Access to this full-text is provided by De Gruyter.
Content available from Open Life Sciences
This content is subject to copyright. Terms and conditions apply.
Central European Journal of Biology
* E-mail: anowak@uni.opole.pl
Research Article
1Department of Biosystematics,
Laboratory of Geobotany and Plant Conservation,
Opole University, 45-052 Opole, Poland
2Department of Plant Taxonomy, Phytogeography and Herbarium,
Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University,
31-501 Kraków, Poland
Sylwia Nowak1, Arkadiusz Nowak1*, Marcin Nobis2, Agnieszka Nobis2
Caucalido platycarpi-Vicietum michauxii − a new
weed association from crop elds of Kyrgyzstan
(Middle Asia)
1. Introduction
Middle Asia is a region located in the central part of the
Asian continent and comprises several countries such
as Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. In its eastern
part, this is a typically mountainous area with several
ranges of the Pamirian, Pamir-Alai and Tian Shan
mountain systems (Figure 1). Middle Asia is also one of
the richest regions as far as plant species diversity in the
former Soviet Union is concerned. According to the ten-
volume study of the ora of Middle Asia (Conspectus
Florae Asiae Mediae) [1], more than 8,000 vascular
plant species are known from the region. This number is
not denitive, as recently some new species have been
described from this area [2-10] and new records of its
ora have been published [2,11-15]. The ora of Middle
Asia is also unique. According to data from the literature
on Tajikistan, approx. 30% of the entire ora of vascular
plants are generally accepted endemics of the country
(endemics s.str. + subendemics) [16-18]. As one of the
oristically richest regions in the world, Middle Asia is
threatened by a signicant climate change, which could
result in plant extinction and vegetation degradation
[19]. Middle Asia is also regarded as the region most
sensitive in the world to climate change, with the near-
lowest adaptive capacity to climate instability [20].
Around the globe, research on the ora and
vegetation of crop elds has been carried out within
a range of contexts and with different intensity. Most
studies investigate European agrocoenoses; however,
several are focused on the weed vegetation of southwest
Asia [21,22]. In last years several studies have been
published, focusing on the problem of maintaining
agrocoenoses biodiversity in relation to changes in
Cent. Eur. J. Biol. • 9(2) • 2014 • 189-199
DOI: 10.2478/s11535-013-0256-z
189
Received 20 March 2013; Accepted 02 September 2013
Keywords: Agrocoenoses • Vegetation ecology • Phytocoenoses • Segetal communities • Turgenio-Roemerietalia • Tian-Shan
Abstract: Thestudypresentsthe resultsof geobotanicalinvestigationsconductedincrop eldsin thewestern TianShanMtsinKyrgyzstan
(Middle Asia). The main research focused on classication of weed communities developing within this poorly investigated
area,wereconductedin thevicinity of Bishkekand Kara-Baltain2010. Altogether,299phytosociological relevéswere sampled
using the Braun-Blanquet method. Based on all segetal vegetation patches, the analyses distinguished a new association:
Caucalido platycarpi-Vicietum michauxii. The results of these phytosociological studies ll a gap in the knowledge about the
syntaxonomicaldiversityof theMiddle Asiaregion,which isone ofthe mostcrucialfor segetalweedspecies. Thestudy shows
that anthropogenic agrocoenoses could harbour relatively rich ora. Extensively cultivated elds could especially serve as a
suitablehabitat formany xerothermophilousandheliophilousplants. Morethan 75species invegetation plots,mainly permament
weeds, have been found. There is also a considerable share of species coming over from swards, screes and meadows.
©VersitaSp.zo.o.
Caucalido platycarpi-Vicietum michauxii − a new weed association
from crop elds of Kyrgyzstan (Middle Asia)
intensication of crop cultivation. In Asia, as well as
in Europe, in all types of plantations, a withdrawal of
many eld species has been noted due to intensication
of agriculture or abandonment of unprotable crops
(especially in mountainous regions) [23,24].
For some regions, relationships between the
richness and diversity of vegetation plots, the
abundance of weeds in crop phytocoenoses as well as
several abiotic factors, like elevation, soil type, climate,
etc., have been well studied [25-29], along with the
surveys concerning the inuence of different cultivation
methods upon oristic composition of agrocoenoses,
richness and diversity of weed communities, and also
conservation value of weed ora. In most researches
the implementation of modern cultivation techniques is
regarded as a main responsible factor of the decreasing
weed richness in eld phytocoenoses [30-34].
Recently a number of surveys have documented
basic records on ora and vegetation for arable eld
phytocoenoses, with considerable interest to their special
role in the conservation of threatened or rare species
[35-38]. Also, vanishing and endemic species or plant
communities occurring on arable elds as ell as weed
habitats other than agrocoenoses have drawn botanists
attention in last years [24,39-43]. Additionally, differences
in composition of eld ora over the period of several
years have been studied [44]. The increasing needs in
weed conservation gave inspiration and involved botanists
in many conservation projects focused on extinct or
disappearing taxa [45]. Biological attributes of endangered
species of weeds responsible for their regression [46]
or expansion [47] have received less attention. Thus it
is really surprising that in Middle Asia, one of the most
important regions as far as the weed diversity and richness
is concerned, hardly any conservation studies focused on
weed ora have been conducted.
Recently, only a few papers concerning Middle Asian
vegetation classication have been published [48-51],
some of them relating to agrocoenoses [52,53].
