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TRNG AI HOC DC HA NI
**********
HA NI 2014
B Y T
TRNG AI HOC DC HA NI
**********
HA NI 2014
LI CAM N
Trong qu trnh thc hin kha lun tt nghip, ti nhn c nhiu s
hng dn v gip ca thy c, gia nh v bn b.
hon thnh kha lun ny, trc ht ti xin by t s knh trng v lng
bit n su sc ti TS. Quyn, ngi thy giu lng am m, lun tn tnh
hng dn, ng vin, truyn t cho ti rt nhiu kin thc v nim am m trong
cng vic.
Ti xin by t s knh trng v lng bit n su sc ti ThS. Phm Tun
Anh, ngi thy tn tnh hng dn v truyn t cho ti nhng kin thc cng
nh nhng kinh nghim nghin cu khoa hc qu bu. Thy l tm gng sng
trong nghin cu. Phong cch lm vic ca thy to cho ti nim am m ln.
Ti cng xin by t lng bit n su sc ti TS. Nguyn Qunh Chi v Th.S.
L Thanh Bnh hai c gio lun nhit tnh v tn tm vi nghin cu. Nhng h
tr qu bu ca hai c gip ti hon thnh kha lun ny.
Ti xin chn thnh cm n cc thy c, cc anh ch k thut vin ang cng
tc ti b mn Dc Liu Trng i hc Dc H Ni to iu kin thun li
ti hon thnh kha lun.
Ti cng xin trn trng cm n tt c cc thy c gio trng i hc Dc
H Ni dy bo, truyn t kin thc cho ti trong nhng nm hc va qua.
Cui cng, cho php ti by t lng bit n v hn ti gia nh, bn b nhng
ngi lun quan tm, ng vin v l ch da tinh thn vng chc cho ti hon
thnh tt kha lun ny.
H Ni, ngy 14 thng 5 nm 2014
Sinh vin
Nguyn Tin Tip
MUC LUC
Trang
T VN ............................................................................................................1
CHNG 1. TNG QUAN .....................................................................................2
1.1. CHI Trevesia Vis. V LOI Trevesia palmata (Roxb. & Lindl.) Vis. ........2
1.1.1. c im thc vt .....................................................................................2
1.1.2. Thanh phn hoa hoc ca chi Trevesia Vis. va cy u rng ............7
1.1.3. Tac dung va cng dung ca cy u rng .........................................8
1.2. TRITERPENOID ...........................................................................................9
1.2.1. S lc v c ch hnh thnh cc triterpenoid ......................................9
1.2.2. Phn loi triterpenoid ............................................................................12
1.2.3. c im ca phn ng trong triterpenoid .....................................14
CHNG 2. NGUYN LIU, PHNG TIN, NI DUNG VA PHNG
PHAP NGHIN CU .............................................................................................16
2.1. NGUYN LIU NGHIN CU .................................................................16
2.2. PHNG TIN NGHIN CU ................................................................17
2.2.1. May moc va thit bi nghin cu ............................................................17
2.2.2. Hoa cht, dung mi ................................................................................17
2.3. NI DUNG NGHIN CU .........................................................................17
2.4. PHNG PHAP NGHIN CU ...............................................................17
2.4.1. inh tinh cac nhom cht hu c ...........................................................17
2.4.2. Chit xut phn on cac nhom cht ...................................................18
2.4.3. Phn lp va xac inh cu truc hoa hoc ca cc cht ...........................18
CHNG 3. THC NGHIM VA KT QUA V BN LUN .......................19
3.1. THC NGHIM V KT QUA ................................................................19
3.1.1. inh tinh cac nhom cht trong la u rng ....................................19
3.1.2. Quy trnh chit xut la u rng ......................................................20
3.1.3. inh tnh cn phn on n-hexan/ethylacetat v ethylacetat ...........23
Cloroform
Ph cng hng t ht nhn cacbon
Doublet
Dch chit 1
Dch chit 2
Distortionless Enhancement by Polarization Transfer
Cn phn on ethyl acetat
Electrospray ionization/ Mass spectrum
Ethanol
Ethyl acetat
Cn phn on n-hexan
Cn phn on n-hexan/ethyl acetat [5:1]
Ph cng hng t ht nhn proton
T l s khi/ in tch ion
M s tiu bn
n-hexan
Enzym Oxidosqualene cyclases
Sc k lp mng
Triplet
Thuc th
Tn bng
Trang
Bng 1.1
12
21
Bng 3.1
Bng 3.2
Bng 3.3
20
24
v E
Bng 3.4
33
Hnh 1.2
Tn hnh
Trang
10
11
Hnh 1.4.
