!"#$%"&'$()$&"*+"!"#$%&'(")",!&-$./($/$0 +.

*1"-2$"32)4)'')#$&

!"#$%!&'()*+,-%.%/012232%4&'43""3")2

!"#$$%&#' ! "##$!%%%&'()*+ ,-./01!*2 $/0314!2 ! 54677-869!:;%(;<!*2=>*?'>&> @A"!(%B(%%&CD(;;;?'%(;');2)'E

1 23

Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by The New York Botanical Garden. This e-offprint is for personal use only and shall not be selfarchived in electronic repositories. If you wish to self-archive your work, please use the accepted authors version for posting to your own website or your institutions repository. You may further deposit the accepted authors version on a funders repository at a funders request, provided it is not made publicly available until 12 months after publication.

1 23

Author's personal copy

A new species of Eupatorium (Asteraceae) from the Philippines

ERIC E. LAMONT1
1 2

AND

ULYSSES F. FERRERAS2

The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY 10458-5126, USA; e-mail: elamont@optonline.net Herbarium, Institute of Biology, University of the Philippines, Diliman, 1101, Philippines; e-mail: uferreras@yahoo.com

Abstract. Eupatorium leonardii, presently known only from Mt. Mingan in the border region between Aurora and Nueva Ecija Provinces in Luzon, Philippines, is described and illustrated. The new species is remarkable because it is the only woody representative of the genus with a peculiar spiral phyllotaxy. Previously, Eupatorium s. str. consisted of herbs with opposite or verticillate phyllotaxy. Key Words: Eupatorium, Asteraceae, Philippines Flora, new species.

Eupatorium L. was once a large, articial genus of approximately 1200 species, but is now split up into numerous segregate genera (King & Robinson, 1987; Funk et al., 2009). As currently circumscribed, Eupatorium is composed of 48 species of annual or perennial herbs from eastern North America, the West Indies in Cuba, south and east Asia, with one species (E. cannabinum L.) reaching North Africa and Europe (Bremer, 1994). Phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences done by Schilling et al. (1999), Schmidt and Schilling (2000), and Ito et al. (2000a, b) have provided insight into phylogenetic relationships among Eupatorieae genera and within sections of New World Eupatorium, but no sequence data has been published on any Eupatorium species from the Philippines. In the Philippines, no systematic study of Eupatorium has been conducted, nor has a complete ora been published. Historically, eight species of Eupatorium have been reported from the Philippines: E. benguetense C. Robinson, E. camiguinense Merr., E. cannabinum L. ssp. asiaticum Kitam., E. catense Elmer, E. lindleyanum DC., E. nodiorum Wall., E. sambucifolium Elmer, and E. toppingianum Elmer. However, the taxonomic status and distribution of these species have not been recently studied. Elmer (1906, 1915) considered E. toppingianum closely related to E. sambucifolium and noted that E. catense was similar to but distinct from

Eupatorium sambucifolium Elm. of northern Luzon. Robinson (1908) noted morphological similarities between E. sambucifolium and E. benguetense. Koster (1935) listed E. sambucifolium and E. benguetense as synonyms of E. toppingianum, but King and Robinson (1987) and H. Robinson (2011, pers. comm.) recognized all three taxa as distinct species. Merrill (1912) considered E. camiguinense manifestly allied to Eupatorium sambucifolium Elm., E. toppingianum Elm., and E. benguetense C. B. Rob., and nearer the rst than to either of the others. Currently, Eupatorium catense is usually listed as a synonym of E. camiguinense, while E. benguetense, E. camiguinense, and E. sambucifolium are considered endemic to the Philippines (King & Robinson, 1987). The native status of E. cannabinum ssp. asiaticum in the Philippines is debatable. Merrill (1912) reported a distinct northern type of E. japonicum sensu Merr. non Thunb. [=E. cannabinum ssp. asiaticum] in the Philippine ora and Ferreras (pers. obs.) reported it as established in the Philippines, but King and Robinson (1987) did not include the Philippines within the native range of E. cannabinum. Koster (1935) reported E. nodiorum from the Philippines, but we have not seen any specimens to verify this report. While conducting oristic research on remote Mount Mingan in 2006, Ferreras
ISSUED: 1 December 2012

Brittonia, 64(4), 2012, pp. 368373 2012, by The New York Botanical Garden Press, Bronx, NY 10458-5126 U.S.A.

