. 32,

wbicli
* Page 96, Ei;li:>h trauiilatioii.
was, in his days, held in high estimation amongst the Arabian-Egyptians; so much so as to be
celebrated by their poets. Of it he says, << In magno est pretio; fructus^ X^f maturus
edulis; folia contusa imponuntur tumoiibus uaram dictis, et bubonibus; sed vis antitoxica
adeo fiunosa, ut carmine quoque celebretur :
jyXA (^Ui ^Xteu qjUaII 3y
See article Ooghai Puttay^ in this Part and Chapter.
XXIV.
XriJgXm VAYR f^n/^lca<y\J& (Tam.) 'Root qf the Linear Bent-grass.
Agrosti9 Linearis (Lin.).
CI. and Ord. Triandria Digynia. Nat Ord. Gramina. Linienformiger Windhalm (Norn. Triv.
WUld.).
The roots of this beautiful grass, which the Cyn-galese caU heetana^ the Hindoo doctors use
in preparing, by decoction, a pleasant-tasted and cooling drink. The grass itself is held in high
estimation by the Indians, who have celebrated it in their sacred* writings; it is supposed to
be particularly acceptable to Ganisha (the Janus of the Romans), to whom it is offered under
the Sanscrit name of doorva or doorwal^ by the Brahmins of Lower Hinj^ See Asiatic Researchesi vol. iv. p. 248.
doostan. Arugdin grass is considered as the sweetest and most nutritive food for cattle of all
descriptions, and is made into hay.* Besides this last, wliich is its Tamool name, it is called
gherika (Tel.); rfoor^a (Beng.); dui (Hind.), which, however, Dr. Hunter thinks, is a Sanscrit
word; hdrialie J\~fjA (Duk.); bcUgaraga (Illieede); doorva also bhar-gih'ee (Sans.J. It grows
most luxuriantly in moist situations, and differs from its congener, the florin grass (agrostis
stolonifera), chiefly by the latter having a panicle, while the former has " spicas subquafernas
digitatas et culmum repentera."
Of the essential character of agrostis, Willdenow says, " Cal. 2-valvis, unifloris, corolla paulo
minor j stigmata longitudiiialiter hispida" (Spec. Plant, i. 131.)Roxburgh t. who speaks of tlie plant under consideration by the name of panicum dactylon
(Lin.), says, it has " root creeping j culms creeping j leaves small and smooth ; spikes from
three to flve, terminal, sessile, flliform, expanding! Jlowers alternate, single, disposed in twos
on the underside; calyx much smaller than the corol j carol, the large or exterior valve, bootshaped, keel slightly ciliate; stig-mas, villous, purple."!
See article Hay in Part III. of this work.

f See Flora Indica, edited by Carey, vol. i. p. 292.

i Three apeciea of agrostis were growing in the botaoical garden at Catculta in ISH, two of
which are indigenous to India; the panee doorba (Beng,), which ia the ag. tenaeissitna (Lin.)}
and the bena-joni (Beng,), which ia the eg. diandra (Lin.). Since thai several species have been
noticed by Dr. Roxburgh, in Uie Flora Indica, vol. i. p. 318.
XXV.
ARDEL-ODAGAM, also ADEL-ODAGAM
ajLOcroe&in-0jLO (Hort. Mai.) Atfiyapana (Cyng.) Adulasso (Sam.) Two-valoed Justiciar
JusnciA BivALVis (Liiu).
CL and Ord. Diandria Monogynia. Nat Ord. PerBonatas. Stinkende Justice (Nom. Triv.
Willd.).
We are told by Rheede (MaL9. t. 43.), that, on the Malabar coast, a juice is extracted from the
root and leaves of the adel^odagam^ which is thought to possess great virtues in asthmatic
complaints.
Willdenow*, though with a grain of hesitation, grants, that the plant just mentioned is
thejusficia hhabpis (Lin.), agreeing with ihe justicia fietida of FoTskahl, and the foUum
tinctorium of Rumphius (Amb.6. p. 51. t SS. f.l.). Roxburght, however, thinks diferently, and
says, that he is of opinion that the adeUodagam is altogether distinct
FoAA in his Symbohe Botaniae (i. p. 3.), has these words: ** Justicia bivahis; fructiosa, foliis
ovato* lanceolatis, pedunculis subtrifidis, pedicellis biflori-bus, bracteis ovatis.''
Miller observes, ** This is a shrubby plant, with leaves ovate-lanceolate; peduncles axillary,
trifid; lateral pedicels two^fiowered; bractes ovate, awned, nerved; the flowers covered with
two quite entire mucronate veined, three-nerved, unequal unguicular
Spec. Plant, i. p. 82.
f Flor. lodica* vol. i. p. 125., where may be seen the j. bivalvit (Lm.) described.
bractes; the side ones two-flowered, tlie middle one one-flowered; both calyxes equal in
length, five-parted; segments lanceolate, villose; capsule villose." Having never seen the plant
described by Rheede on the Malabar coast, I have thus done all I can do, leaving the truth to
future investigation. Thejus-ticia bivalvis of Roxburgh, or rather as noticed by him, is, be tells
us, a native of the Moluccas. The plant, under the same botanical appellation, as noticed by
WiUdenow, is, by his account, a native of Arabia and India. The essential character oi'jus-ticia
has already been given. See Spec. Plant. Willd. i. p. 82. for the species in question.
XXVI.
ATTIE PUTTAY (Tam.) aj^^^L_iL_23)^ Gullerke chawl JLj^ ^Xl^fDuk.) Ktisheer Jemeez

j^^'(Arab.) Maydiputta (Tel.) Bark of the Red-wooded Fig-tree.*

Ficus Racemosa (Willd.).
CI. and Ord. Polygamia Dicccia. Nat. Ord. Scabridas. Traiibige Feige (Nom. Triv. Willd.).
The bark of this species of Jicus, tiie native practitioners suppose to have particular virtues
when prescribed In hematuria and menorrhagia\, given in electuary and decoction; of the
latter, about half a tea-cupful twice daily. It is slightly astringent, and is sometimes used in
the form of fine powder ; and,
" It also often geU the name a^ countri/Jig tree, in India.
j- Given also in such cases with the greatest advantage, in the fonn of powder, to the
quantity of Jsb. daily, and in coojunction with rice flower, kaurnraieeIn combination with a little warm gingiSe^ oH as an external application in cancerous
affections.
The tree is the attuabi of Rheedet (Mal.l. p. 43. t. 23.) ^ it is the grossularia damestica of
Rumphius; and has got the Sanscrit name of odumbwrra. The generic character has already
been given. Of this spedesy Miller says, '* The leaves are ovate, quite entire, sharp, impressed
with whitish dots; stem ar-boreous" It grows to a pretty large size, and pro* duces finit (in
racemes), which is nearly round, of a reddish colour when ripe, and about the size of a small
plum; it is eaten by the common people. The leaves, as I have observed them in India, are
about four or five inches long, pointed, and beauti-fiiUy veined. See Spec. Plant Willd. iv. p.
1146. \
I shall conclude what I have to say of this article, by observing, that from the root of the tree,
which in Tamool is called attie vayr^ there exudes, on its being cut, a fluid, which is caught in
earthen pots;' and which the Vytians consider as a culpdm (Tam.^ that is, a powerful tonic,
when drank for several days together. This culpdm is termed attie vayr tannee (Tarn.).
XXVII.
AVARY 6^(TLj'Tas)fT (Tam.) Turner j^^
(Duk.) Tangayree (Can.) Tanghedoo (Tel.)
RanO'Wara (Cyng.) Mayharie also Talopota (Sans.)
^ared Cassia.
Cassia Auriculata (Lin.).
* Oil obtained from the usamum orientale (Lin.).
f Dr. F* Hamilton, in his Commentary on the Hortus Mala-baricoB, says he considers this to
be ^ro^erly Jl glomerata, so diformg with Willdenow.

SB MATERIA INDICA. PART IT.

CI. and Ord. Decandria Monogynia. Nat. Ord. Lomentaceffi. Geohrie Cassie (Nom. Triv.
Willd.).
The small, flat, pleasant-tasted, heart-shaped seeds of this species of cassia, the Fi/liaris
reckon amongst their Refrigerants and Attenuants, and prescribe them in electuary, in cases
in which the habit is pre-ternaturally heated, or depraved. They also consider the powder of
the dry seeds as a valuable external remedy (blown into the eye), in certain stages of
ophthalmia ; of the electuary the dose is a small tea-spoonful twice daily.* For the use of this
plant in the arts, the reader is referred to another part of this work.
Of the essential character, Willdenow says, "Cal. 5-phyllus J petala 5 ; anlherw supremte SsteriJes ; infima? .S-rostratae j Lomenium" (Spec. Plant Willd. ii. 813.).
"Leaflets, twelve pairs, obtuse, mucronate, several subulate glands, stipules kidney-formed,
bearded. The leaflets are oval-oblong, smooth petioled, nearly equal. The flowers of this
shrub are of a beautiful orange colour, three, four, or five on a corymb." The shrub itself is
one of the most common in Lower India, generally found growing on dry, waste, but not poor
land.
The cassia aiu-iculata, with many otlier species, grow in the botanical garden of Calcutta, (See
Hor-tus Bengalensis, p. 31.)
I have been informed by my friend Dr. Slicrwood, that the native doctors are in the habit of
prescribing this medicine with the article immediately prccediog, ia diabetic cases.
XXVIIL
AVERIE ajfii^rf^ (Tam;) Neelie (Tel) Vishdso danie (Sans.) Indigo plant.
Indigofra Anil (Lin.).
Spec. Plant Willd. iu., p. 1236. In addition to what is said of this plant, under the head of
Indigo, in other parts of this work, I shall here mention, that the root of it is reckoned
amongst those medicines, which have the power of counteracting poisons; and hence its
Sanscrit appellation; the leaf is considered to have virtues of an alterative nature, and is
prescribed in pukka-soolay (Hepatitis), but I very much suspect its efficacy. The root is
ordered in decoction, to the quantity of about a tea-cupful twice daily.
The plant in question has much the habit and appearance of the Indigqfera * tinctoria.
Though it has got the name of wild indigo plant, it is that trom which most of the oriental
Indigo is made; of it Miller says, " it grows to the height of five or six feet; and being large, it
will afford a greater quantity of indigo from the same compass of ground than any of the
other species." It is common at the Pilippine Islands and in Persia, especially in the province
of Kuzistan, and in the neighbourhood of Jiezphoulf also in Mekran.t Barrow t tells us, that
* Which is the ameri of Rheede (Mai. 1. t. 54.), and the nil-fltcan* of the Cyngalese. t See

Macdonald Kinneir's Geographical Memoir of Persia,

pp.38 and 225. t See his Southern Africa, p. 17.
VOL. II. D
S4 MATERIA INDICA. FART !!
two kinds of the Indigo plant grow wild at the Cape of Good Hope; and we have Niebhur's *
authority for saying that it is cultivated in abundance all over Arabia, and that when the crop
fails they find an excellent substitute in a species of polygala. In some of the mountainous
tracts of Lower India, the natives procure a kind of indigo from the plant called by the
Tamools caat-averie, which signifies wild in-digo. Is it the indigofera argentea (Lin.), or
silvery^ leaved indigo ? I am inclined to think so j it grows to the height of three or four feet,
and has a singular looking angular stem; and altogether the shrub has greatly the appearance
of that described by UHere-tieVf " silky and glaucous**; if it be that species, it is, according to
professor Louiche Desfontaines, much cultivated at Tunis for dyeing, and is what the Arabs
call hab-nil.
Betwixt the two species most prized in India, the ind. anil, and ind. tinctoria, (cham-noh-la
Coch. Chin.)> the principal distinction is, that the latter has leaflets obovate, blunt, naked on
both sides^ while the first has leaflets oblong, bluntish^ naked above, hoary underneath, all
equal. The last is the ameri of Rheede (Mali. 101. t. 54.)} and I have reason to believe, is the
same which used to be formerly raised in great abundance at Java t, whence indigo was sent
to Europe.
Twenty-one species of indigofera were growing in the botanical garden, in 1814 j all of
Eastern countries, except one from Cuba (see Hortus Ben-galensis, p. 57.).
See Niebhur's Travels in Arabia, vol.ii. p. 346. f See Sketches Civil ami Military of Java^ PP*
41^ 42.
CHAP. J. MATEBIA INDICA S5
XXIX.
AWAR.AWAR (Jav.)
Ficus Septica (Forst. Flor. Aust).
Dr. Horsfield mentions this plant, as a well known emetic in Java, which confirms
Rumphius's account of it; Loureiro has given the same name to a Cochin-Chinese fig; there
used fi^r destroying proud flesh; leaves oblong lanceolate, fruit oblong turbinate and
wrinkled. See Burm. Ind. 2S6.
XXX.
AYAPANIE aj-uLJLjn-Gc5OT (Tam.) AypanU (Tel.)

EuPATORiuM Ayapana (Veuteuat).

CI. and Ord. Synganesia ^qualis. Nat Ord. CompositaB Discoideae. Heilsamer Wasserdqfi
(Nom. Triv. WiUd.). Spec. Plant WiUd. iii. 1454.
This small shrub, which was originally brought to India from the Isle of France, is as yet but
little known to the native practitioners ; though, from its pleasant, subaromatic, but peculiar
smell, they believe it to possess medicinal qualities. At the Mauritius it is in great repute, and
there considered as alterative and antiscorbutic; as an internal remedy it has certainly
hitherto much disappointed the expectations of European Physicians. An infusion of
D 2

the leaves has an agreeable and somewhat spicy * taste, and is a good diet drink; when fresh
and bruised, they are one of the best applications I know for cleaning the face of a foul ulcer.
Of the essential character, Willdenow says, " Re-cept. nudum ; pappus pilosus vel scaber;
Calyx im-bricatus, oblongus; Stylus semibifidus, longus."
It would seem, that the plant has only hitherto been scientifically described by Ventenaty
who tells us, " Caulis erectus firmus, ramosus fuscus tripe-dalis crassitie pennae anserinae ;
folia subsessilia lan-ceolata intigerrima, flores purpurei corymbosi termi-nalis." The plant is
now growing in the botanical garden of Calcutta (with three other species), and was
introduced, in 1801, by Captain B. Blake, from Brazil.
The leaves resemble Inuch those of the cadr noo^ chie (Tam.)y Jalropha ctcrcas (Lin.), but
are not quite so long, being seldom, in the plants I have seen, more than three inches in
length, sharp-pointed, and have this to distinguish them; that they are edged with a narrow
border of green, somewhat darker than the rest of the leaf. The species Zeylanicum is a native
of Ceylon, and there called weeUpupula.
Horsfield, in his acount of the medicinal plants of Java, mentions, that there is common on
that island, a species of eupatorium, which the Javenese call tegunungy that much resembles
the shrub in question;^ its odour is aromatic, and the natives employ an in I have been informed by Mr. Dyer, already mentioned in this work, that the plant is now
chiefly cultivated at the island of Bourbon, for the purpose of being dried and sent to France,
where it is used as a substitute for the tea of China. A species of eupatorium
(satureioefolium, Lamarck) is said, by Mutis and Humboldt, to be considend as a powerful
counterpoison to the poison of serpents in the United States. See Virey's " Histoire Katurelle
des M^dicamens," p. 200.
fusion of it in fevers; or may it not be the eupat. aramaiicum^ or eupat. odoratitm (Lin.) ? the
first is a native of Virginia, the other of Jamaica. Ventenat found the eupatorium ayapana

growing on the banks of the river of the Amazones, and we know it to be a native of Cayenne.
Virey, in his " Histoire Naturelie des Medicamens," tells us, that another species perfotiaium
is considered as a febrifuge in America, p. 200.
XXXI.
AYMPADOO or AMPADOO (Sumat) Bar.
rowing (Mai.) Lussa-radja (Rumph. Amb. Actuar.
27. tl5.).
Brucea Sumatrana (Roxb.).
CI. and Ord. Dioecia Tetrandria.
I have given this article a place here, on the authority of Roxburgh, who in his Flora Indica*,
edited by Dr. Carey, tells us, that it is a native of Sumatra, whence the seeds were some years
ago sent to Calcutta, by Mr. Ewer; where plants from them, in four years, grew to the height
of four feet, with straight ligneous stems, and few branches. The plant is growing in Ceylon
(Moon's Catalogue, p. 68.).
Of the essential character, Willclenow says,
"Masculi. Cir/. 4-partit.; cor. 4-petala; necf. quadrilobum.
" Feminei. Cat. cor. et nec. maris, pericarp. 4-monosperma (Spec. Plant, iv., l??^')-. ** The
leaves are scattered, unequally-pinnate, from
Vol. i. p. 469. D 3
t *
twelve to eighteen inches long; lec^is from four to six pair, opposite, short, petioled,
obliquely ovate* lanceolate ; pelioles common, round; stipules none ; racemes axillary,
solitary, from one to six, or eight inches; powers numerous, dark purple, and very minute/'
Should the reader wish for a more minute account of the brucea samatrana^ he may turn to
the work just quoted.
Dr. Roxburgh observes, that from the sensible qualities of the plant, which are foetid, and
simply, though intensely bitter, it promises to be as good an antedysentiric medicine, as
Brace's Abyssinian species, (wooginos ;) the bark, he adds, he intended to compare with the
angustura bark, which is supposed by some to be the brucea antedysenterica * of Bnice's
Travels Cvol. v. p. 69.) ^^d described hy UHeretier^ under the name of brucea ferrugmea^
The reader is referred to Virey*s " Histoire Naturelle des lM6-dicamens," p. 324.; for some
interesting particulars respecting these plants. See article Fraualot, in this part and chapter.
XXXII.

BABRENG (Hind.).
This is the Hindooie name of a vermifuge seed, common, I have been given to understand, in
the
* An alkaline substance has lately been prepared fVom this species of brucea, called brucine;
it is about the consistence of wax and narcotic, about six times weaker than strychnine: dose
from one to three grains. Daubuisson gave the following in para-l^sis: ^ Brucins grs. xxxvi.,
conserv. rosar. q. s.; misce, fiant pilul. xii., one for a dose. Magendie gave this: ^ Brucinse grs.
vi, alcoholis ^i*; fiat tinctura \ the dose from six dropsr to thirty, in muscular debility.
higher provinces of Beogal; the Sanscrit name of which is chUratandoola. What the plant is, I
know not
XXXIIL
BANGHIE Ljov;^ (Tam.) Bengh afiu (Pers.) Subjah lojA-. (Duk, and Hind.).
This is an inebriating liquor, which is prepared with the leaves of the gdryah plant (canaUs
Indica)n it is chieflj drank by the Mahometans and Mahrat-tas; the Tamools and Telingas of
Lower India, who are comparatively sober, use it but little. See articles Mqjttm sndGanjah in
this chapter, andSutjak, in another part of this work.
XXXIV.
BELAMCANDA (Tam.) Sholarmini (Hort, Mai.) Chifia Morcea.
MoRAEA Chinensis (Thunb,).
CI. and Ord. Triandria Monogynia. Nat Ord, Ensate. Bunte Morcea (Nom. Triv% Willd.)
We are told by Rheede in the Hort. Malab. (11. p.7. t. 37.)that the root of this plant, ground
and applied to any part bitten by a poisonous snake, is said to prevent fatal consequences.
The leaves are given to cattle on the Malabar coast, that have by chance eateu vegetables of a
deleterious nature^
D 4
Of the essential character, Willdenow says, **cor. hexapetala; petalaS. interiora patentia;
angustiora; stigma S-fidum'* (Spec. Plant, i. 98.).
There has been some difference of opinion amongst botanists regarding this plant, which,
however, may be considered as settled, by Willdenow having placed it where it now stands.
Mr. Curtis ventured a notion, that it had scarcely any affinity with mor^a; Thunberg*,
however, observes, that it cannot be referred to the Ixias, as they have a tube; now in this
shrub the flower is not in the least tubular, but six petalled. In India, it rises to about four
feet high or more, the stalk is thick, smooth, and jointed; the root fleshy, divided into joints
of a yellowish colour; leaves nearly a foot long, sword-shaped; flowers beautifully stained
with yellow. It is common in the woods of Malabar, is also a native of China and Japan, and is

now growing in the botanical garden of Calcutta, and is called in Hindoostanie dosbichundi.
XXXV.
BISH or BICK, or KODOYA BIKH.
This, Dr. Francis Hamilton informs us, is the Nepaulese name of a root, which is a poison
taken internally, and the juice of it is used for poisoning arrows. Another plant with a
tuberous root is called bishma and bickma ; the botanical character of the genus, not differing
from the genus caltha of Europe ; in fact, they are all three of the same genus. Nir* Who describes it amongst his Japanese plants; the Japanese call xljakan^ also karasu oogi.
See rlor. Japon. p. S4.
bi^hie is another plant of the same genus, but it is not deleterious, and is used in medicine.
This must not be confounded with the word nirbisiy which is the Sanscrit name of the
curcuma zedoaria; it bears no resemblance whatever to the nirbisJiie of the Indian Alps.
XXXVI.
BIT-LABAN ^"S Cu also Sochul, also Kala^ nemek (Hind.).
This medicine Dr. Fleming informs us, is of great repute amongst the Hindoos of Upper
India. It is prepared hy melting together ftrt* about six or seven hours, in an earthen pot, an
impure muriate of soda, called samur, (from a salt lake of that name, near Mirzapore,) and
emblic myrobalans (aonlas), in the proportion of fifty-six pounds of the muriate, to twenty
ounces of the dried myrobalans.
BU'tabarif which is also sometimes termed bil-nobeni^ is generally used as a tonic in
dyspepsia and gout, as a deobstruent in obstruction of the spleen, and my-senteric glands;
and as a stimulant in chronic rheumatism and palsy: it is also considered as a vermifuge.
It would appear, that Mr. Accum, on analysing 480 grains of this medicine^ which had been
sent to England, found, that that quantity contained black oxide of iron six grains, sulphur
fourteen grains, muriate of lime twelve grains, muriate of soda four hundred and forty-four
grains, loss four grains.
* See Catalogue of Indian plants, 53, 54*. t See a dissertation on it by John Henderson of the
Bengal Medical Establishment, 8vo. Lond. 1803.
XXXVII.
BONGKO (Jav.).
Hernakdia Sonora.
CI. and Ord. Monoecia Triandria. Nat. Ord. Tricoccae.
This is a lofty tree, with alternate, peltate leaves, and pale yellowJlowerSy succeeded by a

large swollen hoUow^ fruit, formed of the calyx, having a hole open at the end, and a hard,
but oily nut within; the wind blowing in at the opening, makes a noise, hence the specific
name sonora. The plant is a native of Java, of the West Indies, Friendly Islands, &c. Horsfield
places it amongst the Javanese cathartics. Rumphius says, that the root applied either
externally or taken internally, is a certain antidote against poison. See Hortus Jamaicensis,
vol. i. p. 389
XXXVIII.
teONRAKA (Siam).
A root sometimes brought to the Coromandel coast from Siam, of a greyish-brown colour,
and very astringent; it is said to be used as a tonic in Siam and Cochin-China, but what the
plant is I know not
XXXIX.
BO-DAYNG (Siam.).
Root used in decoction, in cases of paralysis^ found by Dr. Finlayson, in Siam. What it is I
know not.
XL.
BRUxMADUNDOO ctiSjvjlo^^^^s^ (Tarn.) also hmmarakash (Tam.) Fdringie datura ^^ji
\jyS\^ (Duk.) ShUU cdrUa (Beng.) Berband jJl^^^ (Hind.) Dotury (Can.) Brumadandie (Tel.)
Brumadandie (Sans.) also Bramhi (Sans.) Jamaica Yellow Thistle^ or Prickly Argemone.
Argemone Mexicana (Lin.)*
CL and Ord. Polyandria Monogynia. Nat Ord. Rhoeadese. Mexicanische Argemone (Nom.
Triv* Wilid.) (Syst. Plant ii. p. 1148.).
The bitter-tasted, yellow juice, of the tender stalks and leaves of this annual thorny plant,
(the seed of which, in the West Indies * is used as a substitute for ipecacuan,) is considered
by the Indians as a valuable remedy in opthalmia, dropt into the eye, and over the tarsus; and
as a good application to chancres. There is an oil prepared from the small dark-coloured
seeds, called brumadundoo unnay^ which the Hakeems (Mahometan Doctors) employ,
See Dr. Wright's Medicinal Plants of the West Indies.
as an external application in such head-achs as are brought on by exposure to the sun's rays.
The Vy-tians recommend it, as a liniment for a species of carpang which attacks the head, and
is called p6d6-ghoo (scald head). It is besides purgative and de-obstruent; and is also used for
the domestic purpose of burning in lamps.
Of the essential character, Willdenow says, " cor. G-petala; cal. 3-phyllus; caps, semivalvis.'*
The species in question, which is a native of Mexico, but now grows in Ceylon, rises to the

height of two or three feet, having stems armed with prickles, and a beautiful yellow Jlower,
with six petals ; the leaves are jagged, soft, shining ; stem clasping ; the points of the jags
ending in sharp yellowish spines; the flowers are solitary at the end of the stem and
branches; the seeds are numerous, round, black, with a slightly compressed scar on one side,
and have a somewhat pungent, warmish taste.
The whole plant abounds with a milky glutinous juice, which turns in the air to a fine bright
yellow, not easily to be distinguished from gamboge; and which, according to Long's *
account, mai/ be of equal efficacy in dropsies, jaundice and cutaneous eruptions. The
argemone Mexicana, is a native of Jamaica, the Caribee islands, India, and Mexico, from
which last country, the Spaniards sent it to Europe under the name oijigo del infermo. Long
further informs us, which, however, agrees but ill with their reputed emetic quality, that the
seeds are said to be a much stronger narcotic than opium.
^ See his History of Jamaica, vol. iii. p. 845.
" XLI.
BUZZIR KHESHOOT c^^ij^. (Arab.).
A seed brought from Syria to Cairo; and chiefly used by the Jews as a cosmetic, but also taken
in. temalJy. See ForskahPs Mat. Med. kahirina. What it is I know not.
XLII.
CAAT AMUNAK ^rrL.i_.nrLx:)c5n7'.ra>(2j(Tam.) NepaUiy also Adivie amida (Tel.) Mara
hdrulu (Can.) Rata endaru (Cyng.) Bdgberenda (Hind.) Dsharrak pagger (Jav.) Kanana
kerundum, also Nepala (Sans.) Angular-leaved Phi/sic Nut.
Jatropha Curcas* (Lin.).
Ci. and Ord. Monoecia Monadelphia. Nat Ord. Tricoccae. Schwarze Brechnuss (Nom. Triv.
Willd.).
The essential character is thus given by Willde-now:
" Masculi. Cal. 0 ; s. 5-phyllus; cor. 1-petala, infundibulifbrmis; stam. 10, alterna breviora.
" Feminei. Cal. 0; cor. 5-petala, patens; styli 3, bifidi; caps, tricolaris; sem. 1." (System. Plant,
iv.
1719.) The seeds of this species of jatropha are called in
* The species janipha, Loureiro says, is considered as a medicinal plant in Cochin-China,
where it is called pefutsu. The root is suDDosed to be califacient and resolvent. Vide Flor.
Cochinsupposed Chin. vol. ii. p 585

, 46 MATERIA INDICA, PART II.

Tamool cadt amtinaka moottoo ; they are of a purgative quality, but, like those of the
nervalum (croton tiglium), somewhat uncertain in their operation, and occasionally excite
vomiting. Before using them they ought to be carefully cleared* from the thin filament in
which they are closely enveloped, after which two or three may be taken as a dose. They
consist, according to Pelletier, of a fixed oil; an acrid principle, which is poisonous; and of an
acid, acide jatrophique. The leaves, which are five-angled, from three to six inches long, and
from three to five wide, are considered as discutient; and the milky juice of the plant is
supposed to have a detergent and healing quality, and dyes linen black. The leaves are rubifacient. The capsule or nut is called in Dukhanie jungUe erundie ke beenge ^Iaj ^^ ^xJ;'
tjAJ^^ > and in Arabic dund-birrie tSj^ JJ^ ; it is about the size of a large nutmeg: this, when
the three seeds within are ripe, dries, and the contents drop out. They are each (the seeds)
about the size of an olive, and dark coloured, convex on one side, and on the other obscurely
angular; from them a fixed or expressed oil is prepared by the Vi/iians, called in Canarese
mara k&rdlu unnay^ which is reckoned a valuable external application in cases of itch and
herpes; it is also used, a little diluted, in chronic rheumatism t, and for burning in lamps.
* This I particularly mention, as Roques, in his most valuable work, entitled Phytographie
Medicalc, says, that, according to the testimony of Bancroft, the seeds may be safely eaten,
when deprived of their outward tegument. See PhyL Med. vol. ii. p. 288.
f One Vytian informed me that he was in the habit of giving the oil internally, in cases
requiring purgatives and alteratives,' in doses of about one gold fanam and a quarter weight.
It would appear, by the Journal of Science, Literature, and the Arts (I think in vol. xxix.), that
the varnish used by the Chinese for co vering boxes, &c. is made by boiling this oil with
oxide of iron.
The plant seldom rises higher than seven or eight feet, and has generally a scraggy
appearance; its JUfwers are in terminating cymes; peduncles alternate, upright, manyflowered ; flowers almost aggregate, on very short pedicels: males copious; females fewer,
sessile (Miller). It is the " noix des Bar-bades** of the French writers.
It is a common shrub in Lower India, and is frequently seen growing in the hedges round the
little gardens of the natives. That species of jatropha called by the English the coral plants or
French physic nut bush (jatropha* multiflda), is cultivated in many gentlemen's pleasure
grounds, but merely for the beauty of its red flowers, which come out in large bunches. It
appears that from the solitary seed of this species, muUifida^ an expressed oil is obtained, in
Brazil, called emetic or pinhoenf oil; it is known to be powerfully both purgative and emetic,
and was at one time much used for the latter purpose by the Spaniards of South America:
each seed is about the size of a small marble, round on one side and a little flatter on the
other. I shall conclude what 1 have to say of the article jat. curcas, by observing, that Orfilat
places the seeds of it amongst his Poisons; he is of opinion, that the poison is not absorbed,
but acts by the inflammation it excites, and sympathetic action on the nervous system.
Mr. Lunan, in his Hortvs Jamaicensis (vol. ii. p. 62.), tells us, that an ointment prepared with
the

* The avellana purgatrix, Bauh. pin. 418.

t See Journal oi Science, Literature, and the Arts, No. xxxix. p. 195, and Dr. Copland's
excellent Medical Repository for February 1826.
\ See Traits dea Poisons, vol. ii. part i. p. 85.
milk of the physic nut, and half the quantity of melted hog's lard, is an excellent application
in cases of inflamed and indurated piles.
XLIII.
CAAT ATTIE POO ^n-e^u.rr^3r'_ui) (Tam.) Chanschena^pou (Malealie). Usmadughd
(Sans.) Flower qf the Downy Mountain Ebony.
Bauhinia Tomentosa (Lin.).
CI. and Ord. Decandria Monogynia. Nat. Ord. Lomentaceae. Filzige Baiihinie (Nom. Triv.
Willd.).
The small dried buds, and young flowers of this plant, the native practitioners prescribe* in
certain dysenteric affections; they have little sensible taste or smell, though the leaves, when
fresh and bruised or rubbed, have a strong but not unpleasant odour. Rheedet tells us, that a
decoction of the root of the bark of the chanschena-poUy which is the name given to the
shrub on the Malabar coast, is admi^ nistered in cases in which the liver is'inflamed.
Of the essential character, Willdenow says, " CaL 5-fidus, diciduus; petala patula, oblonga,
unguicu-lata J superiore magis distante, omnia calyci inserta" (Spec. Plant. Willd. ii. 810.).
The species in question is a native of Malabar, and the petan of the Cyngalese; it grows
usually to the height of two fathoms or more, with a trunk about six inches in diameter, and
divides into many branches. It is common in Ceylon, and is there
In the dose of a small tea-cupful of the infusion, twice daily, t See Hort. Mai. i. p. 68, 64. t.
S5.
called may la ; besides its Tamool name already given, it is often called trwiat-puirum. The
leaves^ which are much smaller than those of most other of the BauhiniaSy are cordate,
lobes semiorbiculate to-mentose, and clasp together during the night; the flowers have a
greenish calyx, and a bell-shaped yellowish-white corolla.
The present article grows in the botanical garden of Calcutta, introduced by W. Hamilton,
Esq. Thirteen other q>ecies, all of Eastern countries, were in that garden in 1814.
XLIV.
CAAT KOLINGIE ^rrL^Q^ira^^^ (Tam.) or KSlimgie (Tam.) also KooUu kavaylie (Tam.)
VqympaSe (Teh) Gampila (Cyng.) Poonkhie (Sans.) Purple Galega.

Galega Purpurea (Lin.).

CI. and Ord. Diadelphia Decandria. Nat. Ord. Papilionacese. Rothe GeisraiUe (Nom. Triv.
Willd.),
A decoction of the bitter root of this galega the Vytians prescribe in cases of dyspepsia,
lientery, and ^mpanitis; it is a low-growing plant, with an her-bam>us and somewhat angular
stalk, seldom mor^e than three feet high ; the pinnated leaves have eight or nine pairs of
oblong smooth leaflets; the flowers are small, purple, in a loose spike, and are succeeded by
slender, erect legumes, each about an inch and a half in length.
The essential character is thus given by Willde-now; " Cal. dentibus subulatis, subaequalibus;
fe*
VOL. II. E
UATEIIIA IKDICA.
u
XLVI.
CAAT MALLICA VAYR s>rr^(BLca\3<22:m Ccrud^ (Tarn.) Wabaman pkkcha (Cyiig.) Adkie
malleva^roo (Tel.) Kcinana-mallika ^tlH'T *lf^=tlT also Vana-malli ^'T Mm (Sans.) i^oo/
^/Ac A^ar-row-leaved Jasmine.
Jasminum Angustifolium (Lin.).
CI. and Ord. Diandria Monogynia. Nat. Ortl. Sepiaria;. Schmalblatlriger Jasmin (Nom. Triv.
Willd.).
This bitter root, ground small, and mixed with powdered vassumboo (root of the acorus
calamus) and lime juice, is considered as a valuable external application in cases of ringworm. The Hindoo-stanie name of the plant is banmallica, and a third
Sanscrit appellation for it is asp/iota -ij H*+i1tf
Miller places this shrub amongst the Nyclanihes. It is the vijctanthes trifiora o\ Bttrman
(Flor. Jnd. iv, t. 2.). In the Hort. Malab. (vi. p. 93. t. 5.S.) it is described under the name of
katU'pitsjegam-mulla.
Of the essential character, Willdenow says, " Cor. hypocraterifbrmis ; d-S-fida ; bacca dicocca;
semtna solitaria arillata" (Spec. Plant, i. p. 35.).
Roxburgh, in his Flora Indica, edited by Dr. Carey (p. 95.), informs us, that this species of
jasmine is shrubby, twining, polished, with leaves pe-tiolcd, ovate, smooth, of a shining deep
gi'een ; flowers terminal, generally three-fold, peduncled, large, white, with a faint tinge of
red, star-shaped, having a peculiar, but very pleasant fragrance; he

adds, that it is constantly covered with leaves, which, owing to their beauty and character, are
particularly well fitted for screening windows, covering arbours,
Twenty species of jasminum were growing in the botanical garden of Calcutta in 1814, all of
which were oriental plants, except one, the simpUcffbUum^ introduced in 1799 firom the
South Sea Isles.
XLVIL
CAAT MORUNGIE VAYR ^nri^s^oPCTOv; CS)^Otu'^ (Tam.) Junglaie moonghie ke jurr j^ ^
>lc c^Uf^^ ^Duk.) Adivie moanaga vayroo
mm *
(Tel.) KSnana shSkhara qiPFf S[t?3T (Sans.) Root of the SermO'leiwed Hedysarum.
Hedysarum Sennoides (WiUd.)*
This root, as it appears in the bazars, has a considerable degree of warmth; and is prescribed
by the VytianSf as a tonic and stimulant in fevers, to the quantity of an ounce of the decoction
twice or thrice daily. With the bark of the root, ground small, and mixed with the oil of the
sesamum orien-takj is prepared a liniment; recommended as an external application in
paralytic complaints and lumbago.
The shrub, which grows on Ceylon, seems only hitherto to have been scientifically described
by Willdenow: it is of the CI. and Ord. Diadelphia Decandria, and Nat. Ord. Papilionaceae; the
trivial name lie has given to it is sennenartiger hahnenkopf.
The essential character is, **Cal 5-fidusj cor.
S
carina transvei^se obtusa; lomentum articulis, 1-sper-mis compressis" (Spec. Plant. iiL
1375.).
The hedysarum sennoides has leaves pinnated, leaflets alternate, smooth, obovate, retuse;
racemes axillary, JUmers scanty, and the loment. or pericarp, articulated and covered with
small spines.
Forty.six species oihed. were growing in the bota. nical garden of Calcutta, in ISl^, almost all
Oriental plants. Our article is a native of the woods of the Coromandel coast. Two species* of
this genus are medicinal in Jamaica, the supinum and torttiosum ; a decoction of the first,
according to Piso, is of use in cold, flux cases; the leaves of the last purge. Bar-ham tells us
that all sorts of hedysarum are more or less bitter and stpmachic. See Lunan's Horlus JomakensiSf vol. i. p. 305.
XLVIII.
CAAT SIRAGUM mn-i^&^rr^LD (Tain.) KaSe zeerie <f j) lLr (Duk.) Adavie zeeld kara

(Tel.) Buckchie ^goS^ (Hind.) Kanana ilraka ^1*1^ 3iT^5f[ (Sans.) Purple Fleabane.
Vernonia Anthelmintica (Willd.).
CI. and Ord. Syngenesia jEqualis. Nat. Ord. Compositae Discoideae. Wormbreibende Vemonie
(Nora. Triv. Willd.).
The small, dark-coloured, and extremely bitter, seeds of this annual plant are considered as
power* Tlie hedysarum diphyllum is a native of Ceylon and the Malabar coast; in the first, it is
called maha kakatoana ; on the latter, it is termed nelani'mari, and is described by Browne (p.
301.) and Loureiro.
21
CHAP. I. MATEUA INOICA. S3
fuUy anthelmintic, and are also an ingredient of a compound powder prescribed in snakebites. Rheede tells us that an infusion of them is given on the Malabar coast for coughs, and
against flatulency (Hort MaL ii. pp. 3040. t. 24.), and that the shrub is there called cattu^hiragam ; its Hindoostanie name IS buckchie t^s^it which, I am inclined to think, is rather
a Sanscrit word.
The dose of the seed in powder, when administered in worm-cases, is one pagoda weight
twice daily.
The essential character is thus given by Willde-now: ^^Recepi. nudum; caL
ovatusimbricatus; pappus duplex; exteriorpaleaceus; interior capillaris'' (Spec. Plant- iii.
1430.).
The species in question is the sanni-nayan of the Cyngalese and the conj/za anthelmintica of
Burman (Ind. 178.); it has an erect stem, roundish, branched, slightly tomentose, and spotted
with purple leaves, alternate, serrate, with acute unequal teeth, narrowed at the base into the
petiole; common calyx ovate, converging at top; the corolla uniform, and consisting of twenty
or more hermaphrodite red florets; the flowers in panicles at the end of the branches, on long
peduncles, thickening towards the flower; a solitary peduncle terminates the stalk (MUler).
XLIX.
CADALAY POOLIPOO NEER ^i_2/tol
J(-4
(Vf^LJL-^rg^d^ (Tam.) BiUkasirka ^(^l^o^ (Duk.) KhuUceasujimahud'bashid (Arab.)
Sanigha pooloosu neeho (Tel.) Vinegar of ike Semagalu.
4

The dews of the niglit falling on muslin cloths, spread over the Bengal horse-grain, cicer
arietinum (Lin.), are thereby rendered slightly acid, and most refreshing to the taste j this
liquor wrung out of the clothes is recommended by the native practitioners as a cooling drink,
and is used by them as a common menstruum for medical purposes. The acid juice. Dr.
Heyne tells us, on having been analysed by Vau-quelin, was found to contain oxalic, malic,
and a little acetic acid. See his Tracts on India, pp. 38, S9>
L.
CADAPUM VAYR su.i.L-.LcCcn.i'^ (Tarn.) Kamtee-vayroo (Tel.) Neepd (Sans.) Loiig-racemed
Eugenia.
Eugenia Racemosa (Lin.)
CI. and Ord. Icosandrta Monogynia. Nat. Ord. Hesperidse. Langiraubiger Jambusenbaum
(Nom. Triv. Willd.).
The root of this beautiful eugenia, as it appears in the medicine bazars, has a slightly bitter,
but not unpleasant taste, and is considered by the Hindoo doctors a valuable medicine on
account of its aperient, deobstruent, and cooling qualities } it is given in decoction to the
quantity of half a tea-cupful twice daily. The seeds and bark are also employed j the latter,
which is of a reddish colour, is supposed to possess virtues similar to those of the cinchona
officinalis.
Of the essential character, Willdenow says, " Cal. l-partitus, superus; pelala 4; bacca 1locularis, 1-sperma" (Spec. Plant, ii. 972.).
In the species now under conrideration the leaves are crenate, racemes very long^ pomes
ovate, quadrangular ; the peduncles, which are longer than the leaves, are pendulous and
simple (See Fion ZeyL 191. and Miller>
Jussieu refers this shrub to another genus, butonica^ on account of its having alternate
leaves, and many flowers together in racemes. It is the samstravadi of Rheede (Hort MaL iv.
p. 11* t 6.), and may be found described by Riunphius (Amb. iii. p. 181. t. 116.), under the
name of butanica sylvestris alba.
Twenty-eight species of eugenia were growing in the botanical garden of Calcutta, in 1814k,
almost all of them Oriental plants. See Hortus Bengalensis, p. 37. Seven species grow in
Ceylon (See Moon's Catalogue of Ceylon Plants, p. 3S.^.
LI.
CAMMITTA 0?/TL5^L-L-rr (Malealie> Ouror (Sans.)
I have ^ven this article a place here merely from what has been said of its mUky juice by
Rheede, who tells us, that it is considered by the Hindoo doctors of Malabar to have
wonderful virtues in dropsical cases. I have never seen the tree, which, it would seem, is very
large, nor am I aware that its exact place in botany has as yet been properly ascertained (See

Hort. Mai. v. p. 90.), though I think it must soon come under the notice of the admirable Dr.
F. Hamilton, in his Commentary on the Hortus Mala-baricus.
S8 MATERIA INDICA. FART II.
LII.
CAMACHIE PILLOO E^rrLcn-^LJLS*a\&Q^ (Tain.) also WassinapiUoo^ also Cavatum
piUoo (Tarn.) Kamachie Aiw^oo (Tel.) Gund J^/(Hiud.) G&wr geea (Pers.) Askhur jjkmS
(Arab.) Seeree (Jav.) Gundha-bena (Beng.) Ramacciam (Rheede
Mai. 12. p. 137. t 72.) MaJd^trinakam H l^|fjm<iti (Sans.) Sweet Rmh, Lemon Grass^ or
CameVs-hay.
Andropogon Schoenanthus (Lin.).
CI. and Ord. Polygamia Monoecia. Nat Ord. Gramina. Wohlriechendes Bartgras (Nom. Triv.
Willd.).
An infusion of the long, striated, scabrous leaves of this sweet-smelling, bitterish, aromatic
grass*, they being previously toasted, is given to children who have weak digestion; they are
considered by the Vytians as excellent stomachics. The fresh leaves are frequently used as a
substitute for tea by the English; and the white succulent centre of the leaf-bearing culms is
often put into curries to give them an agreeable flavour.
Dr. Carey informs us, that the natives of the Mo* In Dukhanie it is named ^l^^ UC^^L ^^ ^\J^ narinj kebat
ka ghans (oranee-scented grass). I conceive toassanapilloo to be the proper Tamoolname of
it; camachie-pillow being, perhaps, more applicable to what is commonly called, by the
Englisn, spice-grass, and which I believe to be a variety of the cyperus odoratus (Supp. Spec.
Plant. 68.); it is a narrow-stalked, spiky grass, growing to the height of a foot or more, of a
warm, aromatic taste, and is given, in mfusion, as a stomachic ; in Dukhanie it is kunchanie
kaghus
lucca islands extract a pleasant^tasted essential oti from the leaves; and I perceive that
Horsfield, in his list of Javanese medicinal plants, observes, that the Javanese prize this plant
much as a mild aromatic and stimulant
Of the essential character, Willdenow says, ** Hermaphrod. col. gluma 1-flora; cor. gluma vel
apice aristata; stam. 3; stjfti 2; sent. 1/' (Spec. Plant iv. 1863.).
The Meet^rusfh which formerly had a place in the European Pharmacopoeias under the
name of Juncus odoratus, is much cultivated in gardens on the Coro-mandel coast; and in the
north of Bengal large tracts of waste land are covered with it It is the schtenanthum
amboinicum of Rumph. (Amb. v. p. ] 81.

t 7. 2.)
The spike of the panicle of this species is conjugate, ovate-oblong; rachis bubescent, floscules
sessile, with a twisted awn; roott perennial; culms^ from five to seven feet high, erect,
smooth, and about the thickness of a goose-quill; leaves^ many near the root bifarious, but
few on the upper part of the culm, oi a soft texture, pale green colour, and from three to four
feet long, including their sheaths, and three-quarters of an inch broad; Jhral leaves small;
panicle Unear; spikes generally paired on a common peduncle ; rachis articulated, muchwaved, hairy; Jlomsrs in pairs, one hermaphrodite and sessile; the other male and pedlcelled
(See Flora Indica, Roxb., edited by Carey, p. 278.). The plant was formerly an ingredient in the
mithridate and theraica. Virey, in his " Histoire Naturelle des Medicamens" (p. 148.), tells us,
that this plant contains a resin similar to rayrrh, and that the leaves are attenuant and tgnic.
L
60 MATERIA IKDICA. PART II.
A species of andropogon (insulare) ia considered in Jamaica* as a most useful application to
ulcers, and called by Browne, sour grass.
Lin.
CANARI ^Ul? (Mai.) Raia-kcekuna (Cyng.) Java Almond.
Canarium Commune (Lin.).
. CI. and Ord. Dicecia Pentandria. Gemeiner Ca-narienbatcm (Nora. Triv. Willd.)We are told by Horsfield, in his list of the medicinal plants of Java, that the gum of this shrub
has the same virtues as those of the balsamum copaiba; that the three-cornered nuts are
eaten both raw and dressed by the natives of Java, and that an oil is expressed from them,
which is used at table when fresh, and ibr burning when stale : it would also appear that
bread is occasionally made from them on the island of Celebes.! Rumphius, who calls it can.
vulgare, informs us, that when eaten raw, the nuts are apt to bring on diarrhceas ; and to
occasion an oppression of the breast (Amb. ii. p. 145. t. 17.). See also p. 155. t. 4y. and p. 148.
Of the essential cliaracter, Willdenow says,
" Masculi. Cal. 2-phyllus ; cor. 3-petala.
" 1''eminei. Ca/. 2-phyllusj cor. iJ-petala; sligtna
See Lunan'B Hortus Jamaicensia, vol. i. p. 623. f A fact, 1 see, noticed by Sprengel, in his
Hisloria Rei HerbarJK, vol. ii. p. 270, who telU us, that the plant is mentioned by Avicenna
(212.), under the name of f^..tu>^ Crawfurd speaks of the tree and tells us, that It is large
and handsome, and generally found in places where the sago trees grow. Sec hia Indian
Archipelago, vol.i. p. 383.
sessile; tbrupa nuce trigona triloculari'' (Spec. Plant.

iv. 1787.)The plant has been described by Rumphius (Amb. iL t. 47.), Gsertner, and Linnsus; the
lasf^mentioned infonns us, that the leaves are alternate, pinnated, with an odd foliole; the
common petioles striated; folioles nine, petioled, ovate-oblong, acuminate^ even; panicles
with divaricate, rigid branches; flowers sessile. Rumphius calls it a tree, but Willdenow has
added to his description of it the mark by which he distinguishes shrubs. It is a native of the
Molucca Islands, and takes its name from its Malay appellation, canari. We are told by Virey,
in his << Histoire Naturelle des Medicamens," that this plant furnishes to the people of
Amboyna a resin which they bum to give light (p. iHQ.y The species balsamiferum grows on
Cey^ loD, there called mala-kashma.
LIV.
CANCHORIE VAYR ^rr-sOJ^nrrcys^rf (Tam.) DoolaghSndi vca/roo (Tel.) Schorigeram
(Rheede, Mai. 2. p. 72. t.39.) Boost parisha (Sans.) Root of the Involucrated Tragia.
Tragia Involucrata (Lin.).
CL and Ord. Monoeda Triandria. Nat. Ord. TricoccfiB* EingehulUe Tragic (Norn. Triv. Willd.).
This small root has in its dry state, in which only I have seen it in the bazars, no sensible taste
nor smell; the Vytians, however, reckon it amongst those medicines which they conceive to
possess virtues in
altering and correcting the habit, in cases of mayghum (cachexia), and in old venereal
complaints, attended with anomalous symptoms. Rheede, speaking of it, has these words: "
Conducit in febre ossium, ac servit pro pruritu corporis;" he further adds, " in decocto data
urinam suppressam movet." By the Hindoo doctors of the Coroniandel coast it is given to the
quantity of half a tea-cupful of the decoction twice daily.
Of the essential character, Willdenow says,
" Masculi. Cal. 3-partitU3 ; cor. 0.
"Febiinei. Cb/. 5-partitus ; cor. 0; slyl. 3-fidus ; caps. 3-cocca, 3-locularis; sent, solitaria"
(Spec. Plant iv. I6t6.).
This species of iragia is an annual plant, indigenous in India, and rises with an erect stem to
the height of about three feet, and rarely sends out any side branches; the leaves are oblonglanceolate, running out in very long acute points, sharply serrated, alternate, and are closely
covered with stinging hairs; female bractes five-leaved, pinnated j the flowers,
I which I never saw. Miller says, are in small axillary
clusters, standing several togetiier upon the same foot-stalk; the upper ones all male, and the
under female. Burman, in his Tliesaurus Zeylanicus (202. t. 92.), speaks of it under the name
of " Rkinocarpos Zeylanica hirsute, Jbliis lanceolaiis serralix." Our article grows on Ceylon,
there called n'(cUcahavibUiya. I The species cannabhia and caniolia are in tlie botani-

I cal garden of Calcutta.

LV.
CARAY CHEDDY 0?/TflS)n-GP(2f5PL-ij. (Tam.) TsfSrou kdrd (Mai.) Bdlusoo chettoo (TeL)
NSga vols ^^nc^l. Thorny Weber a.
Webera Tetrandra (Willd.).
CI. and Ord. Pentandria Monogynia. Vierfadige Wehere (Nom. Triv. WUld.).
A decoction of the edible leaves, as well as root of this plant, is prescribed in certain stages of
flux, and the last is supposed to have anthelmintic qualities, though neither have much
sensible taste or smell. Of the decoction about three ounces is given twice daily. A variety of
the webera tetrandra is called in Tamool, mddoocar^, the bark of which (Madooc3re puttay),
as well as the young shoots (K61indoo), the Vytians order for dysenteric complaints. The fruit
is eaten by the natives, and is noticed in another part of this work; the leaves are also used as
food.
Of the essential character, Willdenow says, " Con-torta; bacca infera, 24ocularis, loculis 1spermis; stylus elevatus; stigma clavatum; caL 5-fldus" (Spec. Plant L p. 124.).
The species under consideration is a little scraggy, thorny bush, very frequently met with on
the Coro-mandel coast: it has scarcely any trunk, but innumerable branches; the leaves are
roundish, opposite, fascicled, and of different sizes; cymes few, flowered^ ancillary,
peduncled; flowers tetrandous, small and yellow; the fruit is an obcordate drupe, compressed
& little, and about the size of a small marble; when ripe, it is of a reddish-brown colour, is
fleshy, and
G4 MATERIA INDICA. PART II.
sweet to the taste, double-celled, having two small stones or seeds inside j it is eaten by the
natives, and the leaves are put in curries as seasoners.
The shrub is the canthium parviflorum of Lamarck, and also of Roxburgh (Corom. i. p. 39. t.
51.). Rheede notices it under the appellation of kanderi' kara (Mai. v. p. 71. t. 36.).
Three species of webera were growing in the botanical garden of Calcutta, in 1814', all Indian
plants; the scandals, corymbosa, and odorata ; the Bengalese names of whicli are giyit-kuta,
kanura, and patagruja. See Hortus Bengalensis, p. 15. Five species of webera grow in Ceylon,
according to Moon.
LVI.
CARUN CHEMBAI ui^^Q,^i>2^--} {Tam.) Ntdla somutlie (Tel.) Krishna rajam <^bU| TJ^
(Sans.) Painled CoroniUa.
CoRONiLLA PicTA (Willd. Vap. Flofc Purpureo.).

CI. and Ord, Diadelphia Decandria. Nat. Ord. Papitionacere. Bunte Peltschen (Nom. Triv.
Willd,).
This plant is held in high estimation amongst the Hindoos, as well on account of the great
beauty of its purple flowers, as from the virtues its leaves are said to possess in hastening
suppuration, when applied in the form of a poultice, that is, simply made warm and
moistened with a little castor-oil; the leaves smell like fresh clover, and are ibod for cattle.
Of the essential character, Willdenow says, " Cal. 2-labiatus. ; dentibus superioribus
connatis ; ve^l-lum vix alis longius ; lomentum teres articulatum rectum" (Spec. Plant, iii. p.
1145.).
Of this species the racemes are many-flowered and banging; leaflets linear, obtuse, the
elongated pericarp or laments filiform, roundish, and necklace-like; stem herbaceous. It is a
biennial plant, common in the woods of Coromandel, and is a native also of New Spain. What
is called simply chembd in Tamool, appears to be the variety described by Willdenow, with
j/ell(m flowers: " Corolla flava vexillo exteme punc-tis nigris variegato'* (System, vol. iii. p.
1148.). The plant is the .^chynomene of Cavan, Ic. iv. p. 7* t.314.
The species cor. sanguinea, we are told, grows in the botanical garden of Calcutta, a plant I
cannot find noticed by Willdenow, nor is it given as a new species of Roxburgh. See Hortus
Bengalensis, p. 56.
LVII.
CAR A CANIRAM ^rrrr^^/x(5TjPor-/TLD(Hort. MaL 9* p. 110.) MahcL-nelu (Cyng.)
JUSTICIA BiCALYCULATA (Vahl.).
CL and Ord. Diandria Monogynia. Nat Ord. Personatse.
Rheede informs us, that the whole of this plant, macerated with an infusion of rice, is said, on
the Malabar coast, to be a useful remedy in cases of bites _ from poisonous snakes.
It seems doubtful whether that described by Rheede be, or be not, the justicia bicalyculata of
Vahl: Willdenow would rather appear to think it is not (" excluso sjrnonymo Rhedii et
descriptione cau-Hs"): having never been able to see the caniram of
VOL. II. F
the Malabar coast, I am in no way entitled to give an opinion. The justicia bicalyculata is the
plant noticed by CavanilleSf in his description of Spanish plants (p. 52. t. 710> under the
name o justicia ligulata^ and is the dianthera malabarica of Retz. (Obs. Bot L.p. 10.)
Roxburgh, in his Flora Indica (vol. i p. 1S570> gives us a full account of it:. it is an annual,
erect shrub, with a six-sided, scabrous stem,, of the CI. and Ord. Diandria Monogynia, and
Nat. Ord. Personatae, Willdenow has given it the trivial appellation of Malabarische justice ;
it is a native equally of Malabar and Arabia Felix, and may be termed in English the doubkcalyxed justicia ; " its leaves are short-petioled, ovate-cordate, oblong,, and pointed; the calyx

double; seeds solitary; and the tube of the corolla twisted; the flowers are terminal, axillary^
numerous and red.** Its Bengalie name is nasa-bhaga, its Telingoo, chebiera. It is growing in
the botanical garden of Calcutta, introduced in 1802. Twenty-two species of justicia grow on
Ceylon (Moon's Catalogue, p. 3.).
LVIII.
CARAMBU (Hort. Mai.) BhaUwa anga (Sans.) Shrubby Jussieua.
JUSSIEUA SUFFRUTICOSA (Lin.).
CI. and Ord. Decandria Monogynia. Nat. Ord. Calycanthemae. Standige Jussieiia (Nom. Triv.
Willd.).

Carambu is the Malealie name of a shrub, common in the woods of Malabar, and which
Rheede tells us (Mai. ii. p. 55. t. 490 ^hen ground small, and steeped
in butter-milk/ is supposed to be of use in dysentery; he adds, that a decoction of it is said to
dissipate flatulency, promote urine, purge the body, and destroy wonns. See also Rheede
(Mai. ii. p. 9fi.)*
Of the essential character, Willdenow says, "Oz/. 4^; s. 5-partitus, superus; petala 4. s. 5;
caps. 4. s. 5-locularis, oblongata, angulis dehiscens; sem. nu-merosa, minuta'* (Spec. Plant ii.
p. 574.).
The shrub in question is the hcemarago of the Cyn-galeae, and commonly rises to the height
of three ifeet, witii a villose stem, and sends out several side branches; the leaves are oblong,
alternate, hairy, and scarcely petioled; the flowers, which come out on the side of the stalks
singly, on short peduncles, are yellowy fouTjpetalled and eight-stamened. Miller says, that
the capsule has a- great resemblance to cloves, and that the plant is a native -of Campeachy,
though Willdenow confines it to India. See Rumphius (Amb. 6. t. 41.).
In the West Indies the juice of the species repens is supposed to be a useful remedy in cases
of spitting of blood and flux. Lunan, in his Hortns Jamaicensis (vol. ii. p. 99.^9 informs us,
that Browne considers all the species oi^ this genus as sub-astringents and vuU neraries.LIX.
CARGO NOCHIE ^^Qr^rr^^ (Tam.) KaU shimbali J^^^^^ ^^Jl^ (Duk.) Jugut-mudun
(Beng.) tfuJh vavilee (Tel.) Vada-kodi (Rheede Mai. ix. p.79. t.42.) Nila-nirgandi f^^[^^V<0
(Sans.)
Gmdharusa Justida.
JusTiciA Gendarussa (Lin.)^
F g
CL and Ord. Diandria Monogynia#, Nat Ordi Personatae. Weidenblattrige Justice (Nom. Triv..
WilkL).
The leaves and tender stalks of this beautiful shrub, the specific name of which is a Sanscrit
word, Rave, when rubbed, a strong, but not unpleasant smell; and are, after being toasted,
prescribed by the Vt/tianSf in cases of chronic rheumatism attended with swellings in the
joints; they are given in decoction to the quantity of half a tea-cupful twice daily, which
sometimes nauseates. The essential character, of the justicias has already been mentioned.
This species is diffuse and smooth; the leaves are opposite, lanceolate, elongated, and about
four or five inches long; spikes terminating j flowers in whorls; bractes minute; upper lip
undivided; Ibwer anthers calcarate; it has scarcely any stem; branches numerous, long, and
straggling; the bark of the young parts is generally of a dark purple, whence it derives its
Tamool name It is well described by the excellent Dr. Roxburgh, in his Flora Indica (p. 129.)j

who tells us, that the shrub is indigenous in the Malay islands; and I perceive, by Dr.
Horsfield's list of the medicinal plants of Java, that the medical men of that island call it
ganrusa, and place it amongst their Emetics. I cannot conclude what I have to say of the car
noochie without observing, that the leaves are commonly scattered by the Indians amongst
their clothes, to preserve them from being destroyed by insects.
The species in question is growing in the botanical garden at Calcutta; it gro\^s also on
Ceylon, and is. there called in Cyngalese kalu-wosra^niyia.
LX.
CAROOKOOVA ELLEY ^6e^i&a^urruLS2Am (Tam.) Kakoapala (Tel.) VatadaUa (Sans.)
Leqf of the Three-nerved Zizypkus^
ZiKYPHUS Trinervius (Rottler.).
CL and Ord. Fentandria Monogynia. Nat Ord. Dumoss.
The leaves of this species of ziz3rphus, which are alternate, bifarious, short petioled, and
ovate-oblong, have but little sensible taste or smell; a decoction of them is occasionally
prescribed to purify the bloody in cases of cachexia, and as an alterative in old venereal
affections; given, in decoction, to the quantity of three or four ounces twice daily.
Of the essential character of this genus, Willde-now teUs us, -that " the calyx is tubular;
scales defending the stamens inserted into the calyx. The drupe is a two-seeded nut" (Spec.
Plant i. p. 1102.).
The species in question was first noticed, scientifically *, by my much respected friend. Dr.
Rottler t; it is a native of Mysore and the Coromandel coast The ziz.jujuba is peculiar to the
Indian continent; though both the napeca and oenoplia now grow on the Indian continent,
they were, 1 am inclined to think, brought from Ceylon originally. The shrub
* It has been since extremely well described by Dr. Roxburgh, in the second volume of the
Flora Indica, p. 234. The excellent Dr. N. Wallich informs us, in the same toI. and page, that
this plant is identically the z. trinervia Tar. glabrata. Roth. (Nov. Spec. 159.); he adds, it must
not be confounded with the z. trinervia Poiret (Rhamnus. Cavan,),
j- Of it he says, cauli inermi, nudo;yb/. cordato, ovalib; ^on'A. >xiilarib.| drupa monosperma.
F 3
in question may be distinguished from the other species by having three-nerved leaves.
The zizyphus trinerviits is gi-owing in the botanical garden at Calcutta, introduced from
Mysore by Dr. F. Hamilton in 1801; fifteen other species also grow there. See Hort.
Bengalensis, p. I7.
LXl.

CARPOORA SELASUTTOO Uy&^i^^^a^ ^^^^y (Tam.) Cdrpoora silkyittoo (Sans, and Tel.),
These are names given to a beautiful foliated granular gypsum of a reddish grey colour, soft,
trans* lucent, and easily broken. The specimens brought me were obtained in the medicine
bazar of Trichi-nopoly; but whether got in any part of India, or imported from Persia, where
we know this fossil is common, I know not.
It is used by the natives for the same purposes that it is resorted to by the Africans*, viz.
when pounced, it is sprinkled over excoriations and ichorous ulcers, in the way that we
employ prepared calamine stone. Foliated gypsum, when perfectly pure and white, is what is
commonly called alabastei^ and which, by Kirwan*s analysis, contains, in 100 parts, 32' of
lime, 30 of sulphuric acid, and 38 of water. The varieties that contain portions of sele-nite are
beautiful, and are named gypseous opal, from exhibiting an iridescent appearance when cilt
across. The most important use of the pure white granular gypsum is in the preparation of
slucco.
* See Thunberg's Traveb, vol. i. p. 167.
LXIL
CAT KORUNDOO UNNAY ^^r^(5^^(S(r5^ Gu-KSOTra/tRjTJT (Tarn.) Oil of the Thorny
TrkhiUa.
Trichilia Spinosa (Lin.).
CI. and Ord. Decandria Monogynia. Nat. Ord. Trihilatae. Domige Trichitie (Norn. Triv. Willd.).
From the berry of this thomy plant the Vytians prepare a warm, pleasant-smelling oil, which
they consider as a valuable external remedy in chronic rheumatism and paralytic affections.
The essential character of the genus is, " Ckilyx mostly five-toothed ; pet. five; nect. toothed,
cylindrical, bearing the anthers at the top of the teeth; caps, three-celled, three-valved ; seeds
berried.*'
The species in question is a beautiful small tree, or rather large shrub, having simple, ovate,
emargi-nate leaves. It would appear, that Dr. Klein, of Tranquebar, bad sent a description of
the plant to Willdenow, who tells us, that the fruit is " bacca trilocularis, loculis
monospermis, ut ipse obseivari, et amicus mens Indicus Dr. Klein adnotavit. medium itaque
tenet inter Trichliam et Limoniam; rami sunt spinosi" (Spec. Plant, ii. p. 554.).*
The cat'korundoo is a native of the Southern tracts of the Indian peninsula.
*The species moschata^ distinguished by its having a strong tmell of musk, is a native of
Jamaica, where it grows to the height of twenty feet. See Lunan'^ Hortus Jamaicensis, vol. i.
p. 536.
F 4
LXIII.

-k
CATRIGHONDOO ^ojf ^^IT (Duk.).
Catrighondoo is the Dukhanie name of a light-coloured gum resin, found in the druggists^
shops of Lower India; it is in small irregular pieces^ and has a slightly acid taste. The
Hakeems consider it as possessing stomachic and tonic properties, and prescribe it in
electuary, in conjunction with certain aromatics. It well merits, I am induced to thinks
further investigation.
LXIVCATTU-GASTURI (Mai.) Kala^husiooree (Hind.) Kapu Mnaissa (Cyng.) Target^kctved
HiUsaiSf or Mmk Okro.
Hibiscus Abelmoschus (Lin.),
CI. and Ord. Monadelphia Polyandria. Nat. Ord. Columniferae, Bisam Hibiscus (Nom. Triv.
Willd*),
This species of hibiscus is a native, it would appear, of the Society Isles and the West Indies,
as well as Ceylon and India; it rises, with an herbaceous stem, to the height of four feet. The
flowers come out from the wings of the stalk; they are large nd of a sulphur colour, with
dark-purple bottoms, and are succeeded by five-cornered capsules filled with large seeds, of
so musky an odour that they ^certainly might be used to scent powders and pomatums, when
musk cannot be obtained. In Arabia
they are considered as cordial and stomachic, and are mixed with cofl^ Barham, in his Hort
Ame-ricanus, speaks of the cordial quaUties of the seeds; so does Browne, in his Natural
History of Jamaica, in which he calls it musk ockra. But how can we reconcile all this with
what Dancer has said of it, in his Medical Assistant, viz. that they are emetic*! The genus
hibiscus is very numerous, and several pther species will be noticed in other parts of this,
work.
Of the essential character, Willdenow says, " CaL duplex, exterior polyphyllus ; stigmata 5 ;
caps* ^-locularis, polysperma" (Spec. Plant, vol. iii. p. 806.).
The plant is growing in the botanical garden of Calcutta.
LXV. CHERIS, or CHERRIS (Nepaul).
Is the name given to a most powerfully narcotic gum resin, obt^ned from a plant called, in
Nepaul, jeea; when clarified, it is termed momea^ from its resemblance to wax. Kirkpatrick
says,, it would appear to differ from the hemp chiefly in the very strong odour of its leaves,
and by its yielding cherris^ which the hemp does not; he adds, however, that from the grosser
parts of the plant bangfde majum and subja can be prepared. See the two first mentioned in
this Chapter, and the last in another part of the work.
It is, I think, in all probability, a variety of the

* See Lunan's Hottus Jamaicensis, voL i. p. 5di.

"catmahis sativa; and what puts the matter almost -beyond a doubt, is the sdmilarity of the
Sanscrit names; the one being jeea^ the other vyeecu
LXVl.
CAY-CALAVA (Coch. Chin.>
Panax Fruticosum (Lin^).
CI. and Ord. Polygamia Dioecia. Nat Ord. Aralliae (Juss.).
This is an upright shrub, about six feet in height, ^ith leaves bipinnate and an odd one; and
flowers red and green, terminating in a diffused panicle. The plant is the stercularia tertia of
Rhumphius; its leaves and root, Loureiro says, have diuretic virtues : " Prodestque in
hydrope, dysuria, et mictu cruento." Flor. Cochin-Chin. vol. ii. p. fiSQ.
Lxvri.
CHEPPOO NERINGIE (Tam.) Cherra^gad^ "dam (Tel.) Bin-awari (Cyng.) Trailing Indigo.
. Indigofera Enneaphylla (Lin.).
CI. and Ord. Diadelphia Decandria. Nat. Ord. Papilionaceae. Kleiner Indigo (Nom. Triv.
Willd.).
The juice of this low-growing plant, the Vytians prescribe, as an antiscorbutic and alterative,
in old Venereal affections; it is subacid and pleasant tasted.
Of the essential character of the genus, Willde-now says, ^* CkU. patens; cordUce carina
utrinque
calcari sabulato patulo! Legumen lineare'' (Spec Plant iii. p. 1220.).
The species in question was, in the older editions of LinnsBus, called hedysarum prostratunif
from its lying prostrate on the ground. The kaves are pin-sate, wedge-shaped, in sevens;
stems depressed to the earth; spikes lateral; calyx almost five-parted; corolla dark-purple,
with the back of the standard paler; legumes ovate-cylindric, even, equal; seeds two (Lin.
Mant i. p. 102.). It is an annual plant; common in waste lands, in the Southern provinces of
Hindoostan, and is growing, with many others of the genus, in the botanical garden of
Calcutta, introduced by Henry Russel, Esq. (See Hortus Ben-galensis, p. 57 also Burm. Ind.
t. 55. f. 1.)
LXVIIL CHEEANK (Siam.)
A root found by Dr. Finlayson in Siam, and con-sidered, by the natives, as diuretic. Quaere.

LXIX.
CHIN-AMAM PATCHEY ARISEE (Tam.) also Sittrapaladi (Tam.) Biddarie nana beeum (Tel.)
Skwet' Kheerooge (Beng.) Bin^dada keeriya (Cyng.) Rakta vindu chada \^ fq -^ g[^ (Sans.)
Thyme^ kccved Spurge.
Euphorbia Thyiaitolia (Lin.>
CI. and Ord. Dodecandria Trigynia* Nat Ord. Tricoccae. Thymianblattrige fVolfsmilch (Nom.
Triv. Willd.>
The very small leaves and seeds of this low-growing annual plant, which, in their dried state,
are slightly aromatic and a little astringent, are given, by the Tamool doctors, in worm cases,
and in certain bowel affections o children; they are xrommonly ;administered in the form of
powder, and in buttermilk, to the quantity of one pagoda and a quarter weight in the course
of the day on an empty sto-mach. The leaves, when carefully dried, smell sdme-thing like tea.
Of the essential character of the genus, Willdenow says, "Cor. 4; s. 5.petala, calyci insidens;
cal.l^ phyllus, ventriculosus; cap. 3-cocca" (Spec. Plant, ii. p. 881.>
This species is a native of India, and is growing, with many others, in the botanical garden of
Calcutta; it has a slender stem, somewhat hairy, and breaking out, near the ground, into
many very dedicate branches; leaves at the joints, and divisions of the stem and branches,
very small, opposite, oblique, scordate, serrate, oval-oblong ; heads axillary, glome--rate,
subsessile ; stem procumbent (Miller and Flor. Zeyl. 198.).
The plant seems to delight in dry situations, on the skirts of woods, and has altogether much
the appearance of thyme. The milky juice of a species of euphorbia (maculatd) is supposed to
have wonderful effects, in the West Indies, in removing spots and 'lms from the eyes,
consequent of small-pox. See Barham, p. 82., also Lunan's Hortus Jamaicensisi, wol. i. p. 286.
LXX^
CITTRAMOOLUM, ^^g^/rOTcJVLD also KODIVAYLIE (Tarn.) Chitturmol ^y^yl^ (Duk.)
Chita U^ (Hind.) Chitra (Beng,) Shiturudge (Arab.) Ttnnba'CodiveU (Hort. Mai. x. p. 15. t 8.)
Chitraca poi^cji (Sans.) Ceylone Leadwort.
Plumbago Zetlanica (Lin.)
CI. and Ord. Pentandria Monogynia. Nat Ord. Plumbagines. (Juss.) Zeylanische Bleywurz
(Nom.. Triv. Willd).
The native practitioners prepare a kind of paste with the bruised firesh bark of the root of this
plant, and rice congie, which they apply to buboes in their incipient state; it acts as a
vesicatory, and I perceive its virtues as such are noticed by Sir W. Jonest and Dr. Fleming, t
Of the essential character of the genus, Willdenow says, '< Car. infundibulif. ; stamina
squamis basin, corollas claudentibusinserta; stigma S-^dxim \ sem. 1, oblongum tunicatum."

The cittramoolum (the elarathnetul of the Cyn-galese ) is a perennial shrubby plant, and is
now growing in the botanical garden of Calcutta, introduced before 1794r it seldom rises
higher than four-feet, shooting up from the strong fibrous root in no-merous tender stalks,
which are darkish coloured^
* Asfatic Res. ir. ^55.
t See Sir W. Jones's works, vol. v. p. 88.
X See Fleming's Catalogue of Indian Medicinal Plants, p. 32.,
$ See Flor. Zeyl. 7S.
and smell not unlike hemlock ; the leaves are about three inches long and. two broad,
terminating in sharp points, alternate, and on short foot-stalks j flowers pure white.' The
upper part of the stalk and the calyx of the flower are very glutinous, sticking to the fingers,
and entangling small flies that settle on them. The plant, which has another Sanscrit name,
vahni (and both signify fire), is not very common, and certainly possesses qualities deserving
a minute investigation. The plumbago rosea (schetti codiveU, Rheede), which is noticed in
this Chapter, under the Tamool name Sfiencodie-vaylie, possesses virtues somewhat similar
to those of the^^um. Zei/-lonica. For some account of two other species, viz. ihe plum.
Europea aniX plum, scandens, the reader is referred to Virey's " Histoire Naturelie des
Medica-mens" (p. 170')- The first, he tells us, is employed by the poor to make ulcers on the
body to excite pity i the last is the devil's herb of St. Domingo, and is remarkably acrid. We are
told by Villars, in his " Histoire des Plantes de Dauphine," that the plumbago Europea\ used
formerly to be employed in curing tlie itch ; it was called denlallaria by the Romans
(toothwort), from its virtues in easing the tooth-ache; like others of its genus, it acts as a
blister.
t Tlie plumbago Eurojxa is mentioned by Duroques as well as by Murray (vol.i. p. 77'i.) as
having been used with considerable advantage in cases of cancer, for which purpose, the
ulcers were dressed twice daily with olive oil, in which the leaves had been infused. Now, as
the vn-tuea of this plant cutncidc exactly, according to Dr. Fleming, with those of the p. rosea
and^. Zei/lonica, it hccoines a question, ivhcther they might not be used in similar
afflictions? See article Shencodie Vaytie in this Chapter; see alio Fleming's Catalogue of
Indiaa Medicinal Plants, p. S2.
The spedes scandens is considered, in Jamaica*^ as a valuable vulnerary herb ; Browne says,
it is o an acrid corrosive nature*.
LXXI.
COONDUMUNNIE VAYR i&6OTr(i?Lxx5o:5f C c^lj^ (Tam.) Ghoorie^jhenzd (Tel.) Koonch
(Beng.) Cam'tkaO'do-hot (Coch. Chin) Goorya also Kaka chinchi ^JT^fT^f^ (Sans.) Wild
Jamaica Liquorice Root.
Abrus Precatorius (Lin.)

CI. and Ord. Diadelphia Decandria. Nat Ord. Leguminosas. Gemeine Paiemostererbse (Nom.
Triv- Willd.).
This rootj when dried, coincides so exactly witk the liquorice-root of the shops, that it is.often
sold for it in the bazars in Bengal, where its small seeds are used SL8 weights.t The name
given to the beautiful climbing shrub in Java is saga^ where we are told by Horsfield, in his
account of the medicinal plants of that island, that it is considered as demulcent, and. the
mucilage is usually combined with some bitter. It is the kormi of Rheede (Mai. iii. p. 71* t.
390 the oUnda of the Cyngalese, and the glycine scandens of* Browne (Jamaic. 297-) The
seeds are considered by some as ophthalmic and cephalic, externally applied.
* See Hortus Jaroaicensisi vol. ii. p. 2.S5.
f Sir William Jones;founds from the average of numerous trials, ^e weiffht of one gunja
(seed) to be a grain and five sixteenths; ^e reltt weight (as it is called from the Hindoostanie
name of ^^e same seed), used by the jewellers and druggists, is equal ta J^o grains, three
sixteenths nearly. See Fleming's Catologue or Plants, p. 8.
According to Willdenow it is the only species of its genus, the essential characters of which
are, << Col* obsolete quadrilobus: superiore latiore; Jilamenta 9^ basi infima connata, dorso
hiantia; stigma obtusum; semina sphaerica** (Spec. Plant, vol. iii. p. 911.)*
" It is a perennial, twining shrub*, with branching stalks, by which it will rise to the height of
eight or ten feet; the leaves are pinnated, about three quarters of an inch long, and a third
part as broads blunt, or rather round at the end; the flowers, which are of a pale purple
colour, are succeeded by short pods, each containing three or four hard seeds, smooth, and of
a glowing scarlet colour." The Persians call them khakshie, ^yiStai; they are employed as
ornaments by the
Hindoos, and are noticed in another part of this work. Lunan, in his Hort. Jamaicensis (vol. i.
p. 457.) tells us, that the leaves are sometimes used as tea in Ja-maica; he adds, that the seeds
are of a most deleterious nature, and that Herman is of opinion that three is a mortal dose,
but that is in powder, for they may be swallowed whole with safety.
LXXII.
COORUVINGIE VAYR (^(r^cn^^^^Ca^'t
(Tam.) Pal^ kejurr >^ ^^ ajC (Duk.) Root of the
Box-leaved Ehretia.
Ehretia Buxifolia (Roxb.)
* Three varieties of this shrub were growing in the botanical garden of Calcutta in 1814: viz.
the one with red seed, hoonch (Beng.); the one with white see^iy sueta hoonch (Beng.); and a
variety with black seed; the last introduced by Dr. Heyne, from Mysore, in 1800. See HortBengalensis, p. 54. Three varieties of the ab. precatorius, by Moon's account, grow in Ceylon.

See Moon's Catalogue, p. 52. . .

CL and OrcL Pentandria Monogynia. Nat Ord. Asperifolise. Bvchsbamnblattrige Ehretk
(Norn. Triv. WiUd.).
This root, in its succulent state, has a sweetish and somewhat warm taste, and is reckoned by
the Vytians amongst those medicines which assist in altering and purifying the habit in cases
of cachexia and venereal affections of longstanding: it is commonly prescribed in decoction to
the quantity of half a tea*cupful twice daily. The Mahometan practitioners consider it is an
antidote to vegetable poisons.
Of the essential character of the genus, Willdenow says, '< Drttpa 2-locularis; nuces solitaris
2-loculares; stigma emarginatum'' (Spec. Plant, i. p. IO77.).
This shrub, which is the heen-tambala of the C3m-galese, has first been accurately described
by Roxburgh, in his << Coromandel Plants*,'* and seems to be closely allied to what Vahl
(Symb. ii. p. 42.) describes under the appellation of <* cordia retusa foliis fksciculatis
cuniformibus retusis tridentatis.'' Roxburgh informs us, that it is a middle-sized ramous
shrub, with leaves on the young shoots alternate, on the former branchlets fascicled, sessile,
reflected, wedge-formed, scabrous; flowers small, white; calyx five-parted; corol.
campanulate; stamens five or six; style two-cleft; stigma simple; berry, size of a pea,
succulent, red; nut, five or six-celled. The tree is the bapana boory of the Tdingoos, and is
growing with five other 8|)ecies in the botanical garden t of Calcutta.
Vol. i. p. 42. t. 57. See also Flora Indies, vol. li. p. S43. t See Hortus Ben^entis, p. 17.
VOL. ir.
MATERIA INDtcA.
LXXIII.
COOTIVELLA (^i_i_u.(5:iio\^rr (Tain.) also
Nilavoolla (Tarn.) Booien-ktivile Co^ ^^.^ (Duk.)
Nildveldgd (Tel.) Bhu-kapiltha/n W^fcfc^ (Sans.).
Fesonia Elephantum (Var.).
CI. and. Ord. Decandria Monogynia. Nat. Ord. Putaminea;.
Tlie young leaves of this variety of Jeronia ele-phanium have, when bruised, a most delightful
smell, very much resembling anise; tliey are about three-quarters of an inch long, and round
at the end. The native practitioners consider them as stomachic and carminative, and
prescribe them in the indigestions and slight bowel afiections of cliildren. The leaves of the
vuUam marum (Tam.), Jeronia elephantum (Roxb.), have the same virtues, being the
produce of a variety of the F. E., and which is the tree that yields much of the gum Arabic
which is used in Lower India, and which differs not essentially from that obtained fi-om the

acacia Arabica in Bengal.* It does not appear that the acacia vera is a native of Hindoostan. Of
the feronia elephantum, the deivul of theCyngalese, Roxburgh! says, it is an erect, pretty large
tree; branches few, irregular, forming an Ul-looking top; leaves in the young shoots alternate,
leaflets opposite; petiole articulated, and somewhat winged ; flowers tinged M'ith red,
hermaphrodite and male mixed ; calyx small; petals five, oblong, spread* See Catalogue of Indian Mediciimt Plants, p. 4. t Coromandel Plants, ii. t. Ml.
iog; many times longer than the calyx; berry globut-lar; seeds many. The variety of feronia
elephantum which Roxburgh describes has got quite difierent names from our present article
( his is tlie bakmg of the Portuguese^ the yeUanga of the Telingoos^ and the vettangay of the
Tamools. In i^eakii]^ of its gum, already mentioned under the head of gum Ara* bic, in
another part of this work, he saysi that a celebrated painter mentioned to him that it answers
better for mixing with colours than gum Arabic.
LXXIV.
CCX)RINJA (or COCRINJA) ^A^^^rr (Tam.) Cborin;a (Tel.) C/>i/ainoo/(Hind.) Kuring^
yon (Cyng.) AtUomel ^\ (Hind.) Vomiting Swal^ hw-wart.
AscLEPiAs VoMiTORiA (KcBnig.).
CI. and Ord. Pentandria Digynia. Nat. Ord. Contortas.
The root of this plant,* as it appears in the Indian bazars, is thick, twisted, of a pale colour,
and of a bitterish and somewhat nauseous taste; the Vytians prize it for its expectorant and
diaphoretic proper* Dr. Sherwood informs me, that the natives distinguish two varieties, a l*rge and a small;
and the roots of both are used, externally, against the bites of scorpions and centipedes, being
previously pounded, and formed into a paste with a little water. iWenty-nve species of
asclepias were growing in the botanical
den of Calcutta in 1814, all of Eastern countries, except one America (curmssavica)^
introduced by Mr. White, and One from Pegu (Hn^ns)f introduced by Dr. F. Hamilton. See
Hortus BtDgalensis, pp.^;21.
G 2
S'i MATERIA INDICA. PART II.
ties, and often prescribe it in infusion to the quantity of half a tea-cupful, for the purpose of
vomiting children who suffer much from phlegm.
From possessing virtues somewhat similar to those of ipecacuan, it has been found an
extremely useful medicine in dysente ric complaints, and has at times been administered
with the greatest success by the European practitioners of Lower India. It would appear that
tins perennial plant is not found in Bengal, but is a native of the northern Circars and of
Ceylon: it is, according to Fleming^, the asclepias asthmatica of Willdenow, who says of the

essential character of the genus, " Contorta; nect. 5 ; ovata, concava, comicnlum exserentia"
(Spec. Plant, i. p. 12t>2.).
The species t in question has a shrubby, twisting, villose stem, with leaves opposite, petiolate,
cordate-ovate, smooth above, but below covered with short fine white hairs, tliey are sharp at
the end, and, upon the whole, very much resemble laurel leaves; tlie umbels are shorter than
the leaves, oflen proleferous; flowers small (See Miller). The species curassavica, which now
grows on Ceylon, is much extolled by Barham (p. Sy.) and Lunan: in Jamaica, of which island
the plant is a native, the flower of it is called blood^ower, from its efficacy in stopping bloody
flux
* See Fleming's Catalogue of Indian Plants, p. 8 ; also some account of it by Mr. Underwood,
of Madias, in the Madrat Government Gazette for August 22, 1816.
-|- It would appear to resemble much, in its medical virtues, the asclepias tuberosa, the root
of which, Dr. Barton says, la mildly cathartic, expectorant, and diaphoretic, and particularly
indicated in children's complaints. Sec Barton's " Vegetable Materia Medica of the United
States," vi^. i. pp. 213, 244. Moon, in his Catalogue of Ceylon Plants, p. 21, adopts a new
genus, marsdenta, and malces the spec, vomitaria mars, vomit., or kuringuan of the
Cyngalese; the spec, aslhmalka he makes mar. atlhntatka, op boohangaloo of the Cyngalese.
and other bleedings; a decoction of it is also said to be efficacious in gleets and fluor albus.
See Lunan's Hortus Jamaicensis, vol. L p. 64.
LXXV.
CORUTTEI Qmrr/v):^L^ (Tam.) Avdgoodd
(Tel.) Makhal (Beng. and Hind.) Palmated
Gourd.
Trichosanthes Palmata (Roxb.).
CI. and Ord. Monoecia Monadelphia. Nat Ord. Cucurbitacese.
The fruit of this species of trichosanthes, pounded small, and intimately blended with warm
cocoa-nut' oil, is considered as a valuable application for cleaning and healing those offensive
sores which sometimes take place inside of the ears. The same preparation is supposed to be
a useful remedy, poured up the nostrils, in cases of ozcena.
Of the essential character of the genus, Willdenow says,
"Masculi. Cat. 5-dentatus; cor. 5'-partita, cili-9taLiJilam. 3.
"Feminei. Cal. 5-dentatus; cor. 5-partita; sii/l. 3-fidus; pepo oblongus" (Spec. Plant iv. p.
598.).
This species of gourd is evidently the trichosanthes tuberosa of Willdenow, distinguished

from all others ^folus quinquelobo-palmatis intigerrimus.*' It is the trich. comiailata of

Lamarck (Encycl. i. p. 189.). Seven species* of trichosanthes are growing in the botanical
garden of Calcutta.
Four tpecies of trichosanthes, by Moon's account, grow on Ceylon, the anguina, caudata,
cucuroerina, and incisa; the two
G 3
Thespeciea amara ia indigenous in Jamaica; it has a beautiful fringed flower, and bears a fruit
somewhat resembling a pear, containing a white pulp, with many long narrow seeds of a
dusky ash colour. The plant in the West Indies is used for destroying rats (See Lunan's
Hortus Jamaicensis, vol. ii. p. 175.)LXXVI.
COVALAM G^^frLJ3V)n-L> (Hort. Mai. iii. p, 37. t. 37.) Tdnghuh (Malay). Belt (Cyng.)
Pricliljf Crateva.
Chat^va Marmelos (Lin.).
CI. and Ord. Dodecandria Monogynia. Nat Ord. Putaminea;. Dormge Craiavc (Nom. Triv.
Willd.).
Rheede says (Hort. Mai. iii. p. 37, 38. t. 37.) that a decoction of the bark and root of this tree,
is supposed, on the Malabar coast, to be a sovereign remedy in hypochondriasis, melancholia,
and palpitation of tlie heart; that the leaves in decoction are used in asthmatic complaints;
and tliat the fruit, a little unripe, is of use in diarrhoea and dysentery.
Of the essential character of the genus crataeva, Willdenow observes, "Cor. 4-petala*; cal. 4fidu3; bacca l-locularis, polyspermia" (Spec. Plant ii. p. 852.).
The species in question I have never seen j Miller
last of which are the scheru-padavalam, anil the pacta valam of Bheede, Mai. viii. p. 31. 1.16.
and Mai. viii. p. 3&. t. 15. " Moon's Catalogue of Ceylon Plants, p. 66.
Miller, in his Botanical Ditttonary, edition by Martyn, says,
(though he quotes some doubt regarding the genus from Linnseus) saysi ^'that it grows to a
great height) that tlie leaves are seriated; leaflets oblong, entire^: and end in acute points,
and that between these the branches are armed with long sharp thorqs, which come out by
pairs and spread asunder; the flowers are produced in small clusters from the side of the
branches, green outside, white within, and have a grateful odour; the fruit, the size of an
orange, having a hard shell, inclosing a fleshy pulp, which, when ripe, has an agreeable
flavour, and, with the addition of a little sugar, is eaten in India/' The tree is mentioned thus
by PlukeneUf in his Almages* turn Boianicum, <^ Cucurbitifera trifolia spinosa me-dica,
fructu pulpa cydonia semula." The Sanscrit name of it is biha. It is the cydonia exotica of Bau*
hin, the covalam of Rheede*, the bilami^ of RumphiuK (Amb. i. p. 197* t. 81.), the modfo or

modsho of thc| Javanese, who, by Horsfield's account (in his << List of Javanese Plants'-)
place the fruit amongst their astringents. Roxburgh t speaks of it under th^ appellation of
(Bgle marmelos, placing it in the class and order Polyandria Monogynia; he tells us that it
is.** a pretty large tree, from the rind of which the Dutch on Ceylon prepare perfume. The
wood is light-coloured, variegated with veins; fruit considerably larger than that of the
feronia elephantum, smooth; shell much harder; most delicious to the taste, and (exquisitely
fragrant, nutritious, laxative; mucus c^ the seed a good cement for some purposes/' It would
appear that Serapio (c. 261.) mentions this tree under the name of sill or sull J^. See "
Historia Rei HerbarisB," vol. i. p. 263.
Mai. iii. p. 87. t. 37*
G 4
r
88. MATERIA INDICA. PART II.
Two species of craleva are natives of Jamaica, the tapia and gynandra. Dancer, in his Medical
Assistant, informs us, tliat the bark of the root of the latter blisters Uke cantharides. See
Lunan's Hortus Ja-maicensis, vol. i. p. 318.
LXXVII.
COUROU MOELLI wC5CLDn-o>S (Hort. Mai.) Obadali (Sans.) Thorny Iroimood.
SiDEHOXYLON Spinosum ? Mant. 48.
Pentandria Monogynia. Nat. Ord. Dumosje.
Courou-moelli' is the name of a shrub on the Malabar coast; the leaves and root of which,
boiled in milk, are supposed to be an antidote to the bites of poisonous snakes ; the bark,
ground with oil, forms a useful liniment in rheumatic affections.
In the first edition of this work, I, at the suggestion of ray learned friend Dr. Rottler, asked a
question. Whether he supposed this ought or ought not to be called sideroxylon spinosvm ?
and this query I still permit to stand. Of the sideroxyhn spinosum, Will-denow says there is
no specimen in Linnajus's Herbarium sufficiently perfect to ascertain the species, and he
adds, tiiat /le, luider the name of sideroxylon spinosum, had received from Koenlg, bond Jide,
thejia-courtia sepiaria, a plant which is noticed in another part of this work (amongst the
fruits), and there is certainly a resemblance in the names courou and cari' reu, which may
have led to mistake. The reader is referred to the article syderoxyloyi decandrum\ of
L
Sec Hort. Mai. v. p. 77. t. 39.
Willdenow (Spec. Plant, i. p. 1091.) where he may find matter for settling or continuing his
doubts on this question: he may also consult Miller, article syderaayUm decandrumJ^

LXXVIII.
CUMBI PISIN arLoJTLJLirGPcjw (Tam.) Dik^ mlUe J^^ (Duk.) Cumbi Gum.
This is a strong smelling gum-resin, not unlike myrrh in appearance, and possessing, the
Hakeems say, nearly similar virtues; it is, however, far more active, and ought, on that
account, to be administered in very small doses; as an external application, it is employed,
dissolved in spirits, for cleaning foul ulcers, and, where the balsam of Perut cannot be
obtained, might be used as a substitute for arresting the progress of sphacelous and
phagedenic affections^ which that medicine has the power of doing (at least in hot climates)
in a very wonderful manner: I have laboured in vain to ascertain whence it comes from, or
from what plant it is procured.
* The species sideroxylon tomentosum (Willd.) and the tid. erandiflorum (Wall.) are both
natives of mountainous countries in Upper India. See Flora Indica, vol. ii. p. 348.
\ While in India, the author of this work wrote a paper on the virtues of balsam of Peru in
arresting mortification and sphace* bus ulcers, and which, on his return to India, was
publisned ia the first number of the Asiatic Journal.
f
f^ MATERIA INDICA.
LXXIX.
CUNDUNGHATRIE VAYR ^strBrUTv^s-^ rr-Cg^_jrf (Tarn.) Kooia^a (Hind.) Dorle ke jur y^
i/ wl^ (Duk.) Van-kudavayroo (Tel.) UsstU-bader^an-burrie (Arab.) also N^ela mulaka
(Tel.) KatU'Wcel batu (Cyng.) Chudra also Kantakarl ^i'<'=*itO (Sans. Beng. and Hind.) Root
qf Jac-quin's Nightshade.
SOLANUM JaCQUINI (LIh.).
CI. and Ord. Pentandria Monogynia. Nat. Ord. Lurida?. Jacqu'mischer Nachtschatten (Nom.
Triv. Willd.).
Of the essential character, WjUdenow says, "Cor. rotata; antherce subcoalita?, apice poro
gemiiio dehi-scentesf fiacca f2-locularis." (Spec. Plant. 383.)
The species which is growing in the botanical garden of Calcutta has a decumbent stem,
diffused and prickly J leaves pinnatifid and prickly all over; segments sinuate, obtuse, naked
at the edge ; calyxes prickly (Miller). Willdenow tells us, that he has seen a variety "
laciniisfoliorum vix sinuatis."*
The small, bitterish, and subacid fruit, as well as the root, of this species of solanum, the
native practitioners consider as expectorant, and prescribe them accordingly in coughs and
consumptive complaints, also in humoral asthma, in the form of decoction, electuary, and
pill; of the first, half an ounce is given

 Roxburgh, in his Flora tndicu, vol.ii. p. 251, gives a very (liflerent description of the same
plant, obBcrviug, Uiat it has no stem, and Bmoolh oblong leavea, often in puirs.
twice daily. The juice of the berry of the species hctkamensc^ is bitterish, and is used in the
West Indies in cases of sore throat See Lupan's Hortus Jamaicensis, vol. i. p. 15S.
LXXX.
CUNJA KORAY ^^^rrQ^rras>rr (TwXU) Stg^bid toohie ^^mXs JuJum (Duk.) Badrooge
Abbee* (Arab.) Kooka tdlasie (Tel.) Viirva tulaA
R^tj^^ (Sans.) White Basil, or Indian Tea.
OciMUM Album (Lin.).
CI. and Ord. Didynamia Gymnospermia. Nat. Ord. Verticillatae. Weisses BasiUenkraut (Nom,
Triv. Willd.).
Of the essentials of the genus, Willdenow says, <* Calyx labio superiore orbiculato} inferiore
quadri-fido; Carolke resupinatse alteram labium 4-fidum; alteram indivisum; Jilamenta
exteriora basi proces-sum emittentia.'' Spec. Plant 1121.
The spedes in question seldom rises more than a foot high} the stem of a greenish-white
colour, woody at the base} the leaves, which are commonly broader and thicker than those of
the other species, are from two to three inches long, and of a pale-green colour, ovate, and
bluntly serrated; the whorls of the rac^ne^ approximating, tiie mature ones four-cornered;
the corollas^ large, white, crenate. It is a native of Java as well as India.
^ Anotlier 0|Mecies, numoiunh is considered as a mediciaal plaaA 111 the West IiMyea; a
decoction of the root is bitter, and is r^dj^ oned a viduabk diuretic; the juice of it is given,
with sugar, in consumptions. See Barham's Jamaica Plants, p. 117.
The leaves have a most pleasant aromatic taste and an agreeable smell; they are considered
by the natives as stomachic, and the j uice of them is prescribed in the catarrhs of children:
an infusion of them (they having been carefully dried in the shade) is used as a pleasant and
wholesome tea* by such Europeans in India as cannot afford the China article. I find another
Sanscrit name for the plant is 3fZsT^ atjaca. Of the juice of the leaves about a tea-spoonful
may be given twice in the day to a child suffer-ing from catarrh.
LXXXI.
DAUD-MAREE (Beng.) also Bun-murich (Beng.) Aghimdra-pahoo (Tel.) Blistering Amjnania.
Ammania Vesicatoria (Roxb.).
CI. and Ord. Tetrandria Monogynia. Nat Ord. CalacanthemjB.
Of the essential character, Roxburgh says, " Corol. tbur-petalled, or none; when present,

inserted in the plaited mouth of the calyx, which is from four to eight toothed j capsule
superior, from one to four-celled; seeds numerous. Flora Ind'tca, vol. i. p. 44'7The species in question is an annual plant, found in wet cultivated land during the rainy
season; it rises to the height of from six to thirty-six inches high; the branches, below
opposite, decussated; above
The leaves of various plants are used as substitutes for tea in diiFercnt parts of the world i
the Peruviana, for this purpose, employ those of the xaarczia bililora (Ruiz), which ihey call
by the name of The do Peru. See Flora Peruviana, vol. ii. p. 13. See article Tea, in Part [. Chap.
I. of his work.
frequently alternate i leaves opposite, sessile, lanceo-lar, smooth; ^floral leaves many times
smaller than those below; coral none; pericarp one-celled, one^ valved, half-covered with the
calyx. Five species of ammania are growing in the botanical garden of Calcutta. Three species
are natives of Ceylon (Moon's Catalogue, p. 11.). >
Our present article has a strong muriatic smell, but not disagreeable; the leaves are extremely
acrid, and are used by the natives to raise blisters in rheumatism^ fevers, &c.; the fresh
leaves, bruised and applied to the part intended to be blistered, perform their office in half an
hour, and most effectually.*
Of this genus there are two species, natives of Jamaica; viz. latifoUa and sanguinolerUaf i the
first is Browne's ismardia.
LXXXII.
DAUN GUNDI(Mal.) Bandura (Cyng.) Ur^ ticaria (Rumph.) Distilling Nepenthes.
Nepenthes Destillatoria (Lin.).
CI. and Ord. Dioecia Monadelphia. Zeylonischer Kannenstrauch (Nom. Triv. Willd.).
Of the essential character, Willdenow says,
^' Masculi. Cal. 4-partitus patens interne colora-tus; cor. 0; Jilament. columnare; anth. 15-17
con-natas.
'< Feminei. Cal. and cor. maris; stigma pellatum sessile; caps. 4-locul.; polysperma" (Spec.
Plant, vol. iv. 1853.).
See Flora Indicay vol. i. p. 447.
t See Luaan's Hortus Jamaicensig, vol.i. pp* 18, 19.
gt MATERIA INDICA. PAIIT 11.
The species Jii question is a beautiful plant, and was first brought from Ceylon, but is now
common in some of the mission-gardens of Lower India; it bas a fungous, tliick, round stalk;

leaves alternate, fiessile, broad, oblong, Bmooth, with a very strong nerve running along the
middle, ending in a long tendril, generally twisted, to which hangs a long receptacle or bag,
which, on being pressed, yields a sweet, limpid, pleasant, refreshing liquor, in such quantity,
that the contents of six or eight of them are sufficient to quench the thirst of a man.* A very
good description of it may be found in Pennant, vol. vi. p. 2-36., who tells us, tliat the bag or
cylindrical tube is sometimes six inches long, and is furnished with a circular valve,
completely at times closing the orifice; this tube is filled with the liquor, and which continues
during the time the valve is shut; when it is open, the liquor is dried up, but the stock is
renewed at night, when the valve is again closed. Of this peculiarity, Willdenow observes, "
Genus singulare cujus speciebus foha sunt lanceolata, cirrho terminata et in apice cirrhi
ascidium aqua repletum." Spec. Plant, vol. iv. p. 873. See also Burm. Zeyl. t. I7.
Lxxxiir.
ELANDEI VAYR uSjxsrBsrpgCa^'t (Tarn.)
Kool (Beng.) Bayr Ic4jurr y^ ^jS'j*j (Duk.) Usslie
suddir (An^.) Reygoovm/roo (Tel.) Vadarl
^<^^ (Sans.) Root of the lihint-leaved Buckthom.
ZiZYPHiTs JujuBA (Lin.).
k
Sec Miller's Boi. Dictionary, article Nepenthes 31 "
cHaK t. BfATStllA INDICiU $5
Gl. aMd Ord. Pentandiiik Monogynia. Nat Ord. DmnoflOAd. Jtguba Judendom (Nom. Triv.
Willd.).
Of the essential character^ Willdenow says, <^ CdL tubuldstks; cor. squatnas stamina
munientes calyci liisi^ttaB $ drupa nuce mono vd dispenna. Spec Flaiit vol. i. species 406.
The species, the root of which is the article now under discussion, is a very beautiful little
tree, coin* mon on the Ccm)mandel coast, and which was growing in the botanical garden of
Calcutta, in 1814. The leaves are small, roundish-ovate, blunt, tomem tons underneath,
peduncles aggregate; flowers semi-digynous. It is the malum indicum of Rumphius, and
perim toddal of Rheed. (Mai. iv. p. 85. t. 41.) At the lower part of each leaif (which is of a
bright-green colour outside, and whitish within), and close to the petiole, there is commonly
a small recurved prickle, that peculiarly distinguishes this species, which, in addition to the
names already given for itI may mention has the Bengalie one of kool; it is in som0 parts of
Arabia called zatuzze-wdnib caSI^jJIsI^ ; its Hindooie appellation is bir ^. It grows on
Ceylon, and is there called ilanda. See Hort. Mai. iv. t. 41. for Rheede^s account of it.
The root, which is rather insipid to the taste^ is prescribed in decoction by the Vytians, in
conjunc-tion with sundry warm seeds, as a drink in certain cases of fever; but I am inclined to

think that it has little virtue. The timber of the tree is noticed in another part of this work.
The dose of the decoci-tion is about four ounces twice daily*
i^omewhat different descriptions have been giveil of this plant by Loureiro, Gaertner, and
others, but perhaps the best is by Dr. Roxburgh, in vol. ii. of the Flora Indica, p. 357, who tells
us, that it has a trunk
r
96, MATERIA INDICA. PAIIT II.
seldom straight, yet not much bent, scabrous bark; branches spreading in every direction ;
thorns stipu-latory, the under one recurved, the upper sharp; leaves short-petioled, alternate,
obliquely-oval and serrate; flowers axillary; drupe globular, size of a cherry, yellow when ripe,
and eaten by all classes. The excellent Dr. WalUch informs us that tiiere is a variety of this
species, which produces fruit of a long form, about the size of a hen's egg, and which is
excellent. Its Bengalie is nari/ielce kool; its Sanscrit j-qjuvudura. See same vol. and page just
quoted.
LXXXIV.
ELAVUM PISIN G^!3vcrvjuxJ^aOT (Tam.) Huttian ka gond JJ^f If (_^U*i (Duk.) ShweCshimool (Beng.) Booragabiinka (Tel.) Gum of the Cotton Tree.
BoMBAX Pentandrum (Lin.).
CI. and Ord. Monadelphia Polyandria. Nat. Ord. Columiiifera?. Frnffadiger Wollbaum (Nom.
Triv. Wiild.).
A solution of this gum is given in conjunction with spices in certain stages of bowelcomplaints. We are told by Rumphius (Amb. i. p. 194-1.80.), who speaks of the tree under the
name of eriophoros Javana, that the inhabitants of the island of Celebes eat the seeds of it. It
is the capock of the Malays.
Of the essentia] character, Willdenow says, "Cat. 3.fidus; stam. 5 s. miUta; caps, lignosa 5locularis, 5-valvis ; seni. canata, recept. 5-gonuin." Spec. Plant, vol. iii. p. 731.
Of the species in question, which is the pulwuimbid of the Cyngalese, it may be here
observed, that it is a most singular looking, but beautiful tree; the branches growing out
nearly horizontally * from the stem, three from one poin^ making amongst them three equal
angles; the flowers five*stamened y leaves in sets of seven, the two smallest at the bottom.
For further accounts of this tree and its fruit (containing cotton) the reader is referred to
other parts of this workr In Sanscrit the tree is called mulUe: it is the pama-pamala of the
Hort Md. (iii p. 59. t. 49f SO^ 51.) ^ This species, with three others, are growing ia the
botanical garden of Calcutta, the species hepUu phtfUum is there called in Bengalese ruekta
shimooL
LXXXV.

ELEKULLIE uS^uw^^orrorf (Tarn.) Sh^

(Beng. and Hind.) Putteoon kd saynd yj^ J^*yH
(Duk.) Su-suru {32l\.) Vurki zukkoom (Aral).)
Akoqjemoodoo (Tel.) Daun sudu-^udu (Mai.) Pom
bik (Cyng.) PtUtakarie^ also Seej (Sans.) Okan*
der-leaved Spurge,
Euphorbia Nerijfolia (Lin.)
CL and Ord. Dodecandria Trigynia. Nat Ord Tricoccffi. Oleanderblattrige Wo^fsmilch CNom.
Triv,
Willd.). The somewhat acrid tasted juice of the leaves of
this plant the native practitioners prescribe internally
as a purge and deobstruent, in those visceral obstruct
*Felia digitalis, bracbiis horiioiitaliter porreclis. Brown Jaaaic. pb277.
VOL. II, H
P8 MATERIA INDICA. PART II.
tions and dropsical affections which are<:onsequentof long continued intermittent fever; the
quantity given for a dose is about a quarter of a pagoda weight. It is also used, mixed with
margosa oil, as an external application in such cases of contracted limb as are induced by Ultreated rheumatic affections.* The plant is the ella calli of Rheed (Mai. ii. p. 83. t 43.). and the
Ugularia of llumphius (Amb. iv. p. 88. t. 40.), who tells us, that the Javanese reckon the
young leaves as stomachic. On the western coast of India, the bark of the root boiled in ricewater and arrack, is considered a useful medicine in dropsy; the leaves, no doubt, have a
diuretic quality. The milky juice, boiled with butter-milk, is often given to loosen the bowels.
Ilorsfield, in his "List of Javanese Medical Plants," places tiiis article amongst the cathartics.
Avicenna speaks of it under the name of Ui^^ (Avicen. 210.). observing " Lactescentem et
siibve-nenosam esse plantam, cujus folia rariora Nerio simile sunt." Vide Historia rei
Herbaria-, vol. i. p. 26^.
Of the essential character of the genus, Willdenow says, "Cor. 4-s. 5-pctala, calyci insideus;
co/. 1-phyl-lus, ventricosus ; caps, y-cocca." " The species f in question grows to a greater
height than most of the others; " sometimes as high as seven or eight feet or more j with a
strong upright stem, irregular angles, and protuberances oblique to the angles; at every
protuberance, and at the top, are oblong leaves, smooth, entire, and round at the end; the
flowers sit close to the branches, and are of a

 I.oureiro, in his Flora Cocliin-Cfiin., observes, in speaking of tlie virtues of this jilunt,
cmelica, iturgans, acris, nee Uila. See Vol. i. p. 299.
f II IB growing in the botanical garden of Calcutta with many .otlicr species. See Hortus
Bengalensig, p. 36. Eight species wuoiii appear, by Moon's Catalogue, p. 37. logrow on Ceylon.
22
greenish-white colour*' (Miller^s Die. ). The ElSkuUie would appear to have got this (its
Tamool) name from the circumstance of its leaves being of considerable size. It is the
amongraongrao of the Cochin Chinese. Of the species of euphorbia that grow in Jamaica *,
two appear to be medicinal, the euphorb. tithymaloides and euph. hirla; the first, according to
Jaquirij is supposed by the Americans to possess virtues in venereal affections and in cases of
obstructed menses, given in the form of strong decoction; the second, if we may believe Piso\
and Barham (p. 180.), &c., possesses most extraordinary qualities, such as a few drops of the
juice of it killing serpents; its efficacy in venereal complaints and dry belly-ache; and its being
an antidote to poisons.
LXXXVI. ELIMITCHUM PULLUM.
See article Lime (Lemon), in Part I. Chap. L Vol. L
LXXXVIL
ELOOPEI PUTTAY @qv2/L-Ja2)-'LjL.22)L_
(Tam.) Mohe ke chawl ^l^ J ^^ (Duk.) Ippa

puttay (Tel.) TeUmee (Cyng.) Bark qf the hng^
kaved Bassia. .
Bassia LoNGiFOLiA (Lin.);
* See Lunan's Hortus Jamaicensis, vol.ii. p. 198. t See his work, De Medicina Brasiliensi.
H 2
I
100 MATERIA INDICA. PAIIT II.
CI. and Ord. Dodecandria Monogynia. Nat. Ord. Dumosffi. Langblatirige-Bassie (Nom, Triv.
Willd.).
The juice of the bark of this lofty tree is prescribed by Vytians in rheumatic affections, in the
quantity of a table-spoonful twice daily: for an account of the uses of the oil and flowers the
reader is referred to other divisions of this work.

Of the essential character of the genus, to which Koenig gave the name of Bassia, in honor of
Fernando Bassi, curator of the botanic garden of Bologna, Willdenow says, " Cal, t-phyllusj
cor, 8-fida, tubo inflate J stamina 16; rfrupa S^perma." Spec. Plant. Willd. 930,
Of the species in queationt the best description is that by Dr. Klein, in the eighth volume of
the Asiatic Researches, p. 502.: ** Folia sparsa, petiolata, lan-ceolata, acuta, integerrima
glabra venosa ; Jlores longe pedunculati, axillares, soHtarii et aggregati, &c.'* It has been said
to be conibunded with the Bassia latifolia of Roxburgh*, and is sometimes called the Mahwah
tree. The Bassia latifolia we know is the caat. eloopie of tlie Coromandel coast, and is, I am
inchned to think, only a variety of the Bassia longifolia. It is well described in the
Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (vol. i. p. 300.). I shall merely state further, at
this time, that the flowers of our present article (B. longifolia), while they are offensive
smelling, are sweetish to the taste; an intoxicating spirit is made from them, and they are
eaten by the natives; the fruit is oHve-shaped and five-celled, with a seed In each cell
(Gartner). The Sanscrit name of the tree is madooka ; the Cyngalese
* Corofi). i. p. 2a I. 19.
call it nUele^ also teUmee^ but we shall say more of it in another part of this work.
Moon, in his Catalogue, takes no notice of Bassia latifolia, but gives a place to the Bassia
longifolia. Willdenow, notwithstanding, makes them distinct plants, but his distinction is
merely a shade. See Spec. Plant, vol. iL part ii. p. 284.
LXXXVIIL
EMBOOREL uSi>^/soo\:> (Tarn.) Tsheri^veUoo (Tel.) also Saya-*wer (Tam.) also
Ranuseram vayr CTam.) Chayroot Plants or Indian Madder.
OLOi;NLANDiA Umbellata (Lin.).
CI. and Ord. Tetrandria Monogynia. Nat Ord. SteU latce. DoldenbhUige Qldenlandie (Nom.
Triv. Willd.),
The small, narrow, pale-green leaves of this low-growing plant the native doctors consider as
expectorant, and prescribe them accordingly: of the virtues of the root in poisonous bites,
colds, and cutaneous disorders, as mentioned by Miller in his Dictionary, I know nothing.
When dried and pounded the leaves are sometimes mixed with flour and made into cakeS|
which are eaten by such as sufi*er from consumptive or asthmatic afiections. The dose of the
decoction of the leaves is about an ounce twice daily. For the use of the root in dyeing the
reader is referred to another part of this work*: suffice it here to say that it is employed for
giving the best and most durable red to cotton cloth.
* In die wppot provinces cf Bengal, the species hiflora is com* moD, and b called ^l^ in
Hindoostanie; in Sanscrit kshetra-pur*
H 3

Of the essential character, Willdenow says, " Cor. tetrapetala; cal. 4-partitus, superus; caps. 2locularis, infera, polysperma." Spec. Plant, torn. i. p. QQi.
The species in question is " a small biennial plant, having an erect stem, and a long slender
root, with a few lateral fibres; the leaves opposed, tern and qua-tern, linear and scabrous ;
umbels terminal, inside of the corol hairy. See Corom. Plants (i. p.2. t.3.), also Flora Indica
(vol. i. p. 442.); in which work Dr. Roxburgh notices eight species of Oldenlandia, but this is
the only one used in medicine or the arts.
Roxburgh has described four species, which he calls ulata, crystaUina, biflora, and herbacea,
under the names of gundha-bkadake (Beng.) ; poonhha (Beng.'); khet-papura and veri-nellavemos (Tel.). See Hortus Bengalensis, p. II.
ERUPOVEL u^^i^i^T^jTo fTam.) Erima pavel (Mai.).
The root of this plant, which, as it appears in the bazars, has but little sensible taste or smell,
is reckoned amongst those medicines which possess alterative qualities, and are prescribed in
cases of cachexia, scrophula, and syphilis. Rheede says that the plant of itself is truly
cephalic; what its place in botany may be has not yet been ascertained. The dose of the
decoction is about half an ounce twice daily.
pulee; in Bengalie khet-papura i ood would appear to be (lie heenkaududala of the Cyngalese,
and the antirrhinum hamUe of Burm. Zeyl. xxii. 1.11.
XC.
ERUMIE PAWL 5rAa oJ^^tjv) (Tam.) Milk qf the Buffah.
Bos BuBALus (Lin.).
The milk of the bufialo is of an inferior quality to that of the cow, but is extremely, abundant,
and of the greatest use to such of the natives as cannot afford cow's milk ; indeed, they in
general seem to give it a preference; it has a somewhat peculiar taste and smell, and affords a
great deal of a coarse kind of butter, of which the natives make gJiee, noticed in another part
of this work, also much curd*: this curdf when dried and powdered, is called by the Tamools
kooghaneer^ also palaconda^ and is prescribed as a cooling medicine.
Dr. Buchanan, in his Journey through Mysore, Canara, and Malabar, tells us, that the buffalo
of Lower India is exactly the same as that of Europe, and differs] altogether from the Cape
animal of the same name. The buffalo of India is of a dirty^ blueish-black colour, very ugly,
with horns lying backwards, and at the tips curving inwards. The Cape buffalo, bos Coffer, has
horns very broad at the base, then spreading downwards, next upwards, and at the tips
curving inwards.
The Sanscrit name for buffalo is mahisha. It is yer^ roomie (Tam.) Bhyns ^yXx (Hind.)
Jamoos u->-l^ (Arab.) Yennomoo(TA.) Qj^ir(Pers.)^^(Malay).
* Virey, in his Histoire Naturelle des Medicamens, says, that it is from the milk of the bufialo

that Parmasan cheese is made, p. 11^

H 4
MATERIA UfJDICA.
XCI.
. FARA UFARFARA .jU^^ .^Li (Arab.).
This is the name of the fruit of a plant, Forskahl found growing in the gardens of Cairo: he
says it (the plant) somewhat resembles the Mimosa Nilotica, and is used for fumigating the
sick. It may be found worthy of further investigation. See Flor. Egypt. Arab. (p. 151.)
i
xcn.
FRAUALOT (Javanese).
Brucea (Spec. Nov.)
*' C). and Ord. Dioecia Tetrandria.
I give this a place here from authority from Dr. Horsfield, who, in his " List of Medicinal
Plants of Java," notices it, and says that he believes it to be a new species* of Btvcea which he
has discovered; now we know that there are but two species of this genus hitherlo
ascertained, the Brucea Jerruginea\
* See Bome accouot of another species of Brucea, which Dr. Horsfield discovered in Java,
under th head Patti'lallar, in thta Chapter.
t The Brucea antidysenterica of Bruce (Abysainia, t. 69.)- It ia in the bark of this plant that
Pcllctier discovered, in 1819, an organic sotiiiable base, to which is given the name of Brucina
(Brvcine) ; it is intensely bitter, but slightly soluble in water; it unites with acids, forming
neutral salts; its action on the aniniBl orconomy ia similar to strychnine, but wealter; it ia
narcotic: dose from one to six graina; it is given in iiiUs, tincture, and mixture, in paralysis
and muscular debility. (Magcndie.)
(L'Herit Stirp. Nov. p. 19. t. 10. Ait Kew, iiL P- S97*)f And the Brucea Sumatrana. See article
Aympadoo in this Chapter.
Dr. Horsfield informs us that the plant in question (Jraualot) is of a bitter nature, and that it
possesses pn^rties somewhat similar to those of the quassia shnaroubOf the bark of which is
one of our best tonics, and has been employed with great advantage in obstinate diarrhoeas,
dysentery, and dyspeptic aflfections.
The essential character of the genus is,

" Masculi. Col. 4-partit.; cor. 4-petala; nect. quadrilobum.