11
Hnh 2.1
16
Hnh 3.1
23
rng
Hnh 3.2
25
26
Hnh 3.5
Hnh 3.6
31
Hnh 3.7
32
Hnh 3.4
30
(4,95,4 ppm)
Hnh 3.8
32
(4,24,9 ppm)
Hnh 3.9
34
Hnh 3.10
34
Hnh 3.11
35
T VN
H Nhn sm (Araliaceae) trong h thc vt Vit Nam kh phong ph v a
dng v c im hnh thi cng nh thnh phn ha hc [7]. Hu nh tt c cc
loi trong h Nhn sm u c s dng lm thuc trong Y hc c truyn nhiu
nc trn th gii, c bit l cc nc ng Bc .
Trevesia Vis. l mt chi thuc h Nhn sm, gm khong hn 10 loi, l
nhng cy thuc qu, c gi tr, hin v ang c s dng kh rng ri trong Y
hc dn tc Vit Nam, Trung Quc, Nht Bn, Hn Quc, n v nhiu nc
khc. Cc nh khoa hc xc nh Vit Nam chi Trevesia Vis. gm c 6 loi
phn b rng ri khp c nc, cy thng mc vng rng m, rng xanh hay
dc b sng sui [4].
Trevesia palmata (Roxb. & Lindl.) Vis. , tn thng gi l u rng, Thng
tho gail mt loi thuc chi Trevesia Vis., mc trn cc sn ni co cao
600 2000 m [11], hoc dc theo cc sng, sui, thung lng cc rng phc hi
[2]. u rng c s dng t lu theo kinh nghim dn gian v Y hc c
truyn. Theo ng Y, loi thn co tc dng li tiu, li phu, li sa, dung cha
phu thng, i dt, t thp, lm thuc h nhit, v cng c xem nh mt v thuc
b; l cha gy xng [2]. Tuy nhin Vit Nam, loi cy ny cha c nghin
cu. Trn th gii cho n nay mi ch c mt nghin cu v thnh phn ha hc.
V vy, chng ti thc hin ti Nghin cu thnh phn ha hoc l u
rng (Trevesia palmata (Roxb. & Lindl.) Vis.). thc hin c ti ny, ni
dung nghin cu bao gm:
- nh tnh cc nhm cht hu c trong l u rng;
- Chit xut v chit phn on dch chit l u rng;
- Phn lp v xc nh cu trc hoa hc ca cht phn lp c t l u
rng.
0,7 cm; phn thn non ph lng t mu nu. Cy con co l n, hnh tam gic
trng, cy gi c l chn vt, ging nh hnh cc ngon tay trn mt bn tay. Phin
thy p st gn gia ca tng thy v tch bit vi phn gc l hnh tim; c 7 9
thy hnh mc hay trng ngc, kch thc 15 x 36 cm, nh nhn, mp kha rng
ca. Cung l di 20 50 cm, trn nhn hoc c gai thng mc ri rc. B l 2 cm;
l km 1 2,5 cm; ph lng mu nu . Cm hoa ngn thn hoc gia cc vng
l; mc thnh chm; trc chnh di ti 60 cm, pht sinh 6 12 trc th cp di 23
cm; trn o co mang cc tn n. L bc hnh tam gic, nhn hoc c gai mc ri
rc. Mi tn rng 3 8 cm, mang 30 50 hoa n; cung hoa di 10 35 mm.
Trng c 7 10 cnh hoa, hp thnh th dng m. B nh c 7 10 nh; bao phn
hnh elip, kch thc 2 x 3 mm; ch nh di 2,5 mm. Ht phn kch thc 30 -35 m.
Bu c 7 10 . Qu hnh cu, ng knh 2 cm [16].
Cy mc ri rc trong rng tha, cao di 300 m, mt s tnh thnh nc
ta nh Yn Bi, Ha Bnh, Ngh An, c Lc, Lm ng. Trn th gii, loi ny
cn c Thi Lan, Malaysia, Indonesia (Sumatra, Borneo) [1].