Author's personal copy

2012]
LAMONT & FERRERAS: EUPATORIUM (ASTERACEAE)

369

located a small population of an unfamiliar species of Eupatorium. Plants were photographed and ve voucher specimens were collected and shown to Leonardo Co who suspected it was a new species. In 2011, Lamont examined vouchers and veried the new species. Eupatorium leonardii U. F. Ferreras & E. E. Lamont, sp. nov. Type: Philippines. Luzon Island, Aurora Province, Central Sierra Madre Mountains, Mt. Mingan, 1527.863 N, 12123.799E, 1700 m, 20 May 2006, U. Ferreras 426 (holotype: PNH; isotypes: US, NY, UC, PUH). (Figs. 1, 2) Dwarf shrub, to 45 cm tall. Stems erect, dark brown, branched, terete, shallowly ribbed when dried, densely leafy apically, leaess to sparsely leafy basally, tuberculate at the lower portion, densely pubescent apically; trichomes stiff, often contorted, dense, uniseriate, 0.51.3 mm long, multicellular with 48 cells, bulbose at base tapering to the pointed apex; leaf scars raised and prominent, triangular. Leaves spirally alternate, congested at apex of branches, sessile to short petiolate up to 1 mm long, aromatic with turpentine odor when crushed; blades lanceolate, mostly 1230 cm long, 0.2 0.5 cm wide, evergreen, coriaceous, pinnatinerved and strongly reticulate, base cuneate, apex acute, margins serrate, teeth obtuse, discolorous, adaxial surface dark green, weakly bullate when dried, with impressed veins, abaxial surface paler green, alveolate, both surfaces of older leaves glabrous, young leaves furfuraceous especially at the apex. Inorescence solitary at the apex of owering stems; peduncle 0.52.0 cm long, copiously covered with the same type of trichomes as on the stem, with foliose bracteoles smaller than the uppermost leaves. Capitula discoid, in at-topped or convex to rounded, compound, corymbiform arrays; involucre cylindric, 4.56.5 mm high, 1.52.5 mm wide; phyllaries 59, 2- or 3-seriate, pale pink to purple, imbricate, appressed, persistent, lamina glabrous, margin ciliate distally, entire proximally, outer phyllaries 0.72.5 mm long, ca. 1 mm wide, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate to acute, inner phyllaries 3.5

5.5 mm long, ca. 1.2 mm wide, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, conspicuously mucronate to rarely acuminate, sometimes keeled when dried; receptacle at to slightly convex, epaleate; pedicel ca. 1 mm long, copiously covered with the same type of trichomes as on the peduncle. Florets (2) 3 (5) per head, pink to pale purple, perfect; corolla ca. 3.0 mm long, tubular, glabrous, punctate distally (with a few scattered punctations below to mid-throat), apical teeth 5, ca. 0.5 mm long, deltate, tips slightly incurved; stamens 5, anthers not exceeding the corolla; style ca. 5 mm long, exserted, branches ca. 2 mm long, liform, divergent when fresh, not spreading when dried, base hirsute, enlarged. Cypsela ca. 2 mm long, 5-ribbed, prismatic, brown, glabrous; pappus ca. 4 mm long, stramineous, bristles 2227, minutely antrorsely barbed, in 1 series, persistent. Distribution and ecology.Eupatorium leonardii is known only from the type locality. The population consists of two individuals growing close to each other and a third growing approximately 150200 m away. Ferreras initially suspected that additional individuals might occur along the sharp-crested ridge system in the upper montane cloud forests of Mount Mingan but after an extensive, one-month eld survey in 2006, and a second visit in 2010, no other individuals were located. The type locality contains several recently described, topotypic taxa including Mycaranthes leonardoi Ferreras & Suarez and Diplycosia bartolomei Ferreras & Argent, as well as the range-restricted Robiquetia enigma Ferreras & Suarez (Ferreras & Suarez, 2009; Ferreras & Argent, 2011). Eupatorium leonardii was observed growing in two types of habitats. The rst was a sun-exposed, relatively at site on a ridge crest leading to the summit of Mount Mingan. The dominant vegetation consisted of stunted and moss covered trees, including Leptospermum avescens Sm., Podocarpus sp., Ilex paucinervia Merr., Elaeocarpus parvilimbus Merr., Astronia quadrangulata Maxw., Myrsine sp., Loheria crassifolia (Merr.) Stone, Dacrycarpus sp., Camellia mollis (Merr.) H. T. Chang & S. X. Ren, and Cleyera japonica Thunb. The second site, supporting one individual, was located at the base of a sun-