Agrocoenoses in Middle Asia, probably because
their extensive cultivation, are a refuge for many plant
species typical for scree, riverbed and sward vegetation
in this part of Asia. Abandonment or intensication of
their production will probably lead, as has been noted
in Europe [23,30], to a decrease in biodiversity and
a need for restoration programmes [45]. Therefore,
there is an urgent need to document and classify the
ora and vegetation of these specic agricultural
ecosystems before they undergo possible degradation
and impoverishment.
Syntaxonomical investigations of segetal
communities have been carried out for several years
in many regions of the world, mainly in countries of
central Europe [54-60] and Asia [61-63]. As regards
Figure 1. The area of Middle Asia with the political division and main lakes. The investigation area is highlighted with transparent grey.
190
S. Nowak
et al.
regions with similar macrobioclimatic conditions
(Mediterranean, Irano-Turanian geobotanical provinces)
useful data regarding agrocoenoses are available,
e.g. for Afghanistan, Bulgaria, Greece, Italy, Romania,
Serbia and Spain [64-71]. Unfortunately there is
scarcity of ecological data for those weed species which
reached the eastern range limit in Middle Asia and have
the centers of occurrence in Saharo-Sindian province
[72-74]. Unfortunately to date, in certain regions of
Middle Asia, for example in Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan,
Uzbekistan, no research of plant communities of these
eld ecosystems has been conducted. Phytosociological
research is essential to document the syntaxonomic
diversity of these specic phytocoenoses. In Middle
Asia they are all the more important because so far
there have been no syntaxonomic studies on segetal
communities, even though the vegetation there is
extremely rich and relatively well preserved due to the
low intensity of cultivation. Outside Middle Asia, segetal
weed vegetation studies have been conducted for a few
areas situated, e.g. in Bashkortostan (southern Urals)
and Mongolia in Central Asia [62,63,75].
2. Experiments Procedures
2.1 Study area
The main research was conducted in the central part
of Middle Asia (Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan) within an
area approx. 350,000 km2 (Figure 1). The surveys on
Caucalido platycarpi-Vicietum michauxii were done on
crop elds between Bishkek and Kara-Balta in northern
Kyrgyzstan (Figure 2). This is a typically submontane
area, situated at the altitude between 500 and
1,100 m. The northern part of Middle Asia is situated
generally in transition zone between the Temperate and
Mediterranean macrobioclimates. According to recently
published bioclimatic classication of the World,
which considers mainly precipitation and temperature
values, the study area has to be classied within the
Mediterrenean type of macrobioclimate. This type of
climate is characterized by a summer drought lasting for
at least two consecutive months in which P < 2T [76]. In
a case of Bishkek, four months in summer period match
this condition (Figure 3). Also other bioclimatic features
of the study area classify it to the Mediterranean
macrobioclimate: The yearly average temperature is
below 25°C (10.3°C) and the Compensated Thermicity
Index is below 580 (572.3). Continentality Index is Ic=29,
so our study area shows a continental type (eucontinental
subtype, weak level). The Ombrotype Index (Io=2.6)
connes the study area within the lower dry horizon.
According to the thermotypes tresholds, the Bishkek
region has to be classied as lower inframediterranean
zone. As it is typical for the Mediterranean climate,
the area has generally high solar radiation, as well
as a low percentage of cloud cover, high-amplitude
annual temperatures, low humidity and precipitation,
with the exception of the spring period, when there
is a considerable amount of rainfall (Figure 3). In the
Figure 2. The schedule map of the study area with main cities, roads and rivers.
191
Caucalido platycarpi-Vicietum michauxii − a new weed association
from crop elds of Kyrgyzstan (Middle Asia)
research area, average temperatures in June are
around 22°C. The annual precipitation here is less
than 700 mm. In the alpine zone (the high Tian Shan
mountains), the climate is much harsher with average
temperatures in July between 10.0 and 13.5°C [77].
Annual precipitation ranges here from about 500 mm
on northern slopes to ca. 1,000 on southern. The lower
limit of perpetual snow in the western Tian Shans is
at an altitude of 3,000-3,300 m [78]. This climatic and
bioclimatic terms determine the vegetation types and
plant formations in the study areas, where evergreen
forests and xerothermophilous swards and shrubs
dominate in lowlands and in colline belt.
2.2 Data and analyses
During the study 299 vegetation relevés in crop elds
of Middle Asia were collected between 2009 and
2012. Among these relevés, 8 samples were made in
Kyrgyzstan for the association Caucalido platycarpi-
Vicietum michauxii. The size of each vegetation relevé
was 30 m2. In each them, all vascular plant species were
recorded according to the cover-abundance-scale of
Braun-Blanquet [79]. The seven-degree scale was used
(r, +, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5).
All relevés were stored in a database using the JUICE
program [80]. A TWlNSPAN analysis [81] and detrended
correspondence analyses (DCA) were performed
with the oristic data set (presence-absence data, no
downweighting of rare species) to check the manual
oristic-sociological classication and to illuminate
the relationships between the groups. For ordination,
CANOCO for Windows 4.5 was used [82]. The data
from the relevés showed a clear unimodal response,
enabling us to perform a Detrended Correspondence
Analysis (DCA).
Vegetation classication follows the sorted table
approach of Braun-Blanquet [79]. In the analytic table
(Table 1), species constancies are given in constancy
classes [83]. The new association was described
according to the International Code of Phytosociological
Nomenclature [84]. The presented association is
presented in the syntaxonomical system at the end
of the description. In the process of distinguishing the
association, the works of Kropáč [85], Hilbig [39] and
Wittig et al. [74] were taken into account.