1.1.1.4.6. Trevesia vietnamensis J.Wen & P.K. Lc
Cy cao 3 5 m. Thn c gai hnh nn; thn non ph lng cng di, dy c.
L kp chn vt, gm 4 5 l cht; l km dnh vi gc cung l; cung 20 40 cm,
ph lng cng ri rc. L cht kiu lng chim, vin ngoi hnh trng, kch thc 30
70 x 20 60 cm, mt trn l nhn hoc c lng cng, mt di l co lng t hnh
sao ri rc; cung l cht di 1 4 cm, nh l nhn; gn l ni r c 2 mt l;
mp kha rng ca. Cm hoa pha ngn, gm 3 5 tn trn mt trc chnh di 20
35 cm, ph lng cng di 28 mm, dy c. Mi tn mang 50 110 hoa. L bc
hnh mc. Cung hoa, chi hoa v hoa non ph lng t dy c. Hoa mu trng
hoc trng hi xanh. i hoa hnh tam gic, di 0,9 1,1 mm, rng 0,6 0,7 mm.
Trng 4 5 cnh, kch thc 5,0 5,5 x 2,5 2,8 mm. B nh 4 5, bao phn thun
di 2,0 2, 2 mm. Bu c 4 5 . Qu hnh cu trng ngc, di 8 9 mm, rng
7 8 mm.
C hoa cui thng 9. Qu thng 3.
1.2. TRITERPENOID
1.2.1. S lc v c ch hnh thanh cac triterpenoid
Triterpenoid l mt nhm hp cht t nhin rng ln, c phn loi thnh
hn 100 khung cu trc khc nhau. S khc nhau v cu trc bt ngun t con
ng sinh tng hp vi s tham gia ca h thng enzym chung c t tn l
terpenoid synthase (ch yu l enzym oxidosqualen cyclases OSC). Cc enzym
ny gip cho s hnh thnh cc carbocation t cc tin cht mch h, bng cch
cng thm tc nhn i in t vo ni i hoc vng epoxy (oxiran), t o to thnh
cc vng hay dn ti s sp xp li b khung cu trc. Cui cng cc cation trung
gian c trung ha in tch bng cch loi proton hoc phn ng vi nc
hnh thnh sn phm. Hai tin cht ph bin nht cho qu trnh tng hp triterpen l
squalen v oxidosqualen [15].
Cc triterpen to thnh c mi quan h mt thit vi nhau. Ngoi c tng
hp trc tip t cc tin cht, chng cn l cc cht trung gian chuyn ha ca nhau.
Chng hn cc triterpen pentacyclic (5 vng) c th b thoi vng di tc dng ca
enzym OSC hnh thnh cc triterpen tetracyclic (4 vng); sau o triterpen
tetracyclic c th b thoi vng hnh thnh cc triterpen tricyclic (3 vng), sn
phm sau khi thoi vng gi l cc seco- [15].
S a dng v cu trc cn c th hin ch cc triterpen c th b thoi
phn mt vi nhom methyl hnh thnh cc phn t c s khi nh hn. Chng
hn triterpen nhm oleanan (30C) b kh mt nhm methyl v tr C30 hnh thnh
triterpen noroleanan c 29 nguyn t carbon.
Hnh 1.2, 1.3 v 1.4 trnh by qu trnh hnh thnh mt s khung cu trc
triterpen loi monocylic, bicyclic, tricyclic, tetracyclic v pentacyclic.
10
11
12
Olean
13
Olean bin i
30-nor olean
Ursan
Hopan
Bis-nor hopan
Lupan
3,4-seco lupan
14
Dammaran
15,16-seco dammaran
Taraxastan
Cycloartan
Tirucallan
Cucurbitan
Lanostan
Holostan
15
v tr C3 theo lin kt glycosid hoc/v C28 theo lin kt ester. Mch ng lin
kt vi phn genin v tr C6, C7, C20, C21, C22, C24 hoc C26 theo lin kt
glycosid gp cc triterpenoid c cu trc 4 vng (tetracyclic).
Cc kt qu nghin cu co cho thy cc cu trc triterpenoid tricyclic,
bicyclic, monocyclic u khng gn thm cc mch ng.