** Feminei. CaL cor. and nect. maris; pericarp. 4; monosperma.'' Spec Plant, tom. iv. p. 7^^*
The species^/^m^gfinea, the only species noticed by Willdenow, was imperfectly described
by Bruce, but well by Mons. L'Heretier, who tells us, that it is a middling-sized shrub, with
branches^ few, alternate patulous, round, and thick; leaves alternate, spreading, unequally
pinnate; the powers, which are crowded together, are of an herbaceous colour^ tinged with
red or russet.*
Bruce says that it is a native of Abyssinia, and there called wooginoos; the root is valuable in
dysentery, and is a plain simple bitter, without any aromatic or resinous taste, leaving in the
throat a roughness resembling that from ipecacuanha.
XCIII.
GAMBEER (Malay). Gambeer, or Bastard
Catechu.
Nauclea Gambir (Hunter).
* See Miller's Bot. Dictionary.
lOQ MATERIA INDICA. PART II.
CI. and Ord. Pentandria Monogynia. Nat. Ord. AggregatJB.
Gambeer is the Malay name of a lightish-brown, bitter, and powerfully astringent extract,
which is occasionally brought to India from Malay countries, chiefly from Malacca, the west
coast of Borneo, Palembang, Rhio, and Bintang, and which is, I ain much inchned to think,
the substance cuttacamboo (Tarn.), which I have mentioned under the head of Catechu at
page Q>5 of volume iiist of this work, as being obtained from the betel-nut tree; now, leaving
the cashcutlie to be got from that tree, let us conclude that the cultacamhoo is the same as
the gambir. See vol. ii. of the Transactions of the Bataviau Society. The gambeer is employed
by tlie Malays in all cases requiring astringent medicines, and is chewed by them with the
betel-leaves: it is procured from the Jeaves of the tree by boiling. Crawford gives a somewhat
different account of gambeer in his History of the Indian Archipelago (vol. i. p. 405.); he says
it is got from two different plants, but usually from \hQjiinis uncalus of llumphius. Gambeer,
he adds, is, properly speaking, the Malay name of the tree; the extract, the natives' name gvtta
gambeer (gutta signifying any gum), and hence, by corruption, our Indian appellation cutta
camboo.
GANDAPOORO (Jav.)
Andromeda (Spec. Nov.).
CI . and Ord. Decautlria Monogynia. Nat. Ord. Bicornes.

I give this on the authority of Dr; Horsfield, who, in his list of Javanese medicinal plants,
simply* informs us, that the oil obtained from it has a pe-t culiar odour, is very volatile and
heating, and is used by the natives (Javanese) in rheumatic affections. It may be the
andromeda Japonica described by Thunberg (Jap. p. 181. t. ^2.) ^ ^^^ ^^^ othei: species,
except the andromeda Jamaicensis, are either natives of America, or of some of the most
Northern countries of Europe.
Of the essential character, Willdenow says, " CaL 5-partitus; cor. ovata; ore 5-fido; caps. 5]ocularis valvulis dissepimento, contrariis'* (Spec. Plant torn, ii:
p. 6070Should it prove to be the Japan plant, it is a tree Thunberg found growing near Nagasaki, "
with branches coming out by threes or more in a sort of umbel i racemes panicled, cylindric,
bracted ; leaves frequent on the twigs, obovate-lanceolate, serrate at the top; capsule ovateglobose, five-flowered, with obtuse angles smooth; seeds minute.'' It is th^ sis qwas of the
Japanese. *
xcv.
GANDOO (Jav.).
Acacia Scandens (Willd.).
CI. and Ord. Polygamia Moncecia. Nat. Ord.
Lomentaceae. Kkttemde Acade (Nom. Triv. Willd.).
Dr. Horsfield, in his list of Javanese plants, in* Since writing the above, and on more minute inquiry, I find, that the gandapooro is a shrub
(and not a tree, which the and. Japonica is); it grows in Java, in elevated situations, and, it
would appear, that the whole of its parts are penetrated with its peculiar flavour; it may,
therefore, be considered as a new species.
forme us, that this plant is considered amongst tlie emetics of the Javanese ; but he does not
mention, what part of the plant is used, so that it must become the object of future research.
Of the essential character, Willdenow says,
* Hermaph. Cal. 5-dentatu3 ; cor. 5-fida vet 5-pe-tala ; slam. 4-100 ; plsl. 1; kgttmen bivalve.
Masculi. Cal. 5-dentatus ; cor. 5-fida sen 5.petalaj slam. 4-100" (Spec. Plant, torn. iv. p.
lO+QOThe species in question " climbs to the tops of the tallest trees, with slender but tough and
flexile withes. It is unarmed, leaves conjugate, terminated by a tendril; leaflets two-paired,
with small subsessile, approxiraating^ott'ers, most of which are abortive ; what would appear
particularly to distinguish this acacia, is the great size of its legume ; the seeds are orbicular,

somewhat compressed, with a hard, brown, shining rind, and a black mark (Vide Spec. Plant.
1501, Swartz Observ. 389.). It is a native of both the Indies and Cochin-China ; and is, by
Miller's account, calledin the West Indies cocoo?(. It is the ma/(a-pns-wceta of the Cyngalese,
(Moon's Catalogue of Ceylon Plants, p. 73.). Faha marina of Rumph. (Amb. 5. p. 9. t. !.), and
the perim-kaku-valU of Rheed. (Mai. viii. p. 59. t. 39, 33, 31.), and puscetha, Flor. Zeyl. C44.
Burm. Ind. 22a.
XCVI.
GANJA5^'^^n-(Tam.) Gingi-lacki-lacki (Ma.1) Garijah chettoo (Tel.') KanuO <^ (Arab.)
Ganja (Beng.) Gindshe (Jav.) Sjarank (Egj'pt.) Kanop (Armen.) Mafucn, Chutsao (Chinese).
Ganjica also Byeeah (Sans.) Hemp.
Cannabis Sativa (Willd.).
CHAP. ! MATERIA INDICA. lOQ
Q. and Ord. Dloecia Pentandria. Nat. Ord. Scabridffi. Gemeiner Hanf (Nom. Triv. Willd.).
The leaves of the hemp in India, are frequently added to tobacco, and smoked to increase its
intoxicating power; they are also sometimes prescribed in cases of diarrhoea; and inc
onjunction with turmeric^ onions, and warm gingilie oil, are made into an unction for
painful, protruded piles.
Though some people have bestowed on the plant now under our notice^ the botanical
appellation of cannabis Indica ; yet, as it does not appear, except in size, to differ at all from
the cannabis scUiva of Europe, we have retained the original specific name. It would seem,
however, to be applied to very different purposes in Eastern countries from those for which it
is resorted to in colder territories; being chiefly employed in the former, for its inebriating
and narcotic quaiities. Of late years, however, I understand, that in some districts of central
India, cordage and a coarse kind of cloth are occasionally prepared with it J in Nepaid too, by
Kirkpatrick*s account of that country, it would seem, that linens and sackcloth are
sometimes made with it; the Chinese, from what Barrow t says, use it little for such purposes,
but are acquainted with its intoxicating powers. The Ma^ lays, CrcTdoJurd X informs us,
cultivate the plant only for smoking. The Turks know well its stupifying eflfects^ and call it
malach.% Linnaeus speaks of its ^^*vis narcolica, phaniastica, dementens, anodi/na,et
repellensJ* It would appear, that even the Hottentots use it to get drunk with, and call it
dacha. We
* See his work, p. l^S.
f See his Travels in China, p. 504.
X See his History of the Inoian Archipeli^Oi vol.i. p. 443.
See \lrey^s Histoire Katurelle des Medlcaraens, p. Sil.
110 MATERIA INDJCA, PAKT II.

are told by Avicenna (131.), that the seeds of the wJ (cannabis sativa), are termed by the
Arabians ^'is^, and that the inebriating substance, prepared from the bruised leaves * they
name ipji^ hushisk. Some account has been given of a liquid preparation, made from the
leaves of the plant under the head^an-ghie in this chapter. For some particulars respecting a
sort of electuary into which the leaves enter as an ingredient, the reader is referred to the
article Ma-Jum, also in this chapter. See also Suh/ah I^jjuh (Duk.), in another part of this
work.
The cannabis sativa is an annual plant, which often grows in India to the height of nine feet
or more ; and is much cultivated by the Mahometans in their gardens; tJie leaves, which vary
from one and a half to four inches in length, are alternate, digitate, slender, serrate, and of a
pale-green colour. There has been considerable difference of opinion with respect to the true
native country of the Garyah. Willdenow says, habitat in Persia. Gmelin " thinks it is a native
of Tartary. Thunberg found it in Japan.} Miller, with his usual intelligence, remarks, that its
Greek appellation is evidently taken from its Oriental one 1;. Reichard, by whom
Willdenow has no doubt been guided, assigns it to Persia; notwithstanding what has been
affirmed by Plimj and Dios-corides, of its growing wild in Europe. MUIer notices some
curious, perhaps absurd circumstances, respecting the seeds ; sucii as that when eaten by
fowls, they make them lay many eggs ; and that when bull-finches and goldfinches take them
in considerable quantity as food, they have the effect of changing
* See Historia Ri^i Herbaria, Spriiigel, vol.i. p. 270. + See his Flora Siberica. X There called
mo, also asn.
the red and yellow of those birds to total blackness. No oil is extracted from them in India.
Some of the Hakeems of the lower provinces, are in the habit of preparing with the seeds a
kind of emulsion, which they prescribe in gonorrhoea. See articles^ batigie^ mqjum^ and
subja. The reader will find the cannabis sativa noticed by Rumph. (Amb. 5. t. 180.) under the
name of c. foliis digitatis) ; the plant according to Moon is the mat-kansha of the Cyngalese; it
is the ma^en of the Cochin-Chinese.
XCVII. GODOMOLLA (Jav.)
This is the Javanese name of what Dr. Horsfield tells us, in his account of the medicinal
plants of Java, is considered by the natives of that island, as a most valuable diuretic, he
believes it to be a species of artemisia; and I think it not at all improbable, that it may be the
artemisia maderaspatna^ already described under the head of Wormwoody in Part. I. of this
work.
XCVIII. GOEULA or GEWLA (Tam.) X5^(Duk.)
This, strictly speaking, is the Dukhanie appella-tion of brown coloured seeds, about the size
of those of the coriandrum sativum^ but oval; they have a pleasant, sub-aromatic, and
mucilaginous taste; and are considered as cardiac and stomachic. They are
prescribed in powder^ in doses of half a pagoda weight, by both the Hindoo and Mahometan
practitioners. From what plant they are obtained I have not been able to trace, they are only
occasion* ally to be found in the medicine bazars of Lower India.

XCIX. GUNTI PARINGHIE (Tam.)

This is the Tamool name of a small, knobby, somewhat warm and slightly bitterish-tasted
root, which I found in the Madras custom-house; and which, I understand, the natives
prescribe in fevers and catarrhs. I am inclined to think that it is brought firom some Eastern
country to India; or p^haps fh>m Arabia. I mention it here, that it may become aa object of
further research. The word paringhie implies that the article is brought from a foreign
country.
C.
GUTTA.
This is the name given amongst the Rajmhal mountains to a kind of bread, which is' very
palatable, and is prepared with three different grains, jtmerah^ booiahy and boora ; holcus
saccharatus^ zea mays, and holcus spicatus (Hamilton's MSS.).
CI.
GUYJ.PIPPUL, or GUJ-PIPPUL (Beng.) Giff-pippuU (Beng.) Giffa-pippulee, also Vushira
(Sans.).
PoTHOs Officinalis (Roxb.).
CI. and Ord. Tetrandria Monogynia Nat. Ord. Piperite.
I give this on the authority of Dr. Roxburgh^ who in his Flora Indica mentions, that the
fruit of it, cut into transverse pieces, and dried, is an article of some importance in the
Hindoo Materia Medica; I wish he had gone further, and said something respecting what its
natural and medicinal qualities were.
The plant is a perennial creeper, mounting up to the top of the tallest trees; and, like ivy,
taking firm hold with its innumerable roots. " The leaves are alternate sub-bifarous, petioled,
oblong-cordate, entire, filiform, poinj;ed, and smooth on both sides. Dr. Roxburgh, in his long
description of the plant, says, that the substance of the germs^ which are numerous, is
deplete with rigid, sharp, vertical bristles, which are readily detached, and stick in the skin,
causing pain and itching;" the virtue of the drug, he adds, may reside in these, as it does in
the short stiff hairs of the legumes of carpopogon pruriens. The pericarps are as numerous as
the germs, and of the same form, but larger; a few only are fertile, of a soft fleshy texture,
one-celled, one-valved; when the fruit is ripe, they detach themselves from the receptacle,
and
* Page 452. Serampore edition.
VOL. II. I
drop offf leaving the seed behind still attached to it. Willdenow gives us twelve species of this
genus, which are all natives of hot climates, and most of them parasitical plants. Of the

essential character, he says,

*^Spatha^ ^adix simplex floribus tectus; caLO. peitda quatuor; bacca dlsperma.*' Spec. Plant,
tom. t. p. 684.
Eight species of pothos grow in the botanical garden of Calcutta, all oriental plants, except the
cor-data^ which is a native of America, introduced in 1805.
CII.
HABB.HAL HABBESCHI Ji^ ^U (Arab.)
This is a fruit much used in the northern tracts of Egypt; it is brought by Forskahl's account
from Abyssinia, and is a valuable substitute for pepper. It becomes a question from what
plant it is obtained. Vide ForskahPs Flora Egypt. Arab. p. 151.
CHL
IBHARANKUSHA (Beng. and Hind.).
Andropogon Iwarancusa (Philosoph. Transact. vol.80. 284. t.16.),
CI. and Ord. Trlandria Digynia. Nat Ord. Gramina.
This plant the reader may find particularly described by Dr. Roxburgh in his Flora Indica, p.
279.
CHAP. 1/ MATERIA INDICA. llJf
It is also noticed in the Asiatic Researches (vol. iv. p. 1090 > ^^^ the Virtues of its root have
been the subject of a paper by Dr. Blane, in the second part of the 80th vol. of the
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. It is an erect perennial^ with long
slender leaves, and is a native of the skirts of the northern mountains * of India. It grows in
large tufts, each tuft composed of a number of plants adhering together by their roots, in
which roots the medicinal virtue would seem to reside; they are marked with annular
cicatrices, and have an agreeable aromatic taste, with a certain degree of bitterness, indicative
of its stomachic qualities. The species in question, by all accounts, comes very near to the andropogon schcmanthits^ which is the camachie pilloo of the Tamools, already treated of in
this chapter.t
CIV.
IDOU MOULLI (B^CLon-ONS (Hort. Mai.) Elaticanto (Sans.)
These are names of a tree growing on the Malabar coast, from the bark of the root of which,
and also from the flowers and fruit, various preparations are made, which are prescribed in
cases of phrensy and madness (See Hort. Mai. part. iv. p. 42.).
* Dr. Blane found it betwixt the river Raptee and the mountains, and Dr. Boyd about

Hurdwar.
t Twenty-three species of androposon are growing in the botanical garden at Ualcutta, almost
ul natives of India. See Hortus Bengalensisy pp. 6, 7. Eight species, by Moon's account, grow
on Ceylon (Cat. p. 72.)\
MATERIA INDICA.
cv.
ISPOGHOL VEREI LL^gfi^Gwn-ovwxSiJSJ^ (Tarn.) Ispoghul Jy^-.! (Pels, and Duk.) Buzray
kotuna Uji^ ,^ (Arab.) Ipagool (^^^"g' ^^ Hind.) Spogel Seed.
Plantago Ispaghula (Flem.)
CI. and Ord. Tetrandria Monogyiiia. Nat. Ord. Plantagines, Jussr
These seeds are of a very cooling nature, and, like those of another species, the plantago
psyllium, form a rich mucilage with boiling water, which is nauch used by the native
practitioners, and indeed of late years by the European medical men of India, in cases of
catarrh, gonorrhoea, and nephritic affections ; a pint of boiling water to about two or three
drams of the seeds; the seeds are small, ovate-elliptic, convex on the outside, and concave
within.
The plant is not cultivated in the lower provinces of India; and, what is singular, I laboured in
vain to get the seeds to grow near Madras. Dr. Roxburgh, in his Flora Indica, edited by the
excellent Dr. Wallich, tells us, that the native place of this species of plantago is uncertain,
but that it is cultivated in Bengal in the cool season. I perceive eight species of plantago grow
in the botanical garden of Calcutta.
The plantago ispaghula is an annual, caulescent,with lecoies linear-lance^ar, three-nerved,
slightly woolly ; peduncles axillary, naked, simple, the length of the leaves; heads cylindric,
capsules. The root is ramous
and annual; stents if any, very ^\iOTt\ JUrwers numerous, imbricated, small, dull, white,
withering. The species nu^or (the made-a^a-tien of the Cochin-Chinese), we are told .by
Lunan in his Hortus Jamaicensis (vol. iL p. 710> ^^ considered amongst the medicinal plants
of Jamaica; the root and leaves are given in decoction in pulmonic complaints; the first is also
supposed to have virtues in cases of intermittent fever. The same plant, he adds, is amongst
those remedies prescribed in the bites of rattle-snakes ; it is a native of Japan, there called
sin-sin-so.
CVI.
INDRABOVUM (Tam.) also TumbU poochie (Tam.) Soorypootum poorugoo (Tel.) also Aroodrapooragoo (Tel.) Beerbotie ^^yj>^ (Duk.) Kir-mie Aroose ^y^j^ f/ (Arab.) Endrabogacrimie (Sans.).

MUTELLA OCCIDENTALIS ? (ShaW.)

This is a most beautiful scarlet-velvet coloured insect, about the size of a large pea, but
flattish, and commonly found, in rainy weather, on reddish sandy soil, near grass; it is one of
those medicines which the native doctors consider as efficacious in snake bites, and as a tonic
when dried and mixed with a certain portion of the root of the kolung kcroay (Tam.), which
the Tellingoos call aga^ sagh^ooda^ bryonia epigasa (Rottler). This insect would appear to be
also a native of North America, and is called by Linnaeus mutella Antigu^ ensis. The dose of
the compound powder just mentioned is about twelve or thirteen grains, but not to
I 3
L
US MATEKtA 1ND1CA. PART II.
be repeated. The powder is made according to the following proportions: five of the dried
insects are well rubbed with half a poUain weight (about the weight of five star pagodas) of
the finely powdered root of the bryonia epigaia (Rottler). See article Kolung liovaif IcahiJig in
this Chapter. Mutella is the name of the species; the order is hynienoplera; and the variety in
question is the occidentalis. The antenniB, eyes, legs, and under part of the body are black ;
ating long and filiform ; its colour a beautiful scarlet; abdomen marked with a black beltj it
has no wings.
CVII.
IRMINAKULLIE, or EERMINAKULLIE (Tam.) YentiapoiOQ nalikehjemmodoo (Tel.) Lisan
ul sauvjyiS (jjUJ (Arab.) Goxvziban {jj^^ (Pers.) Hart's Ear, or Oleander-leaved Cacalia.
Cacalia Kleinia (Lin.).
CI. and Ord. Syngenesia Squalls. Nat. Ord. Compositffi Discoideffi. Canarische Pesttcurz
(Nom. Triv. Willd.).
This plant, which has got its oriental names from the leaves resembling in shape the tongue
of a cow or a buffalo, has sometimes been called in Europe the cabbage tree, from a notion
that its stalks in appearance were somewhat like those of the cabbage; it has also another
Tamool name, yiiauiiseuie ; it rises with a thick, fleshy stem ; the leaves are long, lanceolate,
flat, scars of the petioles obsolete. The leaves liave a strong, somewhat tetid smell, not unlike
that of hemlock. The Vytiam suppose them
to be efficacious in rheumatic complaints, and give them in decoction; they also prepare an
extract from them, which they prescribe in leprous affections.
For further particulars respecting the cacalia klei-ma, the reader is referred to Gcertner (De
Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum), also to Miller's Botanical Dictionary.
Of the essential character of the genus, Willde-now says, " Recept. nudum ; pappus pilosus;

cal. cylindricus, oblongus, basi tantum subcalyculatus.*' Spec. Plant torn. iii. p. 1725.
See article MueUschevy, in this Chapter.
Four species of this genus grow in the botanical garden of Calcutta, all oriental plants. Our
article grows on Ceylon, but Mr. Moon gives us no native name for it.
CVIII.
JANG-KANG (Jav.) Ckim-ckim-rung (Cochin-Chin.).
Sterculia FcETiDA (Lin.).
Its legume, according to Horsfield, is employed in gonorrhoea, in Java. The sterculia foetida
is a middle-sized tree of the class and order Dodecandria Monogynia, and natural order
Tricoccae j the flowers have a most offensive smell; die leaves are considered as repellent and
aperient. Loureiro* informs Xis, that the seeds are oily, and that, when swallowed
incautiously, they bring on nausea and vertigo. Horsfield adds, that the decoction of the
legume is mucilaginous and astringent.
* See Flora Cochin-Chlnens. vol. ii. p^SS6.
I 4
CIX.
JUBABA LU^ (Arab.)
This is the name of a bark occasionally to be met with in the medicine bazars of Western
India, and which, I have been told, is brought from Arabia; it is, in general, in pieces about
four inches long, of unequal thickness, and concave on one side, furrowed with longitudinal
wrinkles, of an iron colour outside, but paler within. I perceive it is noticed by Virey, in his "
Histoire Naturelle des Medico-mens^** p. 323, who mentions, that it approaches va-nille in
taste and smell, though more faint, with a certain degree of bitterness. It is supposed to be
antispasmodic, but I cannot speak with confidence about it, and have conversed with no one
who had much experience of its medicinal qualities.
ex.
JUWASA U1^ (Hind.) Hedysarum alhagi. See article Manna, in Chapter I.
CXI.
KAAT TOOTTIE (Tain.) OhtuscleceoedHiHscus.
Hibiscus Obtusifolia (Willd.).
CI. and Ord. Monadelphia Polyandria. Nat Ord. Columniferse. Stumpfblattriger Hibiscus
(Nona. Triv. WiUd.).

This plant the Tamools call kdSt toottie^ from its resemblance to the common toottie (jsida
Mauritiand)^ noticed under the head of Mallow^ Substitute for^ and there is certainly a
similarity in the leaves, both in appearance and virtues. Those of our present article are soft,
toothed, angular, and emollient; and as such they are prized by the Hindoo practitioners.
Of the hibUc* oht. Willdenow says, " Foliis subtus tomentosis crenatis cordatis, inferioribus
sub-rotundis, superioribus acuminatis trilobis obtusis, floribus cemuis." Of the essential
character, * CdL duplex, exterior polyphyllusj stigmata 5; caps. 5-locularis, polysperma"
(Spec. Plant, tom. iii. p. 806.).
CXII.
KADEN PULLU BJ2J2C5orLJMav)Cfc2/ (Hort Mai.).
SCLERIA LiTHOSPERMIA (WiUd.)
Cl. and Ord. Monoecia Triandria. Nat Ord* Calamarise. Glanzerifruchtiges Geisselgrass.
The knotty root of this grass Rheede t tells us, is supposed on the Malabar coast to have antinephritic virtues, but I can say nothing of it from my own experience.
Of the genus, Willdenow observes,
'^Masculi. Cat. gluma 2. s. 6-valvis multiflora; cor. glumes muticse.
^'Feminei. Cal. gluma 2. s. 6-valvis uniflora 1-3; nux colorata subglobosa.''
* It bears a close resemblance to another species, the hibiscus vltifolia. t See Hort. Mai. part
xii. p. 89. t. 48.
f
142 MATERIA INDICA. PART tl.
The species in question is the carex amboinica of Rumphius (Amb. 0. 20.) ; it is a perennial
plant, it is distinguished by a three-sided somewhat rugged erect culm, leaves linear, nigged
at the edge, flowers small, panicled, rachis rough. It appears by Lunau's Hortus Jamaicensis,
that there are six species of this genus natives of Jamaica,
But one species of scleria was growing in the botanical garden of Calcutta in 1814, the bijiora
(Roxb.) J our article, by Moon's account, grows on Ceylon (Catalogue, p. 62.).
cxni.
KAKAPU ^.-rmmrr-^^ (Hort. Mai.) Wkotala (Cyng.) Caela dolo (Sans.) Smooth Torenia.
ToRENiA AsiATiCA (Lin.).

CI. and Ord. Didynamia Angiosperniia. Nat. Ord. Personatse. Asial'ische Tor'enie (Norn. Triv.
Willd.).
I give this plant on the authority of Rhecde *, which is at all times good ; he says, that the
juice of the leaves is considered on the Malabar coast as a cure for gonorrhoea.
Of the essential character of the genus. Miller says,
"Cal. two-lipped, upper-lip three-cusped ; j?/awi. the lower with a sterile branchlet; caps, twocelled."
The species in question is" a low-growing perennial plant, with a creeping stem, and smooth
all over, by which it is distinguished fi:om the tor. hirsuta, which is hairy; our article has
leaves ovate, emar-ginate, on long petioles, with flowers considerably larger than those of the
hirsuta. Anotlier species of
* See Hort. Molab. pari ix. p. 103. t. 5S.
this genus has been noticed, the cord\foUa of Roxburgh,* it is hairy, erect, with heart-shaped
leaves on short petioles.
Four species of this genus grow in the botanical garden of Calcutta.
CXIV. KANARI (Malay).
This is the name of a large handsome tree, which, in the Eastern islands, is highly prized for
the delicious edible oil it yields, and which is also used for medicinal purposes; the nut it Is
expressed from is oblong, and nearly the size of a walnut. The kernels, mixed up with sugar,
are made into cakes and eaten as bread. See Crawford's History of the Eastern Archipelago,
vol. i. p. 381.
cxv.
KATAPA e?L-C'L-iL-J^ (Tam.) Kari (Sans.).
Rhamnus ? (Spec.)
Further research must determine what this is j but katapa is the name given on the Malabar
coast, according to Rheede, to a small tree^ a decoction of the root of which, he says, is
supposed to have virtues in maniacal cases (see Hortus Mai. part 5th p.94f.). Whether this is
really a rhamnus is very doubtiul. Of the thirty-one species noticed by WiUdenow, it does not
appear that one is a native of India, and but one of China, the rhamnus theezans. t
* See Coromaodel Planta, vohii. p*32. 1.161. t Spec. FlaDt. vol. i. p. 1094.
CXVI.
KATOU-KADALI ^rrL-(B^^L_2/TO(Hort Mai.) Chota phootica (Beng.) Heen-bowitiya
(Cyng.) Cit-nSqueri (Sans.) Rough Melastoma.

Melastoma* Aspera (WiJld.).

CI. and Ord. Decandria Monogynia. Nat Ord. Calycanthemse. ScharfbUUtriger Schwarschlund
(Norn. Triv. Willd.;.
Katou-kadaU is the name given on the Malabar coast to a little tree, the leaves of which,
rubbed and reduced to powder, with dry pepper leaves, and the whole mixed with sugar, is
said to ease coughs and relieve the lungs from phlegm. I give the article on the authority of
Rheede. See also Burm. Zeyl. 172.
Of the essential character of the genus, Willde-now says,
" CaL 5-fidus, campanulatus ; petala 5, calyci in-serta; Aacca 5-locularis, calyce obvulata."
Spec. Plant. voLii. p. 581.
The species in question is distinguished by
having leaves ovate-lanceolate, three-nerved, and
rugged; 4t is the Jragarius ruber of Rumphius
(Amb. 4. p. 91. t. 43.). Four species are natives of
Qeylon. It would appear by Lunan's Hortus Jamaicensis t, that no less than thirty-two species of this genus have been discovered in
Jamaica; the
* Mr. Gray, in his Supplement to the Pharmacopoeias^ informs us, that the berries of various
species of melastoma dye a very durable blacky p. 104^.
f See Hortus Jamaicensis, vol.i. p. 403.
common English name of the genus, is Indian currant-bush; though I believe that, according
to Browne, this appellation is with most propriety be-stowed on the species kevigata. Of the
thirty-two kinds above spoken of, the only one that appears to be there used in medicine * is
the melastoma hirta ; the powder of the leaves of which, according to Pisot, is a useful
application for fpul ulcers; he also mentions, that soap is extracted from the berries; it is a
plant about a fathom high, with a shrubby stem, and leaves ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, fivenerved, wrinkled, soft, and very hirsute. Our article is growing in the Honorable Company's
botanical garden in Calcutta, introduced by the excellent and enlightened Dr. W. Carey, in the
year 1810; its Bengalie name is chota-phootica. ^-^
CXVII.
KOTSJILLETTI - PULLU C^n-^^CNSs^f^Lj L-pv)c:^^ (Hort Mai.) also Kotjiletri (Hort.
Mai.) Dadumari (Sans.) Indian Xyris.
Xyris Indica (Lin.).

CI. and Ord. Triandria Monogynia. Nat. Ord. Personatas. Indisches DegenkraiU (Nom. Triv.
Willd.).
This would appear by Rheede's X acccount, to be
* The species malabathrica is a native of Java; it is there called siggaxoe, and is ranked by the
natives amongst their Tonics; it is also a native of Ceylon^ and is there named in Cyngalese
mahd'bowUiya,
See Lunan's Hortus Jamaicensis, vol. u p. 406.
X See Hort. Mai. ix. 1S9. t. 71.
considered as a plant of great virtue on the Malabar coast; his words are " FoHorum succiis
cum aceto mixtus impetigini resistit; folia cum radice oleo in-cocta, contra lepram sumantur ;
cum miingo (phaseo-lus mungo), decocta et epota somnum conciliant."
Of the essential character of the genus, WUIde-now says, "Cor. 3-petala, aequalis, crenata j
ghmuE bivalvis in capitulura j caps, supera." Spec Plant, vol. i. p. 95^!.
Vahl and Giertner have both given some account of this pereimial plant; we shall merely liere
notice, that it rises about a foot high, its leaves are ensifbrm, sheathing the scape, (the leaves
being sometimes almost the length of the scape), liead globular, scales roundish. But four
species of this genus have hitherto been described, two of which are natives of India."
CXVIII.
KADDIL TAYNGAI u^^assQ^rr^^rv^ (Tam.) Diiya ha naril J^j-LJ L^ Lty.i (Duk.)
Samatrapoo tainkdya (Tel.) Cocotier de Maldives (Fr.) Sea Cocoa-Niit,
Cocas t Maldivica (Willd.).
LoDOiCEA Sechellarum (Labill.).
The xyris Americana of Willdenow, is the plant noticed by Ruiz and Pavon, under the name
of xyjis subulala. See Flora Peruviana, torn. i. p. 46.
j- Since writing this article, I have had, fortunately, put into my hatids by that distinguished
botanist, Mr, R. Brovrn, the ninth vol.of the "Annalee du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle;" in it
there is a paper (p. liO.) by Labillardiere, by which it appears, that this palm has got the new
scientific appellation of lodotcea ieckeUarum. The kernel, he says, is but indifferent food; the
trunk of the tree reaemblcs that of the common cocou-out tree.
CI. and Ord Monoecia Hexandria. Nat. Ord. Palms. MaldivischeKokospalme (Norn. Triv.
Willd.).
This species of cocoa-nut is generally brought to India from the Maldives and Sechelles
islands; is' convex on one side, and almost flat on the other^ oblong and somewhat pointed at
both ends. The shell is dark-coloured, and contains a kernel, not unlike that of the ordinary

cocoa-nut, but drier and more insipid. The nuts are often seen floating in the sea, off the
coasts of Africa and Arabia, and are in India called in Sanscrit ubdie narikm^bmu The Vytians
occasionally prescribe the kernel given in woman's milk, in cases of typhus fever, the dose a
quarter of a pagoda wei^t, twice daily; it is also reputed antiscorbutic, and antivenereal. On
Ceylon these nuts are termed zee calappers, at the Maldives taoarcare. Elmore, in his <<
Qidde to the Trade qf India^^ says, that this species of cocoa-nut is especially the produce of
the island of ParsUn^ which makes a part of the Archipelago now called Sce^ clieUe. The
shells are made into drinking-cups by the Indian devotees; others suppose them to have the
power of counteracting poison!
Of the essential character, Willdenow says,
<< Spatha universalis univalvis ; spadix ramosus.
Masculi. Col. triphyllus; cor. tripetala.
Feminei. Cdl. 2-phyllus; cor. 6-petala, styl. 0; stigma fovea j drupa fibrosa'* (Spec. Plant tom.
iv.
p. 400.). The species in question would appear to differ
The palm is noticed by Ramphius^ Herb. Amb. lib. xii. chap.yiii. and by Sonnerat, in his
Voyage to New Guinea, pi. iii.; the leaves are used for covering hoosesy are of a conaistence
more durable than those of the corypha umbraculifera.
from all th< f havingyroTirf
from all the others, in the two particulars of its havingyroTirfs which are bipinnated,
aadjblioks bifid. For furtiier information respecting tlie cocosMaldivica, the reader may
consult Sonnerat's Voyage to New Guinea, and Gmelin Syst. Natur. ii. p. 5G9. I shall merely
now add, that the inhabitants of the Maldives find the wood very valuable for ship building.
The species aculeata is tlie macaw tree of Jamaica. Sloane (vol. ii. p. 121.), says, that the husks
of the fruit (which is a small, black, round nut) are full of oil, which some consider as the real
palm oil.*
CXIX.
KADUKAI F^(t?f^B?n-u_j (Tarn.) Harilakee (Sans.) Chcbulic Myroholan, or Ink nut.
Terminalia Chebula (Retz.).
CI. and Ord. Polygamia Monoecia. Nat, Ord. Elseagni (Juss.).
The flower of this plant in powder, is prescribed by the Ft/iians as a slight astringent t in
dianhcea.
The tree has been already noticed under the head of myrobolan chebulic, in the first chapter.
It is the araloo of the Cyngalese, and is common in the woods of Malabar; it rises generally to
the height of twenty feet, with rather scattered brandies, having

* See Lunan's Hortus JamaicensU, vol.i. p. 468.

f Roxburgli, ia vol. ii. p, Si. of the Flora Indica, gives an account of the galU which are foiind
on the leaves of this terminalia ; they are called aldecat/ by the Hindoos of the Circars; are of
an irregular shape, and are sold in every baaar, highly valued by the dyers; with alum, they
give a durable yellow ; and, with a ftrru-ginous mud, an excellent black ; they are considered
aa even more astringent than the fruit, and are much sought after by the chintz painters.
an asb^cotoitfed bark. The teiMs ta^ mokdy oppt^ Ate, dbovate-oblong^ naked; petioltf
bi^a^dmat^ racemes siniple. TheJUmer^^stalks are tacemed, witb ^ejknvers sessile in
whorls at the end of the bratldi-lets. Like the risst of the sftodes of this genus 1^ cafyx is fiveparidot therb is no corolla, and the s/l^ mina are ten in number* The calyx of the specidi in
question is bell-shaped and short The flowers are all hermaphrodite.* The species latj/bBa, iS
i native of the inland woods of Jatnaica; it is a lat^ tree. Lunan, in his Hortus Jamaicensis
(vdLi. p. 110.)' informs lis, that tiie kernel of this fruit is as good as an almond, and that the
root in decoctioii is a usefid medicine in diarrhoea.
cxx.
KAIANTifeGARIE (Tam^) also KUrsalankUfmie (Tanii) OoontageBfffCroo (TeL) KeshooriyA
(Ben^; and Hind.) Btmgrdh \jLy^ (Duk.) Brintaj gV,^^ (Hind.) Sudii'kirindi (Cyug.) Caynu
ao tlong (Goch. Chin.) Brinrqja (Sans.) Trailing Ecti^a^
EcLiPTA ProstrAta (Lin.)i
CI. and Ord. Syngenesia Superflua. Nat Ordi CorymbiferfiB. Liegende Mehlbume (Nom. Triv.
WiUd.).
The whole of this plant in its green state, and ground small, with the addition of a little of the
oil
See Maier's Botamcal Dkiibnary, Abo Spec. Plant. WUden. tom.iv. p. 969; a somewhat
different description w given in Uie Flora Ludica, Tol. B. p. 52i
VOL. II. K

k
MATERIA INDICA. FART II.
of the sesamum orientale, is considered, by the native practitioners, as a useful externa!
application in the disease, or morbid enlargement of the leg, called by the Tamools anaykaal,

or elephant leg (Barbadoes leg); the dailfil * of the modern Arabs, It has a peculiar somewhat
bitterish taste, and strong smell.
Of the essential character, Willdenow says, '* ^e-cept. paleaceum ; pappus nullus ; corolluke
disci 4-fidae" (Spec. Plant, tora.iii. p. 221?.).
The species in question, which is an annual plant, and a native of Ceylon, Japan, and CochinChina, as well as of India, has a prostrate stalk, though it is also often erect, with leaves
lanceolate, serrated, somewhat waved, and subpetioled; the^^oEuers, which are subsessile,
come out alternately in pairs, corolla white, anthers brownish grey; calyx simple. It is the
micretium tolak of Forskahl; see his *' Descrip-tiones Plantarum," &c,, 152, 153. The plant has
also been called verbisina prostrata ; %nd, by Pluke-nette, in the " Leonard. Amaltheum
Botanicura," chrysanthertium Maderaspatanum.
It is indigenous in India, and is growing in the botanical garden of Calcutta. The species
eclipta erecia is a native of Cochin-China, where the natives use the juice of the leaves to dye
the hair black (Flor. Cochin-Chin. vol. ii. p. 505.), and call the plant itself co-ic.
CXXI.
KAKACOLLIE VEREI Birrmmrru;^^;:^^:^:^ cn^SS'^ (Tam.) Kakichempoo vtttiloo (Tel.)
Ka- It is the elephas of Haly-Abbas.
kamari (Sans.) KdkmSri he beenge ^^^ < ^L$S\i (Duk.) Cocoihis Indicus.^
Menispermum Cocculus (Lin.)
CI. and Ord. Dioecia Dodecandria. Nat. Ord. Sannentaceas. Fischetodtender Mondsame
(Norn. Triv. WiUd.).
The name cocculus Indicus is, in all probability^ taken from the Tamool appellation of the
artid^ which signifies the " crow-kilUng seedJ^ The plant is the tubaf bi(0i of the Malays,
and the natsfatam of the Hart. Malab.
This narcotic berry, which grows in abundance in the woods of the Southern provinces, in the
Travan-core country, and in Ceylon, is employed by the Vytians as a useful external
application in cases of inveterate itch and herpes; on such occasions, it is beat into a fine
powder, and mixed with a little warm castor-oil. It is also formed into a sort of past^ with
moistened rice, for intoxicating birds and fish, in order to catch them.
Of the essential character, WiUdenow says,
<< Masculi. CaL S-phyllus; petala 4; s. 6 ex-teriora, 8 interiora; stam. 16.
" Feminei. Cor. maris; stam. 8-sterilia; ger-^ mina^i s.S; 6flcc? binsB, monospermas'' (Spec.
Plant
tom.iv. p.829.)-

The species in question is a tree with twisting sterns^ which are usually about the thickness
of the human arm, and covered with a scabrous wrinkled bark; the le(wes are cordate,
retuse^ mucronate, stem jagged j the Jbwers, which are in bunches a
* It hai also got the EngliBh name of jagged moofueed. t See Marsden's Sumatra, p. 186.
K 2
f
Wi MATERIA INDICA. FAUX U
foot and a half long, dividing into several lateral ones, have an unpleasant smell; the Jruii in
bunches, like grapes, but smaller, first red, then white, and finally blackish purple ; puip soft;
stone round, like that of a cherry. The tree, according to Avicenna (211.), was the ^f=>^
maluirge of the Arabians of his day, who were then acquainted with the eifect of the berries
in intoxicating fish: " Seminibus pisces inebriari.*" It is the cogue de Levant of the French ;
and may be, perhaps, the same plant which, Niebhurt says, the natives of some of the
provinces of Arabia call symel horai, and which they use for intoxicating fish. It would appear,
that in Jeiva, and also in Teriiale, the fruit of the Barring-tonia speciosaX is used for similar
purposes. The Bar. spec, is a large and most beautifid tree, of the class and order Monadelphia
Polyandria, and natural order Uesperidce; it is the buConka of Rwnph. (Amb. iii. I79. t. 114.);
and is a native of many places within the tropics, such as the Southern coasts of China,
Molucca Islands, Otaheite, &c. In Jamaica the galega toxicaria is employed for intoxicating
fish. In the South Sea Islands the lepidium piscidium is used for the same purpose.
Our present article is the tuba baccifei-a of Rum-phius. Orphila places the fruit of it amongst
his Poisons; and, in his work, tells us, that Monsieur Goupil has given to the Society of
Medicine of Paris some interesting facts, proving that it is not
See Hiitoria Rei Herborise Sprengel, torn. i. p. 271t See hii Travels, vol. ii. p. 361.
X The Barriogtonia speciosa, I have been told, but from somewhat doubtful authority, grows
on Ceylon, and is there called iailol. I do not see that it is mentioned in Mr. Moon's Catalogue
of Ceylon Plants.
See Traits dcs Poisons, vol.ii. part ii. p. 22.
only a poifloa for fish but for otiber aaimab; he sop. poses it to act Uke camphor. Nay,
Mareet^ infcnns u9b tbait it ia a poisoa for eren vegetable nbstMUses theoMdlves*
Foufteen species of nenisparnniin are growing ki the Honourable Company^s garden at
Calcutta^ eight of which are nattvea of India. The species wrruev^ smn (Roxb) a ni^ve of
Sumatra,, was intuoAiced by Captain Wright^ and ia the putnuwalli of tie Malays.. The men.
triandram^ a. native of tbe Malay Islimd^, was introduced by Mr.. C. Smithy, ai
1797- SeeHortusBengalen8ia(p.7^}- Thekaiw of the qpecies. hirsutum (BoaJb.),. whem

agitated ai water^ Pender it mucilagiaooa.

CXXIL
KALLI ^pNTTovft^ (TamO Lunhoesh^ (Beng^) Kayoo-oorb (Jsm.) Gas^nmDoJIiandi
(Cyng.)< day-Mn^ho-Mfnh (Coclu Chin) Milk Hedg^^ or Jmlkm Tree Sptfrge*
EUPISORBTA TiaUCAfiBI ('Liliv)l
CL and Ocd, Dodecandriat Ttigyniai Nat. O^d; Tncoqcas Malabarische WoIfimUch (Nonu
Tri^
waii),
The: HindoQ practitioners use the ftesb acrid juice of tbi$ i^ant m ^ vesicatory. By Rheede't^
Mortu$ Molal^aricmA it appears^ that a decoction^^ <d the
* It i^pearsy by Marcet's excellent Memoir on the Action of Poisons on Vegetable
Substances* that a' solutioa prepanadi wiUi an extract nia4^ with the. seeds of tht^
mmspermuiP oooonlut idHed.a..l|(aait \Am% ia.twe^-fom hojvs^. Sa^ Jcwwl oS^ Saicao%
t Stee HorU MU. part ii. p. 86.
X 3
f
134 MATERIA INDICA. PART II.
tender branches is given in certain cases of colic, and that the milky juice of them mixed with
a Httle butter*, is prescribed as a purge on the Malabar coast, where the plant is called tiru
calli. It is the ossifraga lactea of Rumphius, Amb. vii. p. 62. t 29. Rheede supposes the virtues
of this species of euphorbia to resemble those of the shadrayculbf (euphorbia anti-quorum). I
see, by Dr. Horsfield's Account of the Medicinal Plants of Java, that the Javanese also use the
kalU, which they call kayoO'Oorb, as a vesicatory. The French term the plant euphorbe
antive-nerien. Vireyt, in speaking of it, says, " Guerit tres Men Taffection veneriennej il est
aussi purgative et vomative." Loureiro notices the caustic nature of our article : " Oculos si
tangat exciecat" Flor. Cochin-Chin, vol. i. p. 299.
The essentials of the genus are, " Cor. 4 ; s. 5-pe-tala, calyci insidens; cal. l-phyllus,
ventricosus j caps. 3-cocca" (Spec. Plant. Willd. vol. ii. p. 881.).
The species in question rises to the height of twelve or fourteen feet, or more, with numerous
slender branches, smooth, and of a bright green colour, having a very few, most minute
leaves at the extremity, which soon fall off; as the plant grows older the stalks become
stronger and less succulent, especially towards the bottom, where they turn to a brown
colour, and become a little woody. Forskahl, in his Description of Arabian Plants, mentions
the kalh under the name of ^^i. It is employed by the Hindoos in the arts, also for making
hedges round tlieir gardens, and as manure; it is singular, that,

 Butter, Hamikoti found given with honey, as a remeJy for coughs in Barar. It is haiyang in
Sanscrit, and makiAatn in Hin-doostanee. Ghet te habi m Sanscrit, and ahiy in Hind. MSS.
f See his " Hitoire NaturelJe des Medicamcns," p. 299.
notwithstanding the peculiar acrimony of the juic^ goats eat the plant with impunity. For
further particulars respecting the euphor. tnic. see other parts of this work.
No less than twenty-one species of euphorbia are growing in the Honourable Company's
botanical garden of Calcutta. The sessfflora (Roxb.) was introduced from Pegu by Mr. F.
Carey, in 1808 { the hjfbema and maculata^ by W. Hamilton^ Esq. See Hortus Bengalensis,
p. 3S. See article ElekulU, in this Chapter.
CXXIIL
KALICHIKAI ^ONrre=^eje?rrLu (Tam.) Gudj giga iCi^ (Duk.) Getsakaia (Tel.) Cdt-caUgi
(Hind.) also Natacaratga (Hind.) KUchi (JavBXi.) WasUkumhuru (Cyng.) Koohayratchie also
Pra^ khya (Sans.) also CaUmaraca (Sans.) Grey Bonduc Nut.
GulLAKDINA B0NDUCLLA (Lin.).
CI. and Ord. Decandria Monogynia. Nat. Ord. Loraentacese. ZweystacKUche Guitandine
(Nom.Triv. WiUd.).
The kernels of the ash-coloured nuts of this species of gtulandina are very bitter, but not
unpleasant to the taste; they are supposed, by the native practitioners, to possess powerful
tonic virtues^ and are prescribed in cases of intermittent fever, in coi^unction with some
powdered spice, with the happiest effects. When pounded small, and mixed with castor-oil,
they form a valuable external aq[>|^.
K 4
f
Ufi MATERIA INDICA. FART 11.
catic(n in incipient hydrocele. The dose of the kernels is commonly half of a kernel in the
course of twenty-four hours in divided doses, but the medicine may be given in greater
quantities. At Amboyna the seeds are considered as anthelmintic, and the root is a good tonic
in dyspeptic complaints.*
The following is the essential character of the genus: *' CaL one-leaved, salver-shaped; petals
inserted into the neck of the calyx, nearly equal; seed vessel a legume."
Our present article is a weakly plant, which frequently rises amongst neighbouring bushes, if
it finds due support. The stalk and branches are full of thorns that arch backwards j the
pinnas are oblong-ovate, with double prickles at the leaflets; and in these two last particulars
it seems chiefly to differ from the guilaruUna bonducf, which has (according to Lamarck)
pinnas simply ovate, and only solitary prickles at the leaflets ; but there is also tliis difference

in the plants, the colour of th nut of our article is gr^, whilst that of the other is yellow,
finely variegated with annular saffron-coloured zones. In India the nuts are worn as beads,
and the boys use them as marbles. The tree is the caretti .of Rheede, Mai, ii. p. 35. t. 22.; and
the catti catti of the Malays. Rumphius says, that at Amboyna the seeds are considered as of a
binding quality, and that the inhabitants are in the habit of eating them, from a notion that
they will make them hardyj
* Since writing the above, an able medical practitioner. Dr. Sherwood, informs me, that he
found the leaTCs a valuable discutient in caBes of hernia kumoralii, fried with a little castoroil.
f Called in Cyngalese kald-wawdl athta, and in Hindoo-tanie lotah.
X See Rumph. Amb. tom. v. p. 90.
9nd invulnerable in ^ar. We shall say mcfre of the gujlandina banducella in another part of
this work.
The plant is growing in the botanical ga^rden of Calcutta. It is the nam^^Iac of the CochinChinese, by whom the leaves are considered as deobstruent and emmenagogue; the root
astxingeat; nuts emetic; and the oi/ obtained from them useiid, externally^ in convulsions
and palsy. See Flori, Cochin-Chin, voL L p. S65.
cxxiv.
KAMADU (Malay> Great Nettle.
U^TxcA Urens (G?r.).

The broad leaf of this plant, Mr. Crawfurd t^ us, in his History of the Indian Archipelago^
voL u p. 467, is a powerful stimulant, the least touch of it producing great irritation and
pain. It is of the Glas^ and Order Monoeqia Tetrandria, ^nd Nat. Ord. Ur-ticae (Juss.).
cxxv.
KAMBODSHA (Javanese). Bbrnt^leaved Ptu^ meria. Hoa-^tUlang (Coch. Chin.).
CI. and Ord. Pentandria Monogynia. Nat. Ord. Contortce. Stumpfblattrige Plumierie (Nom.
Triv* Willd.).
This is given on the authority^of Dr. Horsfield,
f
1S8 matehia indica. part ii.
who tells us, in his Account of the Medicinal Plants of Java, that it is used as a cathartic by

the inhabitants of that island; it is the root of the plant that is used.*
The essential character of this genus is, " Con-tCTtOfJollicuke 2, reflexi; semina membranse
proprise inserta."
Our article is described by Loureiro, in his Flora Cochinensis, as a large thick tree, with an
ash-coloured smooth milky bark, and twisting branches; leaves large, quite entire, flat,
smooth ; Jlowers, or, more properly speaking, the corollas, sweet-smelling, white, mixed on
the outside with red, and in the inside with yellow. Plumier found it in South America, and it
would seem to be a native also of Amboyna, China, and Cochin-China, as well as Java. There
would appear, from what Miller says, to be some doubt whether it is the^os convolulus of
Rumphius, Amb. iv. p. 85. t. 38; indeed, Willdenow himself does not say it is, with much
confidence. All the species of this genus are characterized by containing more or less of a
milky juice. The P. acuminata is a native of India; its Bengalese name gobur champa. Our
article is distinguished from the others by having leaves " lanceolatis peteolatis obtusis."
Spec. Plant. Waid. tom. i. p. 1243.
* Moon, in his Catalogue of Ceylon Plants, notices but one species of Plumeria as growing in
Aat island, the F. acuminata, which has got the Cyogalese names of alariya and kaneru. See
Cat. p. 20., also Rumph. (Amb. iv. t,38.)
k
CXXVI.
KARAWAY PILLAY (Tam.) Karay paak S\j^ (Duk.) Karrioaympakoo (Td.) Kristna mmbao
(Sans.) Leqf qf the Bergera of Koaug.
Beroera Kcenioii (Roxb.).
This is the leaf of a very lofty and leafy tree, of the class and order Decandria Pentagynia.
The Hln-> doos consider the leaves as stomachic} and tonic an infusion of them toasted,
stops vomiting; the bark t and root are used internally as stimulL
CXXVII.
KARKAKARTAN VAYR mrr^BJT'^rrOfit Qi5\j& (Tam.) NuUa-ghentcma vayroo (Tel.) JttfUzer hi k^urr ja^J J aJS (Duk.) Katarodu (Cyng.) Neelagherie kumee (Sans.) JVlngecUleaved
CUtoria Root.
CuTORiA Ternatea (Lkh)
C]. and Ord. Diadelphia Decandria. Nat Ord. Papilionaceas. Molukkische CUtorisblume
(Norn. Triv. Willd.).
The sweetish tasted, yet somewhat warm, white,
* The flreen leares are used raw in dysentery; they lure also much employed by the Hmdoos
to season their food with. More will be said of this most useful tree in another part of this

work, thouffh I may here add, that the leaves are alternate, petic^ed, un-eoually pinnated,
about two inches long and half as broad, and, when rubbed, have a singular, as it were, burnt
smell and "" ' *~ taste.
t See Roxburgh's Cor. Plants, toI. ii. p. 7*
f
140 MATEHIA INDICA. PART II.
root of the cUtoria tematea a8 it appears in the Indian bazars, is about the thickness of two
quills, and is given in substance ground into powder in croup cases ; it sickens and sometimes
vomits ; the dose is about half a pagoda weight for a child of two or three years old.
Of the essential character, Willdenow says, "Cor. supinata j vexillo maximo patente alas
obumbrante." Spec. Plant tom.iii. p. IOCS.
The species in question is noticed by Ruraph. (Amb. V. S\.), and is a shrub which commonly
rises to the height of five or six feet, with twining branches; leaves quinato-pinnate, and
peduncles axillary and uniflorous. There are two varieties of this species, the one with white,
the other blue flowers; the latter is the article now under consideration, and is the
iiiUkalarodu of the Cyngalese. The corolla is a blue dye, but not permanent. The legume is
narrow, and about the length of the finger, the seeds solitary, from seven to eight in number,
and of an ovate kidney form. The plant is common in Cochin-China , there termed cay-daxib'tec, also in the woods of Malabar, and there called sklonga-kiispi; it is too a native of
Cochin-China and the Molucca Islands, especially Teniaie, hence the specific name was given
to it by Tournefort.
Lunan, in his Hortus Jamaicensis, informs us (vol. L p. 102.), that this species of cUtoria is
indigenous in Jamaica, Five species of clitoria grow in the botanical garden of Calcutta j our
article wliich is ilidigenous in India, is called in fiengalese upurc^ila.
* The Cochin-Chinese use the flowers as a blue dye, but do not Gad it laeting. Flor. CochtnChin. vol. ii, p. 4^.
k
CXXVIII.
KARPOOGA ARISEE (Tam.) Bapungie (Tel.) Baxvchan (^>L^^U (Duk.) Vakoochie (Sans.)
HazeU nut-leaved Psoralea, Seed o^
PSORALEA CORTLIFOLIA (LlO.).
O. and Ord. Diadelpfaia Decandriaw Nat. OxA. P^ilionacese.
This is a dark brown coloured seed, about the size of a large pin's head, and somewhat ovaU
shaped ; it ho^ an aromatic yet unctuous taste, and a certain degree of bitterness. The native
practitioners consider it as Momachic and deobstruent, and prescribe it in cases of lepra, and

other inveterate cutaneous afiections.

Of the essential character, Willdenow says, " Cal. longitudine leguminis; stamina diadelphia;
legumen monospermiim, subrostratum evalve.** Spec. Plant, torn. iii. p. 1342.
The species in question is an annual plant, seldom rising higher than three feet; and common
in South-em India. It has at each joint one leaf about two inches long, and one and a half
broad, the flowers are of a pale flesh colour, and are produced on long, slender, axillary
peduncles.* It may be distinguished from all the other species ; ** foliis simplicibus ovatis,
sub-dentatis: spicis ovatis.** t See Burm. Ind. t. 49. f. 2.
There are three species of psoralea growing in the botanical garden of Calcutta : our article is
called ia
See Miller.
t Spec Hani. Wilkl. tom.m. p. 1S5I.
MATERIA INDICA.
Ltlie i
Bengalese and Hindoostanie hakooch. See Hortus Bengalenais, p. 58. Our article, by Moon's
account, (Cat. p. SSS), grows on Ceylon, and is noticed by Burman, Ind. t. 49. f. 2.
CXXIX.
KAROOVELUM PUTTAY ^oGo^jtv-ldi^lQ3)i_ (Tarn.) Nullatooma puttay (Tel.) KaUkekerkechawt ^\^ ^ JiS JLT (Duk.) Cushercumghylan assced (Arab.) Bark of the Acacia Arabica.
Acacia Arabica (Willd.).
Polygamia Monoecia. Nat. Ord. Lomentacese. Arabische Acacie (Nom. Triv. Willd.).
This bark is considered by the native doctors as a powerful tonic, and an infusion of it
prescribed in cases requiring medicines of this description, in the quantity of about three or
four ounces twice daily; it is supposed to be particularly indicated in the extreme languor and
sinking consequent of the bites of certain snakes, which are sometimes accompanied with
spitting of blood and voiding it by urine. A strong decoction of it, the Vytians order as a wash
for foul ulcers ; and the fine powder of it mixed with gin-gilie oil, they recommend as a
valuable external application in cancerous affections. The gum karoo-velum pisin (Tam.), is
substituted occasionally for the
We are told by Roxburgh, in his Corom, Plants, vol. il p. 26., that the natives mix this gun

with the seeds of the seaamum ori-entale, left after the oil is expressed, and use it as food ;
and also, that a decoction of the poda are used as a substitute for that of the seeds of the
mimosa saponaria for washing.
real gum Arabic all over India, particularly in Bengal (See article gum Arab, in vol. i. p. 160.
)
Ck the essential character of the genus, Willde-now says,
Hermaph. CaL 5-dentatus; cor. 5-fida, vel 5-petala; stam. 4-100; pist. 1; legimien bivalve.
<< Masculi. Col. 5-dentatus; cor. 5-fida, seu ^-petala; stam. 4-100. Spec. Plant, torn. iv. p.
1049The species in question is a large and most useful tree, common in the woods on the
Coromandel coast, and well described by Roxburgh, in his Corom. Plants (vol. ii. p. 26.); it is
the mimosa Arahica of Lamarck, (Encycl. i. p.l9*)} of the cl. and ord. Poiygamia Monoecia^
aiid nat. ord. Lomentacece; the trivial name given to it by Willdenow is Ara^ bische Acacie. It
has several names in Sanscrit; the three most common are kristnah cadira^ babura and
armada; in Bengal the tree is called babul (Hind.) For the uses of the wood, flowers, and bark
in the arts, the reader is referred to other parts of this work.
The following distinguishing character of the species differs from Willdenow's in some
particulars; *'Spines in pairs; leaves trijugate and quadrijugate ijb-tiations
multijugate;^ft'ofe^ linear, acute, contiguous; petioles pubescent, with a gland below the
foliations; legumina moniliform, compressed, tomentose.'* *
It would appear, by Moon's Catalogue of Ceylon Plants, that the acacia, vera or Egyptian
thorn, was growing on Ceylon, and there called in Cyngalese kattumdaru ; so we must
conclude, that the real gum Arabic may there be procured (See Catalogue of Ceylon Plants, p.
73.).
* See Stokes's Botanical Materia Medica, vol.iii* pp* HO, 171.
MATERIA INDICA.
cxxx.
KARPOORAWULLIE ui^o^ToYja^&rr (Tarn.) Kuruwehloo, or Karpoonewullie (Tel.) SitiUci
pungerie i^j^^_ ts^=>^^ (Duk.) Viirdefra-sioon (Arab.) Waltika (Sana.) Thick-leaved
Lavender.
Lavendula Cahnosa (Lin.).
CI. and Ord. Didynamia Gymiiospermia. Nat. Ord. Verticillatffi. Dtck'lattriger Lavendel (Norn.
Triv. WUId.).
The fresh juice squeezed from the leaves of this biennial plant, mixed with pounded
sugarcandy, the native practitioners prescribe in cases of cy-nanche j they also prepare with

it, in conjunction with the juices of other herbs and gingilie oil, a cooling liniment for the
head. The plant has nearly the same character in taste and smell with others of the genus J
the essentials of which genus are, according to Willdenow, "Cal. ovatus, subdentatus, bractea
suflidtus; cor. resupinata; stamina intra tubum." Spec. Plant, torn. iii. p. 60.
Koenig found the plant in question growing in rocky places near Sadras; and Rheede in
sandy situations in Malabar; where it is called katu-htrka^ the stems are quadrangular, with
tlie angles rounded, scarcely pubescent; leaves veined, very finely pubescent, deciduous in the
time of flowering, on petioles, the length of the leaves; they are ovate, cordate, serrate, fleshy;
spikes four cornered j calyxes
See Rheede, Mai. x. p. 179. t. 90.
recttfvtd. i>r Ueyne^ in fais < Tradt^ Hktorkiil and Statistical on India */' informs m, tiiat
the San^i s^rit liame of this plant is Wakika^ and that the Telingoos of Mysore call it
kurucwehlu^ but he says, that he had not well examined it.^ It is* the gaUkap-pra^walli of
the Cyngatese.
The Tamool name karpoorawullie is also bestowed oil the common borage (botl^ officinalis);
Which is cultivated by Europeans fai their gardend, chiefly for throwing islo country beer, to
give it a pleasant ftavoun
Our article and the species spica grow in Ceykm; see Moon's Cat^^ogue of Ceyloii Plants^
pr44.
CXXXL
KARRUWA PUTTAY Uy/vycy^^yr ljul^s^l^
(ram.> Cinnamon.
Laurus Cinnamomum (Lin.).
This is much used in medicine by the Hindoos^ asT noticed already, in the first volume,
under the article Cinnamon. The Arabians of Egypt hold it almost in veneration, and call it
aaJ^ a5^5, distinguishing it
from the cassia Kfimea, which they term Aa4^
CXXXII.
KATSJIJLA. KELENGU (ram.) Chundra molixr (Brag:> HUmdlW (Bfeng.)' a^so ChUndra^
L
146 MATERIA INDICA. PART II.
moola (Beng.) Thiai-lien (Cochin-China). Chundra mooliha (Sans.).

K^MPFEHiA Galanga (Lin.).

CI. and Ord. Monandria Monogynia. Nat. Ord. Scitamineie. Silzende Ktempferie (Nom. Triv.
WUid.).
The species in question is a native of the Malabar coast, and also of the mountains near
Chitta-gong. It has leaves sessile, round, ovate, cordate; the root is biennial, tuberous, with
fleshy fibres j no stem. The roots have a pleasant fragrant smell, and warm, bitterish,
aromatic taste; and are used medicinally, and as a perfume, by the Hindoos.
CXXXIII.
KAUNDUM Krrrgg^LC (Tam.) Ch^uk puttir jj:^_ .i^t (Hind, and Duk.) Magnet, or Magnetic
Iron Stone (Kirwin). Hiizere meknates kauntum (TeL also Sans.).
The Fi/tians suppose this stone to possess tonic and deobstruent qualities j and prescribe the
powder of it, in conjunction with aromatics and sulphur, in cases of consumption and dropsy.
The dose a gold fanam weight of the powder twice daily, that is, about five gi-ains.
* Sec Flora Indies, vol. i. pp. 14,15. Besides our article, four other species of this ^enus grow
in the botanical gardea of Cal-cutEa. The species in question is cullivated in Ceylon, and is
there called in Cyngalese hinguru-piyaii. (Moon, p. 2.); sec aiio Rheede, Mai. (ii. t. 41.) The
species rotunda, the Cyngalese call inu'kenda. Moon, (p. 2.}; see also Rheede, Mai. (ii. t. 9.)
\ Also called in Tamool ooiie kaunduiu.
I have already noticed, under the head of iron, that the magnetic ironstone was discovered in
My sore by Captain Arthur. I believe in general he found it of an iron black colour, inclining
to grey. I am not aware, that any of it has as - yet been analysed. Dr. Jameson informs us,
that Dr. Thompson analysed a specimen of this ore, which was brought from Greenland, and
which was found to contain besides the iron, a small portion of tita^ mum. The author just
quoted observes, that when pure, magnetic iron-stone ore affords excellent bar^ iron, but
indifferent cast-iron; and as it is easily fusible, requires but little flux. It is sometimes
intermixed with copper or iron pyrites \ such affords a red-shot iron, sulphur never failing to
deteriorate iron; but careful roasting diminishes the bad effects of the sulphur. In addition to
the different places in which the magnetic iron-stone occurs, it may be added, that it is found
in Ava, and in Armenia, f
CXXXIV.
KHAWAN-PICAN (Siam.).
This is a root which Dr. Finlayson found in Siam, ftnd which, he was informed, possessed
aperient, expectorant, and resolvent qualities.
* See Jameson's Mineralogy vol. iii. p. 227* t See Macdonald Kinneir's Geographical Memoir
of Persia, p. 819.
L 2

cxxxv.
. *KHA.PHAIM (Siam.).
Name of a root which Dr. Finlayson fonnd in Siam, and which he was informed was
administered in decoction in lumbago, in conjunction with cardamoms*
CXXXVI.
KHUZ NIBIL ALFIE ^\ Ja^ ^p; (Arab.)Khtiz nihil alfiej is the name of a fopt common in several parts of Arabia, and which the
natives of that country ar^ in the habit of taking in cases of colic (see ForskahPs Materia
Med. Kahirina)* What it is, may be desirable to know.
CXXXVII.
KHURISH CHURIN ^^^j^ ^Ji (Hind.) Bar^ iadbes Flower Jence.
POINCIANA PULCHERRIMA (Lin.).
This is the Hindoostanie name of a medicinal plant, in great repute, I understand, in the
upper j^rovinces of Hindoostan, and which is known to be the poinciana pulcherrima (Lin.),
a genus now removed to the genus ccesalpinia by Swartz ; what are its particular properties, I
know not j I merely give
it a place here, that it may become subject to future inquiry. Browne, in his Natural History of
Jamaica, says, that all parts of the plant are powerfully emme-nagogue (Hort. Jamaicensis,
vol. ii. p. 51-52.).
The essential character of the genus, is ** CaL five-parted, the lowest segment longer, and
slightly arched ; stam. woolly at the base; petals 5 ; legume compressed." The class and order
are, Decandria Monogynia, and Nat. Ord. Lomentaceas.
The species in question is a most beautiful tree, which commonly rises to about twelve or
fourteen feet high, with leaves doubly pinnate, and leaflets oblong-oval, emarginate; they and
theca^.re5smooth; corymbs simple; petals fringed; stamens very long. It woijd appear to be a
native of both the Indies; it is the hoa-phung of the Cochin-Chinese: on the Malabar coast it
is called tsietti manddru ; in Ceylon, its common name is monara-mal; and from its extreme*
beauty, Burmann t gave it the appellation of " crista pavonisjiore elegantissimo variegato.**
The French in the West Indies call itJleur de paradis. The flowers come out in loose spikes at
the extremity of the branches; the petals, which have an agreeable odour, are beautifully
variegated with a deep red or orange-colour, yellow, and some spots of green. Our article with
another species, the poinciana elata, grows in the botanical garden of Calcutta, introduced in
179* and 1799; the last time by Dr. Berry. Moon has two distinct varieties, the ratu and kaha^
or red and yellow (Cat p. 34.).

* Rheede, McJ* v., vk, p. 1. 1.1. f See his Thesaurus Zeylonicus, 79.
L 3
CXXXVIII.
KEBIR jx^ (Pers.) Capers.
Capparis Spinosa (Lin.).
CI. and Ord. Polyandria Monogynia. Nat. Ord. Capparides, Juss.
Capers do not grow in India: they are well known to be the flower-buds of the bush, and make
an excellent pickle. The root of the plant is a medicine amongst the Arabs, who get it from the
Levant: the Persians call it ^ ^Ai, the Arabians Ut^c^iS 3^1. They consider it as having
virtues, applied externally to malignant ulcers. Of the same root, I perceive Avicenna says, "
attenuat, purgat aperit" See Canon. Med. lib. ii tract ii. p. 169.
CXXXIX.
KILANELLY eryin-Gr^oviONS (Tam.) Soda-fiazar-muni (Beng.) Nela ooshirikeh (Tel.)
Booien aoonlah aJU^I ^^j^ (Duk.) Pita-wakka (Cyng.) Boovishirum (Sans.) also Arjata
(Sans.) Annual Indian Thyllanthus.
Phylanthus NiRURi (Lin.).
CI. and Ord. Monoecia Monadelphia. Nat. Ord. Tricoccae. Weisser Phyllanthus (Nom. Triv.
Willd*).
The white root, small bitter leaves, and tender shoots, of this low growing plant, are all used
in medicine by the Indian practitioners, who consider
them as deobstruent, diuretic, and healing; the two first are commonly prescribed in powder
or decoc-tion, in cases of an over-secreted acrid bile, and in jaundice; an infusion of the latter,
together with vendeum* seed, is supposed to be a valuable me-dicine in chronic dysentery;
the leaves, from their bitterness, are a good stomachic; the dose of the powder is about a teaspoonful in any simple vehicle* Of the essential character, Willdenow says, Masguli. Col. 6partitus ; cor. 0 j filament, co-lumnare; anih. 3.
Feminei. Cal. 6-partitus; cor. 0; nect. margo 12-angulatus; styli 3; caps, tricocca {Spec. Plant,
vol. iv..p. 573.).
The species under consideration is indigenous in India, and is an erect annual plant; it has a
stalk not more than a foot and a half high, with smaH alternate elliptic-obtuse leaves; the
fiowers, which are on very short peduncles, are produced on the under side of the leaves,
along the midrib ; and the seeds, when perfectly ripe, are thrown from the capsule with
considerable force. The plant is a native of the West Indies and Japan, as well as India. On the
Malabar coast it is called kirganelif; it is the herba mceroris alba of Rumph. Amb. 6. p. 41.
1.17* f !> and the nemuri of the Japanese. Dr. Horsfield, in his account of Javanese Me-

dicinal Plants, informs us, that the natives of Java consider it as diuretic, as well as its
congener, phyllanthus urinaria, a plant which is also common on the Malabar coast, where it
is called tsieru-kirga^ neli; it is the herba mceroris rubra of Rumphius,
* Seed of the trigonella foenum graecum. t Rheed. Mai. x. p. 29. 1.15.
L 4
W^ itfAfHA J*igAf PAW %U
^f^ nay be found described by Willdeiiawi in voL iv. p. S&4t, erf' bi Spec^ Plwit,, with eveq
more tban \m ysual care
Qur article with many others of its g^nus, is grow^-igg in t\m bptanical garden at Calcutta;
ten speciei^ aacqrdlPg to Moon, grow in Ceylon (Cat. p. 65.) l^ctud and useful diiir^tics are
r^re in all parts of (he world. I perceive, by the ** Vegetable Materia Medica of the United
States,'^ by Dr Barton, that i^ Apaerica 4 strong infusion of the whole plant cMmaphilia
umbellata, to the extent pf a pint in <;he twenty-four hours, ii| a valuftblq diuretic; though,
by the experience that ipy e^Q^Uent friend Dr. Somerville * had of it in the cas^ of Sir James
Craigf its good efiects wer^ not very i^ting. Dr. I4[arcet found, it would seen), striking
eS*ect3 from t)^^ use of 1;he extract in drppsical csM^> in dosis
fif fifteep grsips,
CXL.
KILIOORUM PUTTAY era^ruy^rrLDU-'u Q2)L-- (Tam.) Patanie lode ^^ ^\jJ Kaiijjphul
(Yiivid^.^ Darshishan (Arab.) Saogundie (Sans.) Kilioonm Bark.
This is a white, slightly aromatic, ple^sant-t^st^ bark, found in many Indian bazars, ^t is
held in high estimation by the native doctors^ for its virtue^ as a stomachic, and bears a
strong resemblance, in it^
' * See Dr. W. Somerville's account of the chimaphilia umbeU lata, in the Medico-Chirurgical
Transactions of London, vol. v. p. d04. See alsa Dr. Barton's work, above mentioned, vol. i. pp.
24-, 25, 26.
external appearance, to our canella alha ; but is not neariy so warm or pungent. The botanical
namo of the tree from which it is obtained has not, I be* Ueve, been as yet ascertained.
General Hardwick ^ saw the katypkul growing amongst the mountains, betwixt Sirinagur and
Hurdcoar^ and places it in die class cryptogamia, and order filices; the red frmt of it, he adds,
is much esteemed by the natives^ The milky juice of the plant is escharotic, and k reckoned
as a powerfbl application for removing warts, and other excrescences.
CXLL
KIRENDINYAGUM ^/Tf5^cg2>uuBrL>(Tani,) Grendie tagarum (Sans.) Whorl;fl(mered
Buellia.

RuELLiA Strepens (Liu.).

CI. and Ord. Didynamia Angiospermia. Nat. Ord. Personatae. Rauschendie RuelKe (Nom.
Trir.
wnid.).
The small, purple-coloured leaves of this low-growing plant are sub-acrid, and bitterish to the
taste; when bruised and mixed with castor oil, they form a valuable application in cases of
children's eruptions consequent of teething.
Of the essential character of the genus we are told, << Cat. 5rparted; cor. auboampanulatQ;
Hm^ approximatipg by pairs; caps, opening by elastic teeth.''
The plant in question seldom rises more than a foot high J the stem is four-cornered, with
two Ictpigjitudinal furrows, one on each side; the joints are three or four inches asunder, and, at each
there are two oval leaves upon very short footstalks. Flowers axillary, two or three from the
same point, sitting close to the stalk, very small, and, as already mentioned, of a purple
colour; very fugacious, opening early, and gone by ten or eleven of the forenoon. Its specific
name was given, from the crashing noise which the leaves make when handled. Willdenow
tells us, that this species is also a native of Virginia and Carolina. It appears by Forskahl to
have two Arabic names, kossif i_*tai and ghobar_jUi.
There is another species of this genus, common at Java, and tliere called krohiangsi ; the
natives of that island reckon it amongst their diuretics. It is the ruellia ajilipoda of Lin.;
Rumphius bestowed on it the name of crusta ollee, and it may be found in Rheed. Mai, under
the name of pectianga pu/panie (9. 115. t. 59.). The species luberosaf is a native of Jamaica; it
is an herbaceous plant, sometimes made into an ointment by being boiled with suet.
CXLII.
KODIE PALAY (Tarn.) Nukchikne ^iJUO (Duk.) Teet-conga (U:mOL.) Palaj/(Tel) Madlmmalati (Sans.) Twining Sxvallow-xvorl,
ASCLEPIAS VOLUBILIS (Lin.).
It appears, by the Hort. Beng., that fifteen Kpecies of ruellia are growing in the Company's
botanical garden at Calcutta, almost all of whicft are natives of India. Our article, with five
other Bpeciee, grow in Ceylon (Moon's Catalogue, p. 46.}.
t SeeLunon's Hort. JamaiceiifiiB, vol. ii. p. 192.
CI. and Ord. Pentandria Digynia. Nat Ord. Contortae. Rankende Schwalbenwurz (Nom. Triv,
Willd.).
Of the essential character, Willdenow says, " con-torta; nect. 5. ovata concava, corniculum,

exseren-tia.*' Spec. Plant, torn. i. p. 1262.

The plant in question, which is common in the woods of Malabar, rises with a tall, twining,
arboreous stem, and smooth-shining branches; the leaves are petioled, sub-cordate, veined;
umbels quite simple on peduncles, the length of the petiole; JUywers greenish. The root and
tender stalks are supposcfd . by the Vytians to possess virtues in dropsical cases; they sicken,
and excite expectoration; though I C(nild not obtain much information of a certain nature
respecting them; it is to be presumed, that they operate in a manner somewhat similar to the
root of the asclepias curassavica; which, according to Browne, in his Natural History of
Jamaica, the negroes use as a vomit. I have been informed^ that the leaves of the asclepias
volubilis are amongst those which are occasionally eaten as greens by the natives of Lower
India; but I am doubtful of this, considering the general character of the genus. The plant is a
native of Malabar and also of Ceylon.
Thirteen species of asclepias grow in the botanical garden of Calcutta. The Tellingoo name
there giveh to our article is doodi-paUa (see Hoitus Bengalensis, p. 20.
ld$ MATSaiA INOICA PART lU
CXLIII.
KODAGA SALEH (Tarn.) Sulunllyi (Cyng.) Burm. Zeyl. t. 3. f. 2. Creeping Justicia.
JusTiciA Repens (Lin.).
CI. and Ord. Diandria Monogynia. Nat. Ord. Fwsonatas. Gestreckte Justice (Norn. Triv.
Willd.).
Of the essentials of the genus, Miller says, " Cor. ringent; caps, two-celled, opening with an
elastic daw; stam. with a single anther;'' from which, how-fver, Willdenow's description
dilSers somewhat.
The plant under consideration is an herbaceous, diffiise, procumbent shrub; leaves
subsessile, lanceolate ; spikes axillary^ terminating, comprised, and hractes ovate, white;
Umer anthers crescent-shaped.
Botanists, such as Herman, Burman, and Vahl, have given differing descriptions of the
justicia re^ pens ; which may be seen, on referring to fFiUdenow, Spec. Plant, vol. i. p. 96, and
Roxburgh's excellent Slora Indica, vol. i. p. 1S3. Miller compares its general appearance to
that of the basil thyme, thymus acinos, and there is certainly also a degree of resemblance in
the taste of the leaves; though most people compare the taste of those of* our article to that
of mustard-seed.
. The native doctors bruise the leaves fresh, and mix them with castor oil j thereby preparing
an application for tinea capitis. The plant is growing with many other species in the botanical
garden of Calcutta. It is the sulunayi of the Cyngalese. See Burm. Zeyl. 7- t. 3. f. 2., where it is
noticed under the name of adhatoda, spicata flosculos ex foliolis membranaceis producens.

CXLIV.
KOQLINGIE Q^rra^^ (Tam.) Surpunkka (Beag.) also Koolloo kcpvayUe (Tarn.) VaympaSk
(Tel.) Gam-pila (Cyng.) Poonkhie (Sans.) jPwrv pk Galega.
Galega Purpurea (Lija.).
CL and Ord. Diadelphia Deeandria. Nat* Qrd. Fapilkmaceee. Rothe Gehraute (Nom. Triv.
Willd.).
Of the ess^itial character, Willdenow says, " Cali. dentibus subulatis^ subaequalibus;
Legumen striis ob-liquis, seminibua inteijectis.'' Spec. Plant, iii. p. 12S9.
The root of the gf^ga purpurea the nathre practi-tioners prescribe in decoction in cases of
dyspepsia and tympanites. It is a perennial plant, which seldom rises more than two feet
high, with smalt pinnated leaves, and flowers nairower than the leaves, and of a purple
colour, succeeded by slender, erect, st^ pods or legumes^ of an inch and a half or two inches
long. This plant has got the trivial name of wild indigo, from Europeans in India; it is also a
native of Ceylon, and is called by Biirman * coroniUa ze-lanica herhgceay Jhre purpurascente.
The plant is growing in the botanical garden of Calcutta, introduced, it would appear, from
the Hort. Bengalen-sis^ in 1799. (See p. 5?.)
Burm. Zeyl. 77. t. S9.
r
MATERIA INDICA.
CXLV.
KOLUNG KOVAY KALUNG G^rr^Tv-tTv-FcG wrrasjcTi-J^^yyTi; (Tam.) Akasagherooda
gudda (TeL) Rawkus giidda jX u-?lj (Duk.) Atr-Uvhig Bryony.
Bryonia Epig^a (Rottler)
CI. and Ord. MoncEcia Monadelphia. Nat. Ord. Cucurbitacese Saftige. Zaunrube
(Nom.Triv.Wiild.).
This root, as it appears in the bazars, is of varying thickness and length} in shape somewhat
like an English garden turnip, but more pointed at top; it has a bitterish, mucilaginous,
subacid taste, and is paitially marked on the outside with whitish raised circular rings; it is
chiefly used as an external ap-pHcation, in conjunction with siragum seeds (cummin seed),
onions, and castor-oil, thereby forming a kind of liniment, for chronic rheumatism and
contracted joints ; it is also considered as anthelmintic and de-obstruent, alterative and gently
aperient, when given internally. The Vytians hold it in great estimation," and also prescribe it
in the latter stages of dysentery and old venereal complaints. It is usually administered in
powder, wiiich is of a very pale colour, in doses of a pagoda weight in the twenty-four hours,
and continued for eight or ten days together j this quantity generally produces one or two
loose motions. The root, when dried, very much resembles the columbo root, to which it

approaches also in medicinal qualities. In Persian the plant is called Li^ looja ; in Arabic
azanul/eel y>syj\. The
It certainly posaesseG virtues worthy of more definite investigation ; aod, as such, I here
call the attention of my brethren in India particularly to it.
root of it not only lives in the air, without water, but actually grows in it, and sends forth
shoots, and hence its Tellingoo name.
The essential character of the genus is thus given by Willdenow:
"Masculi. CaL 5-dentatus} cor. S-psirtitanJilamS.
<< Feminei. Cal. 5-dentatus; cor. 5-partita ; sty^ lus S-fidus; bacca subglobosa, poiysperma.''
(Spec. Plant, torn. iv. p. 616.)
Of the species in question the best account has been written by Dr. Rottler, of Madras*, who
says, " The leaves are somewhat fleshy, cordate, trilobate, dentate, rough ; the lateral lobes
sub-bilobate. The flowers in a raceme: male flowers five, small j female flower single,
pedunculate, proceeding from the same axilla as the male flowers.'' It is a native of the
Coromandel coast.
Four species of bryonia are growing in the botanical garden of Calcutta. The species gabreUa
and' garcini are called in Hindoostanie and Tellingoo agumukee and gheedumoraloo. Six
species of bryonia, by Moon's account, are natives of Ceylon (Catalogue, p. 67.)
CXLVI.
KONDOSHONAY KALUNG G^^(5TOr(2u.rr f?=(5or^05^yyK/(g (Tam.)
This is a sweet-smelling, yellowish-coloured root, with which the natives prepare a fragrant
liniment for the head.
I have not been able to ascertain the plant of which it is the root.
* In his Herbarium, MSS.
Of the essential character, Willdenow says,
* Masculi. CaL 3 ; s. 4-phillus ; cor. 0 ; stam. 816.
" Feminei. Cat. 3.phillus j cor. 0 ; styU 3 ; caps. 3-cocca, 3-locularis ; sem. 1 .'*
The plant in question is an annual, seldom rising higher than a foot and a half, with an
herbaceous stem. The best description of it appears to be WilldenoVs: << Spicis axillaribus
supeme masculis inferne feminis, involucris glabriusculis serratis, foliis ovatis acuminatis
serratis basi cuneatis."* Herman t, in liis Flora Zeylonica, says, " That the female invo-lucres
are heart-shaped and slightly notched ; leaves ovate, shorter than the petiole.'* The plant is a
native, by Dr. Houstoun's account, of La Vera Cruz. On the Coromandel coast the Tellingoos

call it huppy; another Sanscrit name, in addition to that already given, is manshinka^
according to Dr. Heyne (Tracts on India, p. 132.). The dose of the powder of the dry leaves is
about a scruple and a halfi or two scruples, to be taken in a littie syrup and water.
Seven species of acalypba are growing in the botanical garden of Calcutta, two of which are
natives of India.
CXLIX.
KORAY KALUNG G^rr27y)/T^^yyiv@ (Tam.) Nagur motha aj^ ^^^U (Duk.) Toonga gudda
(Tel.) Sadcoqfie (Arab.) Musta 3JFrTT (Sans.) Root qf the Rush-leaved Q/perus.
Cyperus Juncifolius (Rottler.).
Spec. Plant, torn. iv. p. 523. t See Flora Zeyl. 341.
Triandria Monogyiiia. Nat Ord. Calamariae.
This fibrous root, with its small sweet-smelling bulbous extremities, is supposed by the
Hindoo practitioners to have diaphoretic virtues j and also to act as a diuretic; they
recommend them in decoction in fevers, and where there is a tendency to dropsy j in the
quantity of half a tea-cupful twice daily.
Of the essential character of the genus, it has been said, " Glumes chaffy, imbricate in two
rows; coroL none; seed one, naked.**
With regard to the species under consideration^ I must here state, that I never saw the plant,
but have given its scientific name, on the authority of my much respected friend Dr. Rottler; I
do not see it, however, mentioned by Willdenow. It becomes a question, whether it may not
be the same species to which Roxburgh has given the specific name of pertenuis *, the
Bengalese name of which is the same as our Dukhanie one, viz, nagur mootha^ or motha.
It has like it a tuberous root, with many dark villous fibres. Tlie root of the cyp. jimc.^ is
sometimes confounded with that of the cyperus rotundus (Lin.), and the same Sanscrit name
is given to both ; though from the shape of the leaves of the first-mentioned species, it would
rather appear to ap. proach to the cyperus spathacetiSj a native of Virginia, and which
Plukenett describes, "Gramen jtmceum^ elatius, &c. (Aim. Bot 179- t. 301. f. i.).t
The species articulaius is a native of Jamaica, the
* See Flora Indies, Roxb. vol. i. p. 202.
f Twenty-five species of cyperus are g^rowing in the botanical garden of Calcutta; and, it
would appear, by the Flora Indica, Siat Dr. Roxburgh notices many others that had not been
brought into the garden in 1814. See Flor, Indica. Twelve species are noticed by Moon as
growing in Ceylon (Catalogue of Ceylon Plants, p. 6.).
M 2

roots have a very pleasant odour, anil are considered as cordial and cephalic; Dancer says,
that they may be used as a substitute for the Virginian snake-root See Lunan's Hortus
Jamaicensis (vol. i. p. 8.).t
CL.
KOROSHANUM Gu>rrQ^j^'2_o.fmru:> (Tarn.) Ghyroon (^i.^\^ (Duk.) Goroshanum (Tel.)
Hejr-ul-buckir yullj^Rs. (Arab.) Gawzereh Ky^jylf (Pers.) Giirochana ^M O^*" (Sans.) Biliary
Calculus qf a Cow or Os.
Calculus Cysticus (Bovis).
Korosfutnum, is the Tamool name given to those biliary concretions, occasionally found in
the gallbladder of cows or oxen in India; they are generally contained in a little bag, which
holds two or three small ones, each about the size of a tamarind stone, or one large one, as
big as a large marble. They are of a bright-yellow colour, and arc considered by the native
practitioners as higiily valuable in certain indispositions of young children, accompanied with
acidity and a deficiency of bile; they are besides reckoned cordial and alexipharmic. A piece
about the size of a mustard seed, is commonly given for a dose to a babe of two months old,
in conjunction with an infusion of cumin seed. This substance is also employed in
conjunction with the chebulic my See his Medical Assistant, p. 387f I understand from General Mardwicke, that the ci/perui ro-tundus i considered, in fien^],
as febrifuge and stooiacnic ; and that the tuberous roots, bruised and mixed with water, are
given in cholera morbus. The species perlenuis, he tells me, the Indian ladies use as a
cosmetic, and for scouring their hair.
robolan (kadukaij Tarn.), and gaUs (macfiakai) ; in preparing a mixture for cleansing the
inside of the mouths of newbom infants. The Vytians prescribe a solution of it in warm
ghee, to be poured up the nose in cases of head-ache; and administer it sometimes in doshum
(t3rphus fever), made into a draught with woman's milk.
This substance is also prepared from the urine of a cow, and is much used in India as a
pigment
CLI.
KORAS or KRASTULUNG (Javanese).
Chloranthus Spicatus (Horsfield).
Tetrandria Monogynia. Nat Ord. Aggregatae.
The leaves of this plant have an odour, resembling that of snake-root, and an infusion of
them. Dr. Horsfield tells us, in his Account of Java Medicinal Plants, is considered as
corroborant I believe it to be the plant mentioned by Loureiro, under the name of creodus
odoriferus, and the hoa^soi of the Cochin-Chinese. See Flor. Coch. Chin. (vol. 1. p. 89.)

CLII.
KOSTUM G^^2j;ii-i-LO (Tam.) Changala kdstam (Tel.) Kust la^S (Arab.) Goda mahanel
(Cyng.) Sepuddy (Malay), also Putchuk (Tam.)
Kushtam ^Tg" (Sans.) Arabian Costtis.
CosTUS Arabicus (Lin.),
CI. and Ord. Monandria Monogynia. Nat Ord Scitamineas. Glaite Costwurz (Nom. Triv.
Willd.).
M 3
An infusion of the pleasant smelling, and somewhat warm, but singular tasted, and knotty
root of this plant, is prescribed by the native practitioners, as a stomachic and tonLc ; and is
given in the advanced stages of typhus fever, to the quantity of three or four ounces or more
twice daily. Judging from the root, the plant would appear to differ from that described in the
11th volume of the Asiatic Researches, p. 349. What of it is found in the Indian bazars, I am
inclined to think is brought from Persia and Sumatra. See Marsden's Sumatra, p. 75.
Of the essential character of the genus, Willde-now says, " Cal. S-^dus gibbus; cor. S-partita,
rin-gens i Tiectar. 2-labiatum : iabio inferiors maximo 3-lobo." Spec. Plant, i. p. 10. The
species in question, he tells us, is a native of South America, and distinguishes it from the
cosiits spicalus, by the latter having spica mulli/iora subovala, tlie other spica paucifiora. The
only species of this genus growing in India, as far as I know, is i\\& costm speciosus; and
which would appear, by what Willdenow says, to be the plant described so circumstantially hy
Jacquin, in his Collectanea ad Botanicam, under the name of * coslus Arabicus ; a particular
account of it may be seen in the Flora Indica of Roxburgh (vol. i. p. 57.). It is the tjana-kua of
Rheede, and the herba sptralis hirsuia of Rumphius (Amb. vi. p. 143. t. ii-h. f. i.) ; its Sanscrit
name is keviooha ; the Hindoos of Upper
* The costus Arabicus is now but litlle employed in medicine, in Europe; formerly, there were
two sorts prescribed, [he bitter and the sweet; the first is common iu the higher provinces of
India, cnlled in Arabic ts^IJi k^vi', and in Persian i^la tuJ', though Mr. Gray, in his
Supplement to the Phannacopceins, isays, llie bitter is merely the plant becuining bitter and
strong by age.
India cail it keoo. It is one of the most beautiful plants of the natural order to which it
belongs, with subsessile leaves spirally arranged, oblong, cuspidate, villous underneath; its
root, however, is insipid, so far not resembling our article; the natives prepare a kind of
preserve with it, which Roxburgh says^ they deem very wholesome; he adds, that the dry root
has hot at aU the appearance of the costus AraU-^ cus of the shops, which, by the way, is no
longer admitted into the London Dispensatory. The Arabians place ktist * k^J amongst their
Mobheiat oL^^ Aphrodisiacs.
The costtss speciosus (Lin.) is growing in the

botanical garden of Calcutta; and is, by Moon's account, a native of Ceylon, and there csdled
tebu^as* Brown, in his History of Jamaica, terms our article the lesser amomum with a
foliated stalk: he says, it is found e^ery where in the woods of Jamaica, and that the root, is a
substitute for ginger, but very inferior to it. (See Hortus Jamaic. vol. ii. p. 281.)
CLIIL
KOTTANG KARUNDEI 6^n-L.i-rrrR;^/TrB
02)5^ (Tam.) Moondie (SSJ^ (Duk.) Dookkoo ^^
(Arab.) ChaguUnadi (Beng.) Bo datarum (Tel.)
JEt-muda-mahana (Cyng.) Mundi Jl^ (Sans.)
Indian Sphceranthus.
SpHiERANTHUs Indicus (Lin.).
CI. and Ord. Syngenesia Segregata. Nat. Ord. Compositae Capitatae. Indische Kugelblume
(Nom. Triv. WiUd.).
* See Ulfaz Udwiyeh, Introduction.
M 4
r
168 MATERIA INDICA. PART 11.
The small oblong seeds are of ;i brown colour, witli delicate whitish bristles scattered over
them ; they, as well as the receptacles, are reckoned by the Indians amongst their
Anthelmintics, and are prescribed in powder. Rheede , who speaks of this plant under the
name of adaca ?namer, tells us, that the powder of the root is considered as stomachic; and
that the bark ground small and mixed with whey, is a valuable remedy for the piles. The plant
is a native of Lower India, on both coasts; also of Ceylon, of tlie islands of the Indian
Archipelago, and of Egypt. Burman t, calls it sp/iwranthits purpurea, alata serrata. Forskahl
(Egypt, p. 154. R.) speaks of it under the name of polycephalos, and Dr. Horsfield, in his
Account of Javanese Medicinal Plants, informs us, that the inhabitants of Java consider it as
a usciul diuretic.
Of the essential character, Witldenow says, " CaL 8-flori; cor. tubulosa^ hermaphroditae et
obsolete feminea;; recept. squamosum j pappus nullus." Spec. Plant, (tom. iii. p. SSOt.)
The species in question is a low growing plant, not more than a foot and a half high, with an
herbaceous stem ; leaves decurrent, lanceolate, serrate, of a deep green colour, alternate, and
about three inches long; peduncles curled; flowers a purplish red, solitary, terminating and
siib-globular (Miller). The dose of the powder in India, as an anthelmintic is about a scruple
and a half or a scruple twice daily; though more, I understand, is sometimes given t,

 Hort. Mai. X. p. 85. t.43.

f Burm. Zeyl. t. &i. f. 3.
i The sphsranthuB Indicus is growing io the botanical garden at Calcutta, introduced, it would
appear, by Dr. W. Carey. See Hort. Bcngalensis, p. 62. The spccicB Cochin-ChinensU is the cobo-ait of Lourciro, who tells us, that the whole herb is used in CochiD-Cbina for preparing a
cataplasm for resolving tumours in the breast.
CUV.
KUTTALAY ^s^rr^s3)U^ or Sirrooghoo kuttalay (Tam.) Chota kunwar ha putta ^JS j\yi U^
(Duk.) Vurdisibbir (Arab.) Chini hala hunda
(Tel.) Kumari ^H\k\ (Sans.) Sea-side^ or SmaU
Aloe.
Aloe Littoralis (Koenig).
A. Perfoliata (Van) ?
CI. and Ord. Hexandria Monogynia. Nat Ord. Liliacese.
The pulp of the leaves of this small and very succulent aloe, when well washed in cold water,
is prescribed as arefregirant medicine, in conjunction with a small quantity of sugar candy.
The same pulp, so purified, and with the addition of a little burnt alum, the native
practitioners consider as a valuable remedy in cases of ophthalmia; they are put into a piece
of fine muslin cloth, which is applied frequently to the eyes, the pain of which is relieved by
their coldness and freshness. The second Tamool name sirrooghoo kuttalay^ is the proper
one, the other being usually bestowed on the aloe perfoUata.
Of the essential character, Willdenow says, " Cor. erecta, ore patulo, fundo nectarifero; Jilam.
recepta^ culo inserta.** Spec. Plant, (tom. ii. p. 184.)
The species in question was first particularly noticed by Koenig, growing in situations near
the sea; but Dr. Rottler believes it to be only a variety of the aloe perfoliata, mentioned in the
first chapter of this work, under the head of Aloe ; it is particularly to be distinguished by its small or ratlier narrow leaves, which are peculiarly succulent.*
CLV.
KULL PASHIE 0>av)^^T-eF (Tarn.) Puttir ka pool \,^[i^-j (Duk.) Hinnaey koreisk (Arab.)
Ratipanchie (Tel.) Rounded Lichen.

Lichen Rotondatus (Rottler).

CI. and Ord. Cryptogamia Lichen. Nat. Ord. Algie.
KuH-pashie is tlie Tamool name given to a dried pale-coloured rock moss, which the Vt/lians
suppose to possess a peculiar cooling quality, and prepare with it a liniment for the head; it
was first scientifically described by Rottler. t
The generic character of the lichens is, according to Miller male Jiotvers? Vesicles
conglomerated, extremely small, crowded or scattered on the disk, margin, or tips of the
fronds.
*'Female powers ? on the same, or on a distinct plant; receptacle roundish, fiattish, convex
(tubercle), concave (^scuiella) ; subrevolute, affixed to the margin (pella), often diftering
trom the fi-ond in colour, within containing the seeds disposed in rows."
Dr. Stokes t of the generic character, says simply; "Receptacle orbicular and globose."
By MoonB account, two specieH of aloe grow in Ceylon, the vulgaris and picta, and two
speties of agave, the Americana and lurtda i the two last are American plantE. Sec his
Catalogue of Ceylon Plants, p. f"
foliD
L
Bays, in his Herbarium (MSS,), " Imbricatua foliolii
dec um ben til) us, laciiiiis. X See iiis Botanical Mateiia Medica, vol. iv, p. (jIH.
The species of this genus are extremely numerous j Dr. Withering has enumerated no fewer
than two hundred and sixteen species besides varieties, many of which are of use in dyeing.
The only one admitted into the London Dispensatory, is the lichen islandicus^ well described
by Mr. Thomson, in his excellent third edition of the London Dispensatory, p. 364.
Of the two hundred and sixteen species above-mentioned, twenty are natives of Jamaica;
many of the plants of this genus are useful in dyeing. With the lichen calcaretcs^ when dried
and powdered, the Welsh dye scarlet, and the colour is said to be very fine.

CLVI.
KRASTULANG fjav.).
Chloranthus Spicatus.
Horsfield says, that the root of this plant resembles the seneka, and that the leaves are
generally employed as a corroborant in Java.
CLVII. LACK-BEET (Siam.).
Name of a capsule with its seeds; used by the Siamese in decoction, in cases of diarrhoea and
weak digestion.
CLVIII.
LETCHICUTTAY ELLEY (Tarn.) Qutere ?
This is the broad leaf of a large antl most beautiful tree, a native of the deep woods on the
Coro-mandel coast, which, when made warm and moistened with a little castor-oil, is
reckoned a most efficacious application to joints affected with rheumatism; while young, the
leaves are also said to be eaten. The Portuguese call them folia de bunkood, and prize them
highly. I have never seen the tree, and understand from Dr. Rottler, that he had never been
able to get a sight of the flower, nor does he believe that the plant has been hitherto
scientifically described. Anxious, however, that as much as possible should be noticed in this
work, which might lead to more minute investigation, I have given the article the place which
it now holds; being convinced that it is better that many things be brought forward, althougli
some of them may ultimately prove of little value, than that one should be omitted which
might become a valuable acquisition to medicine.
CLIX.
LONTAS, also BOLONTAS (Javanese). Indian Ploughman^s Spikenard.
Baccharis Indica (Lin.).
CI. and Ord. Syngenesia Superflua.
Lontas is the Javanese, as well as Malay name of a plant held in high estimation, in the
islands of the Eastern Archipelago, as a safe and gently stimulating aromatic. It is, by Dr.
Horsfield's* account, generally employed in Java for preparing baths and fomentations; he
adds, that it forms an ingredient in the mixtures which are employed by the natives in various
diseases.
Of the essential character of the genus, Willdenow says, ** Recept. nudum; pappus pilosus;
calyx im-bricatus, cylindricus; Jlosculi feminei hermaphrodi-tus immixti'' (Spec. Plant, torn.
iii. p. 1913.)

The species under consideration is distinguished by having branches with raised streaks;
smooth, obovate, toothletted, petioled leaves; a corymb large and terminating \ peduncles
angular, with some awl-shaped bractes; calyxes cylindrical and smooth; it is a native also of
Ceylon f and the Cape of Good Hope, and got the German name of ostindische bac-charts
from Willdenow. Three species grow in Cochin-China; the species salvia, which is there called
cay-daiMf Loureiro says, has stomachic and tonic virtues. Vide Flora Cochin-Chin. vol. ii. p.
494.
CLX.
LOPEZKA JAAR ^l^ l^>.^ (Duk.).
Radix Indica Lopezina.
Lopez is the Dukhanie name of a root which is,
* See Dr. Horsfield's account of medicinal plants of Java, in the Asiatic Journal for
March'1819> p. 262.
t Moon does not, however, give us its Cyngalese name (Catalogue, p. 58.).
I understand, sometimes to be met with at Goa and other places on the Malabar coast, but
whether it is an Indian produce or not, I cannot say. I have never been able to get a sight of it,
but understand, that though neither the bark nor wood of the root has any sensible smell or
taste, it is supposed to have virtues in colliquative diarrhoeas, and in the last stages of
consumptions. Gaubius describes it, and compares its action to that of the simarouba.
CLXL
LUFFA ABUNAFA gULV^Uy (Arab.).
This is the Arabic name of an aphrodisiac root, mentioned by Forskahl, in his Materia Medica
Kahi-rina} it does not appear to have been hitherto exactly ascertained what it is.
CLXII.
MADANAKAMEH POO (Tam.) Flowers of the MadanaJcdmeh.
This is the Tamool name given to the dried cap-sules and flowers obtained from a tree which
grows in the M ission garden of Tranquebar, and which, in its leaves, much resembles the
date tree. I never saw the mandanakameh, nor heard it described. I understand that the
flowers are used in medicine by the Hindoos. They are merely mentioned here that they may
lead to further inquiry.
CLXIII.
MAD ALUM VAYR LD^-^(3\^^LoC(5\JC^ (Tam. Root qfthe Pomegranate tree.
PuNiCA Granatum (Lin.^

CI. and Ord. Icosandria Monogynia. Nat Ore Pomaceas. Gemein Granate (Nom. Triv. Willd.).
The eflScacy of the bark of the root of the pome granate tree*, as a remedy for the tapeworm, is no^
well established in India. It is given in decoctio prepared with two ounces of the fresh bark,
boiled i a pint and a half of water, till but three quarters of pint remain; of this, when cold, a
wine-glassful ma be drank every half-hour till the whole is takei This quantity occasionally
sickens the stomach little, but seldom fails to destroy the worm, which i soon after passed. j>
Of the essential chamcter of this genus, of whic
there are but two species, Willdenow says, "Gx 5-fidus, superus; petala 5; pomum
multiculare, polj spermum.'* Spec. Plant, torn. ii. p. 981.
The species in question, the Sanscrit name c which is dadima^datim (Beng.), rises to the
height c from 10 to 18 feet or more, with an arboreous stem le(wes opposite, narrow,
lanceolate, about three inche long, and half* an inch broad at the middle, drawin I to a point
at each end; JUywers sessile, coming out i
the end of the branches; the fruit is well-knowi and is noticed in other parts of this work. I
sha
* Is the sakuro of the Japanese, and the caiMhach-luu of tl Cochin-Chinese. Vide Flor. Japon.
p. ]99> et Flor. Cochin-Chi; vol.i. p. 313.
f
176 MATERIA INDICA. PART U.
merely here state, tliat the rind of the ihiit and flowers, which Iiave been called babustine
flowers, are powerful astringents j and have long been used botli internally and externally in
gargles', diarrhoea, &c ; dose in substance from half a drachm to a drachm; infusion or
decocUon half an ounce. The plant is a native of the South of Europe, and of many Eastern
countries. The other species is puti. nana (Lin.) or dwarf pomegranate tree; it has fruit not
longer than a nutmeg, and with but little flavour. It is a native of the Antilles. Miller, in his
Botanical Dictionary, mentions four varieties of the punica granatum: two varieties have
double flowers of a beautiful red, for which they are much prized in India, and, by way of
distinction, have got the Hindoostanie name of gool-aiiar. The pomegranate tree was
introduced into India from Persia some time before 1791: it is called anar^ljl in that country,
and (^iLo, in Arabia. The Cyngalese bestow on the tree the name of dehm.
CLXIV.
MAJUM LorrohiT) (Tarn.) Miijoom (.>.U (Duk.), also Majoom (Sans.) Madjoon (Turkish).
These are names of an electuary which is much used by the Mahometans, particularly the
more dissolute, who take it to intoxicate and ease painthe chief ingredients employed in
making it are, garyai leaves (cannabis saliva), milk, ghee, poppy seeds, flowers of the thorn-

apple, the powder of the iiux

See Woodville'B Medical Botany, f See article Gatija, in this section.
vomica, and sugar-an overdose of it has been known to bring on a toUd derangement of
intellect See article Banghie in this Chapter, and tSubjah in another part of this work.
Maroon, besides being the Turkish name for an inebriating preparation made with opiunit is
also often bestowed by the Turks on opium itself^ which, by the way, is much less indulged
in now than it was some years ago at Constantinople. See Anas-tasius, vol. i. p. 233.
CLXV.
MADOOCARE PUTTAY los/^^^CSOtljlj
L-CE)i (Tam.) Maducare Bark.
Wkbera Tetrandra (Var.)
CI. and Ord. Pentandria Monogjmia.
The young shoots of this plan^ as also the bark, the Vjftions prescribe in the latter stages of
dysentery. See article Caraj Cheddie in thid Chapter.
CLXVI.
MAGHALI KALUNG (Tam.) Mamend{Te\.) Purdanika (Sans.) Maghali Root.
This root, which I have never seen, is said to be of a reddish brown colour outside, and white
within. In its fresh state it is made into pickle. A decoction of the dried root is given by the
Hindoo doctors in certain m^ghums, cachexies^ to the quantity of half a tea-cupful twice
daily. I should not have given it a
VOL. II. N
place here, but that it is spoken of with much confidence by some of the most enlightened
Vytians^ with whom I have conversed; it is very scarce.
CLXVII.
MALLAM TODDALI (Mai.) Gaedumba (Cyng.) Je-no-ki (Japan.) Oriental Nettle Tree.
Celtis Orientalis (Lin.).
CI. and Ord. Polygamia Monoecia. Nat. Ord. Scabrids.
Mallam toddali* is the name given on the Malabar coast to this tree, which yields a gum
which resembles much that of the cherry tree; it rises to about twelve or fourteen feet high,
dividing into many branches, which spread horizontally; the leaves are obliquely cordate,
serrate, villose underneath ; the fruit is oval, and when ripe, yellow. It is a native of Japan,

Ceylon, and the Society Isles, as well as India, and is the papyrus spuria of Kaemph,, Amaen.
(p. 474. t.472.)
CLXVIII.
MALAYTANGHIE VAYR UD2/o\D^rrax/0f^G (S\j& also Arrooa manoopoondoo (Tam.) Pata
(Sans.) Root of the Lance-leaved Sida.
SiDA Lanceolata (Retz.).
See Rheede, Mai. iv. p. 85.
CL and Ord. Monadelphia Polyandria. Nat Ord. Colomniferae. Lanzettblattrige Sida (Nom.
Triv^ Willd,).
This root, which is not unlike the common liquorice root, in appearance, is intensely bitter;
and is prescribed in infusion, and in conjunction with ginger, in cases of intermittent fever; it
is considered by the Hindoo practitioners as a valuable stomachic, and a useful remedy in
chronic bowel complaints; the dose a small tea-cupful twice daily. V\\e leaves made warm,
and moistened with a Uttle gingilie oil, are employed to hasten suppuration.
Of the essential character, Willdenow says, " CktL simplex, angulatus; stylus multipartitus;
caps, plures, mono-seu trispermae.*' Spec. Plant, (torn. iii. p. 734.)
The species in question is an annual plant, which rises with an erect stem ; and is a native of
some of the lower tracts of India as well as the Mauritius and Ceylon.* Its specific
distinctions are, leaves oblong-lanceolate, toothed, smoothish; peduncles axillary, solitary \
capsules two-beaked; stipules linear, nerved, longer than the peduncle. The Telingas call it
visha boddee. Five species grow in Cochin-China. t
Twelve species are natives of Jamaica, of which three are medicinal, viz. althcecefoliaj
rhombifoliay and Jamaicensis. The flowers and tender buds of the first are used instead of
marshmallowj the second is considered as diuretic ; and the last is distinguished by its leaves
and buds containing a kind of mu* Where, I think, it is called hin^noda, though Moon gives it no Cyngalese name.
f Two of which, Loureiro says, are used medicinally, as emollients and resolvents; the sid.alnnifolia {cay-bay-doung-tien) and sida scoparia (cay-hay-chot)* Flor. Cochin-dhin. vol. ii. p.
413.
N 2
cilage, which lathers like soap, and may be used as such. See Lunan's Hortus Jamaicensis,
(vol. i. p. 49d 494, 495.)
CLXIX. MANSIADI (Mai.) Madatkycu-mara (Cyng.).
These are names on the Malabar coast and on Ceylon , for the adenanthera paoonina of

Linnaeus. It is the coralaria parviflora of Rumphius. The very large, doubly pinnate leaves are
given in decoction fi)r chronic rheumatism.
CLXX.
MANEERAM (Javanese, also Malay). Bella (Cyng.) fVoolly Callicarp.
Callicappa Lanata (Willd.).
CI. and Ord. Tetraiidria Monogynia. Nat. Ord. Dumosae.
This very singular tree is a native of Malabar, as well as Ceylon and Java; the Javanese reckon
it amongst their Emollients, but I am disposed to think that it possesses far other virtues; the
bark has a peculiar sub-aromatic and slightly bitterish taste, and is chewed by the Cyngalese
when they cannot obtain the betel leaves j the Malays reckon the plant amongst their
diuretics.
* See Rheede, Mai. vi. p. 25. t. H., also Eor. Zeyl. 160. We are told by Ray, in his Philosophical
Letters, that a cement may be made with the seeds of the aden. pavon., by beating them witti
borax and water.
Of the essential character, it has been simply said, that the " Qdyx is four-cleft; corolla fourcleft; berry four-seeded/'
The species in question has been described by Gsertner and Burman (Zeyl. 26. ind. 36); it was
the calHcarpa tomentosa of Linnseus (Ed. Murr. p. 153.), and the tomex tomentosa of the
Flor. Zeyl. 59. But Willdenow, and with propriety, gave it the specific appellation of lanata^
from the circumstance of the branches, peduncles, and leaves being covered with a kind of
woolly nap; which occasioned also its trivial German name, Woolige Schonkeere. It is a
native of Ceylon as well as India; the leaves are ovate, the size of the hand; the peduncles
axillary and solitary ; the berry the size of a pepper-corn, black, one-celled, and contains four
bony seeds, which are convex on one side, and concave on the other, with an obscurely
elevated ridge. There are three other species of this genus in India, the cdl. villosa *, cal.
macrophylla^ and calUcarpa Americana ; which last is also a native of Cocfun-Chinaj and
there called cay^nang-nang.i The root of it in Upper Hindoos-tan, is supposed to have virtues
of an alterative nature in certain cutaneous complaints, there named masha ; the plant itself
in Sanscrit is mashandari, in Hindoostanie it is bastra^ and in Bengalese massan-dari. Sir
William Jones speaks of it as a most beautiful shrub, with a corolla monopetalous, funnelformed, and of a fine lilac colour.
Of this genus there are two species natives of Jamaica, according to Swartz; viz. the
ferrugineaj and reticulata (See Lunan*s Hortus Jamaicensis, vol. i.
* Though of this Willdenow appears to entertain some doubt. See Spec. Plant, torn. i. p. 621. t
Flor, Cochin-Chin. (vol. i. p. 70.)
N 3

p. 144.). Eleven species are growing in the botanical garden of Calcutta, eight of which are
natives of India.
CLXXL
MANJITTIE VAYR Lx^r^g n_g.CoiJcr (Tam.)
PoO'Ut vayr (Mai.) Munjisiha 3Tf^'58T (Sans.)
Bengal Madder Root.
RuBiA MuNjiSTA (Roxb.).
Cl. and Ord. Tetrandia Monogynia.
In addition to what is said of this in the first volume, it may be observed, that the Hakeems
are in the habit of prescribing an infusion of it as a grateful and deobstruent drink, in cases of
scanty lochial discharge after lying-in. Another Tamool name for this plant is sauil codie. The
species in question is minutely described by Dr. Roxburgh, in his Flora Indica. Of the
essential character of the genus, he says, " Cali/j: scarcely any; cor. one-petalled, from four to
five-parted ; berries inferior, twin ; seeds solitary ; embryo erect and furnished with a
perisperra.** He has given us not less than twelve Sanscrit names for the plant: I shall here
be satisfied with two, munjisiha^ and bhundeeree ; in Bengalese it is mun-jUf and is of the
natural order Stellatae.
It is, properly speaking, a native of Nepaul , and is kept alive, it would appear, with great
difficulty in the rainy season, at Calcutta. It has a perennial root, and rises with a woody stem,
climbing over
Dr. Clarke tells us, that the Greeks, in the Defile of Tempe, use for dyeing wool a kind of
madder root (rubia), found at Churdiz and Bachir, in Asia, and which is brought to them from
Smyrna; the Ampelakians call it lizar. Sec Travels. (Vol. vii. p. S67.)
trees and bushes} leiwes four-fold, petioled, one of the pairs always much larger than the
other, with longer petioles; all are beautifiilly cordate, entire, acute, pointed, generally five or
seven-nerved; Jlow-ers numerous, minute ; cor. flat, five-parted ; berries two or none, size of
a small grain of pepper j seed single, round, smooth.* By Moon's Catalogue of Cyngalese
plants, there is but one species of rubia a native of Ceylon, the rubia secunda, the manda"
mandina-wcela of the natives.
CLXXII.
MARA MUNJIL vsyrLD^^^ (Tam.) Jdr ke kuldie cfjJL^ i/jW (Duk.) Manipussupoo (Tel.)
Darvee (Sans.) JYee Turmeric.
Mara munjil is the Tamool name of a round, yellow-coloured, bitterish root, commonly met
with in bazars, about an inch in circumference; it is employed in preparing certain cooling
liniments for the head, and is also sometimes used as a yellow dye ; it is brought for sale from
the mountains, but I have endeavoured in vain to ascertain the plant.