Plant names were adopted mainly after Czerepanov
[86]. Herbarium collections have been deposited in the
Herbarium of Middle Asia Mountains, hosted in OPUN
(Opole University, Poland).
3. Results
3.1 Floristical structure of Caucalido platycarpi-
Vicietum michauxii
The number of taxa recorded in the relevés totals 75, with
46 taxa exceeding 20% constancy and 18 taxa 60%. The
highest frequency was noted for several typical weeds
like Vicia michauxii, V. peregrina, V. hyrcanica, Caucalis
platycarpos, Roemeria refracta, Turgenia latifolia,
Convolvulus arvensis and Lamium amplexicaule. Not all
species noted in relevés are typical for segetal vegetation.
There are many ruderal species, namely Sisymbrium
irio, Descurainia sophia, Cichorium intybus, Bromus
tectorum, Sisymbrium altissimum, Galium aparine,
Ceratocephalus testiculatus and others as well as plants
occurring mainly in scree vegetation, e.g. Dodartia
orientalis, Chondrilla aspera, Filago minima, Trigonella
arguata; xerothermophilous swards (Ixiolirion tataricum);
or meadows and pastures (Plantago lanceolata and
Hypericum perforatum). Some of the species, e.g. Lamium
amplexicaule and Xanthium californicum, have come
over from the neighbouring root elds. There were no
observations of species restricted to wetland vegetation,
e.g. rushes like Phragmites australis, Mentha asiatica,
Bolboschoenus glaucus or Rorippa palustris, which occur
quite often in Middle Asian crop elds due to irrigation.
It is also worth noting that there was an insignicant
number of neophytes within the studied vegetation
patches (e.g. Galinsoga ciliata, G. parviora).
3.2 Numerical DCA ordination
The Detrended Correspondence Analysis ordination run
for the entire data set clearly segregates the main sample
groups (Figure 4). Analysis of the habitat requirements
Figure 3.
The climatic diagram according to the mean monthly
precipitation and temperature values for Bishkek.
192
S. Nowak
et al.
Successive number of releve 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 C
day 5 5 5 5 13 5 6 6 O
Date: month 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 N
year 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 S
Longitude 424,556 424,556 424,855 424,855 424,830 424,855 430,953 430,953 T
Latitude 740,177 740,177 740,285 740,285 740,256 740,285 742,389 742,389 A
Altitude (m) 993 993 819 819 859 819 589 589 N
Cover of herb layer (%) 70 70 60 50 70 60 75 55 C
Releve area (m2) 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 Y
pH 7.1 7.4 7.8 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.3 7.4
Number of weeds 25 27 32 30 27 27 28 24
Cultivated plants
Secale cereale 33443 . 23
Hordeum vulgare .....3..
ChAss. Caucalido-Vicietum
Vicia michauxii ++ 1 1 + + + V
Caucalis platycarpos ++ 1 ++++ V
ChAll. Aveno trichophyllae-Euphorbion falcatae
Vicia hyrcanica + + 2 1 1 1 1 + V
Vicia peregrina + + + + 1 1 + . V
Ranunculus arvensis 3 2 2 1 3 + . . IV
Cnicus benedictus + + . . + . . + III
Heterocaryum szovitsianum . . . . . . 2 + II
Euphorbia falcata . . + . . + . . II
Sporadic species: Centaurea depressa 8(1).
ChO. Turgenio-Roemerietalia refractae
Roemeria refracta 1 1 . + + 2 2 1 V
Turgenia latifolia + 1 1 2 1 . + 1 V
Galium spurium . + + + + . + + IV
Lepyrodiclis holosteoides . + . + . . + 2 III
Vaccaria hispanica . . 1 + + . . II
Vicia sativa + . + + . . . . II
Fumaria vaillantii . . + . . + . . II
Asperugo procumbens . . . + . . . + II
Sporadic species: Brassica campestris 6(r); Cirsium incanum 7; Galium tricornutum 5;
Scandix pencten-veneris 2; Sinapis arvensis 2.
ChCl. Stellarietea mediae
Convolvulus arvensis + 1 + + 1 1 + V
Lamium amplexicaule + 1 + + + 1 . + V
Veronica arguteserrata 1 1 + 1 + . + . IV
Capsella bursa-pastoris + . . + + + + 1 IV
Veronica polita . . 1 + + . + + IV
Table 1. Caucalido platycarpi-Vicietum michauxii ass nova in Kyrgyzstan.
193
Caucalido platycarpi-Vicietum michauxii − a new weed association
from crop elds of Kyrgyzstan (Middle Asia)
Lithospermum arvense + + + + . . . . III
Goldbachia torulosa . + . . . . 1 + II
Fallopia convolvulus . . + + + . . . II
Sisymbrium altissimum . . + . . + + . II
Veronica persica . . . + + . . + II
Euclidium syriacum . . . . . . 2 1 II
Lactuca serriola + + . . . . . . II
Lycopsis orientalis . . . . + . + . II
Sporadic species: Artemisia annua 7(1); Atriplex hastata 1; Camelina sylvestris 8;
Cerastium perfoliatum 4; Polygonum aviculare 7; Tauscheria lasiocarpa 7(1);
Xanthium californicum (italicum) 5.