Cc monosaccarid ph bin nht, hay gp trong triterpenoid l cc ng
thng thng nh glucose, acid glucoronid, rhamnose, xylose, arabinose, galactose.
Him gp hn l cc ng quinovose, fucose, arabifuranose, ribose, apiose.
Hu ht cc triterpenoid l nhng monodesmosidic (c 1 mch ng) hoc
bidesmosidic (c 2 mch ng). Ngoi l mt s loi thc vt c triterpenoid
tridesmosidic (c 3 mch ng), chng hn nh loi Chenopodium quinoa Willd.,
loi Astragalus armatus.
16
17
13
C-NMR BRUKER
chit l u rng.
2.4. PHNG PHAP NGHIN CU
2.4.1. inh tinh cac nhom cht hu c
Chit xut v nh tnh cc nhom cht hu c trong l u rng bng cc
phn ng hoa hc c trng theo cc ti liu Phng phap nghin cu hoa hoc cy
thuc [6] v Dc liu hoc tp 1 [5].
nh tnh cc phn on bng sc k lp mng s dng bn mng trng sn
silicagel GF254. Quan st bn mng di nh sng thng, UV254, UV366 v sau o
hin mu bng thuc th vanillin/H2SO4 (h nong).
18
Chit xut cc nhom cht trong l u rng bng dung mi ethanol 70%,
13
19
20
Nhm cht
Kt qu inh tnh
Kt lun
Triterpenoid (+++)
C saponin triterpenoid
Saponin
Flavonoid
Khng c
Alcaloid
Khng c
Coumarin
Khng c
Glycosid tim
Khng c
Anthranoid
Khng c
Tanin
Khng c
Polysaccarid
++
ng kh
+++
10
Acid hu c
++
11
Cht bo
++
12
Caroten
Khng c
13
Sterol
+++
21
Nhm cht
EtOH 30%
EtOH 70%
EtOH 96%
1.
Triterpenoid
+++
+++
+++
2.
ng kh
+++
+++
3.
Polysaccarid
++
++
4.
Acid hu c
++
++
5.
Cht bo
++
6.
Chlorophyll
++
+++
Nhn xt: Khi chit xut bng dung mi EtOH 96% th lng cht chnh thu
c t v ln nhiu tp tan trong dung mi hu c km phn cc l chlorophyll v
cht bo. Khi chit bng dung mi nc v cn 30% th thu c lng cht chnh
ln nhng dch chit ln nhiu tp tan tt trong nc nh ng kh v acid hu
c. Hn na, dch chit thu c kh ct thu hi dung mi. S dng dung mi
EtOH 70% c nhiu u im l t tp hn, thu c nhm cht chnh v dch chit
d ct thu hi dung mi.
22
23
Hnh 3.1. Tm tt quy trnh chit xut cc nhm cht trong la u rng
Nhn xt: cn phn on dch chit n-hexan thu c c khi lng t nht, th
cht dnh, mu xanh en. Khi th nh tnh phn on ny bng sc k lp mng,
trn sc ky ch c vt mu xanh v (UV 366 nm). Do vy c th s b kt
lun phn on ny ch yu l chlorophyll, cht bo nn trong kha lun ny chng
ti khng tin hnh nghin cu tip. Cn phn on n-hexan/ethylacetat v
ethylacetat c khi lng l 2,5 g v 6,1 g tng ng c s dng nghin cu
su hn.
3.1.3. inh tinh cn phn on n-hexan/ethylacetat v ethylacetat
3.1.3.1. nh tnh bng phn ng ha hoc
Kt qu nh tnh phn on n-hexan/ethylacetat v ethylacetat bng phn
ng ha hc c trnh by bng 3.3.
24
Nhm cht
HE
Saponin triterpenoid
Hin tng to bt
Sterol
Liebermann
+++
Cht bo
Vt m trn giy lc
++
ng kh
TT Fehling A+B
Acid hu c
Na2CO3
Polysaccarid
TT Lugol
Nhn xt: Bng phn ng ha hc c trng, chng ti nhn thy cc nhm cht
tan tt trong nc nh ng kh, acid hu c v polysaccarid u khng c mt
2 phn on n-hexan/ethyl acetat v ethyl acetat. C 2 phn on dch chit u
khng c hin tng to bt. Ch c nhm sterol c mt c 2 phn on, trong o
phn on ethyl acetat cho phn ng dng tnh ro nht.