CLXXIII.
MARA OOPPOO LDor^uLJM (Tam.). Jar ka nemuck Ji^ ^jW (Duk.) Mame Ooppoo (Tel.)
Potass.
POTASSA ImPURA. * See Flora Indica, p. 383.
N 4
This a few of the more enlighteneil Vytians are in the habit of preparing, though in a clumsy
way, from the ashes of certain vegetables; chiefly from plantain and cocoa-nut leaves. They
make with it a kind of trceoagutu (strong liquor), in conjunction with different hot seeds,
which they administer as a diuretic. TTie salt made in Travancore from the stalks of the
cocoa.nut branches is there called tennam mtitta^ charum.
Carbonate of potassa is of great importance in the arts and manufactures, especially in dyeing
and bleaching, and is commonly called pearl, or wood ash; it may be obtained by passing
carbonic acid into a solution of potassa, evaporating to dryness, and exposing the dry mass to
a red heat; it consists, according to Brande," oi"
1 Proportional acid - - 20*7 1 potassa - 45
(J57
The peari-ash of commerce contains a variety of impurities, which render it of variable value.
Kir-wan says, that, in general, weeds yield more ashes than wood ; and that those of America
and Trieste have no superiority over the Irish. Of all weeds, jmnHorif produces most salt;
next to it, womrwood. The metal poiassium was discovered in 1807, by Sir Humphry Davy, by
submitting potash to the action of voltaic electricity ; it is of great lustre and ductile, but
instantly tarnishes on being exposed to the air j its specific gravity is 0*85.; if heated in air, it
bums with a brilliant flame, and is an excellent conductor of electricity and of heat.
* Sec Brando's Manuitl of Chcniielry, vol. ii. pp.43, 44,
CLXXIV.
MARATIA MOOGHOO Loo-m_L.^LuCLD
T-^ (Tam.) JungUe hong Sjyi ^^SJ^ (Duk.)
Maratay moghooloo (Teh) MadandJcamishard (Sans.).
Maratia mooghoo is the Tamool name of certain broken down, dried capsules and small
seeds, to be procured in many of the medicine bazars of Lower India; and which are said to
possess a sedative and slightly intoxicating quality. They are prescribed in electuary to stop
purging and ease pain; they are also given in milk; one capsule, with its seed^ in powder, is
the common dose. I have endeavoured, in vain, to ascertain from what plant they are
procured, and would recommend their being used with caution.

CLXXV.
MAhJLUKARUNG KAI LOA^/es-^/r/rnx/w/ruu
(Tam.) M^ phul y^ >/^ (Hind.) JowziU komnd
(Arab.) Mangha kdia (Tel.) E)fnetic Nut, or Nut
qf the Bushy Gardenia.
Gardenia Dumetorum (Retz.).
CI. and Ord. Pentandria Monogynia. Nat. Ord*. Contortae. Heeken Gardenie (Nom. Triv.
Willd.). This as it appears in the bazars, is a nut about the
r
186 MATERIA INDICA. PART 11.
size of a small nutmeg', containing numerous sweetish-tasted, strong-smelling seeds. The
Vytians consider it amongst their best Emetics, and prescribe it accordingly, in tlie quantity of
about one pagoda weight. It is given commonly in the form of powder, the whole nut, seeds
included, being pounded. An infusion of the bark of the root is administered to nauseate in
bowel complaints.
The essential character of the genus is thus given by Willdenow, " Contorta; bacca infera 2locularis polysperma ; stylus elevatus, bilobus; cal. lacinis verticalibus" (Spec. Plant, i. p.
1^25.).
The species in question is a small, thorny shrub, having stiff) round, smooth branches, with
leaves opposite, obovate entire; Jiowers lateral and terminal, solitary, small, on short pedicels
at the end of each twig; calyx smooth, bell-sliaped; and a corolla, leathery, and scai-cely
longer than the calyx. It is a native of Ceylon, and there called nelikukura-man ; it is also
common on the C'oromandel coast, and was first noticed particularly by Koenig.
Dr. Hcyne, in his Tracts! on India, speaks of a medicinal plant under the name oFgardema
pavetla, classing it amongst the astringent and acrid vegetables ; but what it is, I know not,
nor have I ever heard that there was any gardenia of that specific name. Rmz and Pavon, in
their Flora \ Peruviaiia et Chi-lensis, mention a plant under the name of gardenia longt/iora,
the fruit of which is eaten by the American Indians ; it is the randta longifiora of Lamarck,
now
Roxburgh, in the second volume or hU Flora Indica, (p. 564,), describes the plant
particularly, and says, that the fruit, when ripe, looks like a small yellow apple.
+ Se Heyne's work. (p. 137.)
X See Flora Peruviana and Chilensis. (Tom. ii. p. 66.)

the gardenia muUiflora of Willdenow ; it would appear to be a native of both Asia and
America. Tx)ii-reiro, in his Flor. Cochin-Chinen. vol. i. p. 147. notices three species ; the g.
grandiflora, the cay-deanh-nam of the Cochin-Chinese, he says, has medicinal virtues: "
Refrigerans, emoliiens, prodest prascipue, in febri-bus hecticis et phthisicis, dysuria, et
scabie."
Mr. Lunan, in his Hortus * Jamaicensis^ informs us, that the pulp of the berries of a species
of gardenia, (aculeata) stains paper and linen of a fine blue colour; and which, he thinks,
would prove an excellent fixed blue in all manner of paints and prints ; the plant is the
gardenia randia of Willdenow (Spec. Plant, vol. i. p. 1230.), but the gardenia acu-leata of
Miller.
Roxburgh, in his Coromandelt Plants, when speaking of the gardenia dumetorum^ our
immediate article^ observes, that the ntU bruised and thrown into pools where there are fish,
intoxicates them, in the same way that the Coccultis Indians does. I oerceive that it has a
place in the Ulfaz Udwiyeh, under the names of }j^iS}jy>jowzalkusil and ^! j^^ jowz alkie,
Arabic and Persian, and that it is there considered as diaphoretic and provocative.
It would appear by Deslongchamp*s account of the plants that might be substituted in
Europe for the ipecacuan of the shops, that the most efficacious are the roots of three species
of euphorbia, viz. euphorbia gerardiana, of which the dose is about xviii. or xxiv. grs. j
Euphorbia cyparissias, of which the dose is from xii. to xviii. or xx. grs.; euphorbia sylvaticaj
of which the dose is nearly the same as
* See Hortus Jamaicensis, vol. i. p. 427* t See Coromandel Plants, vol.ii. p. 19*
that of the last mentioned. The author speaks of the root of the narcissus odorus as deserving
attention for a similar purpose, in doses of from xviiL tol.grs. He also notices loignton du Us
narcwse(pancratium maii-tinum) as a valuahle suhstitute, in doses of from y.\. to Ix. grs. The
leaves of the asanim Europieiim* are, he says, more decidedly emetic than all those
mentioned, in doses of the powder of from xx. to xl. grs.t
Eighteen species of gardenia are growing in tlie botanical garden at Calcutta, ten of wliich are
natives of India.
CLXXVI.
MAREDOC (Tel.) Cdi^alum (Hort. Mai.) Tan-ghulo (Malay). Biianus (Rnmph.) Modjo (Jav.)
Bell (Cyng.) Bivalva (Sans.) Bengal Quince.
jEgle Marmelos (Roxh.).
CI. andOrd, Dodecandria Monogynia. Nat. Ord. Putaminese. Dornige Cralieve (Nom. Triv.
Willd.).
This, by Roxburgh's account (Cor. PI. vol. ii. p. 23.), is a pretty large tree, from the rind of
wliich the Dutch, on Ceyion, prepare perfume. Rheede, in his Hort Malab.t, says, that a
decoction of the bark

* See Manuel des Planles Ueuelles Indiginea de France, lom. ii. p. 27.
f Of the emetics of the western world, two of the most
Sowerful appear to be the root of the sanguiuarta Canadensis, in OSes of XV. or xx. grs. (the
plant is the pucoon of the Indians), and the root of the gulenin trifoliaia, in doses of xxx. grs.;
which lact is Raid not to be inferior to ipecacuanha. See Burton's Materia Medica of the
United States, vol.i. p. 3'1'<, uud esune volume, pp.66, 67.
t See Hort. Mai. part iii. p. 38.
of the root is considered, od the Malabar coast, as a sovereign remedy in hypochondriasis,
melancholia, and palpitation at the heart; that the leaves, in decoction, are used in asthmatic
complaints; and that the fruit, a little unripe, is of use in diarrhcea. The fruit is considerably
larger than that of the feronia elephantum, and the shell much harder. Roxburgh observes,
that the fruit, when ripe, is delicious to the taste, and exquisitely fi^rant Horsfield, on the
other hand, in his Account of the Medicinal Plants of Java, informs us, that it is considered,
by the Javanese, as of a very astringent quality. The mucus which surrounds the seeds is a
good cement. The tree is the cratasva marmelos of Linnaeus, and the beli of the Cyngalese.
Moon notices two varieties on Ceylon, the kana and eta; the first of which is esculent The
wood of it is light-coloured, and beautifully variegated with veins.
Of the essential qualities of the genus, Willdenow says, << Cor. 4-petala; caL 4-fidus; bacca 1locularis^ polysperma" (Spec Plant vol. ii. p. 852.).
The species in question is a thorny plant with serrated leaves; the flowers are produced in
small clusters from the side of the branches, five or seven standing on a common branching
peduncle. See Burm. Zeyl. 84.
CLXXVII.
MAROODANIE uy^^rrcmP (Tam.) MarU tondi (Cyng.) Mayndie ^JJ^ (Duk.) Henna Ua.
(Pers.) Urkan ^J (Arab.; Daun lacca (Malay). Garunta chettoo (Tel.) Mail anschi (Hort. Mai.)
Cyprm alcanna (Rumph. Amb.) Sakachera (Sans.)
Henna, or Ivenie, or Broad Egyptian Privet.
Lawsonia Spinosa (Lin.).
CI. and Ord. Octandria Monogynia. Nat. Ord. Salicariae. Dornige Alkanna (Nom. Triv. Willd.).
The Vytians prepare a kind of extract from the pale-yellow, strong-smelling flowers of this
shrub*, as also from the leaves and tender shoots, which they consider as a valuable remedy
in cases of lepra, and other depraved habits of body; prescribing it in the quantity of half a
tea-spoonful twice in the twenty-four hours; the leaves are also used as an external
application in cutaneous affections, and, by the Mahometan women, for dyeing their nails
red; the same thing is done with them, it appears, by the accounts of Niebhurt and
Desfontainest, in Arabia and Barbary: in which last-mentioned country the natives, besides,

use them for staining their horses' manes and tails of a red colour.
Of the essential character of the genus, Willdenow says, " Col. 4-fidus; petala 4 ; stamina 4parium ; caps. 4.1ocularis, polysperma'* (Spec. Plant, vol. ii. p. 344.).
Desfontaines, above quoted, is of opinion, that the Lawsonia spinosa and L. inermis are the
same plants ; but that the plant, when young, has no thorns, and
* Which, Dr. Francis Hamilton thinks, ought with more propriety be termed Lawsonia
Cyprus. See Dr. F. Hamilton's admirable Commentary on the Hortus Malabaricus, in the
Transactions of the Royal Linnsan Society, vol. xiii. part ii.
f See his Travels in Arabia, vol. ii. p. 236.
t See his Flora Atlantica, vol. i. p. 326.
$ And the same name is given to both in Hindoostanie and Bengalese, mindee.
I am inclined to be of the same opinion *, though Willdenow makes them distinct species;
but it must be allowed, that the only distinction he notices is that the one is ramis spmosis
and the other not. Our article usually rises to the height, in India, of about twelve or fourteen
feet; it is often employed for making garden hedges.
Horsfield, in his Account of the Javanese Medicinal Plants, says, that the Lawsonia inermis
grows in Java, where it is called pachar^ and is considered as a mild astringent. On the
Malabar coast it has got the name of pontaletsce. The flowers of the ivenie (Laws, spinos.),
though not unpleasant to the smell when quite close, are peculiarly so at a little distance;
they come out in loose bunches from the sides of the branches. The leaves are small, of an
oblong oval shape, and pale green colour. The shrub is the Cyprus alcanna of Rumphius
(Amb. iv. p. 42. 1.17.)- ^^^ further particulars regarding it, the reader is referred to Abulfadli,
apud Cels. i. 224., to Avicenna, 173., and also to SprcngcPs " Historia Rei Herbariae.*' (Vol. i.
p. 258.)
Our article is growing in the botanical garden of Calcutta, introduced before the year 1794. In
Cochin-China it is cultivated in gardens, and is there called caymaong tay nhuom ; the natives
believe it to have virtues at once astringent and refrigerant. Flor. Cochin-Chin. vol. i. p. 229.
* The Egyptians have different Arabic names for them; for the Lawg. spinosa it is (jjl^U for
the other aa^j^* Vide Forsk. Flor. Egypt.
I
MATERIA INDICA. PART It.
CLXXVIII.
MAROOL KALUNGLosavT3^yyT^(Tam.) Moorgabie kd gudda *>& I? (jJ^^j-* . Tshamacada, or Otangd gudda (Tel.) Muroova (Sans.) Marool Root, or Root qf the Sanseviera of
Ceylon, or Bowstring Hemp,

Sanseviera Zeylonica (Thunb.).

CI. and Ord. Hexandria Monogynia. Nat Ord. Coronariae. Zeylonische Sanseviere (Nom. Triv.
Willd.).
This fleshy creeping root is, in a alight degree, warm to the taste, and of a not unpleasant
odour; and is prescribed, by the native practitioners, in the form of an electuary, in
consumptive complaints and cougbs of long standing, to the quantity of a small tea-spoonful
twice daily. The juice of the tender shoots of the plant, which, by the way, is the katii kapel of
the Hort Mai. (ii. p. 83."), they administer to children to clear their throats of viscid phlegm.
Of the essential character of the genus, Willdenow says, '* Cor. infera monopetala tubo
filiformi Umbo 6-partito revoluto.; stam. Umbo inserta; bacca 1-sperma" (Spec. Plant, vol. ii.
p. 159.).
The plant* in question is the shoochi mookhee oi the Bengalese, the aletris hyacinthotdes of
Linnteus (Spec. 456.), and the aletris Zeylonica of the first
Of it Willdenow sBys, " S. foliis lanciolatia uniformibus, stylo gtaminibiu duplo longiore,
bracteis tubo corollfe Iripio brevioribus, floribus sessilibuB." The plant appears to be tbe
sanseviera thur' sijhra of Tliimberg. {Prod. 65.)
editions of Miller's Dictionary ; it seldom rises higher than six or eight inches, and is much
prized on account of its nar, or tough stringy fibres, of which cordage is made on the
Coromandel coast. See article Marool nary in Chapter I. Vol. III.
It is growing in the botanical garden of Calcutta, and is indigenous in India ; it is cultivated in
great abundance at Cumbum, and on the Fursenaud moun* tains in the Dindigul district; it
also grows in Ceylon, called by the C3mgalese maha^niyanda ; it has perennial, stole-bearing
roots, and is well described by Dr. Roxburgh (Cor. Plants, ii. p. 83.).
CLXXIX.
MARADUM PUTTAY LrxTjarLDL^L-oi-(Tarn.) Muddle putta (Tel.) Urjoon (Hind.)
Arjtma 3fZg^ (Sans.) Winged Termnalia Barky or
Mdrddum Bark.
Terminalia Alata (Koenig.).
CI. and Ord. Polygamia Monoecia. Nat. Ord. Elaeagni (Juss.).
This bark, as it appears in most of the Indian bazars, is of a reddish brown colour, and has a
strong, but not unpleasant, astringent taste; it is considered by the Vytians as possessing
antifebrile qualities, and the powder of it, in conjunction with gingilie oil, is used as- a
valuable application for kin-datalie (Tam.), (aphthae of adults), and the akkirum (Tam.) or
aphtha of infants. The juice of the leaves is poured into the ears, to allay the pain of the
earache.

VOL, II. o
Of the essential cliaracter of the genus, Wiiltle-now says,
" Mascui-. Cal. 5-partitus ; cnr. 0 ; stam. 10.
Hermaph. Flos, masculi; styl. 1 ; drupa in-fera, cynibiformis."
The species in question would appear hitherto to have been only noticed by Kcenig. Like its
two congeners lait/bHa and calappa, it is a very large tree ; its bark is employed in tlie process
of dyeing black ; the wood for making the long beams in house building.* In the Northern
parts of Canara boats and canoes are made of it. The tree is a native of Ceylon, and is tiiere
called kumbuk by the Cyngalese; three other species of temiinalia grow in that island (See
Moon's Catalogue of Ceylon Plants, p. 73.).
CLXXX.
MASHIPUTRIE Lon-^^g-^rf^ (Tam.) Se-roni (Malay). Afsunteen (jjaJU***! (Arab.) Mustd'
roo (Duk.) Duna (Hind.) Burunjasif kouhee (Pers.) Domolo (Jav.) Dana (Sans.) Indian
Wormwood.
Artemisia Indica (Willd.).
CI. and Ord. Syngenesia Superflua. Nat. Ord. Composite Nucumentacea;. Indischer Bei(fus
(Norn. Triv. Willd.).
This strong-smelling bitter plant the Tamools consider as a valuable stomachic medicine;
they also suppose it to possess deobstruent and antispasmodic
* Of it Rottler sap, in his ' Herbarium Rottlerianum" (MSS.)> "Fol. cordato-eliptic, serrulat.
glabria, obtusis, ad petiolum bi-glauduloeifi ; Aorib, racemofiis, fructib. alatis."
virtues, and prescribe it in infusion and electuary, in cases of obstructed menses and hysteria;
they sometimes, too, use it in preparing antiseptic fomentations, as they also do its congener
art. abrotonum.
Of the essential character of the genus, Willde-now says, << Recept. subvillosum, vel
nudicusculum; pappus nullus; caL imbricatus squamis rotundatis, convenientibus; cor. radii
nuUae/' Spec. Plant, vol. iii. p. 1815.
The species in question has been particularly de* scribed by the author just quoted (vol. iii. p.
1840.), and differs from the art. austriaca (which is tdso common in many parts of
Hindoostan), by the latter having ^foliis incano-sericeis, inferioribus pinnatis, pinnis
tripartibus linearibus," &c. This species (art. aust.) is also a native of Japan, China, and Java;
in which last-mentioned country it is named domoioy and by the Malays serom. Our article is
the katu^ t^etti-pu of Rheede (MaL 10. p. 89^ t. 45.) and the waUkolondu of the Cyngalese.
We are told by Thunberg, in his Travels *, that in Japan, what is called moxaj is prepared from
the dried tops and leaves of the artemisia vulgaris (^or, Japanese) t, these being beat in a

mortar till they become like tow ; this substance is rubbed betwixt the hands till the harder
fibres and membranes are separated, and there remains nothing but a very fine cotton; the
Japanese use it as tinder, and people of all ages burn theifiselves with it occasionally, to
prevent or cure rheumatism. In China, as we are informed by Loureiro, in his Flor. CochinChin.,
* See Tol. iv. p. 74f Which is in Hindooie nagdona, and in Sanscrit nagadamana. Our arUde, Uie art. Indica, with
eight other species, grow in the botanical garden of CUcutta.
O 2
vol. ii. p. 192., another species is employed to prepare the same substance {rnoTa)", and tliat
is the art. Chincnsis; it is the khi-ngai, and also the gae-tsaou of the Chinese, and
X\\enelampalii of the Hort. Malabaricus (x. p. 97- t. 49.), distinguished by a simple
herbaceous stem, and A^afes simple, tomentose, obtuse, lanceolate, the lower ones wedgeshaped and three-Iobed. Moxa is highly prized in China for curing many disorders, by being
burnt upon the affected part. The Laplanders, we are told, use a fungous substance, found in
the fissures of old birch trees, for the same purpose.
For an account of the various diseases cured or relieved by the moxa at Japan and in China,
where the artem. vulgaris has got tlie names of Juts and jamoggi, the reader is referred to
Kempher's "Amce-nit. Exotic" (p. ()00-604.), where he speaks of its use in cephalalgia,
rheumatism, &c., and to Abel's Journey into China (p. iJlG.).
CLXXXI.
MASSOY.
I give this a place here, on the authority of Virev, who in speaking of it has these words; "
Ecorce mince, presque plane, de coulcur de canelle, ayant un epiderme grisatre stri6. Son
odeur esttres balsa See an account of the virluos of moxa, as an extcrnnl application in gout, by Sir W. Temple,
in Tliornton's Family Herbal, p. 692.; also of its virtues in head-aclie, vertigo, endemic colic,
gout, and liypochondriafiia, in Kmmp/i. Atnanil, Exotic Fascic. iii. p. 601. A valuable treatise
on the subject of moxa has been written by Dr. James Boyle, who has also given us a welldetailed case of anchylosis cured by a modified application of it. See 1.ondon Medical and
Physical Journal for Feb. 1826, p. 112.
iiiique sa saveur douce, puisque piquante; elle dontie en la bnilant une vapeur d'odeur de
canelle. On Papportait jadis de Tlnde Orientale. C'est un to-nique'^ (Hist Nat. de
Medicamens, p. 391.)*
The same author informs us, that it is supposed to be obtained from the laurus culilaban^
which is the cortex caryophyUoides of Rumph. (Amb. ii. p. 65. 1.14.), and may. be
distinguished from all the other laurels by having opposite leaves * ; but it would seem that

they are not constantly so; and the fructification is evidently that of the laurus. It is a native
of Ck)chmXMna as well as India, and Verey thinks resembles in its virtues the leaves of tne
evodia rawnsara of Gartner.
CLXXXII.
MAVILINGHUM PUTTAY LDrr(nS<yni^ LDi-jL-c! (Tam.) Birmke-chaivl Jl^ ^^ ^j^
(Duk.) Maredoo put/a (Tel.) Tapia (Hind.)
Varuna ^t^^l, also Varana ^<*1 (Sans.) Bark qf
the Smooth Tapia, or Garlic Fear.
Cratjeva Tapia (Lin.).
CI. and Ord. Dodecandria Monog3niia. Nat. Ord. Putamineas. Spitzblattrige ' Cratceve (Nom.
Triv. WiUd.).
The juice of the astringent bark of this tree, though Dr. Buchanan t says it is useless, the
Vytians prescribe as a tonic in intermittent fever, and in typhus: a
See WUld. Spec. Haot. vol. ii. p.47&
t See his Journey through Mysore and Malabar, voKiL p. SiS.
o 3
decoction of the bark itself is also used for a similar purpose: of the latter the dose is half a
tea-cupful twice or thrice daily.
Of the essential character of the genus, Willdenow says, <<Cbr. 4-petala; caL 4-fldus; hacca 1locularis, pdiysperma." Spec. Plant. v(d. iL p. 852.
The species in question grows on Ceylon to the height of about thirty feet, with a large trunk;
it is unarmed; ler^ts ovate, acuminate; petals ovate-roundish, blunt; germs globular; the
flowers are , produced at the end of the branches, standing on long peduncles; the fruit,
which is edible, but not very good, is about the size of an orange, having a hard brown shell,
inclosing a mealy pulp, filled with kidney-shaped seeds; it has a strong smell of garlic, which
it communicates to the animals which feed on it. Hence it is sometimes called garlic-pear.
Query, Is it not the ntirvala of the Hortus Malab. ?
Of this genus, two species are natives of Jamaica*, viz. our article, and the craiceva gynandra.
Of the first, Braham says, the fruit is cooling, and the leaves are applied externally to take
away inflammations about the anus, and also for the ear-ache: with regard to the last, we are
informed by Dancer^ in his Medical Assistant for Jamcuca^ that the root blisters like
cantharides.
CLXXXIII.

MENDI (Cyng.), also WaUeka-weriya (Cyng.). Kijjo-Ular (Jav.).

Ophiorhiza Mungos (Lin.).
* See Lunan's Hortus Jamaicensis, vol. i. p. 317.
CL and OrcL Pentandria Monogynia. Nat. Ord. Stellate. Indische Schlangenwurz (Norn. Triv.
Willd.>
Mendi is one of the Cyngalese names of a tree which the natives of Ceylon use in cases of
snake* bites; the leaves, root, and bark are made into decoction, and administered in doses of
half an ounce. I find another Cyngalese name amongst my papers for ophioriza, ekawerycu*
Of the essential character of the genus, Willdenow says, " Cor. infundibulif; germen ^-fidum ;
stigmata 2; fructus bilobus." Spec. Plant Willd. voL i. p. 826.
The species in question has a simple stem; leaves opposite, lanceolate-ovate, quite entire,
smooth, with obliquely transverse nerves petioled; flowers sessfle^ from the upper side of
the horizontal spike (See Miller.). A better description of it, however, may be found in the
Flora Indica, vol. ii. p. 544, with some observations from Dr. Wallich; Roxburgh does not
appear to think that the plant has any medicinal virtues whatever. The ophiorhiza Mungos f
is treated of by Avicenna under the name of aao&I Xd-heifi^ and may be found welldescribed by Kaempher, in his Amoen. Exot. 577. Horsfield, in his Account of Java Medicinal
Plants, says, that the ophior. Mung.t has been confounded with the ophioan/lum
serpentinum (chundra Beng.) both by Murray and
* We alao learn fVom Gaertner that it has got the Cyngalese name of nagaxjoaUi^ from the
circumstance of the leaves being considered as a specific for the bite of the ribband snake. Fdr
further particulars see Rumph. (Amb. vii. 1.16.)
t See Sprengel's Historia Rei Herbarise, vol. i. p. 249.
X It has been said to be the plant that the Mungoos have recourse to when bitten by the
coluber naja, but this, I am inclined to think, is not the case. The mungos is the viverra
ichneumon of Shaw. Zool. PI. 92.
O 4
Burman, but that they are very distinct in every respect The stem of the iSrst, he adds, is
strictly herbaceous, and the pericarp a compressed, two-lobed capsule; and while he is of
opinion that the ophior. Mung. is altogether insipid and inert, he thinks the opJuoxylum
serpentinum may prove a valuable acquisition to medicine. See it mentioned in this Part and
Chapter under the name of Tsjwanna Amelpodu It is admirably described in the flora In^ica
(vol. iL p. 530.).
CLXXXIV.
MILE UNNAY (Tam.) Mbhurkdtail J^I(h^

(Duk.) Dohtmoollwwoos^j^^]tA\^^^(^ATib.) MemiUe

noonajf (Tel.) FeacqcVs Fat.
Adeps Pavonis,
The fat of the peacock (which is a comoion bird in the woods of India) the native
practitioners consider as a valuable external application in cases of rigid joints, and in certain
paralytic affections. The San<.>
Bcrit name of it is mayura tailam i^^n^.
CLXXXV.
MOLAKARUNNAY o?c3Vt^o-2/to^ (Tam.) Conda^cashinda (Tel.) KakatoddaU (Rheede).
Prickly ScopoUa.
ScopOLiA Aculeata (Smith).
CI. and Ord. Pentandria Monogynia. Stachliche Scopolie (Nom. Triv, Willd.).
Molakarufinay is the Tamool name of a small white root, about the third part of an inch in
diameter, the bark of which is bitter, pungent, and sub-aromatic, and is considered as
stomachic and tonic. It is given in a weak infusion to the quantity of half a tea-cupful in the
course of the day; the leaves are also sometimes used for the same purposes.*
Of the essential character of the genus, Miller says, << Cal. 5-cleft; nect. none; stigma
capitate} caps, berried, 5-celled j seeds solitary."
The species in question is now growing in the bo^ tanical garden of Calcutta, and is a
climbing shrub, common in the woods of Malabar, with a round stem, which is covered with
prickles, and, according to WiUdenow, has leaves ovate-acuminate. Rheedef particularly
describes the plant, and tells us, that the flowers are white and sweet-smelling; the fruit,
according to Burman, is tricoccous, saffron-coloured, with black spots, and has an acrid taste,
with some sweetness. The shrub is the paiUlirUa Asiatica of Linmms, the cranzia of
Sckreber^ and would appear, hitherto, to have been best described by Smith in his "
Plantarum Icones. hactentis inedita:.^^ The plant is, by Moon's account, the kudu-miris of
the Cynga-lese. See Cat of Ceylon Plants, p. 17* also Burm. Zey. t 24.
* Roxburgh, in the second vol. of the Flora Indica (p. 380.) describes the plant fully; it is one
of the most common on the coast of Coromandel; it has an irregular stem, corky bark;
branches numerous; prickles innumerable; leaves alternate, ter> nate, armed; flowers small,
white; berry, the size of a small cherry, and fully as pungent as black pepper. The berries
make an excellent pickle; the fresh leaves are eaten raw for pains in the bowels.
t See Hort. Mai. v. p. 81. t.41.
I

MATERIA INDJCA.
CLXXXVI.
MODIRA CANIRAM (Hort. Mai.) Maha-penala (Cyng.) Ji'idoro-pa'U (Jav.) Serpent's Woody
Koochihi'luta (Beng.).
StRTCHNOS CoLUBRlNA (Lin.).
CI. and Ord. Pentandria Monogyoia. Nat. Ord. Luridae.
I have given this a place here, chiefly on the authority of Rumphius and Dr. Horsfield; the
first informs us, that tlie plant is used on Java, in cases of intermittent fever, and as an
anthelmintic, and externally in certain diseases of tlie skin ; it is also era-ployed. Dr.
Horsfield tells US, externally in cutaneous affections, and to alleviate the pain and swelling
from confluent small-pox. The latter adds, that the physicians in Malay countries occasionally
prepare with it an excellent bitter tincture. It is supposed to be the arbor Ugni colubrmi* of
Rumphius.! Avicenna J mentions it under the name of ^^^ai^ AJi, "ob ve-nenatam lignl
quaiitatem memorabilis." Seraph and others speak of its purgative quality ; the pait of the
plant commonly employed in medicine, is the root, which is woody and covered with an ironcoI say, supposed to be, because Dr. Roxburgh conjectures that there is Btill another species of
strychnos (differing both from the E. colub. and s. nux vomic). which yieldfi the real lignum
colubrinum, or at least, another sort of it. Flor. Ind. vul. ii. p. 265.
t Amb.ii. C.46. t. 37.
j Avicenna, ii. 125.
5 See Serapio, c. 358.
loured bark. Virey *, in his ** Histoire Naturelle des M^dicamens," informs us that in an
over-dose it occasions tremors and vomiting, but mentions at the same time, that in smaller
doses it may be considered as a useful vermifuge, and given also with advantage in obstinate
quartan agues. Some authors seem to thinki that tliis is the same plant with the^^cAno^
nur'tHrniicOf which yields nux-vomica, the pois<m-nut already mentioned in the first
volume of this work. I perceive however, that Roxburgh as well as Willdenow gives both
species (see Spec. Plant, vol. i. p. 1052.), in which the last-mentioned author distinguishes
them, by the strych. ntuc vom. having ^* leaves ovate, stem unarmed^% and the strych.
coluhrma t " leaves ovate acute, tendrils simple.'' Of the essential character of the genuSi he
says, * Cor. 5-fida; hacca 1-locularis; cortice lig-noso.'' I shall conclude by observing, that
Rheede|, too, makes them different plants; the one he calls caniram, the other modira
caniram.
The plant is growing with two others of the genos^ viz. the nujp vomica (koochilOf Beng.),
and the pota^ torum (nirmuleef Beng.), in the botanical garden of Calcutta; introduced in
1800.

* See hig work, p. 191.

f It is well described by Roxburgh, in the second vol. of the Flora Indies, at p. 264*.; tt is, he
says, scandent; stem of great sixc, oflen from eight to twelve inches in diameter; leaves
opfMisiie, from oval to oblong; flowers small, greenish-yellow; berry round and as large as an
orange.
t See Hort. Mai. vil. p. 20. t.5.y and i. p.67. t.S7.
MATERIA INDICA.
CLXXXVII.
MOODA COTTAN ar^^G^^^^'^':^ (Tam.) Boodda Icanka rakoo (Tel.) Kdravi ^KhI (Sans.)
Smooih'leaved Heart-pea.
Cardiospermum Halicacabum (Lin.).
CI. and Ord. Octandria Trigynia. Nat. Ord. Triliilatfe. Glatter Herzsame (Nom. Triv. WiUd.).
The root of this twining plant is considered by the native practitioners as aperient, given in
decoction to the quantity of half a tea-cupful twice daily; it is mucilaginous, and in a slight
degree nauseous to the taste. The species is the ulinja of the Hortus Malabaricus, and the
anty of the Malays. Rheede informs us, tlyit on the Malabar coast the leaves are administered
in pulmonic complaints (Mai. viii. t 23.)Of the essential character of the genus, Willde-now says, " Cal. 4-phyllus; pet, 4; nectar, iphyl-lum iniEquale; caps. 3, connatffi, inflataa." Spec. Plant, vol. ii. p. 467The mooda cottan (Tam.), is a twining, herbaceous, annual plant, with leaves broadIanceolate, sinnuate-gashed, smooth and biternate. Browne (Jam. 213), says, "foliis temato,
ternatis acuminatis serratis." The flowers are "axillary, solitary, small, white, and on long
peduncles ; the receptacle a white fungous tubercle, and the seeds solitary, globular, black,
and marked with a white, heart-shaped, umbilical scar" (Loureiro and Gartner). By Miller's
account, the plant would appear to be a native not only of the East and West Indies, but of the
Society islands.
It grows on Ceylon, and is there caUed malia penala by the Cyngalese, also xoceUpenela. It is
the halica*
m
cahum Rumph .(Amb. vi. p. 60. t. 24. f. 2.), and the cay4am phoung of the Cochin-Chinese
(Flor. CocK. Chin., vol. i. p. 239.>

CLXXXVIII.

MOOKARUTTY VAYR o?w^/>Oi-csiG ou'T" (Tam.) Tikrie ke jurr y^ J^ <sjij (Duk.) Attika
mamSddie vayroo (Tel.) Sinadika, also Punamava y^in^l (Sans.) Root of the Spreading Hogweed.
BoERHAViA Diffusa (Lin.).
CI. and Ord. Monandria Monogynia. Nat. Ord. Aggregate, ^stige Boerhavie (Nom. Triv.
Willd.);
This root the native practitioners consider amongst their laxative medicines, and prescribe it
in powdery in the quantily of a tea-spoonfid twice daily. It is single, oblong, hard within, with
a soft thin bark, oh the outside of a dusky colour; and of a slightly bitter and somewhat
nauseous taste. The leavesi which vary in size, are ovate, or rather roundish, they are of a
bright green colour and whitish underneath, and are sometimes curled at the edges; they are
eaten by the Indians.*
Of the essential character of the genus, Willde-now says, << Cat. margo intigerrimus \ cor. 1petala, campanulata, plicata \ sem. 1-nudum, inferum (stem. 1. f. 2./' (Spec. Plant., vol i. p.
18.).
* The Peruvians give an infusion of the Boerhavia scandens in cases of gonorrhoea (see Flora
Peruviana, vol. iv. p. 4.); they call the plant ** yerba de la purgacion."
The species in question, which is the fioutiffsisin of the Cochin-Chinese, " has many diffiiaed
stalks, about two feet long; the Jlovers are of a pale red colour outside, deeper within, grow
very scatteringly upon long brandling peduncles from the axils, and at the end of the
branches; and are succeeded by brown, oblong, striated, and very rough seeds." Mr. Lunan,
in his Hortus Jamaicensis, informs us, that the weed in Jamaica is commonly gathered for
the hogs, which, however, seldom eat the root; tliis scraped, and made into decoction, he says,
is administered in flux cases.
Roxburgh, in his Flora Indica t, describes a species of Boerhavia under the specific name of
pro-cumbens, which seems to differ in some particulars from our article, though he doubts
whether they may not be in tact the same j his plant has leaves variously cordate, sometimes
acute and sometimes obtuse; which the Boerhavia rf/^iwa of Swailz (Ob. p. 10.), and, as
described by Browne (Jam. p. 123.), certainly have not. Roxburgh, however, concludes by
saying, that the Boerliav. procum. is the only one he has seen in India. The Boerhavia diffusa
appears to be the jan lopes of the Cyngalese, and the ta-ludama of the Hortus Mai. (vii. p. 105.
t. 56.).
I cannot conclude this article, without mentioning that Horsfield, in his account of Java
medicinal plants, informs tis, that the Boerhavia diandria is considered on that island as
emetic ; it is the Boerhavia Ifirsitta of Willd. (Spec. Plant., vol. i. p. W.). It is also a native of
Jamaica, and is distinguished by sending out many traihng hairy stalks, which
See Lunaii's Hurtus JatuaicenBis, vol. i. p. 377-t See Flora Indica, p. 148.

CHAP. 1. MATERIA INDICA. ^OTi

divide into smaller branches. Two species * of Boerhavia are now growing in the botanical
garden of Calcutta, the procumbens and repanda ; the first is the gadha-pooma of the
Bengalese, the other is a native of St. Helena, introduced by Mr. Burchel in 1809.
CLXXXIX.
MOOLLIE VAYR (Tov^^(3^^rCal-lC^ (Tam.) TeUa mulaka vayro (Tel.) KoUt kijurr ^ JS
^^
(Duk.) Trong-ngor (Jav.) Vrihafl <|^H1 (Sans.)
Bx)ot qf the Indian Night Shade.
SoLANUM Indicum (Lin.).
CI. and Ord. Pentandria Monogynia. Nat. Ord. Luridffi. Indischer Nachtschatten (Nom. Triv.
Willd.).
This root has little sensible taste or smell, but is amongst the medicines which the Indian
doctors prescribe in cases of dysuria and ischuria, in the form of decoction, to the quantity of
half a tea-cupful twice daily.
Of the genus, Willdenow says, "Cor. rottata; anthercB subcoalitas, apice poro gemino
dehiscentes ; bacca ^-locularis." Spec. Plant vol. L p. 1025.
The species t in question, which is the tib-batu of
* Moon, in hit Catalogue of Ceylon Plants, notices a species of Boerhavia, which he culs
glutinosa, which I can find nowhere else mentioned, and which the Cyng^ese name
piia'Sudu^pala (p. 5.)* The species scandens, Lunan says, is considered as an emollient plant
in Jamaica.
t We are told by Riiis, in his Flora Peruviana (vol. ii pp. dl Sd-), that trhat he calls solanmn
crispum is used, in Pteru, in dethe Cyngalese * and the vyakool of the Bengalese, has <'a shrubby and prickly Btem, about
two or three feet high, with leaves wedge-shaped t, angular, subvillose, quite entire, prickles
straight; the flowers, which are of a purplish blue colour, come out in longish bunches from
the sides of the stalks; berries round, of a golden colour, and as large as cherries" (Miller).
Horsfield, in his account of Java medicinal plants says, that the root taken internally
possesses strongly exciting qualities. Rumphius tells us, that it is employed in difficult
parturition. I know it to be also employed in the tooth-ache. The plant is the sol. frutescen.
Burm. Zeyl. p. S20. 136, and the cheru-ckundd^ Rheede, Mai. ii. t. 36.
cxc.

MOOKAVULLIE VAYR o^^^rroYJSWvrG (y\j& (Tarn.) Root of the Prickly Gakga, or

Goai Rue.
Galega Spinosa (Lin.).
CI. and Ord. Diadelphia Decandria. Nat. Ord. Papilionaceas. Domige Geisraute (Nom. Triv.
Willd.). Spec. Plant, vol. iii- p. 1230.
coction, in inflammatory fevers; and that the solanum scabrum (Ruiz.) bears a berry which
has the virtues of soap; the name of the first in Peru is nalrcy that of the other casimuru.
See Burm. Zey. 1.102.
f Roxburgh gives a somewhat different description of the same plant, and says, '< leaves
ovate, lobate? and downy." Flor. Ind. vol. ii. p. 252.
This small root, in its succulent state, has a pleasant taste, and somewhat fragrant smell; and
prescribed in conjunction with ginger, by the Vytians^ in cases of dyspepsia, in decoction, to
the quantity of half a tea-cupful, twice daily.
Of the essential character of the genus, Willde-now says, ^^Cal. dentibus subulatis,
subaequalibus; Itgumen striis obliquis, seminibus interjectis/' Spec. Plant vol. iii. p. 1239.
The species in question has its stems or branches white with down; of the plant in other
respects, somewhat differing accounts are given by Willdenow and Linnaeus (Suppl. 335.).
The former says, "fbliis pinnatis, foliolis cuneatis emarginatis, stipulis spineseentibus,leguminibus falcatis axillaribus subsolitariis.'' In the latter (and it altogether
corresponds with the plant as I have seen it near Madras), we are told, that the stem is
diffused; the legumes hanging, solitary, back-sickled, compressed; stipules spinescent, and
leqfleis wedge-shaped, hoary j the Jhwers are upright and small.
Ten species of galega. now grow in the botanical garden of Calcutta; the g. purperea *, is
amongst them, and called in Bengalese surpunka. See Hort. Bengalensis, p. 57. The galega
toxicaria is a native of South America, the pounded leaves and branches of which are used for
poisoning fish.
* It is the gam-^ila of the Cyngalese. See Moon's Catalogue, p. BB*f also Burm. Zejl. t. S2.
VOL. II.
r
MATEEIA INDICA.
L
>y)ONNEE VAYR {^'ffur^^n^G<3^'^ (Tarn.) Ghebbooiiellie vayroo (Tel.) Agni-mantha
SrflJTJr'^ (Sans.) iioo^ of the Undivided-leaved Premna.

Premna Integhifolia (Lin.).

CI. and Ord. Didynamia Angiosperma. Nat Ord. PersonatEE. Ganzblattrige Premna (Nom.
Triv. Willd.).
This loot Uas a somewhat warm and bitterish taste, and an agreeable smell; and is prescribed
in decoction, as a gentle cordial and stomachic in fevers, and on other occasions requiring
medicines of this natnre, to the quantity of half a tea-cupful, twice daily. The plant would
appear to be the appel of the Hort. Mai, in which it is mentioned by Hheede, who says, that a
decoction of the leaves is given for pains and wind in the stomach ; they are eaten by the
inhabitants of the Coromandel coast.
Of the essential character bf the genus, WiUde-now says, *'Cal. bilobus; cor 4-fida; ftao-o 4ilocu-laris; sem, solitaria" (Spec. Plant, vol. iii. p. 314.).
The species in question is the folium lurci of Rumph. (Amb. iii. p. !28. t. 134.); It is
mentioned in Burraan Ind. under tlie name of comutia corym-bosa. It is a small treo with
ovate or ovate-cordate leaves, obtuse and quite entire. Willdenow expresses a doubt whether
it be diffi^reut, or only a variety of the premna serraii/blia ; but both Herman and Burman
seem to consider them as distinct; the first of these has called it sambucus Zej/iatiica odorata
aromaiica from its agreeable smell.
Our article grows in Ceylon, with four other species; it is the maha midi of the Cyngalese.
Burm. Ind. t 41. f. 1. It, with six other species* are growing in the botanical garden of Calcutta.
CXCll.
MOROO Clo^^ (Tarn,) Chaatch ^\^ (Duk.) Dogh ^i (Arab.) Tsdlia (TeL) Tahram"^ rfcR also
dandahaiam c^UJI^fT (Sans.) Butter Milk.
Lac Ebutyratuai.
The natives of India value butter milk very highly as a cooling t drink, in cases requiring
refrigerants. It appears to me in a peculiar manner to allay the irritability of the stomach in
certain dyspeptic affections; and to possess considerable efficacy in calming the nerves of
those suffering from having taken too much green tea. In India it is of a superior quality,
being light and extremely pleasant to the taste, owing, perhaps, to the butter there being
generally made from sweet milk. In cases of incipient phthisis I have known it of the greatest
advantage^ drank early in the morning, in bed; it must be taken in a smadl quantity at first,
and gradually increased.
* The tenn tahram is only used when mixed with water.
t 1 have in several cases of ardent remittent fever, in India, where proper evacuations had
been previously procured, allowed its free use with the very happiest effects.
r 2
12 MATERIA INDICA. PART II.

CXCIII.
MORUNGHIE* VAYR. Wild Morungy Root or Root qf the Senna-kaved Hedysarum.
See article Horse-Radish Country, in Part I. Chap. I. of this work.
CXCIV.
MOSUMOOSKI CLon-er(2LO^0r^c2g)^ (Tarn,)
Musmusd *^^ u^yo (Duk,) Noodhosa (TeL) Ahu
laykum (Sans.) Rough Bryony.
Bryonia Scabra (Lin.).
CI. and Ord. Monoecia Monadelphia/ Nat. Ord. Cucurbitacese Scharfblattrige Zaunrube
(Nom. Triv. Wilid.;.
The tender shoots and rough cordate angular leaves of this species of bryony, are considered
by the natives as gently aperient, and are also eaten occasionally; when used medicinally,
they are previously toasted.t The essentials of the genus have been already noticed. The
mosumaoski has a beautiful small yellow flower, which, as do the leaves, springs from the
joints. The fruit is a small red streaked berry, which is slightly bitter, and is considered as
stomachic and aperient. The plant is also a native
* Dierbach, in his Materia Medica of Hippocrates, says, that the h}peranthera moringa was
the BoXa^of A<xvir7<o( of Hippocrates ; see his work, cliap. v.
f The dose is half a cupful of the infusion, twice daily.
of the Cape of Good Hope, where it was found by Thunberg.
It has been described by Lin. Suppl. (423,), by Thunb. Prod. ISv^ and in Ait. Kew. (iii. p. 385.)
The last observesi^at it has ** leaves cordate angled, villose underntadi, callous-scabrous on
the upper surface; tendA)s ' simple; berries globular; seeds smooth." Six species of bryonia
grow in Ceylon, but this is not noticed in Moon's Catalogue.
cxcv.
MUEL-SCHEVY uP\jjp\d^ctx (Hort Mai.) Patta camudi (Malay.) Boo-kadu-para (Cyng.)
SkucU'tnudi (Beng.) Cay-mat-tlang (Coch. Chin.) Udiram-panum (Sans.) Sow-thistle-kaved
Cacatia.
Cacalia Sonchifolia (Lin.).
CI. and Ord. Syngenesia ^qualis. Nat. Ord. Corymbiferae (Juss.). Gansedistelblattrige
Pestwurz (Nom. Triv. Wilid.).

Rheede* tells us, that a decoction of this plant is considered as antifebrile, on the Malabar
coast ^ and that the juice of it, mixed with sugar, is given in bowel complaints. I perceive that
Virey, in his " Histoire Naturelle des Medicamens** (p. 199), in-forms us, that the leaves of
two other species, the cac. alpinia and cac. saracenka are recommended in
coughs.
Of the essential character of the genus, Willde-now says, " Becept. nudum; pappus pilosus;
cat.
*. See Hort. Mai. p. z. p. 155.
P 3
cylindricus, oblongus, basi tantutn subcalyculatus'' (Spec. Plant vol. iii. p. 1725.).
The ^cies in question, which is the sonchus amboi-ensis of Rumphius (Amb. v. p. 297* t.
lOS.), has an annual root, and an herbaceous stem about two feet high, branching a little
towards the top, with leaoes Ijrate, stem clasping and toothed (Willd.); it has usually but few
flowers, which are about the size of those of common grouruhel, in a terminating panicle,
cylindrical, with the proper peduncles, bristle-shaped; the cah/s entirely simple ; the florets,
as described by Loureiro, are blood-coloured and minute. Murray * and he both speak of the
medicinal qualities of tliis plant; the first says, that it is used both in the iiledicine and
oeconomy of the Indians; the lattert, that it is deemed detergent, and its leaves eaten raw in
salads. It is a native of China, Cochin-China, and Amboyna, as well as of India; and is at this
time growing in the botanical garden of Calcutta. See Hortus Bengalensis, p. 60. In the Flor.
Zeyl. (805.) it is noticed under the head of Klenia catde her-kaceo foliis lyratus; in the Burm.
Zeyl. 61. under that of chondriUa Zeylanica^ minor marina^ JoHo unapios.
CXCVI.
MYLE CONDAY (Tam.) Nmilie shega (T^.) MajfUra shikhandaM^\S^\^^ZS (Sans.) Peacocktailed Adiantum, or Maiden Hair,
Adiantum Melanacaulon ?
Sec Murray Comm. Goett. Nov., torn. iii. p. Y9. t. 7 f See Flor. Coohin-ChiiK Tol.ii. p. 466.
CJHAP. I. MATERIA INDICA. SIS
CI. and Ord. Cryptogamia Filices. Nat. Ord. Filices.
This very low fern, which seldom rises higher than five inches, is commonly found on the
face of rocks, or mountain cliffs; it has very small delicate opposite leaves, and has got its
Tamool name from the resemblance it bears to a peacock's tail. The leaves are sweetish, with
a slight degree of bitterness and astrin-gency, and are considered, by the natives, as
possessing tonic powers; they are given in powder, to the quantity of one pagoda weight daily.
Of the essential character of the genus, Willde-now says, <* son oblongi vel subrotundi

indusiis membranaceis, e margine ortis, interius dehiscentibus, inserti** (Spec. Plant, vol. v.
p. 427.)It would appear, by Lunan's Hortus Jamaicemis, that no less than fourteen species of
adiantum are natives of Jamaica; three of which are there ranked amongst their medicinal
plants, viz. the adicmt. villosiumj which, Sloane says, Piso recommended in coughs ; the
adiant trapezi/brme, the syrup of which. Dancer says (in his Medical Assistant), resembles
that of the maiden hair of Europe; and the adiant fragile, which Browne declares to be
efficacious iti purulent consumptions, and in an ulcerated and relaxed state of the glands of
the throat. This last-mentioned author would seem to think that all the species* of this genus
are more or less light sub-astringent vulneraries.
* See Lunan*8 Hort. Jamaicensis, voL i. p. 475.
P 4
f
1^6 MATERIA IKDICA. PART II.
cxcvn.
MYSACHIE (Tam.).
This is the Tamool name of a gum, or gum resin, which I found in the custom-house at
Madras, the day before I left India, but which I had no leisure to examine; it was said to be
broiiglit from Arabia. 1 give it a place here in the hope that it may become a subject of inquiry.
CXCVIII.
NAGAMULLIE VAYR /sTKLDr^ovSCffvj't (Tam.) KdbUfer ke Jar he jur ^^^i Jl^ ^/ jjyA
(Duk.) Nagdmdllie vayroo (Tel.) NagamulUe Root, or Root qf the White-fio-wered Jzislicia.
JusTiciA Nasuta (Lin.).
CI. and Ord. Diandria Monogynia. Nat Ord. Personatfle. Schnabelformige Justice (Nom. Triv.
Willd.).
This root fresh, when bruised and mixed with lime juice, is considered as a sovereign
application for ring-worms and other cutaneous affections; the leaves are also employed for
the same purposes.- The plant is the paleJc joohie u,j(>a. JXf_ of Upper India, and the
pulcolli also peelcolli of the Horttts Mai. (ix. p. 135. t. 69.) I have taken the liberty of giving it
the Enghsh name of nagamullie, by which it is universally known in lower India. The
essential character of the genus has been ahready noticed.
L charactt
The species in question does not rise higher than four or five feet; its stem is green, shrubby,
and som^-what angular, the leaves are opposite, lanceolate, and on short foot stalks ; and the

peduncles dicho-tomous (Sup. pi. 23,); the flowers are pure white, but altogether inodorous.
Should further particulars be required respecting the justicia nasuta*, the reader is referred to
Miller and Willdenow (Spec. Plant, vol i. p. 90.). It is called in Cyngalese anitia, and in
BengBlesejooi'pana.
Twenty-nine species of justicia grow in the botanical garden of Calcutta, all natives of India,
except two, the justicia alba, and the justicia peruviana. See Hortus Bengalensis, pp. 3, 4.
Twenty-three species grow in Ceylon. See Moon's Catalogue p. 3.
CXCIX.
NAGATALIE KULLIE r^rrm^rravr^ei^ cJVTovrr (Tam.) Juppal saynd JJU^ J^ (Duk.)
Straight Thomed Opuntia^ or Oblong Indian Fig.
Cactus Ficus Indica (Lin.).
CI. and Ord. Icosandria Monogynia. Nat Ord. Succulentse. Indische Fackeldistel (Nom. Triv.
WiUd.).
This species of opuntia is indigenous in India,' and is what the Silvester cochineal insect fed
on so voraciously as almost to have rendered the plant ex* Six species of justicia are natives of Jamaica, one of which is medicinal, the jtf^
j9c^ora/w; the plant is made a syrup of, which is of use in disorders of the breast; the
bruised leaves are applied to wounds and cuts. See Lunan's Hort. Jamaicensjisy voKii. p. 452.
. .
L IB refer
218 MATERIA INDICA. PAftT 11.
tJnct on the Coromandel coast; the cactus tuna* they would not touch, neither would they
the cacl. pereskia, nor cact. opuntia, these however have all the same name in Tamool. The
fruit of the c. opun-tia is eaten, and tlie leaves aie considered a.s refrigerant, and applied to
allay external heat and intlam-jnation.
Of the essential character of the genus Willde-now says, " cal. l-phylus, superus, imbricatus;
cor. multiplex ; bacca 1-locularis, polysperraa" (Spec. Plant, vol. ii. p. 938.).
The species in question is the cay-kioi-roung of the Cochin-Chinese, and is distinguished by
being proliierous jointed ; joints ovate oblong j spines setaceous (Spec. Plant. 669.). It is a
veiy common plant in India, at least was so before it was so destructively fed on by the
Silvester cochineal insect. The flowers, which are yellow, come out from the upper edges of
the leaves, as in the species opuntia, but the fruit is larger, and of a deeper purple colour, and
has the effect, to a certain degree, of dyeing the urine red (Miller). It would seem, that in
some parts of the world the fruit of the cactus Jkus Indica is held in
* The celebrated and excellent Baron Humboldt, in his Essay on the Kingdom of New Spain,
vol. iii. pp. 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, and 72, infornis us, that the^n* differs from the Silvester or

wild sort of cocliincaI,by the first insect being mealy, or covered with a white powder, while
the otEier ib enveloped in a. thick cotton-kind of stuff, which prevents the rings of the insect
from being seen. Although the wild insect would not touch the cactus tuna in India, the same
author saye it indiscrimioalely feeds on it, the cactus opuntia, and cactus ficus Indica, in
America. He appears to have many doubts' respecting the real species on which the grana jina
feeds, and seems half inclined to think, that the grana fina insects, which the Indians of
Oaxana cultivate with so much care, do not actually feed on the cactus coQhenillifer, as has
been aupposed. Much certain information seems yet to be obtained on these interesting
points. For more on this subject, the reader is referred to ling's History of Jamaica.
tHAF. r. MATBRIA INDICA. S19
high estimation. Jackson, in his account of the Empire of Morocco*, says that it is there
considered as refrigerent and a grateful restorative to relaxed bowels; but it is probable he
may have confounded this species with the cactus triangularis^ which Browne t calls the
strawberry pear^ and- the fruit of which, according to Sloane, is the pleasantest of any .of its
kind. The cactus ficus Indica grows in Ceylon, with four other species, and is called by the
Cyngalese judit-kata-patuk. See Moon's Cata* logue of Ceylon Plants, p. 38.
cc.
NAGHA MOOGHATEI KAI (Tarn.) Na^ gara^mookutty kai (Tel.) Mundn-valli (Rheede) Mai.
ii. p. 103. t. 50. Puthmapoo todemie (Sans.) Large^owered Bindweed, or Moon;flower.
Convolvulus Grandiflorus (Lin.).
Cl. and Ord. Pentandria Monogynia. Nat Ord. Campanacess. GrosbltUige Winde (Nom. Triv.
WiUd.).
Nctgha moogfuUU kai is the Tamool name of the capsule or pericarpium of this species of
convolvulus, containing usually four seeds about the size qS kidney beans; and which are
eaten when young. Dried, these capsules and seeds, as well as thje flowers, leaves, and root,
are amongst the medicines which are supposed to have virtues in snake-bites. The dose of the
seeds is about three daily, adminiis* See his work.
\ See LunoD^i Hiort. Jamtucenftto, vol. ik p. 4tS.
r
L
240 WW'ERrA INDIOA. PART II.
tered in powder. Another Tamool name of the plant is vnUademboo.
Of the essential character of the genus, Willde-now says, '^Coj: campanulata, pHcata; st'tgm.
S-caps. 3'locularis: loculis dispermis." Spec. Plant, vol. i. p. 844.

The species in question, which the Cyngalese call alanga, is common on the Coromandel
coast; it has an arboreous, erect, twining pubescent stem ; the leaves, which are large,
are'ovate cordate, bluntish, quite, entire, and peduucled ; it seldom bears more than two or
three flowers, which are so large as to have caused the species to be called grandiflorus:
calyxes corraceous j stein and petioles pubescent (Lin. Supp. 130.).
With the medicinal qualities of the convolvulus scammonia, and convolvulus Jalappa, my
readers are well acquainted. Lunan, in his Hort. Jamaicensis, speaks of two other species,
natives of Jamaica, as possessing virtues of a peculiar nature, viz. the coU' voh'ultts repens,
and convolvulus Brasiliensis,- the root of the first, he tells us, is, according to Shane,
powerfully purgative; and is useful in working off hydropic humours; given in powder or
boiled in broth. The same writer informs us, that the leaves of the second are used in baths
for dropsies j and are "put on issues to draw them " and Plumier says, that the inspissated,
and strong-smelling, milky juice of the same plant is extremely purgative, in fact a kind of
scammony ; and may be given as such to the quantity of from twelve to fourteen grains; and
corrected, if necessary, by means of sulphur or cream of tartar. The convolvulus repens is
common
See Lunsn's Hortus Jamaicensia, vol.ii. p. 107.
J
in India, and its leaves, wbich are sagittate and obtuse behind, are eaten by the Hindoos. This
species has a creeping stem, and a perennial root, with large sulphur-coloured flowers on
long peduncles, from, the sides of the stalks. It may be found in Rheede's Hortus Mai.* under
the name of mandavaUi. Thirty-seven species of convolvulus are growing: in the botanical
garden of Calcutta, twenty-six of which are natives of India. See Hortus BengalensiSy p. 13,
14.
CCI.
NAHIOOROOVIE VAYR ^^^LM(r5c5^C<nJ/:^ (Tam.) Oni-no^a (Japsxi). Agdr^h he jwrr
tg^^\ y^ Ji (Duk.) Ooteraynie vayroo (Tel.) jJU (Arab.) also t)3H> (Arab. Forsk. Flor.
Arab.) ^m (Egypt) Lalchirchirif (Hind.) Apamarga otM|^||* (Sans.) Root qf the Rough
Achyranthes.*
ACHTRANTHES AsFERA (Lin.).
CI. and Ord. Pentandria Monogjniia. Nat. Ord. Miscellaness. Scharfe 5prottAfowie
(Nom.Triv.Willd.).
An infusion of this root the native practitionars. suppose to be useful in bowel complaints,
from i^ slight astringency; but I conceive it to have but/ very trifling virtues if any. i \
Of the genus Willdenow says, " CaL 5-phyllus;? cor. 0 J stigma 2-fidum; sem. solitaria." Spec.
PlantT vol. i. p. 1191.
* See Rheede, Mal.ii. p. 103. t.50.

f This plant was brought to Dr. F. Hamilton while in Bahar, as one of those employed in
medicine. The flowering spike, rubbed with a little sugar, is made into pills, and given to
wOse who have been bitten by a mad dog. Hamilton's MSS.

MATERIA INDICA. PART II.

The species in question rises to about the height of tliree or four feet, with an erect shrubby
stem, calyxes repressed, and leaves resembling those of the plumbago Zeylanica, in being
green and smooth on both sides; they are oblong, pointed, and dotted underneath ; the
flowers are in spikes at the end of the brandies, appearing first like short reddish hairs, after
which follow rough, prickly, green, reflected capsules, containing five seeds, oblong, reddish
(Browne). The plant, as it grows in Sicily, diflers a little from the Indian variety just described
; but they are no doubt but one species. Our article may be found particularly noticed by
Browne, in his History of Jamaica (p. 180.); it with two others are natives of that island, but
do not appear to be there considered amongst their medicinal plants. I shall conclude by
observing, that the achyranthes aspera appears to be the cadeli or cadehri of Rheedef and the
auricula cams, mas. of Rumphius (Amb. vi. p. 17' 1.12. f. 1.). Its Sanscrit name is apamarga t,
also apanga, its Bengalese chi-chi-ria apang. The inhabitants of the Coromandel coast use the
root for cleaning their teeth, by forming it into a sort of tooth brush. In Cyngalese the plant is
called gas-karal-scebo, and it would appear that two varieties, a red and white, are
distinguished in Ceylon.
Ten species of achyranthes are growing in the botanical garden of Calcutta, five of which are
natives of India, See Hortus Bengalensis, page 19. Eight species, by Moon's account, grow on
Ceylon.
See Flor. Zey. 105., also Burm. Zey. 16. t.6. f. 3, for amaranth, spicat. Zeylonicus,
t See Hon. Mai. x. p. 155. t. 78. K X See Roxburgh's Flora IndicB, vol. ii. p. 496.
ecu.
NAYAVAYLEI rsn-mCcn^a/^r/r (Tarn.) Walr aba (Cyn.) Aria Veela (Rheede). Ho(yr^hoortfa
(Hind.) Kooka vaivinta, also Kooka Fumitie, SvSnH burbSrS (Sans.) Viscid Cleome.
Cleome Viscosa (Lin.).
CI. and Ord. Tetradynamia Siliquosa. Nat. Ord.
PutaminesB. Klebrige Cleome (Nora. Triv. Willd.).
The small, compressed, nettedsurfaced, hottisb-tasted seeds, of this low-growing plant, have

got the Tamool name of Nahi kudddghoo or dog's mustard; and are considered by the Vytians
as anthelmintic, and carminative ; they are administered in the quantity of about a teaspoonfiil, twice daily In Duk-. hanie the seeds are called chdrie Sjooan (^'>^J ^>^ and in
Arabic buzrool bunge chemur j^ 'f^hji*
The juice of the leaves, Rheede says, is useful in deafhess, poured into the ears. Of the
essential character of the genus, Willdenow observes, " Glan-duke nectariferas 3, ad
singulum sinum calycis singular, excepto infimo; petala omnia adscendentia; siliqua
unilocularis, bivalvis." Spec. Plant vol. iii. p. 564.
The species in question is an annual plant, a native of India, and Ceylon, and seldom rises
more than a foot high; with a simple, erect, round, striated, villose, viscid stem ; which is
usually of a red or rather reddish colour. The flowers, which are axillary, peduncled^ at the
top of the plant, are
* Rheede (Mai. ix. 28.).
k p.sgae* MATERIA INDICA. PART II.
twelve-stamened, and of a yellow white colour, and the leaves are quinate, except the
uppermost, which are ternate (see Miller); thev much resemble in this respect those of the
cleome pentaphylla, which is the vayhy of the Tamools, and man-mantia of the CochinChinese, but have not the same fetid smell, and are smaller.
Of the four species of this plant, natives of Jamaica, two it would seem, are considered in that
island as medicinal, that just mentioned (pentaph.), and the cleome polygama. Browne, in his
account of that country, informs us, that the first is a wholesome green, but from its being a
little bitterish, requires repeated boilings to make it palatable; he adds, that it is then
considered as a preservative against the dry belly-ache. In Barbadoes , Hughes tells us, that
tlie juice of it mixed with sweet oil, and poured into the ear, cures the earache; and this
virtue, according to Lunan (Hort. Jamaica, vol. i. p. 68.), is confirmed by the testimony of Dr.
A. Robinson.
With regard to the cleome polygfrntat Barham maintains (Hort. Amer., p, 108.), that the
whole plant is balsamic and vulnerary, and that the leaves boiled in water provoke appetite,
comfort the stomach, and expel wind! The species cleome dodecandria and cleome
icosandria, are both natives of India; the first is the sinapistrum of Burm. (Zeyl. 216.), the
root of which is a vermifuge ; the second is the lagansa of Rumph. (Amb. v. t. 96.) j and is
employed for blistering.t
See Hughes'n Barbadoes, p. 210.
\ Seven Bpecies of cleome appear to grow on Ceylon. Lou-reiro notices out two in CochinChina. Flor. Cochia-Chin^ vol. ii.
CHAP. I. MATERIA INDICA. t25

CCIII.
NANJARAPANJAN VAYR r3os^^i^i^rr ^fFn-(5orCo^-J^ (Tam.) also Ndnjeramoorchum
(Rheede). Prolific SwaUow-wort Root.
AscLEFiAs Frolifera * (Rottler).
CI. and Ord. Pentandria Digynia. Nat. Ord. Contortae.
This small fibrous root operates as an emetic, and 18 usually given as such in the quantity of
about half a pagoda weight for a dose ; it is of a pale brown colour and somewhat nauseous
taste. It is one of those medicines the Vytians have most reliance on^ in cases of
hydrophobiaf; but I fear, they are often
* Of it Rottler saySy in his Herbarium (MSS.)i kindly lent me by Sir Alexander Johnston, '^
Caul. volubUi, pubescente; JbL opposit* petiolat. cordato-ovat. acut. venos, supra glabris,
infra tub pubescentibuB; Jlorib. axillarib. umbellatis; umbellis foho loQgioribus omnibus
proliferis."
f I regret to say, that hydrophobia is of very frequent occurrence in India; some twenty years
ago, it was there supposed that copious bleeding was a remedy to be relied on, but, alas! that
was found to be but a delusion. On the person bitten being immediately brought to me, I have
never failed to prevent the malady ensuing; by first washing the part with warm water, and
then searing it effectually with a red-hot iron; but when the disease had once come on, I have
yet seen none of the many things given to arrest its progress have the smallest good effect. It
is ttngular enough, that hydrophobia should be so much more common in some countries
than others, though in nearly similar latitudes. The late Dr. Harris, of Madras, told me, that it
was altogether unknown on any of the Eastern islands. Sonnerat, X think, says, they have it
not at the Isle of France. Brown, in his Travels m Africa, p. 338., observes, that in Egypt they
are exempt from it. Genlis avers, that it never occurs at Manilla. The Abb^ Don J. Ignatius
has declared, in his History of Chili (vol. i. p. S4k), that there is no instance of iu ever having
appeared in
VOL, II.

K meil
MATERIA INDICA. PART II.
disappointed in their treatment of this most awful calamity.
Of the genus, Willdenow says, " Contorta, neci. 5-ovata, coneava, corniculum exserentia.

The species in question has been scientifically described by Rottler, who first brought it to the
especial notice of botanists; though it appears evidently to be the nansjerapatja of the Hort.
Mai.
Twenty species of asclepias, are growing in the botanical garden of Calcutta. See Hortus
Benga-lensis, p. SO, f^l.
that part o? the world, h nd Mr. De la Condaminc states, that in South America cats and dops
never go mad!
It was believed, some half dozen years ago, that Mr. Mara-chotti, of the hospital at Moscow,
had discovered that this disorder manifested itself by certain small knots under the tongue,
containing the poison, and that it was only necessary to open these and scarify them with a
red-hot iron, to obviate all mischief; it does not appear, however, that this certainly simple
method of cure has been confirmed by subsequent testimony, nor can I learn that any
medical man of thin country has ever yet seen such knots as are above-mentioned. So late as
the year 1823, Mr. Previssal, of Paris, was said, by some ingenious experiments, to have found
that the oxyginated muriatic acid, in doses of from f^i to f5iES., given in cilron water,
removed the disease even after the symptoms were advanced; but I do not hear that this
treatment, either, has borne the test of further experience. Considering that hydrophobia is a
malady of violent excitement, an excitement which none of our antispasmodics or sedatives
has hitherto been found powerful enough to subdue, might it not lead, perhaps, to ome
interesting result, since the ev'l cannot be remedied by any medicinal means within our
reach, were we to try what could be done by combating; one disease with another. As
hydrophobia is then that which is marked by the most unmanageable excitement, I should
recommend that recourse should he had to that wliicli \r ilisiinguiBhed as beiny most direct
and deadly sedative known, 1 mean the bite of a coverkapel. 1'his, to some it may 1) strange,
proposition 1 su^'gested (o a medical friend who ly returned to India, who agreed with me
that for a desperate ase we may be excused ir looking towards a desperate reCCIV.
NARRA MAMADY (Tel.)
Tetranthera Monopetala (Roxb.)*
This is a middle-sized tree, a native of the vallies, and first scientifically described by
Roxburgh in his ** Coromandel Plants" (vol. ii. p. 26.) It has an erect stem, with a darkgreenish rusty coloured smooth hark; the leaves are alternate, short-petioled^ oblong, entire,
above pretty smooth, below downy, and from four to six inches long, and from two to three
broad; there are male and iexa^lX^ JUmers; the peduncles are axillary, numerous, short,
undivided; bractes small, rusty-coloured, downy at the insertion of each peduncle. The bark is
mildly astringent, and has a considerable degree of balsamic sweetness; it is used by the hill
people in the cure of diarrhoea: for particulars I refer to the work above cited. The tree is
indigenous in Hindoostan, and has got the Bengalese name of kookoorcldtta^ and is of the
class and order Dioiecia Enneandria. Nine species of the genus are growing in the botanical
garden of Calcutta, but two species appear to be natives of Ceylon.

Q 8
r
MATERIA INDICA. PART II.
L
NARRHA (Tel.)
Laurus Involucbata* (Roxb.)
CI. and Ord. Enneandria Monogynia.
This is a small tree, found on the tops of the mountains in the Northern Circars, and is only
noticed here from the circumstance of the natives employing the fresh bark mixed with
pepper as an application to wounds: for botanical particulars the reader is referred to vol. ii. p.
46. of the Coromandel Plants of Roxburgh.
Of the genus Laurus, Loureiro found ten species in Cochin-China; four are in the botanical
garden of Calcutta; four in Ceylon, and six in Japan (Flor. Japan, p. IV^*)*
CCVI.
NATTOO SOWCARUM r5^i_(H^5^si4ffiwn-'TU> (Tarn.) Saboon cjjjUa (Duk.) Indian Soap.
Sapo Indica.
Soap is employed by the native practitioners of India nearly for the same purposes that we
use it: they imagine, with what propriety is doubtful, that it is particularly elHcacious in
limpanites, or what the
* I perceive, in Dr. Horsfield's Account of the Medicinal Plants of Java, mention made of a
species of laurus, which he calls malabraium, but which I knon' nothing of; the Javanese call
it tintok, and place it amongBt their Stimulants.
Tamools call coonma vaivoo. It is purgative ^nd lithontriptic, and externally applied, it is an
excellent stimulant and detergent: the dose is generally from five or six grains to five-andtwenty or thirty.
The different articles employed by the V^tians and soap-makers on the Coromandel Coasts in
the process of making soap, are overmunnoo * (TaHk) poon^ heerij ooppoo (common salt),
pottle ooppoo (saltpetre) and chunamboo (quick-lime): proper proportions c^ each oF these
being chosen, they are all bruised toge* ther, and to the whole is added a certain quantity of
pure water, the mixture is then well agitated for se veral hours, and allowed to stand for
three days y the feculent matter having fallen to the bottom, the lixivia um is strained off and
boiled to form the stxoeartim, a sufficient proportion of gingilie oil (oil of the sesa^ mum
Orientale) having been previously added when it first began to boil. This process, in fact,
differs but little from that given by Macquer^ and is perhaps the best for preparing what is

called the oiUsoap^ There are varying JbrmuUe for making other kinds>
* Overmunnoo is a saline earthy substance, found in many parts of Lower India, whicli
contains a great deal of soda^ and is employed by the Hindoos in the preparation of the* lae
dye, in-bleaching, washing, dyeing, and suap-making; also in the manu* facture of glass. In
some parts of the Mysore country this substance (thre called soolu munnoo) is seen in the
form of a white efflorescence on the surface of sandy fields; and, in all probability, differs but
little in its nature from the natron Sonnini speaks of as being common in the middle of a
desart in Egypt, and from which an impure mineral alkali is prepared, used in bleaching. See
Sonnini*s Travels in Egypt, also Brown's.
\ This is a very light, white-coloured, earthy matter, and, like the above-mentioned^ contains
a considerable portion of soda; it is employed in making glass, in dyeing, and by the
chuclder^ (tanners) in tanning. I conceive it to resemble much that species of impure fossil
alkali, called at Tripoli frona, found near th& surface of the earth in the province of MSndrab,
and which the^ Africans of Morocco use in the process of dyeing their leather red. See
Lucas's Travels into the Interior of Africa*
q3
m
MATERIA INDICA.
L
such as brown or yellow soap, ivhile, blacky and green ditto, all of wliich are distinctly
detailed by Mr. Nicholson in his admirable work on chemistry applied to the arts.
The reader may find the virtues of* soap considered as a medicine amongst the Persians and
Arabians well detailed in a work, entitled Krabadinie Masumie ^yjojui t^J^'j*' *^'" *''^
Complete Dispensatory, written by Mdsum Ben Ibrahim, a native of Shiraz, in 1649.
CCVII.
NATTOO VADOMCOTTAY -3n-i_(5-a\jrrs n^erG^^iS2;'~ (Tarn.) Badamie hindie tfjJlA lab (Duk.) Adamaram (Rheede). Cotumba (Cyng.) Vadomvittiloo (Tel.) Catappa (Malays).
Inggudi ^3J5^ (Sans.) Indian Almond.
Terminalia Catappa (Lin.).
CI. and Ord. Polygamia Moncecia. Nat Ord. Elceagni. Gemeiner Catappenbaum.
The kernel of the drupe of this species of terminalia has the taste and virtues of the almond,
though perhaps, the flavour is more that of the English filbert. The diupe is nearly three
inches long, egg-shaped, grooved, and contains but one kernel, which is considered as a
nourishing food for weak people, and from which a pleasant edible oil is prepared, called in
Tamool vadomcaitay rninay.

Of the essential character of the genus WUlde-now says,

CHA^. I. MATBBIA INDICA. j|31
" Hermafh. Flos, masculi; styl. 1; drupa infera, lymbifcM-mis'' (Spec. Plant vol. iv. p. 967.)
The species now under our consideration is a large, fall, leafy, and most beautiful tree, (of
which there are two varieties, a red and a white), with spreading branches in whorls. The
leaves, which are obovate* and somewhat tomentose beneath, come out at the tod of the
branches in clusters. They are marked with a notch, and on short roundish petioles. The "
hermaphrodite flowers,'* WiJJdenow observes, " are few, more remote, at the base of the
racemelet, smaller than those of the currant; the kernel has the taste of a hazel nut.'*
Cotamba^ inggudt, and catappoj are the Cyngalese, Sanscrit, and Malay names of the tree,
not of the kernel. At Randa and Batavia, the tree grows wild in the woods: and we learn from
Rheede, that it bears fruit three times in the year on the Malabar coast. I shall further notice
respecting the terminaUa catappa, that it is a valuable timber tree, and is what the levers of
the draw-wells (jpikottds) are usually made of at Madras. Foster (George), in his work " De
Plantis Esculentis Insularum Oceani Australis," tells us that the bark and leaves yield a black
pigment, with which the Indians dye their teeth, and of which Indian ink is sometimes made.
Of the two species, natives of Jamaica, term, latifolia and term, arbuscula, the first only is
medicinal, and bears, in its appearance, it would seem, a strong resemblance to our article;
diflfering from it chiefly in having leaves only half the size, and the nut only one third, oval,
and not at All grooved or margined. By Foster's account, in his work above cited, we learn that
the term, latifol. is a
* See Willdenow Spec. Plant, tol. iv. p. 968,
Q 4
native of the Society and Friendly Islands, and that at Otaheite it is called auwin ; the kernels,
he says, are eaten, and have the flavour of almonds. At Jamaica they are much prized; and
Mr. Lunan* observes, that a decoction of the root of the tree is in that Island given in cases of
diarrhoea. Our article appears to be the adamaram of Rheede (Mai. iv. t. 5.). It, with three
other species, grows in Ceylon (Moon's Catalogue, p. 73.).
CCVIII.
NAWEL PUTTAY,:B^a-Lj7vM_'LiL_Q3)L_(Tam.) Jdmoon ke chawt JL^ ^ ciJj-^ (Duk.)
Nereddie pulia (Tel.) Kakajambu chjch^*-^ (Sans.) Bark of the Clove-tree-leaved
Calyptranthes.
Calyptranthes Cartophyllifolia (Willd.).
CI. and Ord. Icosandria Monogynia. Nat. Ord. HesperidejB. Gexcurznagleinblaltarige
Deckelmyrte (Nom. Triv. Willd.).
This astringent bark is occasionally prescribed by the VytianSf in decoction, in fevers, and in
certain bowel affections, in the quantity of half a tea-cupfiil twice daily; it is also employed in

the same form as a wash for foul ulcers. The bark is of a brownish colour, thick, and cloven,
and has something of an aromatic smell.
Of the genus, Willdenow says, " Cal. superus trun-catus ante anthesin tectus operculo
integerrimo de-ciduo; cor. 0; bacca unilocularts 1* sperma" (Spec. Plant. Willd. vol. ii. p.
97t.)k
See Lunan'i Hortue JamaicensiB, vol. ii. p. 116.
The species in question is the pena ryara of Rheede, * and the eugenia corticosa of Loureiro
(Cochin, p. 376.) It is a large tree with spreading branches. The author just cited, in speaking
of it, observes, foliis ovatis acuminatis racemis corymbosis fiiamentis brevissimis.'' We may
further say, that the plant is ihejambosa ceramca of Rumphius (Amb. 1. p. ISO. t 41.), and is
distinguished, << paniculia lateralibus foliis eUptico-ovatus integerrimis.'* f It appears to me,
that our present article well merits a more minute investigation than it has yet had; all who
have yet hitherto written any account of the tree, speak of its aromatic properties. Burman
(Zey. 27.) calls it arbor Zeylonica cundnum redolens ; and Plukenette t (Leonard) in his
Almagestum Bota^ nicum, terms it caryophillus languescente vi aroma* ticus.
Our article, with four other species, grows on Ceylon, called there bata-domba and must not
be cour founded with the cal3rp. caryophillata, which is the gcBta-dan of the Cyngalese. See
also Rheede (MaL 5. 27.).
CCIX.
ft
NEDEL KALUNG Gc5LiSs^<:JV)0?05^yyTv/ (Tam.) Root qf a variety of the Egyptian
JVater Lily.
NYMPHJEA Lotus (Var.)
See Hort, Mai. v. p. 57. t. 29.
t See Willd. in Uster, neue AnnaleD, ii. stuch. p. 22.
X See Aim. 88. t. 274. f. 2.
The nymphaea lotus is growing in the Company's ^;ar4en at Calcutta, and has got the
fiengalie name of shalook; it is also a native of Ceylon, and is called in Cyngalese at-ouh two
kinds are there distinguished, the white and red. ATioenna, in his Canon.
CI. and Ord. Poiyandria Monogynia. Nat. Ord. SucculentJe. ^gyptissche Seerose (Nom. Triv.
Willd.).
This tuberous root, which is in its nature mucilaginous and demulcent, is amongst the
medicines whicli the native practitioners prescribe internally in pile cases ; it is ordered in the

form of powder, decoction, and electuary ; of the latter a tea-spoonful is given twice daily.
Of the essential character of the genus, Willde-now says, "Cor. polypetala; cat. 4, s. 5-phyllu3;
bacca nmltilocularis, loculis polyspermis." Spec. Plant, vol. ii. p. 1151.
I have never seen the plant of which our article is the root, but have called it a variety of the
nym-phaea lotus , on certain excellent autliority, that of my much esteemed friend Dr.
Rottler; though I think it bears a question whether it may not be the root of quite a different
plant, I mean the menyanihes Indica, which is the nymph(Ea ceramica of Rumphiust. and
what Browne \, in his Natural History of Jamaica, calls " memjan. aqualka nymphm Jbliis
cordato-orbicula/is, petto/is Jlorijeris." To this conjecture I am especially led, by the name of
the last-mentioned plant being, according to Rkeede , nedel-ambel, which is nearly the same
as that of the
Med. lib. ii. tract ii. p. 137., speaks of three species or sorta of lotus (khandakokie Jt^^'a^),
the silvestris, the saliva, and the Egypt.; of the seed'of which last kind, he says, bread is made.
The nymph, lotus \ jij nuphar of the Arabians ; the ancient Egyptians made a sort of bread
of its seed; it is the ambel of Rheede, ii. t. 26.
t See his Amb, vi. p. 173. t. 72. f. 3.
History of Jamaica, p. 151.
} Sfl Hon. Mai. ii. p. .M. t. 28.
CHAP. ! MATKRIA INDICA. H&S
aquatic plant now under our immediate considera* lion; ambel being, it would seem, the
common generic appellation for many water plants on the Malabar coast, in a similar manner
as we find that cumuda (or delight of the water) is a common Sanscrit term for many of the
same kind of plants in the higher provinces of Bengal, and which, by the way. Sir W. Jones
bestows on a variety of the menyanthes Indica. The menyan. Indica ov Indian Imckbean^ has
leaves cordate, subcrenate, and by Sloane's account resembling those of the colt'sfoot; the
petioles are floriferous, and the corollas hairy within : it is a native of Malabar.*
ccx.
NEERADIMOOTTOO rg^/j-L-gLCTB^S; (Tam.) also Neervettie moottoo fTam.) Junglie
badam jij^ JaU (Duk.) Adivie vadum vittiloo (Tel.)
This is an oval-shaped brown nut, about the size of a filbert, but flattish; from its kernel,
which has a nauseous smell, and tastes unctuous and a little acrid, an oil is prepared, that is
supposed by the native doctors to possess virtues in leprous affections, given in doses of half
a tea-spoonful twice daily; it for the most part sickens a good deal at first. The kernels and
thin shells are sometimes ground together, and afler being mixed with a little castor-oil are
applied externally to cure the itch. I have not been
* What Loureiro calls the nymphcea ndumbo, the cay'sen of the Cochin-Chinese, but which is

the nelumbium speciosum of Will-denowy is a native of Cochin-China, where both the root
and seeds are eaten; it is the tamara of Rheede (Hort. Mai. ii. p. 59. t8a.) and the ren^ bUbo
Jalsis of the Japanese. Flor. Japon. p. 223.
MATERIA INDICA.
able to ascertain from what plant this article is obtained (it being usually brought from the
woods) ; but conjecture, that it may be from a species of jatropha.
CCXI.
NEER MOOLLIE VAYR ^s*^^c^avTo^^Cc5^-.':^ (Tarn.) Gohshura Jj^ii J^(Hind.) "
Neergoobbie vayroo (Tel.) Jkskugandha ^^iJ^UT (Sans.) t Root qf the Long-leaved Barleria.
BaRLEHIA LoNGlFOLIA (LSn.).
CI. and Ord. Didynamia Angiospermia. Nat. Ord. PersonatEe. Langblattrige Barlerie (Norn.
Triv. WiUd.).
This root, which has got its Tamool name from growing near water, is supposed to have
virtues similar to those of the moollie vayr already mentioned. The plant is the bahelschulli
of Rheede t, who tells us, that on the Malabar coast a decoction of the root of the biennial
shrub is considered as diuretic, and given in dropsical cases and gravelish affections ; the
dose is about half a tea-cupful twice daily. The species in question has an erect, bluntly
quadrangular, hisped stem; leaves opposite, ensi-form, and very long; flowers on whorls blue
or bright violet, axillary (Miller). It is a native of the Western coast of India j whence the root
is brought across the peninsula to the medicine bazars of the Carnatic.
or tne i.
I Anot
L:
Another Hindoostanie name ia-t^lmuihana Ul^SC^^. f The plant ha got Btili another
Sanscrit name palangiatka, X See Hon. Malab. par.ii. p. 88.
I shall conclude by observing, that of the genus of which but twelve species have hitherto
been noticed, Willdenow says, ** CaL 4-partitus; stamina 2-longe minora; caps. 4-angularis,
^-locularis ? S-valvis^ elastica absque unguibus; sem. 2/' Spec. Plant, vol. iii. p. S75.
Seven species of barleria are growing in the botanical garden of Calcutta. Four species grow
on Ceylon, where our article is called katu-hiki by the Cyngalese.
CCXII.
NEER.NOCHIE rf^^C,fi5X5=^ (Tam.) Panie ke Shumbalie Jl^ J ^^L (Duk.) Vssel ke Sbee
^U^ yS] (Arab.) Nisindhd (Hind.) also Seduari

mm ^ ^ ^ .
(Hind.) Lagoondi (Javan.) Thuoc^on (Coch. Chin*) Neela vaviUe (Tel.) Caranosi* (Rheede).
Jala^
nirgundi 3T^jf^T^f&3 also Sindicoara f^F^^TT (Sans.) Three-leaved Chaste Tree.
ViTEX Trifolia (Lin.).
CI. and Ord. Didynamia Angiospermia. Nat. Ord. Personates. Dreyhlattrtge Mullen (Nom.
Triv. Willd.).
The tender shoots and leaves of this beautiful species of chaste tree (the last of which have a
slightly bitter but delightful aromatic taste and smell), are considered by the native
practitioners of India as powerfiiUy discutient; and are in consequence
* See Hort. Mal.il. p. IS. 1.10.
%9S MATERIA INDICA. PART ]I.
used in the form of fomentation, or simply applied warm in cases of sprains, rheumatism,
swelled testicles, contusions*, contractions of the limbs, &c.; and it is a fact, that Bontius
himself, who calls the plant Indian privet, extols it highly for the same virtues. Both
Rumphius and Rheedo particularly notice it i the first, according to Horsfieldt, recommends
it externally in swellings and diseases of the skin; the latter asserts, that the leaves powdered
taken with water cure intermittent fever, and tlie root, and a bath or cataplasm of the leaves,
he adds, are applied externally in rheumatism and local pains. The small, smooth, round,
dark-coloured fruit is supposed by the Vytians to be nervine, cephaUc, and emmenagogue,
and is prescribed in powder, electuary, and decoction, the latter in doses of half a tea^cupful
twice daily. Of the essential character of the genus, Willdenow says, " Cal. d-dentatus; cor.
limbus 6-fidus; drupa 1-sperma, nuce 4-Iocnlari." Spec. Plant. Willd. vol. iii. p. 390.
The species in question, which is the mcean-milila of the Cyngalese, and the ihuoc-on of the
Cochin-Chinese, rises to about the height of ten feet, being shrubby, branched, and round,
and not thicker than the finger; it is often procumbenti and sometimes even creeping. *' The
leaves are ternate and quinate; leaflets ovate, acute, quite entire, hoary beneath, panicle with
a straight rachis, pedicels dichoto-mous" (Lin. Supp. 393-)- The flowers are violet In
terminating racemes. The three-leaved chaste tree is the lagondium vulgare of Rumphius } ;
it is a com* See Hist. Aromat. Garcia ab Horto, p. 191. f See Ills account of Java inedicinal plants, ia the
Asiatic Journal for March 1819, p. 261. t See Amb. iv. p 48. 1.18.
CflA?. I. MATERIA INDICA. Sd9
mon Indian plant; was found by Loureiro* in Cochin-China, and has been well described by
Sir William Jones t, who informs us, that in Upper Hindoostan, the leaves of it are used to
stuff pillows, in order to cure cold in the head and head* ache* See article Noochie in this

Chapter.
CCXIII.
NEERPIRIMIE rS^-i^rouP (Tarn.) Shn>et-chamm (Hind.) Sambranichittoo (Tel.)
Adha^Umi (Beng.) Jala brimmi (Sans.) Thyme-leaved GratioUu
Gratiola Monnieria (Lin.).
CI. and Ord. Diandria Monogynia. Nat. Ord. Personatae. Westmdisches PurgierkratU
(Nom.Triv.
Willd.).
The jointed root, as well as the stalks and leaves, of this creeping annual plant, are all used in
medicine by the Hindoos, who consider them as diuretic and aperient, and to be particularly
useful in that sort of stoppage of urine which is accompanied with obstinate costivenessj and
Dr. Roxburgh, in his Flora Indica, informs us, that the expressed juice of it, mixed with
petrolium, is rubbed on parts afiected with rheumatism.
Of the essential character of the genus, Willdenow
* Of the fruit Loureiro says, <' CalifacienSy discutiens, nervina, cephalica, emmenagoga,
prodest in paralysi, etartuum debilitate.'' Flor. CochinChin. vol. ii. p. S90. Dr. F. Hamilton
(MSS.) found the flowers (sinduyarphul) prescribed, in Behar, in conjunction with a little
honey, in fevers attended with vomitiojg and much thirst.
t See his account of select Indian pl$nt9i in the AW^P S^ searches, vol. iv. p. 893.
J40 MATERIA INDICA. PART II.
says, " Cor. irregularis, resupinata; stam. 2-steriIia; caps. 2-Iocularis; cal. 7-phylliis, 2
exterioribus pa-tulis" (Spec. Plant, vol. i. p. 102.).
The species in question, which is only found in moist situations, and which the TelHngoos
call sam-brani-chittoo, in Bengalie has got the name of adha-hirm, sticks close to the ground,
and casts a few slender fibres from every joint as it creeps. The leaves are opposite, sessile,
obovate, wedge-shaped or oblong, smooth, entire, obtuse, fleshy, and dotted with minute
spots ; and the flowers are blue.* The plant has been described by Sloane, in his Natural
History of Jamaicat, under the name of anagalHs aquatica. Browne t, in his Natural History
of the same island, says of It, monniera minima repens. It is a native of Ceylon, where fifteen
species grow; our article is there called lunu-wila.
CCXIV.
NEELACOOMUL-VAYR rpa\3m<sa^avTG (s\j& (Tam.) N^ld. goomadi vayroo (Tel.) Waren
(Javan.) Biddari (Sans.) Root of the Asiatic Gmelina.
Gmeuna Asiatica (Lin.).

CI. and Ord. Didynamia Angiospermia. Nat. Ord. Personatie. OsCindische Gmeline (Nom.
Triv. WiUd.).
" See Roxburgh's Flora Indica, vol. i. pp. 14], 1+2., also Cor.
. ii. 1.178.
+ See Hfstory, i. p, 20S. 1.129. f. 1.
X See work, 269. ' >

This rooty which, as it appears in the bazars, is mucilaginous and demulcent, the Vytians
reckon amongst those medicines which purify the blood, in cases of depraved habit of body;
given in the form of electuary, to the quantity of a tea-spoonful twice daily.
Dr. Horsfield, in his Account of the Medicinal Plants of Java, informs us, that the plant was
ibr-merly in high esteem amongst the Portuguese, who call it rais madre de deos ; he adds,
that it is mentioned by Rumphius (on the authority of a communication he received from
Malacca), who calls it jambusa sylvestris parviflora.^ The Javanese term it waren, and would
appear to consider it as of a deleterious nature. Loureiro speaks of its virtues : " Valent in
doloribus articulorum, et affectibus nervorum, radix interne sumpta; folia exteme appli-cata."
Flor. Cochin-Chin. vol. ii. p. S76.
Of the essential character of the genus, Willdenow says, <* CaL sub 4-dentatus; cor. 4-fida,
campanulata; antherce 2-bipartitae, 2-simplices; drupa nuce 2-locu-lari" (Spec. Plant, vol. iii.
p. 313.).
Our article is the only species that has yet been noticed by Willdenow, and was first
scientifically described by Professor Gmelin, of Petersburgh, who wrote the Flora Siberica. It
is the gceta-demata of the Cyngalese, and is " a tree with round, stiff, upright branches; leaves
opposite, petioled, ovate, tomen-tose underneath, having frequently a sharp short lobe on
each side; spines axillary, opposite, horizontal, pubescent at the tip, the length of the petioles
; JUnoers from the end of the tender twigs on peduncles t; ihe fruit is a berried drupe the size
of jujubes,
* See Rumph. Amb. i. p. 129. t. 40. t See Willd. Spec. Plant, vol. Hi. p- SIS. VOL. II. R
and
i.
242 MATERIA INDICA. PAHT U.

black and smooth ; it contains two small lateral lobes, in each of the two upper cells is a
single seed, thickish, convex on the one side and flattish on the other."
I shall conclude what I have to say of this plant by a remark from Miller; viz. that the
cumbula of the Hort. Mai. (i. p. 75. t. 41.) is by no means a bigno-nia (catalpa), but a genuine
species of Gmelina, as the fruit evinces.
Four species of Gmelina are growing in the botanical garden of Calcutta*, all natives of India.
The leaves of the species parviflora (Roxb.), gently bruised and agitated in water, render it
mucilaginous and demulcent, and useful as a drink in gonorrhoea. See article Shieri
Goomoodoo, in this Part and Chapter.
ccxv.
NELEPANNAY KALUNG rgox-.L^a^irr^^ yiT^vlj (Tam.) SUih Mooslie J^y^ "L*- (Duk.) TahmooUe (Beng.) Nulla lady gudda (Tel.) Wa-rahii (Sans,) Nelepannay Root, or Root of the
Orchis-like CurcuUgo.
CuecuLiGo Orchioides (Roxb.).
CI. and Ord. Hexandria Monogynia. RagtmiT' zariige Russellilie (yiom. Triv. Willd.).
This tuberous and wrinkled root, as it appears in the medicine bazars, is about tour inches
long; in a slight degree bitter and mucilaginous to the taste, and is supposed to possess
virtues nearly similar to
* See Hvrl. UengHlengia, p. 4-6. f Also moowalie {Sana.}.
the last-mentioned article. It is prescribed in electuary, in the quantity of a tea-spoonful twice
daily; it is also considered as possessing tonic qualities, and sometimes given with milk and
sugar, in doses of two drachms in the twenty-four hours, in cases requiring such medicines.
Of the genus, Willdenow says, " Cor. 6-petala plana ; spatlia 1 -valvis; stylus brevissimus;
stigmata S-divergentia; caps. 1-locuL, 4-sperma spongiosa rostrata" (Spec. Plant, vol. ii. p.
105.).
The plant in question has been particularly described by Roxburgh, in his Corom. Plants (i. p.
14. 113.), and by Gcertner, in his work " De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum." " It is a lowgrowing plant with a tuberous root, which has many fleshy vermi. cular fibres; numerous
leaves, all radical, petioled, and sword-shaped; with long, yellow, pedunculated flowers."
Willdenow seems to consider it as the orchis amboinica major of Rumphius (Amb. vi. p. 116.
t. 54. f.l.); and Gaertner observes, that it differs from every other vegetable production in the
singular structure of its style and capsule, and the roundish horny process from the outer and
upper part of the seed, resembling the beak of a curcidiOy a coleopterous insect.
In the Hortus Bengalensis we find three species of curcutigo mentioned, two of which are
natives of India; see p. 29* of that work. Four species are natives of Ceylon.
It 9

MATERIA INDICA.
CCXVI.
NELLIE POO CvD^-crsb-W) (Tarn.) Anooli ka pool Jj^ If ^^yj\ (Duk.) Vurdi amludge (Arab.)
Woosheriki poo (Tel.) Floicer qf the Emblic My-robolan, or Shrubby Phyllanthus.
Phyllanthus Embuca (Lin.).
Ct. and Ord. Mon(pcia Monadelphia. Nat. Ord. Tricoccae. Baumartiger Phyllanthus (Nom.
Triv. Willd.).
The umbelled yellow flowers of this species of phyllanthus have an odour much resembling
that of lemon-peel, and are supposed, by the Vytians, to have virtLies of a cooling and
aperient nature; they are prescribed, in conjunction with other articles, in the form of an
electuary, in the quantity of about a tea-spoonful twice daily.
Of the genus, Willdenow says,
" Mascui.i. Cal. 6-partitiis j cor. 0; filament. coluinnare; anth. 3.
" Feminei. Cff/. 6-partitus ; cor. 0 ; wee/, marge 12-angulatU3; styli 3 ; caps, tricocca."
The species in question is the amla of the Bengar lese, and the melloko of the Javanese ; has
a tree-like stem, which rises to the height of twelve or fourteen feet, with leaves, according to
Sir William Jones, , opposite, in general, oblong and lanced. The fruit is eaten by the Indians;
has a place amongst the Astringents of the Javanese; and lias been particularly described in
the first volume of this work, under the head of" Myrobolan, Emblic; it is also
noticed in speaking of the medicine Bitlaban^ in this chapter. The plant has two Sanscrit
names, amSldkd and amrita; it is a native of India, im% Cochin-China, and China; in which
last-mentioned country, Loureiro tells us, its fruit has little or no juice. It is the
cay'toung'tigot of the Cochin-Chinese ; boa Malacca nilicai of Rumph. (Amb. c. ii. tab. i.); the
neUi-camarum (Rheede) and the myra-bolanus in Java (Bont. Jav. i. 6. c. S4.).
CCXVII.
NEELA CADAMBOO (Tarn.) Natta^usHriki (Tel.) Madras PhyUantkus.
Phtllanthus Maderaspatensis (Lin.).
CI. and Ord. Monoecia Monadelphia. Nat. Ord. Tricoccae. Madrassisher Phyllanthus CNom.
Triv. Willd.).
The leaves of this plant which are wedge-shaped, alternate, and mucronate, are used in
infusion by the VytianSj which is drank as a useful medicine in head-ache.
The essential character of the genus has been noticed in treating of our last article. The specie

in question has its name from growing near Madras; it does not rise higher than two or three
feet^ and may be found particularly described by Geert* ner (De Fructibus 2. 125.), and is
called by Pitever, in his Gozophylacium Naturae and Artes, rurouri maderaspat. senncefolio
longiore. The calyxes of the female flowers are six-toothed and blunt, of the male, fivetoothed j these latter have five small
R 3
petals and three stamens. For further and more minute particulars the reader is referred to
Willde-now'a Spec. Plant, vol, iv. p. 575, and also to Rei-ckard. i'rom Forsk. Egypt, vi. 159.
Twenty-one species of phyllanthus are growing in the Honorable Company's garden at
Calcutta, almost all natives of India. See Hortus Bengalensis, p. Q2. Ten species are natives of
Ceylon.
CCXVIII.
NEREIPOO'ITIE (Tam.) Nakapootta chittoo (Tel.) MaTiayi (Cyng.) Procumbent Justicia.
JUSTICIA PaOCUMBENS (LlH.).
CI, and Ord. Diandria Monogynia. Nat. Ord. Personatfe. Liegende Justice (Noni. Triv. Willd.).
The juice oi the leaves of this plant is squeezed into the eyes in cases of ophthalmia. The
essential character of the genus has been already given. The species in question has
herbaceous diffuse branches, with sessile, linear-lanceolate, opposite leaves ; spikes terminal,
four-sided ; bractes lanceolate, rigid; lower anthers calcarate. The justicia procumbcns is
common on pasture ground on the Coromandel coast, and seldom rises higher than seven or
eight feet, with beautiful rose-coloured flowers, which are small, opposite, and decussate.*
Twenty-nine species of justicia are growing in the Company's botanical garden at Calcutta,
twenty-eight of which are natives of India. See Ilort, Bengalensis.
' See Roxburgh'* Flora Indica, tol.i. pp. 133. 1S4.
CCXIX.
NERINGIE Q>-3C^'w^ (Tam,) Gokoroo j^/ (Duk. also Hind.) Khusuck Jw^ (Pers.) Busteetqj roomee ^^ glXJu-j (Arab.) Putleroo (TeL) Cay-ma vuong (Coch. Chin.) Soodumstra
(Sans.) SmaU Caltrops.
Tribulus Terrstris (Lin.)
CI. and Ord. Decandria Monogynia. Nat. Ord. Gruinales. Gemeinar Burzeldron.
The pleasant-smelling and sweetish-tasted leaves, as well as the fibrous root of this annual,
horizontal-growing plant, are said by the native practitioners to possess diuretic quaUties;
and are prescribed by them in decoction in the quantity of half a tea^cup-fuU twice or thrice
daily.

Of the essential character of the genus, Willde-now says, ** Cal. 5-partitus: petala 5, patentia;
styltis 0; caps. 5, gibbae, spinosae, polyspermae." Spec. Plant, vol. ii. p. 5QG.
The species in question is a common plant near the Dardanelles, and called in modern
GreekTgi0<^Xifll; <it has a slender fibrous root, from which spring four or five delicate
stalks, spreading flat on the ground; these are hairy, and extend two feet and a half iti length,
the leaves are pinnated, six-paired, and nearly round. The flowers are axillary, on short
peduncles, and composed of five broad, obtuse^ yellow petals; these are succeeded by a
roundish five-cornered fruit about the size of a marble, armed with prickles, the bane of foottravellers; this ripen^
R 4
S48 MATERIA INDICA. PART II.
ing, divides into five cells, each containing one or two four-homed seeds/' For further
particulars respecting this plant, see Hort. Cliff. 16'0, and Brown's Jamaica 220. It grows on
many parts of the Coro-mandel coast, as well as in China and Cochin-China, and according to
Willdenow, in Europa australi ad semitas. Browne, however, according to Lunan, has
confounded it with the tribtdus cistioides^ a mistake rectified by Swartz. The seeds of our
article are considered by the Cochinese as possessing medicinal virtues, from their
astringency being useful in dy-sentery, ** aliis sanguinis profluviis" (Flor. Cochin-Chin. vol. i.
p.,270.).
The species tribulus maximus is a medicinal plant pf Jamaica; with it, according to Sloane*, a
salve is prepared of use in cases of ring wonn. There is a small variety of the tribulus
terrestris common in the Southern tracts of the Peninsula of India, with beautiful red
flowers, called in Tamool yerra pSllSrOf and in Sanscrit racla suadanshtra ; its leaves have the
smell of clover. The trib. lanuginosus is a native of India, and is called in Bengalie gokhoor.
ccxx.
NERVALUM COTTAY Qr^&a^rra^rRQ^ rr\^^jS2)L^ (Tam.)
See article Croton, Purging Seed of) vol. i. p. 101.
* See Sloane's Natural History of Jamaica.
CCXXI.
NILAVEREI rScrorrcyLjrra^)^ (Tarn.) Senna.
Cassia Senna (Wood).
So much has been said of senna in the first volume of this work, that little more is required
here. I have lately been asked if what is commonly sold in the shops under the name of " East
India senna" is the actual produce of our Indian dominions. No; it is not, but a product of
Arabia, either of Arabia Felix (about Mocho), or from a more northern part of that country,
the territory of Abuarish. It is, in fact, the sharp-pointed-leaved senna, the cassia lanceolata of

Forskdly which he distinguishes, ^*Jbliis 5jugiSf Ian-ceolatis^f cequalibus,^* and tells us

that it is common at Surdudy and near Mor. The general name of senna in Arabia is suna
LUw, but this more particularly applies to that of Yemen (Arabia Felix). What is obtained
farther North, and brought to Mecca for sale, is called suna Mecki iS^ Lu., indicative of its
being sold at Mecca; it is also sometimes termed hedjazi (Sj^a^f : both have sharp-pointed
leaves, and are powerfully cathartic; as I have already noticed in the first volume, the senna
in common use amongst the Indian practitioners is the blunt-leaved senna (senna Italica. s.
foliis obtusis. Bauh. pin. 397.). It is a common plant on the Coromandel coast, but is not near
so valuable a medicine as the skarp-pomted senna of Forskahl.
* Vide Forskahl, Descriptiones Plantarum, Florae Egyptiaca, Arabicee, p. 85. f Vide Forskahl
Florae Egyptiaca, p. 66.
An alkaline substance has lately been found by MM. Lassaigne and Feneuile in the pods and
leaves, of senna: it is solid, yellowishbrown, of a peculiar odour, and nauseously bitter,
soluble in water, alcohol, and ether; its medical properties are not yet rightly ascertained;
they call it cathartine.
CCXXII.
NIRA POOSEE (Siam.)
This is the name of a root which Dr. Finlayson found in Siam : it is rubbed up with water and
used in cases of aphtha?, commonly in conjunction with another root, soong-koong.
CCXXIIL
NIRPULLI C^^Lc3VTC5v-r (Tam.) (Hort.
Mai.) Axillary Spiderwort.
Tradescantia Axillaris (Lin.).
CI. and Ord. Hexandria Monogjmia. Nat. Ord. Ensatae. Winkelblutige Tradescantie (Nom.
Triv. Willd.).
Rheede* tells us that a decoction of this plant is considered as a useful remedy on the
Malabar coast in cases of timpanites.
. Of the essential character of the genus, Willde-now says, " Cal. 3-phyllus; petala 3 ;
Jilamenta viliis articulatis; caps. S-locularis" (Spec. Plant, tom. ii. p. 16.).
* Rheede Mai. x. pp. 25 28. t. ] S.
The species* in question is called bgha-nuila in Hindoostanie: it is an annual plant, ^ith a
stem, creeping at the base, but soon ascending. Kcsnig informs us, that the kaves are linear,
acute-spreading, having coloured sheaths, ciliate, with long hairs; the Jlowers are axillary and
solitary; the calyjc three-parted and keeled, corolla one-petalled, of a funnel form, and deepblue colour; the tube twice as long as the calyx; segments three, shorter, blue; Jilaments with

jointed hairs; style club-shaped. The plant is a native of the Malabar coast.
Four species of it are indigenous to Jamaica!, and are there considered to have virtues against
the poisons of all sorts of spiders. Five species are growing in the botanical garden of
Calcutta.
CCXXIV.
NITTAH, or MITHA BISH (Sans,) Jdhdr (Hind.)
This substance was brought to Dr. F. Hamilton while in Behar, where he was told that in
about the quantity of one grain it is serviceable in the worst stages of typhus fever: the
professional men of that district informed him,that it was a poison to all animals, man
excepted. What it may be in a botanical point of view does not appear. Hamilton's MSS.
* Five species of tradescantia grow in Ceylon. The specie* Malabarica (the tali-ptiUi of
Rheede) is quite common in most parts of India.
t Barham, p. 177. also Flora Jamaicensis, vol. ii. p. 189.
MATERIA INUICA.
ccxxv.
NOOCHIE G'3^f5=^ (Tarn.) Nirgundi (Beiig.) Shiimhalie JL^ (Duk.) Fenjengisht CiiJJVi
(Arab.) Nisinda (Hiiul.) ill^iSSS ^L (I'ers.) Wai/alakoo (Tel.) Srnduj/a (Sans.), also
Smdhooka (Sans.) Five-leaved Chaste Tree.
ViTcx Negundo (Lin.).
CI. and Ord. Didynainia Angiospermia. Nat. Ord. Personata;. Negundo-muUen fNom. Triv.
Willd.).
The essential character of the genus has been given under article Neer-Noochie ; see p. '237.
The medicinal qualities of the plant in question are similar to those of the vilej: triJoHa, but
somewhat weaker; the dose of the decoction of the root is about half a tea-cupful given twice
daily: it is a pleasant bitter, and is administered in cases of intermittent and typhus tever.
The vilex negundo is the Ihuoc-on-rung of the Cochin-Chinese, the Aemnosiof Rheede (Mai.
ii. p. 15. t. 11.), the lagondium litoreum of Rumph. (Amb. iv. p. 50. t. 190t 3"*^^ the suduniica of the Cyngalese. "It has an arboreous twisted stem, about the size of the human arm,
rising ten feet high, with a grey bark; the leaves, which are from one to three inches long, are
opposite, on long foot-stalks, tliey are quinnate, and ternate-serrate, and have a pleasant
smell; the flowers, which are of a purplish colour, are raceme-panicled; the calyx, corolla, and
fruit, resemble those of the xitex trifoUa." The plant is a native of China
fcj.

CHAP. I. MATERIA INDICA. S5S

and Cochin-China, as well as Ceylon and Southern India: it is the ^^vitex trifolia IncUca
cordata'* of Burm. (Zeyl. p. 229. R ) My friend Mr. Sherwood tells me that the leaves simply
warmed he found an excellent application in cases of rheumatism or sprains. The
Mahometans are in the habit of smoaking the dried leaves in cases of head-ache and catarrh.
Dr. F. Hamilton found the dried fruit considered as vermifuge in Behar. MSS.
Nine species of vitex are growing in the Honourable Company's botanical garden at Calcutta,
natives of India. See Hortus Bengalensis, p. 46. Six species grow on Ceylon.
CCXXVI.
NOONA MARUM ELLEY cs^^s>LcyTLDULSww (Tam.), also Nona marum elley. Chota dlka
paat dL\^ i^Wl^ (Duk.) Mdlooghoodoo dkoo (Tel.) Kleeba (Sans.) Leaf of the narrow-leaved
Morinda.
MoRiNDA Umbellata (Lin.).
CI. and Ord. Pentandria Monogynia. Nat. Ord. Aggregatae. DoldenbliUige Morinde (Nom.
Triv, WiUd.).
There are two varieties of this tree in India; our present article is the lesser, and would appear
to be the bancudoo lakki of the Malays. The lanceolate-ovate leaves of it, in conjunction with
certain aroma-tics, the Tamool doctors use in decoction, in cases of diarrhoea and lientery, in
the quantity of half a tea-cupful twice daily.
Of the essential character of the genus, Willdenow
says, "i^/orcs aggregati, inonopetalei; s/j^mo 2-fiduni; drupw aggregatse." Spec. Plant, vol. i.
p. 991.
The 7iQona is tlie cay nge-ba of the Cochin-Chinese, and the banctida angnstijblia of
Rumphius (Amb. iii. p. 157. t. 9S.), but Willdenow seems inclined to consider it rather as a
variety of the morinda ctiri/dlia than a distinct species: " esl polius var'telas seguentis vel
nova species." Its root (as well as that of the morinda citiifolia", the caif-nhau of the CochinChinese, and o/((i^a/?a of the Cyngalese, and which, by the way, the TamooJs also call ?
ioona mdrdrti) is used in many parts of India as a red dye, but we shall say more of its use in
the arts in another part of this work. Willdenow has hitherto noticed but three species of
morinda, viz. the two above specified, and the morinda royoc: this last is an American plant,
but is also a native of Jamaica, where, according to Browne (p. 15y.), its roots are employed
for dyeing linens of a dark hue. Bucfianan, in his "Journey through Mysore, &c." speaks,
however, of a fourth species, on which he has bestowed the appellation of m. ternijblia; the
root of which, he informs us, is considered as a valuable red dye in the central tracts of the
Peninsula. Tiie species citrifolia the Cochin-Chinese place amongst their medicinal plants,
believing the fruit to be deobstruent and emmenagogue, " in dysuria dolorem mitigat" Flor.
Cochin. Chin, vol. i. p. I to.