Others
Ceratocephalus testiculatus 2 2 + + 1 1 1 1 V
Litwinowia tenuissima + + . + + . + + IV
Thlaspi perfoliatum . . 1 1 + 2 . + IV
Alyssum desertorum + + + + . 1 . . IV
Descurainia sophia + + . r + + IV
Polygonum persicaria + + . . . + 1 . III
Dodartia orientalis 1 + . . . + . . II
Cardaria repens . . + + . . . 1 II
Poa bulbosa + + + . . . . . II
Ixiolirion tataricum + + . . . + . . II
Viola occulta . . + + . + . . II
Stellaria neglecta . . + . + . . + II
Veronica verna . . + . 1 . . . II
Myosotis stricta + . + . . . . . II
Bromus tectorum . + + . . . II
Arenaria serpyllifolia . . + . . + . . II
Marrubium vulgare . . . . . + + . II
Sporadic species: Bromus scoparius 2; Chondrilla aspera 4; Filago minima 7; Galium aparine 4; Geranium rotundifolium 4; Holosteum glutinosum 3;
Holosteum umbellatum 5; Hypericum perforatum 6; Malva neglecta 6; Medicago sativa 2; Onopordum acanthium 7; Plantago lanceolata 6;
Potentilla orientalis 1; Sewerzovia turkestanica 2; Sisymbrium irio 3; Trigonella arcuata 6.
continuedTable 1. Caucalido platycarpi-Vicietum michauxii ass nova in Kyrgyzstan.
and oristic structure of these phytocoenoses shows
that the factor responsible for these dissimilarities is
humidity. The left part of the diagram is occupied by the
relevés from the relatively driest habitats, the centre
by those from relatively wet areas, and the right by
the samples from the most humid areas in the highest
mountainous elevations or from wetland habitats in the
river valley bottoms. The vertical gradient, from the lower
to the upper part of the diagram, seems to be mostly
related to soil structure and the amount of gravel and
sand in the soil prole. The samples located in the upper
part of the biplot were taken in sandy or gravel rich soils.
Caucalido platycarpi-Vicietum michauxii is a relatively
well-distinguished association and occupies the upper-
central part of the diagram, where samples typical for
relatively fertile and moisture (fresh) soils and medium
elevations (mainly between 800 to 1,000 m a.s.l.) are
concentrated. The reason for the distinctiveness of
these central phytocoenoses’ patches revealed by
the correspondence analyses is, of course, essential
differences in oristic composition and structure.
3.3 Description of Caucalido platycarpi-
Vicietum michauxii ass. nova
Diagnostic species: Vicia michauxii, Caucalis
platycarpos
This association prefers relatively low altitudes, mostly
between 600 and 900 m. Patches of the phytocoenoses
were found on the foothills, gently falling to the north, of the
Tian-Shan range. It develops on loose, clayey, alkaline,
194
S. Nowak
et al.
fertile and fresh soils and is relatively rich in species.
In a single patch, between 25 and 32 taxa were noted.
The average number of species per relevé is 28. The total
cover value of weed species in the phytocoenoses does
not exceed 65%, and, in most cases, was ca. 35-40%.
Among the most constant and frequently contributing
species are: Vicia michauxii, Caucalis platycarpos, Vicia
hyrcanica, Thlaspi perfoliatum, Litvinovia tenuissima,
Vicia peregrina, Ixiolirion tataricum, Alyssum desertorum
and Ranunculus arvensis. Both main diagnostic species
belong to the rarest elements of Middle Asian ora;
consequently, the association is likewise rather infrequent.
Because the range of the diagnostic species (especially
Vicia michauxii) is much larger than northern Kyrgyzstan,
it is supposed that the association is also present in other
regions of Middle Asia, e.g. Tajikistan [87].
3.4 Syntaxonomical position of the association
The plots of Caucalido-Vicietum association appears
exclusively on crop elds in central part of Middle Asia
which determines its syntaxonomical position within
the Stellarietea mediae class.
Class: Stellarietea mediae Tüxen et al. ex von
Rochov 1951
Ord.: Turgenio latifoliae-Roemerietalia refractae
S. Nowak et al. 2013
All.: Aveno trichophyllae-Euphorbion falcatae
S. Nowak et al. 2013
Ass.: Caucalido platycarpi-Vicietum michauxii
ass. nova (holotypus hoc loco Table 1, rel. 4)
4. Discussion
Being one of the world’s richest regions in ora, Middle
Asia should also have a signicant number of weed
species along with their communities. Surprisingly,
despite being so rich in weed species, the Middle
Asia has not drawn considerable attention of botanists
so far, and only few studies concerning segetal ora
Figure 4. DCA ordination for all samples (N=299) with indication of Caucalido platycarpi-Vicietum michauxii (■) on the background of other
samples of other segetal phytocoenoses known from Middle Asia.
195
Caucalido platycarpi-Vicietum michauxii − a new weed association
from crop elds of Kyrgyzstan (Middle Asia)
have been published for that region long time ago
[e.g. 88]. To nd out research needs for agrocoenoses
and delimit the most interesting study areas in Middle
Asia, a reconnaissance studies and a herbarium and
literature query were conducted by authors in the years
2008-2011. We found out that even for relatively small
areas, e.g. Tajikistan, the segetal ora consists of almost
700 taxa. The most weed-rich regions of Middle Asia are
the southwestern areas of Tajikistan and central part of
the region - the Fergana Valley where over 500 species
have been observed [89]. Relatively rich in species
are also the plots of Caucalido-Vicietum from northern
Kyrgyzstan. Despite their location on the outskirts of a
warm mediterranean climate zone, samples with more
than 30 species have to be regarded as signicantly rich in
segetal species when compared to other crop cultivation
areas in the world [e.g. 21,22,25,39,58,60,71,90].