3.1.3.2. nh tnh bng sc k lp mng
nh tnh cn phn oan n-hexan/ethyl acetat
Dch chm sc k: Ha tan cn HE trong MeOH lm dch chm sc k.
Cht hp ph: bn mng silicagel GF254 (Merck) trng sn hot ha
110oC trong 1 gi.
Cc h dung mi khai trin:
H I: n-hexan/ethyl acetat
[5 : 1]
[1 : 1]
[5 : 1 : 0,1]
[3 : 1 : 0,1]
25
AS thng
UV254
UV365
TT Vanilin/H2SO4
[1 : 4]
[8 : 1 : 0,5]
H III: Cloroform/methanol
[9 : 1]
[8 : 6 : 0,3 : 0,7]
26
AS thng
UV254
UV365
TT vanilin/H2SO4
27
Tim mu t ng
Nhit (oC)
0-1
50
1-41
50-250
41-61
250
Ct
Nhit hoa hi
-
290
Detector: MS
Ph khi c so snh vi cc th vin Wiley, Flavor v Nist phn tch kt
qu. Kt qu cho thy c 62 phi t c pht hin trong mu phn tch. Trong o
a s l cc dn cht alkan nh octan, cyclohexan, dodecan, nonan, octadecan,
hexadecane, eicosan
3.1.5. Phn lp va nhn dng cht t cn phn on ethyl acetat
3.1.5.1. Phn lp
Chun b mu: S dng cn phn on ethylacetat tin hnh phn lp cc
cht. Cn E c ha tan trong mt lng ti thiu ethyl acetat ri trn vi mt t
silicagel, sau o ct thu hi dung mi p sut gim, thu c mt hn hp bt
kh, ti, trn chy tt, mu vng xanh.
Chun b ct: Ct thy tinh c kha v np y kn, ng knh 4cm, chiu
di 60cm. Ra sch ct, sy kh.
28
Cht nhi ct: Ly khong 60g silicagel kch thc 0,04 0,063 mm dng cho
sc k ct. Hot ha 110oC trong 1 gi, sau o ngui trong bnh ht m.
Nhi ct bng phng php nhi ht t: Dng dung mi n-hexan to hn
dch ng nht vi cht hp ph silicagel. Np vo ct. Dng kh nn lp
silicagel c nn cht v n nh.
Np mu kh: a t t bt mu chun b ln ct. Sau o tin hnh ra gii
ct vi h dung mi n-hexan/ethyl acetat gradient nng , t l t [5 : 1], [3 : 1], [1
: 1], cui cng l [1 : 4].
Dung dch ra gii c hng tng 20 mL vo ng nghim v kim tra bng
sc k lp mng. Cc ng nghim c sc k tng t c gp chung thnh mt
phn on. Kt qu thu c 3 phn on ng ch y, k hiu l E1, E2 v E3.
Phn on E1 t ng s 22 ti ng s 31, thy xut hin tinh th hnh li
lim. em lc, ra, thu tinh th khng mu, k hiu TP-E1-1. Cht ny t tan trong
ethyl acetat, tan c trong methanol.
Phn on E2 t ng s 94 ti ng 97, thy c ta trng. em lc v ra ta
nhiu ln bng n-hexan thu c bt v nh hnh mu trng, k hiu TP-E2-1.
Phn on E3 t ng s 247 ti ng s 292, kim tra bng sc k lp mng vi
h dung mi khai trin ethyl acetat/methanol/acid formic [10:0,2:0,1], pht hin
bng TT vanillin/H2SO4 thy xut hin 2 vt mu tm, trong o co 1 vt m v 1
vt nht hn. Ct thu hi dung mi cn khong 5 mL, kt tinh lnh qua m, thu
c cht v nh hnh mu trng. Lc v ra nhiu ln vi dung mi n-hexan/ethyl
acetat [1 : 1] lnh, thu c bt v nh hnh mu trng, k hiu TP-ET-02.