In the Flora Zeylanica, 81 and 82, both species (m. umbellata, and m. citrifolia) are noticed;
of the first it is said, " M. erecta, foliis lanceolato-ovatis, pedunculis co?i/eriis ; " of the other,
" M. ar ThU root is called in Mysore, where it is much prized, mnddi; in the Suroatran language il is
teriiicd miiciitinoborea, pedunculis solitariis.** The last is the coda pilava of Rheede (Mai. i. p. 97. t 52.), and
may be found described at length by Gaertner, in his work, " De Fructibus et Seminibus
Plantarum.** The mo-rinda umbellata is common in the woods of Cochin-China. Loureiro
informs us, that a decoction of the root is an excellent and permanent yellow dye: it is also,
he says, a red dye, with the addition of a little sappan wood. Flor. Cochin-Chin. vol. i. p. 140.
CCXXVII.
NULL UNNAY rgc^'GcJv^OTCfra/OTTn- (Tam.) Munchie noonay (Tel.) Mitta tail J^ l^
(Duk.) Oil qf the Oriental Sesamumj or Gingilie Oil.
Sesamum Orientale (Lin.).
CI. and Ord. Didynamia Angiospermia. Nat. Ord. LuridsB. OrientaUscher Sesam (Nom. Triv.
Willd.).
This fixed or expressed oil, besides being eaten by the natives, is used in medicine in cases
where cooling and bland oils are required; it is obtained, by expression, from the seed, called
in Tamoolt yelloo ; in Guzerattie tal; in Hindooie tiU; in Dukhanie JJ ^^L; in Tellingoo
noowoloo ; in Arabic ^ ^ rin, sumsum; in Persian o>^siJ^&> kunjid; in Canarese eUu ; and
in Sanscrit taila. The seeds are whitish,
* It 18 considered, by some native practitioners, to possess em-menagogue virtues, and to be
capable, jf incautiously used, of causing abortion.
f There is a dark-coloured and somewhat larger variety called in Taraool carvelloo, also a
white sort termed iambranie ydhtv andl wMay yeUoo.
not larger than those of the inustaril plant, flat, and heart-shaped, and are used as food by the
Hindoos, after having been toasted and ground into meal, which meal is called in Arabic jyiiij
rehshee. The expressed oil, when fresh, has a very pleasant taste, and is much employed by
the Indians in preparing their victuals ; it is highly estemed by the Japanese, who cultivate
the seed from which it is obtained in great abundance. On Java the plant is named Weedshen; it is the saUt kJ^a of Forskahi, or rather he found it growing in Lower Egypt, under that
name. Virey, in his " Histoire Naturelle des Medicamens/'" tells us, that the seed *' est
visqueuse, emolliente, paregorique, utile dans les cohques, et autres dou-leurs." The French
of Eastern countries call the plant Jujeoline ; the Japanese goma gara.
Our present article, which is the schit-elu of the Hort. Mai. and, according to Dierbach, the
S^Vo/wv of Hippocrates, and another species, the sesamum Indictim, are cultivated much in
Jamaica. Lunant says, from the authority of Barhain (p. 191.), that the seed and herb itself,

boiled in honey, make a good cataplasm for indurated tumours. In Greece the seeds are made
into cakes, and, according to Sir H. Sloane, what is called the bean or ntandarine broth of
China, is nothing else than an emulsion made of these seeds and hot water. There is a kind of
oil much used in dressing food in Mysore; and obtained from seeds, called by the Canarese
htls j/elho, and in Du-khanie iLJ Jj ram iilla. It is got from no species of sesamum, but from
the verbesina saliva of Roxburgh. Dr. Heyne seems to have thought that this plant was
' Page 186.
-{ See Flora Jamatcensit, vol. ii. p. 252.
peculiar to tbe Bengal provinces, and not knmirn on the <x>aBt, but he was mistaken; he
speaks of it under the Indian name of the xverifmuaf and has given a minute botanical^
description of it; he adds, that the oil expressed from the larger seeds is the conmion lamp oil
of Upper India, and that it is ex^ tremely cheap.
Of the essential character of the genus sesamum, Willdenow says, ** CaL 5*partita; cor.
campanulata, 5-fida; lobo infimo majore; rwUmentum fflamenti quinti; stigma lanceolatum ;
caps. 4-Iocularis*' (Spec. Plant vol. iii. p. 858. )
Of the species which produces the gingilie oil, I shall only mention that it is an annual plsmt,
rising to the height of two feet, with an herbaceous four-cornered stalk ; leaves opposite,
petioled, ovate-obl<mg, entire; and Jkmers axillary and solitary; these are of a dirty white
colour, and shaped not unlike that of the foxglove. The sesamum orientale is the gomOf also
gomo gara of the Japanese, and tbe tay-me of the Cochin-Chinese, who consider the oil as
rescdvent^ and to be particularly indicated in convulsions {Flon Cochin-Chin. vol. ii. p. 882.).
The plant is the t^ tola of the Cyngalese.
CCXXVIII.
NUNDIAVUTTEI rBrBg\xjn-cruL-(S)i (Tam.)
also (Tel.) Nandivriksha ^f^<^^^ (Sans.) Brpad^
kaved Rosebay.
Nerium Coronarium (Jacq.).
* See Heyne'i Tracts on India, p. 40.
VOL. II. S
CI. and Ord. Pentandria Monogynia. Nat. Ord. Contorts. Breitballriger Oleander (Nom. Triv.
Willd.).
The juice of the white leaves of this handsome shrub, the Hindoo doctors drop into the eyes
in cases of ophthalmia ; it is supposed to be of a very cooling nature.
Of the essential cliaracter of the genus, Willde-now observes, " Contorta ; Jblliculi 2, erecti;

sent. plumosa; cor. tubus terminatus corona lacera." Spec. Plant, vol. i. p. 1234.
The species in question is of a milky nature, and rises to the height of about five feet, with an
ash-coloured bark. The leaves are elliptic, peduncles in pairs, from the forks of the branches;
two fiower-ed." The flowers, though beautiful, are without odour, unless it be in the morning
early; the perianth is green ; tube of the corolla a greenish yellow, and the boarder snow
white. The plant is common in many parts of India, and is the nandi-ervatam of Rheede
(JWal. ii. p. 105. t. 54. and SS.), iYiQjtos ia-nilhanns of Rumph. (Amb. iv. p. 8?. 139,), and
the jasminum Zeylanicum folio oblongo, Jlore albo plena odoratissimo of Burm. (Zeyl. 129. t.
59.) Our article with seven other species are growing in the botanical garden of Calcutta.
' See Willdenow, vol. I. p. 1236.
CHAP. I. MATERIA INDICA. S59
CCXXIX.
NURRI-VUNG YUM rgrrGavyK/wn-uui^CTain.) Jungtie piazyLa, jti^ (Duk.) SquiUt
substituteJbr.
Erythronium Indicum (Rottler.)*
See article Squill, at p. 402 of Vol, I.
ccxxx.
NUTTEI CHOORIE VAYR (Tarn.) Ma-dona ghenti (Tel.) Madana-bunta-kada (Hort-Bengal.)
Madana ghanti (^n mPH (Sans.) Root qf the Shaggy Button Weed.
Spermacoce Hispida (Lin.).
CI. and Ord. Tetrandria Monogynia. Nat Ord. Stellatas. Borstiger Zahnwirbel (Nom. Triv.
Willd.).
This root, as it appears in the medicine bazars, is a little thicker than our sarsaparilla, and not
unlike it in taste ; it is also used for similar purposes ; viz. as an alterative and purifier of the
blood; given in decoction to the quantity of about four ounces or more daily.
Of the genus, Willdenow says, " Cor. l-petala, in-fundibulif; Sent. 2, bidentata."
The species in question, which is the fteen-modoo gcetakola of the Cjoigalese, is an annual
plant, with
Eight species are growing in the botanical garden of Calcutta; but two appear, by Moon's
Catalogue, to be natives of Ceylon,
S 2
diifuse, obsotetely, four^ided, hairy branches j leaves obovate, cuneate, waved, and scabrous ;

Jlowers ver-ticelled, two, three, or four in each axil; tube of the coroi. twice the length of the
calyx; stamens and style erect. Roxburgh speaks of it under the Teljngooname of madanabunta'kada, andtells us, that it is common in sandy places near the sea on the Coro-mandel
coast; it is the galiopsis Zeylanica of Burman (Zeyl. 163. t. 20. f. S.), and apparently the
tardaul of Rheede (Mai. ix. p. 1-1-9. t. 7ti.). Of the genus there are five species natives of
Jamaica, but none of them are considered as medicinal.
CCXXXI.
ODALLAM (Malayahe). Coat aralie (Tarn.) Mango-Ukc Cerbera.
Cerbera Manghas (Lin.).
CI. and Grid. Pentandria Moiiogynia. Nat. Ord. Contorts. Ostindiscker Scliellenbaum (Nom.
Triv. WUld.).
Oddllam, or, as Rheede iias it, odollam(^Mal.i. p.71. t. 3i).), is the name given on the Malabar
coast to a milky tree, the seeds of the fruit of which are powerfully narcotic, resembling in
tlieir effect that arising from the datura. The fruit itself is not unlike a mango both in colour
and shape, but has one side more concave than the other; the seeds, which are two in
number, are the size of large ches-nuts. Dr. Horsfield informs us, in his account of
See Roxburgh's Flora Inilica, p, 379- vol, i. ji.
the medicinal plants of Java ^, that the leaves and bark are both considered on that island as
purgative; and that the fruit is externally applied as a cataplasm in diseases of the skin. Virey
f, in his << Histaire Naiurelle des MSdicamens,'* notices the same virtues in the bark, adding,
that the fruit is emetic*
The cerbera manghas is the manghas lactescens of Burman (Zeyl. 150. t. 70. f. 1.), and the
arbor lactaria of Rumphius (Amb. ii. S43. t. 81.), who speaks of the bark as being powerfully
cathartic. It moreover appears to be the cerbera salutaris of Loureiro, the gankaduru of the
Cyngalese, the bintaro of the Javanese, and the cay-muop-sac of Cochin-China, where it
grows near the sea-shore. Vide Flor Coch. Chin. (vol. i. p. 136.) I am much inclined to thinks
that it is this tree which Avicenna (15S) mentions under the Arabic name of^JJ^ y^ka^jubla
kunJc^ adding, ** Arbor venenata lactescens Indica, flore luteo, cujus succus inspissatus cum
turbith congruat;'' and I shall take this opportunity of stating, as I have had occasion to
mention this celebrated Arabian pl^* sician and author, that his writings are known in
Eastern countries, under the name of ^yJUl ^ (jjtt^ canooniJiU tibb ; they treat of medicine
and diseases in general, and the qualities and virtues of compound and simple medicines, and
also of anatomy. The work consists of twelve books, by the author Abu Ah/ Hussein Ben
Abdalla Ben Sina (Avicenna), who was bom in the city of Bokhara, A.D. 980, and died at
Hamadan, A.D. 1036. An edition of his writings was printed at Rome, in 1595, afterwards
Sec Asiatic Journal for March 1819, p. 262. t See Histoire Naturelle des Medicamens, p. 192.
S 3

r
902 MATERIA INDICA. PAltT 11.
translated into Latin, and published at Venice, in 1608.
Of the essential character of the genus, Willde-now observes simply, " Contorta drupa
monosperma" (Spec. Plant vol. i. p. 1222.).
The species in question, wliich grows in sandy si-tuations on the shores of Singapore, and
some of the adjacent islands, has leaves closely approximate, scattered, oblong, acute,
attenuate, downwards; lacinice of the corolla ovate, with an incurved, sub-retuse apex. The
tree is rather small, and the branches remarkably thick and subcylindric j d?-upes two, ovate,
oblong.'
I shall conclude what I have to say of this article, by mentioning what Dr. Horsfield relates in
speaking of the fruit of the cerbera manghas in Java. I quote his words : " I was once witness
of the effects of a small dose upon a Javanese woman, who had swallowed, out of curiosity,
about a scruple of the external part of the fruit, in the absence of her dukung (physician); it
produced partial delirium; she could no longer distinguish the persons and objects that
surrounded her, but retained the faculty of speech t; and so far corresponding with Avicenna's
* The reaJcr must observe, that the plant here described is the cerbera manghas, Roxburgh
{Flor. Ind. vol. ii. p. 529.)- The cerbera odotlam, mentioned at page 529. of the work just
quoted, is a diflerent plant, being a large tree with alternate lanceolate leaves, crowded about
the ends of the branchlets, and having large, white, fragrant-smelling flowers. Odallam is,
therefore, perhaps, not the proper name to have bestowed on the milky narcotic species, but
it was long known by that appellation, till more accurate botanical examination ascertained
distinctions.
f Sec Horsficld's account of Java medicinal plants, in the Asiatic Journal for March 1819.
CCXXXII.
ORK JENA ^U^ iSjj^ (Arab.).
A root mentioned by Forskahl, in his Mat. Med. Kahirina; used in cases of colic.
CCXXXIII.
OODOOMBOO 2_^LOM (Tarn.) Ghdre pore JHjy^ (Duk.) Ooodoomoo (TeL) Zip (Arab.)
Ghoda Sala^ also GaudhBra ThmT (Sans.) Guana.
Lacerta Iguana (Shaw.).
The body of the dried guana, made into an electuary with a certain portion of ghee (clarified
butter), the Vytians recommend as a strengthening medicine in consumptive complaints, and
for that state of de-biUty into which camel-riders often fall, from the shaking and sickening*

motion of that large animal. The head, tail, and feet of the guana are not em-> ployed in
medicine.
Tlie guana of India is generally found about old walls and ruinous buildings \ it is about two
feet long, and very much resembles in shape the lacerta alUga^ tor ; the belly is protuberant;
the tail long and round, thick at its commencement, and tapering gradually towards a sharp
point; its back, tail, and throat are serrated, and its whole surface is covered with
* It 18 a curious fact, that camel-riders seldom attain to a great age: this is not the case with
those who conduct elephants, the motion of that animal being altogether different.
8 4 numerous shining scales, reflecting various colours in sun-shine. The flesh is relished by the
Mahometan inhabitants of India, and is supposed to be very strengthening j in the West
Indies it is even salted and barrelled up for exportation. This animal may with care be made
so tame, that it will follow a man like a dog. The animal lays between fifty and sixty eggs,
which, at Panama, and other parts of South America, are considered as great delicacies. An
old Spanish writer, Herrera *, tells us, that in the city of Mexico guanas are brought to market
for sale as food; the Spanish say, that the flesh tastes like that of pheasants; I myself have
eaten in India soup made of the guana, and found it far from unpalatable. Virey, in his
Histoire des Medicamens, tells us, that in America the Sesh is considered as antivenereal and
purifying. See work (p. 117.).
CCXXXIV.
OODERIE VAYNGHIE (Tam.) Peet shala (Hind.) Ymngasha (Tel.) The Walkted Ptero. carpus.
Ptbrocaupus Marsdpium (Roxb.).
This is a very beautiful large tree, common in the mountainous tracts of the Coromandel
coast, from wliich there exudes, at particular seasons, a reddish gum-resin, which, as well as
the bark of the tree, the natives suppose to have virtues in the tooth-ache.
Of the essential character of the genus, it has been said, ^'Cali/x a one-leafed perianth, fivetoothed ;
* Sec his History, vol.ii. p. 11.
corolla p^ttUpnaceous; stamens ten filaments^ with roundish anthers} the pistil has a
roundish germ awlpshaped Btyiidf and simple stigma; the pericarp a sickle-shaped legume;
seeds few, solitary/'
Of the species in question, Willdenow observes, *' Arbor magno, ligno duro, aurantii colons;
JbUa pinnata, foliolis ellipticis, altemis, petiolatis, emargi^ natis; panictda terminalis ampla;
Jlores albi; ^la^ menta decern in cylindrum bipartitum connata ; le-gumen falcatum acutum
ala cinetum, mono vel dispermum/' I shall only add, that the leaves are most perfectly oval,
about three inches long, and not quite two broad. The tree * is of the CI. and Ord. Diadelphia

Decandria. Nat. Ord. papiUonaceof ; and to it Willdenow has given the trivial name of
ausgerandetejlugelfrucht. It may be found minutely described in Roxburgh's Coromande]
Plants (ii. p. 9*
t 116.).
The species draco is common at Java, and is there called sono'ansana; its exudation, dragon's
bloody the natives consider as tonic.
ccxxxv.
OOMATAY, or OOMATIE, Thorn Apple,
Is the general Tamool name for all the daturas in Lower India. The d. fastuosa is called karoo
ooma^ toy wC52i3vrLOS'fi2)5" (Tam.), or black datura, and is that sometimes smoked for
asthma; the vulkaf oomatay, or white datura, is the datura metel; and the niungil oomatai/y
or yellow*flowered datura, is the
* It is not unfrequcntly made into raflers for crossing rivers.
r
266 MATERIA INDICA. . PART II.
datura ferox, which is also occasionally smoked, and the leaves of which are sometimes
employed to make arrack more intoxicating. See article Thorn Apple (vol. i. p. 44-2., also at p.
GSG., vol i.).
In the datura stramonium Brandes has discovered a new principle, to which he has given the
name of daturine.
CCXXXVI.
OOGHAl PUTTAY 2i_0j^Li-jL'^!_i2)i_ (Tarn.) Ghoonie imlta (Tel.) Bark qf the Persian
Salvadora.
Salvadora Persica (Vahl.).
CI. and Ord. Tetrandia Monogynia. Nat. Ord. Atriplices. Persiche Salvadore (Norn. Triv.
Willd.).
This bark, which is a little warm and somewhat acrid, is recommended by the Hindoo doctors,
in decoction, in cases of low fever, and as a tonic and stimulant in amenorrhcea. The bark of
the root, wheti fresh bruised, acts as a vesicatory. The small, red, edible berries, have an
aromatic smell and taste, not unlike tlie garden cress. The dose of the decoction is half a teacupful twice daUy.
Of the essential character of the genus, Willde-now says, " Cal. 4-fidus; corolla. 4-fida; bacca
L-sperma ; senu arillo vestitum." (Spec. Plant, vol. i.

p. 095.)The species in question, whicli is the rivina panicu-lata of the Syst. Nat. (x. p. 899.), is the pitu
of the Hindoos of Upper India, and is mentioned by Forskahl * (Desc p.32. d.8.) under the name of cissus ar-horea. It is a middle sized tree, a native of
most parts of the Circars, though Roxburgh tells us, by no means common; it is also a native
of the Persian Gulph, and for the most part rises to the height of about ten feet, with a
crooked trunkj which is one foot in diameter ; hark scabrous and cracked; branches
numerous, spreading, and their extremities pendulous, like those of the weeping willow;
leaves opposite, petioled, oval or oblong, shining on both sides, and from one to two inches
long, and one broad; Jhwers minute, very numerous, and of a greenish yellow; the berry very
minute, much smaller than a grain of pepper, smooth, red, juicy, with one seed, t It would
appear that the tree has another Telingoo name besides that given above, as Roxburgh calls it
pedda-waragO'Wenki (Tel.). See Hort Bengalensis, p. 83.1:
CCXXXVII.
ORIL ATAM AR A Y (^rr^i/ro^ ^ n- lo^tj^o- (Tam.) Ruttiin puruss ^j^j^j ^ (Duk.)
Poorusharalanum
(Tel.) C/idran ^^2^ (Sans.) Suffruticose Fiolet.
Viola Suffruticosa (Lin.).
CI. and Ord. Pentandria Monogynia. Nat Ord. Campananceae. Straucfiartiges Veilchen
(Nom.Triv. WiUd.).
For an account of the virtues of this plant, according to the notions of the Cochin-Chinese,
see article Ark or Ork of this
Part of the work; the edible fruit is the cXtS of the Arabians.
t See Flora Indica, vol. i. p. 404.
X Our article is growing in the botanical garden of Calcutta. Two species are natives of
Ceylon.
The leaves and tender stalks of this low-growing violet are demulcent, and are used by the
natives in decoction and electuary; they are also employed, in conjunction with some mild oil,
in preparing a cooling liniment for the head. Of the decoction about an ounce and a half is
given, twice daily.
Of the essential character of the genus, Willde-now says, " Cal. 5-phyIlus; cor. 5-petala
irregularis postice cornuta; aTUh. coha;rentes; caps, supera, 3-valvia, l-locularis" (Spec. Plant,
vol. i. p. J159.).
Our present article the maha^oiu-weenna of the Cyn-galese, is a rugged and somewhat
prickly procumbent fierb, much branched, and hard, as in the Helian-t/iemum, with leaves

lanceolate, subserrate, clustereil, and calyxes equal behind. See Flor. Zeylan. (S18.) It is
common in the SouUiern ti'acts of India, and has a small crimson flower much like that of
the viola enneasperma, which is the nelam-parenda of Rheede(Hort. Malab ix. liy. t. 60.),
CCXXXVIII.
PAAK Ljn-w (Tarn.) Supearie <sj^.y^ (Duk.) Fo()ful ^v (Arab.) VuJtka (Tel.) Puwalc
(Cyng.) Penaiig (Malay.) ./ami/(Jav.) Kramuka\ =*^=ti alsoGurSAflt ^T5fi (Sans.) Betel
Nut.
Aheca Catechu (Lin.).
Of this plant Roxburgh aaye, " Siem scarcely any, but many diffuae, round, smoolh
branches , leaves alternate, subsessile, ion-ceolate; i(i>i(teBnialI, andjWuHc&i axillary,
solilwy, and onc-flowcred ; petals five, rosy.' Flor. Ind. vol. ii. p.W7.
I Tlic two Sanscrit names apply to the tree only: the fruit i
called TS^CL and Qrd Monoecia Monadelphia. Nat. Ord. Palmas. Gemeine Arecapalme (Norn. Triv.
Willd.).
The betel mtts, when young and tender^ are^ in conjunction with other articles, occasionally
made into decoction, and prescribed for such people as suffer from costiveness consequent of
dyspepsia; the dose about half a tea-cupful twice daUy. When full grown they are chewed
with the betel leaf, which is the leaf of the piper betels and their common name in commerce
is kaU-paak.
Of the essential character of the genus, Willde-now says,
<* Masculi. CoL 3-partitus ; cor. 3-petala; stam. 6-basi cohasrentia.
" Feminei. CaL S-phyllus; cor. 3-petala ; nect. 6-dentatum$ slyl. 3-brevissimi, drupa
monosperma'' (Spec. Plant, vol. iv. p. 594.).
The species in question is the nux fauf el of Bontius, the pinanga arica of Rumph. (Amb. i. p.
26. t 4.), the fin-lam of the Cochin-Chinese, and die launga of Rheede (Mai. i. p. 9* t. 5, 6, 7
^O- ^^ ^^ ^ P^^ which grows to the height of fifty feet or more ; it has no branches, but its
leaves are very beautiful, forming a round tufl at the top of the trunk, whidi is usually about
six or eight inches in diameter, straight, round, and marked with parallel rings.
*< The fronds, which are pinnated, spring forth in pairs, decussated, encircling the top of the
trunk at their base, and thus producing an oblong head, larger than the trunk itself; they are
not more in number than six or seven, unarmed, reclining, six feet long, on a stipe four feet in
length. These fronds break and fall off In succession, and from their axils issue the sheaths
which inclose the flowers and finiits. The fruit is a drupe of an ovate form, smooth, about the
size of a pullet's egg, and does not iall from the tree even when ripe, in which state it is

astringent, but not unpalatable; it has a yellowish shell, which is thin, brittle, white, with
arched red veins cohering with the pulp all round."
The betel nuts, when drift are consumed in great quantity, in India, being chewed with the
betel leaf as a luxury; the nuts are usually cut into four equal parts, one of which is put into a
leaf, over which a little quick lime (chunam) is laid, then rolled up and chewed altogether.
This provokes much spitting of a reddish-coloured saliva, occasioned by the areca. The
Indians have an idea, that by this means the teeth are fastened, the gums cleaned, and the
mouth cooled.
The betel nut tree grows in most parts of India; the produce is also brought to that country
from Achin, t Malacca, Borneo, t and Cochin-China. Besides the purposes already mentioned,
it may be observed here, that a strong decoction of the nuts is used in dyeing. A red variety is
common at Joanha, and in Malabar, there employed in dyeing that colour. The average
number of nuts growing on one tree, on the Coromandel coast, is usually about three
hundred.
The Arabian writers mention the areca nut frequently in their works: Avicenna under the
name of A*cj ; Serapio || under that of Ji^ ; both con* In some parts of India, aa in Cnnara, in place of quick-lime lliey use the ashes of the bark of
a common tree (c/iuncoa tnultia) (Buch.), these ashes they call mittti. See Buchanan's
Journey through Mysore and Canara, vol. ill. p. 202.
f See Elmore's Guide to the Indian Trade, p. 59.
X See Dr. Leyden's sketch of that island, in th seventh volume of the Transactions of the
Batavian Society.
f See Avicenna, 23(5,
II See Serapio, cap. 345.
sidered it as astringent and tonic. In the West Indies they suppose that the juice of the dry,
ripe nut, mixed, as above noticed, with the leaf, and a small quantily of lime, strengthens the
stomach when swallowed, but that when taken by itself it impoverishes* the blood, and
causes jaundice. I shall conclude, by here stating, that the modem Arabs, while they
occasionally chew the betel nut in the same manner as the Indians do, would seem to give a
preference to what they call ^IT kad^ an appellation given to the buds of a plant they term
l^U; this, they think, sweetens the breath, and preserves the gums.
Loureiro, in his Ror. Cochin-Chin. vol. ii. p. 567. gives a full account of the virtues of the areca
catechu ; he also notices another species, areca silvestris (cay-rung), the leaves of which are
chewed with the betel nut. Three species of areca grow in Ceylon.
CCXXXIX. PADDICARUMi-jL-QL^eHrr/7-LD(Tam.) Alum.
AXUMEN*

In addition to what I have said of alum, in the first volume of this work, I shall here observe,
that the native practitioners use it for nearly the same purposes that we do, as an astringent
in repellent lotions and collyria. For the different oriental names, the reader is referred to the
volume just mentioned. Chemically, it may be said that alum dissolves in about five parts of
water at 60**, and the solution reddens
* See Lunan's Hortus Jamaicentis, vol. i. p. 86.
!S7S MATERIA INDICA. PART II.
blues; in its crysta(line form, R. Phillips, by recent experitiients, found it consisted of two
proportions of sulphate of alumina, one of bi-sulphate of potass, and twenty-two of water.
See Brande's Manual of Chemistry vol. U. p. 310.
CCXI..
PADRIE VAYR L^rr^^rf-Qa-.^rr (Tam.) Kd-Ughotoo (Te!.) Root of the Chelonoid TnaapetFhwer.
BiGNONiA Chelonoides (Lin.).
CI. and Ord. Didynamia Angiospermia. Nat. Ord. Bignoniffi (Juss.) Schildblumenartige Trompetenblume (Nom. Triv. Willd.).
This pleasant-tasted root, as well as the fragrant flowers of the tree, the Vytians prescribe in
infusion as a cooling drink in fevers. Rheede, who speaks of the tree imder the name of
padrie, informs us , that the juice of the leaves, mixed with lime-juice, is of use in maniacal
cases: of the infusion above noticed the dose is about half a tea-cupful twice daily.
Of the genus, Willdenow says, " Ckil. d-fidus, cya-thiformis; cor. fauce campunalata, 5-flda,
subtus ventricosa; siUqua S-locularis ; sem. membranaceo-alata." Spec. Plant, (vol. iii. p.
289.)

The species in question is the ela-palol of the Cyngalese: it is a large tree, with a whitish ashcoloured bark, with spreading leaves, petioled, with about five pairs of opposite petioled
leaflets; panicle terminating; ^erf/cefo opposite, dichotomous ;,_^oifCT-5
See Hurt. Mai. (vi. pp. 4-7. 48. 1.2fi.)
solitary from the divisions; calyx hoary; border of the corolla a little arched, rough with hairs,
red cleft.* The beautiful purple sweet-smelling flowers of the bignonia cJielonoides are
amongst those which the Hindoos think are acceptable to their gods, and are in consequence
offered by them at their temples; when immersed in water, they give it an agreeable odour.
Sir William Jones, in the fifth volume of his works (p. 13ii, 13l ), gives us a descriptioa of a
plant called in Sanscrit jo/7/flr/i, and in Hindoostanie jo^ra&r, which resembles in many
respects the padrie of the Coro-mandel and Malabar coasts; but the pericarp and the form of
the seeds are very different. Of this genus four species grow in Jamaica; one of which, the
bignonia leucoxylon or white-wood^ is medicinal, and is particularly noticed by Sloane in his
Calalogus Plantarum Jamaic.^ the bitter juice and tender buds of it are supposed there to be
an antidote against the poisonous juice of the Manchioneel.t Another species, the b.
longissimat is considered one of the most useful timber trees in the West Indies, and is pe
liarly distinguished by its beautiful numerous flowers and slender siliques: the French call it
chine noir. Four species of bignonia appear to be natives of Ceylon (Moon's Catalogue, p.
4.5.). Three are natives of Japan, and three of Cochin-China. Flor. Coch, Chin. (vol. ii. p. 378.)
Sec Willd. Spec. Plant, torn. iii. p. 305.
f See Lunan's Hortus Jamaicensis, vol. ii. p. 279.
VOL. n.
CCXLL
PALOOPAGHEL KALUNG L(^L-n-o>a\-9> ^i^^ (Tarn.) Agokara, also Angakdrd gudia
(Tci.) -Soo/ of the Dioicus Momordica.
MOMORDICA DiOICA (RoxK).
CI. and Ord. Monoecia Monadelphia. Nat. Ord. Cucurbitaceae. Getrenter Balsamapfel (Nom.
Triv. Willd.).
This mucilaginous-tasted root, the Hindoo doctors prescribe in the form of electuary in cases
of bleeding-piles, and in certain bowel-affections connected with such complaints: the dose
about two drachms or njore twice daily.
Qf the essential character of the genus, Willdenow 8ay9,
* Masculi. CaL 5.fidus; cfir. 5-partita ; fiL S.
" Feminei. CaL 5-fidus; cor. 5-partita: stiflus S-fidus ; pepo elastice dissiliens.*' Spec. Plant,
vol. iv. p. 601.

Of the species itself, the same author observes, " Pomis ellipticis muricatis, floribus diocis,
foliis cordatis acuminatis dentatis.'* Again, ' CauUs scandens angulatus; yotfa cordata
indivisa acuminata dentata utrinque glabra bipollicaria; cirrhi oppositi-folii simplices
filefbrmes; Jlores dioici, feminei axil-lares solitarii; Jriictus magnitudine prima? speciei
ellipticus tuberculis acutis densissime obsitus." See Spec. Plant, vol. iv. p. 605.
The plant, the Sanscrit name of which is vahisecy and the Cyngalese tiimba-karamllay is a
native of the Cowmandel coast, and its fruit is considered amongst
CHAP. I. MATERIA INOICA, S75
the pot-vegetables of the Hindoos, though it is not held by them in so much estimation as the
produce of another species, of which there are two varieties in India, the momordica
charantia or hairy momordica; nay, I beheve, there is also a third species used for similar
purposes, the momordica muricataj which is the pai^el of Rheede (Malab. viii. p. 19. t. 10.). In
the western world there are two species of this genus (both annuals), considered as medicinal
: they are not, however, natives, but introduced from India; I mean the momordica balsamina
and mom. chararUia. The fruit of the first, Hasselquist informs us, in his Iter Palestinumy is
famous in Syria for curing wounds; it is a fleshy ovate berry, ending in acute points. The
natives cut it open and infuse it in sweet oil, which they expose to the sun for some days,
until it becomes red, and then preserve it for use; dropped on cotton, and applied to a fresh
wound, they consider it as a vulnerary little inferior to the balsam of Mecca. Of the second
(which is the pandipavel^ of Rheede, Mai. viii. p. I7. t. 9.) and the amara Indica of Rumph.
(Amb. v. p. 410. t. 151.), Browne, in his History of Jamaica, tells us, that at Kingston in
Jamaica, the boiled leaves, as well as a decoction of the plant itself, are equally used to
promote the lochiae.
From the Hortus Bengalensis we learn that seven species of momordica are now growing in
the Company's botanical garden at Calcutta, all natives of different parts of India. (See work,
p. 70.)
* Of this, the mom. charantia, more will be said in another part of this work; it is the muopdang of the Cochin-Chinese, wha prize the fruit much as a pot-herb; the pagulkat of tho^
TamOQli. and the karimla of the Cyogalese.
T
S76 MATERIA INDICA. PART II
CCXLII.
PAILLIE cTam.) Bullie (Tel) Musali'iTW^
also Sarata ViX^ (Sails.) Chilpdsah a*'Ji^ (Pers.)
Chapkall ^iJCv^ (Duk.) Chipkulee (Hind.) Gecko
(Lizard).

Lacerta Gecko (Shaw).

The bruised body of this animal, made into electuary, in conjunction with certain aromatics,
the Hindoo doctors think possesses virtues in leprous affections: this notion seems to us the
more extraordinary, when we are informed that one of the causes assigned for the Cochin leg
(elephas\ that morbid enlargement of the limb so common in Eastern countries, is the licking
with the tongue of a species of lizard, which the native practitioners reckon as poisonous, and
which is termed in Tamool paumboo-aranaij; nay, I know, that a very unpleasant scurfy and
slightly itchy eruption is certainly produced by the acrid water or juice which a lizard secretes,
the best remedy for which is frequent washing with soap and water, and a subsequent
application of a little castor-oil; maladies of this nature are fully treated of in a work in high
Tamool, entitled Aghastier Ahirum.
Tiie gecko is apt to be confounded with a variety of the common grey lizard (lacerta agilis),
and the natives sometimes indiscriminately give the same names to both ; but the first is
much larger, makes a strange chucking noise, especially in the evenings, is not so lively, and
on a minute examination will be found otherwise very different; so much so, that lately it has
been placed in a different genus. The geckos are found in South America, Africa, China, and
the East Indies, and are distinguished by the noxious fluid they secrete: the head is thick,
muzzle taper, tongue thick, flat, and sUghtly cleft at its tip, eyes like the chameleon's, body
long and thin, tail commonly cylindrical; the feet have five broad toes, flattened along their
margins, and of a light-grey colour. What is singular in the gecko lizard is, that it can walk
down the smoothest ghunam walls, which it does in search of flies; how it accomplishes this,
by its anatomical formation, is fully explained in a very interesting paper by Sir Everard
Home, to be found in the Phil. Trans, for 1816 (p. 149.). Mr. C. Stewart, in his Elements of
Natural History, informs us, that with the acrid fluid secreted by the gecko lizard the
Japanese poison their arrows. The lacerta agilis, or grey lizard, is comparatively innocent, is
very lively, is quite dumb, and has the back marked with a longitudinal dotted brownish line,
tongue forked, and capable of being thrust out of the mouth; the tail is at least as long as the
body, quite cylindrical, and composed of gombo rings, while the belly is covered with
imbricated scales. In Europe the internal use of the common green lizard had been extolled in
cases of leprosy, scrophula, and cancer (see Flores Specifique nouvellement decouvert, &c#
Lausaime, 1785.); but from trials made of it by Carminali, its virtues appear to be very
doubtful. Virey, in his Histoire Naturelle des Medicamens' (p. 1170> infoi'i^s us, that in
Spain and at Naples the lacerta agilis (Lin.), when deprived of the skin, head^ tail and
entrails, is administered in venereal cases, and quotes Florez as his authority (1782.), who
says of its specific virtues, " espicifico descubierto en el regno de quatiluana,'' adding, that it
produces salivation and sweating. The lacerta scincus (Lin.), the
T 3
officinal scink of Shaw, iii. pK Ixxix. is eaten by the Egyptians as a restorative and
aphrodisiac; the flesh used formerly to be an ingredient in old compound preparations, which
went under the name of theriaca andromacfu.
CCXLIII.

PANICHEKAI LjrJzjPfFP?=^9>n-aj also Toomblkai (Tarn,) Fruit a da grude (Port.) Tumika

(Tel.) Gaub (Hind.) Sindica (Sans.) Fruit of
the Glue-bearing Embn/opteris.
DiosPEROs Glutinosa (Koenigj. Embrtopteris Glutinifera (Lin.).
CI. and Ord. Dioecia Polyandria. Indischer Schleimapfel (Nom. Triv. Willd.).
Panichekai is the Tamool name given to the fruit of a tree common in the Indian woods, and
which is the embryopteris glutinifera (Lin.). See Cor. i. p. 49. t. 70. it was till lately taken, in
India, for a species of garcinia ; though it is well known that Gaertner, in his work " De
Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum^^^ had sufficiently well described it, so far back as I788,
under the name of embryopteris pere^ grina (see his work, i. p. 145.). It is the /ym. appel of
the Dutch, and tlie mangostan uian of the Malays ; its Sanscrit name is sindica also tembiri;
the Persians call it ^,^Lj panichie.
The fruit, in external appearance, is not unlike a russet apple, pulpy, of a rusty yellow colour,
and covered with a rust-coloured farina; on being punc-tured it gives out a juice of peculiar
astringency.
CHAP. t. MAtERlA INDiCA. S^D
and which the Hindoo doctors sometimes employ as an application to fresh wounds; it is,
besides, occasionally eaten, but is not palatable, and is often used by the carpenters of the
Malabar coast as an excellent glue. The whole fruit, pounded, is employed in the Bengal
provinces for paying the bottoms of boats, and called there gab.
The embryopteris ghUiniJerd is the otily species of the genus yet discovered, of which genus
the essential character is thus given by Willdenow:
" Masculi. CaL t-dentatus ; cor. 4.fidaj stam. iO; antherce bifidae.
" Feminei. CaL 4.dentatU3; cor. 4-fida; stigfAii cruciatum, sessile ; pomum^ 8-spefmum.'*
Of the plant in question (the panitsjika fnanM^ Hort. Mai.) we learn from Willdenow: "
Arbot mediocris, ramis teretibus pallidse fuscis ^ folia alternd semipedalia oblongo,
lanceolata acuta integerrima glabra venosa rigidiiiscula j Jlores ochroleuci, mascuU in
pedunculis multifloris axillaribus ; feminei in pe-dunculis unifloris solitariis.'* See Spec.
Plant, vol. iV. p. 83f>.
Rheede, speaking of the tree, says, " Arborid cortex in pulverem redactus ac cum oryzse
infuso, et expresso e matura nuce Indica lacteo succo mix* tus, atque febricatantibus
exhibitus aestum potenter extinguit; ex seminibus oleum exprimitur.'* Vide Hort* Mai. part
iii. p. 46. t. 41.

It is to be found in the woods of Ceylon, and id there called by the natives mahaHmbiri.
Roxburgh tells us, in his Cor. Plants (i. No. 70.), that it is a middle sized tree, growing in the
Circar mountains j it has a straight erect trunk ; leaves alternate, oblongs pointed, short
petioled ; wood not much worths Sei3 article Gaby in Part III. of this work*
T 4
80 MATERIA INDICA. PART XI*
CCXLIV.
PANNANGKULLOO L-OOTOvejo^a;^ (Tam> Tarie ^JU (Duk.) Tati kuUoo (Tel.) Tola ^T^
(Sans.) Palmyra Toddy.
BOKASSUS FlABLLIFORMIS>
CI. and Ord. Dioecia Hexandrla. Nat Ord. Palmas. Facherformige Weinpalme (Nom. Triv.
Willd.).
The wine, or rather the sweet and pleasant tasted fresh liquor called Palmyra toddy, which is
drawn from this tree, though far inferior to that got from the cocoa-nut tree, is of a very
cooling and gently aperient quality ; and is ordered to be drank by the Tamool physicians in
such cases as require drinks of that nature.
The tree, which is called tal both in Bengalie and Hindoostanie, is one of the most useful in
India, and will be further noticed in other parts of this work.
Of the essential character of the genus, Willde-now says,
" Masculi. Cal triphyllus ; cor. hypocraterifor-mis limbo tripartito.
" Feminei. Cal. 8 ; & 9-phyllus, imbricatus ; cor. 0; stam. 8-monadelphia; styl. 0 ; drupa tripyrena** (Spec. Plant, vol. iv. p. 800.).
There is but one species, which is, of course, our article. The male plant is the ampana of
Rheede (Mai. i. p. J3. t. 10. mas.); the female plant he mentions under the name of
carimpana, at page 11.
and table 9* Rumphius speaks of it under the appellation odontarus domestica (Arab. i. p. 45.
1.10.). It is the murume of the Cochin-Chinese^ and the tal-gaha of the Cyngalese.
The borassus flabeUiformis is very common in India, growing generally in sandy situations
near the sea; it rises to the height of about thirty feet, or more, with a trunk about a foot and
a half thick, covered with a very dark-coloured bark, and containing a soft pith in the middle.
The fronds are palmate, plaited, and cowled; stipes serrate, near six feet in length, flat, and
somewhat hollow and rough, with spines along the edges ; the leaf part is large and wide, and
folded like a fan or umbrella, for which purpose it is sometimes used; the fruit varies in size,
from a small orange to that of a child's head. From the sap, or sweet liquor, a coarse sugar is

made; the liquor, though it may be drank when fresh drawn from the tree without danger, on
being kept some hours after the sun is up, undergoes a fermentation, and intoxicates.
According to Spren-gel, in his " Hisloria rei Herbarice'* (vol. i. p. 272.), pi is the Arabic word
given by Avicenna (206.) for the borassus flabeUiformis, supposing it, certainly erroneously,
to be that tree which yields bdellium; see that article, in Vol. I. of this work. Crawfurd*, in his
Account of the Eastern Archipelago, informs us, that at Celebes, and other parts of those
countries, the toddy of the borassus flab, is called tar and taUiy names similar, or nearly so, to
the Dukha-nie and Sanscrit ones of India; in Timor it is termed suwalen, also holi. Roxburgh,
in his Coromandei Plants, vol. i. p. oO., tells us, that the male plant is
^ See bifi History of the Indian Archipelago, vol. L p. 445.
called in Tellingoo poota tali; the female, penty. After tlie caryota urens, it is one of the
largest palms on the Coromandel coast.
CCXLV.
PARATIE VAYR ^(f5^^Q<sxj& also Vun paratie vayr (Tam.) Kapils ke jtirr ^ ^ y-UT (Duk.)
Usml ul koten ^^ai y^\ (Arab.) Puttie vatfroo (Tel.) fVatta (Japan.) Cay-houng (CochinChin.) Bo/x 0axi (Mod. Greek). Karpasi ^^THt
or KdrpM cJ^|M|TF(t (Sans.) Root of the Cotton Bush.
GossYPiuM Herbaceum (Lin.).
CI. and Ord. Monadelphia Polyandria. Nat Ord. Columniferae. Krautartige BaumwoUe (Norn.
Triv. Willd.).
This root, which is woody, with numerous fibres, tapering and annual, has but little taste or
smell, and, I much suspect, possesses little real medicinal virtue. The Tamool doctors are in
the habit of prescribing it, however, in the form of decoction, in cases of strangury and gravel,
from a notion that it is demulcent; the dose is about half a tea-cupful or more, twice daily.
Of the essential character of the genus, Willdenow says, " Cat. duplex, exterior tJ-fidus; caps.
4-locu-laris; sem. lana obvulata.'*
The common cotton bush of India, which this is, rises to the height of about three or four
feet, with a round, upright, pubescent stem, at the bottom brown.
with Straight chinks, and spotted ivith black at the top; the branches are axillary; leaves
five^Iobed, without gland underneath, though, Willdenow says, uniglandulosis t} the corolla
is monopetalous, with a very short tube and a five-parted spreading border; the segments
blunt, crenate at the side, pale yellow, with five red spots at bottom, and deciduous ) capsule
bluntly three-cornered, three-valved, three-celled } seeds, which are a fattening food for
cattle, are ovate, about three in each cell, convex on one side, more flat on the other, and
immersed in Jine cotton. This species is common not only in India, but in the Levant, in
several Islands of the Archipelago, Sicily, Malta, &c. There is a beautiful variety of it on the
Coro-mandel coast, which has a dark red, sweet-smelling flower.

The uses of the cotton bush are well known, and will be noticed in another part of this work,
where the superior quality of the Bourbon cotton shall also be adverted to; this is the produce
of a bush which sometimes rises (at least in the West Indies |, whither it was taken in 1795)
to the height of eighteen feet or more.
One of the two species of the cotton-bush, cultivated in Jamaica, is considered as medicinal,
viz. the gossypium barbadense ; an emulsion of the seed of it is given in dysentery, and is also
supposed to be pectoral. The seeds yield, by expression, an oil which is much used, and is
considered to have, in a peculiar manner, the virtues, when externally applied, of clearing the
skin of spots and freckles. A tea made of the young leaves is recommended in
Vide Murray Prodromus, 170.
t Vide Willdenow, Spec. Plant, vol. iii. ^. 803.
X See LuDan*8 HortusJamaieenflitf, vol. ! p.24L
lax habits , and for preparing a vapour-bath for the anus, in cases of tenesmus.
Of the second species, cultivated in Jamaica, the g. hirsutum^ I shall simply here say, that it
is from a variety of it that the finest and most silky kind of cojtton is obtained in America, and
which has pro* cured for it amongst the French, the name of " co^ tonier de soL** This is the
more remarkable, as the cotton obtained from the other species is, according to Browne, the
least esteemed of any in Jamaica.
The cotton from the s/iem paratie (Tam.), gos^ sypium arboreum^ will also be noticed in
another part of this work. Nine species of gossypium are growing in the botanical garden of
Calcutta. By Moon*s Catalogue, it would appear, that but two are natives of Ceylon, the^.
Iiidicum and g. retigiosum.
CCXLVI.
PATRASHI (Tam.) A>50 (Japan.) Gul abbas ^jJJ^ (Hind, and Duk.) Rambal poleiil ampat
(Malay.) Krishna-keli (Beng.) Hoanphan (Cochin-Chin.) Marvel of Pent.
MiRABiLis Jalapa (Liu.).
CI. and Ord. Pentandria Monogynia. Nat. Ord. Nyctagines (Juss.) Gemeine Jalape (Nom. Triv.
Willd.).
The excellent Dr. Fleming, in his Catalogue of Indian Medicinal Plants, says (p. 28.), ** This
is not an indigenous plant of Hindoostany but all the varieties of it are now cultivated as an
ornament to
* See work last quoted, p. 242.
the gardens in Bengal." Now we know that Willde-now* observes, in speaking of it, " Habitat
in In-diat," and Miller informs us, that it is a native of both the East and West Indies, as well
as of China, Cochin-China, Africa, and Peru. It was once supposed that the root of this plant

was the jalap of the shops, but that is now ascertained to be the root of a convolvulus. The
tuberous root of the plant in question, which is the sindrikka of the Cyngalese, often grows to
a large size, and has a faint, and rather sickly smell and taste. The native doctors consider it as
gently aperient; and it was imagined at one time, by the European medical men of India, that
it might be useful in practice; it would appear, however, by the accounts of both Dr. Hunter
and Dr. Shool-bredt, who prescribed it, and my own experience leads me to the same result,
that its purgative virtues * are not sufficient to entitle it to any consideration ; and we
moreover know, that Loureiro said of it, in his Flora Cochin-Chin. (vol. i. p. 101.) " Hcec radix
non est apta ad medicinam.**
Of the essential character of the genus Willde-now says, " Cor. infundibuli, supera; cal.
inferus; nectarium globosum, germen includens.'*
The species mirabilis is a beautiful perennial plant, distinguished by its smooth leaves, and
the variety of colour in the flowers, red, white, yellow, &c.; these are heaped, terminating,
erect, sitting close together without any leaflets between them, and not longer than the leaf.
The reader may find a more particu* See Spec. Plant, vol. i. p. 999.
t By the Hortus Bengalensis, in which five varieties of the plant are noticed, it would appear
that it was not introduced into the botanical garden of Calcutta much before 1794'.
^ See Flemiog's Catalogue of Indiaa Medioioai ^iaots, p. 29
S$6 MATERIA INDICA. PART 11.
lar account of it in Parkinson's Paradisius, published in 1629. We are told by Thunberg that
with the seeds of this plant the Japonese prepare a sort of wbitQ paint for their complexions.
CCXLVII.
PASSELIE KEERAY ^^^'f'^^a^rr (Tam.) Chowly J^^ (Duk.) Bucklutulmobarik SJj^SmM^
(Arab.) Batsalikoora (Tel.) also Pedda-poilpaiU kura (Tel.) Oopadykee (Sans.) Creeping
Annual Purslane.
POHTULACA QUADRIFIDA (Lin.).
CI. and Ord. Dodecandria Monogynia. Nat. Ord. Succulentae. Viertheiliger Portulac (Norn.
Triv. WiUd.).
The bruised fresh leaves Df this acid and pleasant tasted purslane are prescribed, by the
Tamool practitioners, as an external application in akki (Tam.), erysipelas ; an infusion of
them is also ordered as a diuretic in dysuria^ to the extent of half a tea-cupful twice daily.
Of the essential character of the genus Willde-now says, * Cor. 5-petala; caL 2-fidus; caps llocu-Is^ris, circumscissa."
The species in question, which is the heen-genda" kola of the Cyngalese, is a creeping, annual

plant, a native of the Indian woods, distinguished by trades in fours, powers quadrifid, and a
stem with hairy joints ; it has a fibrous root ; leaves opposite, spreadquite entire, concave underneath, with transparent 7w/c^ scattered over them; theJlowers
are sessile, yellow, and surrounded with white hairs like the joints; and the seeds are rounded
and muricate.* The plant is the portulaca UnifoUa of Forskahl (Egypt 92.). Five species of
portulaca are in the botanical garden of Calcutta.
Of the four that are indigenous in Jamaica, two appear to be there employed in medicine ; the
portu^ laca oleracea^ or potherb^ and the p. pilosa. The first, Mr. Lunant tells us, " is a
cooling and moistening herb, and of use in burning fevers.*' Barham says (p. 15 k), ** that
bruised, and applied to the tern-pies, it allays excessive heat, and such pains as occasion want
of rest and sleep ;" adding, " that the juice made up into pills, with gum tragacanth, is of use
in spitting of blood." The plant is common also in India, and is eaten by the Hindoos. In
Tamool it is called corilkeeray; the Canarese name is doda gorai; its Sanscrit and
Hindoostanie appellation LJ^l loonia. The other species employed in medicine in the West
Indies {the p. pilosa)^ is, we are told.by Browne, " very bitter in all its parts, and is frequently
used as a stomachic and provocative of the menses, as well as a diuretic." Three species of
portulaca are natives of Ceylon, but one was found by Loureiro in Cochin-China, the p.
oleracea (rau sam)^ where the seed is considered as emollient and diuretic.
See Willdenow Spec. Plant, vol. ii. pp. 860, 861. f See Lunan's Hortus Jamaicensis, vol. ii. p.
109.
CCXLVIIL
PATTI LALLAR (Jav.)
Brucea (Nov, Spec.).
Patii lallar Is the Javanese name of a new species of brucea, discovered on Java by Dr.
Horsfield ; it resembles, he says, in its nature the other species, which he discovered in the
same island, and, like all of that genus, is distinguished by its bitter and stomachic qualities.
CCXLIX.
P AVAL A POO LA (Tam.) also Pagdrd piila
(Tam.) GaS'kayila (Cyng.) BuckthornUke PhyU
lanthus.
Phyllanthus Rhamnoides (Retz.).
CI. and Ord. Monoecia Monadelphia. Nat. Ord. Tricoccae. Wegdomatiger Phyllanthits (Nom.
Triv.
Willd.).

The leaves of this beautiful plant, the Tamool doctors suppose to have virtues in discussing
tumours, especially what they call piikka poolavay^ which is our carbuncle * (anthrax) ; they
are applied warm, moistened with a little castor-oil, and frequently in conjunction with yettie
kolindoo (tender shoots of the strychnos nux vomica), and the leaves of the sittamoonaka t
(ricinus communis).
* A disease very coramon amon^^st the wealthy Hindoos, who eat much ghee (clarified
butter) and get fat. f See a medical sadtrum, emitted Agbastier Bbobeuh)!*
Of the essential character of the genus, we have already spoken under article Nellie poo in
this chapter ; the species in question is distinguished by its numerous leaves, which are
alternate, and which aie generally about an inch and a half long and a little more than an
inch broad. Retz, in his ^^Observ-ationes Balanicce^** has given the best description of it (p.
SO.); he says, " Phyllanthus caule sufTruticosa, foliis pinnatis, fbliolis alternis ovatis
floriferis, pedun-culis inferioribus geminis masculi, superioribus soli-tariis femineis ;*' the
fruit is a black berry. It is a native of Java and Ceylon as well as India. Thirty-six species of
this genus have been scientifically described, sixteen of which are natives of India, and but
one of Jamaica, the p. nutans. Twenty-one species are growing in the botanical garden of
Calcutta ; ten species are natives of Ceylon* Moon's Catalogue of Ceylon Plants, p. 63..
CCL.

PAVUTTAY VAYR _rra^L._Cc5^-j^ (Tam.) Pawatta (Cyng.) Pdputta vayroo (Tel.) Cancra
(Hind.) Root of the Indian Pavetta.
Pavetta Indica (Lin.).
CI. and Ord. Tetrandria Monogynia. Nat. Ord. Stellatae. Scheelkom (Nom. Triv. Willd.).
This is a bitter but not unpleasant tasted root, possessing at the same time aperient qualities,
and is one of those medicines commonly prescribed by the native doctors in visceral
obstructions j given in powder to children, the dose about a drachm or more.
VOL. II. u
Of the genus, Willdenow says, " Cor. 1-petala in-fundibilif. supera; stigma curvum j bacca 2sperma,
The species in question, which is the pavatha of the Cyngalese, is a middle-sized slu*ub
common on road sides, and uncultivated lands; Roxburgh, under the name of ia^ora pavetta^
has minutely described it in his Flora Indica (Vol. i. p 395,3960 and tells us, that its <<
branches are cross-armed and ascending; leaves opposite petioled and oblong; stipules within
the leaves, with a long awled process on each side ; JUmers whitet and somewhat fragrant j
stigma clubbed; bern/ globular, size of a pea, cme or two-celled.*' The fruit, which is of a
green colour, is eaten by the Natives, but is oftener made into pickle. The shrub is in Sanscrit
called pdppdna^ bIbo camicara; it is the malleamothe of Rheede (Hort Mai. v. 19^ 20. 110.).

In Bengalese it is koo-koora-ckoora; the Tellingoos sometimes term it nooni-papoota^ in

addition to the name already men-tioned. Rumphius speaks of it under the appellation of
flammula sylvarum (Amb. iv. p. IO7. L 47.)-Loureiro notices two species of pavetta, one a
native of China (pav. arenosa\ the other (pav. parasitica) as cultivated in the gardens of
Cochin-China, vol. i, p. 74.: our article he professes to have no knowledge of.
CCLI.
PAUMBOO L-O^Lo^, (Tam.) Samp ^\^ (Duk.) Samp (Hind.) Uf-iet/ jd\ (Arab.) Mar J^
(Pers.)
Sarppa ^f^ (Sans.) A Snake.
Coluber.
The flesh as well as skin of certain snakes are supposed to possess medicinal qualities in
some Eastern countries. In the UJ/az Udwiyeh we are told (article 230.), that its qtiality
(^the flesh) is hot and dry, and its property attenuant. The Hindoos have notion that the
dried flesh of a hill-snake, which is termed in Tamool Malay paumboo *, has virtues in that
dreadful malady .which is called in Tamool koostum (Leprosy of the Arabians), as we learn
firom the Medical Sastrum, entitled, Aghastier Per-nool; and it also appears by the Medical
Sastrum, called Tummmdrie Vaghadum, that the cast off coat of a snake, reduced to powder,
and blended with a fixed oil, obtained from the seeds of the dalbergia arborea, has virtues as
an external application in what the Tamods term kacavullie (Epilepsy). But we shall say more
of snakes under the head of poisons, in another part of this work..
Serpent*8 slough, exuvia serpentis^ spoUum serpentii^ was formerly used as a ligature in
intermittent fevers, a practice lately revived; but, as Mr. Gray says, without the mummery of
the serpent's slough, by Mr. G. Kellie. See Gray's Supplement to the Phar-macopoeia, p. 160.
CCLII.
PAYMOOSTEY (Tam.) Malabar Convolvulus.
Convolvulus Malabaricus (Lin.).
* It is a beautiful and inofFensive snake, about three feet long, with one hundred and ninetytwo abdominal plates, and eighty-four subcaudal scales; the colour of the ground is a blueish
green, with three or five brown linear stripes, of which the middle one is the broadest. These
distinctions agreeing well, indeed exactly, with the coluber lineatus (Shaw).
U
CI. and Ord. Pentandria Monogynia. Nat Ord. Campanacea^. Malabarische Winde (Nom, Triv.
Willd.).
This is a plant with a twining, round, villose, perennial stem, and leaves cordate, acuminate,
and quite entire; the corolla which has a pleasant aromatic odour, is bell-shaped, with a long

tube, white, with a dusky purple base.

The plant is the kattu^kelungu of Rheede, Mai. ii. p. 205. t. 51, It is a native of the Malabar
coast, and also of Cochin-China,. and may be found described by Loureiro, in his Flora
Cochin-Chinensis.
Of the genus, Willdenow observes, "Cbr. cam-panulata, plicata; stigm. 2 ; caps. 2-locularis
loculis dispermis/* Spec. Plant, vol. i. p. 844.
I have given this article a place here, not from any specific information I can offer with regard
to its virtues, but merely because it is considered by the farriers in India, as a valuable horse
medicine; and in the hope that it may beccfme an object of more minute investigation.
CCLIII. PEEA.RACK-ELIOU (Siam.)
A root found in Siam, by Dr. Finlayson, considered as diuretic by the native inhabitants.
CHAP. I. MATERIA INDICA. S9S
CCLIV.
PEERAHI VAYR (Tam.) Pukkie vayroo (Tel.) Seeura \jyxM, (Hind.) NuckcJulnie ke Jurr j^
15^ c5*^UJ^ (Duk.) Sheora (Beng.) Sprukka (Sans.) Gceta-^nitul (Cyng.) Root of the Roughleaved Tropkis.
Trophis Aspera (Koenig.),
CI. and Ord. Dioecia Tetrandria. Nat. Ord. Calyciflore. Scarf-blattrige Trophis (Nom. Triv.
WiUd.).
All I can say of this root is, that it was sent to me together with some other articles from the
Malabar coast a very short time before my leaving India, and mentioned in general terms as a
valuable medicine, but for what specific purpose was not said. The milky juice of the fresh
plant, the natives apply to sand-cracks in the feet and excoriations in the skin. A very minute
description of the trophis aspera, may be found in the fourth volume of the Asiatic
Researches, by Sir William Jones ; it grows, by his account, to a tree of considerable
magnitude; there are male and female plants ; the female flowers are axillary, from one to
four or five in an axil; the leaves vary, some being obovate, some oblong, some oval, pointed,
irregularly notched, alternate (some opposite), crowded, crisp, very rough veined, and paler
beneath, smoother, and dark above; berry very deep yellow; he adds, that the Pandits of India
having only observed the male plant, suppose that it never bears fruit; he further observes,
that the Hindoos, from a notion of its astringent and antiseptic quality, use
u 3
94 MATERIA IKDICA. PAUT ttv
little pieces of the wood, split at one end into a kind of brush, for cleaning their teeth.

Of the genus, Willdenow says,

" Masculi. CaL 0 ; cor. 4-petala.
"Feminei. CaL 0; cor. 0; sti/lus 2-partitusj bacca 1-spenna. See Spec. Plant vol. iv. p. 733.
In Jamaica there is but one species, tke trophis Americana^ or ramoon tree^ the leaves and
tops of which, Browne informs us, in his ** Civil and Natural History qf Jamaica*^ are fodder
for all sorts of horses and cattle; the berries, which are about the size of large grapes, have a
very pleasant flavour. But four species of this genus have hitherto been brought into the
system, two of which are natives of India.
CCLV.
PEMAYRUTIE GMLuCLX)a-_^9. (Tam.), also Nettay PSmayrutie (Tam.) Mogd beerdkoo
(Tel.) Bootankooshum (Sans.) Malabar Cat Mint.
Nepeta Malabarica (Lin.).
d. and Ord. Didynamia Gyranospermia. Nat. Ord. Verticillatae. Malabarische Katzenmunze
(Norn. Triv. Willd.).
The leaves of this plant, which are generally about five inches long, one inch and a half broad,
and of an ovate-lanceolate shape, have a bitter and somewhat aromatic taste, and are
prescribed in infusion in stomachic complaints, and in the later stages of dysenteric
affections, also in intermittent fevers, to the quantity of an ounce and a half twice daily: the
Page 357. t.87. fig. 1.
juice, squeezed from leaves which have been slightly warmed, is prescribed for children in
their febrile attacks from teething. Rumphius*, in speaking of the juice of this tree, which he
tells us the Malays call daun-bati-batiy has these words, <* Idem quoque succus cum binis
guttis olei sesamini, propinatus prodest mirifice asthmaticis, vel tussi mala laboranti-bus,
quem in finem syrupus quoque praeparatur ex foliorum succo cum saccharo cocto/* It is
remarked by the Tamool practitioners that the leaves of the vUtt^i'pemayruttie (ballota
distichd) have nearly similar virtues: it is a plant of the same class and order.
Of the genus nepeta, Willdenow says, " Corolla: labium inferius lacinula intermedia crenata,
faux margine reflexo ; stamina approximata." Spec Plant, vol. iii. p. 49.
The species in question has been minutely described by Kcenigj who informs us, that it has
stems erect, obtuse-angled, tomentose ; leaoes ovate-lanceolate, tomentose, serrate, quite
entire; calyx villose, five-toothed, and a corolla of a pale-violet colour. It is a native of
Malabar, where it has got the name of carim. tumba. See Rheede, Mai. x. p. 185. t. 93.
Loureirot notices but one species, the hirsuta. I find in Moon's Catalogue of Ceylon Plants
but two, the nep. Indica and nep. Madaga^cariensis. The species cataria grows in Jamaica,
and is there considered as a medicinal plant. The bitter infusion of it is reckoned a good
cephalic and emmenagogue. See Hortus Jamaicensis, vol. i. p. 168.

* Vide Rutnph. Amb. tom.v. lib.viii. cap.lxxv. -I- See Fior. Cochin-Chin. vol. ii. p. 366
u 4
S96 MATERIA INDICA. FARTII.
CCLVL
PEPOODEL Gt-'LuL-'L-iL-ov) (Tam.) Chaynd
poM (Tel.) Patola ^(ji^ (Sans.) Laciniatedy or
Tom TrichosafiiheSf or Hair-Flower.
Trichosanthes Laciniosa (Klein)*
CI. and Ord. Monoccia Monadelphia. Nat. Ord. Cucurbitacaas. Handformige Haarblume
(Nom. Triv. Willd.).
The tender shoots and dried capsules of this low-growing gourd are very bitter and aperient,
and are reckoned amongst the stomachic laxative medicines of the Tamools; thev are used in
infusion to the extent of two ounces, twice daily.
Of the genus, WUldenow says,
<< Masculi. CcU. 5-dentatus; cor. 5-partita, ciliata; Jilam. 3.
" Feminei. CaU 5-dentatus; cor. 5.partita, ciliata; styL 3-fidus; pepo oblongus.*'
The plant was first scientifically described by Dr. Klein of Tranquebar, who transmitted his
account of it to Willdenow. He says of it, ** Trich. pomis ova-tis acutis, foliis cordatis
quinque-vel-septemblo-pal-matis dentatis glabris.''
** Caulis fiiiformis scandens angulatus glaber; folia bi-vel tripoUicaria profunde cordata
palmata quinque-vel septemloba remote dentata utrinque glabra ; Jlores masculi in
pendiculis corymbosis sexfloris axil-laribus, petalis ovatis dentatis: feminei in pedunculis
solitariis axillaribus; petalis simbriato-ciliatis.** See Spec. Plant, vol. iv. p. 601.
Of this genus, eleven species are noticed by Will-denow, without including the trichosanihes
dioca of Roxburgh, which has got the name of j^^ in upper Hindoostan. The T. Cucumerina is
the pacta vaiam of Rheede (Mai. viii. p, 390 ^"d the kooalunin of the Japanese: it is in high
repute on the Malabar coast for the stomachic virtues of the seeds. The / amara is the only
species found in Jamaica, and has got the character of being poisonous. Mr. Robinson*, in his
interesting manuscripts regarding the Natural History of Jamaica, observes that it is used for
destroying rats. It would appear by the Hortus Bengalensis (p. 70-)> ^^^^ seven species are
growing in the Company's botanical garden at Calcutta, all natives of India. Four species grow
in Ceylon.
CCLVIl.

PERAMOOTIE VAYR CLJ/r^^(a?L__I?LCa^-JC^

(Tam.) Mooiopolagum vayroo (Tel.) Bald ^Kf\\
(Sans.) Root qfthe SweetsmeUing Pavonia.
Pavonia Odorata (Willd.).
CI. and Ord. Monadelphia Polyandria. Nat Ord. Columniferae. Wohlriechende Pavonie (Nom.
Triv. Willd.).
An infusion of this sweet, pleasant-smelling root is used as a diet-drink by the Hindoos in
cases of fever, half a tea-cupful occasionally: the root, as it appears in the medicine-bazars, is
light-coloured, and about the thickness of a quill.
* See Address to Subscribers by Mr. Lunan^ in the first volume of his Hortus Jamakentu.
S98 MAinSRIA IKDICA. PART tU
Of the genus^> Willdenow says, ** Cat. duplex: exterior polyphyllus; stigmata lO; capsular 5bivalves inonospermaB." Of the species, he adds, " l^.Jbliis ovatis subcordatis tricuspidatis
subdentatis, ramisque piloso-viscosis, pedunculis, calycibus polyphyllis; co-' roUa inter
parvas videtur rubra, magnitudine Hibisci phoenicei, campannulata; 5(y/t^ decemfidus;
capsular quinque acuminatae cavinatae veiiosffi.** Vide Spec. Plant, vol. iii. p. 837.
But one species of pavonia grows in Ceylon, the pav. Zeylonica, which the natives call gasbartpila. The species urens is a native of the Mauritius.
CCLVIII.
PERUMARUNDOO C-OLXKGjrsg^ (Tarn.) Isarmel (Hind.) Cag khoaica (Coch. Chin.) Isrie^
vayl J^.^t?^ (Duk.) WaUas (Jav.) Sacasander (Cyng.) Doolagovila Eesdrdvayroo (Tel.) Satsanda (Cyng.) Ishwari \'WK} also Hari ^f^ (Sans.) Indian Birthwood.
Aristolochia Indica (Lin.).
CI. and Ord. Gynandria Hexandria. Nat, Ord. JSarmentaceae. Ostindische Osterluzey (Nom.
Triv. WiUd.).
The root, and indeed the leaves, stalks, and bark of this shrub are bitter; the taste of the first
is accompanied with a slight degree of aromatic warmth, and is on this account reckoned by
the Tamool doctors (who sometimes call it talashrooUvayr) to possess virtues which render it
a valuable medicine in those bowel affections which children are sttbject to, iti
CHAP. U MATERIA tKDICA, ftgQ
consequence of indigestion and teething. Lomteiro * mentions it as attenuant and
deobstruent: it is, besides, amongst the many remedies which are employed on the Malabar
coast in cases of snake-bites, the pow^ der being both taken internally and applied to the part

that is bitten. Dr.' Fleming, in his ** Catalogue of Indian Plants*' (p. 8.), says that the
isarmel^ or rather its root, is considered by the Hindoos of Upper India to possess
emmenagogue and antarthritic virtues. The shrub is the catelce-vegon of Rheede (Mai. viii^
p. 48. t 25.), and the radix puloromca of Rumphius, who asserts that in Banda the bitter root
of it is employed in decoction in diseases of the intestines, and also in intermittent fevers.t
The dose in India of the decoction of the root is an ounce and a half twice daily.
The arisiolochia hnga (the koma-nosusu of l^e Japonese), as well as the aristolochia
rotunda\ are both included in the Materia Medica of the Arabians; the first is considered as
discutient and healing, and is called by the Arabians J.^^ ^Jbj^ ^^^ ^7 *^^ Persians jV,^
^^ly t^^ second is supposed to be attenuant and deobstruent, and is termed in Arabic ^j
m)w xj^[y, and in Persian ^^ ^^iy* Virey, in his " Histoire Naturelle des Medicamens**
(p. 160.), says of them, " elles passent pour puissantes inci* sives.**
Of the genus, Willdenow observes, " Cor. 1-petala, ligulata, basi vetricosa; caps. 6-locu1aris,
poly^erma infera." Spec. Plant, vol. iv. p. 1609.
* Adding, '< Prodest in colica, cibi inappetentia^ febribus inter-mittentibus, obstructionibus,
hydrope." Flor. Cochin-ChiD. vol. ii p. 528.
f See Horsfield's Account of the Medicinal Plants of Java.
X They are natives Of Italy and Spain.
rant, emetic, and sudorific; Dn CuUen has treated of it both under the head of cathartics and
diuretics; Dr. Brandreth of Liverpool recommends it in lethargy ; Dr. Chapman has given it a
place amongst the emmenagogues; and Woodville himself extols it in peripneumonic
affections and in rheumatism. The ar. bracteata is common on the Coromandel coast, and
called in TelUngoo gardi^garapa: the ar. acuminata grows at Chittagong. See Hort
Bengalensis.
CCLIX.
PERUMARUTTOO PUTT AY Gl^OLoo-^ s/ L-Ji'L-OSL(Tam.) Peddamanieputta (Te\.)
Aralu 3r^fJ (Sans.) Bark qf the Ailanthv^ excelsa.
AlLANTHUS EXCELSA (Roxb.).
CI. and Ord. Polygamia Monoecia. Hoher Goet-terbaum (Nom. Triv. Willd.). ^
This bark has a pleasant and somewhat aromatic taste, and is prescribed by the native
practitioners in infusion, in dyspeptic complaints, to the extent of three ounces twice daily.
Of the genus, this is said by Willdenow:
" Heemaph. Col. 5-partit; cor. 5-petala; stam. 2, 3 ; germ. 3. 5 ; styU laterales; samarce monosperm ae.
" Masculi. CaU 5-partit; cor. ^-petala; ^tam.

10.
" Feminei. Cal. 5-partit; cor. 5-petala; ger%n. 3. 5 ; styli laterales ; samarce monospermae."
See Spec. Plant, (vol. iv. p. 974..)
CHAP. I. MATERIA INDICA. SOS
The species in question is a very large tree, and has been particularly described by Roxburgh,
in his Coromandel Plants; it would not appear to differ very much from the other species, for
there are but two, the ailanlhus glandtdosUf which is also a large tree, a native of China. Of
the ailanthus excelsa , Roxburgh says, that it rises with a straight trunk, like a fig-tree ; the
leaves, which are three feet long, are abruptly pinnated; leaflets short-petiolated, from ten to
fourteen pairs j flowers exceedingly numerousi small, slightly tinged with yellow ; capsules
from one to four} one seed flattened. The tree grows in Ceylon, and is found in many parts of
the Cora* mandel circars, but is oflenest met with among the open valleys of the mountains ;
the wood, which is light and white, is commonly made into catamarans.
CCLX.
PERUNDEI CODIE LScr6OTra2)i-.C^^f\-Q. (Tam.) Nillur jX} (Duk.) Harjora, also Har
(Beng.) Har ^U (Pers.) NuUerootingeh (Tel.) WceUheercessa (Cyng.) Vyra valli q^gq^T
(Sans.) Four-angkd Cissus.
CiSSUS QUADRANGULARIS (Lin.).
CI. and Ord. Tetrandria Monogynia. Nat Ord. Hederaceae. Viereckige KKmme
(Nom.Triv.Willd.).
The leaves and quadrangular shaped stalks of this rather nauseous smelling climbing plant,
are, when young and tender, sometimes eaten by the natives; and when dried and powdered,
are prescribed by the
* See Coromandel Plants, vol. i. pp. 2f^ 24.
Tamool practitioners in certain bowel affections, connected with indigestion; they are also
considered as powerful alteratives ; of the powder about two scruples may be given twice
daily, in a little rice-water.
Of the genus, Willdenow says, " bacca l-sperma, cinta calyce corollaque quadripartita.'* (Spec.
Plant. vol. i. p. G55.^
The species in question is \hejunis qttadrangtUaris of Rumphius (Amb. v. p. 83. t. 44. f. f2.),
and has been well described by Roxburgh, in his Flora Indica (p. 426.), who tells us, that it is
common over every part of India. The roots are fibrous; steyn and branches perennial,
scandent, and often very long; kaves alternate, one at each joint, cordate serrulate dentate, an
inch or an inch and a half each way; the berry is round, the size of a pea, smooth, red,
succulent, and one celled; seed solitary, obovate, and covered with a dark-brown spongy
integument; the perisperms conform to the seed.

Of the eighteen species of cisstis^ noticed by Willdenow, six, he says, are natives of India*
and other Eastern countries. Four species grow in Jamaica, none of which, however, appear
to be there considered as medical. But Barhamt tells us, that he thinks the berry of the cissus
acida might be turned to account in dyeing, staining or colouring, from the appearance of the
dark coloured lamp-black looking substance, which can be squeezed out of it. The cissus
latifolia is common in Ceylon, and is there called galberaya \ it is the schunambit valli of
Rheede (Mai. vii. p. 21. t. 11.). Our article is noticed by
Roxburgh, however, mentions several others not spoken of by Willdenow, and gives an
account of no less than fifteen species as natives of Hindoostan. See Flor. Indica, p. 423.
t See his Hortus Americanus, p. 175.
Loureiro, who tells us, that the Cochin-Chinese call it dee^anh^voungf but he says nothing
of its medi* cinal virtues. Eleven species of cissus are growing in Ceylon, and nineteen are in
the Hortus Benga^ lensis, p. 11.
CCLXI.
PEETANDALE-COTTI (Mai.) Vuttei khilloo^ khilloopie L-S^gs^n-^-^g^a/tmC^^L-iQ.
(Tam ) Ghe^ legherinta (Tel.) Kiligitippe (Cyng.) Bun-sun (Hind) Blue^owered Crotularia.
Cbotularia Verrucosa (Lin.).
CI. and Ord. Diadelphia Decandria. Nat. Ord. Papilionaceae. Vierkantige Klapperschotte
(Nom. Triv. Willd.).
I have given this plant a place here, on the autho-rity of Rheede *, who informs us, that the
juice of* the leaves is supposed to be efficacious in diminishing salivation: It is an annual,
common in the woods of Malabar, but appears to be also a native of Java, the Philippine
Islands, and Ceylon.
Of the essential character of the genus, Willde-now says, <* Legumen turgidum, inflatum,
pedicilla-tum ; Jilamenta connata, cum fissura dorsali" (Spec. Plant vol. iii. p. 972.)The species in question has a four-cornered herbaceous stem^ which is erect and flectuose,
and rises to the height of about three feet or more; the ileax)e$
^ See Hort Malab. ix. p. 53. t.29. VOL. II. X
are simply ovate, waited, of a pale green, and on short leaf stalks ; ihejlowers are alternate,
smooth, and of a light-blue colour, succeeded by short, turgid pods inclosing one row of
kidney-shaped seeds. The plant is common on Ceylon, and called by the Cyngalese
niUadana''hiriycu
CCLXII.
PERIN PANEL CL-'^<SOTrL-n-(5orav) (Hort. Mai.)

Perin panel is the name of a shrub which grows in Malabar; with the dried leaves of it the
natives prepare a fumigation t, that it is supposed to be of use in hysteria. I am uncertain
whether this plant has as yet been botanically examined.
CCLXIII.
PHAINA. SCHELLI L'a^.2)C(?=avo\S or PAL
NA-SCHULLI (Malealie). Hoily ^leaved Acan.
thus.
Acanthus Illicifolus (Lin.).
CI. and Ord. Didynamia Angiospermia. Nat. Ord. Personatae. Hulsenblattrige Barenklaue.
Paina Schulli is the name given on the Malabar coast, to an ever-green shrub, which rises to
the height of four or five fieet, and divides into many
* See Flor. Zevl. 277.
t See Hort. Malab. part v. p. 90.
branches. We are told by Rheede , that the tender shoots and leaves, when ground small and
soaked in water, are supposed to possess virtues, as an external application in cases of snakebites.
Of the genus, Willdfenow says, " Cat. bifol, bififdus; cor. 1-labiata, deflexa, S-fida; caps.
SJocidaris'^ (Spec. Plant vol. iii. p. 397-)
The species in question has^ as the name indicates^ leaves much resembling those of the
common holly, and which like them are armed with spines; the ^wers come out singly, in an
upright raceme, at the end of the stalk; they are white, and are shaped like those of the
common acanthus. Our article would appear to be the aquifoUum Indicum of Rumph. (AmU
vi. p. 163. 171.). It is the jenffo of the Javanese, and was recommended by Bontius. for its ei^
pectorant qualities.t
CCLXIV.
PHAL-MODECCA L-jnravGLonrL.i^^^n- (Ma.
lealie). VidSri f^^T^ (Sans.) Panicled Bind^
weed.
Convolvulus I^aniculatus (Lin.).
CI. and Ord. Pentandria Monogynik Nat Ord. Campanaceae. Rispenblulige Windc (Nom^
Triv. Willd>

The root of this species of convolvulus, when

* See Hort. Mai. part ii. pp. 93, 94*. t. 48.
f It is a plant in great request amongst the Siamese and Cochiih-Chinese, and called by the
latter cay-o-ro^ who consider it as cordial, attenuant, and useful in paralysis and asthma. See
Flora Cochin-Chin vol* ii. p. S75.
X 2
dried in the sun, reduced to powder^ and boiled with sugar and butter, Rheede * says, is
supposed on the Malabar coast to promote obesity> and moderate the menstrual discharge.
Of the genus, Willdenow says, " Cor. campanu-lata, plicata; siigm. 2; caps. 2-Ioccularis;
loculis dispermis" (Spec, Plant, vol. i. p. 844.).
Of the species, he adds, ^' c. foliis palmatis; lobis septenis ovatis acutis integerrimus,
pedunculis pani-eulatis.'* And Miller observes, that it varies with three or five-lobed leaves, in
sandy situations in Ma-lahan It would appear to be the ipomoeamaurituma i)i Jacq. Collect
iv. p. S16, and the ha-angilla of the Cyngalese.
Convolvulus is a most numerous genus, one hundred and twenty species having been already
scien* tificaliy described, of which twenty-two are natives of India. Neither the convolvulus
scammonioy nor convol. jalapa grow in India, though I have no doubt but that they would
both thrive in that country ; and I think it a pity, that the experiment is not made; the first is
a native of Syria and Cochin-China, the last of Mexico!
The convolvulus turpethum (to be more particularly mentioned under the head
ShevadeiVayr) in this chapter, is esteemed as a valuable and powerful cathartic amongst the
Hindoos ; and I have no doubt, but that the resinous substance which exudes from the root
when wounded, would be found a most valuable medicine if properly prepared. The co7ivol.
repens is also a native of India, and its leaves are occasionally eaten; it is the ballel of Rheede
; but we are told by Sloane, according to Lunan, that the plant in Jamaica is con* See Hort. Malab. ii. pp. loi, 102. t.49.
sidered as of a very purging quality; the powder being given in broths.
The species BrasiUensis^ which has got in Jamaica the trivial name of the sea-side potatoesUpy according to the testimony of Browne and Sloane, is a peculiarly strong cathartic; the
root, the first tells us, is used in dropsical cases; the second informs us, that the leaves, which
are temperately warm and emol-lientj are employed in preparing baths for similar affections.
Plumier* recommends the inspissated juice as a drastic purge, in doses of from twelve to
fourteen grains; its severity being tempered, if necessary, with almonds, sulphur, or cream of
tartan
CCLXV. PIA- AMOU.LECK (Siam).
This is the name of a very bitter medicinal root, which Dr. Finlayson found in Siam; it is of a

soil texture, with a smoothish bark, its colour yellow, and it is supposed to be cooling in
fevers; it is used grated down with water upon a stone, and the mixture then smeared upon
the body} it is also given internally; its Portuguese name is pargu marga i. e. lignum amarum.
* See Lunan's Hortus Jamaicensis, toI. ii. p. 107*
X S
CCLXVI. PIDAROGHANIE UT^C^arcjuT (Tam.>
PiDAROGHANIE.
This is a very scarce, small, light, jellow-coloured, very bitter root, which the native doctors
suppose to have virtues in strengthening the eyes; a strong in-fusion is used as a colyrium. Of
what plant it is the root, I have not been able to ascertain; several Vytians have told me, that
its operation taken internally is violent and drastic ; future research may prove more
successful. I have been informed, that the same name is also given to the white hellebore
(veratrum album), and the roots may be confounded. The V. album is, we know, a native of
the Southern and Eastern tracts of Russia and of Italy.
CCLXVII.
PINNAY UNNAY LScjors/tnyrGuudOTrs/tRRT (Tam.) Surpunka tail 3^1^^^,^ (Duk.) Ponna
noonay (Tel.) Oil of the Calophyllum Inophyllum.
Calophyllum Inophyllum (Lin.).
CI. and Ord. Polyandria Monogynia. Grosses Schonblatt (Nom. Triv. Willd.).
The kernels of the nuts of this large and most beautiful tree, have a bitterish, and, when ripe,
a somewhat unctuous taste. The native Indians, like
It 18 used by the farriers to purge horses.
the inhabitants of the Philippine islands, occasionally prepare from them a fixed oil, which
has a grateful smell, and which they highly prize as a valuable external application in
rheumatic affections. In Travancore it is much used for burning in lamps.
Of the genus, Willdenow says, **Cor. 4-petala; CaL 4-phyllus, coloratus; drupa globosa**
(Spec.
Plant vol. ii. p. 1159.)The species which is our present article, is the sultan champa of the Hindoos of the higher
provinces, it sometimes rises to near one hundred feet high, and of proportionate thickness;
the leaves^ which are oval, are nearly a span long, and about four inches broad; from the root
exudes a whitish clear gum, without any scent; but the Jlowers, which are white, eight
petalled, and grow in racemes, have a most delightful odour; the Jruit is about the size of a
walnut, under a fleshy cover and a woody shell, having a very oily kernel, which is bitter, and

yields a yellow resinous juice. Dr. Horsfield, in his Account of Java Medicinal Plants, informs
us, that on that island this tree is said to possess diuretic and expellent properties. It may be
found minutely described by Burman in his Thesaurus Zeylanicus (113.). Rumphius* speaks
of it under the name of bintanger maritina. It is the ponna-maram of Rheede t (Mai. iv. p. 76.
138.), and the tel-domba of the Cyngalese ; the appellation, however, they bestow on the only
other species, the calophyllum calaba, is gcBta-keenay which also grows in Malabar, and is
the tsieroU'ponna of Rheede (Mai. iv. p. 81. t 39.). The calophylum calaba is a lofty tree ; the
wood of which
* Arab. ii. p. 211. t.71.
^ Rheede says, that the tears which distil from the tree and its fruit are emetic and purgative.
Hort. Mai. part \v. p. 80.
X 4
Of the genuSi Willdenow says, " Cor. infundibulif. subcequalis curva; calysis undo dente
truncato ; semina 2; s. 4-nuda (stam. 2 s. 4.)." (Spec. Plant, vol. i. p. 115.).
The species in question is a native of Southern Italy and Sicily, as well as India, and has, at
different times, had very different appellations bestowed on it; it being the blairia nodiflora of
Gsertner, and the zapama nodiflora^ of Lamarck, and I think, the ca^ pitata (Forsk.). The
stem is herbaceous, creeping, ascending from three inches to a foot in length, subdivided,
rounded, marked with lines and smooth. Willdenow says of it, " V. tetrandra, spicis capitatoconicis, JbUis cuniformibus dentatis, caulerepente/' The ^ike is terminating, roundish,
composed of small whitish or rose-coloured Jlowers i it has two seedSy roundish, flatter on
one side than the other. The verbena (^fftcinatis^ which, at one time, was in-eluded in our
Materia Medica, and was supposed to be efficacious in scrophula, according to Morley, is not
a native of India; it grows at Corfu, and is held in high estimation in several disorders by the
modern Greeks (who call it Srawpo p^oprov; as we learn from Michelis Flora Delia Corcirese,
p. 4.); it would also appear to be a native of Cochin-China, and Peru, where, according to
Ruiz*, it is supposed to be useful when given in decoction, in cases of obstructed menses. The
ancients t are known to have put a high value on vervain; it was not only considered as having
powerful virtues in cases of snake-bites, but as a sovereign remedy in various other diseases;
and was employed in sacrificial rites and incantations, and worn as an amulet.
See Flora Peruviana, vol. iv. p. 22. t See Pliny, i. 25. cap. 9.
Of the seven species of verbena found in Jamaica, two seem to be medicinal, the verbena
Jamaicensis and the verb, lappulacea; the first, according to Sloane and Jaqmn^ is much used
in the belly-ache, and in poultices for the dropsy. Sloane* informs us, that a decoction of it,
with spikenard (ballota sua-veolens), cures dropsy; and Hughes t seems to believe it to be a
powerful deobstruent. The second species, lappulacea^ or hurry vervain, has got in the West
Indies the name of the styptic or velvet bur, and is there reckoned a valuable vulnerary
subastringent, commonly applied to bleeding wounds ; and is also, according to Lunan,
esteemed as an excellent application in all manner of sores where the habit is relaxed.
The Cochin. Chinese call the verbena officinalis co-roi-nguaf and consider it is useful in

nervous complaints, and as a deobstruent in dropsy (Vide Lou-reiro Flor. Coch.-Chin. vol. i. p.
27.).
CCLXXI.
POI MOOSHTIE also Poon mooshtie (Tam.) also Vata tirupie (Tam.) Velvet-leaf.
CissAMPELos Pareira (Liu.).
CI. and Ord. Dioecia Monadelphia. Nat. Ord. Sarmentacese. Steintreibende Grieswurz (Nom.
Triv. WiUd.).
The leaves of this plant are considered, by the Vytians^ as of a peculiarly cooling quality, but
the
* See his ** Catalogus Plantarum qiiae in Insula Jamaica sponte proveniunt."
f See his Natural History of Barbadoes.
'S16 MAtEUlA IKI>IA. ^ART 11.
root is the part the most esteemed; it has an agreeable bitterish taste, and is considered as a
valuable stomachic ; it is frequently prescribed in the latter stages of bowel complaints, in
conjunction with aromatics.
The cissampelos pareira has been very highly extolled by several writers for its medical
virtues, particularly by Sloane^ Marcgraqf, Barkanij and Wright. The first speaks of the
efficacy of the leaves, as a vulnerary for a green wound; the second recommends the root
given in decoction, in the stone. Lunan notices its powers as an antidote against poisons. Bar
ham (p. 200.), as quoted* by the gendeman last mentioned, has this remarkable sentence
respecting it: "I knew a physician who had performed great cures on consumptive persons,
who informed me, that his remedy was simply a syrup made of the leaves and root of this
plant, for which he had a pistole a bottle.'^
Of the genus, Willdenow says,
" Masculi. Cal. 'i-phyllus; cor. 0 ; nect. rota-tum ; stam. 5 j Jilam. connatis,
"Feminei. Cal. 1-phyllus, legulato, subrotundus; cor. 0 J sty It. 3 ; bacca. l-sperma" (Spec.
Plant, vol. iv. p. 861.).
The species t in question, which is equally a native of the East and West Indies, has a
climbing and twisting stem of considerable length ; the leaves are subpeltate, cordate,
roundish, and tomentose, and as smooth as velvet; the fruit is a roundish, compressed
* See Hort. Jamaicensis, vol. il. p. ^55.
f Five species are to be found in the Honourable Company's l)otanical garden at Calcutta,
three of which have got Hindoo-stanie names; but two species appear to grow on Ceylon, the

her-nandifolia and convolyulacea.

scarlet drupe, containing a single, very hard nut, ^^hich is two-celled. Browne^ in his Natural
History of Jamaica (p. 5570 describes the plant thus, under the name of ciss. scandens, *<
foliis peltatis orbicu-lato; cOTdatis villosis, floribus, masculis racemosis} femineis spicatis,
spicis foliosis/' I shall finish what I have to observe of our present article by noticing^ that
Dr. W. Wright, in his Account of the Medicinal Plants of Jamaica, has these words in
speaking of the roots: " They are black, stringy, and as thick as sarsaparilla, agreeably
aromatic and bitter, and have been ordered in nephritic disorders, in ulcers of the kidneys and
bladder, in humural asthma, and in some species of jaundice; a decoction of them is used for
pains and weakness of the stomach/' See Hortus Jamaicensis (vol. ii. p. 355.).
CCLXXII.
POODACARAPAN PUTTAY (Tam.) Goo^
kebukduckrie is^\^^yi^^^ (Duk.) Urene (Cyng.)

Bhudinarti (Mai.) Pau de merddy also Pau stgo (Port.) Fetid Bark.
This bark the natives suppose to have sovereign virtues in cases of carapang *, as an external
appli-cation, pounded fine and mixed with a little castor-oil. The smell of the dark-coloured
wood and bark exactly resembles that of human ordure, I at first concluded that they must, of
course, belong either to the anagyris fcetida or stercuUa fcetida; but, it
* The Tamool name of an inveterate sort of itch.
S18 MATERIA INDICA. PART IT.
would appear, that Thunberg* had ascertained that our article was a part of neither: what it
absolutely is, becomes a subject for future research. The ster^ cuUa JbsHda will be noticed in
another part and volume of the Materia Indica; its fruit is edible, and is particularly spoken of
by Rheede (Hort Mai. iv. p. 75.)CCLXXIIL
POOVANDIE COTTAY U)^5^r5^0?C0Jn-L-C52)L_ also Manay poongung kai (Tam.) Ritah
A^j (Duk.) also Rishta R,^ (Sans.) Bindake hindee ^jj^ ^^dJ^ (Pers.) Koomutti ghmzaloo
(Tel.) Arishta'^\TJ\ (Sans.) also PhSnila qf^ (Sans.) Notch-leaved Soap-nut Tree.
Sapinous Emarginatus (Vahl.).
CI. and Ord. Octandria Trigynia. Nat Ord. Sapindi (Juss.) Aicsgerandeter Seifenbaum (Nom.
Triv. WiUd.).
The capsule which covers the black seeds of this tree has, in its succulent state, a very
singular sweetish-bitter taste, and a smell not unlike that of an over-ripe mango; it is

considered by the VytianSf and I believe justly, as a valuable expectorantt, and is prescribed
accordingly in humoral asthma, in the quantity of a quarter of a pagoda weight twice daily; it
has also a very detergent quality, forming,
See Thunberg's Travels, vol. iv. p. 234'.
f We learn from the Flora Peruviana of Ruiz, vol.iii. p. 2., and vol. iii. p* 78.| that in South
America the plants possessing similar virtues are the sauvagesia erecta (Ruiz.) and the
Oenothera gran" difhra (L'Herit.).
when bruised and agitated in hot water, a kind of suds, like that of common soap, which the
natives use for washing their heads, &c.
Of the genus, Willdenow says, *^ CaL 4*phyllus; pet. 4; caps, carnosae, connatae,
ventricosae*' (Spec. Plant, vol. ii. p. 468.).
The species in question is the gas-penela of the Cyngalese, and is distinguished from all the
otheri by its notched leaves. Vahl says of it (Symb. iii. p. 54.), ** Leaves pinnate; leaflets
oblong, emargi-nate, villose beneath j rachis simple; petals tomen* tose at the edge.'* Its
branches are unarmed, round; the capsules are trilocular, subturbinate, coadunate, each
subglobular, one or two frequently abortive, covered with dense yellow hairs ; the seeds, as I
have already said, are black; the dried nut, as it appears in the bazars, with its shrivelled
exterior, is altogether not unlike a small dried prune. I have been informed by my friend Dr.
Sherwood, that he has known several instances of the good effects of putting a little of the
suds formed by the soapnut of this tree into the mouth of a person in an epileptic fit, by
whiph means he was instantly brought to his recollection.
The sapindus emarginatus is very apt to be confounded with the sapind. saponariay from this
circumstance, that the seed vessels of both possess a detergent quality, and are equally used
as soap; but this last has not as yet, I believe, been discovered in Hindoostan, but grows at
Cochin-China, and is there called cay-bon-hoTiy and the fruit used as soap; it is also common
in Java, and is there termed by the natives raralc; it is found on all the South-side
See Miller.
hills of Jamaica, and has been particularly described by Sloane (v. p. 131.), likewise by
Browne, in his * Natural History of Jamaica" (p. 2O0.). The medicinal properties of the fruit
of the sapind. sapon have been noticed by Lewis, in his Mat Med^ who tells us, that a
tincture or extract prepared from it is of great efficacy in chlorosis, and that such virtues were
first published by Marloe, in a letter to Mr. Boyle For further particulars, the reader may
consult Barham's Hortus Americanus (p. 175.); he may also refer to an account of it, which
was published by Dr. Horsfield, in the Transactions of the Batavian Society (vol. viL), in
which is detailed a chemical analysis of the firuit The Dutch call the tree rarak boom, and use
the fruit of it as soap, in the same way that the native Malays do; indeed, I believe that rarak*
is the proper Malay name of the tree.
CCLXXIV.

POLLOKEYU (Javanese).
Dais Octandria (Lin.).
CI. and Ord. Decandria Monogynia. Nat. Ord. Vepreculae.
The seeds of this is a common purge amongst the Javanese.
* See Crawfurd's History of the Indian Archipdago, vol. i p.457.
CCLXXV.
PONNAMPOU-MARAVARA Qi^rraur^^Lj \=i)UyT<Tu^O (Hort Mai.) Swama pushpa ?^I
"5^ (Sans.) also Vanda^ c(r<J^| (Sans.) Spatulate* leaved Limodonmi.
LiMODORUM Spatulatum (WillcL).
CI. and Ord. Gynandria Monandria. Nat. Ord. Orchideae. Spateblattriger Dingel (Nom. Triv.
waid.).
Rheede says of this plant, that the powder of it mixed with honey is supposed, on the Malabar
coast, to temper the bile and abate phrenzy; that the flowers, which are of a golden colour,
reduced into powder, are of use in consumptive cases, also in asthma and mania.*
The genus is thus described by Willdenow: " Cor. 5-petala subpatens; labeUum basi antice in
cornu liberum productum ; anthera terminalis." (Spec. Plant, vol. iv. p. 122.)
Our article is a parasitical plant, which does not appear hitherto to have particularly called the
attention of many botanists ; it was formerly placed by Linnasus in another genus,
Epidendrum (Spec. Plant. 1348.), but removed by Willdenow to where it now is. Miller
informs us, that this, with twenty-two other speciest, are natives of India, and are de See Hort. Mai. part xii. pp.7, 8. t.3.
f Four species are natives of Jamaica, one of which is medicinal, according to Browne, the
limodorum altum; the root of which, he says, is somewhat transparent; its taste bitterish and
a
VOL. II. Y
scribed by Koenig at great length, as may be seen in the sixth^/Zwcicw/i^ of Retzius's
Observations. Will-denow's account of it is briefly, " L. caulescens, foliis oblongo-spathulatis
obtusis, racemis axillaribus labello bifldo, comu abbreviato/' Spec. Plant, vol. iv. p. 125. Sir W.
Jones, in speaking of it, says, that the leaves are sheathing, opposite, equally curved, imd
sy^ord-formed; and that it cQmmonly attaches itself to the mango and cratava retigiosa trees.
See bis works, vol. v. p. 150.
CCLXXVI. * PONGOl-AM CL-J'Tr(TorC95r^^5v>/TLp (Mai.).

Pongolam is the name given on the Malabar coast to a plant which, Rheede tells us, has great
medical virtues; ol* it he says, <^ Calefacit, exsiccat, discutit, omnia vitia exfirigore orta, ut et
humores pituitosos ac febres.*'
I have not been able correctly to ascertain what it is.
eCLXXVIL
POOL (Javan.) Citron-kaved Tabemamontana.
Tabern^montana CiTRiifOLiA (Var.).
little warm, and may be used with great propriety as a stoma^chic. See Hort. Jamaicensis, vol.
i. pp. 395, 396. Nine species of Hmodorum have a place iq the Hortus Benealensis, see p. 63. *
Vide Hort. Mai. part yH. p. 11. ^
CL and Ord. Pentandria Monogynia. Nat Ord. Contortae.
This is a small tree, which rises to the height of sixteen feet, covered with a grey bark,
abounding in milky juice y it has opposite ovate leaves, bears a few white flowers, and has
brown seeds lodged in a soft orange coloured pulp. The tree has a place amongst the Tonics of
the Javanese; the bark, which is a pure bitter, is used. Rumphius speaks of the antifebrile
virtues of the plant} it is a native of Mar-tinico as well as Java; the French call it bois-Uuteux*
CCLXXVIII.
POOLAVAYR PUTTAY u,3V)^^Ga^-J':^L-|LJL (22)1 (Tam.) Poolugooda-putta (Tel.)
WceUkayiUa rCyng.) Krishna kdmbqjil c||C>u| ^fTF^tsft (Sans.) Bark of the Many^flowered
PhylUmthtts.
Phyllanthus Multiflorus (Klein*).
CL and Ord. Moncecia Monodelphia. Nat Ord. Tricoccae. VielbbmUger PhyUantkus (Nom.
Triv.
WiUd.).
This bark, as it appears in the Indian bazars, is commonly in pieces about a foot long, and as
thick as the wrist, of a dark colour outside, and of a faint sweetish taste; it is considered as
alterative and at-tenuant, and is prescribed in decoction, in the quan* tity of four ounces or
more twice daily.
The genus as described by Willdenow, has already been given under article NeUie poo in this
vol. and chapter.
Our apecieiu whidi is in Bengalie called Pankoou
Y 2

hee^ and in Cyngalese wceUkayila^ would appear to have been hitherto only particularly
noticed by Dr. Klein of Trairquebar, who being the friend of Willdenow, transmitted to him
such information as enabled the great botanist to speak of it as he does, in the System, (vol.
iv. p. 581.); who says, " P. foliis oblongis acutis-cuhs, pedunculis axillaribus aggregatis,
ramulis pinnaeformibus teretiusculis pubescentibus:" again, " Rami teretes lignosi fusci
Iceves crassitiae fere pen-nas anserinae; folia semipollicaria vel minora oblonga apice et basi
parum angustata, interdum etiam rotun-data, semper glabra; flores axillares pedunculati 3 ad
6.; ob ramulos pinnaeformes copiosos floribus numerosioribus videtur instructus.'' I find the
plant is a native of Ceylon. See Moon's Catalogue of Ceylon Plants.
CCLXXIX.
POOLEAN (Jav.).
Ophioxylon Spinosa (Lin.).
This is, I find, placed amongst the Tonics, in Dr. Horsfield*s list of Java Medicinal Plants.
CCLXXX.
POOLIAR AY L_ov-pLun-(22)nr (Tam.) Chua-mi^ ha<hia (Coch. Chin.) UmbiUi ^>ajI
(Duk.) FooU lie chinta (Tel.) also Pulla chinta (Tel.) Amrool (Hind.) Chukrika -glcnchl, also
Ambashtd 3|^^ also Amlika ^TT^^f (Sans.) Yellow-Wood Sorrel.
OXALIS CORNICULATA (Liu.).
CHAP. I. MATERIA INDICA. S9S
CI. and Ord. Decandria Pentagynia. Nat. Ord. Gruinales. Gehomter Sauerklee (Nom. Triv.
Willd.).
The small sour leaves, tender stalks, and flowers of this plant, are prescribed by the Hindoos,
as by the Cochin-Chinese, in electuary, in cases in which cooling medicines are required, to
the quantity of two tea-spoonfuls twice daily. Of the genus, WiUde-now observes, " Cal.
5.phyllus; petala unguibus con-nexa; stam. insequalia, 5-breviora exteriora basi con-nata;
caps, angulis dehiscens, 5-gona.'' Spec. Plant* vol. ii. p. 772. See Flor. Coch. Chin. (vol. i. p.
285.) Thunb. Japon. (p. I87.), and Rumph. Amb. (i. 8. c. 64. p. 277.)
The species in question is an annual plant, with a prostrate rooting stem ; peduncles twoflowered, styles almost equal; the leaves are alternate, ternate, collected in a small number at
the rooting part of the stems. It grows in the woods of the Co-romandel coast, but is also a
native of Southern Europe, of Cochin-China, and Japan. It teould seem to be the oxys lutea of
Bauh. Hist. (ii. p. 388.^ and the oxysjlavojiore of Claus. Hist. (ii. p. 248.).
The oxalis sensitiva is a native of Cochin-China^ and there called chan4su ; it is also a native
of Java, and is there called kating-angy and placed by the natives amongst their tonics; it is
common on the Malabar coast, where it is termed toddu-vaddi (Rheede, Mai. ix. p. S3, t. 190There is but one species of this genus in Jamaica, oxalis stricta^ and which, according to

Sloane and Browne, has medical virtues; the first informs us, that the leaves bruised and
mixed with a little fine salt, remove films, funguses, and proud flesh from the eye ; and the
last tells us, that it is a pleasant
Y 3
cooler and diuretic* Eight species of oxalis grow in the botanical garden of Calcutta. Our
article is indigenous in India, and is called in Bengalese and Hindoostanie AmrooL Three
species grow in Ceylon.
CCLXXXl.
POOLIARILEH KALUNG (Tam.) TVoorsi. pala (TeL) Three-leaved Cissus.
Cissus Acid A (Lin.).
CI. and Ord. Tetrandria Monogynia. Nat. Ord. Hederaceae. Saur KUmme (Nom. Triv. Willd.).
The bulbous roots of this plant are sliced and ap* plied to buboes to drive them back; they are
also sometimes prescribed internally, ground small, and in conjunction with sugar in pile
cases.
The genus, according to Willdenow, has already been noticed under the head of perundei
codL The species in question, is common in the woods of the Coromandel coast; and has been
minutely described by Browne, (Jamaica, 147.)> and Swartz, also by Barham (p. 17^0 > it is a
scandent shrub, with a fle](uose, round stents tinged with purple, succulent and jointed, with
short branches^ and leceves alternate and petioled; the umbells are five-cleft; umbellets fiveflowered; corolla four-parted ; germ truncate ; berry black, and surrounded by the calyx.
Of the use that the cissus acida might be turned to in the arts, according to Barham, I have
taken some notice under the head of pertmdei codi in this
* See Hort. Jamaicensisi vol. ii. p. 304.
chapter. The species setosa (Roxb.), the barubui-saU of the Tellinghoos, is an extremely acrid
plant; the leaves toasted and oiled, are applied to tumours to bring them to suppuration. See
Flora Indica, vol. i. p. 428. Nineteen species of cis^us lire growing in the botanical garden of
Calcutta*
CCLXXXII.
POOLLIUM VEREIuflNrrUjixx5XSta)Cr(Tam.)
Umlika chincha UjL^ IT JL#I (Duk.) TdktnitBmari
(Persian). CJunta vittiloo (Tellingoo). Tintitl xS^n
1rrPHc^ql>51 (Sans.) Cay-me (Cochin-Chin.)

Stone qf the Tamarind Tree.

Tamarindus Indica (Lin.).
This very astringent substance is sometimes prescribed by the Vytians in dysenteric
complaints, and also as a tonic in rutta varie (Tam.^, menorrhagia ; it is usually given in the
form of an electuary, in thd quantity of two pagodas weight, twice daily. In times of scarcity
the poor eat the tamarind irtones I after being roasted, and then soaked for a few hours in
water, the dark outer skin comes o% leaving the seeds below^ white, soft, and in tastfe not
unlike a field bean ; these are boiled or fried, and eaten. See article Tamarind*, in vol. i. of this
work.
* A confection prepared with the flowers is supposed, In Cejlon, to have virtues in
obstructions of the liver and splMU See Scott's excellent Inaugural Dissertation on the
Mecucinal Plants of Ceylon, p. SO.
y 4
CCLXXXIII.
POOLLUGHOO SHUTTUM '^(^(^^i^i^io (Tam.) Zubad aU) (Arab.) Javad ^1^^ (Duk.)
Gandhamdrjara rya i\r\\^ | Ji| ^cf)^ (Sans.) Zibet Perfume*
ViVERRA ZiBETHA (Lio.).
Poollughoo shutttnJh as it appears in the bazars, is the Tamool name of a large, glandular,
dried receptacle with contents, which is procured from a species of civet'Catf found
occasionally in Lpwer Hindoo-stan. The animal itself is called in Tamool poollughoo pooney^
and in Tellingoo poonughoo piKe. The article is chiefly used, when diluted, as a perfume, but
is also considered by the Hindoos as having anodyne and antispasmodic properties,
resembling cactor. The animal is by no means uncommon on the Malabar coast, where it is
called merrwa^ in the Malayalie language. Turpin, in his " Histoire de Siam," informs us, that
the civet-cat is a native of that country; it is to be found in Brazil, and used formerly to be
brought into Holland as an article of commerce. The civet, which, in the northern tracts of
Hindoostan, is called katas^ is secreted in the large glandular receptacle above mentioned,
situated beneath the tail of the animal, which has the power, by means of muscular
compression, of squeezing out the perfume when it pleases: when good, it is of a clear
yellowish white colour, soft, unctuous, and of about the consistence of honey; like musk, its
smell is unpleasant till diluted; it is sometimes adulterated with ox-gall, storax, or honey.
CHAP. I. MATERIA INDICA. SS9
Though certainly antispasmodic to a certain degree, it is scarcely ever used now, in Europe,
but as a perfume to augment the smell of odoriferous substances, chiefly waters and spirits,
such as the lilly of the valley^ roses, rhodium, orange flowers, yellow saunders, &c. The
Italians make it an occasional ingredient in perfumed oils, and in this way obtain the whole
of the scent, for oils dissolve the entire substance of the civet.