The specicity of soil substrate (gravel-sandy
soils and alkaline pH) and the oristic structure of the
community patches clearly separate the Caucalido-
Vicietum samples from other segetal vegetation plots
(see Figure 4). After recent phytosociological studies
completed in Tajikistan [53] the position of the association
within the syntaxonomical system is quite clear. Due to the
considerable differences between the dominant species
of the Middle Asian and European crop communities,
a new vegetation order and alliance were proposed
(Turgenio latifoliae-Roemerietalia refractae and Aveno
trichophyllae-Euphorbion falcatae). Most species
making up the described community originated from
Middle Asia or the Irano-Turanian phytogeographical
province, with only a few coming from the Eurosiberian
range. As diagnostic for the order, taxa relatively often
occurring in cereals, Turgenia latifolia and Roemeria
refracta, have been chosen (Table 1). Within the order,
the alliance of Aveno trichophyllae-Euphorbion falcatae
was singled out. This includes the phytocoenoses of
warm places on alkaline substrates in Middle Asia,
inuenced by a mediterranean or submediterranean
climate. Species proposed as diagnostic for this alliance
are Vicia hyrcanica, V. peregrina, Ranunculus arvensis,
Cnicus benedictus, Heterocaryum szovitsianum and
Euphorbia falcata. All of these species, occurring with
high constancy and relatively signicant abundance,
have built up the community and distinguished it from
the geographical vicariant Caucalido-Scandicetum
from Europe and northwestern Asia [25,53,57,59,60].
Obviously, the nal syntaxonomical classication of
the segetal communities of Middle Asia requires further
phytosociological studies.
Analyses of the chorology of the main diagnostic
species for the association show that the potential range
of Caucalido platycarpi-Vicietum michauxii includes
the area of central and northern Tajikistan, eastern
Uzbekistan and southern Kyrgyzstan as well as the
northern limits of the Irano-Turanian and Mediterranean
provinces. The suitable climate and alkaline soils
within the great river valleys, with considerable
amounts of gravel and sand, could harbour Caucalido
platycarpi-Vicietum michauxii in many sites. However,
until now, despite the penetration of many areas
(e.g. in Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan),
phytocoenoses of Caucalido platycarpi-Vicietum michauxii
have not been found. It is supposed that Vicia michauxii as
the main diagnostic species of the association, due to the
intensication of cultivation methods, is under signicant
anthropogenic pressure in Middle Asia.
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to thank Prof. Giorgij Lazkov from
the Kyrgyz Academy of Sciences for assistance in eld
works and help in species determination. The project
was partially funded by the Polish Ministry of Science,
grant No N304 377838/2010.
[1] Kovalevskaya S.S., Opredelitel rastenii Srednej
Azii. Vol. I-X. Akademia Nauk USSR, Izdatelstvo
“FAN” Uzbekskoi SSR, Tashkent, 1968
[2] Lazkov G.A., Sultanova B.A., Checklist of vascular
plants of Kyrgyzstan, Norrlinia, 2011, 24, 1–166
[3] Nobis M., Stipa adamii sp. nov. (Poaceae) from the
western Tian-Shan, and some remarks on the taxa
of the section Smirnovia occurring in Kazakhstan.
Nord. J. Bot., 2010, 28(6), 728-733
[4] Fritsch R.M., Khassanov F.O., Matin F., New Allium taxa
from Middle Asia and Iran, Stapa, 2002, 80, 381–393
[5] Khassanov F.O., Shomuradov H., Tobaev K., A
new Allium L. species from Middle Asia. Linzer
Biologische Beitrage, 2007, 39(2), 799–802
[6] Fritsch R.M., Friesen N., Allium oreotadzhikorum
and Allium vallivanchense, two new species of
Allium subg. Polyprason (Alliaceae) from the
Central Asian republic Tajikistan, Feddes Repert,
2009, 120(3–4), 221-231
[7] Sennikov A., Lazkov G., Allium formosum Sennikov
& Lazkov (Amaryllidaceae), a new species from
Kyrgyzstan, PhytoKeys, 2013, 21, 29-36
References
196
S. Nowak
et al.
[8] Nobis M., Stipa ×brozhiana (Poaceae) nothosp.
nov. from the western Pamir Alai Mts (middle Asia)
and taxonomical notes on Stipa×tzvelevii, Nord. J.
Bot., 2011b, 29, 458–464
[9] Nobis M., Stipa narynica sp. nov. (Poaceae) from
the Western Tian-Shan Mountains, Nord. J. Bot.,
2011, 30, 70-76
[10] Nobis M., Taxonomic revision of the Stipa lipskyi
group (Poaceae: Stipa section Smirnovia) in the
Pamir Alai and Tian-Shan Mountains, Plant Syst.
Evol., 2013, 299 (in print), Doi: 10.1007/s00606-
013-0799-5
[11] Lazkov G., Gastrolychnis alexeenkoi Lazkov
(Caryophyllaceae) – a new species to the ora of
Tajikistan, Novosti Sistematiki Vysshih Rastenii,
2008, 20, 68–69
[12] Nobis M., Nowak A., Zalewska-Gałosz J.,
Potamogeton pusillus agg. in Tajikistan (Middle
Asia), Acta Soc Bot Pol, 2010, 79(3), 235–238
[13] Nobis M., Remarks on the taxonomy and nomenclature
of the Stipa tianschanica complex (Poaceae), on the
base of a new record for the ora of Tajikistan (central
Asia), Nord. J. Bot., 2011a, 29, 194–199
[14] Nobis M., Nowak A., New data to the vascular ora
of the central Pamir Alai Mountains (Tajikistan,
middle Asia), Pol. B. J., 2011a, 56(2), 195–201
[15] Nobis M., Nowak A., New data to the vascular ora
of the central Pamir Alai Mountains (Tajikistan,
Central Asia), Part II, Časopis SZM (A), 2011b, 60,
259–262
[16] Rasulova M.R., Flora Tadzhikskoi SSR. 10,
Slozhnotsvetnye, Izdatelstvo Nauka, Leningrad,
1991
[17] Nowak A., Nobis M., Tentative list of endemic
vascular plants of Zeravshan Mts in Tajikistan
(Middle Asia): distribution, habitat preferences
and conservation status of species, Biodiv. Res.