Do lng cht TP-E1-0 v TP-E2-1 t v thi gian cha cho php nn trong
nghin cu ny chng ti khng x l tip cc cht ny. Cht rn TP-ET-02 c
kim tra tinh khit v o ph xc nh cu trc.
3.1.5.2. Kim tra tinh khit ca cht TP-ET-02
Kim tra tinh khit ca cht TP-ET-02 bng sc k lp mng, khai trin bn
mng vi 3 h dung mi sau:
H I: Toluen/ethyl acetat/methanol/acid formic
[ 8 : 6 : 0,3 : 0,7]
29
[4 : 1 : 0,5]
H III: Cloroform/methanol
[4 : 1]
30
609 m/z, thng thng s khi ny l s khi ca pic [M-H]+, nhng khi so s khi
ny vi ph proton 1H-NMR ca cht TP-ET-02 chng ti khng thy ph hp nn
xut o ph khi positive. Kt qu ph khi positive ph hp vi khung cu
trc chng ti d on hn (co 35 tn hiu carbon trn ph 13C-NMR) , c bit vic
xut hin pic mnh c s khi m/z 413 tng ng vi [M-ng+H]+. Do vy cht
TP-ET-02 c cng thc phn t l C35H58O6 hay C29H47 O C6H11O5, trong o
phn ng c d on l ng glucose v phn aglycon c d on l
stigmasterol hoc ng phn ca stigmasterol.
31
Stigmasterol
-Sitosterol
32
33
Stigmasterol + glucose
-Sitosterol + glucose
CH3
CH2
10 (trong o 1 CH2 ca ng
12 (trong o 1 CH2 ca ng
glucose)
glucose)
16 (trong o 5 CH ca ng
14 (trong o 5 CH ca ng
glucose)
glucose)
C bc 4
Tng s
35 carbon
35 carbon
CH
34
13
C-
NMR, v DEPT, cng so snh vi d liu ca ph cng hng t ca 2 cht stigmasterol-3-O--D-glucopyranosit v -sitosterol-3-O--D-glucopyranosit [18]
chng ti nhn dng cht TP-ET-02 l hn hp ca -stigmasterol-3-O--Dglucopyranosit v -sitosterol-3-O--D-glucopyranosit.
35
36
37
38
39
12. De Tommasi Nunziatina, Autore Giuseppina, Bellino Aurora, Pinto Aldo, Pizza
Cosimo, Sorrentino Raffaella, Venturella Pietro (2000), Antiproliferative
Triterpene Saponins from Trevesia palmata. Journal of natural products. 63(3),
308-314.
13. De Tommasi Nunziatina, Bellino Aurora, Pizza Cosimo, Venturella Pietro
(1997), Triterpenoid saponins from Trevesia sundaica. Journal of natural
products. 60(11), 1070-1074.
14. Dinda Biswanath, Debnath Sudhan, Mohanta Bikas Chandra, Harigaya
Yoshihiro (2010), Naturally occurring triterpenoid saponins. Chemistry &
biodiversity. 7(10), 2327-2580.
15. Domingo Victoriano, Arteaga Jess F, del Moral Jos F Qulez, Barrero
Alejandro F (2009), Unusually cyclized triterpenes: occurrence, biosynthesis
and chemical synthesis. Natural product reports. 26(1), 115-134.
16. Jebb, Matthew HP (1998), A revision of the genus Trevesia (Araliaceae).
Glasra. 3(2), 85113.
17. Kannika
Panyaphu,
Panee
Sirisa-ard,
Preeyawis
Na
Ubol,
Surapol
M.
(2004),
Absolute
stereostructures
of
polypodane-type
40
41
PHU LUC
Phu luc 1. Phiu gim nh tn khoa hc v Giy chng nhn m s tiu bn
Phu luc 2. Kt qu phn tch phn on dch chit HE bng phng php GC MS
Phu luc 3. Ph cht TP-ET-02: ph MS negative, MS positive, 1H NMR, 13C NMR
& DEPT
42
PHU LUC 1.
Phiu giam inh tn khoa hoc v Giy chng nhn m s tiu bn
43
44
45
PHU LUC 2.
Kt qu phn tich phn on dich chit HE bng phng phap
GC MS
46
47
48
49
Ph MS negative
Ph MS positive
Ph 1H NMR
Ph 13C NMR & DEPT
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60