Seven species of this animal have been noticed by writers on natural history; we shall
mention but three, from all of which the civet is procured of the same quality. 1. Our article,
which is peculiar to the Asiatic continent, from Arabia to Malabar, and, according to Dr.
Horsfleld*, in the large islands of the Indian Archipelago ; it is the tanggalung of the Malays,
and frequently grows to the length of two feet six inches, and, compared with the other two,
is a stout animal; its neck is short and thick, and breast full and distended; it is chiefly
distinguished by having only a single black longitudinal dark-coloured line along the back,
bounded on each side l}y a white one, and its comparatively mild disposition. 2. The vtverra
rassia (Horsf.), a name bestowed by Dr. Horsfield on this species from the Javanese word
rasa (perfume); it is not more than one foot eleven inches from the end of the muzzle to the
root of the tail; it is very ferocious, and has, in place of one, no less than eight regular parallel
dark-coloured lines along the back; the marks or spots on the other parts of the body are the
same with those of the zibetha, with this exception, that in the zibetha they are very dark, and
in the rasse more
* See his excellent Zoological Researches on Java, No. ti.
SdO MAtERIA IHDICA. PARf II.
feint In the rassia the ringfii of the tail are strongly marked, and go uniformly round the tail ;
in the anbetha they are scarcely perceptible in the under side. 3. The v. civetta (Lin.), which is
peculiar to Africa, and which is known at once by its chesnut* coloured mane, and its back
being spotted with a cinerous brown.
CCLXXXIV.
POOMICHACAREI KALUNG (Tam.) JSoo-nUsakhera gudda (Tel.) BhiUarkara 3TSfT%^
(Sans.)
#
This root, in external appearance, is not unlike liquorice root; it also somewhat resembles it
in taste, but is not nearly so sweet; it is prescribed, in decoc^ tion, as an alterative and diet
drink. I have not been able to ascertain from what plant it is procured^ but hope that future
research may be more fortunate. What I saw of the poomchacarei kahmg was brought to me
from the medicine bazar of Trichinopoly, and was said to have been .gathered in the woods of
Malabar.
CCLXXXV.
PONAVERIE QLjiT(5^^S)<y^2^rr (Tam.) P^du tengliadoo (Tel.) Kulkashinda (Beng.)
Ooroo-tora (Cyng.); see Burm. Zey. t. 98. Swamamaya-^ ff^ri k!^V\HM^^ (Sans.) Sophera
Cassia.
Cassia Sophera (Lin.).
CL and Ord. Decandria Monogynia. Nat. Ord. Lomentaceae. Sopheraartige Cassie (Nom. Triv.

wmd.).
The juice of the leaves of this low-growing plant, as well as of the fresh root, is reckoned a
sovereign application in ring-worm, commonly prescribed in conjunction with lime-juice. The
plant is the port' nam t&ghtra of Rheede (Mai. 2. p. 101. t. 52.), and the gcUUnaria acutiflora
of Rumphius (Amb. v. p. 283. t. 97* f 10 > ^^ ^3 ^^ cambang'hming of the Malays, and. Dr.
Horsfield informs us, is ranked by the Javanese amongst their cathartics. The genus has been
already noticed. The species in question is best described in the Flor. Zeyl. " Facies foli-arum
g. ligustrinse; foUa pinnata, foliolis cirdter 10 parium, coriarise facie, foliolis lanceolatis, sive
ovato-lanceolatis, acutis viridibus herbaceis glabris sub-aaqualibus subpetiolatis; racemus
parvus ex alis, coroUse albido flavescentes venis fuscis." The three upper anthers are small
and barren, the three lowest bowed, and the four middle ones straight The cassia sophera is
also a native of China, and of the South Sea Island Tongalabu. It is indigenous in India, and
may be seen growing in the botanical garden at Calcutta. See Hortus Bengalensis (p. 33.). The
plant is the xy-tsi-tau of the Chinese, but who do not appear to attach to it any peculiar
virtues, and may be seen mentioned by Forskahl in his Flor. Egypt Arab, under the name of
^^Ju^ zufeer.
S89 MATERIA IKDICA. PART II.
CCLXXXVL
POONGA-MARUM i^rRj^uyrLO (Tam.) Kur^ twye ke jar j\^ ^ *9^^ (Duk.) Canaga (Can.)
Kanoogamanoo (Tel.) Caranj (Hind.) Kararga cf;^^ (Sans.) also Naktamala IFDHlc^ (Sans.)
Woody Dalbergia.
Dalbergia Arborea (Willd.).
CI. and Ord. Diadelphia Decandria. Nat. Ord. Papilionacea?. Baumartige Dalbergie (Nom.
Triv. WiUd.).
The juice of the fresh root of this beautiful tree the Vytians use for the purpose of cleaning
foul ulcers, and consider it as particularly applicable in cases of fistulous sores, disposing
them to close, and heal. A fixed oil is prepared from the seed of the legume, called in Tamool
poonga tmrun/f and in Cana-rese hoingay unnay^ supposed to be an efficacious application
in the itch, and as an unction in rheumatic affections. The tree is the caju galedupa of
Rumphius (Amb. vol. ii. p. 59.) ^^^ is the pongam or minari of Rheede (Hort. Mai. 6. p. 5. t.
3.).
Of the genus, Willdenow says, " Cal. obsolete, 5-dentatus; legumen foliaceum planum non
dehis-cens; semina solitaria vel bina (See Spec. Plant, vol. iii. p. 900.).
The species in question is remarkable for the thick and grateful shade it affords, and its
profusion of fine deep-green leaves, which are about three inches long, and pointed; the
flowers are small, white and pink mixed; but we shall,for the reader's satisfaction.
give Willdenow's description: " Arbor excelsa; JbUa alterna pinnata; fotiola qiiinque petiolata

op-posita ovata acuminata venosa glabra bi vel tripol-licaria; racemi axillares solitarii
longitudine folio-rum, quandoque longiores; germen pilosum ; stigma simplex capitatum;
legumen oblongum utrinque acutum submonospermum/'
The tree is a native of Ceylon, and is there called magul-karanda. Fourteen species grow in
the botanical garden of Calcutta.
CCLXXXVII. POONJANDEPUTTAY (Tam.).
This is a sweet^smelling, pleasant tasted, filamentous, brownish bark, which was brought to
me by a Vytian of Negapatam, and which, he informed me, was much prized for its alterative
qualities, given in decoction; at the same time he told me, that it was brought from the
Malabar woods. It is hoped that future investigation will lead to more satisfactory
information.
CCLXXXVIII.
POURSUNGHAI t^ixru^f^^n^/^rruj (Tam.)
Parspipal (Hind.) Ghengheravie kaia (Tel.) P3riska pull J^. IT o^L (Duk.) Cay-tla (Cochin-Chin.)
Sooparshavaka (Sans.) Fndt of the Poplar-leaved
Hibiscus, or Portia Tree.
Hibiscus Populneus (Lin.).
L
334 MATERIA INDICA. PART 11.
CI. and Ord. Monadelphia Polyandria. Nat. Ord. Columnifersc. Pappelhlattriger Hibiscus
(Nom. Triv. WiildOThe bright yellow juice of tbe fruit of this tree, is, in its nature, a little glutinous, and of a
taste somewhat resembling gamboge; it is employed as an external application in various
cutaneous affections, particularly in that variety of carpang called the Malabar itch; and a
strong decoction of the bark is used as a wash in the same complaints. A decoction of the bark
is given by the Vytians internally, as an alterative, in the quantity of three or four ounces,
twice daily. The tree is the cay-tla of the Cochin-Chinese, the novella liltorea of Rumphius
(Amb. ii. p. aSi.), and the bupartie of Rheede (Mai. i. p. 51. t. ^9.). It grows large on Ceylon,
and is there called sooriya-gaha ; with the juice of the fruit the Cyngalese dye yellow.
Of the genus, Willdenow says, " Cal. duplex exterior pollyphyllus j siigviaia 5 j caps 5locularis, polysperma" (Spec. Plant, vol. iiL p. 806.).
The species in question grows to the iieight of a small tree, with a thick trunk ; the leaves,

which are about four or five inches long, are heart-shaped and pointed, smooth, and of a solid
texture; the corolla is large, without scent, and of a yellowish-white colour; the fruit a
pericarp, in appearance, it is not unlike a small yellowish-brown shrivelled apple, five-celled,
and contains many seeds, and a good deal of tlie yellow juice above mentioned. This plant is
distinguished from most of its congeners by its '* caule arboreo;" by far the greater part of the
species are perennials, many have shrubby stalks, but some only herbaceous. The
poursunghai-mdnim shall be noticed in another part
CHAP.I MATERIA INDICA, SdA
of this work. Of the six species of hibiscus growing in Jamaica, three, according to Lunan's
Hortus Ja-maiceosis, are medicinal; yiz.hib. saMariffu^^ the root of which, according to
Dancer, is purgative, in doses of jij.; the hit. abelmoschus, the seeds of which smell strong of
musk, and are^ according to Dancer, emetic; and lastly, the hib^ ochra^ the leaves and pods
of which, in infusion, is a substitute for linseed tea. Six species of this genus were growing in
the botanical garden of Calcutta in 1814.^ See Hart. Bengal, (p. 9Q.)*
Our article, with the species sinensis naUabilis^ and tibiaceWf are natives of Java, a&d placed
by the native doctors amongst their EmoUlents.
CCLXXXIX.
PORASUM VEREI l^/v)^L)c^:lss>^ or PORASUM COTTAY (Tam.) MSduga vittiloo (Tel.)
Palasa Mc^l^l (Sans,) also Kinsuka f^jq^ (Sans.)
Seed qfthe Butea Frondosa.
Bute A Frondosa (Koenig.)*
CI. and Ord. Diadelphia Decandria. Belaubte Butea (Nom. Triv. WiUd.).
The juice of the seeds, which are contained within the very flat, oval, chesnut-coloured
legume of the butea frondosa, is a medicine held in high estimation by the Tamool
practitioners as an anthelmintic, in the quan* tify of a table-spoonful and a half twice daily,
both
* llie calyx of the fruit of this species haa a mo^t p)<?MI0i^ 9^id taste, aiid ia q^ad^ iiitp
jpUy aiid tafl^j^ the i|>^ia8 hai b^n lately brought to Inoia from Jamaica.
in cases of tape-worm and ascarides. Dr. Roxburgh, in his account of the plant (Cor. PL i. t.
21.), informs us, that from wounds made in the bark of the tree, a beautiful red juice issues,
which soon hardens into a ruby-coloured, brittle astringent gum *, which seems to contain a
small quantity of resin, so differing from gum kino ; an infusion of the flowers dyes cotton,
which has been previously impregnated with a solution of alum, a beautiful bright yellow t'; a
little alkalie added to the infusion, changes it to a deep reddish orange, which dyes
unprepared cotton cloth of the same colour. Lac insects are frequently found on the small

branches and petioles of the leaves. The natives appear to make no use of either the gum or
flowers.
Of the genus, Willdenow says, " CaL subbilabia-tus; corollce vexillum longissimum/ legumen
com-pressum membranaceum apice monospermum." Spec. Plant, vol. iii. p. 917
The species in question is the gas-kcela of the Cyngalese; it is middle-sized, but sometimes a
large tree, generally a little crooked, having an ash-coloured scabrous bark; leaves alternate,
threeed, from eight to sixteen inches long, leaflets emarginated, or rounded at the apex;
flowers J papilionaceous, pendulous, numerous, large; seed one, lodged at the end of the
legume.
By the Hortus Malabaricus (vol. i. p. 29.)> it appears, that the wood and leaves of this tree
which,

* A solution of it in water is of a deep-red colour, and this solution, by the addition of sal
martis, changes into a good durable ink.
f See Dr. Kerr's account of the butea frondosa, in the Asiatic Journal for March 1817.
X They are of a deep-red, shaded with orange, and silver-coloured down.
is there called plasOf are used in religious ceremonies, and that the fruit is anthelmintic; the
bark is given in conjunction with ginger in the cases of snakebites. Dn Sherwood informs me,
that he has known a decoction of the seed, to which a little nitre had been added, prescribed
with advantage in gravelly complaints. The tree is called u^^^pcdds in Ben-galie and
Hindoostanie, and I^L (^^. palds pdpara in Dukhanie: the Mahometans of Upper India name
it dhak*
Another species, butea superbay is a large twining shrub, a native of the Circar mountains j it
also yields a similar kind of ruby-coloured astringent gum; the flowers may in like manner be
used for dyeing yellow, and for preparing a yellow pigment. The shrub is the tiga mdduga of
the Tellingoos. Dr. Roxburgh, in speaking of it (Cor. Plants, vol. i. p. 23.), says, that he does
not believe that the vegetable world produces any thing so gaudy ; the flowers are
incomparably beautiful, large, numerous, and of so vivid a red, that one of his best painters
laboured in vain to imitate it. See Brutea Frondosa in other parts of this work.
ccxc.
PORONO JIWA (Jav.).
Dr. Horsfleld, in his "Account of Medicinal Plants of Java," observes, that the natives of that
country consider this plant as an antidote, in all cases in which poison has been swallowed: it
is one of the remedies, he adds, in which they place most confidence. It is only found in
elevated situations j
VOL. II. z

dS8 MATiBRIA INDICA. PART II*

the stem is shrubby, declining, and divided into a few jslender branches, all its parts are
penetrated with intense bitterness; the seeds are employed; one of them triturated in water is
taken to counteract the poison. It would appear, that the genus of the shrub is doubtful; it
has, however, evidently some affinity to the geqffrcea.
CCXCL
PORTALAYKAIANTAGEREI Qi^-r/^^^ji/^ C22)^LLjrB5^ef>a2>cr (Tam.) Peela bhungara
i^j^j^ '^. (Duk.) Keshoorh/a (Beng.) Bhungareh asjur x^tz^ ^l fPers.)
PatsoopoopiUataghelinjerakoo (Tel.)
Plta-bhringi LplrtWpT (Sans.) Marygold4ike Verbesina.
Verbesina Calendulacea (Lin.).
CI. and Ord. Syngenesia Superflua. Nat Ord. Corymbiferae (Juss.) Rifigelblumenartige
Verbesini (Norn. Triv. WiUd.).
The teaves, seeds, yellow flowers, in a word, the whole of this low-growing plant, which is
pleasant and somewhat aromatic to the taste, is used in medicines ; it is considered as
deobstruent, and is prescribed in decoction, in the quantity of half a tea-cupful twice daily. It
is the pee-cajom of Rheede (Hort. Mai. x. p. 83. t. 42.), and the ran-wankeeki-rindiya of the
Cyngalese. It has " an herbaceous stem, a foot high, and nearly erect; leaves quite entire,
opposite, lanceolate, bluntish, with yellow flowers, terminating solitary, and on a very long
peduncle.*' It is a native of China as well as India.
Three species of verbesina grow in Ceylon; five have a place in the Hortus Bengalensis. ^rb
*^ 4f biringhie raj is the Hindoostanie name of the species verbesina prostrata.
CCXCII.
POSTAKAI G^^rrcT^^^u^rvLu (Tam.) Post ^. (Duk.) Capsules of the Poppy Plant.
Papaver Somniferum (Lin,).
This is the dried capsule of the poppy, with which the native practitioners of India make an
infusion, administered as a restrainer in bowel complaints.
CCXCIII.
POTTLE OOPPOO TRAVAGUM (Tam.) Nitrous Acid.
In addition to what I have said of this medicine at pages 2 and 580 of Vol. I., I may here add,
with reference to Dr. Scot's nitrous add bath^ that that application of the mineral acid seems
to gain ground amongst many of the medical men of England, some of whom think that in
certain hepatic derangements it answers the purpose of mercury: it is believed to keep the

bowels open, and so far it may give relief to internal congestion ; but I should be sorry to
trust to it in any acute case of hepatitis in India, and still must caution against its influence
on the nervous system, (in peculiar habits perhaps.) There is another
z 2
remark, which I must in justice to Dr. Scot's discovery make, and that is, that the two
individuals I alluded to, as sufleriug from the use of the bath, kept their legs in it for nearly
an hour each timej this may be too long. Indeed, I fiud that a quarter of an hour or twenty
minutes is usually recommended, and to be continued for some days together. Tlie nitromuriatic bath is made by first pouring four ounces of water into a glass vessel, to this is to be
slowly added two ounces of the muriatic acid, and the same quantity of nitric acid; one ounce
of this mixture will be enough for a gallon of water, oi- generally speaking, it may be made of
the strength of weak vinegar. The water should be tepid, and the proper heatmay be renewed
daily, by taking away a gallon of the bath mixture, and adding a gallon of water sufficiently
warm to give a proper temperature to the whole, adding of course at the same time a
proportion of the mixture to make up for what has been removed. The best form of a bath for
the feet and legs is a long narrow one, in which three gallons of the mixture will be enough to
reach nearly up to the patient's knees.
CCXCIV.
PUCHANAVIE LJf?=!22ie=iscnL? (Tarn.) Butch, ndk J'lijSJ (Duk.J Beesh ^ (Pers.) Agel
gheea (Arab.)' Vatsmiabie (Tel.) ' Nabht ^TlfH (Sans.) Poison Root.
m
i.
This root somewhat resembles that of the sweet-scented flag, but is very different in its
absolute quality, being reckoned of a very poisonous nature, particularly when fresh, in which state, or nearly so, the native druggists contrive to preserve it
by means of oil. There is a variety of this root found in the bazars, which is dark-coloured,
and therefore called in Tamool karoo-tuwie. It is a most powerful poison: it is also sometimes
named ven-navie.
ccxcv.
PUNDAROO, also BUNDAROO (Tel.) Kola buchnak uTU^Sl^ (Duk.)
Cinchona Excelsa (Roxb.).
CI. and Ord. Pentandria Monogynia. Nat. Ord. Contorts.
Pundaroo is the Tellinghoo name of a tree, a native of the Circar mountains, having a straight
trunk of considerable thickness, with opposite, oblong, pe-tioled leaves, ^nAJUywers fasciled,
small, and greenish-white. * The inner coat of the bark," Roxburgh tells us, '' possesses the
bitterness and astringency of the Peruvian bark; the bitter, however, on chewing, is not easily

perceived, but is more lasting." The bark is used by the tanners, and is also a medicine in use
amongst the Hindoos, in cases requiring astringents (See Flora Indica, vol. ii. p. 1490- This is
the only species of Cinchona noticed by Pennant in his Flora Indica; and it is a curious fact
that Humboldt tells us that hitherto no species of Cinchona has been discovered in the
equinoctial part of New Spain. See his Political Essay on the Kingdom of New Spain, vol. ii. p.
401.
z 3
CCXCVI.
PUT-SAI, or PE-TSI (Chinese.) Water^Ches^
nut.
SciRPus TuBEROsus (Roxb.).
CI. and Ord. Triandria Monogynia. Nat. Ord. Calamariae.
Put-sai is the Chinese name of a plant transmitted some years ago from Canton to Calcutta,
where it now thrives in the botanical garden, flowering about the close of the rains: it has a "
fibrous root^ with stoloniferous shoots, and round turnip-shaped tubers; cuhns erect, naked;
leaves none; seed obcordate, surrounded with bristles." Abbd Grosier gives a particular
account of the economical uses of the tuberous roots of the plant: the nut is in high
estimation either for the pot or as a medicine. See Flora Indi-ca, (vol. i. p. 213.)
CCXCVII.
PULEE (Javan.) Citron-leaved Tahemcemontana.
TabernuEMONtana Citrifolia.
CI. and Ord. Pentandria Monogynia. Nat. Ord. ContortsB.
At Batavia the bark of this tree is considered to have tonic virtues given in fevers: in Java it is
believed to be anthelmintic. The tree "rises to the height of fifteen or sixteen feet; the bark of
the trunk is of a smooth-grey colour, and abounds in
milky juice, which has obtained for the tree the name of bois laitetUj from the French} the
leaves are opposite, ovate; Jlowers lateral, glomerate-umbelled, of a. bright-yellow colour and
pleasant smell; seeds brown^ lodged in a soft orange pulp/' The tree is a native of America as
well as Batavia and Java. The genus is thus described by Willdenow, Spec. Plant vol. i, p. 1244.
<< Contorta; JbUiculi 2, horizontales; sem. pulpae immersa."
Three species grow in Jamaica, and five in Ceylon^ but one of which, the dichotoma (Roxb.),
appears to be indigenous in that island: it also appears to be a native of Ceylon and Malabar.
The reader may find the plant fully described, and somewhat difierently from the above, in
the Flora Indica MSS., a description I saw too late to enable me to avail myself of the masterhand of Roxburgh here.

CCXCVIII.
PUPPALI PULLUM LjL-.Ljrrcvi^LjL-'yiLD (Tam.) Papayd Laj (Hind.) Papaya marum
(Rheede, Mai. i. t. 15.) Amba Hindi <s^S^ aaXc (Arab.) Pcepol (Cyng.) Common Papal or
Papaw.
Carica Papaya (Willd.).
CI. and Ord. Polygamia Trioecia.
The milky juice* of the fruit, when unripe, is supposed by the natives of the isle of France to
possess powerful anthelmintic properties, but I perceive by
* This juice was ascertained, by Sir H. Davy, to abound in albumen. (Elements of Agricultural
Chemistry, p. 82.)
Z 4 i ' -' ' 1
I S^ MATERIA INDICA. PART II.
the Hortus Jaraaicensis (vol. ii. p. 37.)' ^^^^ " ^^ maica it is reckoned as most injurious to
the intestines:
(the same fruit, ripe, is excellent and wholesome, and will be noticed more fully in another
part of this work. The tree " rises to the height of sixteen or twenty feet, with a thick* soft,
herhaceous stem, and naked till within two or three feet of the top; the very large leaves come
out on each side of the stem; Utiejlovoers of the male are produced from between the leaves
on the upper part of the plant on every side, are pure white, and have a pleasant odour: those
of the female also come out between the leaves, but have much shorter peduncles; they are
large and bell-shaped, composed of six petals, which are com-monly yellow, but those of the
pyramidal sort are purple ; the fruit, which is of varying forms, is about the size of a small
melon " (Miller). The tree is a native of both Indies. There is a male, female, and
hermaphrodite plant, distinguished in Ceylon by tlie names mal, bada, and walu. The tree is
common in Cochin-China, and there called ca^-rfu-du (Flor. Coch. Chin. vol. ii. p. G2S.). The
species prosoposa grows in Jamaica, and may be found described in the Hortus Jamaicensis,
vol. ii. p. 38.
Dr. Roxburgh at one time had a doubt whether the female trees would bear without the male
being near; from some curious information given him by Major Wynch, he ascertained that
the female tree would not yield ripe fruit if a male tree was not close to it. Flora Indica
(MSS.).
* The small aecila it contains, Horsfield iDfonns us, the Javanese consider as antliclminlic. I
k 1
CCXCIX.
PURPADAGUM Lja-ijL^L-n-^LD (Tam.)

Purpatakum (Tel.) Parpata T^fM?" (Sans.) Urnbelled Phamaceum.

Pharnaceum Cerviana? (Lin.).
CI. and Ord. Pentandria Trigjmia. Nat Ord* Caryophyllei. Doldenblutiges Pharnaceum (Nom.
Triv. Willd.).
The tender shoots and flowers of this low-growing annual plant are prescribed in infusion to
the quantity of half a tea-cupful twice daily in fever cases requiring mild diaphoretics, and the
same qualities appear to be ascribed to it in the (Hort. MaL p. 10. p. 60.) It is a low-growing
plant; but seems hitherto to have been but imperfectly described. Of the genus, Willde-now
says, " CaL 5.phyllus; cor. 0; caps, d-locularis^ polysperma." Gaertner informs us, that our
species diiSers but little from the species mollugo *; it has a thin-ovate capsule, with eight or
ten small round seeds in each cell, and is a native of Spain. I perceive by Moon's Catalogue of
Ceylon Plants, that the pharnaceum triflora has got the Cjmgalese name of patpadagan ; a
name so near the Tamool appella* tion of our article, that I am inclined to think they are the
same plant, and that it is therefore doubtful whether phar. triflora may not be the more
correct. Three species of pharnaceum grow in Ceylon: two are in the Hortus Bengalensis. I
observe in the Flora Indica (MSS.), that Roxburgh describes at length the pharnaceum
pentagynum, a common pot-herb in Upper India, and called in Bengalese doosera^sag.
* Which 18 the co^ang of the Cochin-Chinese.
ccc.
PUTCHWEY.
This is the name of a kind of liquor much relished amongst the Rajmhal mountains, prepared
with dried grain, and rendered more intoxicating by an admixture of a small grain called
backhun ; and which Is, I believe, the dokhn of the Arabians (panicum * Ital-icum).
(Hamilton's MSS.)
CCCI.
QUPAS, or UPAS (Malay). Poison.
Upas is a common Malay name for any mortal poison, such as upas antiar, the poison of the
antiaris toaicaria; upas tshettik^ that of the cerbera opposi^ iybUa* The first-mentioned
plant is one of the largest trees of the Indian Archipelago, and is common all over it; the
poison is a milky juice, of the colour of dirty cream, which flows from the outer bark on its
being wounded, and which, if inserted into a buffalo by means of a dart, will destroy it in little
more than two hours. The cerbera oppositi-folia, which yields the upas tshettik, is a large
creeping shrub confined to Java alone; it is from the bark of its root that the poison is got,
and which is infi-nitely more powerful than the first mentioned; so inuch so, that it destroys
animal life in a very short time (see Crawfurd's History of the Indian Archipe-lago, also
Horsfield's account of the upas poison,

* Made, it must be presumed, into a sort of malt: it is a very delicate and wholesome grain.
in the Transactions of the Batavian Society, vol. vii.). These two poisons have both been
examined by Pelletier, who discovered, that the active ingredient of the upas tshettik
appeared to be strychnia, united with igasuric acid, and two colouring matters; and that
iheupas antiar is composed of a peculiar elastic resin, a gummy principle, and a bitter
ingredient, concentrating in itself all the noxious qualities of the poison (See Ann. de Chim.
et de Phys., Mai, 1824.).
Orfila informs us, in his work on Poisons (vol. ii. part i. p. 308.), that the first, upas tieute
(tshettik), which was brought to France from Java, was by Leshenault, and that it was
scientifically examined by Magendie and Delille in 1809. Eight drops of a solution of the
upas, injected into the jugular vein of a horse, killed him in three minutes, acting, apparently,
chiefly on the spinal marrow. The poison of the upas antiar, injected into a vein in a dog's
neck killed him in five minutes; he at first cried vehemently, by Orfila*s account, but did not
vomit. Those poisons are noticed here in the hope that further experiments may be made
with them, and that in these times of curious and interesting discoveries they may be even
turned to some useful account in the practice of medicine.
CCCII.
RANDU BASIN (Jav.).
This is the Javanese name of a plant, which. Dr. Horsfield says, belongs to a doubtful genus; I
give it a place here that it may become an object of further inquiiy, there is no doubt but that it contains a large portion of aromatic oil. The tunggtUtrng is another Javanese plant which contains an aromatic oil, which might be a useful
substitute for oil of turpentine; it is the amyris protium (lAn.), the protium Javanicura of
Burm. (Indie 88.), and the tingulong of Rumph. (Amb. vU. p. 54. 1.1^3.).
CCCIII.
RAJRITE (Hind.) Justah bhasina (Sans.).
This is a preparation of zinc which Hamilton found in Rerar, and whicli was there prescribed
in violent gonorrhoea, accompanied with discharge of blood (MSS.).
CCCIV.
RASSUM Tf^LO (Tarn, and Tet.) Abuc uu\ (Arab.) Wa^Sfl (Malay). Suta ^^ (Sans.) Mercury.
Hydrargyrum,
The preparations of mercury found in use amongst the Tamool practitioners give us but a
poor opinion of their knowledge of chemistry. Their pharmaceutical operations are crude and
unscientific; and so little do they appear to be aware of the effects of attraction and new
combination, that articles, the most opposite and heterogeneous in their nature, are added at
random. Yet, after all, however much we may be inclined to smile at some of their strange

mixtures, it must be confessed that the characterizing principles are generally correct, and
that, every thing
considered, there is, in the present state of knowledge amongst the Vytians and Hakeems^
more to call forth our wonder than excite our contempt. I shall, therefore, without further
comment, lay before the reader the prescribed rules for making several of the preparations of
mercury, employed by the Tamool doctors (translated literally from their works on Pharmacy
and the Materia Medica); by which it will be seen how far such compositions may be trusted
to, in situations where the nicer chemical productions of Europe cannot be obtained. *
* The Hindoos reckon mercury one of their most powerful medicines, but are very apt, not
always intentionally, to induce by its use most firightfiu salivations; I sav frightful, for,
however desirable it may be that the mouth should be touched before we can be certain of
much lasting good having been done, few things are more distressing than severe ptyalism.
The more mercury purges the more slowly will it be found to get into the habit: different
cathartics are evidently best suited for particular purposes. Aloes appears, while in the
stomach, to be almost a tonic> and to exert little or no aperient quality till it reaches the
rectum. Castor-oil, if good, evacuates the intestinal canal with less irritation than any other
medicine. Jalap, like senna, would seem to act more on the colon, griping and effectually
emptying the large intestines, while it at the same time, by a smgular kind of revulsion, just
before it operates, often sickens the stomach, and throws the patient into a salutary
perspiration.* Mercury (calomel), given as a purge, performs its office evidently by
stimulating the mouth of the ductus communis choledocuSf so causing it to discharge a
greater than usual quantity of bile, which bile, being more than is required for the process of
digestion, must, neces* sarily, act as a purge. I consider, however^ calomel given in this way
as merely an evacuant, nor do I believe its use, simpW as such, can ever produce any healthy
change in the nature of*^ the secretions or fluids of the human body, either as to colour or
consistence; that this good end should be accomplished, the metal, in whatever shape it is
given, must have exerted its influence on the general frame as an alterative.
A peculiarity in this medicine, which has not, perhaps, been suffidentlj appreciated;
indicative at once of a purgative and dii^oretic qmUity.
S50 MATERIA INDICA. PART II.
1.
JRassapuspum 0"BPL-,2-a'! ld (Tarn.).
This is a sort of muriate of mercury, in great repute amongst the Tamools, and which appears
to be administered by them in larger doses than any of the other preparations of this metal.
The following is taken from " AghasHer Vytiah Anyouroo :** ^* Twelve pagodas weight of
sulphur is to be put into an earthen pot, and fused over a slow, but strong, fire : when in a
state of fusion, eighty pagodas weight of quick-silver must be added to it, and kept gently
stirred till the whole is reduced to a black powder: another pot is then to be taken, and filled
half full of small pieces of brick, over which is to be laid one measure of common salt: on the
top of this salt is to be put the black powder just mentioned ; covering the whole with another
earthen vessel; the part where the mouths of the two vessels meet is to be well coated over

with soft clay, and afterwards bound round with five plies of coarse cloth ; the pots, thus
joined, are then to be placed on a strong fire, and there to be kept for twelve hours; after
which time they are to be taken off and left to cool, when the rassapuspum will be found
collected in the uppermost/'
Mode of administering the rassapuspum : " Four pagodas weight of womum (seed of the
sison ammi) must be roasted, and reduced to a powder: four pagodas weight of Palmyra
jaggary is to be added to this, and the whole to be well ground : eight fanams weight of the
rassapuspum is then to be mixed with
the Other two ingredients ; when all are to be rubbed together for a considerable time, and
afterwards made into sixteen boluses: one of which is to be taken, morning and evening, for
eight days; at the end of which period the mouth will generally be found to be much affected.
The rassapuspum is a most useful and efficacious remedy in eighteen different kinds of
contractions of the sinews, the same number of kirandies (venereal affections), twenty sorts
of scurfy eruptions, that dangerous species of ulcer which makes its appearance over, or near,
the back-bone, that dreadful boil which assumes t^e the appearance of an ant-hill, in
spreading or corroding sores, swellings on the neck (scrophulous affections), and leprosies.*'
2.
Rassacarpoorum cttoj a^^tix) (Tarn.).
This also is a sort of muriate of mercury. The following method of preparing it is taken from a
work entitled the " Pooma Soostrum,** which is an abridgment of a voluminous work, which
treats of Religious Ceremonies and the Materia Medica, &c. &c.: " Sixteen pagodas weight of
sulphur is to be fused in an earthen pot; after which, eighty pagodas weight of quick-silver is
to be added to it, and the whole to be kept stirred until reduced to a black powder. Another
earthen vessel is then to be taken, and filled half full of small pieces of brick, over which is to
be laid half a measure of common salt: upon the top of this salt is to be put the black powder,
and the whole to be covered with another
i
MATERIA INDICA. PART II.
empty earthen pot; the part where the mouths of the two pots meet is now to be well coated
with soft clay, and bound round with seven plies of coarse cloth. The two vessels, thus joined,
with their contents, are to be kept on a strong fire for twelve hours, and then the pots are to
be taken otT, and left to cool. When perfectly cool, the uppermost is to be carefully removed
from Uie other; when in it (the uppermost) will be found a whitish saline substance, in a
lump. A sort of phial, called cooppie, is then to be well coated over, in every part, with clay ;
which phial is to be half filled with the white saline substance juat mentioned. An open,
hollow, earthen vessel ia now to be taken, and, after being filled quarter-full of river sand, is
to be placed upon a strong fire j into this sand, thus heated, is to be set the bottom of the
cooppie ; at the same time heai)-ing up fresh sand to near its mouth. In this situation, the
white saline substance is to be kept purifying (subliming), from six in the morning until
twelve in the middle of the day ; at which time the fire is to be extinguished, and the whole

lefl to cool, until six in the evening, then again, the fire is to be lighted and kept burning until
twelve o'clock at night; and in this manner is the process to be continued for three days
successively; after which period the ras-sacarpoorum will be found in the upper part of the
cooppie."
Mode of administering the rassacarpoorum: " One cash (copper) weight of Palmyra jaggary,
and a quarter of a silver fanam weight of the rassacarpoorum are to be well mixed together,
and made into a bolus; one half of which is to be taken in the morning, and the other half in
the evening, till the mouth is properly affected. In stronger habits double this dose
J
may be given. When the rassacarpoorum is administered in nervous or convulsive habits, or
when the stomach is weak, five grains of long pepper (tipilie) must be added to the bolus.
Rassacarpoorum is a medicine of great eflBcacy in all the eighteen kinds of leprosy, in twenty
sorts of scurvy eruptions, in contractions of the sinews, in the venereal disease, in the
dangerous ulcer which comes over the backbone, in spreading ulcers, in deep-seated sores, in
fistulas, in infectious itches, and in a certain species of hypochondriasis.'*
S.
Shadilingum ef/t^ovShv^ld (Tam.).
This is a sort of factitious cinnabar, and is used by the native Indians in fumigations. The
following method of preparing it is taken from the " Poorna Soostrum :*' " Twelve pagodas
weight of sulphur is to be put into an earthen pot, and fused over a slow fire; when in a state
of fusion, eighty pagodas weight of rassum must be added to it, and the whole kept gently
stirred until it is reduced to a black powder. Twelve pagodas weight more of sulphur, and four
pagodas weight of vellie eeum (pewter, literally silver lead), cut into small pieces, are to be
added to the black powder, and the whole to be mixed with the same quantity of pottle
ooppoo (saltpetre). All of these are to be put into a phial, called cooppie, which must be
sufiiciently large to contain the medicines in the half of it. This vessel is then to be coated
over with clay, in the most perfect manner. An oven is now to be made in the
VOL. II. A A
f
L
SS* MATERIA INDICA. PART IT.
ground, over the mouth of which is to be put a broad hollow earthen pot, and in this pot is to
be placed the cooppie (containing the medicines), which is to be next covered over with sand
up to its neck. The fire is then to be put into the oven, and kept burning for twelve hours;
after which the cooppie is to be taken off, and kept till it is cool, when it may be broken, and
in the neck of it will be found the shadilingum, in a lump."

Mode of fumigating with the shadilingum : " Kight pagoda-S weight of yercum vayr puttay
(the bark of the root of the asclepias gigantea), four pagodas weight of the charcoal of the
yercum wood, four pagodas weight of shadihnguin, and one pagoda weight of pepper, are all
to be ground together, with the juice of the leaves of the paratie cheddie (gossy-pium
herbaceum), and, when well rubbed, to be formed into twelve cakes and dried. The fumes of
one of these cakes, while burning, to be inhaled daily, through a smoking pipe, either all at
once, or at two different periods in the twenty-four hours. Fumigation of this sort may be
continued for five or six days, according to circumstances ; and is efficacious in the two
disorders called by the Tamools kannosie and kanna poottoo (cancerous affections), in
venereal ulcers of the throat and nose, and in a disease attended with a singular pricking pain
in the scull."
4.
Sfiavirum ;?^txstlxi (Tam.).
This strange compound is administered by the Tamools in very small quantities ; and well it
ought
J
tx> be, as it is evidently a harsh, uncertam, and dangerous preparation. The following process
for making it is taken from the << Pooma Soostrum :^* << First, make rassapuspum, of the
strength that will be formed by using the proportions of sixteen pagodas weight of sulphur,
eighty pagodas weight of quick-silver, and half a measure of common salt. Then, to eighty
pagodas weight of this rassapuspum, add the same quantity of roasted salt: to tiiese, again,
are to be added the following substances; forty pagodas weight of roasted toorushoo
(sulphate of copper), twenty pagodas weight of paddicarum (alum), twenty pagodas weight of
pottle ooppoo (nitre), twenty pagodas weight of poonheer (a sort of alkaline earth), ten
pagodas weight of anna baydie (sulphas ferri), and five pagodas weight of navacharum (sal
ammoniac). All these to be well rubbed together till formed into an uniform powder, which is
to be put into a cooppie sufficiently large to hold the whole in one half of it; after which, it is
to be well coated round with clay, and set over an oven like the shadilingum, where it is to be
kept for thirty-six hours, taking care that the fire, though slow, is strong; the cooppie is then
to be broken, and in the mouth of it will be found the shavirum, in a lump.'*
Mode of administering the shavirum : " The weight of a grain of paddy of shavirum may be
given, for three days together, morning and evening, mixed with a little of the juice of green
ginger, or about half a pagoda weight of common jaggary. This quantity, taken for the period
mentioned, will
* A grain of paddy, which is rice in the husk, is the smallest weight in use amongst the
Tamools.
- A A 2
aflfect the mouth; and is efficacious in thirteen kinds of convulsion, in disorders attended
with much phlegm, in venereal affections, in some kinds of asthma, and in scrophulous

complaints."
5.
Rassa Sindoarum^ or Cenduram rrfpQfpr^^/rrrio (Tam.).
This substance is used by the native practitioners for nearly the same purposes that we
employ red precipitate, viz. as an escharotic, and for cleaning foul ulcers. The Vytians prepare
it in the following manner : " Ten pagodas weight of tuttanagum (zinc) is first to be melted in
an earthen pot, in a sand bath; afler which, ten pagodas weight of rassum (quick-silver) must
be added to it. Two and a half pagodas weight of toorushoo (blue vitriol) and twenty pagodas
weight of nitre, are then to be reduced to fine powder; which fine powder is to be sprinkled
over the metals, at the same time stirring the whole with the root of the plant called
sirrookeeray (ama-ranthis campestris) ; this having been done, the heat of the sand-bath is to
be increased, and the process continued till such time as the rassa sindoorum is found.**
CCCV.
RUKAFE (, (Arab.)
Rukafe is the Arabic name of the root of an African plant, mentioned by Forskal in his "
Materia
Medica Kaherina" (p. 152.), and which is considered, when in powder, as a valuable
sternutatory. Another plant, of a somewhat similar name, cerh. 0enah ^\x^ o^, the Arab
doctors prescribe in cases of colic. It is much to be regretted that the botanical names of
many of the medicines mentioned by that author have not yet been ascertained.
CCCVI.
SAMUTRA CHEDDIE f5=orgra>c^9C0^-gL (Tam.) Samutrapatsa (Tel.) Maha^umuda
(Cyng.) Samudrapaira *1^<t.M^ (Sans.) Broad-leaved Bind' weed.
Convolvulus Speciosus (Lin.).
CI. and Ord. Pentandria Monogynia. Nat. Ord. Convolvuli (Juss.) Prdchtige JVinde (Nom.
Triv. WiUd.).
Samutra cheddie is the Tamool name of a most beautiful creeping plant, common in the
Coromandel woods, whose broad, soft, heart-shaped leaves (the under part of which has the
appearance of white velvet), the natives use in preparing emollient poultices J they also
consider them to possess virtues in cutaneous complaints, rubbed on the parts affected; the
stem is arboreous, at first erect, then twining.
No fewer than thirty species of convolvulus are described by Dr. Roxburgh in his Flora Indica
(MSS.).
A A 3

CCCVII.
SAMUTRA PULLUM ^OTs^rrrr-^'^Lo (Tam.) Chatmtrie ka puU J^. l^ ^j^y^ (Duk.)
Sumatra pundoo (Tel.) Sea-Frtdt.
The Sumatra puUum^ which literally signifies sea-fruity as it appears in the Indian bazars, is
about the size of a large lemon, but is commonly found cut -into four sections, which are of a
very dry texture and bitter taste. In cases of ozctna^ and other affections of the nose, the
powder is recommended to be snuffed up the nostrils. It is said to be brought to India from
the Eastern islands.
CCCVIII.
SANGKHAPHULI. SanghU (Sans.) SmalU
JUmered Periwinkle.
ViNCA Parviflora (Retz.).
CI. and Ord. Pentandria Monogynia. Nat. Ord. Contorts^.
This is common on the Coromandel coast, and is the only annual of the genus: it rises to the
height of about five or six inches, with a quadrangular stem. It is the cupa-veela of Rheede
(Hort Mai. ix. 61. t. 33.), and has leaves lanceolate-acute; flowers at the sides, and often at the
top in pairs, peduncled (Lin. Suppl.), and a corolla very much resembling that of the
lithospermum officinale, and of a pale yellowish hue.
CHAP. I. MATERIA INDICA. SS9
Dr. F. Hamilton informs us (MSS.) that the sangkhi is a medicinal plant in Upper India, and
that a decoction of the dried plant boiled in oil is rubbed on the loins in cases of lumbago.
CCCIX.
SAPATOO CHEDDIE ^i^i^rr^m/^G^L.^ (Tam.) Scheru^pariti (Hort Mai. p. 25. fig. I7.)
Waribun (Jav.) Hotmg kan (Coclnn. Chin.) Jasoan (^y*i^ (Duk.) Kambang sapatos (Malay.)
Dasame (TeL) Japa >^^\ (Sans.) Shoe-Flower'^ Plants or
China Rose.
Hibiscus Rosa Sinensis (Lin.).
We are told by Rheede, in the Hortus Malabari-cus (ii. 25. t. 15.), that the root of this plant,
tritu-t*ated with oil, is considered as a medicine of value in menorrhagia. Of the use of the
flowers in the arts, notice will be taken in another part of this work (Fart III.): the natives
prepare with them a kind of achar or pickle.
The plant is the Jlos festalis of Rumph. (Amb. iv. p. 24. t 8.), and grows in India to the size
of a small tree, with leaves ovate, acuminate, serrate; stem arboreous and erect; leaves

cordated at the base, serrated, and five-nerved ; Jlowers axillary, solitary, peduncled, large,
and of a deep scarlet. There are several varieties of the hibiscus rosa Chinensis. The leases are
considered by the Cochin-Chinese as emollient, resolvent, and anodyne, and useful in
strangury
* So called on account of the leaves being usually employed for blacking shoes.
A A 4
S60 MATERIA INDICA. PART il.
and dysuria, at the same time gently opening the bowels: the flowers they use for giving a red
tinge to certain spirituous liquors.
Twenty-seven species of hibiscus are described by Dr. Roxburgh in his Flora Indica (MSS.).
CCCXSARAY PARAPOO e=rrcs)o-L-J(r:5L-L^ (Tam.) Saraypuppoo (Tel.) Prialu iTT^n^ (Sans.)
All I can say of this is, that it is a sort of small pulse, brought from the woods of Malabar,
which the natives bruise and make into an electuary, which they consider as tonic.
CCCXI.
SAVARNAKSHIRA (Hind.) Swamakshtra
^F^Tfr^ftT (Sans.) Cat's Cleome.
Cleome Felina (Keen.).
CI. and Ord. Tetradynamia Siliquosa. Nat. Ord. Putamineae. Katzen-Cleome (Nom. Triv.
Willd.).
Dr. F. Hamilton had this plant given him as medicinal in the upper provinces of India, where
it appears to grow, as well as on Ceylon. The fresh and dry plant are equally used, pounded,
together with a little milk and sugar: it is prescribed in epistaxis (ractapitt). The plant appears
to have been first noticed on Ceylon by Koenig: Moon, however, gives us no CyngaCHAP. I. MATERIA INDICA. S6l
lese name for it. It is described by WUldenow Spec. Plant, (vol. iii. p. 1. p. 567*) as being small
and strigose^ with wedge-shaped sub-retuse leaves, and a small angular-formed red corolla.
CCCXII.
SECACUL.
I find this given in Virey's " Histoire Naturelle de Medicamens peu connus" (p. 321.), as the

Arabic name of a root common amongst the Arabians, and considered by them as aromatic
and stomachic: he supposes it may be a species of sium^ perhaps the slum siarum (Lin.).
CCCXIIL
SEEMIE AGHATEE ^^2Jlii^^^^^, also Wandu-kolli (Tam.) Velatie aghatie ^'1x1 i^!S^
(Duk.) Seema avisee^ also Metta tamara (Tel.) JEtora (Cyng.) Cassia herpetica (Rumph.
Amb. vii. t. 35^ 36.) Dadmerden (^^^^^'^ (Duk.) Dadru-ghna <\i<^ (Sans.) Broad-leaved
Cassia^ or Ring-worm^Shruh.
Cassia Alata (Lin.).
CI. and Ord. Decandria Monogynia. Nat. Ord. Lomentacese. G^vgelte Cassie (Nom. Triv.
Willd.).
This plant, which has a thick, yet herbaceous stem, is but short-lived; and would appear to be
equally a native of Amboyna, the warmer parts of
America, Ceylon, and India: it rises to the height of six or eight feet; has leaves about five
inches long, and one and a half broad; racemes terminating, spiked, and many-flowered;
Jlowers large, yellow. Swartz has given a description of the plant, which Willdenow appears
not to have adopted, and I do not wonder, for certainly the leaves are not two feet long. The
juice of the leaves, mixed with lime-juice, is considered as a sovereign remedy for ring-worm;
the fresh leaves, simply bruised, and rubbed upon the eruption, are also found in many
instances to remove it Dr. Wright tells us, in his Medicinal Plants of Jamaica, that a poultice
made of the flowers, the natives of that island use in cases of ringworms. Roxburgh, in his
Flora Indica (MSS.), gives an admirable description of the cassia alata, which I saw too late to
avail myself of here: he observes that the Hindoo doctors say it cures all poisonous bites,
buboes, and other venereal afiections, and strengthens the body.
CCCXIV.
SEEM IE SHEVADIE ^"^cS)LoC^cn-i^ 3^ (Tam.) Seemie TSgddd (Tel.) Kumbha ^^^ (Sms.)
This is a root of a brownish colour outside, and white within: it is slightly bitter, and is
considered as gently aperient and stomachic. Whence it comes 1 have not been able to
ascertain: from its Tamool appellation, we must conclude, it is tiot a product of India, but
probably of China.
CCCXV.
SEERA SHENGALANEER (Tam.) Gherutti kamma (Tel.) Sahadevl tt^^ql (Sans.) Ash^
coloured Flea-bane.
CONYZA CiNEREA (Lin.)#
CI. and Ord. Syngenesia Superflua. Nat Ord. Composite Discoideae. Graue Durrwurz (Nom.
Triv. Willd.).

This is an annual, having oblong leaves, flowers panicled, and corollas purple, cylindrical, and
twice the length of the calyx. The plant appears to be the olus scrophinum of Rumph. (Arab.
vi. 1.14. f. 1.) It has got another Taraool name neidsedtie^ and is quite common on the
Coromandel coast.
The whole of this low-growing plant, with its small, round, downy, tasteless flowers, is used
in medicine by the Hindoos, in decoction, to promote* perspiration in febrile afiections.
The plant is the keen monara kudimbiya of the Cyngalese, and may be found noticed in
Burm. (Zeyl. t. 96. f. 1.). It has no place in the Hortus Bengalensis, where, however, I find
thirteen other species, all Indian plants, except the c. repanda^ a native of Pegu. Five species
grow in Cochin-China^ where the conyza odorata is considered as a stomachic. But three
species grow in Ceylon. The species arborescens is a native of Jamaica, and is there
considered as a medicinal plant. Piso informs us, that the bruised leaves were useful in
inflammations of the eyes ; and that they, together with the pappous seedf owing to their
aromatic nature, were
employed in preparing baths (Hort. Jamaic. vol. i.
p. 299.)I find ten species of conyza described in Dr. Roxburgh's Flora Indica (Manuscript Copy.).
CCCXVI.
SENDOORKUMC9=/i505/(15e^^LD(Tam.) Koo-sum jM3^ (Hind.) Koosumba chettoo
(Tel.) Ka-sumbu (Mai.) Cossumba (Can.) yuac also tru&i^^ (Arab.) Kcgeerah (Beng.) ^js
(Egypt) Cusumbha ^^^ (Sans.) also Kamalottara ^ic^fj i, (Sans.) Sqfflower or Bastard Sajffron.
Carthamus Tinctorius (Willd.).
CI. and Ord. Syngenesia Squalls. Nat. Ord. Compositae. Gemeiner Sqflor (Nom. Triv. Willd.).
A fixed oil is prepared with this plant, which the Vytians use as an external application in
rheumatic pains, and paralytic affections, also for bad ulcers; the small seeds are reckoned
amongst their laxative medicines, for which purpose, I see they are also used in Jamaica (the
kernels beat into an emulsion with honeyed water). Barham (p. 163.), tells us, that a drachm
of the dried flowers taken, cures the jaundice (Hort. Jamaic. vol. i. p. 72.). I find the plant is in
the Hortus Bengalensis, but it does not appear to grow on Ceylon. Our species is a native of
Japan, and is there called benino fanna (Flor. Japon. p. 307.). It is also a native of CochinChina and China; in the first-mentioned country it is termed cay rum. Loureiro tells us, that
the seeds are considered as purgative, or eccoprotic resolvent,
and emenagogue ; and that the flowers are used for dyeing a rose colour, also purple and
violet (Flor. Cochin-Chin.). The plant is an annual, rising with a stifff ligneous stalk, to the
height of about three feet, having leaves ovate, entire, serrate, aculeate ; the ^flowers grow

single at the extremity of each branch, are of a beautiful safiron colour, and will be further
noticed, as well as the oil, in another part of this work. In South America, as well as in
Jamaica, the flowers are much usedfor colouring broths and ragouts. The carthamus
tinctorius is indigenous to the Indian islands ; but it is, by Mr. Crawfurd's account, most
successfully cultivated as a dye in Bali, and grows in great perfection in Macassar and Celebes
(Hist. Indian Archipelago, vol. i. p. 461.). It is the cnicus Indicus of Rumph. (Amb. v. t. 59-)
CCCXVII.
SENDRIKKA (Cyng.) Goolabas ^L:^^^ (Duk. and Hind.) also Saryi (Hind.) Bahubami (Sans.)
Marvel of Peru.
MiRABiLis Jalapa (Liu.).
CI. and Ord. Pentandria Monogynia. Nat. Ord. Nyctagines (Juss.). Gemeine Jalape (Nom,
Triv. WiUd.).
We are told by Dr. Fleming, in his Catalogue of Indian Medicinal Plants (p. 28, 29), that this
is not indigenous in India; but that all the varieties are now cultivated in Bengal. The root at
one time was supposed to have a considerable purgative quality ; but from the reports of Dr.
Hunter, and Dr. Shoolbred at Calcutta, it does not appear to be of
r
5dd materia indica. part II.
much value.* The plant is a native of Ceylon, of Japan, of Cochin-China, of China, as well as
Jamaica ; on Ceylon four t varieties are noticed. The plant has a round herbaceous slem, and
a tuberous root, so like that of the convolvulus jalapa, that it is difficult to distinguish them ;
" the leaver are cordate, acute, opposite, and petioied," and ih^Jloicers terminating close
together, erect (Spec. Plant. 2.52.) ; outer calyx bell-shaped, spreading cleft entire ; inner large
and funnel-formed (Loureiro) ; seed globular, covered with the coriaceous base of the inner
calyx (Miller). In speaking oY our article, Loureiro says, " Hfec radix non est apta ad
inedicinam (Flora Cochin-Chin. vol. i. p. 101.). Thunberg on the other hand informs us, that
the females of Japan prepare with the powder of the seeds, a kind of white paint for their
faces ; in that country the mi-rabilis jalapa ia termed keso, 2\9ojbosen : it is common at
Satsuma (Flor. Japon. p. 91.). It was one of the medicinal plants brought to Dr. F. Hamilton,
while in Behar; where he was told, that the whole herb, bruised and mixed with a Uttle salt,
was applied warm to phlegmons, to bring them to suppuration, MSS.
It ia ciiriouB to observe the different reports regarding the same thing, and it is unfortunate
when that should be a medicine. Barham, in speaking of the root of the mirabilis jalapa. says.
" /' works as uiell as the true jalap, but requires to be given in four times ihe quantity." See
his Natural History of Jamaica, p. 62.
f Puq>le, yellow, white, and variegated.

CCCXVIII.
SHADAMANGIE ^i^rr^rr^^ (Tam.) Jd.
tamansi ^^UU^ (Duk.) Sumbel ut teib ^^^S 3^* (Arab.) ' Chehur (Hind.) Juttamamsi (Td.)
Jatamdnsi ^tf H Itfl (Sans.) Jatamansi Valerian^
or Spikenard.
Valeriana Jatamansi (Sir W. Jones) ?
CI. and Ord. Triandria Monogynia. Nat. Ord. Aggregate.
In the first edition of this work, I gave cyperus stoloniferus (Kcenig), as the scientific name of
this! plant, on the authority of Rottler, and it may still be a question, whether it is not the
right appellation. With the hairy portion of the stem of the plant, immediately above the root
(as it appears in the medicine bazars of Lower India), when dried, in conjunction with certain
oils, the Vytians prepare a fragrant and cooling liniment for the head; they also prescribe it
occasionally internally as a purifier t of the blood, and consider it as a valuable perfume. Sir
William Jones has expressed an opinion, that the spikenard ointment of the ancients might
have been made from the Valeriana jatamansi | (^Asiat. Res* vol. ii. p. 405. also vol. iv. p.
109*; Roxb. ibid. 438.) This notion, however, is strongly combated by some, and doubted by
very high authority. Dr. Francis
* A more common Arabic name is S;^^l usrureh.
f One pagoda weight, in powder, twice daily.
X Mr. Lambert, in his admirable illustration of the genus cio-chona, tells us, that the "
Valeriana jatamann is identical with the spikenard of the ancients/'
f
308 MATERIA INDICA. PART tU
Hamilton, found the plant growing in Nepaul, whence, he tells us, it is sent to the plains of
India. It is also noticed by Kirkpatrick, in his account of that kingdom (p. 182.). The Valeriana
jatamansi *, we are informed briefly, by Roxburgh, in his Flora Indica (vol. i. p. 166.), has
triandrous^oa'crs ; leaves entire, four-fold, the inner radical pair petioled and cordate J
cauUiie sessile, lanceolate; seeds crowned with a pappus.
Mr. Phillips seems to have no doubt but that lavender (Lavendula) was the nardus, vapSog, of
the Greeks ; and that the Indian sort, ap3ao-Ta;^vs, quasi nardi spica, was the spikenard of

the ancients (Cultivated Vegetables, vol. i. p. 298.). Where the truth may He amongst those
various opinions, it may be difficult to say ; the writers on the Continent seem, however, to
have taken, without distrust, the sentiments of Sir W. Jones. Virey observes, in his His-toire
Naturelle des Medicamens, p. 207, '* Spica nard Indien, vrai, Valeriana jatamansi; il est utile
dans I'Indostan, contre epilepsie, hysterie, et affections convulsives."
Loureiro has no doubt but that his nardus Indica, or the cam-sum-hiam of the CochinChinese, is the bona fide nardum Indicum of the ancients, or in other words, the spikenard,
so much vaunted as stomachic, cardiac, Sec, and by Bontius as alexitoric (See Flor. CochinChin. vol. i. p. 45.).
* The vulcriana Hardwtchei; the chammaha of the NepaleBe, is a medicinal plant amongst
that people. (Flor. Ind. vol. il. p. 167.)i
CCCXIX.
SHANGAM COOPPY (j^^OxjI^ljiS (Tam.) SungJcoopie ^^jS^Xm, (Duk.) Nalla oopie (^Tel.)
also Pissinghie (Tel.) Gambir-laut (Jav.) Wtelboo^rcenda (Cyng.) Kundali ^0?Jt (Sans.) Ovate* leaved Smooth Volkameria.
VoLKAMERiA Inermis (Lin.)
CL and Ord. Did3mamia Angiospennia. Nat Ord. Personatas.
The juice of the root and the leaves of this plant are bitter, and is prescribed by the Hindoo
Doctors as an alterative, in scrophulous and venereal affections; dose, a table-spoonful; it is
given either pure, or in conjunction with a small quantity of castor-oil. The plant is the
jasminum titoreum of Rumph. ( Amb. v. p. 86. t 46.), and the mr-notsjit of Rheed. (Mai v. p.
97 t. 49.) It grows in most of the jungles of Southern India, and is also a native of Java,
Cochin-China, and Ceylon; the Javanese consider it amongst their bitter tonics, and call it
gambir-laut; the Cochin-Chinese do not seem to rank it amongst their medicines, they name
it sanfu mun. From the extreme beauty of this shrub, it is often of late years cultivated for
hedges in India; it has << leax)es ovate, quite entire, shining; petioles^ peduncles^ and
calyxes smooth; the leaves oflen grow round the branches in whorls, and are of a fine deep
green colour; when slightly bruised, they have a somewhat aromatic smell; the beautiful
white JUmers are on long axillary peduncles.'' Gaertner made the plant the clero^
VOL. If. B B
dendrum inerme ; it is the hwyoma of the Bengalese. I find eleven species of volkameria in
the Hortus Bengalensis; the unfortunata (Roxb.), the CJl^ bhant of the Bengalese, is a
beautiful shrub, and held in high estimation by the Hindoos.
cccxx.
" SH ARUNNAY VAYR ^rr ^s/tPsr^Qa^rj-(Tam.) Nasurjinghi ke jurr ^ J ^s^^jJJ (Duk.)

Ghelifehroo vayroo (Tel.) Punamavt \^^^^\ (Sans.) Root qf the One-stykd Trianthema.
TrI ANTHEM A MoNOGYNIA (Roxb.).
Decandria Digynia. Nat Ord. Succulentce. Fort-lachblattrige Dreyhlume (Nom. Triv. Willd.).
This root, as it appears in the bazars, is of a pale colour, and much wrinkled; to the taste it is a
little bitterish and somewhat nauseous; the Vytians consider it amongst their Cathartics, and
give it in powder, in the quantity of about two tea-spoonsful twice daily, in combination with
a small quantity of ginger; when taken fresh it has a somewhat sweetish taste.
The sharunnay is "a procumbent plant, not unlike purslane, sending out many trailing
branches; t\\(i leaves which are eatby the natives, are opposite, oval, petioled, obtuse, and
one leaf always less than the other; the Jlowers^ which are five-stamened and one-styled,
come out from the joints, and are of a purple colour; the seeds round and black.** The plant
is a native of the West Indies as well as of India; it is the portu-laca curassavica of Herman.
(Par. 213. t. 213.). Of this genus three species are in the Hortus Bengalensis. There is a white sort of sharunnajf (vullay sha^ runnat/f Tam.)^ the root of which is
about the size of a sm^l finger, light brown outside and white within; it is aperient, and is
mentioned in some of the Tamool sastrums, as useful in hepatitis, asthma, and suppression
of the menses. Four pagodas' weight of the bark of the root, made into a decoction, by boiling
it in lb. i. of water till lb. ss. remains, wiU open the bowels; its Tellingoo name is tella
ghetiyehroo vayrooy the Sanscrit one is s^Sta pimammfl.*
CCCXXI,
SHAYNG COTTAY ?=rF^C^n-i_(22)L- (Tarn.) Gheru (Canar.) also Shayrang cottay (Tam.)
Bela-wine (^^51^ (Duk.) Belader ^^51^ (Arab.) Nellcb-jiedie (Tel.) also Jeedighenzaloo
(Tel.) Bheela V^ (Hind.) Bhallaiaka H^TrT^, also Arushkara 3f^r^ll[ (Sans.) Marking ntU, or
Malacca Bean.
SeMECARPUS ANACARDlUMt (Liu.).
CI. and Ord. Pentandria Trigynia (Polygamia Dioecia, Roxb. Cor. PL 1.12.). Aechter Accgou
(Nom.Triv. WiUd.).
The acrid juice contained in the cells between the laminse of the shell of this nut is
considered as a valuable medicine, by the Hindoos, in scrophulous, venereal, and leprous
affections, given in very small doses. An oil is also prepared with the nut, by boiling, which is
used, externally, in rheumatism and
* It 18 the trianthema decandra (Willd.), and in Dukhanie is termed bees-khupra ^j^.y^ u*^*
f The anacardium orientde of the Materia Medica.
B B 2
L'

372 MATERIA INDICA. PART 11.

sprains ; it ia of a very stimulating nature, so much so, that, undiluted, it acts as a blister.
The nut or seed of the tree is about the size of a small common bean; it rests upon the
receptacle, and is heart-shaped, flattened on both sides, smooth, shining, black. The corrosive
resinous juice, at first, is of a pale milky colour till matured, when it becomes black. The
green fruit*, pounded into a pulp, makes good bird-lime. The fleshy receptacle, which is about
the size of the nut itself, is roasted in the ashes and eaten by the natives: Roxburgh, in his
Coromandel Plants (vol. i. p. 14.), tells us, that it tastes like roasted apples. The acrid t black
juice of the shell is employed, by the Telliiigoos, in every sort of venereal complaint, aches,
sprains, &c.; it is mixed with the expressed juice of garlic, each an ounce j expressed juice of
fresh tamarind tree leaves, cocoa-nut oil, and sugar, of each two ounces; mix and boil them
for a few minutes j of this a table-spoonful is given twice daily. The tree is very large, straight,
and high; branches numerous and spreading ; leaven about the extremities of the branch-lets,
alternate, petioled, wedge-formed, and rounded at the apex, from nine to eighteen inches
long; receptacle erect, shear-shaped, smooth. Besides being useful as a medicine, the black
juice of the shell is employed for marking all sorts of cotton cloths; the colour improved and
prevented fiom running by a mixture of a little quick-lime and water.
Three species of semecarpus arc in the Hortus Bengalensis ; two grow in Ceylon,
And, if wc mistake not, is one of the ingredients employed in making the target varnih, as
noticed by Mr. Colebrooke, in one of the early numbers of the Journal of Science and the
Art*.
f This is, if handled incautiously, said to occasion a general - over the body, of an
hcrpetic-like appearance.
CCCXXII.
SHAYRAET COOCHIE ^c^ixu^s/^^^ (Tam.) y^yj5.^AaS (Arab.) Chiraeta xHjSys. (Duk.
and Hind.) Sheeldsuttoo-coieUoo (Tel.) Kirataticta^
f^RTfrTln^ (Sans.) Chirdyit Gentian, or Wormseed Plant.
Gentiana Chirayita (RoxbO*
CL and Ord. Pentandria Digynia* Nat. Ord. Gentianse (Juss,).
What appear in the bazars of Lower India, under this Tamool name, are small stalks of a
light-grey colour, and very bitter, but pleasant taste; the natives consider them as tonic,
stomachic, and febrifuge, and prescribe a decoction or infusion of them, in the quantity of a
small tea-cupful,, twice daily.
This species of gentian, the excellent Dr. Fleming tells us, is indigenous in the mountains to
the Westward of the Ganges; it is an herbaceous plant, having lewoes stem-clasping,

lanceolate, 3-5-nerved; corol. rotate, four-cleft, smooth; stamens four; cap^ sule ovate,
bifurcate, as long as the calyx (Roxb. MSS.). It would appear to be much used, in decoction
and infusion, by the European practitioners of Bengal, and found efficacious, in combination
with the caranja* nut, in curing intermittent fevers; a tincture of it is also prepared.
* The guilandina bonducella (Lin.), the kalichi of the Tamools. See article Kalichikai, in this
Chapter.
BBS
Dr. F. Hamilton found two plants growing in Nepaul, under the name of chirayita; the largest
seemed to him to be a swertia, and, perhaps, it was that which has been considered by some
authors as more properly a gentiana ; he thought it came nearer, in appearance, to the
gentian of the shops than to any other known plant The smallest of the chirayitas, however,
Dr. H.* found most common, and this we believe to be our present article; and, perhaps, that
which Kirkpatrick met with indigenous in the same country, and termed by the natives
lichma (see his Account of Nepaul, p. 182.)
I perceive that an alkali has lately been discovered in the gentiana lutea^ by M. M. Henry and
Caventou; it is of a yellowish hue, is extremely bitter, inodorous, yet aromatic; they have
given it the name of gentianine; the dose is from two to four grains, given in sjrrup or alcohol.
The leaves and root of the species g. scandens (Lour.) is considered, in Cochin-China, as tonic
and stomachic; they also, if tak^n largely, excite nausea and vomiting (Flor. Cochin-Chin. vol.
i. p. lyi-)*
CCCXXIIl.
SHEEAKAI G^Lu^e^rruu (Tarn.) Seekekai ^IT^JCa-** (Duk.) Sheeikaid (TeL)
Mimosa Abstergens?
CI. and Ord. Polygamia Monoecia. Nat. Ord. Lomentacese.
* While in Bahar, Dr. Hamilton had a plant brought to him, called in Hindoostanie hema^
and which he considered as the gentiana chirayita; it was ordered in worm cases. MSS.
Sheeakai is the name given by the Tamools to a long, flat pod, or legume, containing separate,
small, oval, dark-coloured seeds, and which is considered by the native practitioners as a
most valuable medicine ; in taste it somewhat resembles the soap-nut (pooindie coltay*), but
is more acid, less bitter, and has a singular pungency ; its qualities are allowed to be
deobstruent and detergent, and, I am inclined to think, expectorant; it is commonly ordered
in cases of jaundice and other biliary derangements, and is, besides, used by the Indians like
soap-nut, for washing the h^ad. The small leaves of the prickly shrub have a pleasant acidity,
and are frequently put into pepper-water, when it is found necessary to keep the bowels open
or work off bile. The pod is usually prescribed in electuary, in doses of about the size of a
small walnut, every morning for three successive days. The mimosa saponaria of Loureiro
(Flor. Cochin-Chinensis, vol. ii. p. 653.) is considered as a valuable plant in Cochin-China ; it
is the cortex saponarius of Rumphius (Amb. 1. 6. c. 7^* t. GQ.\ and is an arboreous shrub,

with spreading unarmed branches ; leaves bigeminate and pinnate ; and panicle terminating.
In speaking of the bark of the mimosa saponaria, which is used as soap, Loureiro says, "
Hujus cortex braebet optimum saponem^ in foro venalem, ad lintea, capillos, et corpora a
sor-dibus mundanda; manibus in aqua fricatus in spu-mas resolvitur.'' The Cochin-Chinese
call the shrub cay-chu-blen.
* See Pooindie Cottay^ in this Chapter.
D B 4
CCCXXIV.
SHEMMARUM Q^iDuyriD (Tam.) See Febrifuge, Swetenian, Vol. I. p. 123.
cccxxv.
SHEMMOOLLIE ELLEY 9=LD(Qyc5vnraNrr UL^s/ot) (Tam.) Moolloogorunteh (Tel.)
Katuka-randu (Cyng.) Landul (Jav.) Kurantaka ^f?TJ2^ (Sans.) Lectf qf the Thorny Barleria.
Barleria Prionitis.
CI. and Ord. Didynamia Angiospermia. Nat Ord. Personates. Fussangel/brmige Barlerie
(Nom. Triv. WUld.).
The juice of this leaf, which is slightly bitter and rather pleasant to the taste, is a favourite
medicine of the Hindoos of Lower India, in those catarrhal affections of children which are
accompanied with fever and much phlegm ; it is generally administered in a little honey or
sugar and water, in the quantity of two table-spoonfuls twice daily. The plant is also
sometimes called in Tamool vara moollie ; it is {he coletta-veetla of Rheede (Mai. ix. p. 77t.41.). It grows to the height of four feet, " has a round, stiff, herbaceous stem ; leaves
opposite, quite entire, lanceolate-ovate; between the branch and the leaf there is a spine with
four sharp rays from the same centre; Jlowers sessile, in the axils, large, yellow; the capsule
has a longish solid point, and bursts
15
without such internal elastic points as are in the justiciar* (Lin.). The barleria prionitis is a
native of India; this, and two other species, grow in Ceylon. I find but one, the hngiflorat in
the Hortus Bengalensis. The b. prociambens, Loureiro met with in China; it is there called
kam^ud'tsu.
Since writing the above, I have seen, through the kindness of my much-respected friend, Mr.
Cole-brooke, the complete copy (manuscript) of the flora Indica, in which the b. prionitis is
fully described by Roxburgh; it is the cantajatJu of the Bengalese} the hystrix frutex (Rumph.
Amb. vii. 113.), and the mooUo-gorinta of the Tellingoos.
CCCXXVI.
SHEENDI CODIE ^rT>^^Qdirr^.j^ (Tarn.) Cit-amerdoo (Malealie.) Goolbayl J^jf (Duk.)

Gurcha (Hind.) Tippatingay (Tel.) Guducht TT^^f also Amrita ^^f^rTT (Sans.) Heart-leaved
Moonseed.
Menispermum Cordifolium (Russell).
CI. and Ord. Dioecia Dodecandria. Nat. Ord. Menisperma (Juss.). Herzblattriger Mondsame.
(Nom. Triv. Willd.).
The powder of the dried tender shoots of this creeping plant is bitter, and a little nauseous to
the taste: the Tamool practitioners prescribe it as an alterative in cases of depraved habit of
body, proceeding from visceral obstructions, and jaundice. Dr. Fleming, in his Catalogue of
Indian Medicinal Plants (p. 26.), informs us, that the Hindoo physid7S MATERIA INDICA. PART II.
dans consider a decoction of the leaves as a febrifuge, and as a tonic in gout; and I understand
that the plant (which, in some districts, is called somalatd*\ is often bruised and put into
water, which is drank by the Brahmins at some of their religious ceremonies. The root is a
powerful emetic, given to the extent of grs. xv. or 3i.: to any person bitten by a coverkapell
snake this dose is repeated three times, at the interval of twenty minutes betwixt each dose: it
is one of the remedies, Mr. Sherwood tells me, that the Vytians of the Chittore district trust
most to on such occasions. The species menispermum verrucosum (Roxb. MS.), which is the
putra waly of the Javanese, and the Jiims JelUtis of Rumph. (Amb. v. 82.), was, about twentysix years ago, introduced into Bengal by Captain Wright. Every part of the plant is extremely
bitter, particularly the stalk, which is a remedy much resorted to in Malay countries in cases
of intermittent fever, and, according to Captain Wright's account, is as powerful as the
Peruvian bark.f Our present article, the men. cordi/bUum, is the citamerdu of Rheede (Mai.
vii. p. 39. t. 210> and the menispermum glabrum (Klein in litt). Of it, Will-denow says, "
Caulis teres glaber volubilis; foUa alterna petiolata tripoUicaria et ultra orbiculata pro-funde
cordata acuminata cuspidata integerrima glabra septemnervia venosa; petioli folio parum
breviores; racemi axillares subcompositi folio longiores vel lon-gitudine folii/'J
* Sdmalaia is the moon plants or asclepias acida of Roxf See Fleming's Catalogue of Indian Medicinal Plants,
pp. 26, 27.
J We are informed by Virey, in his excellent " Histoire Na-turelle des Medicamens," que <' les
baies du men. edule (Lamarck), sont sucres, se mangent en Egypt, ct on en tire une boisson
spiritueuse*' (p. 254.).
CHAP. I. MATERIA INOICA. S79
CCCXXVII.
SHEERUDEK ^/jo/Car^ (Tam.) Cundba-runghie J^Xi'S-iS (Duk.) Vardngl q A\ii\ (Sans.)

mm
An infusion or decoction of the leaves and tender stalks and roots of this plant the Vytians
consider as attenuant and diaphoretic; they are said to be slightly bitter, and not unpleasant
to the taste. I have given sheerudek a place here that it may perhaps at some future period
become an object of further inquiry. Dose of the infusion given by the Vytians is half a teacupful twice daily.
CCCXXVIII.
SHENCODIE VAYLIE GJ^rKQ^rr\^Q_Q<TtjG^ (Tam,) Lalchita aXa;^ jy (Duk.) Yerra
cittramoo-lum (Tel.) Lai chUta (Hind, and Beng.) Kambang gennee (Jav.) Rathnetul (Cyng.)
Rose-coloured Lead-wort*
Plumbago Rosea (Lin.).
CI. and Ord. Pentandria Monogynia. Nat Ord. Plumbagines (Juss.). Rosenrothe Bleywurz
(Nom. Triv. WiUd.).
The bruised root of this plant is, in its natural state, acrid and stimulating, but when
tempered with a little bland oil it is used as an external application in rheumatic and paralytic
affections; it is also prescribetl internally in small doses for the same complaints, in combination with some other
simple powder. Dr. Horsfield, in his account of the Medicinal Plants of Java, informs us, that
the root is used by the Javanese for the purpose of blistering, and that it excites more
inflammation than cantharides, but produces less effusion. The plumbago rosea would
appear to resemble a good deal the cittrambolum (plum. Zeylanica) in its natural qualities
(see that Article in this Chapter), The shencoodie vayUe is the schetii codiveli of Rheede
(Mai. xii. t 9.), and the radij: vcsicatoria of Rumph. (Amb. v. p. 453. t. 163.) It is a shrubby
plant, generally rising to the height of six feet, with leaves petioled, ovate, smooth, somewhat
toothletted, and a stem with gibbous joints (Spec. Plant. 215.), See also Gcertner and Curt.
Magaz.

I perceive but two species of plumbago in the Hortus Bengalensis, our article, and the
plumbago Zeylanica J they are also the only two which appear to grow on Ceylon : the species
scandens is a native of South America, also oi' Jamaica, where it is supposed to have
medicinal properties, drying and restringent, and, by Browne's account, corrosive. See Hort.
Jamaicensis, vol. ii. p. 235. Since writing the above I have seen the complete copy
(manuscript) of the invaluable Flora Indica of Roxburgh, in which I perceive the plumbago
rosea (Lin.) is minutely described. I regret much that tlie information came to hand too late
to enable me to take that advantage of it I otherwise should have done.

CCCXXIX.
SHENGALANEER KALUNG Q^rKi^L^'&
^^lJ^tu^ (Tarn,) Kaloovagudda (Tel.) Raktdt^
pala ^C^t^^^ (Sans,) Root qf the sweet-smelling
Water-lily.
Nymphs A Odor at a (Ait).
CI. and Ord. Polyandria Monogynia. Nat Ord. Succulents. Wohllriechende Seerose (Nom.
Triv.
Willd.).
With this fragrant root the Hindoos prepare a kind of cooling liniment for the head. Knowing
that the species odorata was, properly speaking, an American plant, I should have doubted
about referring the root in question to it, but for the high authority of Dr. Rottler, by which it
would appear that the shengala-neeris also a native of Southern India, though I cannot say
that I have ever seen it: the root, as it appears in the medicine bazars, is long, tapering, and of
a pale colour. The plant would seem to be the nym-phcea abba minor, of Gmelin. (Syst Nat
Lin.) Of it, Willdenow says (Spec. Plant, vol. ii. p. 1153.), " Foliis cordatis integerrimis
emarginatis, lobis divari-catis, acumine obtuso, calyce tetraphyllo." Six species of nymphaea
have a place in the Hortus Bengal-ensis, all Indian plants. Mr. Moon notices but two as
natives of Ceylon, the stellata, of which there are three varieties, and the lotus (Egyptian), of
which there is a red (ratu) and a white (sudu). The species nymphaea nelumbo, tamaray
(Tam.) 'will soon be mentioned under the article Tamaray (Tam.).
cccxxx.
SHENGATARIPUTTAY G^n^^^^y^rrrr-i^'^ CS)i (Tarn,).

This yellowish coloured, but rather insipid bark, ground into powder, and mixed with a
certain portion of castor-oil, is considered as a useful application in cases of carpang
(scabies), and other cutaneous affections. I should not imagine that it was a medicine of
much efficacy, nor have I been able to trace from what plant it is obtained; but I think it
probable that it comes from Malabar.
CCCXXXI.
SHEVADIE VAYR ^a^:^^Goxj& (Tam.) DoodJi^kulmee (Hind.) Tikura 1}JCj (Duk.) Te-gadu
vayroo (Tel.) Trasta-walu (Cyng.) NiswtU (Hindooie). also TeUa4agada vayroo (Tel.) Teoree
(Beng.) Triputa f^^ST^ (Sans.) Sqicare-stalked Bind-weed Root^ or Indian Jalap.
Convolvulus Turpethum (Lin.).
CI. and Ord. Pentandria Monogynia. Nat. Ord. Convolvuli (Juss.) Turpeth Winde (Nom. Triv.
Willd.).
This root, as it appears in the Indian bazars, is long, somewhat fleshy, about the thickness of
the finger, and of a brownish colour; in its dried state it has a somewhat sweetish yet
nauseous taste.
but when quite fresh contains a milky juice, which is in a slight degree acid. It is reckoned
by the Vytians and Hakeems as one of their most valuable cathartics, considerably more
active than the shd'* runnay vayr (Trianthema Monogynia).
The convolv. turpethum is common in many parts of India; it has a twining stem^ several
&thoms long; leccoes alternate, petioled, of differing forms, from cordate to linear; they are
all, however, pointed and lobate or angular; Jlowers large, white ; capsules involved in the dry
calyx, four-sided, four-celled, and one-valved; seeds round and black, one in each cell (See
Flora Indica, vol. ii. p. 58.). Wallich, in some judicious observations on this plant in that part
of the Flora Indica just cited, informs us, as well from his own experience, as that of his
friends Mr. G. J. Gordon, and Mr. J. Glass, that the root is a medicine of very considerable
value as a cathartic; it would appear, that it is in its bark that the medicinal virtue exists, and
that this, in its dried state, has little perceptible taste or smell. An extract may be obtained in
the proportion of one ounce to a pound of the dried root, and the dose of this, as well as of
the powder of the bark of the root, may be a little larger than that of the common jalap ; a
small quantity of cream of tartar, added to the powder, or calomel to the extract, aid much
their operation. In the valuable Sanscrit Dictionary, the Amara Koshuj and also in the Bhdvaprakdsa and Rqja* nighantu, t may be found many synonymes for this plant: in the last of
these the root in question, teoree
* Which hardens into a resinous substance altogether soluble in spirit of wine.
f These Mr. Colebrooke mentions as amongst the best writings of the Hindoos on the Materia
Medica.
(Beng.), is recommended as of use in removing worms and phlegm.

Under the head of jalap, in the first volume of this work (p. 183.), I enumerated several plants
which might be substituted for that medicine, all of them however inferior to the convolv.
jalapa of Vera Cruz and Mexico. Our present article had long a place in the British Materia
Medica (convolvulus Indicus, alatus maximus), but of late years has fallen into disuse. I find
it mentioned by Avicenna (21)4), under the name of Aj J turbad; but the first amongst the
Arabs who prescribed it was Mesue " (see Rei Herbariip, Spring, vol. i. p. ii49.), also Rha-zes
(c. 173.). Alston, in his Materia Medica (vol. ii. p. 530.), speaks of turbitii as a strong and
resinous cathartic, and recommended in his days in gout, dropsy, and leprosy. The plant is
known to the modern Greeks by the name of roupn-eS ; it is a native of the Society and
Friendly Isles, as well as of India, of the New Hebrides, and of New Holland.t Virey, in his "
Histoire Naturelle des Medicamens (p. 184.), speaks of the root of the convolvulus turpethum as more drastic than the common jalap, which, however, it does not seem to be found
in India. Dr, Barton, in his interesting work on the Vegetable Materia Medica of America (vol.
ii. p. 9.), informs us, that the root o the Polophyllum pellaiitm (Lin.), is, as a purge, every
way equal to jalap, and less irritating; the dose a scruple. Might it not grow in England? It
certainly would, in coot situations, in India.
Who gave the root, in powder, to the extent of from 5i- to 5ij., and of the decoction, from jij,
to Jiv.
j- Brown, Prodr. Nov. HoU. i. 48,5., as died in the Flora In-dica, vol. ii. p. 57J
CHAP. I. MATERIA INDICA. S85
CCCXXXII.
SHEVENAR VAYMBOO ^(3Yj,55)^Ccn-.LD^
(Tarn.) SJuvanimba fs^Mlf^^ (Sans.) SmaJU
Jloxvered Aspalathus.
AspALATHUs Indica (Lin.).
CL and Ord. Diadelphia Decandria. Nat. Ord. Papilionaceas. Ostindische Witschen (Nom.
Triv.
WilldO.
The leaveSj small, pale, red Jlowers, and tender shoots of this low-growing plant, are
supposed by the Hindoo practitioners to possess a cooling, demulcent, and alterative quality,
and are prescribed in decoction in leprous and cancerous affections; half a tea-cupful is given
twice daily. The root is said to have virtues, when chewed, in easing the tooth-ache, and in
cases of aphthae.
The shevenar is the mmielli of Rheed. (Hort Mai. ix. p. 69. t 37.) ; it is " a shrub about four
feet high, with slender hard round twigs^ and short, alternate branches; feaw5 quinate

sessile; peduncles one-flowered," a native of many parts of Lower India.

CCCXXXIIL
SHEVIUM C^cTL-JcrxSLULD (Tam.) Chola keejur
^J^y^ (Duk.) Shivikd 1X(f^^ (Sans.) Root

qfthe Black Pepper Plant.

Piper Nigrum (Lin.).
Shevium is the Tamool name of the root of the black pepper plant, it has a ^ecuUar and
slightly
VOL. II. c c
warm taste, and is considered by the native doctors as stimulant, tonic, and cordial; tliey
prescribe it accordingly in certain cases of fever, and other affections requiring medicines of
this description ; in doses of half a tea-cupful of the decoction twice daily. See article Pepper,
Black, in vol.i, p. 302.
CCCXXXIV.
SHIERI GOOMOODOO (TeL) Goomadi
(Tam.) Koomatha (Can.),
Gmelina Parvifloea (Roxb.).
CL and Qrd. Didynamia Angiospermia. Nat. Ord. Personatae.
This is a tree with roundish, stifl^ upright branches, and altogether very much resembling
the gmelina Asiatica.* It may be found described in Roxburgh's Coromandel Plants, vol. ii. p.
32. Its leaves would appear to have the quality of thickening water, and rendering it
mucilaginous when agitated in it, so becoming a useful drink in gonorrhoea, and other
maladies requiring demulcents ; the leaves of the pedalium murex (see article Ananeringie in
this Chapter), and menispermum hirsutum t, have the same property; with this difference,
that when our article is gently stirred in water, and the leaves at the same time a little
bruised, the thickening of the water by these means produced, does not pass away, as in the
other instances, but remains ; so it must be considered as a much more valuable medicine.
See article Nelacumulvayr^ in this Chapter, f This is indigenous in India; in Hindoostanie it
n called dkr or hm^f and in ToUingoo do^evttiiga^
CCCXXXV.

SINGGINJANASCHA (Hind.) Mung/u^e (Beng.) Bristly'leaved Jew^s Mallow.

CoRCHORUS Olitorius (Lin)<
CI. and Ord. Polyandria Monogynia. Oemusear^ tiger Corchotnis (Nom, Triv. Willd.).
This is a plant which Dr. Francis Hamilton had brought to him in Behar, as one of the many
used in that country by the Hindoo doctors as medicine ; the fresh, or dry herb, he was told,
after being toasted and reduced to ashes, is mixed with a little honey, and given twice daily in
pelai (obstructions of the abdominal viscera). The sing-gika (Sans,) is " a low-growing annual,
seldom rising higher than two feet; the leaves^ which vary in shape, from spear-shaped to
oval and heart-shaped, are on long petioles, they are of a deep-green colour, and are slightly
indented at the edges ; the Jlawers are sessile, solitary, and yellow; seeds of an almost
pyramidal form, and dark-brown" (Lin. Mant.). Three species of corchorus have a place in "
Moon's Cata* logue of Ceylon Plants;** six are noticed in the Hortus Bengalensis, by which it
appears that two Tarieties of onr article are known in the Bengal provinces, a green (patt
Beng.) and a reddish (bun patf Beng.). The corchorus olitorius is sown in great plenty about
Aleppo as a pot-herb, and the Jews there boil the leaves and eat them with tlieir The sipeoles
capsularis (Lotlr.) i^ much., colc c 2
tivated in China, particularly in the neighbourhood of Canton, where it is used for the same
purposes that hemp is; the fibres of the stalks being woven into cloth (Flor. Cochin-Chin. voh
i, p. 334.).
Since writing the above, I have seen, but too late to take full advantage of it here, a
description of the corchorus olitorius by the master-hand of Rox-burgh, in the Flora Indica
(manuscript); he observes, that it is a well-known plant, much cultivated in Bengal for the
fibres of its bark, which are used as in Ciiina*
CCCXXXVI.
SINNEE ELLEY ^^csurcyuruS^m) (Tam.) Chin^
me kapat cAj l^ ^^^ (Duk.) Tsinmakoo (Tel.)
Leqf qf the Birch-leaved Acalypha.
AcALYPHA Betulina (Retz.).
CI. and Ord. Monoecia Monodelphia. Nat. Ord. Tricoccae. Birkenartiges BrcfinkratU (Nom.
Triv. Willd.).
The leaves of the ac. betulma are about two inches long, and an inch and a half broad,
acuminate, and deeply serrate; they are placed on petioles, from half an inch to an inch in
length, and have a most pleasant and aromatic taste and odour. As a medicine they are much
esteemed by the native practitioners, who prescribe them as a grateful stomachic in dyspeptic
affections, and in cholera; they are besides considered as attenuant and alterative, and are

accordingly administered when it is necessary to

correct the habit. The plant appears to have been first particularly noticed by Koenig, in
Ceylon, and is well described by Retzius (Ob, v. 30, n 85.). It is the caudafelis agressis of
Rumphius (Amb. iv. p. 84. t 370 ^"^ commonly rises to the height of six feet, with round
branches, and a light brown bark; it differs from the acalypha hetulce foUa^ chiefly from the
length of its petioles. I find five species of acalypha in the Hortus Bengalensis, five in the
Flora Indica (MSS.), and three in Moon's Catalogue of Ceylon Plants. The dose of the infusion
of the leaves of the acalypha betulina, as ordered by the Vytians^ is half a tea-cupful given
twice in the day.
CCCXXXVIl.
SIRROO C ANCHOR IE VAYR ^r^^rr^d
^rruPQ:5\_i'i' (Tarn.) Kanchkoori ke jurr j^ ^
iSj^^'iM (Duk.) Tsinna doolagondie vayroo (Tel.)
Casaghinnie (Sans.) Root (ff the Hemp-leaved Tragia.
Tragia Cannabina (Lin.).
CI. and Ord. Monoecia Triandria. Nat Ord. Euphorbias (Juss.). Hanfartige Tragie (Nom. Triv.
Willd.).
This root, which is sometimes called coonmdootie vayvj has, in its dried state, but little taste
or smelly though, in its more succulent condition, it has a rather pleasant odour: it is
considered as diaphoretic and alterative, aiid is prescribed in decoction, toge ther with other
articles of like virtues to correct the
c c 3
flBBT M4TBRIA ItfOff^ FA^f Iff
habit: an infusion of it is also given bj$ % 4rink in ardent fever, in the quantity of half a te^cupful twice daily. The tragia eannabina ^^has an erect, round, hispid stem; the haves, which
are hairy, stinging, are three-parted, alternate, and petioled; thi^ segments lanceolate and
sinnuate; peduncles lateral, solitary, oneflowered, the length of the leaves." 1% is a native of
Malabar, and would appear to be th^ cnton hastatum of Burm. (Ind. 305. t. 63. f. S.) I
perceive but two species of tragia in the Hartqa fiengalensis, and three in Moon's Catalogue
of Ceylon Plants, but the trag. eannabina is not mentionedf The species tr. involucrata is the
canehorie of the Tamools. See that Article in this Chapter. The tragia volubiUs is a medicinal
plant of Jamaica, being there considered as diuretic and aperient (See Browne's Hist, of
Jamaica, p. 336.).
Our article is mentioned with two other species in the Flora Indies^ (manuscript)i the tragia
involucrata and the t. acalypha.

CCCXXXVIIL
SIRROO COORINJA VAYR ^in^<^^-^^rr
Ccrud^ (Tam.) Root of the Periploca cf the
Woods.
Periploca Sylvestris (Willd.).
CI. and Ord. Pentandria Digynia. Nat. Ord. Contortae. Wald Schlinge (Nom. Triv. Willd.).
This bitterish root is supposed by the native practitioners to possess virtues in cases of snakebite j the powder applied to the part bitten: internally, it is prescribed in decoction to the
qpaQtity of half a W^
cupful twice daily. The plant, of which our article is the root, is called by the Cyngalese
birmuge ; the root itself they suppose to have virtues similar to our ipecacuanha. The
periploca sylvestris is <<a shrub with a tomentose stem ; * leaves ovate, somewhat hirsute on
both sides, entire; flowers small, in opposite axillary umbels, smooth within.'' It was found in
India by Koenig, and is described by Retzius and Willdenow.t I find four species of periploca
in the Hortus Bengalensis, amongst which our article is not: it is one of the two noticed in
Moon's Catalogue of Ceylon Plants, but no native name is affixed. The periploca emetica is a
native of the mountains of Malabar: its root is emetic, and might be used as a substitute for
ipecacuanha.
CCCXXXIX.
SIRROO CORUTTIEI VAYR ^r^^^Q^rr^
Q^\-^Qa\j'f' (Tarn.) Birme he jurr j^ ^ ^w
(Duk.) Tsinna avagooda vayroo (Teh) Gashed
Trichosanthes.
Trichosanthes Incisa (Rottl.).
CI. and Ord. Monoecia Monadelphia. Nat Ord. Cucurbitaceae.
This species of trichosanthes seems to have been first particularly noticed and described by
Rottler, in his Herbarium (MS.): its root, as it appears in the medicine bazars of Lower India^
is light-coloured,
* Burman, however, makes the stem ruoaed, with many smaS fabercles. ^
t Spec. Plaat. vol. i. p^ 1258.
C C 4

and very bitter to the taste: pounded small, and mixed with margosa oil, it is considered as a
valuable remedy, applied to those painful sores which sometimes take place inside of the
ears. I find in Moon's Catalogue of Ceylon Plants four species of trichosan-thes noticed,
amongst these is our article, but no native name is given. The species anguina (the
poodalungai of the Tamools) is called in Ceylon podi'Wilanga: it is an excellent pot-herb. The
species lacinosa I have already spoken of, under the head of Pepoodel^ in this Chapter, and
also of the species palmata under that of (Jorultei. Seven species of trichosanthes are in the
Hortus Bengalensis. The trich. amara would seem to be the only species growing in Jamaica,
where it is considered as a poison, and is used for kiUing rats (Hort. Jamaicensis, vol. ii. p.
175.).
CCCXL*
SIRROO KEERAY VAYR V^/v^^^cs^^o^C
cy\j& (Tam.) Tseerikoora vayroo (Tel.) Maykanada (Sans.) Root of the Amaranth of the
Fields.
Amaranthus Campestris (Willd.).
CI. and Ord. Monoecia Pentandria. Nat. Ord. Amarinthi (Juss.). Feld Amaranth (Nom. Triv.
Willd.).
This root has but little sensible taste or smell: it is considered by the Vytians as demulcent,
and is prescribed in decoction, in cases of strangury, in doses of half a tea-cupful twice daily.
The leaf $irro(y-keeray is amongst the pot-herbs of the Hindoos. ' Nine species of amaranthus have a place in Moon's Catalogue of Ceylon Plants: fifteen
are in the Hortus Bengalensis; but our article is mentioned in neither, I find in Willdenow
(Spec, Plant vol. iv. p. 382,) another Tamool name for it, quai-totu-kura^ which I am not
acquainted with. Of the plant itselfi he says, " Caulis erectis ramosus; folia alterna petiolata,
vix semipolHcaria ovata emarginata obtusa mucronata viridia; petioli longitudine foliorum,
&c. Habitat in India Orientali." In Jamaica the species viridis is used in clysters, in the bellyache, as the best emollient herb that country aflTords: the species spinosus is a pot-herb in
several of the West India islands.
CCCXLI.
SIRROO POOLAY VAYR ^^\^,i^irsvrQa>^& (Tam.) Khul ke jurr ^2^ J ^ (Duk.) Astma
bayda (Sans.) Root of the Woolly Illecebrum.
Illecebrum Lanatum (Lin.).
CI. and Ord. Pentandria Monogynia. Nat Ord Holoraceae. Filzige Knorpelblume (Nom. Triv.
Willd.).

This root the Vytians reckon amongst their demuU cents, and prescribe it accordingly in
strangury, in doses of half a tea-cupful. The Tellingoo name of the plant is pindie conda; it is
the scherubala of Rheede (Mai. x. p. 75. t. "id.), and the achyranthes lanata of Roxburgh, wlio
describes it as an erect, ramous, woolly annual, with alternate leaves^ which are orbicular;
spikes crowded; nectary ten-parted,
wad stigmas two-clefl: it is common every-where: in Bengalese it is called chaya. It is a stout,
hardy plant) not more than from one to two feet high. Roxburgh objects to its being made an
illecebrum (see Flora Indica vol. ii. p. 50^.^ The reader may find a somewhat different
description of it in Lourei-ro's Flora Cochin-Chinensis (vol. i. p. 162.). The Cochin-Chinese
name it rau^/ueo, but do not appear to consider it as medicinal. The Cyngalese call the
illecebrum l^nsAAim pol-kuda-pala: it is quite common in the neighbourhood of Colombo:
three species grow in that island. I find but two in the Hortus Bengalensis.
CCCXLII.
SIRROOTALIE ELLEY ^/v^^rrcsNmiSa/ro (TamO TsinnataliaJcoo (TeL) Lec^fqfthe Convokmhis Gemellus.
Convolvulus Gemellus (Lin.).
CI. and Ord. Pentandria Monogynia. Nat. Ord. Campanaceas. ZwillingsbhUige Winde (Nom.
Triv. WiDd.).
The leaves of this twining plant have a pleasant smell, and mucilaginous taste; when toasted^
powdered^ and boiled with a certain portion of ghee^ they are considered as a valuable
application in aphthous affections.
The plant would appear to have been first scien* tifically noticed by Koenig. The stem is
tender and pubescent at top ; the leaves are cordate, some* what villose underneath;
peduncles two-fiowered" (VahL Sjrmb. 3* p. 27-)* Of it Burman observes^}
<< Caule volubili, foliis cordatis glabris; pedunculia bifloris'' (Ind 46. t 41. f. !) It is a native
of Java and the coast of Coromandel, and is remark* able for the size of its belUshaped
corolla; which is six times as large as the calyx; also because <* floret ante meridiem usque
ad 12 horam quod raro in calidis regionibus" (Koenig).
CCCXLIIL
SITTAMOOTIE V AYR ^^^rras^i^^^Q^Qcrur^ (Tarn.) Tsinna mootopoldghum vayroo
(Tel.) Root qf the Ceylon Pavonia.
Pavonia Zeylanica.
CI. and Ord. Monadelphia Polyandria. Nat Ord Columniferae. Zeylonsche Pavonie (Nom.
Triv. Willd.).
This root, as it appears in the medicine bazars of India, has little sensible taste or smell; an
infusion of it is, I understand, ordered to be drank in fevers, but I do not believe it possesses

much virtue of any kind. The plant is " an annual, with an herbaceous stem; leaves cordatehastate ; peduncles alternate^^ one-flowered, jointed" (Burm. Ind. 153. t. 48. f. 2.). The
corolla is of a beautiful flesh-colour, and about the size of that of the potentilla anserina. In
the Flora Zeylanica, I perceive, it is said to resemble much the verbascum blattaria ; it is tliere
spoken of (266.) under the name of hibiscus Zey-lanicus. The Cyngalese call it gasbewila, but
do not seeni to U3e it medicinally^ Si0^^ writing the
above, I find the pavonia Zeylanica described by Roxburgh, in his Flora Indica (MSS.); he
observes, stem erect, four feet high, ramous, and all the young parts covered with much
glutinous down ; leaves scattered, horizontal, petioled, deeply three-lobed; and flowers pale
rose colour in the morning, and gradually changing to a deep rose colour in the evening.
CCCXLIVSOOMBOONG (Javanese). Red-stalked, or BaU
sam-bearing Conyza.
CoNYZA Balsamifera (Willd.)CI. and Ord. Syngenesia Superflua. Nat. Ord. Corymbiferae (Juss.). Harzige Durrwurz (Nom.
Triv. WiUd.).
The soomboong is a plant of very great repute amongst the Javanese; it has a pleasant
balsamic odour, and a taste a little pungent, and according to Dr. Horsfield's account, its
exciting qualities are combined with a considerable portion of mucilage: a warm infusion of it
acts powerfully as a sudorific, and it is very often employed as a pectoral, as well by the
Javanese as the Chinese. Several physicians of Samarang assured Dr. Horsfield, that they
constantly employed it in complaints of the breast, colds, &c. The plant appears to be
confounded with the baccharis salvia * (the cay-dai-hi of the Cochin-Chinese), or, perhaps,
they are one and the same plant; and we know that the conyza balsam**
* See Flora Cochin-Chinensis, vol. ii. p. 494.
ifera is the conyza odorata (Rumph. Amb. vi. t. 24. f. 1.), though we find them differently
described in Willdenow (Spec, Plant, vol. iii. pp. 1924. and 1944.). What would seem
particularly to distinguish our article is its tomentose or downy leaves; hence it was named by
Plukenett (Amath. (54.) : " Conyza arbor Zeylanensis subrotundo folio maxime tomen-foso.** On Ceylon, where three species of conyza grow, it is termed lewcercella; it is also a
native of India, and, amongst twelve other species, has a place in the Hortus Bengalensis.
Since writing the above, I have seen the description of the conyza balsamifera in the Flora
Indica (MSS.) : Roxburgh says of it, that it is shrubby, erect, leaves alternate, short petioled,
lanceolate, petioles short, corymbs terminal, bearing numerous bright yellow flowers, which,
when bruised, smell strongly of camphor.
CCCXLV.
SOODOO TORUTTIE PUTTAY.

This is the lightish coloured bark o^ I am told, a large tree which grows in the remote
jungles; it is sweetish to the taste, and is one of the many medicines prescribed by the Vytians
to purify the blood. I have not been able to ascertain what the tree is.
S98 HirTERU IVDICA. SART U^
CCCXLVI.
SONBALLI (Hind.) Suryavarti, \^^^T^ (Sans) Folded Croton.
Croton Plicatum (Waid.).
CI. and Ord. Monoecia Monadelphia. Nat. Ord Euphorbias (Juss.). Oefaltetes Croton (Nom.
Triv. Willd).
This is a plant which Dr. F. Hamilton (MSS-) had brought to him in Behar^ as one of those
which was supposed to have rirtues in leprous affections ; the dry plant is made into
decoction, to which is added a little mustard.
The plant is common in Upper India, but I have not met with it in the lower provinces; it is
called in Bengalese, as well as in Hindoostanie, Khoodi-Okra ; and it was, according to Vahl,
observed by Forskahl in Arabia; it is the croton tinctorium of Burman (Ind. 30*. t. 62. f. 1.); it
has been fully described by Vahl, so I shall briefly here state, from him, that it has a round,
herbaceous, and somewhat rugged steni^ and hoary branches ; leaves^ ovate, plated, crenate
hirsute; the inflorescence as in the <v tinctorium. There are seven species of croton in the
Hortus Bengalensis, and eight in Moon's Catalogue of Ceylon Plants. Fourteen species grow
in Jamaica, three of which are medicinal plants; viz. the c. Uneare^ the powder of the dried
leaves of which, Barham says, is a specific in cholic; the c. Jmmilej which, according to
Browne (Hist. p. 374. c. 2.), is frequently used in baths and fomentations for nervous
weakness; and the c. elaleria, the bark of which is the cascariUa.
The croton plicatum has been fully described by-Roxburgh, in his Flor. Ind. (MSS.): it, by his
account, and there is no better authority, is a straggling annual, common in India; it has a
hoary appearance ; siem and branches round, dichotamous, from one to two feet long; leaves
alternate, petioled, broad-cordate ; powers pale yellow, male ones above the female ; capsules
scabrous. It would appear, that cloth, moistened with the juice of the green capsules,
becomes blue after exposure to the open air; they, no doubt, contain colouring matter, which
might be turned to good account in the arts.
CCCXLVIL SONG-KOONG (Siamese).
This is a root which Dr. Finlayson found in Siam, and which the natives were in the habit of
grinding down, with a little water, and using in aphthous affections, commonly used together
with another root called ntrapotisee (Jav.).
Future research may ascertain what these plants are.
CCCXLVIII.

SOORA-MEEN er A9Li5^(5or (Tarn.) Shark.

Squalus Cahcharias (Var.).
The flesh of the dhark-fisb, is supposed by the Hindoo medical writers, to have pecuHar
virtues in several diseases; and is particularly noticed by Aghastier, in his work entitled
Ahirumr as a diet to ba had racourae ta in rbaumatifi affiactioiMU
CCCXLIX. SOU-LINE, or CHYN-LEN (Chinese).
This is the Chinese name of a bitter root, sometimes brought for sale from China to India; it
is of a pale yellow colour, and.not much thicker than a quill. It is considered as possessing
stomachic virtues, and is said to be held in high estimation by the Chinese. I perceive that it
is noticed by Virey, in his His-toire Naturelle des Medicamens (p. 322.), who says, that the
decoction of it is powerfully febrifuge (see Bulletin de Pharm. pour 1813, p. 395.).
CCCL.
SOTHALI (Hind.) Damana, ZJ^ (Sans.) Rough-stemmed Mschynomene.
jiiEsCHYNOMENE AsPERA (Lin.).
CI. and Ord. Diadelphia Decandria. Nat Ord. Leguminosae. ScharfstieUge Schampjlanze
(Nom. Triv. WiUd.).
Dr. F. Hamilton had this plant brought to him by a Hindoo physician in Behar, from whom he
learnt that it was used in decoction in dropsical affections.
"The plant rises to the height of five or six feet, with an herbaceous rugged stem; the leaves,
which are composed of a great number of glaucus pinnas, come out in every side of the stem
towards the top, forming a sort of head; the flowers are yellow, and com^ out between the
leaves, two or three together
on long petioles; the legume is about four inches long*' (Miller). The plant called by the
Tamools in the lower provinces of India netty clieddie GT3'1-U
9=1 Q., in Tellingoo bendoo chettoo^ in Dukhanie
bhend JJ^^ m Sanscrit damana, and in Hindoostanie
m
shoola aJ^, is very apt to be confounded with our present article. It is the aeschynomene
arborea, and grows to a much greater size ; the use of its wood in the arts, will be noticed in
another part of this work. I find nine species of aeschynoraene noticed in the Hortus
Bengalensis; three have a place in " Moon's Catalogue of Ceylon Plants," where our article has
(in Cyngalese) the name of mahadiya siyambala. In Cochin-China, the stem of the species
lagenaria is used to cork bottles with.

The seschynomene aspera is fully described in the Flora Indica (MSS.), where Roxburgh tells
us, that the Bengalese call the plant fool-sola j and that, from its extreme lightness, it is used
by fishermen to floattnir a3:i, nil for makiiiT; what are called cork-jackets.
CCCLL
SUKKUNAROO-PILLOO ^^^s^&^o\^o^
(Tam.) Ginger GrasSj or Spice GrasSy or False
Spikenard.
Andropogon Nardus ?
CI. and Ord. Polygamia Monoecia. Nat Ord. Gramina.
This grass, on being chewed, has exactly the flavour of ginger ; it is Very common in the
Cautalum hills, and in the Tinnivelly district, where the natives occasionally prepare with it
an essential oil, useful in
VOL. II. D D
rheumatism ; they also consider an infusion of it as stomachic and febrifuge. In the first
edition of this work, I, on the authority of Dr. Rottler, gave this as the andropogan nardus, he,
however, implying a doubt about it; a doubt which, I presume, still remains.
The andropogon nardus, is a medicinal plant on Ceylon, there called watusaewendara in
Cyngalese, and may be found described by Burman (Zey. 35.), under the title of arundo
Zeylonicay " Fracta odore et sapore, calomi aromatici;" it is the calo-mus odoratus mathioli
(Bauh. Pin. I7. theatr. 263.); and the narden-bartgras of the Germans. I have only seen it in its
dried state, so can vouch for little more than its aromatic and stimulant properties. I am
much inclined to think that the sukkunaroo pilloo is what the French know under the name
of nard. syriaque.
Quere, whether it may not be the same fragrant grass, which Mr. Assist. Surgeon Maxwell
notices in the Transactions of the Medical Society of Calcutta, (p. 367), and which the
excellent Dr. Wallich believes to be the andropogon parancura (Dr. Blanc); from the leaves of
which we know the natives of Malacca extract a pleasant-tasted essential oil.
CCCLII.
SOTTRAJ (Hind.) Axillary Spiderzvort.
Tradescantia Axillaris (Lin.).
CI. and Ord. Hexandria Monogynia. Nat. Ord. Ensatae. Junci (Juss.).
This plant was brought to Dr. F. Hamilton while

in Behar, by a native doctor, and said to be of great use as an external application in cases of
ascites, when mixed with a little oil On the Malabar coast, Rheede tells us, it is employed in
tympanites.
" It is a creeping and ascending annual, with acute, linear leaves; powers axillary and solitary;
corolla one-petalled, of a deep blue purple, and of the shape of a funnel. The plant may be
found well described in Roxburgh's Coromandel Plants (2. 1.107.); it is the nir-pulli of Rheede
(Mai. x. p. 28. 1.13.), and is known by the Germans, by the trivial name of winkelblulige
tradescantie ; the Hin-doostanie name of this plant is bagha-nulla ; it is in-^digenous in
India, and has a place with four other of the species in the Hortus Bengalensis. Five species of
tradescantia grow in Ceylon, one of which is our article.
CCCLIII.
SURASARUNI (Hind.) Aruni 3fpflt (Sans.)
RhamnuS'like Phijllanthus.
Phyllanthus Rhamnoides (Willd.).
This is a plant which Dr. F. Hamilton (MSS.), had brought to him while in Behar^ and is said
by the Hindoo medical men of that province to be a medicine of some note ; the dried leaves
are smoked like tobacco, in cases in which the uvula and tonsils are swelled. It is a plant of
tlie class and order Monoecia Monadelphia, and natural order Euphorbiae (Juss.); it is the
wegdornartiger plii/llanlhus of the Germans, and the phyl. Zeylanica of Burman (Zeyl. 198. t.
88.); Of it Willdenow says, " P. foliis ovatis
D D 2
obtusiusculis; pedunculis axillaribus; inferioribus ge-tninis masculis; superioribus solitariis
femineis, ra-mulis pinnaeformibus semiteretibus." It is a native of Java, as well as of the
Coromandel coast and Ceylon, in which last-mentioned country the Cyn-galese call it gaskayila. Nine other species of phyl. grow in that island; twenty^one are in the Hortus
Bengalensis; all, except four, Indian plants.
The phyllanthus rhampoides is described by Roxburgh, in his Flora Indica (MSS.), who tells
us, that it is a small shrub, often found on waste lands, scarce any stem; branches numerous,
leaves scattered, spreading, feathered; petioles angular, and male flowers racemed^
CCCLIV.
SUNG-ELLEY P=-Re? ^/^(Tam.) Te-caiita-jolty (Beng,) Sukkapat c^Ll^jC^ (Duk.) Cantagoor-cannay (Hind.) Oopi-akoo (Tel.) also Tellavuppi (Tel.) Katu-niyada (Cyng.) Kundali
^nZ??^T (Sans.) Lea/ of the Four-spined Mo7ietia.
MoNETiA Barlerioides (Hcrct.).
CI. and Ord. Tetrandria Monogynia. Vierdomige MoTietie (Norn. Triv. Willd.).

The juice of this bitterish leaf is supposed by the native practitioners to possess virtues in
cases of cough, consumption, and humoral asthma; it is commonly prescribed in the form of
electuary, in c.onjunction with some other medicines. The powder of the root is sometimes
also prescribed for similar complaints.
The shrub which bears the leaf in question is common on the Coromandel coast, and is also a
native of the Cape, and of Ceylon, found in the neighbourhood of Matura; " it is prickly, with
ati upright ash-coloured stem^ full of chinks ; the branches are opposite, dense, and diffused;
leaves opposite, spreading, ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, entire; petiole very short, and Jlowers
axillary on the shoots, generally in clusters, in threes at the top" (l*H6retier). See also Thunb.
(Prod. 28.) The monetia barlerioi-des, is described by Roxburgh in his Flor. Indica (MSS.),
who tells us, that it has scarce any 5/em; thorns axillary, and leaves opposite, short-petioled,
oval-acute; male flowers axillary, small, yellow; berries, eat by men and birds.
CCCLV.
TAGARAY-ELLEY ^usc^rmS^/^ (Tam.)
also Tagashay-elley (Tam.) Tdgarish-akoo (Tel.)
Kulkul JjJJU (Arab.) also ^^ "SSy^:^ (Arab. Forskahl).
Prabhunatha CT^^I W (Sans.) Leaf of the OvaUleaved
Cassia.
Cassia Tora (Lin.).
CI. and Ord. Decandria Monogynia. Nat. Ord. Lomentaceae. Viereckigfnichtige Cassie (Nom.
Triv. Willd.).
The mucilaginous and fetid-smelling leaves of the cassia tora, are gently aperient, and are
prescribed in the form of decoction \ and in doses of about two ounces, for such children as
suffer from feverish
D D 3
attacks while teething: fried in castor-oil they are considered as a good appHcation to foul
ulcers; the seeds, ground with sour butter-milk, are used to ease the irritation of itchy
eruptions; and the root, rubbed on a stone with lime-juice, the Vytians suppose to be one of
the best remedies for ring-worms. In the more western tracts of the Peninsula the leaves are
often employed for making a warm poultice, to hasten the suppuration of boils; and in
Combatore the seeds are had recourse to in combination with the pala (nerium tinctoriunij
Roxb.), in preparing a blue dye.
The plant is the peti4ora of the Cyngalese; it seldom rises higher than five feet, with an erect,
roughish stem; *^leaflets three pairs obovate, the outer ones larger, a subulate gland between
the lower; flowers axillary, formed into close short spikes, and of a bright yellow colour''
(Flor. Zeyl. 152.). It is a native of most parts of India, and was found at Campeachy. by

Houstoun. It is also by Thunberg's account a native of Japan, growing near the city of
Nagasaki (Flor. Japon. p. 179.)* The Cochin-Chinese, in whose country it seems to be very
common, call it dao-muong^ but do not consider it amongst their medicines ; in the upper
provinces of Bengal it is named chakoonda^ and with thirty-three other species has a place in
the Hortus Bengalensis ; twelve species grow in Ceylon.
CCCLVI.
TALISHAPUTRIE s^rr(3NrPg=i_.^g^rf=^ (Tarn, and Tel.) Talisputrie (SjjijjjJ[3 (Duk.) uJ^j
(Arab.) Paniyala (Beng. and Hind.) Tdttsha, r\J^\^ also
Vidara f^^X (Sans.). '
Flacourtia Cataphracta (Roxb.).
CI. and Ord. Dioecia Icosandria. Nat. Ord. Fi-liaceae (Juss.). Zugespitzte Flacourtie (Nom.
.Triv. Willd.). I
The small leaves and tender shoots of this fragrant-smelling plant have a taste not unlike that
of rhubarb, but without its bitterness ; they are considered as stomachic, are in a slight degree
astringent, and are ordered in powder, in doses of half a drachm, in diarrhoea, general
weakness, and consumption. We are informed by Dr. F. Hamilton (MSS.), that he found in
Behar^m infusion of the bark in cold water, in use amongst the Hindoo doctors of that
province, in cases of hoarseness, given twice daily.
Of the plant, Willdenow says, " Habitat in India; frutex ramis cinereis alternis forte inermis /
folia al-terna petiolata ovato-oblonga acuminata adpresso, serrata; racemi masculi et feminei
laterales copiose subsexflori'' (Spec. Plant, vol. iv. p. 830.). Eight species have a place in the
Hortus Bengalensis. I perceive but one a native of Ceylon, the nivea. The other growing there
was brought to it from Molucca, the inermis ; it is the tomi4omi of the Malays, the fruit of
which is edible.
D D 4
CCCLVII.
TALOODALEI ^O^^rr.^y^ (Tam.) Nellie (Tel.) also Teloki (Tel.) Vata-ghm ^|riyl (Sans.)
PhlomiS'like Clerodendrum.
Clerodendrum Phlomoides (Vahl.).
CI. and Ord. Didynamia Angiospermia. Nat. Ord. Personatae. Phlomisartiger Loosbaum
(Nom. Triv. WiUd.).
The juice of the leaves of this hoary shrub is somewhat bitter, and is considered by the Indian
practitioners as an alterative; they prescribe it in those obstinate pains, which but too often
accompany neglected syphiHtic complaints in India, in doses of half an ounce or more twice
daily. The plant is a native of Hindoostan, the volkameria multiflora of Burman (Ind. 137- t.
45. f. i.); it has been well described by Vahl. (Symb. ii. p. 7^.), who tells us, that the leaves are

ovate, toothed, and angular; peduncles axillary, sub-triflorous. For further particulars the
reader may consult Willdenow (Spec. Plant vol. ill. p. 386.). The Clerod. Phlomoides and four
other species are growing in Ceylon. Two varieties are mentioned in the Hortus Bengalensis
(p. 46.).
CCCLVIIL
TANNEER-VITTANG-KALUNG ^drorcsrof^ rrcnS^ rrrKj^L^rru^ (Tam.) Sitffaid Mooslie
J^y^ jyju- (Duk.) Tsulla ghedaloo (Tel) Root
qf the Linear-leaved Asparagus.
Asparagus Sarmentosus (Willd.).
CI. and Ord, Hexandria Monogynia, Nat. Ord. Sarmentaceae. Ranlcendir Spar gel (Nom. Triv.
Willd.).
This long, fleshy, whitish root, is used as food by the inhabitants of Ceylon (eaten with milk),
where the plant grows, with two other species. In the Southern provinces of India it is (the
root) beat and afterwards soaked in cold water, which water, when drank, is supposed by the
Vytians to have the effect of filling the small-pox, and preventing the confluent disease.
The aspar. sarmentosus is the schcedaveli kelungu of Rheede (Mai. x. p. 19.); " it sends out
from the root many weak climbing branches, which rise five or six feet high; the shoots are
armed with crooked spines} the leaves, which are solitary, linearJanceo-late, are larger than
in any of the rest of the genus; the flowers are small and pale, and are succeeded by red
berries, which have generally three angular sides."
The species racemosus, Heyne tells us, in his Historical Tracts on India (p. 29.)> has a
bulbous root, which, according to the medical sastrum Kaipasta*
nuniy is medicinal; its Sanscrit name is xvari; its Tel-lingoo one challa: this species is the
shutamoolee of the Bengalese. I find five species of asparagus in the Hortus Bengalensis.
CCCLIX.
TAMARAY KALUNG -/r-LrHs^a-^e^LjiaviS (Tam,) Lall'pudma (Beng.) Kungwelka gudda
%iS \Si\yi (Duk.) UssulneeltifirHindee cfjj:^J ^J^JLaJJIJ^I
(Arab.) Beykhneelufir Hindee cfSX^ ji^JLJ,^ (Pers.)
Yerratamaray-gudda (Tel.) Padmachdri ^tiM^\^\ also Satapatra WV^ (Sans.) Lalkamal
(Hind.), also Kamal J^^ (Hind.), also Padam jiJo (Hind.) Root qf the Peltated Water-lily.
Nelumbium Speciosum (Willd.).