Conserv., 2010, 19, 65–80
[18] Nowak A., Nowak S., Nobis M., Distribution
patterns, ecological characteristic and conservation
status of endemic plants of Tadzhikistan – A global
hotspot of diversity, J. Nat. Conserv., 2011, 19,
296–305
[19] Baettig R.B., Wild M.M., Imboden D.M., A climate
change index: Where climate change may be most
prominent in the 21st century, Geophys. Res. Lett.,
2007, 34, 457–469
[20] Fay M., Patel H., A simple index of vulnerability to
climate change. Background paper prepared for
World Bank report. Washington, DC, 2008
[21] Gomaa N.H., Composition and diversity of weed
communities in Al-Jouf province, northern Saudi
Arabia. Saudi. J. Biol. Sci., 2012, 19, 369–376
[22] Rassam G., Lati N., Soltani A., Kamkar B., Impact
of crop management on weed species diversity
and community composition of winter wheat elds
in Iran, Weed Biol. Manag., 2011, 11, 83–90
[23] Robinson R.A., Sutherland W.J., Post-war changes
in arable farming and biodiversity in Great Britain,
J. Appl. Ecol., 2002, 39, 157–176
[24] Türe C., Böcük H., Investigation of threatened
arable weeds and their conservation status in
Turkey, Weed Res., 2008, 48, 289–296
[25] Lososová Z., Chytrý M., Cimalová S., Kropáč Z.,
Otýpková Z., Pyšek P., et al., Weed vegetation of
arable land in Central Europe: gradients of diversity
and species composition, J. Veg. Sci., 2004, 15,
415–422
[26] Pyšek P., Jarošik V., Kropáč Z., Chytrý M., Wild
J., Tichý L., Effects of abiotic factors on species
richness and cover in Central European weed
communities, Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 2005, 109,
1–8
[27] Fried G., Norton L.R., Reboud X., Environmental
and management factors determining weed
species composition and diversity in France, Agr.
Ecosyst. Environ., 2008, 128, 68-76
[28] Lososová Z., Chytrý M., Kühn I., Plant attributes
determining the regional abundance of weeds on
central European arable land, J. Biogeogr, 2008,
35, 177–187
[29] Cimalová Š., Lososová Z., Arable weed vegetation
of the northeastern part of the Czech Republic:
effects of environmental factors on species
composition, Plant Ecol., 2009, 203, 45–57
[30] Hyvönen T., Salonen J., Weed species diversity
and community composition in cropping practices
at two intensity levels – a six year experiment,
Plant Ecol., 2002, 154, 73–81
[31] Gerowitt B., Bertke E., Hespelt S.-K., Tute C.,
Towards multifunctional agriculture – weeds as
ecological goods?, Weed Res., 2003, 43, 227-235
[32] Storkey J., A functional group approach to the
management of UK arable weeds to support
biological diversity, Weed Res., 2006, 46, 513–522
[33] Lososová Z., Cimalová S., Effectis of different
cultivation types on native and alien weed species
richness and diversity in Moravia, Basic Appl.
Ecol., 2009, 10, 456–465
[34] Pinke G., Pál R., Botta-Dukát Z., Chytrý M., Weed
vegetation and its conservation value in three
management systems of Hungarian winter cereals
on base-rich soils, Weed Res., 2009, 49, 544–551
[35] Barrett S.C.H., Seaman D.E., The weed ora
of californian rice elds, Aquat. Bot., 1980, 9,
351–376
197
Caucalido platycarpi-Vicietum michauxii − a new weed association
from crop elds of Kyrgyzstan (Middle Asia)
[36] Camenisch M., Cook C.D.K., Wiesneria triandra
(Dalzell) Micheli (Alismataceae): a rare and unusual
south Indian endemic, Aquat. Bot., 1996, 55, 115–
131
[37] Turki Z., Sheded M., Some observations on the weed
ora of rice elds in the Nile Delta, Egypt, Feddes
Repert, 2002, 5-6, 394–403
[38] Freemark K.E., Boutin C., Keddy C.J., Importance of
farmland habitats for conservation of plant species,
Conserv. Biol., 2001, 16(2), 339-412
[39] Hilbig W., Protection and conservation of
endangered species and its Segetalvegetation
(arable wild plant protection) [Schutz und Erhaltung
der Segetalvegetation und ihrer gefährdeten Arten
(Ackerwildpanzenschutz)], Feddes Repert, 2002,
113(5–6), 404–421 (in German)
[40] Warcholińska A.U., Threatened segetal ora species
of the Łódź heights, Biodiv. Res. Conserv, 2006, 3-4,
391–394
[41] Storkey J., Westbury D.B., Mini-Review Managing
arable weeds for biodiversity, Pest. Manag. Sci.,
2007, 63, 517–523
[42] Romero A.L., Chamorro L., Sans F.X., Weed
diversity in crop edges and inner elds of organic and
conventional dryland winter cereal crops in NE Spain,
Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 2008, 124, 97–104
[43] Van Calster H., Vandenberghe R., Ruysen M.,
Verheyen K., Hermy M., Decocq G., Unexpectedly
high 20th century oristic losses in a rural landscape
in northern France, J. Ecol., 2008, 96, 927–936
[44] Sutcliffe O.L., Kay Q.O.N., Changes in the arable
ora of central southern England since the 1960s,
Biol. Conserv., 2000, 93, 1-8
[45] Kohler F., Vandenberghe C., Imstepf R., Gillet F.,
Restoration of Threatened Arable Weed Communities
in Abandoned Mountainous Crop Fields, Restor.