Author's personal copy

370
BRITTONIA

[VOL 64

FIG. 1. Eupatorium leonardii. A. Habit. B. Sterile stem with spirally alternate leaves and detail of leaf tip. C. Inorescence. D. Capitulum, with detail of trichomes on pedicel. E. Phyllary. F. Floret, cypsela, and pappus with details of corolla lobes (left) and pappus bristle (right). G. Floret l.s., with detail of the enlarged and hirsute style base. (Drawn from the type collection.)

exposed rock outcrop in a thick mat of moss, humus, and soil immediately behind a dense thicket of Pandanus sp.

The rugged Mingan Mountains are part of a mountain complex extending along the middle segment of the Sierra Madre Moun-

Author's personal copy

2012]
LAMONT & FERRERAS: EUPATORIUM (ASTERACEAE)

371

FIG. 2. Eupatorium leonardii. A. Close-up of sterile stem with spirally alternate leaves congested at the apex of a branch. B. Inorescence; note the beetle (Family Chrysomelidae) on the right side.

tain Range which, with adjacent Aurora Memorial National Park on the west, forms an inverted triangular area of approximately 960 km2 (Co et al., 2007). The summit of Mount Mingan at 1905 m is the point of highest elevation in the Sierra Madre. Our current understanding of the ora of Mount Mingan and the immediate vicinity is based largely on the estimated total of 1200 to 1300 voucher specimens collected by R. Alvarez in 1910, M. Ramos and G. Edano in 1916, and M. Jacobs and D. Mendoza in 1968 (Co et al., 2007). An examination by Ferreras in 2010 of all Asteraceae exsiccatae deposited at the Philippine National Herbarium revealed no previous collections of E. leonardii from these earlier botanical expeditions. The prevailing climate in this region is classied as Type IV under the modied Corona Classication System where rainfall is more or less evenly distributed throughout the year. A PAG-ASA meteorological station in Baler, Aurora, 40 km northeast of Mount Mingan, recorded an average monthly rainfall of 457 mm (PAG-ASA-IRI-LDEO Climate

Library, 2011). Extreme rainfall events usually occur from October to December and coincide with the arrival of tropical depressions, cyclonic storms, and typhoons. Occasionally, at least once or twice every ten years, storms with gale force winds exceeding 200 kph hit Aurora Province causing massive landslides in and around the vicinity of Mount Mingan. Conservation status and threats.Based on the extreme rarity of this species at the type locality and considering parameters outlined in IUCN Categories and Criteria (IUCN, 2001), Eupatorium leonardii can be considered Critically Endangered: CR B1ab(i, ii, v), 2ab (i, ii, iii, V), Csa(i, ii). A new anthropomorphic threat to E. leonardii is posed by the increasing number of mountaineering enthusiasts who hike along ridge crest trails during attempts to scale the summit of Mount Mingan. Unrestricted access to upper montane cloud forests by mountain climbers has resulted in trampling of vegetation and extensive habitat damage in many forest sites throughout the Philippines (Ferreras, pers. obs.).

Author's personal copy

372
BRITTONIA

[VOL 64

Phenology.On the basis of two visits to Mount Mingan by Ferreras in 2006 and 2010, owers of Eupatorium leonardii begin to open in early May and full maturity is reached by mid-June. Etymology.The specic epithet honors Leonardo L. Co (19532010), a respected and revered botanist in the Philippines who dedicated his career studying Philippine plants at the remotest localities. He is best known for his untiring and unselsh mentoring of young Filipino botanists. Leonard died tragically after being shot by the Philippine Army while conducting eld work with coworkers in the forests of Leyte. Eupatorium leonardii differs sharply from all other species of the genus because of its woody habit and peculiar spiral phyllotaxy. Phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences (Schilling et al., 1999) have shown that Eupatorium must be circumscribed much more narrowly than the traditional views of Bentham (1873), B. L. Robinson (1934), and others. As circumscribed by King and Robinson (1987), Bremer (1994), and Siripun and Schilling (2006), Eupatorium s. st. includes only herbaceous taxa with opposite or verticillate phyllotaxy. With the discovery of E. leonardii, the morphological boundaries of the genus must be expanded. Due to the uniqueness of this species, it is not possible to indicate close relationships among the other species of Eupatorium occurring in the Philippines or in the New World. Acknowledgments We are grateful to Conservation International Philippines for funding the 2006 expedition to the Sierra Madre, with special thanks to Mariano Roy Duya and Grace Rosell-Ambal; Victor Dacumos of the Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology, for hospitality; the DENR Regional Ofce for granting Gratuitous & Transport Permits, with special thanks to Nestor Bartolome and Frank Dalin; Harold Robinson and Vicki Funk for discussions on the generic placement of this new species; Bobbi Angell for the excellent illustration; Carol Gracie for digitally formatting Figure 2; Scott Mori for discussion on the trichomes of E. leonardii;