CI. and Ord. Polyandria Monogynia. Nat. Ord. Succulentae. Prachtige Nelumbo (Nom. Triv.
Willd.).
This is an esculent root, much sought after in many Eastern countries, such as China,
Cochin-China, Persia, and India; it is also supposed to possess medicinal properties as a
demulcent. I believe the plant to be the KuafJLog Aiyurrriog of Hippocrates: it is the
nymphaea nelumbo of Loureiro (Flor. Cochin-Chin. vol. i. p. 310.), who informs us, " Radix
seminaque esculenta sunt, sapida et salu-bria: in re medica virtutem habent refrigirantem et
roborantem/' It is the tamara^ also bem-tamaraf of Rheede (Mai. ii. p. 61. t. 30.), and the
taratti of Rumphius (Amb. vi. p. 168. t. 73.). The best description of the plant is supposed to be given by Loureiro, to which I refer the reader, as
above-cited, merely here observing, that the rooty which is the cay-sen of the CochinChinese, is long, horizontal, creeping, and fleshy; the leaves exactly peltate; the petioles erect,
and very straight; and the Vaxgejlowers purple. Nymphaeas and nelumbiums were, till of late
years, often confounded: Willdenow has placed them in distinct orders, Monogynia and
Polygynia, and his arrangement was the result of botanical accuracy. The nelumbium
speciosum is a native of Ceylon, and is there called nelum in Cyngalese: it would appear that
two varieties are found on that island, a white and a purple: in the Hortus Bengal-ensis three
varieties are noticed, the third of which, of a crimson colour, is not an Indian plant, but was
brought from China, where it is named hung-Un. The Chinese, as well as Japanese, hold this
beautiful plant in great veneration; the last-mentioned people, by Thunberg's account,
consider the long stalks amongst their pot-herbs. Dr. F. Hamilton, while in Behar^ had the
petals brought to him as a medicine, and was informed that they were given in the form of
powder, and in conjunction with a little sugar, in cases of dysuria (Hamilton's MSS.).
Since writing the above I have read Dr. Roxburgh's description of the nelumbium speciosum,
in his Flora Indica (MSS,), a description I regret I did not sooner see
CCCLX.
TAVASHOO MOORUNGHIE ^(5^Br(^o^ as>^ (Tam.), also Poonakapoondoo. Pindi Koonda
(Tel.) Pindi x^f^ZS (Sans,) Tranquebar Justicia.
JusTiciA Tranquebariensis (Lin.).
CI. and Ord. Diandria Monogynia. Nat Ord. Personates. Tranquebarische Justice (Nom. Triv.
WiUd.).
The juice of the small and somewhat fleshy leaves of this species of justicia is considered by
the natives of India as cooling and aperient, and is prescribed for children in the small-pox, in
doses of a table-spoonful or two twice daily; the bruised leaves are also applied to blows and
other external injuries. The plant has a place amongst many others in the Hortus Behgalensis, and is common on the Coromandel coast. It has an herbaceous stenij with round
leaves, which are broad-cordate; the spikes are terminal and four-sided; theJlowers solitary,
in two rows on the forepart of the spikes; and the anthers are calcarate (Flora Indica, vol. i. p.
131.). It would appear to have been first particularly observed by Koenig, near Tranquebar,

and is, perhaps, the justicia parvifoUa of Lamarck. In the Flora Peruviana of Ruiz I perceive a
species of justicia, which he calls sericcea, considered in Peru as of great use in pleurisy.
CCCLXI.
TAVATIKY (Tel), also Tantichi (Tel.)
Oenitrophe Serrata (Roxb.).
CI. and Ord. Octandria Monogynia. Nat. Ord, Dumosae. Gesagter Vogelpfester (Nona. Triv.
WiUd.).
Tavatiky is the Tellingoo name of a plant common oh the Coromandel coast, the root of
which, Dr. Roxburgh tells us (Cor. Plant, vol. i. t. 61.), is astringent, and is used by the native
practitioners of the Circars in diarrhoea; the berries, which are about the size of peas, are
eaten by the natives. The tavatiky is a small mountain tree; the leaves threeed; fefl/fetooval;
^nAJlowers numerous and white. Of it, Willdenow observes, " O. foliis ternatis scabris,
foliolis petiolatis ovatis acuminatis serratis, racemis simplicibus" (Spec. Plant vol. ii. p. 322.).
The plant is the moodtt-kobbce of the Cyngalese, and has a place, with two other species,
cobbe and allophyluSj in " Moon's Catalogue of Ceylon Plants :" in the higher provinces of
Hindoostan it is known by the name of rakhaUphul (Beng.), and has, with three other
species, a place in the Hortus Bengalensis (p. 27.). The ornitrophe serrata may be found
described by Dr. Roxburgh, in his Flora Indica (MSS.).
CCCLXIITAYL-KODUGOO G^ovrr^Ce^n-^e? (Tarn.) TayUmunnie (Tel.) Ek-scetiya (Cyng.)
Hatee-shoora (Beng.) Benapatsja Rheede (Mai. x. p. 95. t. 48.) Siriari (Hind.) Srt-hastim
5fti|ffrT^T (Sans.), also Bhurundi i^l^Us/) (Sans.) Indian
Turnsole.
Heliotropium Indicum (Lin.).
CI. and Ord. Pentandria Monogynia. Nat. Ord. Asperifoliae. Indischer Scorpionschxvanz
(Nom. Triv.
waid.).
The juice of the leaves of this plant, which is a little bitter, the native practitioners apply to
painful gum-boils, and to repel pimples on the face; it is also prescribed as an external
application to that species of ophthalmia in which the tarsus is inflamed or excoriated.
The plant is quite common in India, and is often found in out-of-the-way corners and
amongst rubbish, where the soil is rich. It is an annual, having a diffuse, ramous slem ; leaves
generally alternate, petioled, cordate, wrinkled and curled at the margins; spikes leafopposed, solitary, peduncled, and longer than the leaves; Jlowers sessile, minute, and in two
rows on the upper side of the spikes; corol longer than the calyx ; tube gibbous.* It, with three
other species, have a place in " Moon's Catalogue of Ceylon Plants/' Five species of the genus

are in the Hortus Bengal* Flora Indica, vol.ii. p. 1.

ensis (p. 13.). The heliotropium Indicura is also a native of Cochin-China, and of the West
Indies: in the first-mentioned country the natives call it cay-hoi-hoi. Of its virtues, Loureiro
says, " Folia istius herbae contusa maxime conducunt ad majores anthraxes, vel, quando
incipiunt, resolvehdos, vel postea suppurandos" (Flor. Coch.-Chin. vol. i. p. 103.). It is well
described by Browne, in his History of Jamaica (p. 150.), and I find Barham (p. 42.) tells us
that it cleans and consolidates wounds and ulcers, and that boiled with castor-oil it relieves
the pain from the sting of a scorpion, and cures the bite of a mad dog! It would appear that
four species of heliotropium grow in Arabia Felix; but Forskal does not mention them as
medicinal plants (Vide Flor. Egyptiaco-Arabica Descriptiones, p. 38.).
CCCLXIII.
TAYNGA UNNAY C.c^^TL^TrrGLudmjra/TOTrr
(Tam.) Naril lea tail ^i \S >^,J^ (Duk.) Ten-^
kdia noonay (Tel.) Cocoa-nut Oil.
Cocos NuciFERA (Liu.).
This oil, which has been already slightly noticed at p. 78. vol. i., is used for culinary* purposes
in some parts of the Indian peninsula, especially in Travancore, and is then prepared with
great care by boiling the bruised kernels in water; on other occasions, it is obtained by
expression. In the more northern tracts this oil is chiefly used for burning
"* Of what is got by simple expression, even in Cochin-China, Loureiro says, ** In inedicina
oleum hujus palms recenter e^- pressum ex fructu, non est inferius oleo oiivarum."
iu lamps; it is also employed to soften the hair, and in the preparation of certain plaisters
(kalimboo). The cocos nucifera is the jowz-hind ^yJ^ jy^ of the Arabians, and the cay-dua of
the Cochin-Chinese. The reader may find it well described in the Flora Cochin-Chin. (vol. ii. p.
506.), and all the uses of this most useful tree admirably detailed by Lou* reiro.
CCCLXIV.
TAYSHAVARUM C^^h-ovj^xlo (Tarn.) Root qf the Piper Dichotomum.
Piper Dichotomum (Rottler.).
CI. and Ord. Diandria Trigynia. Nat. Ord.
This is a jointed, warm, sub-aromatic root, found in the native druggist shops of Lower India;
prescribed by the natives in fevers and in dyspeptic complaints, in infusion, in the quantity of
half a tea-cupful twice daily. I find that several species of pepper are considered as medicinal
at Java; by Horsfield*s account, the piper peltatum, gegombo (Jav.), the piper terrestre,

katchur (Jav.), and the piper medium, *wode (Jav.), are all considered amongst their
stimulants.
The piper dichotomum (Rottler) must not be confounded with the piper methysticum of the
Friendly Islands, the stem of which is dlchotomous, and the root yields, in Otaheite, the
intoxicating liquor called ava or kava. Of the p. dichotomum Rottler says, in his Herbarium
(MS.)': " CkiuL geniculate sul-cato, ramoso ; ram, dichotomis ; foL cordato-ovat. ;
septemnerviis, venosis."
CCCLXV. TELINI ^ (Hind.) TeUni Ffy.
MELOE CiCHOREI (I^iin.).
Mtlabris CiCHOREI (Fabiic. Spec Insect, i. SSO.)*
Telini is the Hindoostanie name of a kind of fly^ first brought to the notice of Europeans by
General Hardwicke, and which, in the higher provinces of India, is found to be an excellent
substitute for the Spanish fly; it abounds in Guzerat, Behar,^ and Oude, particularly in the
rainy season, during which period. Dr. Fleming tells us, it is seen feeding on the flowers of
cucurbitaceous plants, but more especially, I understand, on that species of cucumis called in
those districts turieyj also on the ram turiey (hibiscus esculentis). We are moreover informed
by Dr. Fleming, that anotlier species of meloe, which has got the scientific name of mehe
trianthemce^ from being frequently observed in fields overrun with the common plant,
trianthema decandria* (Willd.), is now much used as a safe and efficacious epispastic in the
medical hospitals of the upper provinces; its peculiar qualities appear to have been first
discovered by Dr. Adam Burt, superintending surgeon of the Bengal establishment, in 1809f
who noticed the fly in fields around Muttra; it has since, however, been ascertained that it is
frequently to be met with in every part of the Doaby and in tracts on the right
* Called in Hindoostanie L^^ (jmj (bis copra), this name,
however, is also bestowed on another species of trianthema common in Upper India.
VOL. II. E
banks of the Jumna. I cannot learn that this valuable fly is ever seen in Lower India, where,
however, several species of trianthema grow, and amongst which, perhaps, it might be found
if carefully searched for. I have been informed, that the Arabians have some insect which
they occasionally substitute for the common cantharides, ^^1;^ zarareekh (Arab.), but
whether a meloe or cantharis I know not
The reader will find an interesting report on the meloe cichorei, by the late distinguished Dr.
W. Hunter, in the fifth volume of the Asiatic Researches, (p. 216.). It may also, before
concluding, be observed, &at the meloe cichorei is mentioned in << Travels to Naples," by
Charles Ulisse, by which it appears, that Dr. Manni, by experiments, found that forty-five
grains of meloe and fifteen of euphorbium, fermented and mixed up with flour and vinegar,
made an excellent blistering plaister (As. Res. vol. 5. p. 423.).

I perceive that Forskahl, in his Materia Medka Kahirina, speaks of a green cantharides, and
tells us, that from its being brought to Egypt from India, it has also got the appellation of
<sJJ^ t^>W^> what it may be it is difficult to say.
CCCLXVI.
TENNAMARUTTOO PUNGIE C^c^otootld ^^S>ii*!^9r (Tam.) Tenkaia chettoo putthie
(Tel.) Cotton of tJie Cocoa-nut Tree.
Cocos NuciFERA (Lin.).
This is a soft, downy, light-brown coloured sub-stance, found on the outside of the lower p^rt
of
the branches of the cocoa-nut tree, where they spring from the stem, and are partially covered
widi what is called panaday^ or coarse vegetable matting of the tree. The cocoa-nut cotton is
used by the Indians for stopping blood, in cases of wounds, bruises, leech-bites, &c.} for
which purpose it is admirably fitted by its peculiar texture. Another produce of nearly the
same nature, but softer, and of a darker colour, is procured from between the trunk and the
branches of the Palmyra tree, and is termed in Tamool pannamanUtoo putyie. And, it would
appear, that the gomtitti palm (gomutus go-muto, Rumphius) yields a somewhat similar
substance, with which the natives of the Eastern Archipelago make a useful cordage (see vol.
L p. 363. of this work, note at the bottom of the page).
CCCLXVII.
TENNANG KULLOO CarcJ^cJornv^cvro;^
(Tam.) Narillie JuAi (Duk,) Nargilie JLo^U

(Arab.) Tenkaia khuUoo. Cocoa-nut Toddy.
Cocos NuciFERA (Lin.).
This sweet, aperient, and most delicious drink has been already noticed under article Toddy^
in the first volume of this work, p. 451
E 2
CCCLXVIII. TETTAN COTTAY G.^W^rrrfijQg;rrL-SS>^
(Tam.) Tettamperel (Malayalie). Oiil binge ka phuU y^ \i .^Xaj y^. TsiUaghenzaloo (Tel.)
also Induga (Td.) Cfiittu (Can.) NtrmulU (Beng.) Strychnos tetankotta (EbBtz. Oba. u. p. IS.).
Pagah-ftasdidi ^?:U4fir^, also Kataka ^i?^ (Sans.) OearmgNiH,'
STRTCHNOS PotATORUM (Willd.).

* CI. and Orci Pentandtia Monogynia. NatOrd. Apocinese (Juss.).

The fruit, though when very young it is made into a preserve and eaten, is reckoned, in its
mature state, amongst the Emetics* of the Tamool doctors of Southern India; given, in
powder, in the quan-tily of about half a tea-spoonfuL The dried seeds are used for the
purpose of clearing muddy water t: one of them being usually rubbed hard for a short time
round the inside of the earthen pot, the water is afterwards poured into it, and left to settle;
the impurities soon subsiding, the water will be found clear, tasteless, and wholesome. They
are (the seeds), as Roxburgh properly remarks, easier to be obtained than alum (which also
has this clearing quality), and are probably less injurious to the constitution. The strychnos
potatorum grows to be a
* I am aware that Roxburgh says, that the pulp of the fruit is eaten by the natives ; and I do
not wonder at his adding, that the taste of it to him was disagreeable!
t See Bartolomeo's Voyage to the East Indies, p. 420.
larger tree than the qiecies nux vomica^ and is not near so common*; it has leaves opposite,
firom ovate to oval, smooth, pointed; bark deeply ccacked (see Kqenig's Supplementum
Plantarum of Linnaeus, p. 148.); the^u;^^ are small, erect, fiagrant, and of a greenish-yellow
colour; the seeds are not larger than a small marble, nearly round, and of a pale* brown
colour.
The strychnos potatorum is the ingini of the Cyngalese, and, with four other species^ grows
in Ceylon. Three species are poticed m the .Hortus Bengalensis.
Niebhur, in his Travels through Arabia, iofoims us (vol. i. pp. 71,72., English edition), that the
inhabitants of Cairo in Egypt, render the muddy water of the Nile quite clear by rubbing
hittert almonds, prepared in a particular manner, on the inside of the earthen jars in which
the water is kept.
CCCLXIX.
TEVADARUM Cara\jarnrrrLD fTam.), also Deoadarum (Tam.) Dewudar J^y*.^ (Duk.) also
Semrnanattymarvm Gf^LDLXxsror^ES^Lon-o-ix) (Tam.) Dewadari (Tel.) Amara^buruhi
(Sans.) Eryoth^
roaylon Areolatvm.
Eryothroxylon Areolatum (Willd.).
Flora Indica, vol. ii. p. 26S.
t Louzmur -j J (bitter almond). The sweet almonds the
Arabians call ^<s^j^* The first they reckon amongst their
Deobstruents; the second amongst their Provocatives. See the Materia Medica of Noureddeen
Mohammed AbduUa Shirazt/, article Almond.

E E 3
CI. and Ord. Decandria Monogjmia. Nat Ord. Malpighiffi (Juss.). WeichstachUges Rothholz
(Norn.
Triv. WiUd.).
The young leaves and tender shoots of this fragrant-smelling tree are supposed to be of a
cooling nature; and, when bruised and mixed with a certain portion of gingilie oil, form a kind
of refreshing liniment for the head. The bark is also occasionally ordered, in infusion, as a
tonic. The tree is a native of Malabar, where it is sometimes called by the English the ceder
tree ; also red wood tree, from its colour; though the term red wood tree is, more properly
applied to the shemmarum (swietenia febri-fuga). The tree, which is beautiful, but small, <<
has long, spreading, and somewhat rugged branches; kaves alternate, petioled, obovate; with
JUmers small and white, in alternate bundles, on short peduncles; the fruit is an oblong
drupe, not unlike that of the barberry" (Swartz). The reader will find the tree described by
Browne, in his History of Jamaica (p. 278. t. 88. f. 2.). It is a native of the West Indies, as well
as of Malabar, and commonly, m the first-mentioned country, is called red wood, or iron
woqd. See Lunan's Hortus Jamaicensis, vol. ii. p. 1 \5.
I find two species of eryth. in Moon's Catalogue of Ceylon Plants, the monogynum and
lucidum ; and but one, the monogynum, in the Hortus Ben-galensis.
CCCLXX.
TIRNOOT PATCHIE VERIE re^LE/rars/ LjLjf5=a2)^c5:i-S'vI2)^ (Tam.) Subzekebeenge
isyAM, ^AAj^ (Duk.) Vepoodipatsa viuiloo (Tel.) Deban Shab vLk qjUa (Pers.) Kalee tulsee
(Hind.) ji^u^ Li (Arab.) Maiytrika ^^ (\ch (Sans.) ^'e^rf ^ /A^ Sweet Basil
OciMUM Basilicum (Lin.).
CI. and Ord. Didynamia Gymnospermia. Nat. Ord. Labiatae (Juss.). Gemeines BasilienkratU
(Nom. Triv. WiUd.).
The small seeds of the ocymum basilicum, which is a very fragrant shrub, are considered by
the Vytians as of a cooling and mucilaginous nature; an infusion of them they consequently
order as a remedy in gonorrhoea, heat of urine, and nephritic affections, in the dose of half a
tea-cupful twice daily. The juice of the leaves is squeezed into the ear, in the ear-ache. The
species ocymum pilosum (Roxb.) is common in Upper Hindoostan, where it is called in
Arabic habdk J^U^, and in Persian raihdn ^^>Wyj and ndz-boo ^jl3 ; its seeds, c^jUcf^^3^*
are in their nature similar to those of the ocymum basilicum, but somewhat more aromatic,
and are a favourite medicine. Dr. Fleming tells us, with the Hindoo women for relieving the
afler-pains of parturition. The ocymum basilicum would appear to be the ^^^W of Avicenna
(146.)f and of Serapio (c. J57.). Sweet basil is noticed by several of the
4
ancient writers, such as Galen, Dioscorides, and Plinyt who say it is recommended in cases of

scor-pion^s stings, and for head-ache. The plant is common in Persia*; and is the komang-gi
of the Javanese. It has an erect, round, fruticose stem, rising to about the height of three or
four feet; with leaves ovate and smooth; calyxes ciliate; and small white flowers. There are,
however, several varieties of ocgrmum basilicum, varying in shape, odour, and colour of the
leaves. Oqr ailicle is die .^tmandO'tala of the Cyngalese, and grows, with eight other species,
on Ceylon: in Cochin-China it is cultivated in gardens, and is called by the natives rau^ue;
they consider the leaves amongst their medicines; of them Loureiro says, << Attenuans,
pellens, ex-citanst, et cephalica'* (flora Cochin-Chin. voLiL p. 3700* Eleven species have a
place in the Hortus Bengalensis. The species tenu^rtm is called by the Javanese lampes ; it,
and the ocymum gratissi-mum, which they term selasse^ are amongst their mild aromatic
stimulants.
CCCLXXI.
TIRROOGHUCALLIE er^(&^^ovTc3Nrr (Tam.) PeeUesa/nd''SJ^Ju^,(D^^) Azfur
zukkooen f3^ -yAi' (Arab.) Tirrooghoo jemmoodoo (Tel.) Vajratunda q^r|a:j (Sans.) Twisted
Spurge.
Euphorbia Tortilis (Rottler).
Brought from that country to India, by Sir John Malcolm, in 1800.
t Virey, in his " Histoire Naturelle des Medicamens," p. 176., ays, that it has emmenagogue
qualities.
CI. and Ord. Dodecandria Trigynia. Nat. Ord. Euphorbise (Juss.).
The milky juice of this species of euphorbia, which has got its Tamool name from being, as it
were, twisted and scolloped, is very similar in its appearance and nature to that of the
euphorbium antiquorum, and is considered by the Vytians as a very drastic cathartic and
deobstruent } it is prescribed in small doses (about two gold fanams weight) in conjunction
with palmyra jaggary: in its undiluted state it acts as a vesicatory, but when mixed with a
certain portion of castor oil it forms a useful embrocation in cases of palsy and chronic
rheumatism. This jungle plant* I have never seen; Dr. Rottler tells me, that it differs chiefly
from the euphorbia antiquorum in the shape of its branches, which, in place of being threesided and distinct, are contorted and undulating; they are of a green colour, and contain much
more milky juice. The kalli (Tam.), or milk-hedge, which is the euphorbia tirucalli (Lin.), is
also used as a vesicatory : this plant is the kayoo-^oorb of the Javanese, who, according to
Horsfield's account, reckon it amongst their most valuable medicines, applied externally in
cases of herpes; they also employ it as a cathartic. The root, as appears by the Hortus Malabaricus (8. t. 44.), is given in decoction for the bellyache, in which work Rheede moreover
informs us, that the milk of the plant is considered as a purgative, and to have virtues similar
to the shadraij'kuUie (euphorbium antiquorum). I find the euph. tirucalli is noticed by Virey
in his " Histoire Naturelle des
* Quaere, whether the tirrooghucallie may not be a variety^ of the quol-quall of the
Abyssinians, with the description of which it agreesy m some respects. See Bruce's Travels,
vol. v., Appen-dix, p. 41.

Medicamens*' (p. 999), under the French name eu-phorbes antiveneriennes; he says it cures
the venereal disease, and is at the same time emetic and purgative: it is the gas-natvahandi of
the Cyngalese, the cayman-hO'jpanh of the Cochin-Chinese, and the lunka^hii of the
Bengalese. Rumphius gives a particular account of it under the appellation of ossifraga lactea
(Am-boina, vii. p. 6S. t 290*
CCCLXXII.
TOOLASEE VAYR m-'O^rr^Qcy^rj- (Tam.) Toolsikejurr ^j^^r,jjlj (Duk.) Root of the Purplestalked Basil.
OciMUM Sanctum (Lin.),
CL and Ord. Didynamia Gymnospermia. Nat Ord. Labiatae (Juss.). Heiliges Basilienkraut
(Norn. Triv. Willd.).
This root the Tamool practitioners are occasionally in the habit of prescribing in fevers in the
form of decoction, in the quantity of half a tea-cupful twice daily. Like that of the curiam
koray (ocimum album), the juice of the leaves of the tolasee is recommended to be given
internally in catarrhal affections. The plant is, in the upper provinces, known by the
Hindoostanie and Bengalie name of kala toolsee ; its Sanscrit appellation is arjaka^ also
parnasa; it is the nalla-tirtava (Rheede), Mai. x. t. 85. The hairy stem of this species of
ocimum seldom rises higher than a foot and a half, with somewhat oblong, bluntish serrate
waved leaves; the petioles are rough-haired, and of a dark-purple colour; corolla bright
purple, scarcely longer than the calyx (Willd. Spec. Plant.
vol. iii. p. 16S.). It is a native of India. In the Eastern islands it is called sulasi in Malay, and is,
by Crawford's account, cultivated with care for the purpose of strewing on graves* The plant
is described by Roxburgh, in his Flor. Indica (MSS.), where he tells us it is considered by the
Brahmins as sacred to Vishnoo.
CCCLXXIIL
TOODAVULLAY /r5^rro^j2/avr (Tarn.)
Mooridlamoosteh (Tel.) Alarka >^Kff^ (Sans.) Three-lobed Nightshade.
SoLANUM Trilobatum (Liu.).
CI. and Ord. Pentandria Monogynia. Nat. Ord. Luridae. Dreylappiger NachitshcUlen (Nom.
Triv. Willd.>
The root, leaves, and tender shoots of this creeper, are all used in medicine by the Tamools;
the two first, which are bitter, are occasionally prescribed in consumptive cases in the form of
electuary, decoction, or powder; of the electuary a tea-spoonful and a half are given twice
daily. The stem is prickly, shrubby; leaves wedge-form, angular, subtrilobate, obtuse-smooth ;
Jlowers large, violel>coloured, ra-cemed; berries small, like those of the elder (Lin.), also
Willd. (Spec. Plant, vol. i. p. 1049.)

This species of solanum is the wceUtib-batu of the Cyngalese, and may be found described by
Biirman (Ind. t. 22. s. 2.). The Tellingoos of the Northern Circars call it oochinta-kura.
Roxburgh notices it in his Flora Indica (vol. ii. p. 253.), and gives a description of the plant
somewhat different from the above.
which the reader may perceive by turning to the volume and page just mentioned. The leaves
of the plant are eaten by the Hindoos.
The plant is described by Roxburgh in his Mon Indica (MSS.), as shrubby and scandent, with
scattered, petioled, sub-ovate leaoes^ large, purple^ blue flowers \ and berries resembling
red currants.
CCCLXXIV.
TOOMUTTIKAI s/Lc0^i-L.-g.E^^nrLu (Tarn.)
Boddama kdicL (Tel.) Fruit of the CaUotcs-lecwed
Bryony.
Bryonia* Callosa (Rottler).

CI. and Ord. Monoecia Monadelphia. Nat Ord. Cucurbitaceas.

The smaU bitter seeds of this fruit are sometimes prescribed by the native practitioners in
worm cases, in conjunction with castor oil; they are also employed by the farriers in some of
the diseases of horses. A fixed oil is prepared from the seeds by boiling, which the poor use
for burning in their lamps. The plant is a creeper, spreading wide, with small yellow flowers,
and leaves of a rather fetid odour; but let us give Dr. Rottler's own words, kindly furnished
me by Sir Alexander Johnston, and taken from a manuscript copy of Dr. R.*s Herbarium:
* Of the species Bryonia dioica much has been said by many medical writers, at different
times. Virey, in his Histoire Na-turelle des Medicamens, has these words: ** Racine ^paisse,
blanche; odeur nauseusc; purge violemment par haut et bas est spl6nique, h^patique, et les
secousses qu'elle produit dissipent les obstructions et Thydropisie" (p. 305.).
*^CauL filiform; sulcat; callis setosis scaberrimo; ^/L large petiolat; cordat; SS lobat,
rotundat, dentate callos scabris subtus venos. venis hispidis; baccis globos, magnis, glabris/'
CCCLXXV.
TOON MARUM sa^cs^^ldct (Tam.) Tunda
(Can.) TooHj also Tood (Beng.) Tunna r^t
(Sans.) Toon Tree.

Cedrela Toon a (Roxb.).

CI. and Ord. Pentandria Monogynia. Nat. Ord. ^ Meliffi (Juss.).
The cedrela toona is described by Roxburgh at great lengthy in the second volume of the
Flora Indica (p. 4f23.). It is a beautiful, large timber tree, common in Bengal; the tnmk is
erect; bark smooth and grey; branches numerous, and forming a large shady head ; leaves
alternate, abruptly pinnate, drooping, from twelve to eighteen inches long ; Jknx)ers very
numerous, small, white, and smelling like honey. The bark is powerfully astringent, and^
thou^ not bitter, is reckoned a very good substitute for Peruvian bark, particularly when
joined with a smaU portion of the powdered seed of the cesalpinia bondticella, which is the
kutkuiegi of the Bengalese, and is most powerfully bitter. We shall say more of the cedrela
toona in another part of tJiis work. There are but two other species of the genus, the c. villosa
(Roxb.)) and the cedrela odorata, a native of South America; the last is nearly allied to the
cedrela rosmarinus of Loureiro (called by the Chinese ti-phnrpi^ and of which he says, " Virtus prae-sertim foliorum, et florum cephalica,
nervina, de-obstruens ; valet contra catarrhum'' (Flor. Cochin-Chinensis, vol. i. p. 160.).
CCCLXXVL
TUNG-GULUNG (Javanese). Tungulung.
Amyris Protium (Willd.).
CL and Ord. Octandrili Monogynia. Nat Ord. Terebentaceae. Ostindischer Balsamstrauch
(Norn.
Triv. Willd.).
The shells of the fruit of this species of amyris yield an aromatic essential oil, which is useful,
Roxburgh tells us, at Java, as a substitute for turpentine and other stimulating oils. The tree
is the protium Javanicum of Burman (Ind. 88.), and the tungulung of Rumphius (Amb. vii. p.
54.). It is a perennial plant, a native of several of the Eastern islands, having opposite,
pinnate, leaves; lec^ts smooth, petiolate, resembling those of the laurel; panicle manifold;
and a nectary from a marginated receptacle, surrounding the germ, within the stamens (Spec.
Plant Willd. vol. ii. p. 337.)- I find two species of amyris are natives of Ceylon, the Zeylan-tea
(waeta-hik-gaha) and agallocha (gugul.). Nine species have a place in the Hortus Bengalensis,
amongst which our article is not. The species am-brosiaca is -a native of Cochin-China, and is
there called tO'hap-binh'khang. The whole tree is sweet-scented; the trunk, on being
wounded, yields a balsam, useful in dysentery ; the dose about a drachm
in red wine. The tree would appear also to grow in the woods of Guiana; the Caribbee name of
it is arouaou / the French call it arbre de Pencens.
CCCLXXVII.
TOOK A ELLEY s/r/xn-Li^a/TO (Tam.) Chayn^ tdrashiakoo (Tel.) Goom ^^ (Pers.)

Grishmqja Afl^^vSlI (Sans.) Leaf of the Phamaceum Molliigo^ or Bed'StraW'like MoUugo.

Pharnaceum Mollugo (Lin.).
CI. and Ord. Pentandria Trigynia. Nat. Ord. Caryophyllei. Welches Phamaceum (Nom. Triv.
WiUd.).
The leaves of the phar. mollugo are bitter, but not unpleasant to the taste, and are justly held
in estimation by the native practitioners, who consider them as stomachic, aperient, and
antiseptic, and prescribe them accordingly; an infusion is given in the quantity of half a teacupful, twice daily ; they are especially supposed to be indicated in suppressions of the
lochia, and are also, when applied warm and moistened with a little castor-oil, reckoned a
good application for the ear-ache.
The plant has an herbaceous, procumbent dicho-tomous, jointed, round stem ; and leaves in
whorls, four or five, unequal in size, somewhat fleshy, rugged at the edge, and
ellipticJanceolate.* It is a native of India, as well of Ceylon and Cochin-Chiria; the Cyngalese
call it, heen'telika-pala; and it may be
Spec. Plant. Willd. vol. i. p. 1508.
found described by Burman (Zeylpn. t. 70 ^^ ^ the Hort Malab. m. 10. t. 24., where it gets
the appellation of kalpa-tejera. In the higher province of India it has got the Hindoostanie
and Bengalese name of gima. Loureiro tells us, that the Cochin-Chinese, who name it
C(hdangf believe the herb to have refrigerant properties. Two species of phar. have a place in
the Hortus Beng.; three grow in Ceylon.
CCCLXXVIII.
TOTAL VADIEc&n-i_i_rravcnjn-L-x^(Tam.) Moonooghoo tamara (Tel.) Samangga ^ijj||
(Sans.) Humbk Plant.
Mimosa Pudica (Lin.).
CI. and Ord. Polygamia Moncecia. Nat Ord. Leguminosse (Juss.). Gemeine Sinnpfhanze
(Nom. Triv. WiUd.).
A decoction of the root of this plant is considered on the Malabar coast, to be useful in
gravellish complaints. The Vytians of the Coromandel side of India prescribe the leaves and
root in cases of piles and fistula : the first are given in powder, in a little milk, to the quantity
of two pagodas weight or more, during the day.
The total vadie (Tarn.), is a low-growing prickly plant, with a hispid stem; leaves subdigitate
and pinnate; root composed of many hairy fibres, which mat close together; legume oblong
and compressed; seeds solitary, rounded, lens-shaped, and shining. See Spec. Plant Willd.
(vol. iv. p. 1031.), also Miller's
Dictionary, in which we are informed, that Parkinson' gave this species of mimosa the name
of nlimic sen-; sitive plant; it is a native of Brazil, as well as-ef India, and appears to be the

daun-tocoUmaniisia of Rumphius; it grows on Ceylon, where it is named tvceUnidi'kumba by

the Cyngalese.
No less than thirty-seven species of mimosa are noticed by Roxburgh, in his Flora Indica
(manuscript copy),
CCCLXXIX.
TOYAPIPPALI ^ rl^J^fM^Mt?^ (Sans.) PippaU yang (Hind,) Poplar-lecwed Croton, or
TaUow-tree.
Croton Sebiferum (Lin.).
CI. and Ord. Monoecia Monodelphia. Nat. Ord. Euphorbise (Juss.).
I find this noticed in Dr. F. Hamilton's MSS., and appears to have been a medicine brought to
him while in Behar; where he learnt, that the native practitioners of that district were in the
habit of preparing with the dry and fresh plant and mustard-seed oil a decoction, with which
those are rubbed who suffer from nocturnal fever. Previous to seeing this plant mentioned by
authority so unquestionable, I was not aware that the croton sebiferum grew in India. Abel *
met with it in China, called by the Chinese ya-ricou. It is a large beautiful tree j the leaves,
which are rhomb-ovate, acuminate, flat, and smooth, are said to dye a fine black.t The famous
* See vol. i. p. 424, of his work. - f See Du Halde, also Orosier, i>.4S8., English'edition.
VOL. II. F F
vv m f
v^etable tallow is obtained from the kernels by ex-preasion and which by boiling becomes
as hard aa baes'-wax.
CCCLXXX.
TRIANGGULI (Hind.) Bin^mce (Cyng.;
Tryanggtili S^jnf^ (Sans.) Three-lobed Kidney^
bean.
Phaseolus Trilobus (Lin.).
CI. and Ord. Diadelphia Decandria.
This plant was brought to Dr. F. Hamilton in Bahar, where he was informed by the Vytians of
that district, that the fresh herb was given in de coction in cases of irregular fever.
CCCLXXXI.

TRINPALI (Hind.) Palanggini H^p ^ f^

(Sans.).
Manisuris Granularis (Lin.).
CI. and Ord. Triandria Digynia. Nat. Ord. Gramina.
This is a plant which was brought to Dr. F. Hamilton while in Behar, where it was considered
as medicinal* and prescribed internally in conjunction with a little sweet-oil, in cases of
enlarged spleen and liver (MSS.).
, The m. granularis may be found described by Eoxburgh, in the first volume of his Flora
Indica, p. 352. It rises to about the height of two feet, with a ramous, sub-efect, hairy culm;
fpikps faacicled; leaves numerous, very hairy, stiff, and sharp; rachis jointed and much waved; Jbwers
from four to ten of each sort, male and hermaphrodite, Willde* now places this plant in his
class and order Polyga-mia Monoecia; it is described by Swartz, Prod 25. and in the Flor. Ind.
Occident i. p. 186.; to it Willdenow has given the trivial German name of
TTundkomigesfadengras. There are yet known but two species of the genus, our article and
the mani-surus myurus, for which, see Roxburgh's Flora Jndica (manuscript copy).
CCCLXXXII.
TRIPUNGKHI (Hind.) Tripakshi f^qftl (Sans.).
CCNLDENIA PrOCUMBENS (Liu.).
Gl. and Ord. Tetrandria. Tetragynia. Nat. Ord* Asperifolia^. Liegendt Coldenie (Nom.Triv.
Willd.).
This is a plant which was brought to Dr. F. Hamilton in Behar, as one of the many which are
used in medicine in that province; equal parts of the dry plant and fenugreek seeds rubbed to
a fine powder^, and applied warm to boils, quickly brings them ta suppuration.
The coldenia procumbens, and it is the only species of its genus, has a place both in the
Hortus Bengalensis, and Moon's Catalogue of Ceylon Plant^j^ but in neither of them is there
affixed any native name. It is a small annual, spreading flat on the ground, common on dry
rice grounds *; the leavea are alternate, short, and sessile, deeply crenate, and
/ nora lodfoa, vdki. p.40B.
of a glaucous appearance; corolla a pale blue, and very small \ Jrtut composed of four cells,
and wrapped up in the calyx, with a single seed in each cell (MiUer).
CCCLXXXIIl.
TSELKACHA, or TELKACHA (Hind.) Cb-vay (Tarn.) Kpondorie ^^^ (Duk.) Donda (Tel.)

Jtvaka 3ft^^ also Vimba fq^, also Patuparm XjZTp/rf" (Sans.) Large^fUmered Bryony.
Bryonia Grandis (Lin.).
CL and Ord. Monoecia S3mgynesia. Nat Ord, Cucurbitaceas.
This plant was brought to Dr. F. Hamilton while in Behar, where he learnt, from the Hindoo
doctors of that district, that the juice of the leaves was successfully applied to the bites of all
animals, which are apt to'be succeeded by a sore difficult to heal.
It is " a large, smooth, climbing shrub, with leaves cordate, angular, smoothish, glandular at
the base underneath ; tendrils simple; the Jlowers are large, white, androgynous, lateral, on
one-flowered peduncles ; berry roundish, smooth, red, five-celled j seeds few, oblong,
obtuse** (Loureiro). The plant is common in India, and is also a native of Cochin-China and
Ceylon; in the first-mentioned country it is called deonua-ngnchiay in the last ken-kcekiri ; I
find it with five other species in Moon's Catalogue of Ceylon Plants. Four species have a place
in the Hortus
* Five species of bryonia are described by Roxburgh, in the manuscript copy of tl^e Flora
ladica.
Bengalensis, but our article is none of them* The reader may iSnd it in Rumphius (Amb.v. p.
448. 1.166. f. i.), under the name of vitis alba Indica.
CCCLXXXIV.
TSIERU.KIRGANELI (HorL MaL x. p.viii. 116.) Herba Mosroris Rubra (Rumph.) Bin^neUi
(Cyng.) Diuretic Phyllanthus.
Phyllanthus Urinaria (Willd.).
CI. and Ord. Monoecia Monodelphia. Nat. Ord. TricoccaB.
This an herbaceous annual, seldom rising higher than a foot; lecpoes many-paired; lec^ts
ovate-lanceolate; Jlowers heaped, axillary, sessile; stamens three; styles three, bifid; capsule^
three-cornered, three-valved, and three-grained; the whole plant is milky, the stem, leaves,
and calyx reddish (Loureiro). It has got its name from its supposed diuretic qualities, allowed
both in Malabar and Cochin-China; in the last-mentioned country it is called co-sua^ and
also reckoned emmenagogue (Flor. Coch. Chin, vol. ii. p. 554.).
CCCLXXXV.
TSILLAY CHEDDIE, or TILLAY CHED^ DAY (Tam.) Cay lieodo (Coch, Chin.) Notched^
leaved Exccecaria.
ExcoscARiA Cochin-Chinensis (Lour, and Lin.).
CL and Ord. Dioecia Triandria; Nat. Ord. Tri-

coccse.
F F S
A decoction of the leaves of this tree is occasionally given by the Hindoo doctors in epilepsVf
in the quantity of a quarter of a tea*cupful, twice daily-; the leaves in their fresh state are said
to possess a considerable degree of acrimony.
The tillay cheddie is a native of Cochin-China as well as of India and China; in which lastmentioned country it would seem to be chiefly cultivated, by Loureiro's account, " propter
foliorum rubrorum pul-chritudinem ;'' and is called cay-Ueodo* It is a shrub having an
arborous stem^ rising to about eight feet high, with lanceolate, slightly serrated leaves^ the
female ^ower^ with three, long, awl-shaped, reflex stigmas, a red, three-lobed fleshy capsuk,
and ovate seeds, smooth and even.* Loureiro observes, that the whole plant possesses an
agglutinating astringent quality. The excoecaria agallocha is frequently found in the Southern
tractk of the Peninsula, and on Ceylon about Pantura, where it is termed tefa-heeriya (See
Moon's Catalogue of Ceylon Plants, p. 68.) ; a name so similar to that of our article, that I am
lead to suspect, there may be some mistake; though, it must be remarked, that no one has yet
noticed any medicinal properties in the excoecaria agallochum; whatever may be the virtues
of the aioexylumt agallochum, or aloes-wood, this much we may add, that Loureiro says, in
speaking of the excoecaria Cochin-Chinensis, "nee agallochum, quam-vis spurium, in ilia
inveniri" (Lin.). See article Wood, Aloes, vol. i. p. 479. of this Work,
Flora Cochin-Chinens. vol.ii. p. 612.
+ See article Wood, Aloer, vol. i. p. 479. of this work.
CCCLXXXVI.
TSJEROU MAU MARAVARA ^/v>Lon-LO rro\J^ (Hort. Mai.) Small-leaved Epidendrum.
Efidendrum Tenuifolium (Lin.).
CK and Ord. Gynandria Monandria. Nat Ord. Orchideee.
Rheede, in speaking of this parasitical plant, with its leaves on the stem subulate and
channelled, says, that the powder of it, mixed with vinegar, is supposed, on the Malabar coast,
to have the power of removing mucus from the bladder and kidneys; of relieving heat of urine
and gonorrhoea; and of moderating an overflow of the menstrual discharge. See Hort. Mai.
xii. t. 5.
I find but one species of epidendrum in Moon's Catalogue of Ceylon Plants. The epid*
amabile^ which is noticed by Rumphius (Amb. vi. t. 43.), and none in the Hort Bengalensis;
two are men* tioned by Loureiro as Cochin^^Chinese plants, but they are not medicinal. I
perceive, that no fewer than fiffy-one species of this genus are to be found in Jamaica; but
one of which, the daviculatum^ is medicinal; and, according to the authority of Dr.
Drummond, is a powerful vermifuge, in doses of a table-^oonful of the juice; he also states,
that it is useful in dropsical affections. See Hort. Jamaicensis vol. L p. 339.

The species vaniUOj which has lately been trans-fenred to a distinct genus, vanilla aromatica
(Willde-QOWr Spec Plaot* vd. rv. p. 121.> is a native of
P F 4
Ceylon, and is called by the Cyngalese fiin-nil-WdeUa ; but I do not know whether the fruit is
there gathered and prepared as it is in South America, where it is considered, by medical men,
to be a grateful stomachic. As an ingredient for giving a pleasant flavour to chocolate, it would
seem that vaniUa is only used in England.
We are told by Roxburgh, in his Flora Indica (MSS.), that the species tessellatum is a very
beautiful parasitic perennial, common amongst the Circar mountains; it has this peculiarity,
that it continues to grow, after having been hung up in a room.
CCCLXXXVII.
TSJERROO UREN ^owkb^cjor (Hort Mai.) also Chirupuram (Tarn.) Hingul-kura (Cyng.) Bed
Melochia.
Melochia Corchorifolia (Lin.).
CI. and Ord. Monadelphia Pentandria. Nat. Ord. MalvacceaB (Juss.). Cortchorus Blattrige
Melochie (Norn. Triv. Willd.).
The whole of this plant (with the exception of the root), boiled in oil, is supposed, on the
Malabar coast, to be an efficacious remedy for preventing the bad consequences from the bite
of water-snakes (Hort. Mai. ix. p, 143. t. 73.)* It is an annual, having rugged, red-like
branches; and Jlowers in sessile heads; capsules roundish; and leaves sub-cordate sublobate
(Flor. Zeyl. 246.). In Willdenow (Spec. Plant, vol. iii. p. 604,), I moreover find, .^ JF7or^^.
capitate, sessiles, terminales; coroUce dilute
purpurascentes fundo flavo/* The m. corcborifolia is a native also of Ceylon, called by the
Cyngalese keen-gaUkoora \ in Moon's Catalogue I find two other species. Our article is
named by the Benga-lese tikuopra; it is the only species noticed in the Hortus Bengalensis.
Amongst the Cochin-Chinese it is considered as a medicinal plant; they have given it the
appellation of cay-hay-gtet^ and order it in cases requiring emollients. See Flor. Coch.-Chin.
vol. ii. 407
CCCLXXXVIIL
TSJOVANNA AMELPODI er(yun-(5urajLP(To (g' inr i 9 (Malealie) or Chivan amelpodi
(Tam.) Chota Chand jJl^ 15^ (Hind.) Ratu-eka-weriya (Cyng.) Chandra (Beng.) Patalganni
(Tel.) Chan-drikd ^v^i^[ (Sans.) Ophioan/lon qf Serpents.
Ophioxylon Serpentinum (Lin.).
CI. and Ord. Pentandria Monogynia. Nat. Ord. StellatsB.
Tsjovanna amelpodi is the name given, on the Malabar coast (Rheede MaL vi* 81. t. 47.), to a

plant, the bitter root of which is supposed to have sovereign virtues in cases of snake bites
and scorpion stings; it is ordered, in decoction, to the extent of a pint in twenty-four hours,
and the powder is applied, externally, to the ii:\jured part
The reader may find the ophioxylon serpentinum
admirably described by Roxburgh, in his Flora
Indica, voL ii* p. 530. We are there told, that it is
A-native pf the Qixq^t mountains i.thp stem is woody
direct, climbing or twining; the bark ash-coloured; Umes three) four, or fivefold, short
petioled, oblong, pointed, waving, entire, nearly five inches long and two broad)
^/7i^e5none;jf^cic/(?^ axillary; peduncles long, smooth, and round. The
hermaphroditeJlowers lU^ well described in the Genera Plantarium, except tbat the corolla is
always contracted. The berry is two-lobed, shining, and black; seed solitary add Mmewhat
trapeziform. The same author adds, that it is used by the Tellingoos as a febrifuge, also for
the bites of poisonous animals, and to promote delivery in tedious cases. The plant is the
radix mus-tela of Rumphius (Amb. vii. 29* t. 16.). I have mentioned, under the head of Mendi
(ophiorhiza mungos), that that plant had often been confounded with the one now under
consideration, but that they are altogether distinct. Horsfield observes, that the ophior.
mungos is nearly insipid and inert, while the ophioxylon serpentinum may prove a valuable
acquisition to medicine. The Javanese class it amongst their Anthelmintics, and give it the
name of puli pandak. Jt may be found noticed both by Burman in his Thesaur. Zeylan. (t 64.),
and Garcias (Ab. Hort. Hist Oromat); the latter recommends it as stomachic. Rumphius
speaks of it as an antidote to poisons} and Bontius, in his Hist Mat Med Ind,, tells us, that it
cures fever. It would appear that pulan and krodukras are Javanese names for two other
species of ophioxylon. Our article is growing on Ceylon, about Caliura ; and has a place in' the
Hortus Bengalensis (p. 19.)* It does not appear to be known on the Malayan peninsula, or in
Cochin-China.
The ophioxylon serpentinum is certainly one of those plants whi^h have got the greatest
repute for
CBAF. t. IfATBftIA IKDICA. 'MS
the bites of poisonous snakes. I cannot mynelf say that I have had any experience of its use
on such occasions, having invariably, trusted to the promp administration of Madeira wine,
and generally with success ; one bottle, given at two different draughts, With the intermission
of but a few minutes between them, saved a young man bitten by a coverkapeL In the
excellent Transactions of the Medical Society of Bengal, vol. i. p. 55., is a well-detailed case of
a'per-Son having been bitten by the very poisonous snake tialled siah chanda, also amaitra,
and who was cured by Mr. Breton's giving him the caustic volatile alkali (aqua ammonise
caustics. Dub.), in doses ctf fifteen drops, frequently repeated. I have known the volatile
alkali to i'ail in the bites of the cover^ kapel. Madeira wine is a more quick, generous, and
diffusible stimulus, and appears to avert death by giving tone, for a time, to the heart and
arteries, till the sinking influence of the poison shall have passed away.

CCCLXXXIX.
TSHOMORftO (Javanese). KasagUha (Cyng.)
Tinian Pine, or Horse-tail Casuarina.
Casuaeina Equisitifolia (Lin.).
CI. and Ordi Monoecia Monandria* Nat Ord. Coniferae. Indiscker Streitkolbenbaum (Nom.
Triv. Willd.).
The Javanese medical men, according to Horsfield, in his account of the Medicinal Plants of
Java, consider the bark of the tshomorro amongst their mild astringents. The tree is very
lofl^ and beautiful, and
may be found described by Rumphius (iii. t. 57*), under the name of c. littorea. The kaves, if
they may be so called, or rather branchlets, hang down in bunches from twelve to eighteen
inches in length, like a horse's tail, a peculiarity which sometimes gets the tree the name of
the horse*tail casuarina (Smith). It would appear to be a native of the islands of the Pacific
Ocean, as well as of Java and the East Indies. It grows on Ceylon, and may also be seen in the
botanical garden of Calcutta, whither it was brought by Colonel Paterson from the South-sea
islands; five other species of this genus have a place in the Hortus Bengalensis (See work, p.
66. )
cccxc.
TURKOLUM gr^C^^^^LD (Tam. and Tel.) also Takkelam (Tam.) Jamoun ke dundi oter
tockem ^ j^\ ^ixb J i^r^W (Duk.) Turkolum (Sans.)
JamhoUma tree.
Calyptranthes Jambolana ?
Cl. and Ord. Icosandria Monogynia. Nat Ord. Hesperidese. Ausgerandete Deckelmyrte (Nom.
Triv. WiUd.).
Turkolum is the Tamool name of certain small, dried, pleasant-tasted flowers and capsules,
found in the medicine bazars of Lower India, and which the Vytians consider as cooling and
sudorific, and prescribe them accordingly. Dr. Rottler believed that they were obtained from
the calyptranthes jambolana, but was not altogether certain. This is a middle-sized tree, with
spreading branches^ the smaller ones brachiate; feai?^^ opposite, ovate-emarjginatej^tt;er5
terminating; fruit ovate-oblong, about the size of an orange, dark-coloured, sweetish,
esculent. Loureiro notices the species under the scientific appellation of jambolifera odorata;
it is the rau-ton of the Cochin-Chinese, who often mix the pleasant-tasted leaves with salad
(See Flor. Cochin-Chin. vol. i. p. 231.). The calyptranthes jambolona may be found described
by Rumphius under the nsLtne jambolana (Amb. i. t. 42.). It is, moreover, a native of Ceylon,
and adled by the Cyngalese atu-bo-daru

CCCXCI.
TYRE a^LL5/:^ (Tarn.) Dht/n ^^^ (Duk.) Pe-roogkoo (Tel.) Dadhi Z^^ (Sans.).
I have already noticed this article at pages 220 and 460 of the first volume of this work. It is
invariably ordered as a diet by the Mahometan medical men for such as have the body heated
from the irritation of an over-secreted and acrid bile.
CCCXCII.
TURYAK ABIZ ^yi^\ JLp- (Arab.).
This is the name of a root which I find mentioned by Forskal, in his Materia Medica Kahirina,
as possessing alterative and antirheumatic qualities, but it does not appear that it has as yet
been ascertained what it is. I merely notice it here to add a hope that it may soon be more
particularly inquired after.
CCCXCIII. VAIVELUNGHUM axjn-ojjriSo^a^^U) (Tarn.

and Tel.) Boibcarung i^Jf^W (>uk.) Vaiungha (Sans.)

This is a small, round, brown seed, about the size of black pepper, and which, in its dry state,
appear^ to have but little sensible taste or smell. The powder of it, in conjunction with
certain aromatics, is prescribed as a gentle restrainer in flux cases. I have hot been able to
ascertwi from what plant it is ob- tained.
CCCXCIV.
VAKANATIE PUTTAY a^^^ss)^\^\^ss>\ (Tam.)
This bark, as it appears in the ba:?ars of Lower India, is somewhat warm to the taste, and in a
slight degree acrid; the powder of it, in conjunction with gingilie oil, is occasionally used as a
stimulating ap* plication in rheumatic affections. Plant unknown to Europeans.
CCCXCV.
VALULUVY-ARISEE (5\jn-ch2/08O22)ajn^^ (Tam.) Mai kunghinie J^^ ^^ (Duk.) Bavurgie
(Tel.) Bdcochie (Sans.) Valuluvy seed.
This very bitter and brownish seed is prescribed, in conjunction with other ingredients, in
cases requir-ing stomachics, and in those diarrhoeas that are supposed to arise from want of
tone in the abdominal viscera. I have never seen the plant
CCCXCVI.
VALUMBIRIKAI (y\-r3V)LX-?rr^^^nrLU (Tam.) Merowrie ^^ (Hind.) Valumbrikaca (Tel.)
Avurtunnie (Sans.) Capsule qf the greai^firmted Screw-tree^ or Hazel-leaved Helecteres.

Helicteres Isora (I^in.).

CL and Ord. Monadelphia Dodecandria. Nat. Ord. Colomqiferse. Haselnussblattriger
Schrauben^ iqum (Nom. Triv. Willd.).
This is a singular-looking contorted capsule, consisting of five fibres closely twisted together,
in the form of a screw. It is of various lengths, from one inch to two and a half. The Vytians
prepare a liniment with the powder of it, which is supposed to be a valuable application, in
cases of offensive sores inside of the ears \ it is usually mixed with a good pfortion
of castX)r-oil. The plant is the isora murri of Rheed. (Mai. vi. p. 55. t. SO.), it is th^Jruchis
regis (Rumph. Amb. vii. p. d2.)> ^"^ ^^ somewhat differently described by Jaquin and Brown
(Jam. 330.). The first tells us, that it is a small upright tree about twelve feet high, with
kaves alternate, petioled, acute; peduncles many-flowered and terminating; cdbfx
subcampanulate, unequally five-toothed; petals white, obtuse, reflex; capsules twisted
spirally into an ovate fruit; seeds angular, ovate. The Helec-teres isora is the Uniya-gaha of
the Cyngalese, and has a place in the Hortus Bengalensis; it is a native of Jamaica as well as
Malabar, and Sloane speaks of the juice of the root having virtues in empyema and stomach
affections. The leaves, in Jamaica, are employed for making decoctions for glysters. See
Hortus Jamaicensis.
CCCXCVII.
VALLE-KARA cru2/ov)^95rnrA9 (Hort. Mai.).
This is the Malealie name of a tree, which grows on the Malabar coast near Cochin ; the seed
of which, boiled with saffron and oil, Rheede informs us, is said to be an efficacious remedy
for preventing fatal consequences from the bite of a mad dog, provided it is timely
administered (Hort. Mai. part ix. p. 143.).
Also by Roxburgh, in his Flora Indica (MSS.), who tells us, that the plant is called kyxjoaUah-nara by the Malabars of Wynad, and that the strong fibres of the bark of the twigs
are employed for making cordage and twine.
CCCXCVIII.
VARAPOOLA VAYR a\j^LJU)a>oTCc5^-)^^ (Tarn.) /S'a^'fi^Mi/A^zmTTi^t/j^f^^i
JvJU(Duk.) TeUa Poolugoodu vayroo (Tellingoo). S*weta cambqjl
^^r\^l^^>s\\ (Sans.) Root of the Fluggea Leu-copyrus.
Fluggea Leucopyrus (Willd.) ?
This is a pleasant-tasted root, found occasionally in the medicine bazars of Lower India, and
which the Vytians rank amongst their mild astringents; the small round whitish-coloured
fruit is a little bitter to the taste, and is eaten by the poor. I have never seen the plant, but give
the botanical appellation on the authority of Dr. Rottler; the dose of the powdered root is said
to be about a pagoda weight given twice daily.

The plant is of the CI. and Ord. Dioecia Pentan-dria, Nat. Ord. Tricoccse, and would appear to
have been first particularly noticed by Dr. Klein of Tran-quebar, who transmitted it to
Willdenow, and may be found well described in vol. iv. p. 757- of his Spec. Plant.; of it he says,
" Folia alterna, quadri-linearia, orbiculato-obovata petiolata, integerrima glabra; Jlores
axillares, pedunculati, parvi. Mas-cuLi. Calyx pentaphyllus; corolla nulla; Jilamenta 5
subulata calyce duplo longiora. Feminei. Calyx et corolla maris j germen ovatum; bacca
globosa nivia tetrasperma, semina triquetra, externe, convexa axillata." Willdenow named the
genus, of which there is but one species (our article), after the celebrated botanist Fhigge.
VOL. II. o o
CCCXCIX.
VATUNGHE CUTTAY crLjgrnvC^^e^L-Aoi_ also Patinga cuttay (Tam.) Tsiapangum
(Malealie). Cqfu Sappan (Malay). Bukum jJu (Arab.) Patangee (Cyng.) Patanga XTrPT (Sans.) Narrow-leaved Sappan.
C-ffiSALPiNiA Sappan (Lin.)
CI. and Ord. Decandria Monogynia. Nat. Ord.
Xomentaceae.
The Vytutns consider a decoction of this wood as a powerful emmenagogue; a virtue, I
perceive, it is also supposed to possess by the Cochin-Chinese ; in whose country the tree
grows in great abundance, and is called by the natives cay-vang also to-mouc. It is the
tsiapangam of Rheede (Mai. vi. p. 3. t. 2.), and the lignum sappan of Rumph. (Amb. iv. p. 5&.
t.21.)
The caesalpinia sappan is a middling-sized tree, having many short recurved prickles on it;
leaves alternate, unequally bipinnate, consisting of twelve pairs of small emarginate sessile
leaflets; Jtowers yellow, sweet-scented, in loose terminating racemes; the legume is
somewhat woody, ovate-rhomboidal, beaked, brown, smooth ; the seeds three, turbinateoblong, horny. (Flor. Cochin-Chin. vol. i. p. 262.) But the reader may find a fuller and
somewhat differing account of the tree in Roxburgh's Coromandel 'Plants (1. t. 16.) It would
appear, that it grows in Sumatra*, and in Pegu ; on Ceylon two varieties are
See Marsden's Sumatra, p. 78.
cooitnon, a red (ratu), and a white (ela) ; it is the only species of the genus that is found in
the island^ except the immosoideSy which is the coda-xvawul^Hi/a of the Cyngalese. No less
than fourteen species have a place in the Hortus Bengalensis, one of which is our article,
called in Bengalese bukum ; the same name, by the way, that is given to it by the Arab writer
Abulfaldi (apud Cels. I76.)
With regard to the use of the wood as a red-dye, Botice shall be taken in another part of this
work.

cccc.
VAYLEE (Tam-) Vaivinta, also TP'minti (Tel.) Hurhuriya (Beng.) Caraila (Hind, and Beng.)
Hoolhool y^y^ (Duk.) Caravella c^ | ^^^ also
Varvar c^q ^| (Sans.) Five-leaved Cleome.
Cleome Pentaphilla (Lin.)
CI. and Ord. Tetradynamia Siliquosa. Nat. Ord. Capparides (Juss.) Funfblattrige Cleome
(Nom. Triv. WiUd.)
The leaves of this plant (which is sometimes called nelki vaylie, to distinguish it from the
nahivay^ lie, Tam., cleome viscosa), on the stem and branches are all quinate; " the leaflets
obovate acute, very finely serrate. It is a beautiful upright annual, generally smooth, but
sometimes there are a few hairs at the bottom." Loureiro has described it in his Flora CochinChin. (vol. ii. p. 397.)> and teUs us, that the Cochin-Chinese call it man-man-tia; of it he says,
" Flos albicans, spica longa, erecta, terminali; calyx
Q Q 9,
inferus^ 4-phillus ; fbliolis oblongis, erectis, deciduis; corolla petala 4-rotunda, inaequalia,
patentia; ^&z-menta 6-longa, filiforma; pericarpium siliqua 3-poli-caris, seminibus
plurimus."
The small, numerous, warmish, kidney-formed black seeds, as well as leaves of this plant, are
administered in decoction in convulsive affections and typhus fever, to the quantity of half a
tea-cupful twice daily.
The cleome pentaphylla appears to be the carra-wela of Rheede (MaL ix. p. 43. t. 24.), I find it
has a place, according to Dr. Heyne*, in the Tellingoo Medical Sastrum, entitled
Kalpastanum; where another species, viscosa (Shunacabarbara^ Sans.), is also noticed. The
Cyngalese physicians use our article for nearly the same purposes that the Vytians do, and
have bestowed on it the name of awusada^ wela-kola. Seven species of cleome have a plac
in Moon's Catalogue of Ceylon Plants; five are in the Hortus Bengalensis.
Since writing the above I have seen the Flora In-dica of Roxburgh (manuscript copy), in
which this plant is rather differently described; he says, the leaves are eaten by the natives.
CCCCI.
VAYLIE PARTIE Gaxjo^^^i^^r^s^ (Tam.), also Ootamunnie (Tam.) Utrun (^^' (Duk.) Zoo-tupakoo (Tel.) Yugaphala ^^IWic^ (Sans.) Hairy-Jloivered Cynanchum.
Cynanchum Extensum (Lin.)
* Heyne's Tracts on India, pp. ISO. and 136.
CI. and Ord. Pentandria Monogynia. Nat. Ord. Apocineffi (Juss.). Ausgebreiteter

Hundswurger (Nom. Triv. WiUd.)

A decoction of the leaves of this plant is given to children as an anthelmintic, in doses not
exceeding three table-spoonfuls; the juice of the leaves is ordered in asthma. A long
description of the plant has been given by Jaquin. I shall merely here observe, that it is a
beautiful twining plant, rising from an annual, whitish, fibrous root, which is about a foot and
a half long; but let Willdenow speak, " Caule volubili frutescente, foliis cordatis acutis,
pedunculis elongatis, pedicellis filiformibus, corollis margine hir* sutisj folliculis
ramentaceis." The plant is a native of the Coromandel coast. On refemng to the Hortus
Bengalensis for the cynanchum extensum, I perceive he du*ects his reader to asclepias
echinata, the Hindoostanie name of which is sagwanee, and the Tellingoo jtUuga. Altogether
I fear there is a little confusion regarding the vai/lie partie^ the scien-tific name of which I
gave on the authority of my much respected friend Dr. Rottler of Madras.
CCCCII.
VAYPUM PUTT AY Cc5\JLJi'UDL-.'i-JcS)i-(Tam.)
Nim (Hind, and Beng.) Neem ke cJiawl Jl^ ^ mJ
(Duk.) Vaympa putta (Tel.) Neem (Mahratta).
Bewa (Cah.) TeUkohomba (Cyng.), also Nimba
(Cyng.) Aria-bepou (Rheede, Mai. iv. p. IO7.
t. 52.) Nimba RH (Sans.) Bark qfthe Margosa
Tree.
Melia Azadirachta (Lin.)
Q o 3
CI. and Ord. Decandria Monogynia. Nat Ord. MelifiB (Juss.) Grosblattriger Zedrach (Nom.
Triv. Willd.)
This bark is bitter and astringent, and by no means unpleasant to the taste: it is considered by
the native practitioners as amongst their most valuable Tonics. They generally prescribe it in
powder or in decoction, in conjunction with some aromatic, in fevers, and also in chronic
rheumatism; in fact, it is ordered for almost every purpose that the cinchona is in Europe. Dr.
D. White, late Superintending Surgeon on the Bombay establishment, informed me, that
from the bark of the vaypum mdrum he witnessed success nea^jr equal to what might have
been expected from the cinchona officinalis. It would appear to be somewhat similar in its
effects to the camus Jhrida^ or great-flowered dogwood of Virginia, which many think little
inferior to the true bark; Barton says, that their sensible qualities, their chemical analysis,
and their action on the dead fibre, prove an identity in their medical virtues. Dr. Gregg gave
the powder of the comus fiorida in doses of thirty-five grains. Dr. Walker, who made it a
subject of his inaugural dissertation, observes, that he found it equal to the Peruvian bark,

given with other bitters, as a stomachic. See Barton's Materia Medica of the United States
(vol. i. pp. 51, 52, 53.)
Our article is called by the Javanese imba; the bark they consider as a valuable anthelmintic;
the leaves are vulnerary, vermifuge, and, to a certain degree, diuretic; and the tree yields
much gum. From the fruit, which, when full-grown, is not unlike a small French olive, a most
valuable, bitter, fixed oil is prepared, which is not only justly esteemed as a good worm
medicine, but is much prized as an external application in cases of foul ulcer; it is also used, as a Uoiment in rheumatic and
spasmodic afiections^ and in those violent head-aches brought on by the rays of the sun.
Taken before exposure to cold ancj wet it is supposed to have the effect of preventing fever or
catarrh. The small white flowers are sup-i posed to have virtues in cholera morbus. There is,
besides, a sort of toddy obtained from healthy young margosa trees, which is occasionally
prescribed by the Vytiam as a stomachic; of this toddy, vaypum kuUoo (Tarn.), the dose is an
ounce and a half every morning; of the decoction of the bark itself the dose is about half a
tea-cupful twice daily.
Dr. Fleming, in his Catalogue of Indian Medicinal Plants (p. 26.), notices two species of
meKa, having nearly similar virtues, the m azadit^achta and the m. sempervirens: * he
states, that the leaves of both have a bitter taste (devoid of astringency) j the decoction of
them is used internally in cases in which tonic and stomachic bitters are required, and they
are moreover employed externally as discutients and emollients. In iJie Transactions of the
Medical and Physical Society of Calcutta (voL i. p. 123.) may be seen a case of hysteria
distinctly detailed by G. Skipton, Esq., in which a decoction of the leaves of the melia
azadirachta was given with the happiest effect. Five species of melia grow on Ceylon. Five
have also a place in the Hortus Bengalensis. The species azedarach is a native of Japan, and
called by the natives by the names of din^ oois, or sedan ; this species is also a native of
Cochin-China, and named in that country cay-sau^dau: the medical men
* Which is in Hindoostanie bacain^ and in Sanscrit maha nimbd*
G G if
there consider it as anthelmintic, but give it cau* tiously internally: "quia nimia dosi
vertiginem, et convulsiones aflert/* (Flor. Cochin-Chin. vol. i.
p. 269.)
Now it may be full time to observe, that the melia azadirachta is a large and beautiful tree,
common in most parts of India; trunk often crooked, but thick; wood of a pale yellow, and the
bark of a dark-purple colour; the branches extend very wide; the leaves are scattered about
the extremities of the branches, and are from one to two inches long; lec^eis oppo-site, or
nearly so, about six pair, sickle-lanced, serrate, of a light-green colour, and not of an
unpleasant odour. As Miller states, " the flowers, which are small, white, and fragrant, are
produced on long branching panicles from the side of the branches; the fruit (drupe) is
kidney-formed, at first green, then turning yellow, and at last changing to a purple.'^ *

I have no doubt but that a vegetable alkali, similar perhaps to that got from the yellow
cinchona bark (quinine), might be obtained from the bark of melia azadirachta; it certainly
would be worth a trial: it, for this purpose, should be boiled in alcohol till it loses its bitter
taste; evaporate to dryness; dissolve the extract thus procured in boiling water, strongly
acidulated with hydro-chloric acid; to this add mag-nesia in excess, which, after a few
minutes' boiling, will fix the red matter and clear the liquor j when cold, filter and wash the
magnesian precipitate with cold water; dry it on a stove; digest in boiling alcohol till all the
bitter principle is separated; mix the dcoholic liquors, and the vegetable alkali, of whatever
From Roxburgh's Flora Indica (MSS.), we learn that the wood is hard, durable, and fit for
ship-building, and esteemed next in quality to the mimosa Arabica on the Coromandel coast.
nature, will separate as it cools: this is the mode ordered by Magendie for preparing the
quinine from the yellow bark, and would in all probability answer for the margosa bark. I may
take this opportunity of noticing the increasing high character of quinine^ not only as a
febrifuge, but as a stomachic : the following formula, as ordered by Dr. Burnet of London,
was of the greatest service in a case of dyspepsia, accompanied with hepatic derangement, for
which the nitro-muriatic bath had been prescribed :
R Sulphatis quinae - - gtt. ij.
Acid, sulph. dilut. - - gtt. ij.
Spirit myristicae - fji.
Aquae distillatae - fjx.
Misce, fiat haustus; to be taken daily at mid-day.
ccceiii.
VAYMBADUM PUTTAY Go^-'LOLjrrL.LOLJi-j L-CS)i (Tam.) Soorooghoodu putta (Tel.)
Rate-tavalti <^q^l (Sans.) Vaymbadum Bark.
The powder of this dark-coloured and pleasant tasted bark, in conjunction with gingilie oil, is
sometimes used as an external application for the itch, and other cutaneous eruptions; but
the chief use of it appears to be as a reddish-brown dye, the tint of which is fixed by means of
kadukai sxidpaddi' carum (chebulic myrobolan and alum). What the root is, I have not been
able to ascertain.
CCCCIV.
VAYPUM UNNAY Ccru'_'L-'LoCLU6tyOT'2/TOZjr (Tam.) Margosa Oil.
See article Vaypum Puttay.
ccccv..
VEDirrALUNG KOLINDOO crai^^^arov^

Hx/C^n-QTrBS/ (Tam.) Vurtulika katmgla paxvt L:y/l^^J^ (Hind,) VelUtooroo konaho

(Tel.), also Yeitroo (Tel.) Vlravnksha ^\T^ (Sans.)
Young Shoots qf the Ash-coloured Mimosa.
Mimosa Cinerea (Lin.)
DfiSMANTHUS CiNEREUS (WiUd.)
CI. and Ord. Polygamia Monoecia. Nat. Ord. Leguminosse (Juss.) Grauer Buschelzopf (Norn.
Triv. Wiild.)
These young shoots are of a cooling nature, and are bruised and applied to the eyes in cases
of ophthalmia.
The minosa cinerea (Lin.), or, as it has been called by Willdenow, desmanthus cinereus, is a
prickly tree, with an even-branched stem ; leaves, bipinnate j and flowers in spikes. (Flor.
Zeyl. 215.) It would seem to be a native of most of the West India Islands; where, Browne
tells us, that the leaves are frequently mixed with corn for the riding horses, and it is thought
to free them from both bots and
worms; it also grows in Ceylon, by Moon's account, but he has affixed no Cyngalese name.
(Catalogue p. 73.)
This tree is described at great length by Dr Roxburgh, in his Flora Indica, MSS., as also in his
Cor. Plants, xi. No. 174.; he mentions the hardness of the wood.
CCCCVI.
VEELVIE ELLEY cn^crv?LiS2/TO (Tarn.) Belka pat cAj UJ^ (Duk.) Bilva-akoo (Tel.) VHwapatra Rf^^M^ (Sans.) Leaf of the Religious Cratceva.
CfiATiEVA Religiosa (Vahl.)
CI. and Ord. Dodecandria Monogynia. Nat Ord. Putamineas. Lanzettenblattrige Cratceve
(Nom, Triv. Willd.)
The leaves of the crataeva religiosa are somewhat aromatic, in a slight degree bitter, and are
considered by the native practitioners as stomachic. The root, as it appears in the bazars, has
a singular subaro-matic and bitterish taste, and is supposed to possess an alterative quality.
With regard to another species, marmelos*, the aegle marmelos (Lin.), the very glutinous
transparent juice, which is found round the small white seeds, contained within the hard
shell of the fruit, has much the smell of turpentine, and tastes warmish, not unlike balsam of
Peru ; the Vytians use it for cleaning foul ulcers ; it is, in other respects, a
* It is alBo> when boiled in gingiUe oil, employed in cases of ozena.
substance which, I fear, has not yet sufficiently been examined. More will be said of the paste

of the fruit, and of its use in the arts, in another part and volume of this work.
Our article is the leaf of the niivala of Rheede (Mai. iiL p. 49* t. 42.), and the lunu^warna of
the Cyngalese: the plant is a native of India and Otaheite * ; and usually rises to the height of
about twenty feet, with an upright trunk, and spreading branches; leaves scattered at the end
of the branches; and leaflets and petals lanceolate-elUptic, acute at both ends; Jlorvers an
inch and a half in diameter, greenish-white, with red stamens (Miller).
CCCCVII.
VELLUM Qtljt^x^ld (Tam.), also in Tamool Nulla vellumA Goor '^^'(Duk.) Belltm (Tel.)
Ktmd jJS (Arab.) Guda, or Gura JJZ? also Matsy-andi ^^t^fu^ (Sans.) Jaggary, or Coarse
Sugar.
Saccharum Officinarum (Lin.)
See article Sugar, in vol. i. p. 407.
As sugar in India is obtained not only from the sugar-cane, but from cocoa-nut and Palmyra
toddy, so it naturally follows thotjaggaries, or coarse sugars, must be procured from the same
toddies; they are used by the Vyttans for medicinal purposes, and also by the natives to
sweeten their drinks. The jaggary of the Palmyra tree toddy is called in Tamool karapootie.
Where the fruit is called pura-au,
f Nulla vellum is, properly speaking, the jaggery of the sugarcane, and is so called from being
the best.
CCCCVIIL
VELLIE EEUM Qo-YJC3\rr(j^@LULui) (Tain.) i^Lojf also fj)S Ktda-^ (Arab.) Pexvter.
This the Vytians use in the preparation of Shadu Ungtmij which article see, in this part and
volume. The literal meaning of veltie eeum is silver lead \ in the same way that the Arabians
sometimes call it ij^ajI o^Ut; nisas abeez, or white tin.
CCCCIX,
VENI-VELL-GETTA (Cyng.).
Menispermum Fenestratum (Gaert.) CosciNiuM Fenestratum (Colebrooke).
This is a large Ceylon tree, having a yellow, bitter wood, and leaves alternate, petio^ed, and
entire; the natives consider the wood*, sliced small, as a valuable bitter.
ccccx.
VEPPALEI CavjLJLjrn/o\3 (Tam.) Codaga^ pala (Mai.) Pala codija, also Manoopala (Tel.)
O^rajya UhI/ (Hind.) Kutaja cjitf ^ (Sans.) OvaU

leaved Rosehay.
Nerium Antidysentericum (^n)
* See a paper by Mr. Colebrooke on the Indian specieB of meniBpermum, in the Transactions
of the Linnaean Society, vol. xni. pp. ^^ ^^
CI. and Ord. Pentandria Monogynia. Nat Ord. Apocineas (Juss.) RucJistillender Oleander
(Nom. Triv. WiUd.)
The bark of this tree is lately admitted into the Britii^ Materia Medica, under the appellation
of connessi bark. On the Malabar coast it is csHedpaUa patah; and by the Portuguese corte de
pala^ who consider it as a valuable febrifuge medicine. On the Coromandel coast it seems
chiefly to be given in dysenteric affections, and is commonly administered in decoction, in
the quantity of an ounce and a half or two ounces twice daily. The bark is of a reddish-brown
colour, astringent, and bitter, and has been much vaunted by Rheede (Mai. i. p. 85. t. 470 and
others in dysenteric affections. In Cochin-China, where the tree is termed cay^mokhoa'tlangj it would appear, by Loureiro's account, that it is chiefly prized for its beautiful
white wood, which is of a fine grain, and fit for making furniture; with regard to .the
medicinal properties, for which the baric of the tree is so much in repute, he adds, " De
virtute arboris, antidysenterica testari, non audeo experien-tia destitutus.** I perceive it is
noticed by Alibert in his " Nouveaux Elemens de Therapeutique," vol. i. p. 112., and an
electuary of it recommended. Virey* also speaks of it under the appellation of cropal,
observing, that it is eminently antidysenteric and febrifuge.
The seeds, which in Tamool have got the name of veppalei arisecj in Persian that of ^5, or
^^1, ahir^ in Arabic lissan-uUusafeery and in Dukhanie and Hindoostanie y>y>^\ andeijouy
have a pleasant taste, not unlike that of oats, which they also resemble in
* See his " Histoire Naturelle des Medicaraens," p. 188.
^pearance; they are contained in round, slender follicles, each about eight inches long, two of
wliicli often joined at both ends j an infusion of them, they being previously toasted, is a safe
and gentle re-strainer in bowel complaints, and is given to allay the irritation of the stomach
in cholera morbus; a decoction of tliem, Uheede tells us, is also employed in ardent fever and
gout. Roxburgh makes our article belong to a different genus, from the circumstancels of its
seeds being covered with a kind of coma or hair, and the form of the corolla, which is *^
infiau dibulif.Jauce nuda^^^ while that of the other is << tubus terminatus corona lacera.**
The nerium antidy-sentericum ** is a middle-sized tree, with brachiate branches; leaves
opposite, oblong-ovate; andjtoa;^^ of a greenish white, in short teiminating racemea; the
Jruit has already been described/'
CCCCXI.
VERRUGHUNG KALUNG Covj^r^^^sTuP rnt^ (Tam.) Balloorakashie gudda, Abara, also
Habarala (Cyng.) Ape (Otaheite). Hastid Camid
^f^^ ^vh (Sans.) Long-rooted Arum.

Arum Macrorhizon (Lin.)

CI. and Ord. Monoecia Polyandria. Nat. Ord. Aroideae (Juss.) Grosstvurzlicher Aron (Nom.
Triv. Willd.)
This root, in its raw state, like most of the arums, possesses a degree of acrimony; in
conjunction with gingilie oil, the native practitioners prepare a kind of liniment with it,
which, they allege, when rubbed on
the head, sometimes cures intermittent fevers after every other remedy has failed. When
dressed the verrughung kakmg is eaten, but is far inferior to the root of the arum escukntum
(Lin.), which is the caladium escuientum (Willd.), and to be noticed in another part of this
work. Our article is the dea-vew of the Chinese, and the kappe of the Sandwich Islands ; it is a
large root, about the thickness and length of a man's arm ; the leaves also are large and wide,
peltate, cordate, two-parted at the base; the Jlower is white and very sweet j the spathe
cowled and short; and the berries roundish and red (^Lou-retro, Foster, and jRflry). On
Ceylon they distinguish no less than four varieties of the plant, the white, black, spotted, and
variegated. (Moon's Catalogue of Ceylon Plants, p. 64.) Roques, in his Phytographie Medicale
(vol. i. p. 65.), speaks of both the arum dracunculus and arum maculatum as poisonous.
CCCCXII.
VESHEI MOONGHIE ELLEY c5^2-aG?/ii/ 0roNS2/o\D (Tarn.) Sookh'dursum (Hind.)
Fesfia-mangalupakoo (Tel.) BeliUta pola4aly (Rheed.*) ^^j^^m (Duk.) Heentolabo (Cyng.)
Vishamandala (qq^u^c^ (Sans.) Astatic Crinum.
Crinum AsiATicuMt (Lin.)
CI. and Ord. Hexandria Monogynia. Nat. Ord. Narcissi (Juss.) Asiatische Hakenlilie (Nom.
Triv. Willd.)
* Mai. vol. ii. t. 38.
\ The plant may be found admirably described by Dr. Roxburgh, in his Flora Indica^ MSS.
The succulent bitterish leaves of this plant, which are about two inches broad and three feet
long, the natives bruise and mix with a little castor-oil, so forming an application which they
think useful for repelling whitlows, and other inflammations that come at tlie end of the toes
and fingers; the juice of the leaves is employed for the ear-ache in Upper India. On Java, by
Horsfield's account, tliis plant is reckoned one of the most satisfactory emetics the
inhabitants have. Rumphius, who calls it radix toxicaria (Amb. ii. p. 155. t 69.)> speaks highly
of its virtues in curing the disease occasioned by the poisoned arrows of the Macassers in
their wars; it is the root chewed that is the emetic, provided a little of the juice is swallowed.
The crinum Asia-ticum is the man-^'lan of the Cochin-Chinese, and its virtues may be found
lauded by Loureiro. (Flor. Cochin-Chin. vol. i. p. 198.) It is- a native of Malabar, Java, Ceylon,
and America. The stem is short, thick, coated, white and single; the root is solid, turbinate,

surrounded with long branching fibres ; the leaves have already been mentioned ; the flowers
are white, large, in a simple flat umbel (Loureiro). The species foxicarum (Roxb.) is the
maha-tolabo of the Cyngalese.
CCCCXIII.
VETTILEI CcJiJ^^'2/0^3 (Tarn.) Pan C13U
(Duk.) Tanbool i^\J (Arab. Avicen. 263.) Barg
tambooliyA^[j J'jj (Pers.) Pan ^^L (Hind.) Tama^
lap^akoo (Tel.) TombuR rTf^-^ofl (Sans.) Betel
leaf.
. . Piper Betle (Lin.)
VOL. II. H H
jfi& MATERIA INDICA. PART II..
/ CL and Ord. Diandria Digynia. Nat. Ord. Pi-perite. Betle PJeffer (Nom. Triv. Willd.)
The warm juice of the betel leaf is prescribed by the Vytians as a febrifuge, in the quantity of
a small qpoonful twice daily ; it is also given in the indigestions of children ; and, in
conjunction with musk^ in cases of hysteria. The leaf, which the Javanese call 9uroOy is
chewed in most Eastern countries in the way that tobacco is in Europe. The Malays term it
sireh^ the Ternatese Indo^ the Balinese base; at Amboyna they distinguish it by the name of
amo. The vine itself is ih^betala^odi of Rheede (Mai. vii. p.29> 1.15.), and the tanbool ^^jkAj
of Avicenna* (263.)
The plant, according to Roxburgh's description, is perennial, dioecous, creeping; kaveSj
alternate, bifar-eous, cordate, from iSve to 8even*nerved, smooth, entire, female aments^
subcylindric, drooping; the root and stem woody (Flora Indica, vol. i. p. 160.^ The piper betle
has got the name of bukU wwla an Ceylon, where no less than seven species are dis*^
tinguished; it is the caytlau of the Cochin-Chinese who reckon the leaf " califaciens,
stomachica, bal* 2$amica, vulneraria*' (Flon Cochin-Chin. vol. i. p. 32.)
CCCCXIV.
VIDl MARAM (Tam.) (Rheede Mal.iv. tSy.) Kendal (Jav.) Lebtick u^^ (Avicen.) Mochayet
L^oyo (Forskal). liOlu (Cyng.) Buhooarie (Beng.) Lesura (Hind.) Nekra (Tel.)
Bukampaddruka
^^^M<vll\^ (Sans.) Smooth-leaved Myxa.
CoRDiA Mtxa.

 See Hist. Rei Herbar. Springel.

CL and Ord. Pentandria Monogynia. Nat Ord Borragineae. Schwarze Cordie (Nom, Triv.
Willd.)
This is, by Roxburgh's account, " a pretty large tree, growing in the Circars; trunk about
twelve feet high, crooked; bark grey; branches numerous, spreading, affording a dense shade;
lea:ves scattered, petioled, ovate, oval, orobovate; bracies none ;Jloxors small, white; drupe
globular, smooth, the size of a cherry, when ripe yellow, pulp almost transparent, tough and
viscid; nut cordate; seeds solitary; smell of the nut when cut is heavy and disagreeable; taste
of the kernels like that of fresh filberts;'' he adds, << the fruit not used in the Circars for
medical purposes; when ripe it is eaten by the natives'* (Flora Indica, MSS.)
The cordia myxia was known to some of the old writers on the Materia Medica, by the name
of se-besten; the dried fruit is occasionally brought to Europe, but, as Horsfield * observes,
generally in a damaged and worm-eaten state; that writer adds^ that it yields on maceration a
plentiful mucilage, of an emollient nature, useful in diseases of the breast and the urethra.
The fruit is gently aperient; ten or twelve drachms of the pulp have the same effect as the
same quantity of the pulp of cassia. The bark is a mild tonic, and is one of the chief remedies
of the Javanese in fever cases. The wood itself is tough and solid, and is employed for
procuring fire by friction. I perceive the species sebesteda is in the list of medicinal plants,
given by Dr. Heyne, in his Tracts Historical and Statistical of India, p. 135.; its Tellingoo
names are shaeshtmantaka and ienkay.
* See his account of the nedicinal plants of Java, in the Anatie Journal for February 1819, p.
149.
H H 2
ccccxv.
VISTNOOKRANDIE (ns^M^smi^rrq^^ (Tam.) Vistnookrandum (Tel.) TVisnu Jcranti
(Cyng.) Vaishnava q^J^ (Sans.) Chickweed-leaved
Evohndus.
EvoLVULUS Alsinoides (Lin.)
CI. and Ord, Pentandria Tetragynia. Nat. Ord. Convolvuli (Juss.) Vogebnierartliger Evohulus
(Nom. Triv. Willd.)
The leaves, stalks, and root of this low-growing plant, are all used in medicine by the
Tamools, and are supposed to possess virtues in certain bowel affections; they are
prei^cribed in infusion, in the quantity of half a tea-cupful twice daily. The spedes in
question, with two others, are growing in Ceylon. I find two grow in the botanical garden at
Calcutta; our article, introduced by General Hard-wick, and the evol. pilosus (Roxb.)
introduced by 3ir A. Hesleridge.

The evolvulus alsinoides is a little annual plant with a creeping root; the stems, leaves, and
peduncles are covered with rufous hairs; " leaves obcor-date, obtuse, hairy, petioled, stem
diffuse, peduncles t^ree-flowered" (Flor. Zeylan. 76.) Our article is described by Dr.
Roxburgh, in his Flora Indica (MSS.), with his usual intelligence; he says, it has scarce any
stem, alternate, bifarious, subsessile, oblong leaves; and peduncles axillary, solitary, and
longer tban the leaves^
CCCCXVI.
VILPALEI (Tam.) Milkj/Swallow-wort.
AscLEPiAs Lactifera (Lin.)
CI. and Ord. Pentandria Digynia. Nat. Ord. Contortae. Milchende Schwalbenwurz (Norn. Triv.
WiUd.)
The root of this species of asciepias I found mentioned in a list of medicines, presented to me
by a learned Vytian ; but what its particular virtues are I had no opportunity of ascertaining. I
perceive the plant grows in Ceylon, but Mr. Moon has affixed no native name to it; it does not
appear to be in the botanical garden of Calcutta, where twenty species of this genus are
noticed. Miller, in his Dictionary says, it is so like the common or officinal swallow-wort,
asciepias vincetoxicum^ that it is difficult to distinguish the one from the other; of it
Willdenow says, ** Foliis ovatis acuminatis margine tenuissime ciliatis, caule erecto,
umbellis proliferis.** The root of the common swallow-wort was formerly used in medicine,
and suspected to have alexiphar-mic properties; but it is now out of use and perhaps
deservedly. It is touched very cautiously by any animal, and is suspected of being poisonous;
it might become a subject of more minute inquiry in these more enlightened days, when even
poisons are turned to good account
ti H 9
CCCCXVIL
VITTIE VAYR G(y\j\^L^G<y^^^ (Tam.) Sab jdU (DokO Cboroo rflgrroo (Tel.) Khus^:^
(Pers.) iZ^jeer ^^J (Hind.) Vtratara ^K^K (Sans.) Ckiscus Root.
Andropogon Muricatus (Rets.)
CL and Ord TriatMlria Digynia. Nat Ord. Gra-mina.
An infusion of this fragrant-ne11ing root, the Fytians consider as diaphoretic and gently
stimulant, in the quantity of a quarter of a tea-cupful twice daily; and prescribe it more
diluted as a grateful drink in certain fever cases* It is made into fans by the natives; and after
being thinly wwked into large bamboo framesi and watered, is also employed for the purpose
of cooling the land wind; which, on passing through the wetted roots, is lowered many
degrees in temperature, owing to the evaporation that is produced.
The plant in Bengalie is called bena ; it is common in most parts of India, but likes best a low

rich soil. It may be found accurately described by Roxburgh (Flor. Indica, vol. i. p. 27O.) Boot
consists of many perennial, long, spongy, brown fibres; ctUms many, smooth, simple rigid, a
little compressed at the base, from four to six feet high, and as thick as a goose-quill; leaves,
near the base bifarious, narrow, erect, from two to three feet long; Jloxvers paired, awnless ;
they are hermaphrodite and male. Eight species of andropogon grow in Ceylon, but our article
CRAP. T. MATERIA INDICA*' l?^
is not amongst them. In the Flora Indica no less than thirty-five species are described by Dr.
Rox-< burgh. The grass itself the Tamools call vakil and the Tellin^oos kassavoo.
CCCCXVIII.
VUELIE VAYR c5^y?Go^^ CTam.) Vee^
livie vayroo (Tel.). Root qf the Stroemia 2Vtrandra.
Stroemia Tetrandra (Vahl.)
CI. and Ord. Pentandria Monogynia. Nat Ord. Putamineae* Vierfadige Stroemie (Nom. Triv.
WiUd.)
The root and leaves of the stroemia tetrandra^ lehich is sometimes in Tamool called
werkoodie^ ace considered as deobstruent and anthelmintic, and are prescribed by the native
practitioners in uterine ob-(Structions; the first is generally ordered in decoo-tion, in the
quantity of hdf a tea-cupful twiee daily; the juice of the latter is given in a little castor-oil.
The stroemia tetrandra has a round, branching, shrubby stem; and would appear to have been
-first described by Vahl, who says of it, " Foliis oblongis, mucronatis nudis, floribus
petaloideis tetrandris^'' It is the cleome fruticosa (Lin. Spec. 937*)> ^^ Burm. Ind. 140. t* 46.
f. H. For further particulars respecting this species of stroemia, the reader may consult Spec.
Plant. Willd. vol* i. pp. 993, 994. But three other species of stroemia have been hitherto
particularly noticed, all natives of Arabia Felix,
H H 4
yiz. farinosa^ glandulosa, and rottmdffolia; our ar-^ ticle is a native of India, and may be
found by the reader most admirably described by Dr. Rox-burgh^ in his Flora Indica, MSS. y
he tells us that it is a large, straggling, ramous shrub, with scarce any stem; alternate,
oblong, entire leaves; minute stipules ; racemes terminal j and has several kidney--formed
seeds.
CCCCXIX.
VULLAK UNNAY cnJ^oxrr^G^tsrors/tnyTrr (Tam.) Amidum (Tel.) Eranda ^<U^ (Sans.)
Lamp Oilf or Oil qf the large-teaoed Fabna Christi.

RiciNUs Communis (Fruct. Major.)

This oil difiers from the castor-oil in having a heavy, disagreeable smell, and a considerable
degree of empjrreuma; in all probability owing to the seeds being toasted previously to the
operation of boiling, for the purpose of extracting the oil: it is, besides^ of a darker colour,
and altogether of a more gross nature. They are both prepared, however, from the fruit of the
ricinus communis, with this difference, that the castor-oil is made from that variety which is
distinguished Jrtictibus minorilms, and the other from the variety distinguished fructibus
majori-bus. We are informed by Forskahl (Egypt, p.75.) that the plant is common in Egypt,
and there called g^^jsL; it has been described under the head of Castor-oil, Vol. I. p. 255. of
this work.
The lamp-oil, like the castor-oil, is of a purgative quality, but it is chiefly employed for
burning in ; lamps.
ccccxx.
VULLAREI c5Yjavov)n-cS)nr (Tam.), also JBa-bassa (Tarn, and Tel.) Panggaga (Jav.) Heengotti-kola (Cyng.) Manduka-parni I^^^M^Tl
(Sans.), also BhSka-paml V{^ TJOn" (Sans.) Asiatic Pennywort.
Hydrocotyle AsiATicA (Thunb.)
CI. and Ord. Pentandria Digynia. Nat Ord. Umbellatae. Asiatischer Wqffbmabel (Nom. Triv.
WiUd.)
An infusion of the toasted bitter leaves of this low-growing plant, in conjunction with
vendeum (fenugreek), is given to children in bowel complaints and fever cases, in doses of
half a tea-cupful. It appears to be the codagam of Rheede (Mai. x. p. 91 t. 46.), and the
pesequinus of Rumphius (Amb. v. p. 4f55. 1169. f* !) > ^^ Bengalese it is called thaU-kuri.
Thunberg, in his Flora Japonica (p. 116.), notices the plant as growing at Papenberg, and
called by the Japanese sakusets, also kakidoro.
The leaves are kidney-formed, toothletted, very bitter, and their substance is much thicker
than that of the species hirstita. The hydrocotyle Asiatica is a native of the Cape of Good
Hope*, Japan, and Jamaicat, as well as of Ceylon and the Indian continent. It would appear,
by Horsfield's account, that our article is also a native of Java, there called
Burchell found it in ascending the Table land at the Cape. Travels in South Africa (vol. i. n,
42.). f See Hortus Jamaicensis vol. ii. p. 50.
panggaga (Jav.)> and considered by the medical men of that island as an excellent diuretic.
The leaves, on the Coromandel coast, are applied to parts that have suffered from blows and
bruises, having, it is supposed, the power of keeping off inflammation.
Our article may be found described by Dr. Roxburgh, in his Flora Indica (MSS.)
CCCCXXI.

VULLAY KAKARTANVAYR Cc5^-J0^^rffi/av^ flffw/TK-^rrL^nrcj^Qcy^-irf (Tam.)

Stiffhidzerke ke
9
jur y^ J i^jj^"^ (Duk.) Ussul hubulneil abeez j^S >aaHv^ ^*o\ (Arab.) Telia ghentana
vayroo (Tel.) AsphotOj >i\\^^ti (Sans.) Root qf the
iff the winged-leaved Clitoria.
Clitoria Ternatea (Lin.) (Van.Flore Albo.)
CI. and Ord. Diadelphia Decandria. Nat. Ord. Leguminosae.
The root and the small dark-coloured seeds of the winged clitoria are both used in medicine
by the native practitioners: the first, in powder, is given as an emetic, in the quantity of one
pagoda weight} the second are said to possess an anthelmintic quality, and to be gently
purgative. One learned Vytian informed me, that about two drachms of the powder of the
root, ground with two ounces of cow's milk, was an excellent medicine in dropsical affections,
given two mornings successively. The plant in question is the shet upurqjita of the Bengalese,
a name distinguishing it from the variety with a blue
flower, which is simply upuranta ; this last is the flos caeruleus of Rumphius (Amb. v. p,56.
t.31.), and the schlonga-cuspi of Rheede (Mai. viii. p. 69. t. 38.) The Cyngalese term the white
flowered variety niU katarodu; the blue they term sudu-katarodu. The clitoria ternatea is both
wild and cultivated in Co-chin-China; the natives name it cay-dau-biec. Of the blue flowers
Loureiro says, " Succo hujus floris solent indigense tingera liba, aliaque edulia colore cyano,
pulcherrirao quidem, sed breviter evanes-cente, ideoque ab imbuendas telas inepto" (Flor.
Cochin-Chin. vol. ii. p. 455.) The plant seldom rises higher than four or five feet; with a
twining, herbaceous stalk, and winged leaves, composed of two or three pairs of leaflets,
terminated by an odd one; the flowers vary in colour; the legume is narrow, elongated, a
finger's length and more; seeds solitary, seven to twelve, ovate kidney-form (Miller). Our
article is the only species growing in Ceylon. Ih the Hortus Jamaicensis I find five species
noticed (pp. 55, 56.)
CCCCXXII.
VULLAY POONDOO Cc5\JC5VT2Lc3NTi-Jt=i?tfwr(& (Tam.) Lassun ^^^ (Duk. and Hind.)
Lastcna ^!^ (Sans.) GarUc.
Allium Sativum (Lin.)
In addition to what is said of garlic at p. 150. Vol. I. I have to observe, that an expressed oil is
prepared from it, called vullay poondoo unnay (Tarn.), which is of a very stimulating quality,
and
^hich the Vytians prescribe internally to prevent the recurrence of intermittent fever;
externally it is used in paralytic and rheumatic affections.

CCCCXXIIL
VULLERKOO CcrLJC5VTCovT(V3^(& (Tam.) St^id^kre cfj/losJu- (Duk.) Akand JJITJ ?
(Hind.) Telia jeUedee or jelladoo (Tel.) SwSta-arka '^ni^ (Sans.)
In the first edition of this work I was led to give this plant as an actual variety of the asclepias
gigan-fea, but now hesitate, and think that it may be the akund of Upper Hindoostan, and
which is, we are told, there often confounded, from its general outward appearance, with the
real arka (Sans.), the root of which is the madar of Upper India. I have never seen the akand
or akund, but I understand that the resemblance betwixt it and the arka (Sans.) is very great,
and continually leading to mistakes. I cannot close this article without again alluding to the
great similarity of Tamodl name betwixt our article and that of a plant which was mentioned
to me by Dr. Klein of Tranquebar, viz. the voellarekoo, on which he bestowed the scientific
appellation exacum hys-sopifolium : it may be found fully described by Willdenow in vol. i. of
his Species Plant, p. 640. It would appear by Klein's account to be bitter, resolvent, tonic, and
febrifuge.
CCCCXXIV.
VULVAYLUM PUTTAY GoYJCSvrrCcnjavLDL-i ICS)i (Tarn.) Tellatoomma ptUta (Tel.)
Khadira <aU^<, (Sans.) Bark of the Rusty Mimosa.
Mimosa Ferrugikea (Rottler).
CI. and Ord. Polygamia Monoecia. Nat Ord. Lomentacese.
A strong decoction of the bark of this thorny mimosa, in conjunction with maradum-puttay
(bark of the terminalia alata) and ginger, is frequently employed as a wash for fastening the
teeth.
The mimosa ferruginea was first botanically described by Dr. Rottler; from whose Herbarium
(MSS.) Sir Alexander Johnston has kindly allowed me to take the following account: "Caw/,
arbor-aculeato; ram. angulatis, tomentosis; aculeis spars., recurvatis; ^/. bibinnatis 13-jugis;
partialib. multi-^ jugis pinnulis linearibus; petiol. commun. aculeato, ad basin glandula
excurvata, oblonga; Jlores in pan-nicula composita; spicas globosa."
ccccxxv.
VUTTEI PEMAYRUTTIE o^i-cS-Ci-'^C ijVT n 9 J also Vaydoobooriki (Tam.), also in Ta-moo\,
Enmoottie. Andabeerakoo (Tel.) Bhuta-ghnl J^HrT^ ? (Sans.) Betony-leaved Black
Horehound.
Ballota Disticha (Lin.)
CI. and Ord. Didynamia Gymnospermia. Nat, Ord. Verticillatae. Indische Ballote (Nom. Triv,
Willd.)
This plant, which grows to about the height of two feet or more, possesses virtues nearly

similar to those of the pemai/ruttie (nepeta Malabarica), and it is of the same class and order;
<< the stem is pubescent; kaves petioled, subcordate, serrate, tomentose; whorls single on
each side; jflowers alternate, sessile, rising on a simple, flexuose rachis; seeds four, roundish,
and shining; the leaves, which only are used in medicine, have a bitterish sub-aromatic taste,
and smell somewhat like camphor, but less pleasant." The ballota disticha is the heen-yakwanassa of the Cynga-lose, and is the only species of the genus growing in Ceylon,
CCCCXXVI.
VUTTEI KHILLOKILLUPEI (Tarn.) Ghele^ glierinta (Tel.) NiUandana-hiriya (Cyng.) BlueJlg,wered Crotalaria.
Crotalaria Verrucosa (Lin.)
CI. and Ord. Diadelphia Decandria. Nat. Ord. Leguminosa?. Vierkantige Klapperschote (Nom.
Triv. Willd.)
The slightly bitter, but not unpleasant-tasted, juice of the leaves and tender stalks of this lowgrowing plant is prescribed, by the Tamool doctors, both internally and externally, in cases of
scabies and impetigo j the common killokillupei differs from our article in hf^ing broader
leaves.
The crotalaria verrucosa is the pee4andale-cotti of Rheede (Mai. ix. p. 53. t. 290; is in
Bengalese and Hindoostanie called bun-sun; it is an annual plant, with an herbaceous fourcornered stem, about two feet high; leaves warted, pale, green, on very short petioles j powers
alternate, smooth, and of a light* blue colour, succeeded by short, turgid pods, inclosing one
row of kidney-shaped seeds. No less than fifteen species of crotalaria grow in Ceylon, the
whole of them indigenous. Thirty-two have a place in the Hortus Jamaicensis. Our article is a
native of Malabar, Ceylon, Java, and the Philippine Islands.
CCCCXXVII.
VYAGRA 9IT5r (Sans.) F^A(Hind.) Bagk^\^
(Duk.) dfcjL (Pers.) Machun ^U (Malay).
Rqi/al Tj/ger.
Felis Tigris.
The Vytians have a notion, that the flesh of the royal tyger, boiled in mustard seed oil, used as
an unguent for the body, is a remedy for emaciation.* Hamilton's MSS., written in Berar.
* It is amusing enough to contemplate the strange notions entertained by some of the Hindoo
medical men respecting the virtues of their medicines; and, perhaps, one of the most singular
is their conviction that the flesh of the elephant, boiled in mustard seed oil, is a sovereign
remedy for the Barbadoes leg, which is the daU'JU of the Arabians, and is called by the
Bengalese islipad* The Sanscrit name for the elephant itself is hasti; the Hindoo-ftfuiie one is
haihi. Beartjlesh, Dr. Hamilton found the doctors in Berar prescribing for certain affections of

the eyes, especiallyj

catar4M4. Tb bear in Hindoostanie is r* ^j ; in Tamool
CCCCXXVIII.
VYAGHRACHITRA (Sans.) Chita (Hind.)
Leopard.
Felis Leopardus.
The flesh of the leopard (boiled in milk) the Vytians suppose to have virtues in epilepsy (rnrigif'og) (Hamilton's MSS.)
The leopard and Indian panther (felis pardus) have the same name bestowed upon them by
the
iarradie ; in Tellingoo elite goodoo ; in Arabic ^joj^ ; in Persian
y^ ; and in Malay ^^^ He also discovered that in that dis*
trict a decoction of the flesh of the antelope, in conjunction with a little coriander and
mustard seed, was thought to be a remedy for the species of lepra called in Sanscrit batracta^
see names for antelope (vol. i. p.m.) The flesh of the ^VzcW, boiled in oil and rubbed on the
loins, in the same province, is believed to have virtues in cases of hsemorrhois (arsa).- The
jackal in Sanscrit is
srigal; in Hindoostanie ^tWar^ama^A ; in Malay cf ^jj^; and in Persian jUti. Nay, even the
flesh of the rhinoceros. Dr. Hamilton ascertained, was reckoned medicinal, and ordered,
boiled, and in combination with ghee, in the last stages of typhus fever (Hamilton's MSS.) In
Sanscrit this animal is gandaka^ and in Hindoostanie ^^;2^ra ; it is the tX^L of the Malays,
and the S.i and (fijfS^ of the Persians and Arabians; it is never met with in
Lower Hindoostan. The flesh of the male camel, which is ush-tara in Sanscrit, vii in
Hindoostanie, J^^^ in Arabic, JCi; in Persian, also oonte in Hindoostanie, is supposed, in
Berar, to have virtues in diabetes (Hamilton's MSS.)
In other parts of Dr. F. Hamilton's manuscript, I perceive that the flesh of the buffalo
(bhingesh), of the dog (ktUta), musk deer (harina)f monkey {bamar), black partridge (iiter)\
and peacock (inor)f have all specific properties attached to them by the Vytians of the Berar
province. ^^
Or, correctly, chitra'Vi/aghraX^^^nTf the spotted tiger.
natives, and the animals differ but little in essentials. The panther, however, is the most
formidable, though not quite so beautifully spotted. The chiiah, which the English call the
leopard, is the sirootek poolhie ^AQ s^:ifjcFL-'L_^avi of the Tamools, and the chitul yjUsf of
the Mahometans of Lower India j it

is the JCiL of the Persians, and the hnrim&n &kdr ^il (j4Jy=^ of the Malays. The hunting
leopard is a very handsome animal (felis jubeta) ; it is what is known to the Persians by the
name of j^ yoozj and in Sanscrit by that of chitraka \x{i\^ .
CCCCXXIX.
UNDIMANDARI <aj.iiarLDrrr53-rr^rr(Tam.) Riijuni'gkundha (Beng.) GooUshaboo (Hind.)
JfiToa-hue (Cochin-Chin.) Sandhyaraga W^T^^ (Sans.) Tuberose Polyanthes.
POLYANTHES TuBEROSA (Liu.)
CI. and Ord. Hexandria Monogynia. Nat. Ord. Narcissi (Juss.) Gemeine Tuberose
(Nom.Triv.Willd.)
This plant, which appears to be the only one of its genus, is, I believe, but do not give it with
confidence, the andi malleri of Rheede, who says nothing of its medicinal virtues ; it is the
sandal malam of the Malays which signifies " mistress of the nighty** and hence the name
that Rumphius bestowed on it arnica noctuma. (Amph. 5. p. 285. t. 98.) Moon gives usi no
native name for it, but speaks of two varieties, a single, and a double. The polyanthes
tuberosa was brought to me, with many other plants, and was said to be medicinal, though I
much question the assertion. It appears to have been more fully described
VOL. II. II
by Loureiro than any other writer; he says of it, ** Radio: bulbus, tunicatus albus ; Jblia
radicalia subulata, longa, curva, reflexaglabra; ^s albus ador-atissimus, alteraus, spica longa
terminali." It is a native of Java, of Ceylon, and of India, and is much cultivated in some parts
of Italy, on account of the beauty and fragrancy of the flowers; and from that country the
bulbus roots are sent annually to England. Of it Loureiro says, << Habitat ubique in CochinChinas hortis; et quanquam ob eximiam iragrantiam asstimabilis fadllime colitur et propagatur per bulbos/' (Flor. Cochin-Chin. vol. i. p. 205.)
CCCCXXX.
UPU-DALI fiijLjL-iL/TcTo (Malealie). Nilpu^ rule (Cyng.) Ringent^/lowered RueUia.
RuELLiA RiNOENS (Lin.)
Cl.andOrd. Didynamia Angiospermia. NatOrd. Personatae. Rachenformige
Ruellie(Nom.Tnv.WAld.)
The juice of the leaves of this plant, boiled with a little salt, Rheede says (Mai. 9. p. 225. t.
64.), is supposed, on the Malabar coast, to correct a depraved state of the humours.* The
plant is procumbent ; stem a span long, jointed; leaves oblong, quite entire; powers solitary,
sessile (Flor. Zeyl. 234.)
The ruelUa ringens is described by Dr. Roxburgh, in his Flor. Indica (MSS.), who tells us, that
it is a perennial creeping plant, with opposite, oblong leaves axid^owers axillary and short
peduncled.

* Sometimes given in conjunction with pundumy or liquid copal, which is got from the
Vateria Indica (Lm.), and is supposed to have virtues in gononliaea; this pundum is also
occasionally called f)effnie varnM, and will be noticed in another part of this work.
CCCCXXXI.
URKASI (Hind.) Vandarl |><^|0 (Sans.) Heart^haped leaved Tragia.
Tragia Cordata.
Tragia Cordifolia (VahL)
CI. and Ord. Monoecia Triandria . Nat. Ord. Euphorbias.
This shrubby, twining plant, was brought to Dr. F. Hamilton while in Berar, where he was
informed, that the powder of the leaves, given in milk, was a remedy for making people grow
fat, and to increase the seminal secretions. The leceves are cordate serrate, acuminate, paler
underneath j spikes terminating. The plant is the jatropha pungens of Forskahl (Descriptiones p. 163.), a name given from its stinging like the nettle ; it is a native of Arabia
Felix, and is called by the natives of that country horekrek ^jS/^9 also meherkaha mj^ss^.
I find three species of tragia grow in Ceylon ; two have a place in the Hortus Bengalensis, one
of which we have already noticed, the canchorie (Tam.), see Vol. I. p. 61., and which is the
bichittie of the Bengalese, called in Sanscrit vrishchi-putri ^{k^^^V^.
CCCCXXXII.
UTTIMARINI (Hind.) KarambhS ^ijlj^ (Sans.) Ivy-kaved Toad Flax, or Snap Dragon.
Antirrhinum Ctmbalaria (LiD^ I I 2
CI. and Ord. Didynamia Angiospermia. Nat. Ord. Personatae. Eckiges Lowenmaul (Nom. Triv*
Willd.)
This is a plant which Dr. F. Hamilton had brought to him while in Berar, where he was told by
a Hindoo medical man, that the dry herb was given, in combination with sugar, twice daily in
diabetes (Hamilton, MSSO
The antirrhinum cymbalaria has a perennial fibrous root, and numerous stalks^ growing in a
tuft, creeping at bottom, branches round, purplish, and stringy \ leaves heart-shaped, fivelobed, alternate; petioles long, grooved above; tube of the corolla short, the upper lip purple,
with two deeper veins ; segments of the lower whitish ; the palate yellow j nectary purple,
concealed j germ purple; capsules wrinkled; seeds blackish, roundish, wrinkled, like the nut
of the walnut; the whole plant is smooth, with a rather disagreeable smell (Curtis), it varies
with a white flower (Lin.)

The antirrhinum cymbalaria is a native of Germany, Switzerland, and Holland, which makes
it the more singular that Hamilton should have found it in the heart of the Indian continent;
a circumstance I should scarcely have credited, if I had not seen it mentioned in his
manuscript, as above stated. Of the seventy species of the genus mentioned by Will-denow, I
can find but one growing so far East* as Persia, and that is the papilionaceum. The
oldenlandia biflora ("Lin.), which is the antirrhinum humile of Burm. Zeyl. (22. t 11.), is a
native of most parts of India, and is called by the Bengalese khet-papura,
and in Sanscrit l^^TT^TS^ kshetra parppati.
* Loureiro, however, notices five species, three of which are natives of Cochin-China, and two
of China proper. See Flora Codhin-Chin. vol.ii. p.SSS.
Our article is the Linaria cymbalaria of the first edition of Miller*s Dictionary, and the
cymbalaria vulgaris of Tournefort (Inst, 169.)
CCCCXXXIII.
WASSINAPILLOO (rLjrr^2/TOrL_ji_Sav)C^ (Tam.).
^ See article Camacbie Pilloo, Vc^. I. p. 58.
CCCCXXXIV.
WIDDATILAM cn-Su-^^ax^^U) (TamO Poo^
dina av.^>* (Duk.) Mint.
Mentha Sativa (Var.)
See article Mint, in Vol. I. p. 241.
ccccxxxv.
WELULING (Jav.)
This plant, Dr. Horsfield informs us, in his Account of the Medicinal Plants of Java, forms a
new genus. It acts particularly on the salivary glands; and is used by the Javanese for the
tooth-ache and strengthening the gums. The peculiar virtue, It would ap^ pear, lies in the
bark, which is rough, pungent, and aromatic*
* 8ee Asiatic Journal for April 1819, p. 36^
I I 3
CCCCXXXVI.
WELLIPANNA-KELINGOO Ca\jcr\52/TOL-JLJ rr^rprr^[jyi\j(^ (Hort. Mai.) Yew-leaved
Polypody.

PoLYPODiUM Taxifolium (Lin.)

CI. and Ord. Ciyptogamia Felices. Nat Ord. Felices. Taanisblattriger Engelsuss (Norn. Triv.
WUld.)
We are informed by Rheede (Hort. Mai. part 12. p. 25.), that the leaves of this fern, reduced to
powder and taken in honey, are powerful emmenagogues and bring on abortions; he
therefore adds ^^muUeres ergo cavete vobis." Of it, Linnasus says (Spec. Plant. 1545.),
^^fronds pinnate; lobes approximating^ ensiform, parallel, acute, ascending; root roughhaired.'^
CCCCXXXVII.
WOODIAM PUTTAY (55^LULDL-ia2)L- (Tarn.)
fFoddiputta (Tel.) Ajasringgl 3f3Pfjft (Sans.)
Bark of the Woodia Tree.
Odina Pinnata (Koenig).
Odin A Wodier (Roxb.)
This bark, pounded very fine, and mixed with a little margosa oil, the Vytians consider as a
valuable application for old and obstinate ulcers. The tree is common on the Coromandel
coast, where its wood is much used for common carpenters' purposes..
It is of the CI. and Ord. Dioecia Octandria, and Nat. Ord. Dub. Ordinis: it appears to have
hitherto beea only described by Koenig. In Willdenow, of the same class and order, I find only
the genus populus.
Since writing the above I have seen Dr. Roxburgh's description of this tree in a manuscript
copy of the Flora Indica; he informs us, that it is a very large tree, of which nothing can be
said in favour, but that it grows quick. Of the essential character, he observes,
" Hermaph. Calyx four-toothed j corol. four-pe-talled; stam.^y drupe above, one-celled.
<< Male. Corcd^ calyx, and stamens, as in the hermaphrodite."
The tree is the jewul of the Bengalese; it is ctish' muUa in Hindoostanie, and compina in
Tellingoo.
CCCCXXXVIII.
WODOOWUNGHAI ggg\jnv^rrLU j[Tam.)
NtUbopoo-moostikaia (Tel.) Vishavriksha R^^^y
(Sans.) CadisJiaw Andrachne.

Andrachne Cadishaw (Roxb.)

CI. and Ord. Moncecia Gynandria. Nat. Ord. Tricoccae.
Wodocnvunghdi is a small nut, nearly the si^e of a filbert, which the Tamools reckon one of
their strongest poisons: about one pagoda weight pounded they believe to be sufficient to kill
a man: the leaves and toot of the plant are also considered as poisonous; the first, which no
animal will touch, is, in conjunction with kadukai (chebulic myrobalan) supposed to be a
good application for foul ulcers*
11 4
, Of the genus, of which Willdenow notices but two qiecies, the tekpfaoides andjruticosa, the
same author ays,
. **Masculi. CaL 5-phylIus; cor. 5-petala; stann S i styli rudimento inserta.
* Fehinei. Cal. 5-phyIlus j cor. 0; siyli 3 ; caps^ &locularis; sem^ 2.'^
^
CCCCXXXIX.

YERCUM VAYR GLu^e5^^LDGc5YJC^ (Tarn.) Root qfthe Gigantic Swallow-wort.

AscLEPiAs Gig ante A (lin.)
In addition to what I have said of thi plant, under the head of Mudar-root (voL i, p. 2270>
^^^ Yercum Pawlj and Yercum Vayr (vol. L pp. 486, 487, 488.), I shall simply observe, that
the reader may find some recent information respecting its medicinaJ properties in a
valuable paper by G. Playfair, Esq., in the first volume of the Transactions of the Medical and
Physical Society of Calcutta (p. 770- ^^^ gentleman gives a botanical description of the plant,
and describes the best method of preparing the mudar (or madar*); he says the diseases in
which it has been given with advantage are various; syphilis, lepra, cutaneous eruptions,
hectic fever, dropsy, rheumatism, glandular obstructions, tape worm, and intermittent fevers.
The form in which Dr. P. seems chiefly to I^ave prescribed the medicine is powder, in doses
of five or six grains twice daily.
* Which is the rind of the root, equally distinct from the brown external crust and the woody
part.
The charcoal of the wood of the yercum (Tam.), and the bark of the root, are much used by
the natives of the Coromandel coast in some of their phar maceutical preparations. The
plant is said to be a poison for goats and sheep, and is called in Canarese yecada. Rheede says
(Hort. Mai. part 2. p. 55J) that a decoction of the root of the ericu is given in intermittent
fever, and that it is also of advantage when prescribed for those swellings which women are
subject to after confinement. The asclepias gigantea was brought to Dr. F. Hamilton, with

other medicinal plants, while in Behar, and there called ak^ and in Sanscrit ajcka: the dry
leaves the Vytians of that province told him were burnt for the purpose of fumigating
obstinate sores (dushtrabany Hamilton's MSS.)

CCCCXL.
YETTIE COTTAY CLUL-_r3.^C^n-u.c22)U (Tam.) Poison NtUj or Nux Vomica.
Strychnos Nux Vomica (Lin)
See article Poison Nut, Vol. I. p. 317> or article CLXXL
CCCCXLI.
ZUKHUM HYAT cL^ ^^y Hemsagar
(Hind.) Mala-kullie (Tam.) Homedet alrobah
2;bpio*X4^(Forsk.) Hemasagara ^Jftl HI ^ (Sans.)
Cut'kaved Navel-wort.
Cotyledon Laciniata (Lin.)
CI. and Ord. Decandria Pentagynia. Nat Ord. Succulents?. Schtitzblattriges Nabelkrant (Nora.
Triv. Willd.)
. This is a plant, the bruised, succulent leaves of which are considered as a valuable
application in cases of foul ulcer: they are chiefly employed by the Mahometan practitioners;
and I can myself speak of their good effects in cleaning and allaying inflammation. It is called
by the Cochin-Chinese truongsinh^ rach-lat who consider it as refrigerant (Flon CochinChin, vol. i. p. 286, 287.) It is well described by Dr. Roxburgh, in his Flora Indica (MSS.); but
he does not appear to have been aware that it was con sidered as possessing any medicinal
properties: he says of it, " The roots and lower parts of the stem, which often rest on the
ground, are perennial; stems several, erect, branchy; leaves opposite, petioled; JUmer large,
in an oval pannicle, the divisions generally three-fold." The cotyledon laciniata is the
telephium Africanum (Pluk. Aim. 362. t 228.) and the planta anatis of Rumphius (Amb. v. p.
275. t. 95.) In the Hortus Bengalensis I find three species have a place. Willdenow notices
twenty-four species of cotyledon : most of them are African plants. Our article is an African
plant; but seems to grow also in India and Cochin-China.
CHAPTER II.
BOOKS IN VARIOUS EASTERN LANGUAGES CONNECTED WITH
MEDICINE AND OTHER SCIENCES.
A LIST 07 SANSCRIT MEDICAL AND OTHER BOOKS, verbatim as it was given to me by a
celebrated Hindoo physi cian of Southern India, and written by a learned native of the name
of Ramaswamy Naig.
1. Vydia Chintamunny.