Ecol., 2010, 11, 15–23
[46] Gibson R.H., Nelson I.L., Hopkins G.W., Hamlett
B.J., Memmott J., Pollinator webs, plant communities
and the conservation of rare plants: arable weeds as
a case study, J. Appl. Ecol., 2006, 43, 246-257
[47] Melander B., Holst N., Grundy A.C., Kempenaar
C., Riemens M.M., Verschwele A., et al., Weed
occurrence on pavements in ve north European
towns, Weed Res., 2009, 49, 516–525
[48] Nowak A., Nobis M., Distribution patterns, oristic
structure and habitat requirements of the alpine
river plant community Stuckenietum amblyphyllae
ass. nova (Potametea) in the Pamir Alai Mountains
(Tajikistan), Acta. Soc. Bot. Pol., 2011, 80(3), 235-238
[49] Nowak A., Nobis M., Distribution, oristic structure
and habitat requirements of the riparian forest
community Populetum talassicae ass. nova in the
Central Pamir-Alai Mts (Tajikistan, Middle Asia), Acta.
Soc. Bot. Pol., 2013, 82(1), 47–55
[50] Nobis M., Nowak A., Nobis A., Stipa zeravshanica
(Poaceae) a new endemic species from rocky walls of
the western Pamir Alai Mountains (Tajikistan, middle
Asia): taxonomy, distribution and habitat ecology,
Nord. J. Bot., 2013 (in print; doi: 10.1111/j.1765-
1051.2013.00184.x)
[51] Nowak S., Nowak A., Weed communities of root
crops in the Pamir Alai Mts, Tajikistan (Middle Asia),
Acta. Soc. Bot. Pol., 2013, 82(2), 135–146
[52] Nowak S., Nowak A., Nobis M., Weed communities
of rice elds in the central Pamir Alai Mountains
(Tajikistan, Middle Asia), Phytocoenologia, 2013,
43(1-2), 101–126
[53] Nowak S., Nowak A., Nobis M., Nobis A., Weed
vegetation of cereal crops in Tajikistan (Pamir Alai
Mts, Middle Asia), Phytocoenologia, 2013, 43(3), (in
print; doi: 10.1127/0340-269X/2013/0043-0557)
[54] Pott R., Plant communities of Germany [Die
Panzengesellschaften Deutschlands], 2 Au, Verlag
Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart, 1995 (in German)
[55] Schubert R., Hilbig W., Klotz S., A guide to the
identication of plant communities of Central
and Northern Germany [Bestimmungsbuch
der Panzengesellschaften Mittel- und
Nordostdeutschlands], G. Fischer, Jena – Stuttgart,
1995 (in German)
[56] Matuszkiewicz W., A guide to identication of plant
communities of Poland [Przewodnik do oznaczania
zbiorowisk roślinnych Polski], Wydawnictwo
Naukowe PWN, Warszawa, 2007 (in Polish)
[57] Lososová Z., Weed vegetation in southern Moravia
(Czech Republic): a formalized phytosociological
classication, Preslia, 2004, 76, 65–85
[58] Lososová Z., Chytrý M., Cimalová S., Otýpková Z.,
Pyšek P., Tichý L., Classication of weed vegetation
of arable land in the Czech republic and Slovakia,
Folia Geobot., 2006, 41, 259–273
[59] Šilc U., Čarni A., Formalized classication of the
weed vegetation of arable land in Slovenia, Preslia,
2007, 79, 283-302
[60] Kropáč Z., Mochnacký S., Contribution to the segetal
communities of Slovakia, Thaiszia – J. Bot., 2009, 19,
145–211
[61] Sádlo J., Kolbek J., The terrestrial ruderal and segetal
vegetation of North Korea: a synthesis, Folia Geobot.
Phytotx., 1997, 32, 25–40
[62] Yamalov S.M., Martynenko W.B., Golub W.B.,
Baisheva E.Z., Prodromus of plant communities of the
Republic of Bashkortostan [Prodromus rastitelnych
ssobshchestv respubliki Bashkortostan], Akademia
Nauk Rasii, Ufa, 2004 (in Russian)
198
S. Nowak
et al.
[63] Yamalov S.M., Shaikhislamova E.F., Mirkin B.M.,
The segetal vegetation of Bashkirian Transural,
Rastitelost Rasii., 2007, 10, 89–99
[64] Gilli A., The ruderal and segetal vegetation
of Afghanistan [Afghanische Ruderal- und
Segetalgesellschaften], Feddes Repert, 1975, 86(3),
171-197 (in German)
[65] Bergmeier E., The diversity of segetal weeds in Crete
(Greece) at species and community level, Ann. Bot.,
2006, 6, 53-64
[66] Brullo S., del Galdo G.G., Guarino R., Minissale P.,
Spampinato G., A survey of the weedy communities
of Sicily, Ann. Bot., 2007, 7, 127–161
[67] Zamora J., Verdu J.R., Galante E., Species richness
in Mediterranean agroecosystems: Spatial and
temporal analysis for biodiversity conservation, Biol.