and Edward Schilling and Harold Robinson for their reviews the manuscript. Literature Cited
Bentham, G. 1873. Compositae. Pp. 163533. In: G. Bentham & J. D. Hooker (eds.), Genera plantarum, vol. 2 (1). Lovell Reeve & Co., Williams & Norgate, London. Bremer, K. 1994. Asteraceae. Cladistics and classication. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon. Co, L. L., U. F. Ferreras, N. A. Bartolome & F. M. Dalin. 2007. The forest vegetation of Mingan Mountains. Unpublished report to Conservation International Philippines. Elmer, A. D. E. 1906. Manual of the Philippine Compositae. Leaets of Philippine Botany 1: 83186. . 1915. Two hundred twenty six new speciesI. Leaets of Philippine Botany 7: 25432700. Ferreras, U. F. & W. Suarez. 2009. Mycaranthes leonardoi and Robiquetia enigma: two new orchid species from the Philippines. Australian Orchid Review 74: 3739. & G. Argent. 2011. Diplycosia bartolomei (Ericaceae): a new species from the Philippines. Edinburgh Journal of Botany 68: 3338. Funk, V. A., A. Susanna, T. F. Stuessy & R. J. Bayer (eds.). 2009. Systematics, evolution, and biogeography of Compositae. International Association for Plant Taxonomy, Vienna, Austria. Ito, M., K. Watanabe, Y. Kitai, T. Kawahara, D. J. Crawford & T. Yahara. 2000a. Phylogeny and phytogeography of Eupatorium (Eupatorieae, Asteraceae): insights from sequence data of the nrDNA ITS regions and cpDNA RFLP. Journal of Plant Research 113: 7989. , T. Yahara, R. M. King, K. Watanabe, S. Oshita, J. Yokoyama & D. J. Crawford. 2000b. Molecular phylogeny of Eupatorieae (Asteraceae) estimated from cpDNA RFLP and its implication for the polyploidy origin hypothesis of the tribe. Journal of Plant Research 113: 9196. IUCN. 2001. The IUCN red list of threatened species. Categories & Criteria (version 3.1). Prepared by the IUCN Species Survival Commission. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, and Cambridge, United Kingdom. King, R. M. & H. Robinson. 1987. The genera of the Eupatorieae (Asteraceae). Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden, vol. 22. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis. Koster, J. T. 1935. The Compositae of the Malay Archipelago, I. Vernonieae and Eupatorieae. Blumea 1: 351536. Merrill, E. D. 1912. New or noteworthy Philippine plants, IX. Philippine Journal of Science 7: 259357. PAG-ASA-IRI-LDEO Climate Library. 2011. http:// iridl.ldeo.columbia.edu/SOURCES/.PAGASA/ .monthly/.station/index.html (accessed November, 2011). Robinson, B. L. 1934. Records preliminary to a general treatment of the Eupatorieae, XI. Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University n.s. 104: 349. Robinson, C. B. 1908. Alabastra Philippinensia, II. Philippine Journal of Science 3: 175218.

Author's personal copy

2012]
LAMONT & FERRERAS: EUPATORIUM (ASTERACEAE)

373

Schilling, E. E., J. L. Panero & P. B. Cox. 1999. Chloroplast DNA restriction site data support a narrowed interpretation of Eupatorium (Asteraceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 219: 209 223. Schmidt, G. T. & E. E. Schilling. 2000. Phylogeny and biogeography of Eupatorium (Asteraceae: Eupator-

ieae) based on nuclear ITS sequence data. American Journal of Botany 87: 716726. Siripun K. C. & E. E. Schilling. 2006. Eupatorium. Pp. 462474. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (eds.). Flora of North America North of Mexico, vol. 21, Magnoliophyta: Asteridae, part 8: Asteraceae, part 3. Oxford University Press, New York.