A medical work said to be composed by Durmuiu trie.^ The book treats of the pulse, fevers,
spas-modic and nervous affections, derangements of the urinary organs^ &c.
S. Vydia Shattashikie.
Another work by the same author, on the Materia Medica.
3. Gonna Patwn.
Another work by Dhanwantrie, on natural history and the nature of the different aliments.
* The Tellingoos give to this celebrated author a divine oriflfin} or, perhaps, by Durmuntrte
they mean DhanvoarUari^ of whom some notice is taken in the preliminary observations to
this volume. Be that as it mav, several works of great repute are ascribed to him;
Commentaries on the Sacred Medical Sastras.
4. Curma Candum.
Another work by the same author, on the causes of diseases.
5. Roga Needdnunu
Another work of Dhamvantari*B, on peculiar con* stitutions and temperaments, and the
diseases arising therefrom.
6. Silpey Sastrum.
This work treats of the arts and manufactures of the Hindoos. It is held in the highest
estimation in the Southern provinces, and has been translated into Tamool and Tellingoo.
7. Vydia Sastrum.
A celebrated work on the Materia Medica^ by Dhamoantari.
For some account of the following Sanscrit books I am indebted to the same learned Hindoo
* who gave me the list as it now stands; whether the spelling of the words may l>e
conformable to what is adopted in Upper India, I much doubt.
8. Sooshrootum.
A work by Dharvwantari^ one of the incarnations of Vishnoo, consisting of six distinct heads:
! Relates to terms and definitions; 2. to the different parts of the body; 3. to the nature of
diseases; 4i. to the remedies ; 5. to the diet; and 6. to general management.
* Ramaswamy Naig.
9. Ustangha Heroodyem.
The author of this work is Vackbutta Vydeya. It consists of six parts : 1 the general

principles, or theory of physic; 2. relates to the human frame ; 3. to the nature of fever and
other diseases ; 4. to the remedies for them; 5. contains the art of compounds ing medicine;
the 6th, and last, treats of children's maladies.
10. Padardha CJiendreJcah.
The author of this work is Hamadry. It is also called Ayur-Veda Rasayanum, and is a medical
sas-trum, taken from the Ayur-Veda.
11. Servangascondary Teeka.
The author of this is Aruna Dutta. It is a com-mentary on the two last-mentioned books.
12. Heroodya Deepeka Neguntoo.
The author of this is Boshadavah. It is a dictionary or book of reference for the Ustangha
Heroo-dyem.
13. Sekitcha Sara Stmgrafiam.
The author of this is Vungasha. It treats of the nature of fever, and many other diseases, with
their remedies.
14. Sekitchah Meroota Sagaram.
The author of this is Devy Basah. Its subject is nearly the same as that of the last-mentioned
work; but it also includes such ailments as are brought on mankind by their iniquities.
15. Rasarutna Samoochayem.
The author's name is Vakbuitah. It treats of the medicines which are prepared with
quicksilver, arsenic, and nine other metals; also of sulphur, and precious stones, and
contains, besides, numerous formula&t applicable to various diseases.
16. Rassa Rutnacaram.
The author is Nitteyananda Siddah. It also treats of medicines prepared with various metals.
17* Rasa Sarum.
The author's name is Govindachany. It treats of the metals, likennse of precious stones,
pharmacy, and many curious mysteries.
18. Videya Chintamoney.
The author's name is VuUabendrah. It is a general treatise on diseases and their remedies.
19. Bhalum.

The author's name is Bhalacharyah Reshie. It is a work on nosology, and the practice of
medicine.
20. Sharunga Dareyam.
The author's name is Sharunga. It is a work nearly similar to the last-mentioned.
21. Bhashcyah Serwaswam.
This is a work composed by one of the sages of antiquity, name unknown. It treats of the
medicines applicable to a number of diseases.
22. Vydeyah Sarccvaly^ and Sidayoga Retncpoaly^ are two works similar to the lastmentioned.
23. KuUianah Carakah Bhashqjam.
The author is Woograditteya Chareya Reshie. A general work on medicine.
24. Shikritcha Kalekah.
A work on medicine, by Teesat.
25. Sarasungraham.
A medical sastrum, author's name not^known.
26. Vydeyamrootum.
A medical work, by Shevah.
9ri. Dunanmtry Saranedy.
A medical work, by Veyasah Maha Reshie.
28. Aurogyah Chintamoney.
A work on medicine, by Pundetah Damodareh.
29. Roogvy Nechayem.
A medical work, by Madava Chareyah.
SO. Shatashooloky.
A medical work, by an ancient writer, whose name is not correctly ascertained.
31. Chendracalah.
A medical work, by Bopa Dmoah.

32. Bavardah Dauyekah.

The author's name Vanyduttah. This and the preceding work are commentaries on the
Shatashooloky.
33. Vydeyah Jeevanam.
The author's name is SoUmhah Rajah. A short treatise on medicine.
34. Yoga Shatacum.
A short treatise on medicine, by Vararoochy.
35. Bashqjah Sungrahvm.
This work is also sometimes named ShatasuloJcy. It is a medical work by an ancient Doctor.
36. Chunnypatah Pada Chendreka.
The author's name is Manikeyah. It is a commentary on the last-mentioned work.
37. Chunjiypatam Avum.
This is a short work on thirteen different kinds of delirium.
38. Bhojanakootoohalum.
An interesting work, composed by Ragoonadah Soo7yi on the nature of alimentary
substances; it has frequent reference to the celebrated Derma Shastruniy and treats besides
on the constitutions of women as differing from those of men.
39. Ayoorvada Fracashum.
A work on the venereal disease, hy Madvopaddeycey.
40. Ayoorvada Mahododif.
A work on diet, by StteefMokak,
41. Chamutcmra Chintamany.
This is a manual for the treatment of many diseases, and written by Govindah Bxyah.
43 Vydeyavatumsum.
A work on diet, and general mMftgement of pa^ tients during the time they are taking
medicine, by Lotimba Rqjah.
43. Bhaskaju Culpum.

This is a curious work, giving the trivial names of the medicines, to make them accedsible to
common people; it is composed by a celebrated maha re-shie (prophet) called Bharedvigah.
44. Rqjah Neguntoo.
A work con^fiting of difTerent modicid tracts eompo^ed by Narasimma Pundit / it is also
dometiidai Mlled Abhydana Chudatnot^.
45. Putleydh Putleyah Vebodaha Neguntoo. A work very similar to the last
4&# Dummntry Neguntoo*
A work on medicine of very gret ftntiquity, ^tid extremely scarce in Lower India, composi^
by a maha reshie whose name is unknown.
This is a work ]ike the last; it is also sometimes named Shudrasa Negunto; it treats of several
medicines not in common use and also of various minerals and metals*
48. Mahapahmi. >
This work is said to have been dictated by Pala^ ccBoeya to Romapada Rajah ; it treats of
elephants^ their breeding, diseases^ &c ^
49* Sara Stndhoo.
This is a useful and curious work, which treats of horses, the best mode of breeding them,
their dis ^ases, &c
50. Siddayogah Reinavaly.
A rather desultoiy work on various diseases, by an ancient author.
51. Kalpastanum.
This is the name of a medical work, part of which was translated by Dr. Heyne, and to which
he makes frequent reference in his " Tracts Historical and Statistical on India/'
5^. Amerah Cosha.
This is a celebrated Sanscrit Dictionary, which gives an interesting account of many things
connected with natural history, &c.; it. was written by Amera Sinhah, and has been admirably
translated into English by H. T. Colebrooke, Esq.*
* Mr. Ward, in his excellent * View of the History of tbd^ Literature and Mythology of the
Hindoos" (vol. iv. p.341.}iii53. RqjabaUabba.
This is a work on the Materia Medica of the Indians; it is written by Naryanadasa in the Ben-

galese character. - .
54. Agni Purana.
; This is a celebrated work, pretended to have been delivered by Agni, the god of fire. Sir W.
Jones has called it an epitome of the Hindoo learning. Amongst many other subjects it
contains a valuable treatise on the healing art, applicable to man and beast; it is written in the
Bengalese characters. See Sir W. Jones's works, vol. xiii. pp. 405, 406.
A LIST OF TAMOOL MEDICAL AND SCIENTinC
BOOKS.
The greater number of these were origintHj written in hieh Tamool verse {yeUacanum) ;
others were composed in Sfmscnt, and subsequently translated into Tamool.
1. Vytia Vagliddtmi Ayrit Anyouroo cyudS^^Mj
A medical work by Reeshe Aghastier : it is written in Tamool poetiy, and consists of 1,500
verses.
forms us of the names of sixteen origipal medical writers^^aken from the Mdkandeyou
Pooranu; he also, in the same work,.and volume and pase, gives some account of the medical
tracto sCiU extant in the higher provinces of India: these appear some-what to differ Rom the
writings above mentioned, which are common in Lower Hindoostan.
* I have been at much pains to ascertain the period at which Aghastier lived, but have not
been able to procure any in^rmatum
K K 2
2. Tunmundrie Vdghddum grc5nrLCrBgfrr(TU/TB5?
A medical work, originally written by Tunmundrie in Sanscrit, and translated into Tamool
verse by Aghastier. It consists of 2000 verses. Tlie Hindoo practitioners hold it in high
veneration, for the particular account it gives of many diseases^ and the valuable receipts it
contains.
S. Cunda Pooranum (^rs^L^L.^rra^scrio

A work on ancient history, originally written ia Sanscrit verse, by Reeshe Aghastier, and
afterwards translated into Tamools by Cuchidpd Brarnmy. It consists of 1000 stanzas.
thM is Mtw&ctonry* He, like some other Rfeat wf4ters o# teiti* quity amongst the Hindoos,
is aaid to have had a divine origin; and the account of his birth (which may be found amongst
the sacred records of the great pagoda at Madura, in a book entitled ** Vooihra
Ranmoynom,*' composed by Vatdmeegar) is a very extraordinary one, but too indelicate to be

inserted here. This much, however, may be told, that he had two fathers, both gods; the one
named Mittheren^ and the other Vdranen (the deity of rain); and that the beautiful dancing
woman, Voorveshee, was the incitement to his creation, but not his mother. The infant child
was baptised Aghastier, by the seven holy prophets, and Peras-hatheebagavain (the high
priest of the gods); who, having performed certain religious ceremonies over him, put round
him the braminical and sacerdotal string, and ordered that he should be instructed in every
science. With increasing years, jfghastier became a most wonderful and enlightened
personage; and was not less celebrated for his great learning, than for his charity, piety, and
benevolence. He worked numerous miracles; and, besides many valuable medical books, he
wrote various dis* sertatfons on moral and natural philosophy. He composed in high Tamool
verse, according to the custom of the age in which he lived; and is said to have greatly
improved and refined his native language. This mdghd reeshe, or saint, is supposed to have
been bom in the Southern part of the peninsula ; and Ite-ligiosi relate, that he is even now, at
times, visible, and that hh healing spirit hovers amongst the mountains of CourtSlum.
4. Tiroofouleaudel Poordnum artr^crxSaAnTLJurrL. c7\!i_40"rr6OTrLD
A work on moral philosophy, originally written in Sanscrit, by Aghastier, and subsequently
translated Into Tamool verse by Purutyoutfy^ a Pundarum. It c^onsists of 3,367 stanzas*
5. Paosavedt/ \^^^rrcTXS^
This book treats 6f the religious rites and ceremonies of the Hindoos. It was written by
AghasHer^ and consists of SOO verses*
6. DeeJcshaavedy ^'Ui^JX^crxS^
A work which treats of magic and enchantment, on the use and virtues of the rosary, and on
the education of youth. It consists of SOO verses, and was written by Aghasticr.
7. Pemoo/QL-.Q^prg/rov)
A medical work, written by Aghastier^ in high Tamool. It consists of 10,000 verses, and treats
fully of all diseases, regimen, &c.
8. Pooma Nool L_ij^6OTrE/rLuav)
This book consists of 200 verses. It was written by Aghasticr^ and treats chiefly of exorcising;
it also contains many forms of prayer.
9 Pooma Soostrum \^^6(st5^^2JX^^Tio
A work on the intuition of religious disciples, and on their forms of devotion, and which also
treats of the materia medica and regimen. It was written by Aghastier, and consists of 216
verses.
KK 3
10. Tirmooler Vptia Vdghadum g^cjcycrocrcruULff

A medical work by Tirmooler^ a great prophet of antiquity. It treats particularly of the

symptoms of diseases, and of the diet that ought to be observed during the administration of
medicine. It was written in Tamool verse, and consists of upwards of 2000 stanzas.
11. CurmS Candiim ^Q[5LO^n-63orL-LD
A medical shaster by Aghastier, written in Tamool verse, and consisting of 300 stanzas;
supposed to be translated from the Sanscrit of Durmtmtrie. It treats of those diseases which
are inflicted on mankind for their follies and vices.
12. Aghastier Vytia Emoot Unjie ai0?2-O.5^^\ju
c^cnJLLS*s^Lu:2_/v\^
A work on medicine and chemistry, written by Aghastier J in Tamool verse, and consisting of
205 verses.
13. Aghastier Vytia Nootieumbid rsL|9> 2_a3^^LU^ crLjLU?a7S'''.-u/v\Q5@
A work in Tamool verse, written by Aghastier. It consists of 150 stanzas j and treats of the
purification, or rendering innocent, of sixty-four different kinds of poison (animal, metallic,
and vegetable), so as to make them safe, and fit to be administered as medicines.
14. Aghastier Vytia Vdghddttm Napotittoo o|FgD o
A medical shaster^ written by Aghastier^ in Tamool versci on the cure of gonorrhoea; and
consisting of 48 stanzas.
15. Aghastier Vytia Padinarroo sL|^2J3.5^g\ud^
A medical shaster^ written by Aghastier^ in Tamool, and consisting of 16 verses. It treats of
the. diseases of the head, and their remedies.
16. Aghastier Vy&a Erdnoof L|^2_o.s^S^LU'^avj
LL?5"^LJU2_\\ .
A medical shaster^ written by Aghastier^ in 200 Tamool verses. It treats of chemistry and
alchymy.
17 CalikiSnum ^2/re^^Lun-(srorLO
A work on theology, written, in Tamool verse, by Aghastier, and consisting of 200 stanzas.
18. Mooppoo (^"ljl-i
A medical shaster, written by Aghastier, in Ta^ mool verse, and consisting of 50 stanzas. It
treats of the eighteen different kinds of leprosy, and their cure.

19. Aghastier Vyfm At/rit Eranoor 24^2LQ5^g^Ju

A medical shaster, written ^V Aghastier, in Tib-mool verse, and consisting ^f y ^200 stanzas.
It treats of botany and the Materia X(e^^^^
A valuable work on medicia^, written hy Aglmtkr^ in Tamool verae^ and coniui^ting of 500
atongas. It treats very fully of many diseases, and contains a great variety of useful formulas.
21. Aghastier Vytia Moon-noor aje?2-a5^5raj'^
A work on pharmacy, written by Aghastier^ in Tamool verse, and consisting of SOO
^taa\zd^*
A LIST OF PERSIAN AND ARABIC MEDICAL AND SCIBNTinC BOOKS; the nanies of tome
of which were Uk#a flroi9 Stewrt*ii dici:iptive Catfdogue of Xin^po Sulttnlp Library.
1. CanoorUe Secundrie ^jod^^j^
The medical rules of Secunder. A Persian work originally written in Syrian, by Ydhiclkoorb^
and translated into Persian by Secunder. It treats fully of all diseases, and their remedies.
2. Krabadini Secundrie cP;*>jCM-^jjj^L|;t
The pharmacy of Secunder. A Persian work, originally written in Syrian by Ydhidlcoorby and
translated into Persian by Secunder A
* The account of the medical and other works of Aghastitr in the foregoing h'st^ was
obligin<(Iy procured for me by Dr. M. Christy, from a learned Brahmin belonging to tlie great
pagoda at Madura.
\ A beautiful copy of this celebrated work, in four volumes folio was presented to the Royal
Asiatic Society by H. Tf Cole-brooke, Esq.
A celebrated Persian medical work, written by Akbar (commonly known by the name of
Mahumud Arzanie), which treats fully of diseases and their r^medi^
4. Krabadini Sh^ak ^^UL^AL|p;
The pharmacy of Sh^fSie, compiled in Persian by Hakeem Muzi(ffisr, son of HussenU
Sliefaie^
5. Mnfurdatie Secunderee (Sj^HL^^cS^^^
A work on the Materia Medica, originally written in Syrian, by YaMakoorb^ and translated
into Persian by Seeunder. It seems to be a curious and interesting work, as it not only gives
us the opinions of the old Arabian physicians regarding the articles of tha Materia Medica,
but also many of the later notions of the Medical men of Europe*
Q. MtffUrdaiie Moomind U^^ol^^ji^

A work on the Materia Medica by Moomnd^ in Persian, but originally written in Arabic*
* It is well known, that the Arabians, at a very eaiiy periodt cultivated the science of medicine;
but little information has reached us regarding any of their physicians of note, previous t
Serapion and Avenzoary who lived in the seventh and eighth centuries. These were followed
by Rhazes, Aviceima* Miue% Rabbi Moise^ Halt Akkas^ Msarttdns and others, who
fiourisbed during the tenth, eleventh, and twelfth centuries. It is true, UmH they were almost
mere copiers of the Greeks (many of whMt valuable writings fell into their hands, after
having roiraoulotislj escaped the fury of the Saracens, at the destruction of the se^ eondf
library at Alexandria), yet it m to thorn thai the worid stands indebted for many articles of
^^^ repute ia tha Materia
t Sm GriMi'sCksubsllhs JEU^^tieataC MsOioa &&%*>iQa^
7* Kitab UlSdweed wul Agzeeaht Aboo Yakoob Ishaak bin SoUmaan Ul IsrSitie
A work in Arabic on medicine and regimen, by Aboo Yakoob Ishaak, the son of Solimaan
UllsraiUe.
8. KUab IMdweea Bin BptarjX^^^iu^i^iU^
A medical work in Arabic, which treats of all simple medicines, by Bin Bptar.
9* Kitab tdjicdrie wul Husbah aboo Giq/ur Ahum^ mud Bin Mahumud
A work in Arabic on small-pox and measles, by Aboo Giqfvr Bin Mahumud.
10. Kitabi Sirsam too Birsam Aboo Giq/ur Ahum-' mud Bin Mahumud
A work in Arabic on phrensy and madness, by Aboo Giq/ur Bin Mahumud.
Medica, and for having first encouraged that research into the vegetable kingdom^ which
has, in later ages, proved so beneficial to mankind.
It would seem as if the S3aians had been antecedent to the Arabs in translating from the
Greek ; and there are extant many Arabic tracts, professedly taken ft-om the Syrian, which are
known to have been originally written by Hippocrates. Nor did the industrious followers of
Mahotnet rest contented with borrow-itig from the Greeks^ the then most enlightened
nation of Europe; we find that they were also in the habit of looking towards the more remote
regions of the East, to increase their stock of knowledge, and of translating into their own
language some of the meaico-tlieological tsonipositiohs of the Indian physicians.
11. Kitab Ulsoomoom
jljou j^U.^1 C5^l3 j'oou oUU <s^ Jai^,A jy j,^*^1 u^U^
A work in Arabic on poisons; originally written by the Indian * Shanak, afterwards translated
into Persian by Aboo Hatem, and subsequently into Arabic by Abbas Said U^owhdrie.

12. KitdU Shawshoord AUdndie ^^ja^!^^L&i-lj:r

An Arabic work, which treats of the articles of the Materia Medica, and gives rules by which
they may be distinguished. Originally written by the Indian Shawshoordf and afterwards
translated into Arabic.
13. Kiiab Ulghuza wul Mughtozie Aboo CHqfur Uttobeeb i^.j^\jijL>.yAishJj^^
A book in Arabic, which treats of aliments, and. of the sick who use them, by Aboo Giqfiir
UttO'^ beeb.
14. Kitah Ulnubz Ul Aristoo ^amji\^ja^\%^\ji
A work in Arabic on the pulde, originally writteir by Aristotle; first translated into the Syrian
language, and subsequently into Arabic.
15. Mujiirdatie Ghunfiie Mahumud J^o^^^ii^b JU
A work in Arabic on the Materia Medica, by Ghunnie Mahumud*
* A curious fact, ascertaiuiDg the borrowing of Hit Arabianl' from the Indians.
16. Ulfaz Udmyih
The Materia Medica, in the Arabic, Persian, and Hindooie languages ; compiled by
Nonr^ddeen Mo-hammed AMiUlah SJurdzy^ physician to the Emperor Skd/ifehdn; with an
English translation by Mn Francis Gladwin.
17 Jamt al Ulum ^yuil ^U
A treatise, in Persian, on universa] science (viz.), on astrology, geography, physic, music,
theology, war, agriculture and horticulture, omens, talismans, chemistry, magnets, &c.,
composed by Suftf Moham-med GhoSf of Gwaliar.
18. Juahir Nameh x*U
The science of precious stones, and minerals of all kinds, written in Persian, by Mohammed
Ben-munsur, and dedicated to Abul Nuaur Hassen Be-hadiu: Khan.*
19. Khuas al Hejar j\csi^\ (jo'^:^
A treatise on gems and mineral<^, translated into Persian from the Arabic by Allamy
Tuffa$hy.
20. Khuas al Htvan {^^y^^^ u^'j^
A very excellent natural history of animals, translated into Persian from the Arabic of Hayyet
al Hau varif by Mohammed Tuky Tabrizy^ and dedicated to Shah Abass the second, of Persia.

* Another valuable work on the same subject is entitled %JuX^a3j\^^ "SS j^\y>^ JSS
i^l^Uj? ^U^; it is composed by
Achmed Teifasdtey and has been admirably translated into Italian by Antonio Raineri,
Professor of Oriental Languages at Florence.
21. Mtffmtui al Sendyi %Aj^\ ^.k^^
The repository of arts, in Persian; containing instructions for making artificial gems or
stones, co^ lours or paints of all kinds, also fire-works y to which is added, the art of dyeing
cloths, silks, &c. This work was compiled during the reign of Aurung* sebe \ the author is
Zein al Aabidin
22. Resaleh Rung va Bvjf is^ ^j ^\mj
A treatise, in Persian, on the art of dyeing cloths, and of composing perfumes; it is a
collection of receipts on these subjects, made by order of Tippoo JSultan.
23. Muferredat Der Umi Tibb u^ jJU^a ob^i*
A treatise, in Persian, on botany and natural history, translated from French and English
books, by order of Tippoo Sultan,
24. Itmam al Dirayet Skereh Lughayet
A very diffuse Arabic treatise on generid science.
25. Zekhtreh KhuSrizm Shay ^Ift f^J^^
The preface of this Persian work gives a description of the kingdom of Khuari2in, its climate,
water, soil, and products. The ten chapters of the wmk treat of many diseases, general as well
as loca^ isurgery, eruptions, poisons and their antidotes, and of medicines simple and
compound. The first chapter particularly details the various sciences and subjects requisite to
be known by a physician previous to commencing his practice. The author is Imnael Men
Hussein Ben Mohamed Jorany^ and the worit is dedicated to Khuarizim Shaw.
26. Khiffi Alai ^5U cJUl
A treatise, in Persian, on the preservation of health; containing well written essays on air,
season^ houses, clothing, food, water, wine, sleep, exercise, emetics and purgatives,
involuntary vomiting, bleed< ing, shaving, and disease in general; to which are added
precautions to be observed when exposed to the inclemency of the weather; by the above
author {Ismael Ben Hussein)^ in A. D. 1113.
27, TibU YadgSrJ^:^L v
A sensible Persian treatise on medicine, in four teen chapters, to which is added an
extensive pharmacopoeia ; by the above author.

, 28. KifSieti Mtyahidin ^^j^j^Ut^ CJJi

V An exposition of diseases, in Persian, particulariy those to which women are subject, with
the proper mode of treating them ; to which is added an essay on the management and care of
children. Author, Munsur Mohammed; dedicated to Sekunder Shah the second, of Dehly.
Composed A. D. 1300.
29. Dustur al Ilcg giWJjjyu*,^
A diffuse work, in Persian, on the practice' of physic, by Sultan Aly of Korassan, A. D. 133*.,
dedicated to Abu Said Behaudur Khan, Emperor of the Moguls.
30. Maadeni ShefcL Ui (jj*x^
The mine of remedies, or the physician's vade mecum; containing a long list of diseases, with
the proper method of cure, alphabetically arranged; it is in Persian ; the author Aly Ben
Husserty of Bokhara; A.D. 1368.
.j|HAP. H* . MATERIA INDICA* T^ 11
31. Rahet al Insan /^Ui Nl C<s>]j
, A general treatise on medicine, in Persian; to which are added, prayers, charms, &c. for
averting sickness. Author, Abd al Cvimy Ben Shehad, A. D. 1S76.
32. Tohfet Khany ^U li^
A volume containing the whole science of medicine. The first chapter treats of the knowledge
and learning requisite for a physician, and the four other chapters treat of ail diseases,
general as well as local, to which both sexes are subject; of their cures, and also of medicines,
simple and compound, and poisons and stings of noxious animals, with the cures for them ; it
is in Persian. The author is Mahmud Ben Mohammed^ physician of Shirazj written A. D.
1496.
S3. Maaden al Shtfai Sekunder Shahy
^L& j^Sim (fUUsJI t^yyjL^
The mine of remedies, a general treatise on the science of physic, in Persian. Author, Beva
Ben Khuas Khan; A. D. 1512.; and dedicated to Sekunder Shah the second.
34. Tohfet al Momlnin ^^^y^^ i^
The whole science of medicine, compiled from various authorities, both Sanscrit and Arabic;
it is in Persian. Author, Mohammed Momm Vuld Mo* hammed Dilimy.^
35. Muntekhab Tohfet al Mdmimn
An abridgment of the above work, held in much esti tnation. The author isHussen

NasirAUah; A.D. 1587*

* A copy of this work has been presented to the Royal Asiatic Society by H^T* Cdebrookci,
Esq
36. Tuctum al Adviah ju^j^^l ^^^
The a{>otlieca]ies' vade mecum, in Persian^ contains an extensive list of medicines, with a
deseripliafi of their qualities and uses, arranged in regular tables. Author unknown.
97* CorSbtdlfty MasQmff ^yaiu^^:u>Jt^

The complete dispensatory, in Persian; in which the various qualities of medicines are
defined, and proper modes of compounding them fully explained. Author, Mastrni Ben
Ibrahim ShlrSxy ; A. D. 164dj.
88. Ikhttarati Bedld va Agkrdz al Tibb
Two volumes, in Persian. The first contains a long list of medicines, simple and compound,
and describes their uses* The second comprises the whole science of physic, uniting the
theory of the ancients with the practice of the moderns. Authors, All/ Ben Htissem of Bagdad,
and Ismdil Ben Hus^ sein al Jorany.
ji?
39. Tdshrih ^.j^
The whole anatomy of the human frame: a work, in Persian, held in great estimation, and of
considerable merit. Author, Munsur Ben Mohammed. Dedicated to Pir-Mohammed Jehangir,
grandson of Timur, in A. D. 1396.
4*0. Tucuim al Abdan (^l*x^5>5 hi^
An analysis, in Persian, of the human frame; with a discussion of the various complaints each
member is separately liable to, aocl the pr<H>er remediea for
CHAP# lU MATB&IA INDICA. tfIS
every disease explained. The whole is in ruled co^ lumns^ and arranged in tables. Authori
Yaheja Ben Issa Afy J^zzar.
41. Tibbi Akbery. Tejurribati Akhery. Corahi^
Three different work^ in Persian. The first is a translation of the Arabic work Shereh al
Asbab, a celebrated tract on the causes, signs, and remedies of diseases. The second is a
general treatise on physic. And the third contains an extensive phamuu copoeia of the
medicines used in Hindoostan. The author of the above works was Mohammed Akbar

Arzdny^ physician to the Emperor Aurungzebe, to Wbom they are dedicated.

4&. Ei3z Alvmgiry ^^JU o^L^
An esteemed treatise, in Persian, on medicines^ food, and clothing; hy Mohammed Riza:
dedicated to the Emperor Aurungzebe.
43. Sehet al AmrSz va Corabtdird Sh^
Two volumes, in Persian. The first is said to con* tain prescriptions for the cure of all
disorders; and Ihe latter the complete dispensatory, alphabetically arranged. The authors are
Pir-Mohammed Guzeratty, A.D. 1726., and Muzuffer Shtfa.
' 44. KanSni Sekundery. MuSUjeh Sekundery. CorSba^ni Sekundery
Three volumes, in Persian. The first contains a treatise on all disorders to which manldiid
isire ^tttgec^
VOL. II. L L
with the proper modes of cure. The second is an appendix to the last The third contains a
complete pharmacopoeia of the medicines used in the Camatic. The author, Sekunder Ben
Ismail of Constantinople, J)h3rsician to Nabob Mohammed Aly Khan of Arcot, to whom the
three volumes are dedicated; the first in 1747> and the last in 1751.
, 45. MaaderU TejerrebcU cA^j^ i^y^^^
The mine of experience; an esteemed Persian^ treatise on medicine, alphabetically arranged,
in which the virtues of each drug are particularly ex pldned. Author, Mohammed Mahdy^ A.
D. 1756.
46. Ferungi TdUbdn. Mizani Tibb. Nuskheh Adviah *j^\ xi^. v^ {^y^^ Ci^^^ ^^y
Three volumes. The first is a Persian medical dictionaiy, containing a very extensive list of
medicines, with a description of their qualities, alphabetically arranged. The second contains
a well-written treatise, in Persian, on heat, cold, drought, moistiure, and pregnancy. The third
is a collection of medical receipts on different subjects. Authors, not known. It is also in
Persian,
47. Tejerribeh Hakim Aly Akbar va Resaleh Tibb
Two volumes, in Persian. The first is a difiuse treatise on physic, compiled chiefly from actual
practice. The other is a treatise on medicine, in which the danger of trusting an ignorant
person to compound is strongly dwelt on. Authors, AJy Akbftr^ and Mohammed MastmL
48. Timrit duum der Hbb va Mtymvi Retail
Two volumes. The first is a general treatise, in Persian, on the disorders to which the human
species is incident. The other contains three essays, also in Persian, on the following subjects;

viz. medicine, astrology, and interpretation of dreams. Authors, Akf Yar Khan^ and AhuH
Fuzl Hussdru
49* JSmi al FUaid va F8ideh al Akhar
Two volumes, in Persian. Both works are com-pendiums off or selections from, the most
esteemed books of physic. Author, YusttfBen Mohammed,
m
50. KhoWseh al TyerrebSt va Resaleh Choh Chiny
^ v>^ *ju, ^ ob^i a^ju
Two volumes, in Persian. The first contains three short treatises on medicine, and the art of
dyeing cloths, and making paper. The latter is an essay on the virtues of the chob chiny.
Author, Mohammed Men Musaud.
51. Asrari Atibba va Shefdi al Rget
Two volumes, in Persian. The first contains essays on the virtues of medical amulets and
charms, for averting or removing disease j the other is a curious treatise on medicine, in
verse. Author, Shehab Ad* deen.
x-t e
S16 MATERIA. INDICA. MlBLT U^
Si. Tgerrebeh ^Jij^ ^.^UU. *iwi>j
A general treatise in Persian, on physic; v^ith observations derived from actual practice.
Author's name JctmSsp.
53. Bihr al Munqfi ^U*II ^
The sea of profit A diffiise Persian work on midwifery, treatment of children, enchantment^
exorcising devils^ &c.
54t. ToJifet Mohammedy ^<x#4yo Sio^j
A general treatise on Medicine, alphabetically ar^ Tanged, dedicated to Tippoo Sultan, by
Mohammed Nasir Turk. The work is in Persian.
55. KanSn Der Ihni Tibb caL jJU^ cuiy^
' A translation into Persian of the complete London Dispensatory. Translated by order of
Tippoo Sultan.
56. Terjumeh Ketabi Angriz >*yJC;l i^\jS *4^j3 Terjumeh Ketabi Fring S^y9 v^ *^^^y

Two volumes, in Persian. The first is a translation in Persian, of an English treatise on

electricity and medical experiments; the other is a translation of Dr. Cockbume's treatise on
the disease called intus* susceptio.
57. Tohfeh Kant IlSj ^5U (^\i ^
' The whole system of farriery, or veterinary art, in Persian, describing all the diseases of
horses, and their cure. It is a translation from the Hindi, by Mohammed Cassim Ben Sherif
Khun.
58. Resakh Tibln Aspan ^^jUmS 4-^ *JL^
A much esteemed work on irriery, in PersAan. Translated from Sanscrit by Zem al AmUf
AuJX ISlQf and dedicated to Shims Addeen Muz%j^t Shakh
59. Ckmm Fit Tibb i^l ^ ^^\S
In two volumes. This Arabic work is well known in Europe under the name of the Canons of
Avicenna. It treats of medicine and diseases in general, simple and compound medicine, their
qudities and virtues, also of anatgmy; it consists of five books. The autho^ is the celebrated
Abu Aly Hussein Ben Ahd AttcA Ben SlnSj or Avicenna; he was bom in the city cf Bokhara,
A. D. 980, and died at Hamadan in Persia, A. D. 1036; he was considered as the greatest
philosopher and physician of his age. An edition of his work in Arabic wa3 printed at Rome,
in 1595, afterwards translated into Latin, and published at Venice, in 1608. ' 60. HulU Miffiz al Canum ^^^UUi y^yc y^
Annotations, in Arabic, on the Commentary of Ala Addeen Aly Al Coreishy Ibn Nafis^ who
died A.I](. 1288; termed, Mtffiz al Canum Fil Tibb, being an epitome of the Canons of
Avicenna: the work consists of four chapters. The author is Nafiz Ben Avhf who resided at the
court of Ulugh Beig, about the middle of the 15th century.
61. Shereh Nafisy ^mjii &
A commentary, in Arabic, on the above work, by the same author.
i^'L S
62. Almogkny Ft Shereh alMujiz y^y^S rA (^ C5^WI
A commentary, in Arabic, on the Mujiz of Ala Addeen Aly Ben AbU al Hazim al Coreishy^
being a compendium of the science of physic, compiled from the works of Hippocrates,
Galen, Avicenna, HonaSn AhrSzy^ and others. It is divided into four chapters. The author is
Sedid Addeen Gazenmy.
63. Shereh Ashah va Ildntut cX^^^ ^KxmS ^
A commentary on the Asbab va Ilamut of Nqjb Ad* deen Mohammed Omar. It is a celebrated
Arabic treatise on the causes, signs, and remedies of diseases, by N^BenAviz^ dedicated

toSultanUlugh BeigGuigan.
64. Tezkireh Ta^dideh va HSvy Saghlr

Two volumes, in Arabic. These are both general treatises on medicine. Authors' names,
Mohammed IshSk and Hqfiz Mohammed.
65. Bihr al Juahir va S6lwd al Mustaham
Two volumes, in Arabic. Two diffuse treatises on medicine in general. Author, Mohammed
Ben Yitstifof Herat.
66. Durr al Munt&khub va Resaleh Tibb
Two volumes, in Arabic. Abridgements or com-pendiums of the foregoing works. Authors
unknown.
67. Masir ul Amrd k!^^J^U
Memoirs of illustrious men, composed hyShahnavaz Khan (^\sLj\yj%\^* Is a work in
Persian, in great repute.
68. Tucvim al Advlah va Mokhteser Jatlnus..
4 *
The physician and apothecary's tables, in Arabic; in which the disorders of the human frame
are de^ scribed and proper remedies detailed; to which is added an abridgement of the works
of Galen. Author
Abul Fazil Ben Ibrahim of Tabriz.
...
69. Zubdeh al Hikim, va KhSas al FSakih
Two volumes, in Arabic. The first contains rules for the preservation of health, by a proper
attention to food, dress, cleanliness, &c.; also a treatise on farriery. The second is an essay on
fruits, describing their good and bad qualities. Author's name, Ahmed Ben Mohammed^ and
dedicated to Secunder Pasha.,
70. Sudr Shereh Hedayet al Hikmut
A very copious commentary, in Arabic, on the Hedayet al Hikmut^ comprising the whole
course df the sciences read in the schools. A work much es-. teemed amongst the
Mohametans of Hindoostan. Author, Mohammed Ben Ibrahim Sudr, Chief Judge of Shiraz.

71. Ketab al Shefa ULSJl v^

A celebrated system of natural philosophy, in Arabic (twenty-four chapters), theology,
metaphysics, logic, rhetoric, arithmetic, mathematics, geometry, astrology, anatomy* poetry,
and music, by Abu Aby Ben Sina {Avicerma).
72. Biht al UyHn (^yfiS
A Persian treatise^ translated into Arabic, on the fonnatioQ of the elixiri or philosopher's
stone, geo-mumcyf talismans^ &c. Author unknown; the work is dedicated to Amir Syed
Casim.
N. B. Russel, m his History of Aleppo, speaks of a valuable Persian manuscript, entitled
<<The History of Philosophers who lived in the Year 197^ of the Heejera j'* he also mentions
a " History of Physi-dans,^' by all accounts a curious work, written by
A'FURTHER LIST OF TAMOOL BOOKS, procured for me by a learned Vytian of Southern
India.
1. KylSsa ChtUtamoony VadanSol.
^ This work explains the art of making nine metals into strong powders. It also treats of
arsenic and other powerful medicines.

2. Boger Elnooroo (700 verses).

This teaches the mode of compounding many powerful medicines.
3. Caresel Puryddy qf Aghastier MoofiDoroo (300 verses).
This teaches how to compound strong powders, pills, and other forms of medicine.
* Tlie reader who is anxious about Arabic and Persian literature, is particularly referred to
Stewart's admirable Descriptive Catalogue of Tippoo Sultan's library.
CHAF. II. HATOAIA IKDICA; S9l
4. Nadysdstrum* : This work treats of the pulse.
5. Vjfdeya Vagadum.
This work enumerates the names and nature of many diseases and medicines.
6. Concammnar Nodi.
This teaches how to compound many powerful medicines.

7. Cumbdhf ChtUtamoony Neguntoo.

A dictionaiy of drugc^ and the art of compoundii^ medicines.
8. Boger ydgamarga MtSSleJca.
Coyastddyt or the art of strengthening the body: Yogasiddt/f or the art of making culpums *
and sev0^ ral other medicines.
9. Aghastier Vydeyah MoonSoroo (300 verses).
This chiefly instructs us in the art of making various powders. 10. Boganinar Teroomtmtrum* . This explains the art of preparing several medicines, into which the metals enter.
11. Pannamaday SeUady.
This treats of several medicines prescribed for different diseases. * CtdpufMi 9Btt any preparadons made to ttrengthea the bddy.
12. Bogur Noguntoo.
Treats of corrosive and soluble dnigs also of pre* clous stones, and of various animals. It
moreover instructs us how to mitigate the violence of powerful drugs, and to make spirits and
tinctures.
IS. Yoo Yee Moony EtmSSroo (800 verses).
This explains the art of preparing several medicines in general.
14. Dvnvuntry Vagada Vydeya Chintamoney.
This teaches us how to judge of the pulse;.and 4Uso treats of fever and other diseases^ and of
the "best mode of prescribing for them.
15. VeySdy GoonaVagadtm.
: Treats of the pulse; it also treats of many diseases, 4Uid of the nature of animals, and
contains some valuable receipts.
16. PonnamtUtay Palaculembum Attavany.
This enumerates several medicines, and treats of a few diseases \ it is not a book much
sought after.
17. Attavany Vagadam. A work similar to the last

18. Agarady Neguntoo.

A dictionary of medicine, of good repute.
19. Aghastier Auyerutty Annoaroo. (1500 verses). , A geperal work on the Materia Medica.
20. AghasHer AranSSroo (600 verses).
21. Aghasiier Modpoo Anbadoo (50 versea).
22. AghasHer GoonnowSgadam MoonSSr (500 verses).
23. Aghastier Dundahum Nooroo (100 verses).
These are various works of Aghastier on chemistry and physic They also treat of theology, and
of the best means of strengthening the human frame.
24. Netra Vydeam MoonSSr (300 verses)
On the nature of the diseases of the eyes, and the best remedies for such complaints.
25. Kermapdcum MoonSSr (300 verses).
On the diseases occasioned by sin in this world, or occasioned by man's imprudence.
26. Cestravedy MoonSdr (300 verses).
The art of surgery is explained in this work.
27. Detchctoedy EmoSr (200 verses).
A work on physic, said to be from divine inspiration.
28. Shessyam Nooroo (100 verses),
29. Wotteyam Moopatyrendoo (32 verses).
The following six arts are explsdned in these two books, viz., vussyam, stumbanam,
moganam, auker-shanam, oochatanam, i^xj^^natn*
* What the arts are, |v -jUicn^^ 4oes not mentiwi.
VM MATERIA IKDICA; FABT tU
SO. Yodgy Moony ChintOmarn^ EMfOr (700 verses).
Both chemistry and the science of physic are treated of in this work.
31. Cdraker Vypoo NOSroo (100 verses). A work similar to the last mentioned.

82. Concaner GoonavSgadam AnnOOroo (500 verses).

The good and bad effects of medicines are here treated of, and medicine in general.
33. Chuttamooneyar GBnam EmOOr (200 verses).
A curious work^ being partly theological and partly medical.
Si. Chuttamooneyar Oulpum NOdroo (100 verses).
The art of making strengthening medicines from various plants.
35. JlSmadaver AnnJiliroo (500 verses). 3G. llQmadavcr EmWroo (200 verses).
Both of these books treat of corrosive and soluble drugs, also of chemistry and general
medicine.
37. CamSlamoony Sootrum Elvalelloo (77 verses). This treats of chemistry and physics.
38. Edacattoo Sidderpaudel Moopattunyoo (3,5 verses).
A work similar to the last
pHAJP. II. MATERIA,.INDICA. JSJS^
LIST OF MEDICAL* WORKS in the hands of the native
. practiUonen qf Cej^lon; they are mostly in Sanscrii^ which
m that island is written In the Cingalese character; manj of
them, however, are translated into- Cjmgaiese. The list was
procured for me hy the late much-lamented W. Tolfrey, Esq.
. of Ceylon.
BOOKS CONTAINING THE KAMBS OV MEDICINAL HBBS> PLANTS,
ETC.

1. Wasudeva Neghandoo, 938 verses. 2. SastDoti Nighcmdoo, 336 verses. 3. NamawaU

Neghandoo^ S90 verses. 4. Sara Neghandoo^ 112 stanzas.
MOKS RELATING TO THE NATURE AND SYMPTOMS OF DISEASBlf^ AND TO THE
ANATOMY OF THE HUMAN FRAME.
. 1. Arishtd Sataka^ 100 stanzas. 2. Madhaiva Nidhana^ 1375 verses. S. I^arirashana. 4.

Sutras^ thana. 5. Rup&l&ksh&nil. The number of stanzas in the three last unknown.

BOOKS ON THE QUALITIES AND PROPERTIES OF MEDICINAI.

PLANTS, DRUGS, ETC.
1. Guna Patha, 700 stanzas. 2. Siddh&usMdhH Nigh&ndddf S31 verses*
* In Ceylon, as Mr. Tolfirejr writes me, it is affirmed by the Shastree Brahmins, that die
science of medicine was comniuD cated by M&hH BrUhma to the BrMma D&kshli
PrajaveUt; by Prajapaii it was communicated to the Asmns, (who, in Mr. Cole-brooke's Amera
Cosha, are termed the physicians of heaven); the two Amoim communicated it to SatcrOf the
chief of the^ gods inhabiting the six lower heayens, by whom it was communicated to the
nine sages (under written), mentioned on their going to Jtiim with one accord to seek a
remedy for the evils brou^t np<m mankind by their iniquities; they communicated it to theK
ing of Casi {Benares)f whoge descendants caused it to be committea to writing:
BOOKS ON THE NATURE AND CURE 07 DISBA8SA.
r 1. MofgusOf 4770 stanzas. 2. YSgamdwiL Wd^ rasara^angraha. Sarasangsepa. CkintamiM.
Wai dbfolankara^ 278 stanzas.
BOOKS TAKEN VR01f| OR RATHER COMlfENTARISS ON THS
IfANJUSA.
1. Ydg&pit&kS. 2. Bhaishqjja Kalpa. 3. Ldk'-ehana JifyddSwd. 4. WdrHydgd sara^ 5000
sentences. 5. KdldwidhiL 6. RdtnSkSnd; the former 400 sentences, the latter 4000 verses.
^OOKS TREATING 07 THE MEDICINES TO BE USED IN DinERXNT
DISEASES.
1. Bhaishqjia Mam MaJama^ 1166 stanzas. 2. Scl* tasloka, 100 stanzas. 3. Ydgd SdtiUcB^ 100
stanzas.
N.B. For the compilation of the Margusa^ which, it would appear, is considered as a treatise
of great inerit, no less than sixty-three medical sastnims were analysed, and the most
valuable parts of them selected. Some of the most remarkable of the works, are the BhSlSt/A,
the Abudane, the Sard Sdngrdhd^ and the Patha Stuldhiya. I cannot conclude what I have to
say of the Ceylon medical books, without mentioning Marshall's excellent work on the
topography of Ceylon, in which he notices many diseases which are of frequent occurrence in
that island, and speaks of a medical sastrum (Veda Patta), part of which was translated into
English, by the Rev. M. Lam-brick, but who could not ascertain the author's name. I merely
put a question here, whether it may not be the Guna Pdthd, which, as we have seen above, is
one of the two books which treats of me*

s
CHAP. H. BCATERIA IKDICA* 527:
dicinal plants; or it may be, perhaps, the Patha Sud^ dhh/Of one of the sixty-three had
recourse to in compiling the Manjusa. Nor is less praise due to Mn Hoaston^ of Ceylon, for
his researches, respecting both the Materia Medica, and the practice of medi cine of the
Cyngalese, as contained in a paper lately laid before the Literary Society of Ceylon.
CHAPTER HI
KABfES Of DX8SA8E8 IN VARIOUS SAST&ltN LANO0AG2&
ABSCESS. Vipoordie crxstji^^r^^ (Tam.) V^^ (Arab.) Biirra porSh Ij^. ijj (Duk.) Vipoordie
(Tel.) Mayhd vrdnum (Sans.)
ANASARCA. Neer covay rffd'^Q.^rrssxT^ (Tam.) ^\ iJSSu (Malay). Istiskha UuJu-l (Duk.
also Arab.) Vishd pdndoo (Tel. and Sans.) also (Arab.)
APOPLEXY. Assddie Sinnie 24*^ar^=c22x5^ (Tam.) iSflfwmVdjrfam (Malayalie).
Sawangila(M2layy Sdhumnd Lu^ (Duk.) JRoodra vaioo (Tel.) aaC-(Arab.) also vI^j^ (Arab.)
Hooroodrogum (Sans.)
ASCITES. Maghddrum LoQ^rr^rru^ (Tam. and Malayalie). Jellunder ^JJJU (Duk.) MaghO'
drum (Tel. and Sans.)
ASTHMA. Stwasa cdshum er(yLj/T0=^/Te=LD (Tam.) Isak (Malay). Dummd ^^ (Duk.) Suvasa cdshum (Tel. and Sans.)
ASTHMA, SPASMODIC. Mundard cdshum LDa5ffn-/T^n-e=LD (Tam.) Engah (Malayalie).
Dumma j^^ (Duk.) Mdnddra cashtim (Tel.) ^ (Malay). Mayha cashum (^oxi^.) UA(Pers.)
^Ju^ (Arab.)
BOIL. SiUdndie f^cror^S^ (Tam.) Doomool J^A (Duk. and Arab.) (j^U? (Pers.) Koorpoo
(Tel.) Aroohoo (Sans.) Bisol (Malay). UtUar (Jav.)
BOIL, RAJAH, or CARBUNCLE. Pukka poolavay Lj^K'LJL.S'yiaaJcru (Tam.) Rqj porah *jy^'
^b (Duk.) Pukka poondoo (Tel.) Kdiipama (Sans.)
BUBO. Aridpoo sLjca^n-Lun-LJi-i (Tam.) Bud Ju (Duk.) Jia (Pers.) 6i^ (Arab.) Wodishe
gheddd (Tel.) Vunkshdnaroohoo (Sans.) Arak-lesham (Malayalie).
BURN. NerrSpoo puttd p6on GG5Q[5''l-j lj''l_ L-'_'M<5OTjr (Tam.) ^SsL (Pers.) ^./>
(Arab.) Angar sie Jilnah \ii. ym jtjS (Duk.) Inghaium pdddd poondoo (Tel.)
Aghniduktavrdnum (Sans.)
CANCER. Poottoo msts/ (Tam.) Arbuda (Malayalie). Nasoor^yJJ (Duk.) Nasur (Malay), also

(joAs^^yi (Malay). Nagarapa (Bali). Poottd (Tel.) Vulnmykum (Sans.) (j^>lfcj-- (Arab.)
CARBUNCLE, or RAJAH BOIL. See Boil, Rofah.
VOL. II. M M
CARPANG.* Cdrdpang ^rpLJLjrrcjor (Tarn.) Kurpan (jjly. / (Duk.) Cdrdpanie (Tel.) Rooshi*
turn (Sans.)
* This 18 an appellation giren, in India, to those er^iptions on children, which are
unaccompanied with fever, and which shew tliemselves at different periods, during the first
three or four years of their life. The Tamool practitioners reckon a great variety of them; but,
perhaps, they may, with propriety, be confined to the five foUowmg:
1. Chbng carpano. This corresponds with our red gum {strophulus intertinctus). It usually
shews itself at some period during the first two months; seldom later; and can hardly be
considered as a disease.
2. Collie carpano. This commonly shews itself betwixt the age of two and four years ; coming
out on the face and fore* head, under the ears and arms, and on the hands and legs, in red
spots, each about the size of a six-pence, consbting of innumerable small papulae. It
terminates in a brownish itchy scab.
S. Carpano, common. This makes its appearance at any period from the age of three or four
months to that of three years. It differs, in many respects, from the two last mentioned,^ and
spreads, in some cases, over every part of the body. It comes out in clusters of from three to
five, or more, light coloured papulae, each of which is about the size of a mustard seed; and
terminates in large, loose, yellowish or brown scabs.
4. MuNDAY carpano. This corresponds with our crusta lactea, or milk cap. It invariably comes
out on the forehead and scalp, extending, occasionally, a little over the face; and first shews
itself in small, whitish, watery vesicles, of different sizes, which are itchy, and soon become of
a dark-brown colour; running, at length, into large, oozy scabs, set close together; and which
continue, for many days, to discharge a glutinous ichor, from small apertures. This complaint
sometimes appears as early as the middle of the first month, and is often speedily removed ;
at other times, it is more obstinate, and continues during the whole period of dentition.
5. Cadooang carpang. This is by no means so conmion as the other carpangs. It generally
shews itself about the age of from six months to one year, and is confined solely to the space
between the knees and the ancles ; in fact, to the legs.
N. B. The use of all repellent applications, of whatever kind, for the removal of such
complaints, is dangerous; as those eruptions can be considered in no other light than as the
operations of nature to throw off* some offending acrimony. Cleanliness, and frequent tepid
fomentations, prepared with the tooUie elley (sida populifolia), are all that is required;
attending, at the
CATARACT. Paddlim L-ji-rKrU) (Tam.) C3j\J (Arab.) ^f^^^ (Pers.) Mootiabin ^^IJ^^

(Duk.) Pattalum (Tel.) Naytrd pdiialum (Sans.)

CHANCRE. Kirandy poon ^/v^rg^i JmOTot (Tam.) Takie J\5 (Duk.) Pokooloo (Tel.)
Ghrendi (Sans.) ^^5 (Arab.) Ji^S (jL>^ (Pers.)
CHICKEN-POX. CottdmiUie ummay Ge>rr^^ Lr>TO0NS2L|LDQ2)LD (Tam.) Kdnge niahn
^^LJajJlT (Duk.) Cottamiltie ummd (Tel.) Pittdmdsoorika (Sans.)
CHOLERA MORBUS. Enrigrum vandie Qtur^ Qr^m>c^\^rrr^^' (Tam.) Dank4ugna UU3
Sj>\^ (Duk.) CturdU-rogum (Sans.) Vantie (Tel.) Nir-thipa (Malayalie).
COCHIN LEG. Anay kaal^ ^^.a/ror^^n-crv) (Tam.) HtUtie kapdwng (j^^l^lf ^/^ (Duk.)
Yea^ nugay kaloo (Tel.) Gh^apddhd v^yoo (Sans.)
same time, to the state of the bowels; and taking care to touch any parts that may be
excoriated and painful, with a little finelj prepared calstor-oil.
* The Tamool name of this disease (which is sometimes in English called << Barbadoes leg")
signifies <^ elephant leg.** It is
the dailJU yjiS^S^ of the modern Arabians, and is a maladj altogether distinct from the lepra
Arahum. Dr. Hillary, in his *'Diseases of Barbadoes*' (p. SOI.), says, he thinks the Greek
physicians have given us no description of this morbid ealaree-ment of the limb ; but I am
inclined to believe, that it was to this th^y gave the nan^e of elephas; thereby distinguishing
it from the eUphantiasis. It appears to be the elepkarUia of Vogel; who, however, notices it
only as a variety of depkarUiasU.
M M 2
S3Z MATERIA INDICA. PART II.
CONSUMPTION. Shpum r^ld CTam.) y^ (Malay). JW^. (Arab.) Booree khansee ^^\^i i^jy*
(Duk.) Ch^um (Tel.) Raja yetchmd (Sans.), als) Kshaya (Sans.), also Kshaya (Malayalie).
CONVULSIONS (OF INFANTS). Monday sennie Lon-rf>^PFC5Tjr^vyr> (Tarn.) BukmSmd
l^UJCi (Duk.) Monday Dzennie (Tel.) Mandum (Sans.) ^i^ (Arab.) ^4 (Malay).
COSTIVENESS. Tinjd malum ^<^^Lr>^-LD (Tam.) Kubz (ja>5 (Duk.) Sooskinjindmalum
(Tel.) Budda malum (Sans.) Prot-kras (Malay), also qAaS? ij./ Cji (Malay).
COUGH. Eerooww/ ll3q5>ldct\-(Tarn.) Khansee
^l^r (Duk.) Dughoo (Tel.) Casum (Sans.)
iiJL, (Pers.) Ckx^ (Arab.) Batok uSL (Malay). Ciuma (Malayalie).
COUGH, HOOPING. Kdkoovan ^^cjyj rrcyor (Tam.) Buchioon ke khansee ^a*oI^ j!-*^ys^.
(Duk.) Kdkoo dughoo (Tel.) Cassa churdie (Sans.) 3^1am Jbu. (Arab.)

COW-POX. Passuvoo ummay Lj8Fi-6U24LDi22,LD (Tam.) Gyke seetld y^U^ iJ(s\S (Duk.)
Aoo-umma (Tel.) Ghomdsoorikeh (Sans.)
CROUP. Ellu ndhir CLuOCDn-LUzV^ (Tam.) Sokhd \^y^ (Hindooie). Ellu ndhir (Tel.) TauU
shoontie (Sans.)
A more severe and dangerous sort of croup is called in Tamool; and also in Tellingoo, pddu
nahir.
DANDRIFF. Shoondoo Sf 6OTrS^ (Tam.) Bujffh Uu (DukO Tsoondoo (Tel-)
DIABETES. Neer alivoo rg^/j-yTfcu (Tam.) SilsiUbol ^\^!3.-JU (Duk.) Bdloo mootrum (Tel.)
Bdhoo mootrum (Sans.) La (Arab.) u-Ix*^ (Pers.) JUJU (Malay).
DIARRHCEA. Crdnie kaltchul ^^6(PSf^^ i^^9^T^ (Tam.) ^^if (Malay). KhdUe jviab wiU.
JU.(Duk.) Granie (Tel. and Sans.) ^j^U. |X& (Pers.) Jl^l (Arab.)
DYSENTERY. Seeda kdddupoo ^gsreBr^O^LJM (Tam.) Ku-aj/er-ddrd (Malayy GArawm
(Malealie). Pe-chish cAj^a^. (Duk.) Netooru bunka (Tel.) Amd
chdl^um (Sans.) f ^J^ (Arab.) {^3^ J^' (Pers.) jOsji Cfj^j (Malay).
EAR-ACHE. Kahd'hoo ej/xsGCD'^^ (Tam.) Kdn dooknd UTa (^>ir (Duk.) Chevie potoo (Tel.)
Kumd soold (Sans.)
EPILEPSY. KdcdivuUie ^n-^^/TLucyu<3>S (Tam.) Pangsan (Malay), also iUi (jj'^U (Malay),
also vW f% (Malay). Mirghie ^^y (Duk.) Kdkie teepoo (Tel.) Kdkdrogum (Sans.) Sanivalli
(Ma-layalie). ^yc(^ATBb.)
M M 9 ^
ERYSIPELAS. Akki c^^^^ (Tam.) Shhjah \^ji (Duk.) Akki (Tel.) Pitta vicharchikd (Sans.)
Soorkh ^^ (Pers.) Kaszalapani (Malayalie).
FEVER, INTERMITTENT. KooUoor kachiU (Sc3\rr'f"^n-GFmTo (Tam.) cIu^Sm (Pers.) U^
(Arab.) Tundtup ^ls5 (Duk.) SaUe joarum (Tel.) Seetd jorum (Sans.) Dnnaradenpani (Ma^
layalie).
FEVER, ARDENT REMITTENT.* Taxmh
jdrum ^n-LjefrruD (Tam.) Denian (jjUa (Malay). ^h ^U^ (Arab.) Gurm tup *-o ^^ (Duk.)
TapSh
Joarum (Tel. and Sans.) Tridoshagioram (Malayalie).
FEVER, TYPHUS. Kistnah doshum df^a-ui-6OTrCgrn-2-0LD (Tam.) C3j4^ ^U^^ (Arab.)
Ttqf-pie mohirekd t&j^s^ wJ (Duk.) Kristnah doshum (Tel.) Kristnajimikd doshum (Sans.)

FISTULA. Powtrum i^s^g^o-LD (Tam.) Bhugundur ^jjC (Duk.) Paveetrum (Tel. and Sans.)
jyJ.j (Pers.) ^S^ (Arab.)
GONORRHOEA. Vullay Gg^o^sj^svt (Tam> ^^>2^S (Pers.) Purmah *^^. (Duk.) J! :i^
(Arab.) Fe//a (Tel.) Sweta mayhum (Sans.) Crameham (Malayalie).
* To a remittent fever particularly distinguished by biliouf vomitings, is given the name of
ractapiUam in the Malayalie countries.
GRAVEL. KvU^addypoo ^avo\!)53)L-.LjL_i (Tarn.) vi^Ute (Arab.) *iU ^^ (Pers.) Putrika
murz ^j^ ^tf/y. (Duk.) Ratie mayghum (Td.) Ushmerie (Sans.) Calladapa (Malayalie).
GUINEA WORM. Ndrdmboo sSllandie r^crLD L^^(y\^r3^ (Tam.) Ndroo ^j\j (Duk.) Nard
poondoo (Tel.) Nadie vranum (Sans.), also Jtdsoot :^ (Sans.)
HEAD-ACHE. jTuttay novoo gra/^CCB'^fin (Tam.) Sakit'kepla (Malay). Sirka dird ^a \!i^
(Duk.) Tala nopie (Tel.) Sherorookooh (Sans.)
^A (Pers.j fi\s^ (Arab.) also JIST sxS (Malay).
HEART-BURN. Kolay Mvoo (S^m)G\J^^(^ (Tam.) Maydekamoo Hlnah UJl> (^^^l^if>ou)
(Duk.) ^^UijjC^ (Pers.) Romoo muntd (Tel.) KhirdcL-hdhd (Sans.)
HERPES, VENEREAL. Cheng kirdndy G0^ ^^905^ (Tam.) Atdshuk SJa^S (Duk.) Maygha
ghr4ndte (Tel. and Sans.)
HICKUP. Vxkkil cTXS^^o\5 (Tam.) Hitchkie J^ (Duk.) Vekoolloo (Tel.) Hikkd (Sans.)
HYDROCELE. Neer sooUy r^&m^/^ (Tam.) Pelemipdni ootria SJi^S J^\^,^J^J^ (Duk.)
Neer soola (Tel.) Julia soolS (Sans.) y,^ (Arab.) Pekr gembung (Malay).
M M 4
INDIGESTION, (DYSPEPSIA). Azima vSivoo ^^rr6fsovcyurruj6x^ (Tam.) Huzm-nahona f^a^ Uj^lJ (Duk.) Oostna vaivoo (Tel. and Sans.) Mesrak (Malay)ITCH- Chiringoo ^^rrn^ji^ (Tarn.) CMori (MalayaUe). Kharisht illi^U (Duk.) tf/ (Arab.),
also j&> (Arab.) Ghejee (Tel.) Pamd (Sans.) 3Jlf (Malay).
JAUNDICK Camalay 0>rruDrr2/o>:j (Tam.)
PeeUkd-murz ^j^ IJCJL-j (Duk,) ^j^ (Arab.) ^[^SJ
(Pers.) ^yf OSU (Malay). Khamalay (Tel.) Kdmild (Sans.) Kamala (Malayalie).
LEPROSY (OF THE ARABIANS). Koostum^ 2-g.u-L-LD (Tam.) Ruggit pittee ^. C^j (Duk.)
Pedda-rogum (Teh) Vhenghum^ also Koosthum (Sans.)
LEPROSY, WHITE. Vullai/ koostumi Qa^a^ 2yovT(g;^jui^LLD (Tam.) Suffaid khore j^

*xJw (Duk.) Telld koostum (Tel.) Sweta kooslhum (Sans.) Velupa (Malayalie).
J - J
* This is the elephantiasis of the Greeks, the dzudham ^1X:^
or dauhasad of the Arabian physicians, the khorah of the Hindoos of Upper Hindoostan, and
the mal rouge, or lepre des jointures, of a late celebrated French writer (Pierre Campet). Of
the ancients, Areteeus of Cappadocia, and Paul of Egina, have written the best on this disease;
of the moderns, perhaps, Hillary and Adams.
f This is the white albaras of the Arabians, and the leuce of the Greeks; and is a disease
altogether distinct from that white coloured affection of the skin, which the Tamools call
vuUaif taymble^ the Mahometans of Lower India stiffald sat/ntf the Arabians white albohaky
and which the ancient Greeks distinguished by the name of alphos.
LIENTERY. Azima PSdie s^^T(ssmQl^^ (Tain.) Girdnie ^1/ (Duk.) Azeema bidU (Tel.)
Azimum (Sans.)
LIVER, INFLAMMATION OF. Pukka
soolay Lj^^(&2/o\D (Tam.) KullySke azar Ji^WSi^^a^ (Duk.) Pukka soold (Tel.) Parsoo
soolS (Sans.) ^^\jm3 X^ (Arab.)
LOCHIA, IMMODERATE FLOW OF. P^rumbadoo Ql^^ldlj/t-^ (Tam.) ZiddS nefas (^UJ x:^L>j (Duk.) Bohoo ruktum (Tel.)
Prdddrum (Sans.)
LOCHIA, SUPPRESSION OF. Woodirie
kuttoo rtDj ^rr 0?^i^ (Tam.) HiLsbi nefas ^jJjLj^y^jks^ (Duk.) Soodagha ktatoo (Td.)
SoodikS ructS buddum (Sans.)
LOCK-JAW. Sennie fT^aurcs^ (Tam.) Daat kilie JLf cb (Duk.) Jennie (Tel.) Sunme (Sans.)
MADNESS. Verie j^teeum QcyuupLJuS^^' u-jLO (Tam.) Deewana aJLj^ (Duk.) t^y^y^
(Arab.), also C^J^b. (Arab.) eL^ (Pers.) Verie pyteeum (Tel.) Oonmadum (Sans.) y*^^
(Malay).
MEASLES. CAiVi wm7?itf^ ^c5tFc5orLDa3)LD (Tam.) Gobrie if^^i (Duk.) (. ,^>^ ^^
(Malay), also Chumpak oL^^ (Malay.) ^i,2ftA:i-^(Arab.), also Cj^*a^ (Arab.) Chin umma
(Xel-) Khrusva mdsoorikah (Sans.)
MELANCHOLY, RELIGIOUS. Ni^ana py^ t^eum <^n-(5DrLJUL5grg^juLD (Tam.)
ZimaBhooUa U^^U^^, also Dewana pun (Duk.) b^^ (Arab.), aJso jiil (Arab.) *Niandh
pyteeum (Tel.) Chita veehrdma (Sans.) aT^^ (Malay).
MENSES, IMMODERATE FLOW OF. Ruita

vSrie C^^^aun-rf^ (Tam.) y^jj^ ^j^ (Arab.) Ziada turns c^ x^Lj (Duk.) Kusoomd, (Tel.)
Bdhoo rujka (Sans.)
MENSES, SUPPRESSION OF. Soodoogd
moottoo fegr^CTL" (Tam.) Huhsi turns ^^^j^ <^b (Duk.) Sooddga soold (Sans.)
Moottoo koot-too (Tel.) *aAIa jLcjaxa. (Pers.)
MUMPS. Koolumay kuttie O'^LDO^e^L-.L-o.
(Tam.) GulUana uTjl^ (Duk.) TsaUava gkSdda

(Tel.) Seedd pittum (Sans.)

NIGHT BLINDNESS. Malay kamalay ld'T a/oxD^.^n-LOT-a/oxD (Tam.) Rut-andla ^jJtc^
(Duk.) Raytsing kuttie (Tel.) Neeshdndum (Sans.)
NODE. Kuttoo sooley ^l (F2/ox) (Tam.) Huddisiijnd U^^^tf,xi (Duk.) Kuttoo soold
(Tel.) sj^\ (Arab.)
OPHTHALMIA. Kun novoo ui6(mQiss>^^ (Tam.) Ankidnah \y^J^\ (Duk.) Kun nopie (Tel.)
Netrd soola (Sans.) yJLJ ajU (Malay).
PAINS, VENEREAL., Mayghi sholoy Gld^ (fea/ot) (Tam.) Atashuk ke wa-i V^</ SJs^S (Duk.)
Majfgha soola (Sans.), also Udhung (Sans.) May^ ghd nopie (Tel.)
PALSY. Pdtche vaivoo LjfFg=o\j/Tjufiu (Tam.) Johla iiy^ (Duk.) Patcha v3tum (Tel.) ^j
(Arab.) a^j (Pers.) x^a^>1 (Malay). Puksha gatum (Sans.) *
PILES. Moolum (^^ctold (Tam.) Bdwaseer 2j^\yj (Duk.) Baxvasir (Malay). Moolum (Tel.)
jj^Sy^ (Arab.) Arishdhd (Sans.) Aadram (Malay-alie).
RHEUMATISM. SeeddoSdd kuddapoo s^^g^ovJ
rr^e^^S^LJM (Tam.) Guitiabai ifLLd^ (Duk.)
Seeta void nopie (Tel.) Vala rogum (Sans.) PeniO' kit-dari-angin (Malay).
RING WORM. Pddoothamdray lj ^^rruxi3^'^ (Tam.) Ddd ^b (Duk.) cX^ (Arab.) (^^^
(Pers.) KurapcAj^i (Malay). PadootdmarcL (Tel.) Munddldkum (Sans.)
RUPTURE. VdUepdodiku a\jc3NrriJM (B^^ (Tam.) Utrikd dirpeld %^.a l^ ^jj! (Duk.)
Booddd (Tel.) Auntrd vridhi (Sans.) a^UaU (Pers.)
SCALD. Soodddtdnnie poonnoo erCi?5"<soor(5TOf* d^M(5OTr (Tam.) GurrnpoMsujilnd
Ul:^^M.^Lp/ (Duk.) Veneeld pddda poondu (Tel.) Oostnodukhd dugdhd vrdnum (Sans.)

SiO MATERIA INDICA. PART II.

SCALD HEAD. PodSghoo Q*^rr(^<& (Tam.) Goonj ^ (Duk.) Podooghoo KarapSnie (Td.)
Badkhora i,>a^lj (Pers.)
SCORJPION, STING OF. Taylkottimdoo (S5^cVTGe?/TL-L-Q.(5^Sy (Tam.) BeechukalnS
liUlf^^^ (Duk.) Tat/loo karichinadie (Tel.) Vris-chikd dushtum (Sans.)
SCROPHULA, KunddmaUe e5^(5OTrL_LO^syot) (Tam.) GundmSl JUjjf (Duk.) Kuntamala
(TeL) JyUb (Arab.) ^^^Ua; (Persian). Ghendamala (Sans.)
SMALL POX. Perie urnmay G'^^LUSLiLiDcSSLD (Tam.) *LI (Arab.), also J^^ (Arab.)
BurriseeUe ^)Ua*^Jj (Duk.) Pedumma (Teh) Krtcooan (Bali). Mdsoorikih (Sans.), also
(Malayalie). Ketumbuan-Chachar (Malay).
SNAKE, BITE OF. Pamboo Mddie i^rrLDLj
^Ui\ Q. (Tam.) Sawpkatna U5l^c-/U# (Duk.) Pa*
mookatoo (Tel.) Surpa diishtum (Sans.)
SORE-THROAT. Timday nwoo Q^rr(smr(2S) LCC50"(Sij (Tam.) Gullika dird ^^ l^^ (Duk.)
Gontoo nopie (Tel.) Kunturrook (Sans.) Sakit^ leher (Malay).
TESTICLE, SWELLED. Verei veekum ct^l^cS) rrcrxSey^LD (Tam.) Derpela ^.^^^ (Duk.)
Unda nopie (Tel.) Unda shoba (Sans.)
THRUSH. Achirum o^m^ryto, also Parititooroo i'OS^^S/TQS (Tain.) Achir ^^\ (Duk.)
Ache-rum (Tel.) Mookapakum (Sans.) Ninamvan ^ipUJ (Hind.)
TOOTH-ACHE. Pulloonovoo Ljav>Qv2/GCB'T'fiu (Tarn,) Dat ka dird ^j^ IT wb (Duk.) Pantie
nopie (Tel.) u^Sjsa (Arab.) ^^j^ (Pers.) Duntharook (Sans.) Sakit'gigi (Malay).
TYMPANITES. Vaitie pooroomdl ctulu^v^aq/
L-C^'^Q3LDT\-' also Coonma vaivoo (Tam.) Pat/t bysmoojah j^ymy^(Aj 3^^. (Duk.) ^^LI?
^UunJu<.I
(Arab.) Kadoopu-oobasum (Tel.) Anahum (Sans.)
VENEREAL DISEASE. Mayghaoeeadie Qld KrcTX?Lijn-^' (Tarn.) Khrab murz ^j^ vl;^ (Duk.)
Mayha veeadie (Tel. and Sans.) J^\ (Arab.) Deman^ganti^hari (Malay).
ULCER, SIMPLE. Poonnoo mcsott (Tam.) Porah \jy^^ (Duk. and Malay). ^Ji (Arab.) ^^
(Pers.) Poondoo (Tel.) Vrdnum (Sans.)
ULCER, FOUL. Atiepoonnoo 24a>SL_i dror (Tam.) 4gj^ (Arab.) Ktirabporah ij^. ^\j^ (Duk.)
Ghoonta poondoo (Tel.) Nimma vrdntmi (Sans.) Ceravarpa ( Malayalie).

URINE, DIFI'ICULTY IN VOIDING. Moo. tray kritchie CTg^S^ rr^^rf^GP^ (Tam.) Peeshd^
hyik yek boond tapukna UICaj jJ^ ^ ^^v^^t;. (Duk.) Mootra kritchum (Tel. and Sans.)
URINE, TOTAL STOPPAGE OF. Neerkmtoo
CP^c^i(9 (Tam.) Peeshabhundhona U^jouwl^. (Duk.) ^yi^sm (Arab.) Neer hittoo (Tel.)
Moo-trabudhum (Sans.)
URINE, INCONTINENCE OF. KtiUSripoo maj/ghiim ^(y\^QO\rTrrL^^Lj^\s>mixy (Tam.)
Telloo-> yekkay meeroodikkey mayghum (Tel.) Ashoomootray mayghim (Sans.) Silsilay bole
Jju JuJu (Duk.) Nirvaszicia (Malayalum).
WHITES. YeUumb'Oorkie Cluc^2/L)l-4^:>c^bP also Vullay mayghwn (Tam.) Pvggir jUj
(Duk.) Ustid roghrim (Tel.) Ustie strdvum (Sans.)
WORMS, ASCARIDES. Keerie poockie efTrT LJt-Df?=^ (Tam.) Kirrum -^ (Duk.) Cheerie
poo-roogoolu (Tel.) Kkrusva kreenUe (Sans.)
WORMS, TERES. Nahpoochie r3rrui^\^\^^fP^ (Tam.) Caching (Malay). Gendeway
<s^*yjJ^ (Duk.) Yealika pamoo (Tel.) Surpa kreemie (Sans.)
WORM, TAPE. Neld poochie rg^c3va-LJW)^^ (Tam.) Lumbe-gdndeway tf^jvjuf ^^a4 (Duk.)
Nee-divie poorooghu (Tel.) Deerkha kreemie (Sans.)
ADDENDA.
Since writing the foregoing Parts of the Materia Indica, I have seen the first Fasciculus of Dr.
C. F. P. de Martius's work, entitled "Specimen Materia^ Medicae Rasiliensis;" in it he notices
several plants as possessing emetic properties which have not hitherto attracted much
attention; some of the most remarkable are:
1 CephwlU Ipecacuanha.
Ipecacuanha^ Piso. Edit 1648. p. 101. CaUicoCca Ipecacuanha fusca do Brasil.
2. Poaya^ s. Ipecactumha branca^ s. do campo.
3. Richardsonia Scabra.
Richardia Scabra. Lin* Spec. ed. Willd. ii. p. 222.
4. Richardsonia Emetica.
5. Polygala Poaya.
The dose of the root Qf this, he says, is from two thirds of a drachm to ^ ^hole one.
6. lonidium Ipecacuanha.

This plant is the Ipecactianha branca of Piso, and is used by the Brazilians as a substitute for
the common ipecacuanha. Piso praises its virtues against poisons.
7* lofudium Urticaifolium.
8. Chiococca Anguifuga.
9* Chiococca Densifolia.
This and the foregoing species of Chiococca appear to have virtues in cases of snake-bites,
and are sup posed to do good chiefly by exciting vomiting.
10. Manettia Cordifblia.
This plant is considered by the Brazilians as possessing great efficacy in cases of dropsy and
dysentery. The dose of the powder of the bark of the root is from half a drachm to a drachm
and a half.
END OF THE SECOND VOLUME, AND QP THE MEDICAL PART OF THE WORK.
ENGLISH INDEX.
** Tbt Roman numerals refer to the Tolome^ and the Arabic figures
to the page.
A
Abbreviations explained, preface, page xviii.
Abely his ** Journey to China;" he recommends a good edible oiU
i.269. Abscess, its name in various languages, ii. 528. Acacia Arabica, root of, tonic; gum
resembles the gum Arabic of the ^ops; wood^ flowersi and bark, used in the arts, ii. 142| 143.
Acalypha, birch-leaved, ii. S88.
. r , Indian, its use in nauseating childreDi and in consumption, ii. 161. Acanthus, hollyleaved, its use in snake Utes, ii. 306, 307* Accum, analyses hitlaban^ ii. 41. Achie patchie
elley, stomachic and sedative, ii. 2* Achvranthes, rough, root of, a slight astringent, ii. 22L
Acid, vitriolic, i. 2. >, nitrous, i. 2. -, muriaticf i. 4f.
-, hydrocyanic, another name for Prussic acid, which see, i. 582* -, oxalic, i. 399.
., I^ussic, pre&ce, pase xxiii., see also i. 582. ^, Dr. Granville's Treatise on, i. 582. of sugar,
analysed by Brezelius, i. 399. , sulphuric diluted, formule for its use, i. 5^9, 580. , nitric
diluted, formulae for its use; bath prepared with, i. 580 , nitrous bath, ii. 339.
-, muriatic diluted, formuls for its use, L 581. Adair ascribes bad qualities to tea, i. 433.
Adiantum, peacock-tailed, ii. 214.

VOL. II. N N
Adievedyundt powder and infusion of, ii. 7.
Aetius first mentions musk as a medicine, i. 229.
Afiganistan, inhabitants of, i. 29.
Agaric, i. 5.
Aghastier, his Tamool medical work, i. 117.
Aghilcuttay (Tarn.) is aloes wood, i. S78.
Aiken, Dr., praises tea, i. 43S.
Ailanthus excelsa, bark of, in dyspepsia, ii. 802.
Alamanda cathartic, its use at Surinam, ii. 9.
Alexander,, Dr., his opinion of safiron, i. S56.
Alibert, i. 42.
Almond, Persian, i. 6.
^ oil of, formulae for its use, i. 582. , Indian, as food; its oil, ii. 290. , Java, see article
Canart, ii. 60. Aloe^ sea-'Side, its use in ophthalmia, ii.. 169. Aloes, thought by Braconnot to
be a substance sui genewis, u 10^
, formulse for the use of, i. 582, 583, 584. Alsaravius, i. 211. Alston, i. 177. 356. Alum, i. 11, 12,
13. slate, i. 12. whey, i. IS..
works, when first established in England, i. 13.. -, how used by the Hindoos, ii. 271. ',
prescriptions for its use, u 584. Amaranth of the fields, root of, in strangury, ii. 398. Amber,
where found, conjectures respecting its nature^ how used
as a medicine, i. li, 15. 585. Ambergris, its nature, where found, how used by th Arabians^
L 15, 16, 17. Ammonia, how prescribed, i. 627. Ampadoo, autidysenteric, ii. 38. Anasarca,
names of, in various languages, ii. 528. Andjang-andjang, diuretic, ii. 20. Andong, its use in
dysentery, ii. 20. Andrachne cadisbaw, a poison, ii. 487. Anise seed, use of, amongst the
Hindoos and Arabians, i. 17, 18^
, a good carminative, i. 585. Anise, star, stomachic and carminative, ii. 19. Annesley, Mr.,
recommends calomel in large doses, i. 6W.
^ , his valuable work on calomel, i. 561.

Antelope, ii. 19. 111.

', virtues of its ftesh, ii. 480. Antimony, sulphuret of, a galena of lead often sold for it in a
mistake, i. 495.
, tartarised, a dangerous medicine in typhus fever, i407.'
. , formulae for prescribing, i. 639.
Apoplexy, names of, ii. 528.
Argemone, prickly, its juice a substitute for ipecacuanbay ii 43.
Ark, its use amongst the Egyptiaii Arabs, y 27* Arrian, his account of myrrn trees, i, 243.
Arrow root, East Indian, i. 19. Arsenic, dilfereht kinds of, i. 4d8, 4d9.
, found by Mr. Elphinstone, at Buikh, in Cabul, i. 500. , Realger found in the Burmah
dominions, and in Japan,
i. 501.
-, poisoning from, see excellent account of, in London Di
pensatory, i. 5(H.
, in leprosy, recommended by Dr. Robinson, i. 504.
, opimons of medical writers, modem and ancient, tefguA*
i*p-*^^
ing it, i. 640, 641.
-, its use amongst the Hindoos, i. 641.
Arthur, Captain, found alum in Travancore, i. 12.
Artichoke, u 22.
Artus, Geysels, governor of Ambojma, bis opinion of the root of
the croton tiglium, i. 106 Arum, long-rooted, root how used, ii. 464* Asarabacca, i. 5^* 586b
Ascarides, i. 42.
Ascites, names of, in diferent languages, il. 528* Asclepiades, his eulogy on onions, i. 270.
Aspalathus, small-flowered, leaves and fiowera demulcenti ik 88& Asparagus, i. 24.
, linear-leaved, ii. 409t Assafoetida, i. 20. 585. Assam, gold in, i. 515* Asthma, names oi^ ii.
528. Atharva veda, what, ii. preL obs* page i. Atropia, a new alkali discovered by Brandos in

deadly a^g^-sind^
i. 248. Aublet, his Histoire de la Guyane, i 17* Augusta, Empress, i* 74. Auguste de St.
HUaire, i. 486. Augustus, Emperor, i. 25. Avenzoar, i, 86. Avicenna, Canons of, i. 11. Awarawar, an emetic, ii. ^* Ayapanie, alterative and antiscorbutic, ii. 3J Ayur-vedie^ what, ii. prel.
obs. pages i2vi*
B
Babington,Dr.B., Jun., his account of a vegetable tallow, k4i24n
*^ ' , expression of thanks tohim,pref.(postscripl)>
Balsam of Gilead, i. 26.
, Canada, i. 458,
Bamfield, Mr., recommends scruple doses of calomel, i. BBS*
Bangalore, what might grow well there, preface, pages xxi, xxii.
Banghie, an inebriating liquor, ii; 89.
Barbeng, vermifuge, ii. 88.
N N 2
Barharo, his HortuB AmericanuSy i. 72.
Barilla of commerce, i. 397*
Bark, Peruvian, i. 28.
, febrifuge, Italians use that of the quina bicolorata, i. 600* , foetid, use in psora, ii. S17
Barleria, long-leaved, root of, ii. 236.
, thorny, juice of the leaf, ii. 376*
Barthez, his opinion of sulphur, i. 413.
Bartoletti invents sugar of milk, i. 225.
Barton's Vegetable Materia Mediea of the United States, i. 123*
Basil, rough-haired, decoction of in bawel complaints, iL 16(X -, white, leaves, a pleasant tea,
ii. 92. -, sweet, seed of, cooling and mucilaginous, ii. 423. -, purple-stalked, root of, in fevers,
ii. 426.
Bassia, long-leaved, juice of the bark in rheumatism, ii. IOOl

Bath, nitrous, how prepared, ii. 340t

Bdellium, i. 29.
Bean, i. 28.
- plant destroyed by a solution of opium, i. 277*
Bear's flesh, virtues of, ii. 480.
Beckman, his History of Inventions, u 13. 225%
Beef, i. 32.
^ lea, how made, L 587Belamcanda, its root in snake bites, ii. 39.
Bent grass, linear, root of, in decoction, ii. 27.
Benzoic acid, how used in medicine, i. 587Benzoin, i. 33.
Berangarius, Jacobus, first cures syphilis by mercury, i.'549w
Bergera of Kcenig, infusioi of the leaves stops vomiting, bark and
. root stimulants, ii. 139.
Bergman, his opinion of gold, i. 515.
, his notion of fulminating gold, i. 520v
Bernard, Jussieu, his description of ginseng, ii. 155.
Berry, Dr., i. 26.
Betel nut, its use as a medicine, ii. 269.
leaf, juice of, febrifuge, also ordered in indigestions of chi^
dren, and in hysteria, ii. 466.
Bezoar, i. 35.
Bindweed, panicled, root of, promotes obesity, ii. 307.
, broad-leaved, leaves used for preparing enaollient poultices, ii. 357.

Bird-lime of the ficus religiosa, ii. 26*

Birthwort, Indian, its use in the indigestions of children, ii. 299. ', floral-leaved, infusion of
the dried leaves, their use when fresh bruised, ii. 5.
Bish, or hick, its root a poison taken internally, ii. 40.
Bishop's weed, i. 38.
Bismuth, its use in medicine, preface, page xxiii.
Bitlaban, a medicine in dyspepsia, ii. 41*
Bitumen, petrolium, i. 39.
Bitumen, naptha, i. 39.
Blane, Sir Gilbert, i. 486.
Bleeding; copious and repeated, dangerous, i. 556.
Blistering, flies which blister in India, i. 622.
Bloodstone, the hujraldum of the Arabians, i* 523.
Blumenbach, i. 14>.
Blunt-leaved buck-thorn, root of, in fevers, ii. 95.
Bo-dayng, a root used in paralysis, in Siam, ii. 43.
Boerhaave thought saffron dissolved the blood, i. 356.
Boerhavia diandria, an emetic in Java, ii. 206.
Bofferio, Dr., prescribes strychnine, i. 623.
Boil, names of, in different languages, ii. 529.
, rajah, names of, in different languages, ii. 529.
Bol armenic, i. 42.
Bombay, literary society of, i. 396.
Bonduc-nut, grey, its virtues as ^ medicine, ii. 135, 136.
Bongko, a Javanese cathartic, ii. 42.
Bonjar, gold of, mentioned by I^yden, i. 517.

Bonraka, an astringent root of Siam, ii. 42*

Bontequoe praises tea* i* 433.
Bontius, his opinion of the nutmeg, i. 201 202.
Books, Sanscrit medical, &c, ii. 491.
, Tamool medical and scicMtific, ii* 499. 520. , Arabic and Persian medical and 8cientific>
ii. 504. -, Cyngalese medical, ii. 525. Borax, how used in medicine, i. 587. Boris, his account of
Cochin-China, gold there, i. 378. 517-Borneo, cassia bark of, i. 58.
Botany amon^t the Hindoos, ii, prel. obs. page xxvi. Bouillong la Grange, i. 6. 16. Boullay, i. 8.
Bow-string hemp of Ceylon, root of, used in electuary in consumption ; juice of the tender
shoots as a medicine, ii. 192. Braconnot, his analysis of myrrh, i. 245.
, his opinion of aloes, i. 10. Brahma, religion of, ii. prel. obs. page xt Brahmins of Lower
India, i. 110. Brande, Mr., i. 80.
Brewster, his account of artificial camphor, i. 51. , his account of tabasheer, i. 420.
Broussonet, his opinion of sandarach, i. 379. Brown, Mr. R., i. 460. 484.
^ruce, Mr., speaks of the balm of Gilead tree, i. 26. '-^ noticed euphorbium in Egypt, i. 121.
Brucina, or brucine, by whom discovered, ii. 104. ^runnich found crystallized gold in
Transylvania, i. 515. Brydon, i. 14.
Bryony, air-living, a valuable medicine, ii. 158. ., rouffh^ tender shoots aperient, ii. 212. ,
beaked, root of, in electuary, ii. ^.
NN 3
l:
S9fi ENGLISH INDEX.
Bryony, callous-leavctl, bitter Boeds, vermifuec, u, 4$8.
, Iarge-flowered, juice of the leaves, in cases of pirisonous
bites, ii. 136. Bubo, ii. 529.
BucholW of Weimar, i. 2*7. Buddha, religion of, ii. prel. oba. page XTiii, Buffalo flesh, ii. 480.
Burchell saw colocynth melons on (he ground in Hoodezand, u 85. Burn, ii. .^29.
Burrel, where found, i. 234. Bushy gardenia, nut of, priced by the Vytians aa an emetic,
ii. ISfi. Butea frondosa, juice of ihe seed, anthelmintic, ii. 335. pulton weed, shaggy, root of, in

decoclion, ii. 259,

C
Cabbage, i. 46.
Cacalia, sow-thistle-leaTcd, ii. SIS.
Cacao nut, i. 47.
Cadet, his method of detecting impurity in wine, i. 478.
Ciesar found corn growing in England, i. 134.
Cairo, fenugreek of, i. 131.
Calculus, biliary, of a cow, il. 1 6*.
Calderini discovers a moat valuable cathartic (juality in the euphor>
bia lathyris, preferable to the croton oil, i. 599. Calomel gives relief by stimulating and
unloading the biliary
ducts, 1. 650.
. , its use in the feverish attacks of children, i. 553.
, in cholera morbus, i. 554, scruple doses of, i. 553.
Calophyllum inophyllum, medical virtues of the oil of the null,
ii. 311. Caltrops, small, root and leavee diuretic, it. 247. Calyptranthes, clove-tree-leaved,
decoction of, in bowel complaints, ii. 232. Camel, virtues of its flesh, ii. 480. Cammitta, of use
in dropsy, ii. 57. Camphor, formuiae for prescribing, i. 588. Canari or Java almond, ^um of
the tree resembles balsam copaim
in virtue ; an edible oil extracted from the nuts, ii. 60. Cancer, use of mercury in, i. 553. .. -,
names of, in different languages, ii. 529. Candles made of the berries of the candle-bciry
myrtle tree,
i.471. Capers, the notions of the Arabians and Persians respecting them,
ii. 150. Capillaire, syrup of, i. 52. Cara caniram, its use in snake bites, ii. 6.5. Carbuncle, names
of, in drflcrcnt languages, ii. 529, Cardamum, greater, i. 51.
Cardamum, lesser, u St, Carey, Dr., i. 281.
, Flora Indica edited by, i. 19.

Carp, commoD, i. 55. Carpang, names of, ii. 530.

Carpoora selassut, a foliated granular gypsum, ii. 70. Carrots, much cultivated in the
Mahratta countries^ i. 57. Carter,.Dr., his chemical experiknents on croton oil, L lOB.
Cartwright, Dr., recommends large doses of calomd, i. 649. Cashctittie, a kind of catechu, i.
65. Cassia fistula, known to Avicenna, i. 60.
pulp, its use as a medicine, i. 389.
bark, i. 58. -, eared, use of the seeds, ii. 32*
-, oval-leaved, leaves aperient, ii. 405.
Castor, prescripiiohs for Usmg it, i. 590. ^, brought to Rome from Galatia, i. 63.
Casuarina, horse-tail, astringent, ii. 443* Cataract, names of, ii. 531. Catechu, how used as a
medicine, i. 590* ii r i , from what tree obtained, i. 64, 65,
, bastard, ii. 105. Cathartic, valuable, discovered by Calderini, i. 599. Cathartine, what ii. 250.
Cat mint, Malabar, infusion of the leaves, stomachic, ii. 294* Cat's cleome, prescribed in
epistaxis, ii. 360. Cattrighondoo, stomachic, ii. 72. Cay-calava, leaves and root diuretic, ii. 74
Cayenne pepper, the opinions of the Yytians respecting it, i. SOT* Celsus mentions the carrot
seeds of Crete, i. 57. dendurams, what, i. 530. '
Cerbera, mango-like, singular effect produced by the external pact
of the fruit taken internally, ii. 262. Ceylon, literary society of, i. 524. Chalk, prepared,
formulsD for using, i. 591.
, brought to India firom England, i. 66. Chamomile Sowers, how used by the ArabianSf i. 67.
Chancre, names of, ii. 531. Clhaix:oal, i. 68, 69. I poultice, how made, i. 592.
Charpentier, Cossigny, thinks the tea plant would thrive at tho
Cape of Good Hope, i. 439* Chaste tree, three-leaved, leaves discutient, ii. 237.
, five-leaved, virtues similar to those of the neer-no4
chie, ii. 252. Cheeank, diuretic, ii. 75* Cheris, a powerfully narcotic guio*T^^> ii. 73. Chesnut
water, ii. 342. Chevreul analyses the dux voqiIc^ ^' ^^
AffS ENGLISH INDEX.
China root, how used by the Hindoos, Jap&nesei and Chinese, i. 70, 71.
, much esteemed in Chirta, and Japan, i, 592.
- , good description of, i. 154. Chirayit, gentian, Ionic and stomachic, ii. 373-Choculate, saTe
drink in dyspepsia, i. iS. Cholera morbus, virtues ol toasted black pepper in, i. 3(^.

id by the Tanaool doctors, i,

i by the toflee in,
, virtues of
-, names of, ii. SSI.
f magnesia in, i. S(H'.
m
Chrichton, sir Alex., employs the vapour of burning tar in consumption, i. *59.
Cicero notices dittany of Crete, i. 112.
Cinchona, i. 72.
Cinchonine, from what species of bark obtained, i. 126.
Cinnamon, ii. 145.
, varieties of, in Cejjion, !. 72, 73.
, formula; for prescribing, i. 593.
Cissus, three-leaved, roots discutient, ii. 326.
, four-angled, leaves in powder in bowel affections, ii. 303, 304.
Clarke, Dr., is lavish in praise of tea, i. 433.
Clarke's account of the copper mine of Fahlun in Dalecarlia, i. 506.
Clay, potters, i. 74.
Cleome, viscid, seeds an the) mi a tic, ii. 22S.
- - , fivedeaved, seeds in convulsions, ii. 451.
Glerodeodrum, phlomig-like, juice of the leaves bitter and alterr ative, ii, 408.
Clitoria, winged-leaved, root emetic, dower a blue dye, ii. 140,141.
, winged-leaved, root of and seeds anthelmintic, ii. 474.
Clove, how used by the Indians, and Arabians, i. 76, 77.
, best mode of administering, i. 693.

Cocculus Indicus, its use in herpes, and for intoxicating fish, ii. 131.
Cochin-China, i. 89.
leg, names of, in different languages, ii. 531.
Cochineal, i. 79.
Cochrane, captain C. Stuart, his Journal of a Residence in Colom. bia, i. 297Cocoa-nut, i. 77.
, sea, its medicinal use among the Hindoos, where found,
ii. 127.
Coffee, i. 81.
-, made by toasting the chick pea, i. 299.
Cokbrooke, his opinion of culinjon, i. 142.
, H. T. Esc]., i. 19.
. , Mr., ii. 377.
Coloquintida, found in Nubia, by Burckbardt, i, ' -, how used by the Arabians, i. 84.
i
Coloquintida, formulae for prescribing, i. 59^.
Columba root, formulae for prescribing, i. 595*
^ ^, tonic, antisepticy and astringent, i. 87*
Comyn, (de Comyn,) his State of the Philippine Islands, i. 47.
Conessi bark, its use on the Malabar coast, i. 88.
Consumption, names of, ii 532.
Convolvulus of Brazil, a powerful cathartic, ii. 309*
. Malabar, ii. 291.
Convulsions of infants, names of, ii. 532.
Conytt^ balsam-bearing, sudorific and pectoral, ii. 396.

Copal cf the Vaterta Indica, ii. 482.

sold for amber, i. 14.
Copeland, his History of Madagascar, i. 478.
Copper, formulae for prescribing, i. 642.
, brought to India from Persia in large cakes, i. 507- , sulphate, and acetate of, i. 510.
, diflferent countries found in, i. 506, 507*
, white, analysed by Fyfe and Dinwiddle, i. 508.
-, of Sumatra, combined with a considerable portion of gold.
i. 506.
mine in Lower India, i. 504.
mine in the Nahan country, u 505*
mines at Callastry, i. 505.
ore, native of Japan, the purest in the world, i* 506^
Coral, Arabian gulph almost fillea up with it, i. 90.
Corbyn, Mr., his opinion of calomel, i. 554.
Coriander, seeds or, i. 91. 595.
Coronilla, painted, ii. 64.
Costus, Arabian, its tonic virtues, ii. 166*
speciosus, its properties, i. 167. Cotton bush, decoction of the root in gravely ii* 282.
of the cocoa-nut tree, ii. 419.
- tree, gum of, a solution of it in bowel affections, ii 96* Cough, names of, ii. 532.
, hooping, ii. 532. Courtois discovers Iodine, i 633. Cowhage, how used, i. 596* Cow pox,
names of, ii. 532. Crab's eyes used by the Persians, 1. 94. Cratzva, relidosus, leaves of,
stomachic, ii* 459* Crateva, prickly, root in decoction, in melancholy, ii. 86* Crawford, Mr., i.
16, Cresses, garden, prized by the Mahometans of India, i. 195*
, water, in the Eastern islands, i. 95* Creyat root, how used, i. 596*
>, valuable stomachic and tonic, i. 96* Crinum, Asiatic, use of the leaves and root, ii* 465*

Crotolaria, blue-flowered, juice of the leaves ordered in scabie%

ii. 478. J --i > blue-flowered, checks salivation, ii.305.
S5i ENGLISH INDEX.
Croton, purging, Gimilority of the evacuation! produced by It, Mid
caJoroel, i. 5!>7> , purging, seed of, how used by tlte Indian doctors, i.
lOJ, 102, 103.
, folded, in lepra, ii. S98.
oil, from whom the best and safest nay be had, L fi99.
Beed, powerfully em men agog ue, i. 108>
Croup, names of, ii. 532.
Cubebi, how used by the Hindoos and Arabians, i. 98.
Cullen says fumitory i tonic, i. 139.
Cumbi-pisen, its virtues in cleaning ulcers, ii, 89.
Cumin seed, used by Celsua in affections of the spleen, i. 100.
Curculigo, orchis-Iiiie, root demulcent, ti. 242.
Curry, Dr., prescribes with success the tincture of the rhatany
root, i. 127. CuECus root, virtues and uses of, ii. 47a Cutler, Mr., his account of Ginseng, i.
155. Cuttacamboo, a kind of catechu, i. 65. Cynanchum, hairy-dowered, decoction of the
leaves anthelmintic,
ii. 453. CyperuB, rush-leaved, its medicinal properties, ii, 163.
D'Acosto, i. 140.
Dalbergia, woody, juice of the root cleans ulcers, ii, 9S2.
Dahon, John, Esq., his account of indigo, 1. 180.
Dandelion, common, where it might grow, preface, page xxiL
Dandriff, names of, ii. 533.
Davy, his analysis of snake stones, i. 37.

, Dr., found alum in Ceylon, i. 12.

, Sir Humphrey) his Elements of Agricultural Chemistry i. 327. '
., his analysis of gall nut, i. 146.
alysis ot esh of u
Deer, spotted, flesh of used in medicine, ii. 480.
, i. 110.
Dehaen thought belladona injurious in cancer, i. 247.
De Hillefeld compares the nux vomica with the upas tieute, i. 32(X
D'Herbelot, i. 20.
Dcljle, his experiments on the nux vomica, i. 321.
Desfontaines says the pistacta Atlantica yields maaticbf i. 216, 317.
Desportea analyses the nux vomica, i. 320.
De Wepfer compares nux vomica with the upas tieitte, L S20l
Diarrhoeai names of, ii. 58S.
Dierbach, his Materia Medica of Hippocrates, i. 254.
Dill seed often prescribed by the Tamool doctors, j. 109.
-, prescribed by Brande, i. 599. Dinwidie, Dr., analyses white copper, i. 808, Dioscorides
speaks of indigo, i. 179. Diseases, names of, in ditfcrent languages, ii..
-, conversion of, i. 555.
1
ENGLISH IKDX SS^
Dittany of Crete, a medicine esteemed by the Persians and Ara-*
bians, i. 112. Diuretics, rare in all parts of the world, ii. \52. Dog's flesh used as a medicine, iL
480. Dragon, purple-stalked, root of, antispasmodic and emmeaagogue>
ii. 50, 51. Dragon's blood, not astringent, i. 114. Duck, brahminy, i. 116. Du Halde notices
croton sebiferum, i, 427. Duncan, Dr., Junior, i. 22. 114. 124. 185. Dyer, Dr., his account of the
gamboge tree, L 148. Dysentery, names of, ii. 533.

E
Ear-ache, names of, ii. 533. Earth, acid, analysed by Pepys, i. 288* Eaton, Mr., his account of
boletus igniarius, i. 6. Eau de trois noix, prepared from walnuts, hydragogue, i. 464. Eau
medicinale, what, i. 607*
Ebony, downy mountain, buds, flowers, and root, medicinal, ii. 46* Edipta, trailing, its use in
the elephas or Barbadoes leg, ii. 190. Eggs, fowls', not eaten by the Brahmins, i. 117. Ehretia,
box-leaved, root alterative, ii. 81. Elder plant, a native of Japan, i. 118. Elecampane, a
medicine of the Arabians, i. 119 Elephant, virtues of the flesh, ii. 479. Elephant's foot,
prickly-leaved, decoction of the root, ii. 17* Elizabeth, Queen, how the bean was called in her
time, i 28. Elmore, his Directory to the Indian Trade^ i. 12. 149. Elphinston, Mr., notices
alum in Cabul, i. 12. -, his account of Cabul, i. Ill, 112. Embryopteris, glue-bearing, ii. 278.
Emetme, doses of, i. 610. Englehart, of Gottingen, his discovery respecting the nature of
the blood, i. 644. English nation, objects interesting to, i. 16. Epidendrum, small-leaved, in
diseases of the bladder, ii. 4S9i Epilepsy, names of, ii. 5S3. Eroopovel, its alterative quality,
ii. 102. Erysipelas, ii. 534.
Erythroxylon areolatum, leaves cooling, ii. 422. Eschynomene, rough-stemmed, ii. 400.
Eugenia,* long racemed, rootap^ent and deobstmeni, ii. 56* Euphorbia (lathyris), valuable
cathartic obtained froaif
and Grimaud's opinion of it, i. 599# Euphorbium, Pliny s account of its origin, i. 12Q.
Evolvulus, chickweed-leaved, virtues of the stalks, leasee, and
root, ii. 468. Excoecaria, notched-leaved, ii^.^S?.

Fara-urarfara, its use for funiJgating, ii. 1(H.

Febrifuge, Swietenian, bark tonic, modes of prescribing it, ii.
12+ 600. Feneulle analyses senna, i. 393. Fennel, sweet, mode of prescribing it, i. 129. 601.
Sower seed, i. 128.
Fenugreek, coffee made with the seed in Egypt, i. 131. Feronia, elephant (variety of), virtues
of the leaves, ii. 82. Ferrier, his excellent Treatise on the Conversion of Diseases,
i. 555. Fever, ardent, names of, ii. 534. ^^, intermittent, names of, ii. 53+.
, typhus, names of, ii. 534.
Fhilebert, his refiections oo the seiuible effects of opium, i. 272. Fig, ordered by the Vytians in

consumption, i. 132. Fig tree, Indian, use of the seed, ii. 11.
_ , poplar-leaved, seeds in electuary, ii. 35.
, red-wooded, virtues of the bark in hematuria, ii. SO.
Flntayson, roots found by him of a febrifuge nature, at Siam,
i. 127. Fischer, de potus coffee, usu et abuiu, i. 82. Fish, different substances used for
intoxicating, ii. 132, 133< Fistula, names of, ii. 53*.
Flacourtia caiaphracta, leaves of, astringent, ii, 407. Fleabane, osh-coloured, decoction of, in
fevers, ii. 363.
, purple, anthelminlic, ii. 55. Fleming, his Catalogue of Indian Medicinal Plants, ii. prel, obs.
page xxxiv. , Dr., notices mirabilis jalapa, ii. 284'.
Floriken, a great delicacy, i. 133. Flour of wheat, i. 133.
Fluggea Icucopyrus, root of, a mild astringent, ii> 149. Forrest found gold in MinJano, i. 517.
Forskahl's account of sison amrai, i. 3S. Fothergil, i. 81. Fouquier, of Paris, employs the
alcolic extract of poison nut In
paraplegia, i. 622. Fowler, Dr., recommends an infusion of tobacco in dropsy and
dysuria, i. 449. Fowl, common, i. 135. .. , gigantic (g. giganteus), common at Sumatra, i. 135.
, wild, i. 135.
Foxglove, preface, page xxi.
Frankincense, i. 136.
Franklin, Mr. William, his Tracts on Ava, i. 190.
Frazer, Mr., finds the burrel in the Heraalaya mountains, i. 234,
Frederick, Captain Edward, i. 212.
Frost, Mr. John, his account of croton liglium, i. 108.
Fumitory, the opinion of the Hakeems respecting it, i. \SB* Fyfe, Dr. Andrew, analysed white
copper, i. 508.
G
Giertner, i* 246.
Galangal, Kaempherian, ii. 146.

, lesser, i. 140.
-, greater, i* 140. Galbanum, formulae for prescribing, i. 601*
, brought from Syria to Bombay, i. 14S. Galega, prickly, root of, in decoctibn, ii* 209. ,
purple, use of the root in dyspepsia and tympanites, ii.l57, root in dyspepsia, lienterjr, and tympanites, ii. 49.
Galileo, Poliotta, discovers an active prmciple m sarsaparilla (pa*
rigline), i. S8S Galls, Kinneir found the tree which yields them in Kurdistan and
Armenia, i. 144, 145.
, how used in medicine, i. 602. Gambeer, or bastard catechu, ii. 105,106. Gamboge obtained in
the Wynade, i. 148. , formula for prescribing, i. 602. Gandapooro, its use in rheumatism,
ii. 107. Gandoo, or climbing acacia, an emetic of the Javanese, H. 107,
108. Gardener, Mr., discovers the camellia on the mountains of Sheopore, i. 439. Garlic, much used in India, ii. 475*
, how considered by the Arabians, i. 151. -^ , syrup of, used by the Hindoos in catarrh, i. 60S.
Garrard, Colonel W., discovers a mineral water at Bangalore,
analysed by Dr. P, Scott, i. 466, 467. Garstin, Colonel, brought the sinapis nigra from England
to Bengal, i. 2S1. Geber purified sal ammoniac in the eighth century, i. 9S6* Gemellus,
convolvulus, in aphthous a&ctions, ii. 894. Gems, a work in Arabic on, by Achmed Feifaseite,
translated inta
Italian by^ Raineri of Florence, i. 293. Gentil, his Voyage in tlie Indian Seas, i. 517* Gerarde
speaks of coloquintida, i. 85. Gesner compares the nux vomica with the poison of the upas.
tieute, i. 320. Gillies, Dr., of Bath, i. 390. Ginger, i. 603.
, dry and ffreen, i. 152.
, how used by the Per%i-nB, 1.153. ^ ,. ^.uGmseng, extraordinary virtu^ sscnbed to it by the Chinese, i. 154. ^*
Gladwine, his Asiatic Miacell^^^,\-5\5. , Gmehna, Asiatic^ root of, de^Jf ^ca^u.4*^*
Goat, ftrange notion tf the VjftJttis reipeetiiig the fleab of it
i. 156. Goeula, gewla, cardiac and stomachic, ii. 111. Gold, alloys of, i. 522.
-, discovered in the Madura district by Mr. Mainirarin^^ uSl4m -, different countries found

in, i. 515 516, 517. found by Captain Arthur in Mysore, L 514. fulminating, i. 520. -, of China,
mentioned by Landreasci i. 517. leaf, 1.518*.
mine discovered by Captain Warren in Mysore^ in IS&L i.514^
mines in Russi^ Sir Alexander Crichton's account o^ i 517, 518.
of South America, L 519.
Goldenia, procumbent, for bringing boils to suppurationy ii. 48&
Gofnuti palm, singular account of it, u S6S.'
C7on9alo first notices the pine-apple in 1515, i. 316.
Gronorrhoea, names of, ii. 534.
Good, Dr., his valuable work, The Study of Medicine,'* i;
223. 502. Gordon, Dr. John, his account of croton seeds, i 107.
, Dr. Theodore, u 607. Qot, his opinion of the butter of the butter tree, ir 4^24^ 4^| Grourd,
paJmated, its use in sores, ii. 85. Grape, cultivated by the French in India with great ninrmij
i. 157. Grass tree of Port Jackson, i. 485. Gratiola, thyme-leaved, root, stalks, and leaves, all
used in medi*
cine, diuretic, ii. 239.
gravel, names of, ii. 535. ray, his Supplement to the Pharmacopoeias, i. 8d Greding thought
night-shade useful in epilepsy, i. 247. Grenfel's Observations on the Copper Coinage, i. 506.
Grimaud announces to the Royal Academy a valuable discovery
of Calderini, an Italian physician, i. 599. Grrosier notices croton sebiferum, i. 425. Guaic,
where it might be produced, preface, page xx. Guana, its flesh as food and as medicine, ii. 263,
264. Guignes (de Guignes), his Voyage to Pekin, i. 73. Gum ammoniac, an account of the tree
which yields it in Persia^ 1. 159.
-, formulae for prescribing, i. 604.
Arabic, got in Morocco from the attaleh tree,.i. 161. '-, mode of prescribing, i. 605.
tragacanth, formulae for it, recommended by Dr. Mersiman. i.605.
, got in Persia from the kum tree, i. 163. .
resin, a powerfully narcotic one, ii. 73. Gums, simple, the diffiarent trees yielding, u 162.
Gundharufia juRticia its uae in rheumatimi. iL 6Sm

Gunti paringhie, its use in fevers, ii. 11^

Gutta, a sort of bread, ii. 112.
Guyj-pipptily its dried fruit a medicioe of the Hindoos^ iL US*
H
Habb-hal habbescbi, a substitute for pepper, ii. 114. Hahneman, his treatment of poisonine
with arsenic, i 60^ Hair-flower, tender shoots and dried capsules, aperient and 8t<*
machic, ii 296. Hali abbas, i. 211. Hal], Captain Basil, found the Corean name of tobacca the
sbom
as ours, i. 448. Hamilton, Dr. F., his account of the Puraniya district, L 1I3.
, his admirable account of the -^f^ftHthmri country
(a manuscript at the India house),i. 266b -, Dr. Francis, i. 55*
Hanway, i. 40.
ascribes pernicious qualities to tea, it 4S8*>
Hardwicke, General, i. 14>5*
' says gold can be procured firom certain sands intbe
Sirinagur country, i. 515. Hare, fleeter in India than in Europe, L 1645 Hartman, his strange
notion respecting dittany, i. 1 IS* Hart's ear, decoction of the leaves useful in rhctumatisnii, ih
119. Hasselquist, i. 213. Hatchett, his analysis of lac, i. 19(X Head-ache, names of, ii. 535Heart-pea, smooth-leaved, its root in decoction, ii.iSH* Heart-burn, names of, ii. BS5*
Hedysarum, senna-leaved, medical virtues of the root> iw 35 Heister, his opinion of night
shade, u 24f7* Hellebore, black, formulae for prescribing, i. 606.
', its use in melancholy, i. 167*'
white, how ordered^ uGOSf GQ7< -, its use in mania, i. 166*
Hemalaya mountains, sheep ol^ i 2Sdk
Hemlock, where it might grow, prefaces page xxiL
Hmp6eed in gonorrhoea, ii ill.
, how used in eastern countries, ii. 109, 110.

Henbane, formulcB for proseribing) i 607*

seed ordered by Cdsus to procure tieep in mania, u-16^
Henderson, Mr. J, his dissertation on die hblabso^ ik 41*
, Dr. A., his worltoD wiffle> u 4^6%
Henna, extract of the flowers ttt l^P^^ ^ 190Hepatitis, proximate causes of i. 54&
Hepatic derangement, a vari^tv off extrwndy MMidi> > 54^
Herbelot, D*, his Bibliotheq^^X>rientale, i. 144.
dl60 ENGLISH INDEX.
Hernandes do Toledo first brought tobacco to Europe, t. 448.
Herpes, names of, ii. 5S5<
Hewison, Dr., i. 508.
Heyde compares poison nut with the upas tieute, i. 320.
He^ne, Dr., i. 66.
Hibiscus, target-leaved, seeds musk-flavoured and cordUt, !i.
72, 73. - , sahdariRa, calyx of the fruit made into tarU, ii. 335. Hickup, names of, ii, 535.
Hill, Mr., of Chester, recommends arsenic, i. 502. Himly, professor, i. 607. Hindoos, their
claims of priority to the cultivation of Gcience,
ii. prel. obs. page n.
. , their medical works, ii. prel. obs. page xii, xiii, xiv.
, their philosophy, ii. prel. obs. page xxii, xxiii,
, their knowledge of botany, geography, and the arts, ii.
prel. obs. page xxvii.
', their religion, ii. prel. obs. page xiv.
, their polite literature, ii. prel. obs. page xxiv,
-, their knowlege of arithmetic, geometry, algebra, &c.,

ii. prel. oba. page xxvi. Hippocrates notices cinnamon, i. 74. Hodgson, Captain, discovers a hot
spring which boiled rice,
i. 469. Hoffman praises fumitory, i. 139.
Hog, tame and wild, the last much prized as food, i. I70, 171. Hog-weed, spreading, its root
how used, ii. 205* Honey, the various trees that make it, i. 172. Hooper, Dr., i. 222.
I, his opinion of sandarach, i. 370. Hop, where it might grow, preface, page xxii. Hope, Dr., i.
22.
Horehound, be tony-leaved, black, ii. 477. Horsfield, i. 52. Horse-radish, i, 175.
^ , formula for prescribing, i. 608.
Huet praises tea, i. 433.
Hufeland, his opinion of atropa bellodona, i. 247.
Humboldt, Baron, i. 44. 174.
^ " . his account of the cochineal plants of America,
ii. 218. Humble plant, decoction of the root in gravel, ii. 432. Hume, Mr. junior, discovers
jalapine, i. 183. Hunt mentions the gold mines of Laura in Borneo, i. 517. Huttman, Mr., his
paper on tea, i. 439. Hydrophobia, plant used in, ii. 448,
, opinions respecting it, ii. S
Hydrocele, names of, ii 535. Hyssop, i. 177I
Idou moulli, root of it, a medicine in phrenzy, ii. 115. Uiff, Mr. W. T., his account of croton
seeds, i. 107-Illecebrum, woolly, root of, in strangury, ii. S93. Ipecacuanha, see article
Brumadundoo for a substitute for it,
ii. 4.8. , Deslongchamp's account of plants that might be
used for it, i. 180.
preferable to tartar emetic in pleurisy and peripneumonia, i. 497
, where it might grow, pref. page xx. , its great value in India, i. 609.
Imison, his work on science and art, i. 542. India, eulogy on, ii. prel. obs* page xxviii. Indian
fig, oblong, its leaves refrigerant, ii. 218. Indigestion, names of, ii, 536. Indigo, i. 178.

 plant, its root a medicine, ii. SS.