Conserv., 2007, 134, 113–121
[68] Sanda V., Öllerer K., Burescu P., Phytocoenoses of
Romania [Fitocenozele din România], Ars Docendi,
Universitatea din Bucuresti, Bucuresti, 2008 (in
Romanian)
[69] Vrbnicanin S., Stevanovic Z.D., Radovanov K.J.,
Uludağ A., Weed vegetation of small grain crops in
Serbia: environmental and human impacts, Turk. J.
Agric. For., 2009, 33, 325–337
[70] Šilc U., Vrbnicanin S., Božić D., Čarni A., Stevanovic
A., Weed vegetation in the north-western Balkans:
diversity and species composition, Weed Res., 2009,
49, 602–612
[71] Tzonev R.T., Dimitrov M.A., Roussakova V.H.,
Syntaxa according tо the Braun-Blanquet approach
in Bulgaria, Phytol. Balcan., 2009, 15(2), 209–233
[72] Tamado T., Milberg P., Weed ora in arable elds of
Eastern Ethiiopia with emphasis on the occurrence
of Parthenium hysterophorus, Weed Res., 2000, 40,
507–521
[73] Karar R.O., Mohamed B.F., Marrs R.H., Factors
inuencing the weed ora in the Gezira Scheme,
Sudan, Weed Res., 2004, 45, 121–129
[74] Wittig R., Becker U., Ataholo M., Weed communities
of arable elds in the Sudanian and the Sahelian
zone of West Africa, Phytocoenologia, 2011, 41(2),
107–141
[75] Hilbig W., Bumzaa D., The segetal vegetation of the
Mongolian Republic [Die Ackerunkrautvegetation
der Mongolischen Volksrepublik], Archivum für
Naturchutz und Landschaftforschung, 1985, 25, 19–
32 (in German)
[76] Rivas-Martínez S., Rivas-Sáenz S., Merino A.P.,
Worldwide Bioclimatic Classication System, Global
Geobotany, 2011, 1, 1–638
[77] Narzikulov I.K., Stanjukovich K.W., Atlas of the Tajik’s
Soviet Socialist Republic [Atlas Tajikskoi SSR],
Akademia Nauk Tajikskoi SSR, Dushanbe-Moskva,
1968 (in Russian)
[78] Latipova W.A., Kolichestvo osadkov. 68–69, [In:]
Narzikulov IK & Stanjukovich KW (eds), Atlas Tajikskoi
SSR. Akademia Nauk Tajikskoi SSr, Dushanbe-
Moskva, 1968
[79] Braun-Blanquet J., Phytosociology
[Panzensoziologie], Grundzüge der
Vegetationskunde, Springer, Wien, 1964 (in German)
[80] Tichý L., JUICE, software for vegetation classication,
J. Veg. Sci., 2002, 13, 451 – 453
[81] Hill M.O., TWINSPAN – A FORTRAN program for
arranging multivariate data in an ordered two-way
table by classi cation of the individuals and attributes.
Ecology and Systematics, Cornell University, Ithaca,
New York, USA, 1979
[82] Ter Braak C.J.F., Šmilauer P., CANOCO Reference
Manual and CanoDraw for Windows User’s guide:
Software for Canonical Community Ordination
(version 4.5), Microcomputer Power, Ithaca, New
York, USA, 2002
[83] Dierschke H., Phytosociology [Panzensoziologie],
Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart, 1994 (in German)
[84] Weber H.E., Moravec J., Theurillat J.P., International
code of Phytosociological Nomenclature, 3rd
edition, J. Veg. Sci., 2000, 11, 739–768
[85] Kropáč Z., Segetal vegetation in the Czech Republic:
synthesis and syntaxonomical revision, Preslia,
2006, 78, 123–209
[86] Czerepanov S.K., Plantae Vasculares URSS. Nauka,
Leningrad, 1995
[87] Nowak S., Nowak A., Nobis M., Nobis A., Vicio
michauxii-Caucalidetum platycarpi - a new
plant association from Kyrgyzstan. 1st Int. Conf.
“Biodiversity & Nature Conservation in the Middle &
Central Asia. Ostrava, Czech Republic, 2012, 14
[88] Wasilchenko I.T., Crop eld vegetation of Tajikistan
[Sornyje rastienia Tadżykistana], Izdatelstwo Akademii
Nauk SSSR, Moskwa-Leningrad, 1953 (in Russian)
[89] Nowak A., Nowak S., The diversity and chorology
of segetal weeds in the gradientaltitude mountains
of Pamir-Alajuela in Tajikistan. 1st national
conferenceon “Synanthropization a changing
diversitybiological” [Zróżnicowanie i chorologia
chwastów segetalnych w gradiencie wysokościowym
gór Pamiro-Ałaju w Tadżykistanie. I ogólnopolska
konferencja naukowa “Synantropizacja w dobie
zmian różnorodności biologicznej”], Wrocław,
Poland, 2011, 29 (in Polish)
[90] Fried G., Petit S., Dessaint F., Reboud X., Arable
weed decline in Northern France: Crop edges
as refugia for weed conservation?, Biol Conserv,
2009, 142, 238-243
199
Available via license: CC BY-NC-ND 3.0
Content may be subject to copyright.
Content uploaded by Arkadiusz Nowak
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Arkadiusz Nowak on Sep 24, 2015
Content may be subject to copyright.