, trailing, its antiscorbutic Qualities, ii. 74.
Indrabovum, a scarlet insect used in medicines, ii. 117>
Iodine, who first obtained; its use in goitre, white swellings. Sec, ;
different plants got from, i. 633. Irac Arabi, i. 67.
Iris, Florentine, the irsa of the Arabians, i. 182. Iron, amongst the ancients, aroongsl the
Arabians, i. 5^2. .- filings ; iron, rust of; iron, sulphate of, i. 527* 529. -^- gives the red
colour to the blood, i. 644.
, its use in scrophula, i. 529. 643.
, in what different eastern countries found, i. 523, 524, 525.
mines of Presberg, Dr. Clarke's fine description of, i. 525.
of Ceylon, of a superior quality, malleable immediately on
being taken out of the furnace, i. 524.
, preparations of, called by the Hindoos Cendoorums^ i. 530.
wood, thorny, leaves and root antidotes for snake bites, ii. 88.
Itch, names of, ii. 536.
J Jackal, virtues of its fiesh, ii. 480.
Jackson, his account of euphorbium, in Morocco, i. 121. Jalap, reflections on, ii. 308.
', where it might grow, preface, page xx. -, Indian, or square-stalxed bind-weed, root of, a
valuable cathartic, ii. 383. , substitutes for, i. 183.
-, perhaps the best purge at the beginning of fevers in India, i. 611. Jalapine discovered by Mr.
Humei i* 1^3. Jambolana tree, flowers and capsules cooling, ii- ^44. Jameson, his account of
Bale and ^^ V^^^ mmes, i* 4^3. 519. VOL. II. ^ O
Jang-kang, leaves of, repellant; seeds bring on vertigo, ii. 119Jasmine, narrow-leaved, root of, useful for ring-worms, ii 52.
Jaundice, names of, ii. 596.
Jeffreys, Mr. Henry, his work on cubebs, i. 96.
Jews' mallow, bristly-leaved, its virtues in visceral obstructioiM,

ii. 387. John, Dr., i. 80.

^ , digests together bees* wax and myrtle wax, i. 47K Johnston, Colonel Jonn, C. B., his
account of the gum ammoDiac plant, i. 159.
, Sir Alexander, i. 483. Jones, Sir William, i. 5.
Jubaba* a bark supposed t6 have antispasmodic virtues, ii. 120. Jussieua, shrubby, its use in
dysetilery, ii. 67. Justicia, two-valved, juice of the root, ii. 29.
, creeping, use of the leaves in tinlai capitis, ii. 1 8&.
, Tranquebar, juice of the leaves aperient, ii. 412.
, procumbent, juice of the leaves in opthalmia, ii. 246.
, white-flowered| root of, ii. 216.
Juwasa, ii. 120.
K
Kaat toottie, ii. 120.
Kaden-pullu, a knotty root, ii. 121.
Kaempher, his Amoenit. xotic. i. 433.
Kamadu, leaf of, powerfully stimulating, ii. 187.
Kambodsha, see Plumeria, blunt-Jeaved, ii. 137.
Kanari, valuable edible oil of, 123.
Kantang, a kind of potatoe cultivated by the Javanese, i. 3S1.
Katapa, decoction of its root, of use in mania, ii. 123.
Kawan, Malay name of a tree, the nut of which yields a kind of
tallow, i. 423. Keferstein, his curious account of white copper, i. 509. Keir, Dr., estimates the
produce of opium in Bengal, i. 272. Kendal, Mr., his account of the burrel, i. 234. Kerr, Mr.,
his valuable discovery, i. 63. Kha-phaim, its use in lumbago, ii. 148. Khawan-pican, aperient
and expectorant, ii. 147. Khurish, churin, reckoned emmenagogue in Jamaica, ii. 149. Khuz,
nihil alfie, its use in colic, ii. 148. Kid, excellent in India, i. 184. Kidney bean, three-lobed, in
fever, ii. 434. Kilisoruni bark, ii. 152. Kind, Mr., his artificial camphor, i. 151. Kinneir, Captain
Macdonald, i. 21. 145. Kino, formulae for prescribing, i.611.
, , various opinions regarding, i. 185, 186.

Kirckpatrick, Colonel, i. SS- 457.

Kirwan, his opinion of the solution of gold, u590^
Koll-quali Egyptian name for euphorbium, i. 121.
Kondoshony, liniment for the head made with, li. 159. Krameric acid, a peculiar principle in
rhatany root, i. 127* Krastulang, a corroborant in Java, ii. 171*
L
Labdanura, Arabians use it as perfume, 1.188*
Lac, trees in India on which the insect is found, i. 189*
Lack beet, its use in diarrhoea, ii I7L
Lambert, Mr, has the Paraguay tea plant growing in hk gandeot
at Boyton house in Wilts, i. 437* Langsdorff, his Travels, L 115. Lassaigne analyses senna, i.
S92.
Latham, Dr., his employment of turpentine in epilepsy, i. 468. La Tolfa, Roman alum made
there, i. 12. Laurel, Alexandrian, ii 312.
Lavender, thick-leaved, juice of the leaves in cynanche, and in . preparing a liniment for the
head, ii 144. Leachenault, M., his details on tanaampoo, i. 44. Leady solution of acetate of, a
poison for vegetables, i. 536.
., how used by the natives of India, i. 536, 537.
., formulae for prescribing, i. 644.
., Romans knew refrigerant property of, L 537* mines of Nirtchensk in Russia, i. 534.
-, where found in Eastern countries, i. 532, 533.
., galena of, oflen sold for sulphur of antimony in the Indian bazars, i. 495. , poisoning from,
how it may be treated^ L 537.
-, Its use in the arts, i. 537.
', white ; lead, red, i. 534, 535. Lead wort, Ceylon, paste prepared with the fi^sh bark, a
vesicatory, ii. 77.
, rose coloured, bruised root, an external and internal stimulant, ii. 379, 380. Le Clerc, his
Histoire de la Medicine, i. 343. Leech, different kinds, i. 192. Leeches, how made to fix in
India, i. 612.

, poisonous, of Ceylon, i. 612.

Legrange analyses senna leaves, i. 391. Lemon grass, or sweet-rush, used as tea, ii. 58.
Leopard, virtues of its flesh, ii. 480. Leprosy, white, names of, ii. 536.
, of the Arabians, names of, ii. 536.
Letchicuttay elley, its use in rheumatism, ii. 172.
Letour and Co. praise Nelgherry hUls opium, i. 277.
Lettsom, his experiments on tea, i. 438.
Lettuce, opium of, preface, page xxii.
Ley den. Dr., speaks of black pepper in Eastern countrjei, i. SQA^
. . , his Sketches of Borneo, i. 36. 336.
Lichen, rounded, liniment prepared with, ii. 170. Lientery, names of, ii. 537*
o o 2
Lime and lemon, i. 198.
>, quick, i. Idi*.
water, i. 195.
Limodorum, spatulate-leaved, flowers used in consmnptioDy iL Link's Travels in Spain, i.
299. Linseed, its use, i. 612, 61S.
, i. 195.
Liquor, spirituous, different articles from which distilledt i. 198. Liquorice, wild Jamaica,
resembles in taste and virtues the com*
mon liquorice root, ii. 79.
root, i. 199Litharge, i. 5fi5,
Liver, inflammation of, names of, ii. 537.
Lizard, opinions respecting, ii. 276.
Lochia, suppression of, names of, ii. 537.
, immoderate flow of, names of, ii. 537-

Lockjaw, names of, ii. 537*

Lockman*8 Travels of the Jesuits, i. 243.
Loiseleur Des Longchamps^ his excellent Manuel des Plantet
Usuelles, i. 122. Lokyer's Account of the Trade of India, i. 378. Long, his History of Jamaica, i.
315. thinks the argemone Mexicana might be useful in dropsies,
ii. 44. Lopez, Gaubius*s opinion of it, ii. 174. Loss says hoes may eat poison nuts with
impunity, i. 320. Ludovici testi, i. 225.
Luffii, abunafa, an aphrodisiac root, ii. 174. Lumsdain, Mr. I., i. 76. Lunan, his Hortus
Jamaiccnsis, i. 46. Lussac, Gay, analyses wax, i. 472.
M Macdonald, Mr., his Account of the Products of Sumatra, i. 50. Mace, its use in
consumption, i. 201. Macleod, Dr. R., his valuable Medical and Physical Journal, i.
609. Macullock, Dr., his Remarks on the Art of making Wine, i. 477. Madder of Bengal,
bartered for rock-salt in Nepaul, i. 203.
, use of, in scanty lochial discharge, ii. 182.
, Indian, ii. 101. Madness, names of, ii. 537. Maducare bark, use of, in dysentery, ii. 177.
Magee, Dr., of Dublin, his opinion of the oil of turpentine, i. 459. Magendie finds morphia
soluble in olive oil, i. 275. Maghali root, its use in cachexies, ii. 177. Magnesia, sulphate of, an
alterative medicine of great value,
i. 629.
, use of, in cholera morbus, i. 304.
Magnetic iron stone, ii. 146.
Mahometan doctors^ ii. prel. obs. page xxxiii.
Mai-dayng (Siam), root of, a febrifuge, i. 127'Majum intoxicates and eases pain, ii. 176.
Malabar nut, flowers of, in electuary, ii. 4.
Malcolm, Sir John, notices a custom of the Bbllls, i. 5S6.
, his account of the discovery of wine, i. 477* Mandanakameh flowers, ii. 174.
Mandrake plant, ancients put the fruit under their pillows, i. 207* Manganese, for fumigating,
its use in the arts, i. 539, 540. - , first particularly noticed by Boyle, i. 538.

, known to the ancients, but confounded with the magnet, i. 538.

, found in Mysore by Captain Arthur, i. 538. , found by Peirouse in its native state, i. 539.
Manisurus granular, ii. 434.
Manna, different trees from which it is got, i. 209, 210.
n formulae for prescribing, ii. 613.
Mansiadi, its use in Malabar and Ceylon, ii. 177*
Manuscript, a valuable one at the India house, i. 441.
Maratia mooghoo, sedative and slightly intoxicating, ii. 185.
Marcet, his Memoir on Vegetable Poisons, i. 273
Margosa tree, bark of, a tonic; leaves, a valuable bitter, ii.
454, 455. Marjoram, sweet, i. 213.
Marking nut, juice of, in lepra, scrophula, &c., ii. 371. Marris praises rhatany root, i. 127.
Marsden, i. 34.
Marshal, Thomas, his account of croton, i. 105. Martin, Dr., of Stutton, in Suffolk, prescribe9
the nux vomica
with success in dysentery, i. 321. Marvel of Peru, virtues of, doubtful, ii. 285. Massoy, Virey's
account of its medicinal qualities, ii. 196, 197. Mastich, a masticatory of the Mahometan
women, i. 215. Materia Medica of the Hindoos, ii. prel. obs. pa^e xxxiii. Maton, Dr., fixes the
cajuputi tree as a new species, i. 260. Measles, names of, ii. 537. Medical books in Arabic, ii.
504.
Cyngalese, iL 525. . Persian, ii. 504.
Sanscrit, i. 560. ii. 591.
men, Hindoo, their defence, ii. prel. obs. page xxxi. writers, Hindoo, ii. prel. obs. page xxx.
Medicine, state of, amongst the Hindoos, ii. prel. obs. page xiii.
Medicines of value, desirable to ascertain, ii. 172.
Meerza, Jiafer Tabeeb, discovers a new manna, i. 213.
Melancholy, names of, &c., ii. 538.
Melastoma, leaves of, in powder, in coughs, ii. 124.

Meli, M., employs black pepper as a febrifuge, i 622.

Melinda, aloes of, i. 9.
Melochia, red, ii. 440.
O O 3
Melon water, refreshing in hot weather^ i. 216. Mendi (ophiorhiza niungos), Tirtues of the
leatet, root, aild bark in snake bites; often confounded with ophioic^lum serpentititiiny ii.
199, 200. Menses, immoderate flow of, names o^^ ii. 538.
, suppression of, names of ii. 538. Mercury, factitious Cinnaber, i. 541.
, diseases in which it may do harm, i. 551* , formulse for prescribing, i. 645, 646.
has the effect of liquifying the secretions, and rendering the blood dark coloured, i. 544.
, how does it operate in removing diseases ? u 54S , its use in the arts, i. 558. -, in the
preparation of calomel, acts as a porgei by stimulating the mouth of the great biliary duct; for bile musl pwfge when the quantity made to flow
is greater than what the portldife of food in the intestinal canal requires for its digesticMi^ i.
650* , its great value as a medicme in India^ i* 647* >, large doses o^ objected to, cautions
against its indie^
criminate use, i. 553.
, native Cinnaber, i. 54K
', not sedative, i. 648,
, often adulterated, i. 559.
>, preparations of, in use amongst the Hindoos, u 557 560. ii. 348356.
removes disease by its influence on the general hidiit,
best testified by a degree of soreness of mouth, i. 649* 650* ', rubbed in, in the form of
unguent, i. 651. -, salivation from, its use snatches a dysenteric patient
from the grave, i. 650.
, suggestions regarding its modus operandi^ f. 547. 648,
649. ii. 849.
', the most universal stimulant and alterative in the Materia Medica, i. 648.

-, the good effects arising from its affecting the mouth,

i. 550. ii. 349.
, when to he avoided, i. 647, 648.
, when the physicians of Europe first employed it, i. 545.
, when first used in venereal complaints, i. 543.
, where found, i.541.
Mesne, i. 211.
Mica, i. 421, 422, 423.
Michael, Captain, thanks to him, postscript to preface, p. xist*
Michele's Delia Corcirese Flora, i. 119.
Milburn, his excellent work on Oriental Commerce, i. 267.
Milk, asses', i. 122.
-, buiter, its properties useful in consumption, ii. 211.
, cow^s, 219.
, goat's, i. 221.
., sugar of, chiefly made in Switzerland, i. 225.
Milk of the bu&lo, ii. 103.
tree of South America, tasted by Humboldt, i. 460.
Milk-hedge, milky juice of, used as a purge and vesicatory, ii. 133, 134.
Millet, Italian, much priied by the Brahmins, i. 226.
Mimosa, ash-coloured, young shoots cooling, ii. 458.
, rusty, decoction of the bark fastens the teeth, ii. 477.
Mint, 1.241.
, how used, i. 615.
Missee, an oxyde of copper, used by the natives of India in toothache, i. 513.

Mitah bish, a poison, ii. 251.

MoUugo, bed-straw-like, leaves stomachic, ii. 431.
Momordica dioicus, root of, its use in piles, ii. 274.
Monetia, leaf of the four-spined, ii. 404.
Monkey, flesh of, used in medicine, ii. 480.
Moon, his Catalogue of Ceylon Plants, i. 231.
Moonflower, capsules and seeds in snake bites, ii. 219.
Moonseed, heart-leaved, powder of the dried tender shoots alterative, and root an emetic, ii.
377, 378.
Moorcroft, bis account of the sheep of Ladakh, j. 233.
Morier tells us where pearls are found in Persia, i. 293.
Morinda, narrow-leaved, its leaves in decoction, ii. 100.
Moxa, its use in Japan, i^ 622.
, prepared from the artemisia Chinensis, it 482.
, what, and where used, ii. 195, 196.
Mudar root, or root of. the yeroocum (Tarn.), i. 227. 486.
^^ may be of use m cancer, i. 553.
Muench, M. M., recommends night shade in hydrophobia, i. 24T.
Muhammed Hosen Shirazi, his Persian Treatise on Medicine, 1.241.
Muller seeks out the origin of white copper, i. 509.
Mullet, i. 227.
Mumps, names of, ii. 538.
Mungoos, ii. 199.
Murray, his Apparatus Medicaminum, i. 86.
Musk, i. 228.
, formulae for prescribing, i. 614.

Mustard, i. 230.
, formulae for prescribing, i. 615.
Mutis, his opinion of the yellow bark, i. 126.
Mutton, i. 232.
Myrobolan chebulic, flower of, astringent, ii. 128.
Myrobolans, i. 236f 237. 239.
Myrrh, Alston thought it rarified the blood, i. 617.
-^ , formulae for prescribing;, i. 616.
, tree not yet exactly known that yields it, i. 243.
Mysachie, an Arabian gum resin, ii* 216*
Mysore country, what might grow tliere, preface, page ]^xi.
o o 4
Myx;a smooth^leaved, dried fruit mucilaginoiui and emollieiit; fresh and ripe, an aperient,
ii. 467.
N Narra mamady, bark mildly astringent, n. 227* Narrha, fresh bark of, used for wounds, ii.
22H. Natchenny, a grain much eaten by the Hindoos, i. 24^ Navel-wort, cut-leaved, its use in
foul ulcerous cases, ii. 489. Neereddimoottoo, used in lepra, ii. 235. Neilson, Captain, brought
the cochineal insect to India, i* 79* Nepenthes, distilling liquor of, ii* 94f. Niatu tree yields a
kind of tallow, i. 423. Nicholson, Mr., i. 89*
, his Dictionary of Chemistry applied to the Arts, i. S79. Nicot, Jean, sends tobacco seeds
to Catharine de Medicis, i* 4>48* Niebhur speaks of the balm of Gilead tree, i. 27* Night
blindness, names of, ii. 538. Night-shade, deadly, i. 246.
; where it might grow, preface, page xxii. , Indian, its root in dysuria, ii. 207* , in gout,
epilepsy, and convulsions, i* 617 i] M7*
, Jacquins, fruit expectorant, ii. 90.
, three-lobed, root and leaves in consumption, ii 427*
Nillghery mountains, what might grow there, preface, page xziii.
Niopo, an intoxicating powder used by the Otomacs, i 450*
Nira poosee, a Siam root, used for apthse, ii. 250.

Nisbet, his opinion of rhatany root, i. 127*

Nitre, formulse for prescribing, ii. 628.
Node, names of, ii. 538.
Noeke sells the best croton oil in London, i. 599.
Nouredden, Mohammed Abdullah, his work on Materia Medica,
i. 335. Noyeau, how made, 8. Nut, clearing, for clearing water, ii. 420. Nutmeg, its power of
diminishing the poisonous quality of the nux
vomica, i. 622
-, like mace, produces stupor, i. 250. -, when and by whom introduced into Sumatra, i. 250.
Nux vomica, or poison nut, ii. 489.
O
Observations, preliminary, ii. page v.
Odier, physician of Geneva, his opinion of castor-oil, i, 256. Oerstadt discovers a peculiar
principle in black pepper, i. 622. Oil, castor, lauded in a Chinese book, i. 618.
-, mode of making, i. 256. -> highly prized in India, i. 253. -, its conversion into wax,
i. 257. , cocoa-nut, its uses, ii. 415, 416. , common lamp, in India, i. 257.
Oily gingilie, its various names and usesy ii. 255,256* , Kanari, its nut as delicate as the
filbert, i. 259. , Kyapootie* used by the Malays for palsy, i. 261*
, its use in palsy, i* 618.
, lamp, ii. 472.
^-, margosa, ii. 458.
, Pinhoen, purgative and emetic, ii. 4*7.
, rock, its use m rheumatism, i. 41
,264.
of mustard seed, used for culinary purposes, i. 26S. almonds, i. 252.
cloves, prepared by the Dutch, i. 258. nutmeg, prepared by the Dutch at Banda, i. 262. mace,
an expressed oil from the nutmeg, i. 262. Oleander, sweet-scented, leaves and bark of the
root, externally,
repellent; internally, the root is a poison, ii. 23. Olibanum, the tree which yields it ascertained

by Colebrooke,
i. 265. Olive tree, not cultivated in India; Pliny's character of it, i.
268. Olivier, his discovery respecting galls, i. 145. i^^ praises the pomegranates of
Ghemlek, i. 328. Onions of Bombay, very fine, i. 269* Ophioxylon of serpents, its virtues in
snake bites, ii. 441. Opium, formulae for prescribing, i. 619* , little known in China before the
year 1600, since that
time given in dysentery (jay-/), i. 621.
, Its habituiu use reprobated, i. 273.
impairs the digestive organs, and weakens the mind, i.
273.
Opobalsamum, a panacea in Egypt, i. 278. Opoponax, analysed by Pelletier, i. 281. Opthalmia,
names of, li. 338* Oranges, Hindoos think they purify the blood; they make the
safest and best sherbet, i. 283. Oriental nettle tree, its gum, ii. 178. Orkfjena, a root used at
Cairo for the colic, ii. 263. Orphila, his work on Poisons, i. 49.
Orris, common amongst the deobstruents of the Arabians, i. 284. Ortalon, common in the
Puraniya district; General Hardwicke
painted several species of emberiza, i. 286. Orthography adopted in this work, preface, page
xii. Oxen of Eastern countries, i. 32, S3. Oysters of the Coromandel coast inferior to none in
the world,
i. 287.
P
Paak-faak, root, a febrifuge, i. 127.
Pains, venereal, names o^ ii* 539 . . ..
Papai, common, unripe juice of the fnii^ anthelmintic, ii. 343.
PariR, Dr., recommends alos, i. 10.
Park, Mungo, seiida home a specimen of the plant wbicli yield*
kino, i. 186. Parkinson, his notion of amber, i. 15. Parmentier analyees milks of different
kinds, i. 224'> Partridge, black, flesh of, a medicine, ii. 48a ; Hindoos say, the cock bird eaten
occasions loo touch
bile, tlie hen strengthens the body, i. 289. Passpom, white, a preparation of copper, i. 513.

Patra waly, used by the Malays in uitermittent fever, equal to

Peruvian bark, ii. 378. Patti lallar (Jav.), bitter and stomachic, ii. 288. Pavetta, root of the
Indian, in visceral obstructions, ii. S89. Pavon found the nutmeg in Peru. i. 252. Pavonia of
Ceylon, root of, ii. 395. , sweet-smelling, root of, an infusion of it a drink in ferer.
ii. 297. Pea, much cultivated in Japan, prized by the Afghans, i. S98. Peach, i. 7.
, of good quality in Mysore, i. 299.
Peacock, flesh of, a medicine, ii. *80.
, when introduced into Rome; flesh amongst the Hindoo
medicines, i. 291. Peacock's fat, supposed virtues of, ii. 200. Pear, garlic, its bark as a
medicine, ii. 197. 198. Pearl fishery of Colombia of great value, i. 297oynter, eaten in Persia, i. 296.
seed, arranged round the lip of the oyster shell, i. 296.
, Hatchctt's analysis of, i. 292.
-, mother of, of tne Eastern islands, i. 29+. Pearls, glass, Jaquine's mode of making, i. 295.
, Smith's method of imitating the best, i. 296.
Pearson, Dr., his Materia Alimentaria, i. 56.
Pedalium, prickly-fruited, its leaf thickens water, ii. 16.
Pelletier, i, 126.
Pellitory, ordered by the Vytians in palsy, i. 301.
Pennant, his Vie* of Hindooslan, i. 17Pennywort, Asiatic, virtues of the leaves, ii. 4'73.
Pepper, black, root of, ii. 385.
- I , peculiar chemical principle in, i. 622.
, a febrifuge, i. 6^J.
, different kinds of in Sumatra, i. 303.
s of, in cholera morbus, i. 304.
., Cayenne, i. 306.

', highly prize . __

., prescribed by the Vytians in catarrh, i. 309.
, long, highly prized by the Cochin-Chinese, i '' "ythe" -'- '
, white, i
Pepys analyses an acid earth, i, 283. Perm-panel, used for fumigating, ii. 306. PeriploCB, of
the woods, root of, its villi
Pcriwinklei small-flowered, decoction cf, in lumbago* ii 859* Peru, marvel of, or wonderful
jalap, root but slightly purgatiTe, ii, 365.
, balsam of, arrests sphacelous ulcers, i. G6> 406. Petrolium, see Oil, rock, i. 264. Pewter, ii.
461.
Pharnaceum, umbelled, infusion of the shoots and flowers diaphoretic, ii. 345. Pheasant,
General Hardwicke's account of, i. 311. Philebert, his Voyage in the Indian and Asiatic seas, i.
S63. Philip the Second, pearls for, i. 297* Phillips, his History of Cultivated Vegetables, i. 28*
Phyllanthus, annual Indian, root, leaves, and tender shoots, medicinal, ii. 150, 151.
, buckthorn-like, virtues of the leaves in discussing
tumours, ii. 288.
, diuretic, ii. 437* , manv-flowered, bark of, an alterative, ii. 323.
, Madras, infusion of the leaves in head-ache, ii. 245.
, Ramnus-like, dried leaves, smoked, ii. 403. >, shrubby, flowers cooling, ii. 244.
Physic nut, glaucous-leaved, expressed oil from the seeds, ii. 6.
, anffular-leaved, seeds of the plant purgative; leaves discutient; nxed oil of the seeds used
for burning in lamps, also as a medicine in rheumatism, ii. 46
Pia-amou-leck, a medicinal root of Siam, ii. 309*
Pidaroghanie, violently cathartic, ii. 310.
Pigeon, domestic, and green, i.3139 314.
Piles, names of, ii. 539.
Pine apple, when introduced into Bengal, i. 315.
of Brazil'the finest in the world, L 315.
Pinhoen, or emetic oil of South America, i. 597*

Piper dichotomum, root of, in dyspepsia, ii. 416.

Piperine, the peculiar chemical principle discovered by Perstadt in black pepper, and alluded
to at, i. 622.
Pitch, Burgundy, i. 458.
Plantain, flavour of, improved by milk and sugar, i. 316.
Plants, description of, and parts of used in medicine by the Hindoos, ii. prel. obs. page xxzvii;
Plaon-gaiy an astringent Siamese root, ii. 313.
Play fair, his opinion of the bark of the root of the asclepias gigan-tea, i. 483.
Pliny, his account of artichokes, i. 23.
praises onions, u 270.
Plumeria, blunt-leaved, root of, cathartic, ii. 137> 138.
Plutarch, i. 244. ,
Pocock found the carob tree in Palestine, i. 365.
Poetry amongst the Hindoos, iL prel. obs. page xxiii, xxiv, xxt.
Poison nut, its peculiar action on the spinal marrow, i. 321.
. , catalepsy produced by its use, i. 623.
Poison nut, the Chinese think nutmeg hu the power of diminishing its poisonous quahty, i.
622.
Poisons, in Malay countries ; upas antiar and upas t^heltlk, analyzed by Pelletier, ii. S4'6.
Poflokeyu, seeds of, a purge in Java, ii. 320.
PolyantneB, tuberose, ii. +81.
Polygonum, bearded, infusion of the leaves, ii. 1.
Polypody, yew-leaved, leaves powerfully emmenagogue, ii. 486.
Pomegranate, bark of the root, a specific for tape-worm, i. 323.
Pomegranate tree, root of, its use in cases of tape-worm, ii. 175.
Pomphlet, lightest fish in India af^er whiting, i. 325.

Pongolam, ii. 322.

Pool (Jav.), a Javanese tonic, ii- 322.
Poolean, a Javanese tonic, ii. S24.
Poomicliacarei kalung, decoetion of, a diet drinki ii. 330.
Poonjandepuitay, bark of, an alterative, ii. 3'13.
Pope, Dr., his account of the Idria mines of Germany, i. 5+1.
, Mr-, discovers the beet method of preparing the croIOD (ul,
i. 599.
Poppy seeds, prescribed by the Vytians in diarchcea, i. S36Porono jiwa, (Jav,), ii. 337.
Portia tree, juice of the fruit in the Malabar itch, ii. 334.
Poatakai, ii. 339.
Po9tcri|
Potass, I
, the name of impure carbonate of, i. 327.
, impure, analysed by Brande, ii. 184.
Potatoes, those of Bangalore excellent; the natives get over their prejudices respecting them,
i. 329,
Polatoe, sweet, extremely nourishing, i. 330.
Potters' earlh, English, analysed by Kirwan, i. 75.
Prawns, excellent in India; notions of the Hindoos respectjne them, i. 332.
Proust's method of detecting impurities in win
Fremna, undivided-leaved, root of, in decoctio
Prescriptions, forms of, preface, page xvii.
Psoralea, hazel nut-leaved, seeds of, deobstruent, ii. 141.
PterocarpuB walleted, bark of, of use in the tooth-ache, ii. 264.

Puchanavie, a poisonous root, ii. 3+0.

PundaroD, bark, an astringent medicine, also used by tannera, ii. 341.
Pundum, a li({uid peynie varnish, ii. 482.
Purslane, annual, creeping, use of in erysipelas, ii. 286Putcliwey, an intoxicating liquor prepared with dried grain, ii,S46>
Q Quince, Bengal, its rind a perfume on Ceylon; decoction of the
bark given in melancholia, ii. 188, 189. -^^ seed, reckoned by the Persians stomachic
Quinine, from what obtained, l. 600.
ction of the I 32. J
ENGLISH INDEX. SJS
Quinine, sulphate of, quere whether a similar salt might not be procured from the margosa
bark ; use of quinine in dyspepsia, ii. ifSG, 457.
, syrup of, tincture of, i. 600.
Qupas, or upas, a common Malay word for poison; upas antiar, upas tshettik, ii. 346, 347.
R
Raffles, Sir Stamford, his excellent History of Java, i. 423. Rahn, a physician of Zurick, i. 247.
Raisins (kishmish), brought to India from Persia, i. 333. Rajrite, a preparation of zinc used in
gonorrhoui, ii. :^ ^'. Raleigh, Sir Walter, brings tobacco to England in 1585, i. 448. Randu,
basin, contains a great deal of aromatic oil, ii. 348. Raynal, Abb^, i. 82.
, praises tea, i* 433.
Razes, ii. 36. 239.
Read, Mr. George, i. 277.
Reece, Dr., i. 127.
Rennel notices a rock salt so hard as to be made into Tessels,
i. 372. Rennet, various kinds of, i. 335. Resin, common; resin, yellow, i. 458. , Indian, or
dammar, i. 336. Reynard recommends sugar in cases of poisoning from acetate of
lead, i. 537. Rhatany root, Peschier's analysis of, i. 127. Rheumatism, names of, ii. 539.
Rhinoceros, virtues of its flesh, ii. 480. Rhubarb, formulae for using, i. 624.
^, first brought into practice by the Arabians, i. 343. f strange to say, is scarce in the Indian

bazars, i. 343. Rice, Celsus's opinion of it, i. 341.

, mode of cultivating ; different kinds of, i. 339.
, oose; what, i. 338.
Riddle prescribes white hellebore in mania, i. 607.
Ring-worm, names of, ii. 539.
Rivers, Lord, i. 153.
Robinson, his paper on elephantiasis, i. 487.
Robiquet, his analysis of opium, i. 275.
Rochan, Abb^, his Voyage to Madagascar, i. 45.541.
Rose, different species of, in Bootan, India and Nepaul, i. 347*
, beautiful hnes on, by Smedley, i. 346.
', uiiir of, who first discovered, in 1020, i. 347.
water, made in the higher provinces of India, i. 345.
Rosebay, broad-leaved, juice of the leaves, in opthalmia, ii. 258. Rosemary, Proust found ten
parts out of one hundred to be camphor in it, i. 350.
, opinions of the physicians of the continent respecting
it, i. 625.
Rosemary, iu Tirtues amongst the Chinese, amongsl the Frandiy
and Italians, i. 350-Roque, his opinion of the angular physic nut, ii. 46. Roque*8
PhytographieMedicale,his eulogium on senna* his cautions
against it in certain cases, i. 390 Rottier, Dr., ii. 38.
Roux, Joseph, his opinion of opium, i. 272* Roxburgh first noticed the virtues of the
Swietenia febrifuge,
i. 124.-Rue, common, how prescribed, i. 626. , lines on it in the Schola Salemi, i 352. ,
much valued by Celsus, i* 352*
Ruellia, ringent-flowered, juice of its leaves alterative, ii. 4*8^ , whorl-flowered, use ^ its
leaves in eruptions, ii* 153 Ruiz found the nutmeg tree in Peru, i. 252. Rukafe, powder of, a

sternutatory, ii. 357. Rundell, Bridges, and Rundell, their pearl fishery at Colombis^
i. 297. Rupture, ii. 539.
Rush, his opinion of garlic, i. 151. Russel, his History of Aleppo, and Account of Tabasheer, i.
209.
420.
-, Mr., his account of the iron of Ceylon, i. 524.
S Safflower, use of the fixed oil in rheumatism; seeds }axative ii.
364. Saffron, meadow, where it might grow, preface, page zxiiL
, in what Eastern countries produced; ofien adulterated,
i. 355.
. , ordered by the Hindoo physicians in typhus fever, i. 354.
', praised by Thornton, i. 356.
Sagapenum, the Arabians consider lithontriptic; is praised by
Avicenna, i. 358. Sage, leaves abound so much in camphor that the Mahometans
call the leaf camphor leaf, i. 359. Sago, various trees that yield it, i. 361, 362, 363. Saint John's
bread: Link, in his Travels in Portugsd^ says, the
tree which yields the fruit is beautiful, i. 365. Sainte Marie, recommends castor oil in colica
pictonura, i. 256. Sal ammoniac, found native at Mooshky, in the province of
Mekran, i. 367. Salep deprives sea-water of its salt taste, i. 369.
, ordered by the Arabians in consumption, i. 368.
Salt, common, how prepared in inland countries, i. 370.
--, Brahmins say without it they would die, i. 371. , Glauber, i. 629.
-, a coarse sort found by Dr. Hamilton in the Pumiya
district, brought, he understood, from Patna, i. 376. y rock, countries it is a product of, i.
372.
Salt, rock, that of Vich, in France, of superior quality, u 873.
Saltpetre obtained in various countries, i. 374.

Salvadora, Persian, bark of it, of use in low fever; bark of the

root a vesicatory, ii. 266. Sandal wood, prescribed by the Vytians in ardent remittent fever,
i. 376. Sandarach, ordered by the Arabians in diarrhoea, i. 380. Sapan, narrow-leaved,
decoction of the wood emmenagogue;
wood, a red dye, ii. 460. Saray parapoo, in electuary, ii. 360. Sarcacolla, i. 629.
, Mesne considered it cathartic, i. 381.
Sarsaparilla, substitute for, i. 381.630.
Sassafras, wood and bark, medicioes of the Cochin-Chinese, i. 384.
Sastra, medical extracts from, ii. prel. obs. pages xxviiixxx.
Saunders, red, the sundel of Avicenna, i. 386.
Scald, names of, ii. 539.
Scald-head, names of, ii* 540.
Scammony, formulae for prescribing, i. 631.
, the plant which yields it grows wild in the w^ods of
Cochin-China, i. 387* Schousboe, a Danish traveller, his opinion of sandarach, i. 379.
Scolopia, prickly, the bark of the root a tonic; berries make a
pictde, li. 201. Scorpion sting, ii. 540. Scot, Dr., his nitric acid bath, i. 580. , his excellent
inaugural Dissertation on the Medicinal
Plants of Ceylon, ii. 327.
>, of Bombay, his nitrous acid bath, i. 3.
, Mr. W., his admirable report of the epidemic cholera,
i.338.
, Waring, his account of the Persian women in his Tour to
Shiraz, i. 496. Scrophula, ii. 540.
, use of mercury in, i. 5B^* Sea-bathing, its use in scrophula, i. 632. Sea-fruit, ii. 358.
Seemie aghatee, juice of the leaves, in ringworm, ii. 362. -^^ shevadie, root aperient and
stomachic, IL 362. Senna, best mode of giving the infusion, i. 390.

-, formulae for prescribing, i. 631. , various sorts of, ii. 249. Serteurner discovers morphia,
i. 275. Shamier, Mr. Nazier, cultivates flax at Madras, i. 197. Shark fish, ii. 400. Sheeakai
(Tam.), ii. 374. Sheep, various kinds in India, i. 233. Sheerudek, infusion of the leaves
diaphoretic, ii. 379. Shengatariputtay, bark of, in scabies, ii. 382. Sherbet, made in Persia from
an acid earth, i. 283.
Shieri goomoodoo, leaTes thicken water when agitated in it, demulcent, ii. 386* Shoe-flower
plant, root of, in menorrhagia, ii. S59. Si-fankhonthei, i. 127. Siam, gamboge tree of, i. 149.
Sida, lance-leaved, root of, itt use in fever and bowel cooaplatnts.
ii- 179-Silver, Humboldt*8 account of argentiferous deposits, i. 567. nitrate of, darkens the
colour of the skin, i. 565m
, prescribed, i. 651.
-, where the Romans got, i. 566* , where found in Eastern countries, i. 562,563,564'. -, use of,
in the arts, i. 566, 567. mines in India, in Mexico, in Peru, in China, i. 563, 564. Simmon, his
use of sulphate of copper as an emetic in phthisis.
1.511. Simmons, his Medical Facts, i. 20. Sinclair, Sir John, his praises of ginger, i. 153.
Skinner, Mr. S., i. 282. Small pox, ii. 540. Smith, Christopher, first sends to England the
cajuputi tree, L
260. _-, James, his admirable work on the Fevers of Jamaica, i 273. -, Mr. R. M., i. 71.
Smithson, his account of tabasheer, i. 420. Snake bite, ii. 540.
-, its flesh a medicine, ii. 291. Snap dragon, virtues in diabetes, ii. 484. Snipe ; snipe, jack ;
snipe, painted, i. 392,393. Soap, Indian, i. 393.
. , how made, materials for making, ii. 229.
- nut tree, notch-leaved, the capsule which covers the seeds
expectorant, ii. 318. Soda, carbonate of, found by Captain J. Stewart on the banks of
the Chumbul river, i. 396.
, carbonate of, its use in scrophula, i. 632.
, impure carbonate of, i. 395.
Soemmering, his opinion of sulphur, i. 413. Soldier, water, its use in decoction, ii. 8. Sole fish,
one of the best fish in India, i. 395. Somerville, Dr., his account of the chimaphilia unnbellata
ii. 152. Songokoong (Siamese), in aphthous affections, ii. 399. Sonini, i. 131.
Sonnerat speaks of the sulphur of Pegu, i. 412. Soodoo torutty, bark, ii. 397.
Sophera cassia, juice of the leaves, in ringworm, ii. 331. Sore throat, names of, i. 540.

Sorrel, Boerhaave extols its virtues, as does Pliny, i. 399. -, salt of, made in Switzerland, i. 399.
1
Sou line, stomachic, ii. 400.
Southernwood, Indian, i. 400.
Sphsranthus, Indian, powder of the root anthelinintic, ii. 168.
Spikenard, false, a stomachic, ii. 402.
-, ploughman's, a gently stimulating stomachic, ii. 173.
' ', use of in medicine, ii. 367. Spogel seed, valuable mucilage made with, ii. 116. Sponge, its
real nature ascertained by Ellis, i. 401. Sprengel, his Hist. Raei Herbaris, u 78. Spurge,
oleander-leaved, its use as a medicine, ii. 98. , pill-bearing, use of the juice of, ii. 14.
, thyme-leaved, leaves and seeds, ordered in worm caaes, 11.76.
, twisted, milky juice of, cathartic and deobstruent, ii. 4>25
Squill, formulae for prescribing, i. 634w
the true analysed by Vogel, who discovers scillitin, i. 403.
, substitute for, i. 402.
Starch, its conversion into sugar by Kirchoff, De la Rive, Sau88ure
&c.f i. 404.
^, placed by the Arabians amongst their anodynes, i. 404. Staunton, Sir George, i. 508. Steel,
WootZy how made by the Hindoos, Mr. Stodart's opinion of
it, Mr. Brande's, i. 525, 526. Storax, balsam, placed by the Arabians amongat their stimulantia,
i. 405. Stroemia Tetrandra, root of, this as well as the leaves anthelmintic,
ii. 471. Strychnia, prescribed by Bofferio in epilepsy, L 623. Strychnine, discovered by
Pelletier, i. 320.
, how prescribed, i. 623. Suet, mutton, i. 406. Sugar cane, first brought from the Canary
islands to St. Domingo;
and first planted in 1520, by Peter d'Atienza, at Conception de
la Vega, i. 407. , acid of, a dangerous name sometimes given to a poison,
i. 399.

, ^analysed by Thenard and by Berzelius, i. 410.

, coarse (Ja^gary), ii. 460.
, different kmds of, i. 409. of the Palmyra tree, ii. 281.
, strange opinions of the Arabian writers respecting it, i. 408. Sulphate of magnesia, a most
valuable alterative medicine, i. 629. Sulphur of different eastern countries, i. 411, 412. ,
formulae for prescribing, i. 635. Sultan Ulugh Beeg Gurgan, an Arabic medical work dedicated
to
him, i. 301. Sumach, of all astringents it comes nearest to galls, i. 415. , elm-leaved, bark of
the stem a yellow dye, that of the root
a brown, i. 415. Surgery of the Hindoos, \\^ prel. obs. page vii. viii. ix.
VOL. II. * P P
Sutton, Dr., his opinion of milk, i* 221. Swallow-wort, milky, root of it medicinal, ii. 469. J ,
gigantic, ii. 488.
-.-.- , gigantic, see Yercum Pawl and Yercum Vajr, i.416.
, twming, root and tender stalks of in dropsy, ii. 155. -, vomiting, root of, resembles somewhat
ipecacuanha in virtues, ii. 84.
-, prolific, root of, emetic prescribed in hydrophobia.
ii. 225.
Sweet-fla^, root of, a favourite medicine of the Hindoos and Americans, 1. 417, 418.
Symes's embassy to Ava, i. 496.
T Tabasheer, nearly identical with siliceous earth, i. 420i
, Persians prize it as cardiac and strengthening, i. 420. Tabemoemontana, citron-leaved, a
Javanese tonic, ii. 822. Tail-kodu^oo, or Indian turnsole, juice of the leaves applied to
ffum-borls, ii. 414. Tafk, ornaments made of it in China, i. 422. , varieties of, ingredient in
rouges i. 422. Tallow, obtained from different plants, i. 42S> 424.
tree, its use in nocturnal fever, 4SS. (Fulwa), i. 424.
Tamarinds of Java reckoned the best, i. 426. the best of all vegetable acids, i. 426.
Tamarind tree, stone of, astringent, ii. 327.
Tanjore, Rajah of, studies anatomy, his acquirements and character, ii. prel. obs. page vii.

Tapioca, made from the root of the latropha Manihot, the juca of the Mexicans, i. 429.
Tar, vapour of, when burning, recommended by Sir Alexander Crtchton in consumption, i.
459.
Tavatiky used in diarrncsa, berries eaten, ii. 413.
Tavemier, i. 7.
speaks of Japan pearls, i. 293. Tea, characters of, i. 433, 434.
, countries produced in, i. 433.
, different kinds of, i. 432, 433.
of Paraguay, or Matte, much drank in certain parts of South
America, i. 436. , substitutes for, amongst the Mongols, i. 438.
, the best situations in India for growing, i. 439.
Teal, grey, no less than nineteen different species of anas in India
noticed and painted by General Hardwick, i. 441. Teliny fly, used for blistering, i. 417.
Tellicherry bark, see conessi bark, i. 88, 89* Temple, Sir William, his opinion of garlic, i. 151.
Terebinthinous medicines, a paper on, by Dr. Copland, i. 458. Tcrminalia, broad-leaved, its
nut as good as an almond, ii. ]29
15
Terminaliai winced, bark of, its use in apthes, ii. 193.
Testicle, swelled, names of, ii. 540.
Theophrastus, i. 74.
Thibet, natives of, i. 33.
Thomson, Dr. A. T., analyses myrrh, i. 245.
-, his botanical description of the black and green tea-plants, i. 440. Thorn-apple, an engine of
artifice amongst the Chinese, i. 446. , alkaline principle procured from, i. 636, 637.
, different sorts ofy li. 266, 266.
, the datura fastuosa is smoked in the Chittore district for asthma, Rumphius's opinion of
datura, Rheede^s, i. 444,445* -, the fruit made into a poultice for cancer and scrofula,
1. yyO.

Thornton, Dr., i. 112. 139. Thrush, names of, ii. 541. Thunberg, his Travels, i. 17. Thus, i. 458.
, what the ancients called, i. 138.
Tin, ii^ what books mentioned, i. 572, 573.
- prescribed, i. 652.
, uses of, in the arts, i. 571*
, where found in eastern countries, i. 56Sf 569.
Tobacco, cmpyreumatic oil of, poisonous to sundry animals, i.
449.
-, first discovered in Yucatan in 1520, i. 447. Tod, Major, his account of hot springs, i. 469.
Toddy of the cocoa-nut tree, i. 419.
-, Palmyra, cooling and aperient, ii. 280. , sugar and arrack made from it, i. 453.
, the various trees it is got from, i. 451, 452.
Toon tree, bark astringent, a substitute for cinchona, ii. 429.
Tooth-ache, names of, ii. 541.
Torenia, smooth, ii. 122.
Tragia, hemp-leaved, root diaphoretic, ii. 389.
, heart-shaped-leaved, powder of the leaves in milk taken to
produce fatness, ii. 4iB3. Tragria, root of the involucrated, its alterative property, ii. 62.
Travancore, what would there grow, i. pref. pa^e xx. ii. prel.
obs. page xxxvii.
' , alum in, i. 12.
Travers, J. B., discovers a copper mine, i. 504.
Trianthcma, one-styled, root of, considered purgative, ii. 370.
Trichilia* thorny, its use in palsy and rheumatism, ii. 71.
Trichosanthes, cashed, use of, in cases of sores in the ears, ii. 392.
Trophis, rough-leaved, root of, ii. 293.

Trumpet-flower, cheleneid, root of, infusion of in fevers, ii. 272.

Tung gulung (Jav.), shells of the fruit yield an oil, a substitute for
turpentine, ii. 430. Turmeric, much used in India as a medicine and dye, i. 454.
P P 2
Turmeric tree, its root a yellow dye, ii. 18S.
Turner speaks of rock-salt in Bootan and Nepaul, in his '* Embassy to the Court of the Tishoo
Lama,'* i. 372.
Turnip-seeclf a medicine amongst the Arabians, i. 4f56m
Turpentine of the Sula pine, in the bazars of Nepaul, its use in tape-worm, i, 4<57> 458.
, its various uses in medicine, i. 458. 657--, Venice, i. 468.
, oil of, how made, i. 458.
of Chio, i. 458.
Turpin found ambergris in Siam, i. 16.
Turyak Abiz, a poisonous root, ii. 445.
Tyger, royal, virtues of its flesh, ii. 479.
Tympanites, names of, ii. 541.
Tyre, cooling, ii. 445.
-, a preparation of milk, a useful diet in typhus fever, i. 460.
U
Ulcer, foul, names of, ii. 541
, phagedenic, healed by balsam of Peru, i. 406.
, simple names of, ii. 541. Ungarelli, professor, disapproves of safiron, i. 356. Upas, see Qupas.
Ure, Mr., i. 91.
Urine, difficulty of voiding, names of, ii. 541. -, total suppression of, names of, ii. 542.
V
Vaivelunghum, ii. 446.

Vakanatie puttay, in rheumatism, ii. 446.

Vallekara (Malealie), in hydrophobia, ii. 448.
Valuluvy seed, ii. 447.
Varnish, Peynie, in gonorrhoea, ii. 482.
Vauquelin analyses cubebs, i. 99.
Vaymbadum bark, powder of, in itch, i. 457.
Velvet leaf, stomachic, ii. 316.
Venereal disease, names of, ii. 541.
Venison, in India, i. 110, 111.
Veni-vell-getta, (Cyng.), a valuable bitter, ii. 461.
Veratrine, active part of white hellebore, i. 607.
Verbesina, marygold-like, deobstruent, ii. 338.
Vervain, common, ii. 314, 315.
^ , creeping, its use as a medicine, ii. 313.
Vincent, Dr., his Account of the Commerce and Navigation of
Ancient India, i. 243. Vine plant, growing wild in Caucasus, and the Levant, i. 477. Vinegar, its
use in medicine, i. 638.
. , senndgdluy what, i. 463. ii. 55.
Violet, suffruticose, leaves and tender stalks demulcent, ii. 268. Virey, i. 11. ii. 378.
Virgil praises dittany, i, 112.
Vogel analyses squills, i. 403.
VogeKs analysis of Rhatany root, i. 127.
Volkameria, smooth, ovate-leaved, juice of the leaves alterative,
ii. 369. Vullerkoo, ii. 476.
W
Waddington, his Journey to Ethiopia, i. 390.

WallcresB, China, ii. 12.

Wallich, Dr., his opinion of plantago ispaghula, ii. 116.
, i. 211. ii. 383.
, his opinion regarding the tea plant, i. 4-39.
Walnute grow in Bootan, Nepaul, and Thibet; those of Kusistan excellent, i. 464>.
Water, hot springs of, i. 469.
, mineraT, at Bangalore, i. 466.
of Fort St. George, perhaps the purest in the world, i 467.
Water-lilj, sweet-smelling, with the root of it is prepared a cooling liniment, ii. 381.
, Egyptian, root of, demulcent, ii. 234.
, peltated, root edible, ii. 410.
Wax, artificial, paper on, by Dr. Tytler, i. 471.
, trees that yield it, i. 471.
Webera, thorny, medicinal qualities of, ii. 63.
Weights and measures, preface, page xiii.
Werner, i. 66>
White, Dr. D., i. 54.
, of Bombay, i. 148.
Whites, names of, ii. 542.
White's Voyage to New Holland, his account of the acarois re-sinifera, i. 485.
Whiting, fish, the only one the Vytians allow their leprous patients to eat, i. 478.
Wilkins, Mr. C, preface, page xix.
, his account of silver-wire working in the higher provinces of India, i. 566.
Wilks, Colonel, informatioa from, regarding the gamboge tree, i. 14a
Willan recommends solution of potass in lepra, i. 328.

Wilson, H. H. Esq., his valuable paper on the leprosy of the Hindoos, i.545. 641.
Wine, antimonial, an invaluable medicine in the croup, 1. 497*
, of Shiraz, a red and a white, i. 473.
Wines, different kinds of, used in India, i. 474, 475.
Winter cherry, root of the flexuose branched, ii. 14.
Withering describes the acorus calamus, i. 418.
Witman, his Travels in Turkey, i. 215.
, Dr., his Travels, i. 161.
PP 3
Wood aloes, tree a native of the mountainous district South-East
of Silhet; also of Asam, i. 480. i- apple, i. 16S.
, serpents, iu various uses in Malay countries, ii. 202, 20S. Woodia tree, bark of, of use in
old ulcers, ii. 486. Woodville, i. 165. 265. Worms, ascarides, ii. 542.
, names of, ii. 542. -, tape, ii. 542.
, teres, ii. 542. Wormwood, Indian, its virtues as a medicine, ii. Id4,195.
, Madras, i. 481. Wright, Colonel, brings to England an acid earth, i. 28S. > ' ', Dr. recommends
capsicum in dropsies, i. S07> I , his medicinal plants of the West Indies, i. 48.
X
Xyris, Indian, the use of the leaves in lepra, ii. 125, 126,
Y
Yam, see article Potatoe, i. 329.
Yelloly, Dr., suggests the propriety of bleeding in poisoning from
arsenic, i. 50S. . Yellow gum resin of New Holland, a new medicine, i. 483. Yemen, aloes
brought from, i. 10.
Yercum, or yeroocum pawl, and yercum vayr, root of the plant, the mudar root of Bengal, i.
486.
Z

Zarareekh ^Arab.), an insect used for blistering, ii. 418. Zea, his opinion of the yellow bark, i.
126. Zedoarius, i. 489494.
Zibet perfume, anodyne and antispasmodic, ii. 328. Zinc, except manganese, no known body
unites so readily with oxyeen, i. 578. ', formulse for prescribing, i. 653, 654. ', oxyde of, i. 574,
653.
', sulphate of, Pearson says it evacuates the stomach without weakening it, i. 577. , use of, in
the arts, i. 577, 578. -, what countries got in, i. 573, 574. Zizyphus, three-nerved, use of the
leaves in old venereal cases ii. 69. '
Zocotora, island of, i. 9.
LATIN INDEX.
Abrus precatorius, ii. 79. Acacia Arabica, ii. 142. catechu, i. 63.
scandens, ii. 107. Acalypha betulina, ii. S88.
Indica, ii. 161.
Acanthus illicifolius, ii. 306. Acetum, i. 461. 637. Achyranthes aspera, ii. 221. Acidum
benzoicum, i. 587.
hydrocyanicum, preface,
page xxiii.
muriaticum, i. 4.
^ dilutum, i. 581. nitricum dilutum. i. 580. nitrosum, i. 2. .--
sulphuricuniy i. 2.
dilutum, i.
579.
Acorus calamus, i. 417. Addenda, ii. 543. Adeps juvenci, i. 423.
pavonis, ii. 200.
Adiantum capillus veneris, i. 52.
fragile, ii. 215.
melanacaulonjii.214.
^ trapeziforme, ii.215.
villosum, ii. 215. ^gle marmelos, ii. 188. ^schynomene aspera, ii. 400. Agrostis linearis, ii.

27^
P P
Ailanthus cxcelsa, ii. 302. glandulosa, ii, 303. Alaraanda cathartica, ii. 9. Allium, i. 603.
cepa, i. 269.
sativum, i. 150. ii. 475.
Aloe littoralis, ii. 169.
perfoliata^ ii, 169.
spicata, i. 9.
Aloes extractum, i. 582. Alpinia galanga, i. 140. Alumen, i. 11. 584. ii. 271. Amaranthus
campestris, ii. 392. i^- spinosus, ii. 393.
. viridis, ii. 393.
Ambragrlsea, i. 16. Amenorrhoea, ii. 266. Ammania vesicatoria, ii. 92. Ammoniacum, i. 604.
Amomum granum paradisi.i. 55m zedoaria, i. 493.
i zingiber, i. 152. Amydalus communis, i. 7* 582. ' Persica, i. 299Amylum, i. 404. Amyris Gileadensis, i. 26. 277* protium, ii. 430. Anas crecca, i. 441.
domestica, i. 116.
Andrachne cadishaw, ii. 487. Andromeda, ii. 107. Andropogon Iwarancusa, ii. 114.
LATIN INDEX.
Andropogon muricalus, ii. 470. I nardus, ii. 401.
- parancura, ii. 402. I schoenanthuSyiL 58.
115. Anethi semina, i. 599. Anethum foeniculum, i. 129.601.
graveolens, i. 109.
Anisi semen, i. 585. Anthemidis flores, i. 591. Anthemis nobilis, i. 67. ^. pyrethrum^ i.
300. Antiroonium, i. 639. Antirrhinum cymbalaria, ii. 483. Aqua, i. 465. Aquilaria ovata, i;
4>79. Arabis Chinensifl, ii. 12. Areca catechu, ii. 268. Argemone Mexicana, ii. 43. Argentum, i.
562. 651. Argilla figuli, i. 74. Arifltolocnia acuminata, ii. 302. bracteata, ii. 4.301.
Indica, ii. 5* 298.

 longa, ii. 299.

odoratisBima, ii. 5.
300. I rotunda, ii. 299.
> sempervirens, ii.300.
serpentaria, ii. 300.
trilobata, ii. 300.
Arracum, i. 197. Arsenici oxydum, i. 499. Arsenicum, i. 640. .1 auripigmentum,i.499.
- flavum, i.499. Artemisia abrotonum, ii. 195. ^ Austriaca, i. 400. ii. 195.
Chinensis, ii. 196.
Indica, ii. 194.
Maderas-patna, i.481.
vulgaris, li. 196. Arum dracunculus, ii. 464.
esculentum, ii. 464.
- macrorhizon, ii. 463.
- maculatum, ii. 464. Asarum Europaeum, i. 23. 586.
ii. 188. Asclepias acida, ii. 378.
Asclepias curaasavicay ii. 155. gigantea, i.486. ii.468 Yactifera, ii. 469.
prolifera, ii. 225.
. volubilis, ii. 154.
^ vomitoria, ii. 83.
Aspalathus Indica, ii. 385.
Asparagus officinalis, i. 24. racemosus, ii. 409.
-- sarmentosus, ii. 409. Assafoetida, i. 585. Astragalus verus, i. 162. Atropa belladona,
preface, page
xxi. i. 246. 617. .- mandragora, i. 207* Aurum, i. 514.
B Baccharis Indica, ii. 172. Bambusa arundinacea, i. 419.

baccifera, ii. 420.

Barleria longifolia, ii. 236.
prionitis, ii. 376.
Barringtonia speciosa, ii. 132. Bassia latifdia, ii. 100. longifolia, ii. 99. Bauhinia tomentosa,
ii. 48. Bdellium, i. 29. Bergera KcBnigii, ii. 139. Bczoar orientale, i. 35. Bignonia chelonoides,
ii. 272.
longissima, ii. 273.
^ leucoxylon, ii. 273.
Bismuthi oxydum album, pref.
page xxiii. Bitumen petrolium, i. 39. Boerhaavia diffusa, ii. 205. Boletus igniarius, i. 5. Bolus,
i. 43.
Bombax pentandrum, ii. 96, Borassus flabelliformis, ii. 280.
' 9 toddy of,
i. 452 ^
Bos bubal us, ii. 103.
- taurus, i. 32. Boswellia glabra, i. 136. Brassica oleracea, i. 46.
rapa, i. 456.
Bromelia ananas, i, 314. Brucea, ii. 104.
LATIN INDEX.
585
Brucea antedysenterica, ii. 38. ferruginea, ii. 38. 105.
Sumatrana, ii. 37. 105.
Bryonia callosa, ii. 428. epigsea, ii. 158.
garcini, ii. 22.
grandis, ii. 436.
scabra. ii. 212. ^ scabrella, ii. 22.
rostrata, ii. 21.

Bubon galbanura, i. 142. Butea frondosa, ii. 335. - 8uperba> ii. 337.
Cacalia alpinia, ii. 213.
kleinia> ii. 118.
saracenica, ii. 213.
soncbifolia^ ii. 213. Cactus cocbenillifer, ii. 218.
ficus Indica, ii. 217 218. ' opuntia, ii. 218.
pereskia, ii. 218. tuna, ii. 218. Cajaputi oleum, i. 618. Calamus draco, i. 114. Calculus
cysticus, ii. 164. Callicarpa Americana, ii. 181. ' ferruginea, ii. 181.
lanata, ii. 180.
macrophylla, ii. 181.
reticulata, ii. 181.
villosa, ii. 181. Calopbyllum inophyllum, iL 310. Calumbffi radix, i. 86.595. Calyptranthes
cariophyllifoliai ii.
232.
jambolana, ii, 444.
Calx, i. 194.
Calliococca ipecacuanha, pref.
page XX. Caraelli oleifcra, i. 435. Caraphora, i. 588. Canarium commune, ii. 60. Cancer
pagurus, i. 94.
serratus, i. 331.
Cannabis sativa, ii. 108. Capparis spinosa, ii. 150. Capra hircus, i. 156.
Capsicum frutescens, i. 306. Carbo ligni, i. 69. 592. Carbonas potassse impura, i. 327. sodffi,
i. 396.
Cardamomum minus, i. 589. Cardiospermum haliocacabum,
ii. 204. Carica papaya ii. 343.
prosoposa, ii. 344. Carnis bubulse infusum, ! 587. Caro boedina, i. 184.
ovilia, i. 233.

Carthamus tinctorlus,ii 284.364. Caryophillus aromatjcus, i. 593. Caryota urens, toddy of, i.
452. Cassia alata, ii. 361.
auriculata, ii. 31.
~* fistula, i. 61. lanceolata, ii. 249.
senna, i. 389. ii. 249. tora, ii. 405.
Castor fiber, i. 62. Castoreum, i. 590. Casuarina equisitifolia, ii. 443. Catechu extractum, i.
590. Ceanothus Americanus, i. 436. Cedrela toona, ii. 429. Celtis orientalis, ii. 178. Cephoelis
ipecacuanha, ii. 543* Cera, i. 470. Ceratonia siliaua, i. 364. Cerbera man^has, ii. 260. 262.
Cervus axis, i. 110. Chimaphilia umbellata, ii. 152. Chiococca densifolia, ii. 544. Chloranthus
inconspicuus, ii. 301. spicatus, ii. 165.17JU Chloroxylon Dupada, i. 336. Cinchona excelsa,
ii. 341. Cinnamomum, i. 593. Cissampelos pareira, ii. 315. Cissus acida. ii. 304. 326.
arborea, ii. 26. 267*
. quadrangularis, ii. 303*
Cistus creticus, i. 187. Citrus aurantium, i. 281. _. medica, i. 193. Cleome felina, ii. 360.
nentaphylla, ii.224:. 451a. polygama, ii. 224.
LATIN INDEX.
Cleome viscosa, ii. 223. Clerodcndrum phlomoides, ii.
408. Clitoria ternatea^ ii. 139. Coccus cacti, i. 79. Cocos aculeata, ii. 128.
Maldivica, ii. 126.
nueifera^i.??. ii. 415.418, 419.
. , toddy of, i. 451.
Caesalpina sappan, it. 450. Coffea Arabica, i. 81. Colchicum autumale, preface,
page xxi. Coldenia procumbens, ii. 435. Colocvnthidis pulpa, i. 594. Colophyllum calaba, ii.
311. Coluber, ii. 290. Coluroba domestica, i. 313. Conium maculatum, preface,
page xxii. Convolvulus Brasiliensis, ii. 220.
309.
gemellus, ii. 394.
b ( grandiflorus, ii.219.

^ jalapa, preface, page

XX. ii. 220. 308. Malabaricus, ii.291. paniculatus, ii. 307.
repens, ii. 220. 308.
' scatnmonia, i. 386.
ii. 220. 308.
- speciosus, ii. 357.
turpethum, ii, 308.
382. Conyza anthelmintica, ii. 55. arborescens, ii. 363.
balsamifera, ii. 396.
cinerea, ii. 363.
-^ odorata, ii, 363. Coralliura, i. 90. Corchorus capsularis, ii. 387*
olitorius, ii. 387. Cordia myxa, ii. 466. Coriandri semina, i. 595. Coriandrum sativum, i. 92.
Coronilla picta, ii. 64. Cornus florida, ii. 454. Corrcea alba, i. 436. Coscinium fcnestratum, ii.
461.
Costus Arabicus, ii. 165.
speciosus, ii. 166.
spicatus, ii. 166.
Cratsva gynandra, ii. 198. -- marmelos, ii. 86. 189. reliffiosa. ii. 459.
tapia, ii. 197
Creta alba, i. 66.
prseparata, i. 591.
Crinum Asiaticum, ii. 464r.
toxicarum, ii. 465w
Crocus sativus, i. 354. Crotalaria verrucosa, ii.305.478. Croton, i. 596.
elateria, ii. 398.
humile, ii. 398.

lineare, ii. 398.

-^- plicatum, ii. 398. ^ seSiferum, ii. 433.
tiglium, i. 101. Cucumis colocynthis, i. 84. Cucurbita citrullus, i. 217* Cuminum cyminum, i.
100. Cuprum, i. 504.642. Curculigo orchioides, ii. 242. Curcuma angustifolia, i. 19.
loDga, i.^ 454. zedoaria, i.490. ii.41.
zerumbet, i. 490. Cycas circinalis, i. 361. Cynanchum extensum, ii. 452. Cynara scolymu8, i.
22. Cynosurus coracanus, i. 245. Cyperus articulatus, ii. 163,164.
juncifolius, ii. 162.
perteuuis, ii. 164.
rotundus, ii. 163, 164.
spathaceus, ii. 163.
Cyprinus carpio, i. 56* Cyprus alcanna, ii. 191.
D
Dais octandra, ii. 320. Dalbergia arborea, ii. 332. Datura, i. 636.
fastuosa, i. 442. mete), i. 443.
' stramonium, i. 443. 446.
Daucus carota, i. 57. Desroanthus cinereus, ii. 458.
LATIN INDEX.
587
Digitalis purpurea^ preface, page
xxi. Diosperos glutinosa, ii. 278. Dolichi prurientis pubes, i. 596. Dolichos pruriens, i. 93.
Dorstenia contrayerva, ii. 300* Dracsna terminalisy ii. 20. Dracontium polyphylluniy ii. 50.
Dryobalanops camphorse, i. 49.

Eclipta prostrata, ii. 129. Ehretia buxifolia, ii. 80. Elate silvestrisy toddy of, i. 452. Elettaria
cardamomum, i. 53. Eleeocarpus redjosso, ii. 20. Elephantopus scaber, ii. 17. Emberiza
hortulana, i. 286. Erobryopteros glutinifera, ii. 278. Epidendrum claviculatum, ii.
439. tenuifolium, ii. 439.

 vanilla, ii. 439.

Eryothroxylon areolatum,ii.421. Erythronium Indicuniy 1.259.402. Eucalyptus resinifera, i.
185. Eugenia caryophyllata, i. 75. .-^ racemosa, ii. 56* Eupatorium aromaticum, ii. 37*
ayapana, ii. 35.
perfoliatum, i. 37. Euphorbia antiquorum, i. 120. ii. 425.
cyparissus, ii. 187.
gerardiana, ii. 187.
. . hirta, ii. 99.
hyberna, ii. 135.
lathyris, i. 599,
maculata, ii. 135.
neriifolia, ii. 97.
piluHfera, ii. 13.
sessiflora, ii. 135.
- sylvatica, ii. 187.
thymifolia, ii. 75.
tjrucalli, ii. 133. 4.26.
' tithymaloides, ii, 90
tortjJis, ii. 424.
Excaecaria Cochin-Cbinensis, ii.
437. Exuvia serpentis, ii. 291.
Faba, i. 28.
Felis leopardusi ii. 48f.
tigris, ii. 479.
Feronia elephantuniy i. 161. ii. 82. Ferri rubigo, i. 527. Ferrum, i. 522. 643. Ferula assafoetida,
i. 20. Ficus carica, i. 131.

Indica, ii. 10.

racemosa, ii. 30.
- religiosa, ii. 25.
septica, ii. 35.
Flacourtia catapbracta, ii. 407. Fluggea leucopyrus, ii. 449. Fucus digitatus, i. 633.
- saccharinus, i. 633. serratus, i. 633. Fumaria officinalis, i. 138.
G
Gadus merlingus, i. 478. Galega purpurea, ii. 49. 157. - spinosa, ii. 208.
toxicaria, ii. 132.
Gallse, i. 602. Gambo^a, i. 602. Gardenia aculeata, ii. 187.
dumetorum, ii. 185.
longiflora, ii. 186.
muftiflora, ii. 187.
Gaultheria procumbens, i. 437* Gentiana cbirayita, ii. 373. lutea, ii. 374.
- scandens, ii. 374. Gillenia trifoliata, ii. 188. Glicyrrhiza hirsuta, i. 438.
- glabra, i. 199. Gmelina Asiatica, ii. 240.
parviflora, ii. 242. 386.
Gossypium arboreum, ii. 284.
barbadense, ii. 283.
- herbaceum, ii. 282.
Evolvulus alsinoides, ii. 46% Excaecaria agallocha, ii. 43^
hirsutum, ii. 284.
reVigiosum. ii. 284.
. Indicum, ii. 284.
LATIN INDEX.

Granafina, ii. 218. Gratiola monnieria. ii. 239. Guaiacum officinalis, prcf. page
XX.
Guilandina bonduc, ii. 26. 136.
bonducella, ii. 135.
Gummi Arabicum, i. 605.
H
Hedysarum prostratum, ii. 75.
sennoides, ii. 53. tortuosum supinum
et diphyllum, ii. 54. Helicteres isora, ii. 447. Heliotropium iDdicum, ii. 414. Helleborus niger,
i. 164. 606. Heracleum gummiferum, i. 158. Hernandia sonora, ii. 42. Hernia huinoralis, ii.
136. Hibiscus abelmoschus, ii.72.335.
obtusifolia, ii. 120.
ochra, ii. 335.
populneus, ii. 333.
rosa Chinensis, ii. 359. ' sabdariffa, ii. 33.5.
- sinensis mutabilisy ii.
335.
tibiaceus, ii. 335. Hirudo, i. 612.
medicinalis, i. 191. Historia rei herbariae, ii. 281. Holcus saccharatus, ii. 112.
spicatus, ii. 112.
Hydrargyrum, i.540.645. ii. 348. Hydrocotyle Asiatica, ii. 473. Hyoscyamus, i. 607.
niger, i. 167.
Hyperanthcra moringlm, i. 175. Hyssopus officinalis, i. 177.
I & J
Jalapse radix, i. 611. Jasminum angustifolium, ii. 52. . simplicifolium, ii. 53. Jatropha curcas,
ii. 45.
- glauca, ii. 5.

- manihot, i. 428.
- multifida, ii. 47.
Ilex Paragucnsis, i. 437. Illccebruui lanatum, ii. 393.
lUicium anisatum, ii. 18. Indigotera anil, i. 178. iL 53.
argentea, li. S4 enneaphylla, ii. 74.
tinctoria, ii. SS-Inula helenium, i. 119. Iodine, i. 633.
lonidium urticsefolium, ii. 544. ' ipecacuanha, ii. 544.' Ipecacuanha, i. 180.608. Iris
Florentina, i. 182.285. Juglans regia, i. 463. Juniperus communisy i. S79. Justicia adhatoda, ii.
3. bicalyculata, ii. 65.
bivalvisy ii. 29.
gendarussa, ii. 67nasuta, ii. 216.
paniculata, i. 96.
parviflora, ii. 412.
pectoralis, ii. 217.
^ procumbensy ii. 246.
repens, ii. 156.
Trauquebarien8is,ii.412.
Jussieua sufiructicosa, ii. 66. Ixora pavetta, ii. 290.
Kffimpferia galanga, ii. 146. Kaempheria rotunda, i. 4.89. Kino, i. 611.
Lac asina^, i. 223.
caprinum, i. 221.
ebutyratum, ii. 211.
vaccmum, i. 219.
Lacca, i. 188. Lacerta aeilis, ii, 277.

alligator, ii. 263.

gecko, ii. 276.
iquana, ii. 263.
scincus, ii. 277.
Lactucarium (Lettuce opium),
preface, page xxiii, Laurus cassia, i. 58.
cinnaraomum, i. 72. ij.
145.
- culilaban, ii. 197.
- involucrata, ii. 228.
LATIN INDEX.
589
Laurus sassafras^ i. 383. Lavendula carnosay ii. H4. Lawsonia inermis, ii. 191.
spinosa, ii. 190.
Ledum latifolium, i. 437. Leontodon taraxacum, preface,
page xxiii. Lepidium piscidium, ii. 132.
sativum, i. 95. Lepus timidus, i. 164<. Lichen calcareus, ii. 171. islandicus, ii. 171. picta, ii.
170.
rotundatiis, ii. 170.
vulgaris, ii. 170. Limodrum spatidatum, ii* 321. Limatura ferri, i. 527. Linum usitatissimum,
i. 196. Lithargyrum, i. 535. Lodoicea sechellarum, ii. 126.
M
Manettia cordifolia, ii. 544. Manganesium, i. 538. Manisurus granulans, ii. 434.
m3ruru8, ii. 4f34f.
Manna, i. 613.
Persica, i. 209. Margarita, i. 292. Mel, i. 172.

Melaleuca cajuputi, i. 259. Melastoma aspera, ii. 124. Melia azadirachta, toddy of, i.
453. > sempervivens, toddy of,
i. 453. Melissa officinalis, ii. 25. Melochia corchorifolia, ii. 440. Meloe cichorei, ii. 417.
trianthcmse, ii. 417.
Menispermum cocculus, ii. 131. cordifolium, ii.
377. -^..*- fenestratum, ii.
461.
hirsutum, ii. 133.
386.
- verrucosum, ii.
378. Mentha sativa i. 241.615. ii.485.
Menyanthes Indica, ii. 234. Mimosa abstergens, ii. 374. . cinerea, ii. 458.
ferruginea, ii. 477.
pudica, ii. 432. saponaria, ii. 375. Mirabilis jalapa, ii. 284. Momordica balsamina, ii. 275.
charantia, ii. 275.
' dioica, ii. 274.
>f~ muricata, ii. 275. Monetia barlerioides, ii. 404. Morsea Chinensis, ii. 39. Morinda
citrifolia, ii. 254. - umbellata, ii. 253.
ternifolia, ii. 254. Moschus, i. 614.
' moschiferus, i. 228. Mugil cephalus, i. 227. Murias ammonise, i. 365. 626.
' sodse, i. 370. Musa paradisiaca, i. 316. Mutelfa occidentalis, ii. 117. Mylabris cichorei, ii. 417.
Myristica moschata, i. 201.249. Myrrha, i. 243.616.
N Narcissus odorus, ii. 188. Nauciea gambir, ii. 105. Nelumbium speciosum, ii. 235*
410. Nepenthes distillatoriai ii.93* Nepeta hirsuta, ii. 295. Indica, ii. 295.
Madagascariensis, ii. 295.
Malabarica, ii. 294.
Nerium antidysentericum, i. 88.

ii. 461. ^ coronarium, ii. 257.

odorum> ii. 23.
oleander, ii. 24.
Nicotiana tabaccum, i. 447* Nigella sativa, i. 128. Nitras potassse, i. 374. Nitrum, i. 628.
Nux vomica, i. 622. ii. 421. Nymphsea lotus, ii. 233. 381.
odorata, ii. 381.
. stellata, ii. 381.
LATIN INDEX.
O
Ocimum album, ii. 91.426. basilicum, ii. 423.
birsutum, ii. 160.
manosum, ii. 91.
pilosum, ii. 423. " sanctum, ii. 426.
tcnuifolium, ii. 424. Odina Wodier, ii. 486. Oldenlandia alata, ii. 102.
biflora, ii. 102.
crystallina, ii. 102.
herbacea, ii. 102.
umbellata, ii. 101.
Olea Europea, i. 268. Oleum amygdali, i. 252.
' caryophilli, u 258.
macis, i. 262.
nucis moscbatSy i. 262. ricini, i. 253. 618.
sinapeos, i. 263. Olibanum, i. 264. Opbiorbiza mungosi ii. 198. 442. Opbioxylon spinosa, ii.
324.
^ serpentinum,ii.441. Opbioxylum serpentinum, ii.
199. Opium, i. 271. 619. Orcbis mascula, i. 368. Origanum dictamnus, i. 112.

majorana, i. 213.
Ornitbrope serrata, ii. 413. Oryza saliva, i. 338. Ostrea edulis, i. 287.
Otis campestris, i. 132.
Ovum, i. 117.
Oxalis corniculata, ii. 324.
sensitiva, ii. 325.
' stricta, ii. 325.
Oxidum plumbi rubrum, i. 535.
Panax fruticosum, ii. 74.
quinqucfolium, i. 154.
Panicum Italicum, i. 226. Papaver somniferum, i. 326. ii.
339. Pastinaca opoponax, i. 280. Pavetta Indica, ii. 289.
Pavetta arenosa, ii. 290 Pavo cristatus, i. 290. Pavonia odorata, ii. 297.
Zeylanica^ ii. 395.
Pedalium murex, ii. 15* 386. Pedicularis lanata, i. 436. Penaea mucronata, i. 380. Periploca
Indica, i. 381. 630.
sylvestris, ii. 390.
Petroleum, i. 264. Pharnaceum cerviana, ii. 345.
' raoUugOy ii. 431.
Pbaseolus trilobus, ii. 434. Pbyllantbus emblicSy i. 240. ii.
244.
Maderaapatensisy ii. 245.
multiflorus, ii. 323.
nutans, ii. 289.
niruriy ii. 150. rbamnoidesy ii. 288.
403. urinaria, ii. 1 51 . 437. Pbysalis flexuosa^ ii. 14. Pbysianus, i. 310. Pimpinella anisum,

i. J 8. Pinus abies, i. 458.

balsamea, i. 458.
larix, i. 458.
silvestris, i. 457Piper betel, ii. 465. "
- cubeba, i. 97.
dicbotomum, ii. 416.
longum, i. 309.
-- nigrum, i. 302.621. ii. 385. Pistacia lentiscus, i. 214. -^ terebinthus, i. 458. Pistia
stratiotes, ii. 7. Pisum sativum, i. 297. Plantago ispaghula, ii. 116. Pleuronectes solea, i. 395.
Plumbago Europea, ii. 78.
rosea, ii. 78. 379.
scandens, ii. 79. 330.
Zeylaiiica, ii. 77,
Plumbi subcarbonas, i. 535, Plumbum, i. 532. 644. Plumeria obtusa, ii. 137. Poaya, ii. 543.
Poinciana elata, ii. 149.
LATIN INDEX.
591
Poinciana pulcherriraa, ii. 148. Polyanthes tuberosa, ii. 4>81. Polygala poaya ii. 54>3.
senega, ii. 301.
Polygonum barbatuna, ii. 1. Polyphyllum peltatum, ii. 384-. Polypodium fra^rans, i. 438.
taxifolium, ii. 486.
Portulaca quadrifida, ii. 286. Potassa, i. 623.
impura, ii. 183.
Potentilla rupestris, i. 438. Pothos officinalis, ii. 113. Premna integrifolia, ii. 210. Prucea, ii.
288. Psoralea corylifolia, ii. 141.
glandulosa, i. 437.

Pterocarpus marsupium, ii. 264.

santalinus, i. 385.
Pubon galbanum, i. 601. Punica granatum, i. 322. ii. 175. Pyrus cydonia, i. 332.
Q
Quercus infectoriai i. 144.
R
Radix Indica Lopezina, ii. 173.
justicia; paniculatae, i. 596.
Raphanus rusticanus radix, i.
608. Rhamnus, ii. 123. Rheum, i. 624.
palmatum, i. 342.
Rhus coriaria, i. 414. Richardia scabra, ii. 543. Richardsonia scabra, ii. 543. Ricinus
communis, ii. 472. Rosa centifolia, 1. 345. Rosmarina herba, i. 625. Rubia manjista, i. 202. ii.
182.
secunda, ii. 183.
Ruellia ringens, ii. 482.
strepens, ii. 153.
' tuberosa, ii. 154.
Rumex vesicarius, i. 398. Ruta, i 626.
graveoJensy i. 351.
Saccharum officinarum, i. 407*
ii. 460. Sacocalla, i. 629. Sagapenum, i. 357* Salvadora Persica, ii. 26. 266. Salvia Bengalensis,
i. 359. Sambucus nigra, i. 118. Sanguinaria Canadensis, ii. 188. Sanseviera Zeylonica, ii. 192.
Santalum album, i. 376. Sapindus emarginatus^ ii. 318. Sapo, i. 393.
Indica, ii. 228.
Saxifraga crassifolia^ i. 438. Scammonia, i. 631. Scilla, i. 634.
Scirpus tuberosus, ii. 342. Scleria lithospermia, ii. 121. Scopolia aculeata, ii. 200. Scolopax
gallinago, i. 392. Semen lini, i. 612. Semecarpus anacardium, ii. 371. Senna, i. 631.

Italica, ii. 249.

Sesamum Indicum, ii. 256. .. orientale^ ii. 53.255. Sevum ovillum, i. 406. Sida
althaeaefolia, ii. 179.
Jamaicensis, ii. 179.
lanceolata, ii. 178.
Mauritiana, i. 205. ii. 121.
rhombifolia, ii. 179.
Sideroxylon spinosum, ii. 88.
Sinapisy i. 615.
Chinensis, i. 230.
Sison ammi, i. 38. Smilax China, i. 70. 592. Solanum jacquini, ii. 90. Indicum, ii. 207.
. trilobatum, ii. 427.
tuberosum, i. 329. Spermacoce hispida, ii. 259. Sphaeranthus Cochin-Chinensis,
ii. 168. _ Indicus, ii. 167.
Spongia, i. 401.
Squafus carcharias, ii. 399.
Stalagmitis gambogioides, 1.147,
LATIN INDEX*
Stanniim, i. 568. 652. Sterculia fcetida, ii. 119. Stroemia farinosa^ ii. 472. glandulosa^ ii.
472. rotundifolia, ii. 472.
tetraodra, ii. 471*
Stromateus paru, i. 325. Strychnos colubrina, ii. 202. ^ nux vomica, i. S18. ii.
489. ' potatorum, ii. 420Styrax benzoin, i. 33. m officinale, i. 405.
Subacetas cupri, i. 510. Sub-boras sods, i. 45.587. Succinum, i. 14.585. Sulphas cupri, i. 510.
ferri, i. 529.
sodae, i. 375.629.

Sulphur, 1.411.635. Sulphuretum antimonii, i. 495. Sus scorfa, i. 170. Swietenia febrifuga, i.
123. 599.
ii. 422. Symplocos alstonia, i. 437.
Tabernaemontana citrifolia, ii. 322. 342.
Talcum, i. 421.
Tamarindus Indica, i. 425. ii. 327.
Taraarix Germanica, i. 438.
Taraxacum. See Leontodon taraxacum.
Terebinthina, i. 637.
Terminalia alata, ii. 193.
bellerica, i. 236.
I catappa, ii. 194.230.
cliebula,i.237.ii.l28.
I latifolia, ii. 129. 194.
231.
Tetranthera monopetala, ii. 227.
Tetrao cinerea, i. 288.
Thea Cochin-Chinensis, i. 435. oleosa, i. 435. viridis, i. 430.
Theobroma, i. 47.
Toddy (English), i. 451.
Torenia Asiatica, ii. 122.
Tradescantia axillarisii. 250.402. Tragacantha, i. 605. Tragia camolia, ii. 62. canaabina, ii. 62.
889.
- cordata, ii. 483.
- involucrata, ii. 61. --> volubilis, ii. 390.
Trianthema monogynia, ii. 370. Tribulus cistioides, ii. 248.

- lanu^inosos, ii. 248. ^ maximusy ii. 248.

terrestris, ii. 247.
Trichilia spinosa, ii. 71. Trichoaanthes amara, ii. 297.392.
anguina, ii. 392.
*^--. i cucumerina, ii.
297. dioicBy ii. 297. M incisa, ii. 391.
' laciniosa, ii. 296.
892.
I palmata, ii. 85.
Trigonella foenum Grsecum, i.
130. Tritici aestivi farina, i. 133. Trophis Americana, ii. 294.
aspera, ii. 293.
Tyre, i. 46a
U Urtica urens, ii. 137.
Valeriana jatamansi, ii. 367. Valeria Indica, ii. 482. Veratrum album, i. 606. Verbesina
calendulacea, ii. 338. ^ sativa, ii. 256. Vernonia anthelmintica, ii. 54. Vervena nodiflora, ii.
313. Vinca parviflora, ii. 358. Vinum, i. 472. Viola suffruticosa, ii. 267. Vitex negundo, ii. 252.
trifolia, ii. 237.
Vitis vinifera, i. 157. 333. Viverra civetta, ii. 320.
rassia, ii. 329.
zibetha, ii. 328.
Volkameria inermis, ii. 369.
LATIN INDEX.
593
W
Webera tetrandra, ii. 63. 177.

Xanthorrhoea hastile, i. 483. Xuarezia biflora, i. 437* ii. 92. Xyris Indica, ii. 125.
Zincum, i. 573. 65^ Zingiber, i. 603. Zizyphus jujuba^ ii. 94. I trinerviusy ii* 69.
VOL. II.
Q Q
TAMOOL INDEX.
Aat-alarib, ii. 1. Aatoo irichie, i. 2S2.
- koliipoe, i. 406. koottie, L 184U
- paal i. 221. Abgoon (Arab.), i. 4*04. Acnie-patchie-elley^ ii. 2. Achininiy iL 541 Ad&poo
ciirrie, i. 68. Adatoda-elley, ii. 8. Addaley-unnay, ii. 5. Addatinapalay, ii. 4. Addimodrum, i.
lOd. Adievedyimiy 7. Affasatamaray, ii. 7 Aii-puttay, ii. 8. Akiroot (Arab.), i. 468.
Akk^Skarum, i. 800. Akki, ii. 584.
Akooyeelasemoonroemie (Arab.)
i.26. Akooyeela Bemoon-i^roomie, i.
Alamanda cathariica (LaU), ii. 9.
Alaver^i, ii. 10.
Alie, L 287.
-^ pooDMOO, ii. 541
AUverie, ii. 12.
AUSv^rei, i. 195.
Alpam (Malealie), ii. 18.
Amaum patcheh arisee, ii. 18.
AmkooIang-kaluDg, ii. I4.
Ananeringie, ii. 15. Anasee-poo, ii. 18. Ana-sbovadi,. 17. Anasie puUttm, j. 814. Anay kaal, ii.
581. Andjang-aDdjang; (Jay.), ii 20i Andong (Jav.), 11. 20. Anjana kalloo, i. 495. Anna baydie,
i. 529* Apini, i. 27 U
Appakovay kaliing, ii. 2U Appr&cum, i. 421% Arallvayr, ii. 28. Arasum verei, ii. 25. Ardelodaj^am, ii* 29. Ariapoo, u. 529. ArldarHm, i. 499. Arisee, L 888. Afk (Arab.), iL 26. Arooda, i.
S5K Ariiff&m vayr, ii. 27. Ashbutch^gan (Arab.), i. 62. Ass&die sennie, ii 528. Attei,i. 191.
Attie puttay, ii. 80. Avar^, ii. 81^ Avene, ii. 88. Awar-awar (Jav.), ii. 85. Ayapanie, ii. SB*

Aympadoo (Sumat.), ii. 87* Azima pedie, ii. 587. vaivoOf ii. 586.
TAMOOL INDEX.
B Babreng (Hind.), ii. 38. Banghie, iL 39. B^ana, i. 332. Beerzud (Pen.), i. 14*2. Belamcanda,
ii. 39-Bergherie (Hind.)/i. 286* Bisb, ii. 40.
Bitlaban (Hind.), ii. 41. Bodavng (Siam.), ii. 43. Bongko (Jav.), ii. 42. Bonraka (Siam.), ii. 42.
Brumadundoo, ii. 43. Bucklutulgezal (Arab.), i. 112. Buzzir kheshoot (Arab.), ii. 45.
Caat amunak, ii. 45.
attie poo, ii. 48.
kamay kalung, ii. 50.
kolingie, ii. 49.
mallica vayr^ ii 52.
morunghie vayr, ii. 53.
siragum, ii.54.
Cacao-nut (English), i. 47. C^^ay-poolipoo-neer, ii. 55* Cadapum vayr, ii. 66> Camachiepilloo, ii. 58. Camalay, ii. 536. Cammitta (Malealie), ii. 57. Canari (Malay), ii. 60. Canchorie
vayr, ii. 61. Capie cottay, i. 81. Capillaire (English), i. 52. Caracaniram, li. 65. Carambu, ii. 66.
C^r^pang, ii. 530. Caray-cheddy, ii. 63. Caro bubula (Latin), i. 32. Carookoova elley, ii. 69.
Caroonochie, ii. 67. Carpoora selasutoo, ii. 70. Carpoorum, i. 48. Carriabolum, i. 8. Carrot
kalung, i. 56* Carun chembai, ii. 64. Casa casa, i. 326. Castoori, i. 228. Castoorie munjel, i.
490.
Cat korundoo unnay, ii. 71* Catrighondoo (Duk.), ii. 72. Cattu-easturi (Malay), ii. 72. Cayciuava (Cochin-Chin.), iL
74. Cay-vang-dee (Cochin-Chin.), i.
383 Cbamaindoo poo, i. 67. Chandanum, i. 376. Charayum, i. 197. Cheeank (Siam.), ii. 75.
Cheng kirandy, ii. 535. Cheppoo neringie, ii. 74. . Cheringoo, ii. 536. Cheris (Nepaulesc), ii. 73.
Chim-aman-patchey arisee, ii.
75. Chin ummay, ii. 537. Chiinaniboo, i. 194. Cittramoolum, ii. 77. Cochineel poochie, i.*79.
Cocoa-nut, milk of (English), L
77. Columboo vayr, i. 86. Coondumunnie vajrr, ii. 79. CooDgkilium, i. 336. Coorinja, ii. 83.
Cooruvingie vayr, ii. SOi Cootivella,- ii. 82. Coruttei, ii. 85. C5ttamlllie, i. 91. Cottamillie
ummay, ii. 531. Courou moelli, ii. 88. Covalam, ii. 86. Cowdarie, i. 288. Cranie kaJichul, ii.
533. Cumbi pisin, ii. 89. Cundunghatrie-vayr, ii. 90. CuDJa koray, ii. 91. C ushaium, preface,
page xvii. Cutt (Can.), i. 63.

D
Daud-marec (Beng.), ii. 92. Daun gundi (Mai.), ii. 93. Dividatsipalavuttil, i. 333.
Eeral, i. 331. Eeroomul, ii. 532.
TAMOOL INDEX.
597
EeriimboQ, i. 522. - podie, i. 527.
tuppoo, i. 527.
Eeum, i, 532.
Elandei-vayr, ii. 94.
Elavum pisin, ii. 96.
Elekullie, ii. 97.
Elimitchum pulluin, i. 193. ii.99.
Eloopei puttay, ii. 99.
Ellu mahir, ii. 532.
Emboorely ii. 101.
Enneruxn vandie, ii. 531.
Erumie pawl, ii. 103.
Erupovel, ii. 102.
Faba (Latin), i. 28.
Fara ufarfara (Arab.), ii. 104.
Fraualot (Jav.), ii. 104.
G
Gambeer (Malay), ii. 105. Gandapooro (Jav.), ii. 106. Gandoo (Jav.), ii. 107. Gaaja, ii. 108.
Garikoon, i. 5. GSndg^um, i. 411. Ghendfiga Travagum, i. 2. Godomolla (Jav.), ii. 111.
Godumbay mao, i. 133. Goeula, ii. 111. Goolabu-poo, i. 345. Guntie paringhie, ii. 112. Gutta, ii.
112. Guyj-pippul (Beng.), ii. 113.
H Habbhal (Arab.), ii. 114. Halim (Duk.), i. 95. Hirshuf (Arab.), i. 22.

I J Jadicai, i. 249. Jadikai tylum, i. 262. Jadiputrie, i. 200.

tylum, i. 262.
Jalap (English), i. 183. Jang-kang (Jav.), ii. 119. JawSsheer (Arab.), i. 280. Ibharankusha
(Hind.), ii. n^^
Idou mouUi, ii. 115. Indoopoo, i. 372. Indrabovum, ii. 117* Injie, i. 152. Irminakullie, ii. 118.
Irsa (Hind.), i. 284. Isfenj (Arab.), i. 401. Ispoghol verei, ii. 116. Jubaba (Arab.), ii. 120. Juwasa
(Hind.); ii. 120.
K
Kacaivullie, ii. 533. Kadfig^oganie, i. 164. K^aghoo, i. 230. K^&^hoo-yunnay, i. 263. K&ddil
nundoo, i. 94. Kaddil tayngai, ii. 126. Kaden puillu, ii. 121. Kadi, i. 461. Kadukai, ii. 128.
K&diikai, i. 237. Kahd'hoo, ii. 533. Kaiantagarie, ii. 129. Kakacollie verei, ii. 130. Kakapu
(Malay), ii. 122. Kakoovan, ii. 532. Kaktil^ kibbar (Arab.), i. 54. K^mdy paal, i. 222. Kali
munnu, i. 74. Kalichikai, ii. 135. Kalimboo, preface, page xvii. Kalli, ii. 133. Kamadu (Malay),
ii. 137. Kambodsha (Jav.), ii. 137. Kanari, ii. 123. Kanari oi6 (Malay), i. 258.
Kand&moorgarittum, i. 113. Karaway pillay, ii. 139. Karkakartan vayr, ii. 139. Karoo oomatay,
i. 442. Karoovelum puttay, ii. 142. Karpooga arisee, ii. 141. Karpoorawullie, ii. 144. Karruwa
puttay, i. 72. Karruwa puttay, ii. 145. Karum, i. 395. Katapa, ii. 123. Katou-kadali, ii. 124.
Katsjula kellengu, ii. 145.
TAMOOL INDEX.
KaundoiDy ii. 146. Kayjrapooti tayilum, L 259* Kebir (Pert.), ii. 150. Keerie poochie, ii. 54<8.
K^uDga-meeD| i. 478. Kelwlua^oOf u 845. Kha-phaim (Siam.), ii. 148. Khawan-pican
(Siam.), ii. 147. Khirnoob nubti (Arab.), i. 864. KhoongoomapoOy i, 854. KhowlOi ^Arab.), L
299. Khulloo, t. 45U Khurf^ooeh (Duk.) i. 184. Khunsh-churin (Hiod.), ii. 148. Khuz nibil
alfie, ii. 148. Kichlie pulluniy i. 281. Kilanelly, ii. 150. Kilioorum-puttayy ii. 152. Killoovey, i.
441. Kiramboo taylum, i. 257. Kirandy poon, ti. 531. Kirendinyagum^ ii. 153. Kiriat, 1. 96.
Kirnub {Arab.)* i. 46. KiBtnah doshum, ii. 534. Kodaga-saleh, ii. 156. Kodie palavy ii* 154.
K5diixioonapie pullum, i. 156. Kolay erivooi ii. 535. Koli, i. 134.
Kolung-kovay-kalung, ii. 158. K5mb urruk, i. 188. Kondoehonay-kalung, ii. 159. Konnekaiy i.
60. Koo^aoo, i. 19 Koodineer, preface, page xvii. Koodray pal-pashanum, i. 499. Kookool, L
29. Koolimitan, ii. 160. Koolingie, ii. 157. Koolloor kachill) ii. 534w Koolumay kuttie,^ii. 538.
Koondricum, i. 136. Koopamaynie, ii. 161. Koostum, ii. 536. Koras (Jav.), ii. 165. Koras^nie
omum, i. 167^ Koray kalung, ii. 162.
mootayy i. 117.
Koroshanuni, ii. 164.
KoBtuniy ii. 165. Kota (Nepauleae), u 457. KotsjiUetti-puUu, iL 125. KtttUBg karundeiy iL
167* Krastulang (Jav.) ii. 171. Kull-addypoo, ii. 6S6* KM pashi, iL 17a Ktdleripoo mayghiiniy
ii. 548. Kun novoo, ii. 538. KundamaliCy ii. 540. Kuttalay, iL 169. Kuttoo sooley, ii. 5S8.

Lack-beet (Siam.), ii. 171. Ladun (Arab.), i. 187. Lawanj;a puttay, i 58. Layehium, preuce^
page xviL Letoiicuttay elley, ii. 172. Lontas (Jav.), ii. 172. Lopezka jaar (Duk.), ii. 17S. Luna
abunafa (Arab.), iL 174.
M
Maat k51i&poo, i. 42S. Machfikai, i. 144. Madalum vayr, ii. 175. Madanakameh poo, ii. 174.
M&dd&vey-meen, L 227. Madoocare putta^, ii. 177. Maghali kalung, li. 177. Maghodrum, ii.
528. Magilam pullum, i. 322. Maium, ii. 176. Makcca sambranie, i. 33. Malan-kua, i. 489.
Malay kamalay, ii. 538. Malaytanghie vayr, ii. 178. Mallam toddali (Mai.), ii. 178. Mandira
cashum, iL 528. Manday sennie, ii. 532. Maneeram, ii. 180. Manganese (English), i. 538.
Manjittee vayr, ii. 182. Manjittie, i. 202. Mausiadi (Mai.), ii. 180. Mara munjil, ii. 183.
ooppoo, ii. 183.
Maradumputtay, ii. 193. Maratia mooghoo, ii. 185.
TAMOOI^ INDEX.
599
Maredoc f Tel.), ii. 188. M&rik51inaoo, i. 400. Maroodanli, IL 189. Marool kalung, ii, 192,
Marra ooppoo, i. S27-Marudar singhie, i. 535. Mafukarupi^ Kaiy ii. 185. Mashipattiny i. 481.
Mashiputrie, ii. 194 MaBsajf ii. 196. Matrajr, preface^ page xvir, Mavilinghum puttay, ii. 197.
Mayghaveeadie, ii. 541. Mayghi shulay, ii. 539. Mflllghoo, i. 802. Miflluffoo, i. 470 Mendi
(Cyng.), ii. 198. Mile unnay, ii. 200. Min umbir, L 15. MYrzunjoosh (Arab.), i.21S Modira
caniram, ii. 202. Molakarunnay, iu 200* M511Sghai, i. 306. Mooda cottaoy ii. 2M^
Mookaruttjr vayr, ii. 205* Mookavullie vayr, ii. 208. Moolum, ii. 539. MooUie vayr ii. 207.
Moonnee vayr, ii. 210. Mooi^hil ooppooy i. 419 Moor&ghy vayr, i. 175. Mootray kritchie, ii.
541. Mootricunjay vie, L 23. Mootthoo, i.292. Moroopn. 211. Mdruoghie vayr, ii. 212.
Mosumooski, li. 212. Muel-schevy, ii. 213. Mukki, i. 147. MuDJil^ i. 454. Muntyluniy i. 39.
Mttn tyluniy i. 264^ Myle, i. 290. Myle conday, ii. 214. Mysachie, u. 216.
N Naak-meen, i. 395^ NagamuUie vayr, il. 216.
Nagatalie kullie^ ii. 217* Naffha mooghatei kai, ii. 219. Nan pooclrie> ii. 542. Nahiooroovie
vayr, ii. 221. Nakdown (Kind.)^ i. 24w Nanjarapanjan vayr, ii. 225. Naramboo sellandie, ii.
535^ Narra mamady, iL 227. Narrfaa (Tel.), n. 228. Nat-sowcarum, i. 393* Nattoo sowcarum,
ii. 228. vadomcottay, ii. 2301 NSv&shSrum, i. 965. Nawel puttay, ii. 232. Nayavaylei, ii.
223. Nedel kalung, ii. 233. Neela cadamboo, IL 245. y Neelacoomul vayr, iL 240. Neelum, i.
178. Neer aKvoo, ii.533.
covay, ii. 528.
kuttoo, ii. 542.
rooollie vayr ii. 236w
nochie, ii. ^?.

pirimie^ ii. 239.

sooley, ii. 535. Neeraddimoottoo, ii. 235* Nela poochie, ii. 542. Nelepannay kalnag^ n. 242.
Nellie kai, i. 239. Nellie poo, ii. 244. Nereipoottie, ii. 246* Neringie, ii. 247* Nerrepoo putta
poon, ii. 529. NSrvalum cottay, i. 101. ii. 248. NilavSrei, t. 389. Nilaverei, ii. 249. Nira poosee
(Stam.), ii. 250. Nirpulli, ii. 250. Nittah, ii. 251. Niyana pyteeum, ii. 538. Noochie, ii. 252.
Noona marum elley, ii. 25S Null unnay, ii* 255. NundiavuUei, ii. 257^ NuiMMtrivayr, i. 381.
N^Wun^^ ^ ^02.
N^tVB^ ddoone ^yT u. 269.
TAMOOL INDBX.
O
Odallam (Malay), ij. 26a Ooderie vaynghie, ii. 264<. Oodoomboo, li. 263. Ooghai puttay, ii.
266. Oomatay, ii. 265. Ooppooy i. S70>
travaghum, i. 4.
Orilatamaray, ii. 267. Ork-Jena (Arab.), ii. 263.
Paak, ii. 268. P&d&lum, ii. 531. Paddicarum, i. 11. Paddicarum, ii. 271* P&doothamftra^, ii.
539. Padrie-vayr, ii. 272. Pae de aloes (Port.), i. 479. Paillie, ii. 276. Paloo paffhel kalung, ii.
274. Pftmboo kuddie, ii. 540. Panichekai, ii. 278. Pannangkulloo, ii. 280. Paratie vayr, ii. 282.
P&ringa^ puttay, L 70. P&rfoghi sambrani, u 264. Parsee cunjamkoray, i. 25. Parsie
vadomcottay, i. 6. P&hiiin paal, i. 219. Passelie keeray, ii. 286. Passuvoo ummay, ii. 532.
Patch^ vaivoo, ii. 539. Patrashi, ii. 284. Patti lallar (Jav.), ii. 288. Paumboo, ii. 290. Pavala
poola, ii. 288. PHv^lum, i. 89. Pavuttay vayr, ii. 289. Paymoostey, ii. 291. Peea-rack-eliou
(Siam.), ii. 292. Peerabi vayr, ii. 293. Peetandale-cotti, ii. 305. Pemayrutie, ii. 294. Pepoodel, ii.
296. Peramootie vayr, ii. 297. Pere arStei, i. 140. Pcrie ummay, ii. 540.
Perin panel, ii. 306. Perumarundooy ii 298. Perumarutto puttay, ii. S02. Perumbadoo, ii.
5S7 Perundei codie, ii. SOS. PSrungyum, i. 20. Perun slragum, i. 129. Peycoomuttikai, i. 83.
Phaina-scbeUi, ii. S06. Phal-modecca, ii. 307* Pia-amou-leck (Stain.), ii. 309l Pidaroghanie, ii.
SIO. Pinnay unnay, ii. SIO. Pitch& pallum, i. 216. Plaouogai (Siam.), ii. 213. PluD-mai
(Siam.),ii. 213. Podoghoo, ii. 540. Podootalei, ii. 213. Po^hei eWejy i. 447* Poi mooehti, ii. 215.
Pollee maun, i. 110. Pollokeyu (Jav.), ii. S2a Ponarridarum, i. 499. Ponnampou-maravara, ii.
S21. Ponngolam (Malealie), iL 328. Poodacarapan puttay, ii. 317. Pool (Jav.), ii. 322. PoolangkUIunggu, i. 490. Poolavayr puttay, ii. 328. Poolean, ii. 324. Pooliaray, ii. 324. Pooliarileh
kalung, ii. 326. Poolie, i. 425. Poollium verei, ii. 327. Poollughoo shuttum, ii. 328.
Poomichacarei kalung, ii. 330. Poonaverie, ii. 330. Poonaykallie, i. 92. Poonga-maruTO, ii.
332. Poonjandeputtay, ii. 333. Poonnoo, ii. 541. Poottoo, ii. 529. Poovandie cottay, ii. 318.
Porasum verei, ii. 335. Porono jiwa (Jav.), ii. 337. Portayla kaiantagerei, ii. 338. Postakai, ii.
339. Pottil-ooppoo, i. 373. Pottle ooppoo travagum, ii. 339.
TAMOOL INDEX.

601
Pottle ooppoo travllguni, L 2. Poursunghai, ii. 333. Powtruin, ii. 534. Prra, i. 313. Pttchanaviet
ii 340. Pukka poolavay, ii. 529*
soolay, 11. 537 Piilee (Ja<r.), ii. 342. Piilloo novoo, ii. 541 Pundaroo, ii. 341. Puneermayeh
(Pers.), i. 334. Punniey i. 170. Puppali pullum, ii. 343. Purpadagum, iL 345. Putchwey, ii. 346.
Putsai, ii. 342. Puttanie, i. 297* Pwonn, i. 514.
Qupas or upas (Malay.), ii. 346.
R Rajrite (Hind.), ii. 348. Randu basin (Jav.), ii. 347 Rasam, i. 540. Rassacarpoorum, ii. 351.
Rassapuspum, ii. 350. Rassa sindoorura, ii. 356. Rassum, ii. 348. Roomie mustiki, i. 214.
Rukafe (Arab.), ii. 356. Rutta varie, ii. 538.
Saddacoopei, i. 109. Sakkara, i. 407* Salamisrie, i. 368. Samutra cheddie, ii. 357. - pullum, iL
358. Sangkhaphuli, ii. 358. Sapoota cheddie, ii. 359. Saray parapoo, ii. 360. Savamakshira
(Hind.), ii, 360. Sayl kund^, i. 56. Say selley, i. 359 Secacul, li. 361. Seeda kaddupoo, ii. 533.
VOL. II. H B
Seedavada kuddapoo, ii. 539. Seemie aghatee, ii. 361. shevadi, ii. 362. Seera shengalaneer,
ii. 363. Segapoo sendsoerum, i. 535. S^g&poo-sh&ndiUium, i. 385L Sellamfie, ii. 529.
Sendoorkum, ii. 364. Sendrikka, ii. 365. Sennie, ii. 537* Shadamangie, ii. 367* Shadilingum, ii.
353. Shadraykullie paal, i. 120. Shahtra (Fers.), i. 138. Shangara cooppy, ii. 369* Sharunnay
vayr, IL 870. Shavirutn, ii. .354-Shayng cottay, ii. 371* Shayraet coochie, iL 37S. Sheeakai, ii.
374. Shceiidi codie, ii. 377 Sheerudek, ii. 379. ShSmboo, L 504. Shemm&rum, i. 123.
Shemmarum, iL 376. ShemmoolUe elley, ii. 376. Shencoodie vaylie, ii. 379. Shengalaneer
kalun^, ii. 381. Shengatariputta^, ii. 382. ShSrab ungpoone (Duk.), i. 472 Shevadie vayr, iL
382. Shevenar yaymboo, ii. 385. Shevium, ii. 385. Shieri goomoodoo (Teh), iL 386. Shirkisht
(Pers.), L 208. Shoondoo, ii. 533. Shoorunum, preface^ page xvii. Show arisee, i. 361. Shyum,
ii. 532. Simie attie pullum, i. 131.
chiinamboo, i. 66.
kavikulloo, i. 42. Singginjanascha (Hind.), ii. 387. Slrl^um, i. 100. Sirroo canchoorie va^r, ii.
389
corinja vayr, li. 390.
coruttei vayr, ii. 391.
- keeray vayr, ii. 392.
TAMOOL INDEX.
Sirroo poolay vayr, ii. S9d. Sirrootalie elley, ii. 394v Sltt&moon&k&yunnay, L 25S. Sittamootie
vayr, ii. 395. Sittarittie, i. 140. Sombooy i. 17. Sonsr-koong (Siam.), ii. 899. Sooddatannie
poonnoo> ii. 539. Soodoo toruttie puttay> iL 397* Soodooffa moottoo, ii. 538.

SookaD4Eeeray, i. 398. Sookkoo, i. 152. Soomboong (Jav.), ii. 396* Soonballi (Hind.), ii. 398.
Soora-raeen, ii. 399. Sothali (Hind.), ii. 400. Sottraj (Hind.), ii. 402. Sou-line, or chyn-len,
(Chinese)
ii. 400. Sugbenuj (Arab.), i. 857. Suc-unggor (Hind.), i. 246. Sukkunaroo pilloo, ii. 401.
SQkmoonia (Arab.), i. 386. Suljumi (Arab.), i. 456. Sumak (Pers.), i. 414. SundrooB (Arab.), i.
379. Sung-elley, ii. 404. Surasaruni (Hind.), ii. 403. Suvasa cashum, ii. 528.
Tagaray-elley, ii. 405. Tfigarum, i. 568. Talishaputrie, ii. 407. Talluin, preface, page xvii.
Taloodalei, ii. 408. Tamary kalung, ii.410. Tanikai, i. 236. Tanneer, i. 465. Tanneer-vittang
kalung, ii. 409. Tapisca (En^lisli), i. 428. Tavajorum, li. 534. Tavashoo moorunghie, ii. 412.
Tavatiky, ii. 413. Tay-duong'choi (Cocbin-Chin.),
i. 349. Tayl-kodugoo, ii. 414. Taylkottinedoo, ii. 5i0. Tayn, i. 172.
Taynga unDay,ii. 415.
TayBhavaruiD ii. 416.
Tea (English),!. 430.
Telmi,u.417.
Tennamaruttoo pungie iL 418.
Tennang kulloo* ii* 419.
T^nney, i. 226.
Tettang cottaj, ii. 420.
Tevadarum, u. 421.
TezuTJ (Arab.), i. 3ia
Tinja malum, ii. 5S2.
TKpllie, i. 308.
Tirnoot patchie verie, ii. 423.
Tirrooghucallie, ii. 424.
Tonday noTOo, ii. 540.
Toodavullay, ii. 427*
Toolasee vayr, or tolasee, ii. 426.
Toomble hoSn, i. 185.

Toomuttikai, ii. 428.

Toon marum, ii. 429.
Toora alley, ii. 431.
Toorishoo, i. 510.
Tootoonagum, i. 573.
Toottielley, i. 205.
Total vadie, ii. 432.
Tojapippali (Sans.), ii. 435.
Tnangguli (Hind.), iL 434.
Trinpali (Hind.), ii. 434.
Tripunkghi (Hind.), ii. 435.
Tselkacha (Hind.), ii. 436.
Tshomorro (Jav.), ii. 443.
Tsieru-kirganeli (Malealie), ii. 437.
Tsillay cheddie, ii. 437.
Tsjerou mau maravara (Malealie), ii. 439.
Tsjerroo uren, or chiruran, (Malealie) ii. 440.
Tsjovanna amelpodi (Malealie), li. 441.
Tullay novoo, ii. 535.
Tung-gulung (Jav.), ii. 480.
Turkolum, ii. 444.
Turyak abiz (Arab.), ii. 44,'.
Tyre (English), i. 460. ii. 445.
TAMOOL INDEX.
603

U Uktee (Arab.), i* 118. Umbir, i. 14*. Undimandari, ii 481* Unzeroot (Arab.)f i 380. Upuda]i, li. 482. Urka8i(HlDd.),]i.483. Ush^k (Arab.), i. 158. Ussululrasun (Arab.), i. 119.
Ussulussosunul assman joonie
(Arab.), i. 182. Usteruk (Arab.), i. 405. Ustrung (Arab.), i. 206. Uttimarini (Hind.), ii. 483.
Vadomcottay pisin, i. 162. Vadomcottay-yunnay, i. 252. Vaitie pooroomal, ii. 541.
Vaivelunghum, ii. 446. Vakanatie puttay, ii. 446. V&mtlpolum, i. 242. Valie poodiku, ii. 539.
Valei pullum, i. 316. Valle-kara, ii. 448. Val mgllSghoo, i. 97. Valuluvy-arisee, ii. 447.
Valumbirikai, ii. 447. Varapoola vayr, ii. 449. Variatoo k^ung, i. 342. Vassamboo, i. 416.
VatuDghe cuttay, ii. 450. Vaylee, ii. 451. Vaylie partie, ii. 452. Vaymbadum puttay, ii. 457*
Vaypum puttay, ii. 453. 458. Vedittalum kolindooy ii. 458. Veelvie elley, ii. 459. Vellie, i. 562.
eeum, ii. 461. Velligarum, i. 44. Vellum, ii. 460. Vendium, i. 130. Venggayuro, i. 269. Venivell-getta (Cyngalese), ii.
461. VSpp^^i, i. 88.
Verie pyteeum, ii. 537. Verei veekuiHi ii. 540. Verru^UDg kalung, ii. 463. Veshei moongbee
elley, ii. 464. Vettilei, ii. 465. VSwal meen, i. 325. Vidi maram, ii. 466. Vikkil, ii. 535. Vilpalei,
ii. 469. Vipoordie, ii. 528. Vippalei, ii. 461. VishYk kulloo, i. 35. Vistnookrandie, ii. 468. Vittie
vayr, ii. 470. Vuelie vayr, ii. 471. Vul-adoo, i. 156. Vullak unnay, ii. 472. Vullam pisin, i. 160.
Vullarei, ii. 473. Vullay, i. 534. ii. 534. kakartan vayr, ii. 474.
koostum, ii. 536. pashanum, i. 498.
poondoo, ii.475. Vullay poondoo, i. 150. Vullerkooy ii. 476. Vulvaylum puttay, ii. 477.
Vungal&p-patcbei, i. 510. Vuttei khillokillupei, ii. 478. Vuttei-pemayvuttie, ii. 477.
Vyaghracbitra (Sans.), ii. 480. Vyagra (Sans.), ii. 479.
W Waat, i. 116. Wallarai kilangoo, i. 329. W&rragoo, i. 132. Wassinapilloo, ii. 485. Wellipannakelingoo, ii. 486. Weluling (Jav.), u. 485. WiddatiTam, i.241. ii. 485. Wodoowunghai, ii. 487*
Womuni) i. 38. Wooderie kuttoo, ii. 537-Woodiam puttay, ii. 486. Woolan, i. 392.
TAMOOL INDEX.
Yercum vayr, i. 227* ii. 48S. Y Yettie cottoy, i. 317. ii. 489.
Yansam (Chin.), i. 154.
Yaylenie, i. 52. Z
Yellow gum resin (English), i.
488.
Yeliumboorkie, ii. 542. Yeroocum, oryercum pawl,i.486.
Zietoon (Arab.) i. 268. Zufkiy yeabus JArab.), i. 177. Zukhum hyat, li. 4^9.

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