FIGURE 5 - uploaded by Timothy M. A. Utteridge
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Ventilago flavovirens. A habit. B detail of leaf base, abaxial view below, adaxial view above. C detail of marginal venation pattern, abaxial view. D detail of distal portion of inflorescence branch showing flower buds. E detail of flower bud. F fruiting branch. G fruit. H detail of fruit base showing indumentum. Scale bar: A, F = 3 cm; B, C, D = 4 mm; E = 1.6 mm; G = 1.5 cm; H = 3.3 mm. A–C from Dewol S. & Lideh S. SAN 132494; D, E from Purseglove 5392; F–H from Mansus et al. SAN 122269. DRAWN BY LUCY T. SMITH.
Source publication
Three new species of Ventilago from Malesia are described and illustrated here: V. crenata from New Guinea, V. ferruginea from Borneo, Singapore and Sumatra and V. flavovirens from Borneo. The morphology of V. dichotoma, V. ferruginea and V. flavovirens is compared, and a key to the Ventilago species of Borneo is presented. An IUCN conservation sta...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... flavovirens Cahen & Utteridge, sp. nov., (Fig. 5) Ventilago flavovirens is related to V. ferruginea, but differs in its completely glabrous leaves drying yellowish green, usually shorter petioles, asymmetric leaf base and fewer pairs of more weakly elevated secondary veins. Climber, woody, to 40 m long. indumentum sparse at base of branchlets, dense at distal end of branchlets, very ...
Citations
... Rhamnus, Berchemia, Sageretia) or arillate seeds (Alphitonia) as vertebrates [33,40,54,67]; those taxa with winged or inflated diaspores (e.g. Paliurus, Ventilago, Gouania, Reissekia) [39,48,70,71] as anemochory; those taxa with non-explosive capsules but seeds with succulent aril attached as myrmecochory (Pomaderris, Granitites, Polianthion, Spyridium) [46,51,52,72,73]; those taxa with explosively or promptly dehiscent capsules (Colletia, Adolphia and some species of Colubrina) as ballistic [49]; and those taxa with both explosive capsules and seeds with succulent aril (Phylica and Ceanothus) as diplochory [33,49,55,74]. It is noted that the diaspores of one species may (occasionally) be dispersed by one of the above modes even though they have no obvious adaptation for it in nature [69]. ...
The evolution of dispersal modes has been proposed to promote the diversification
of angiosperms. However, little is known about the relative impact
of different dispersal modes on plant diversification. We test the association
between dispersal modes and diversification rates using Rhamnaceae, the
cosmopolitan buckthorn family, as a model. We found that species with
diplochory have the highest diversification rates followed by those with
myrmecochory and ballistic dispersal, while lineages dispersed by vertebrates
and wind have relatively low diversification rates. The difference
in diversification rates may be closely linked to the difference in dispersal
distance and ecological interactions implied by each dispersal mode. Species
which disperse over larger geographical distances may have much higher
speciation rates due to the increased chance of establishing isolated
populations due to geological barriers or habitat fragmentation. However,
long-distance dispersal may also increase the chance of extinction. By contrast,
species with short-distance dispersal modes may have low speciation
rates. Complex interactions with the surrounding environment may,
however, impact diversification rates positively by increasing plant survival
and reproductive success.
... Ventilago harmandiana Pierre (V. harmandiana) is a plant species of the genus Ventilago within the family Rhamnaceae, which is found across Asia, including China, India, Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand [22,28,29]. Indeed, Ventilago consists of over 40 species, including medicinal plants with numerous therapeutic properties, such as cytotoxicity to cancer cells [22], antimicrobial activity [30] and anti-inflammatory effects, as examined in animal models [31,32]. ...
Background
Massive parallel sequencing technologies have enabled the elucidation of plant phylogenetic relationships from chloroplast genomes at a high pace. These include members of the family Rhamnaceae. The current Rhamnaceae phylogenetic tree is from 13 out of 24 Rhamnaceae chloroplast genomes, and only one chloroplast genome of the genus Ventilago is available. Hence, the phylogenetic relationships in Rhamnaceae remain incomplete, and more representative species are needed.
Results
The complete chloroplast genome of Ventilago harmandiana Pierre was outlined using a hybrid assembly of long- and short-read technologies. The accuracy and validity of the final genome were confirmed with PCR amplifications and investigation of coverage depth. Sanger sequencing was used to correct for differences in lengths and nucleotide bases between inverted repeats because of the homopolymers. The phylogenetic trees reconstructed using prevalent methods for phylogenetic inference were topologically similar. The clustering based on codon usage was congruent with the molecular phylogenetic tree. The groups of genera in each tribe were in accordance with tribal classification based on molecular markers. We resolved the phylogenetic relationships among six Hovenia species , three Rhamnus species , and two Ventilago species . Our reconstructed tree provides the most complete and reliable low-level taxonomy to date for the family Rhamnaceae. Similar to other higher plants, the RNA editing mostly resulted in converting serine to leucine. Besides, most genes were subjected to purifying selection. Annotation anomalies, including indel calling errors, unaligned open reading frames of the same gene, inconsistent prediction of intergenic regions, and misannotated genes, were identified in the published chloroplast genomes used in this study. These could be a result of the usual imperfections in computational tools, and/or existing errors in reference genomes. Importantly, these are points of concern with regards to utilizing published chloroplast genomes for comparative genomic analysis.
Conclusions
In summary, we successfully demonstrated the use of comprehensive genomic data, including DNA and amino acid sequences, to build a reliable and high-resolution phylogenetic tree for the family Rhamnaceae. Additionally, our study indicates that the revision of genome annotation before comparative genomic analyses is necessary to prevent the propagation of errors and complications in downstream analysis and interpretation.
... Ziziphus species found in Borneo, five are endemic to the island and three are restricted to Borneo and the Philippines (Cahen & Utteridge 2017Cahen et al. 2020bCahen et al. , 2021. ...
... While Berchemia(Huang et al. 2021), Rhamnus(Hauenschild et al. 2016a) and Sageretia were recently included in revisions that incorporated DNA sequencing and biogeographic assessments, this remains to be done at a fine scale in all the other listed genera.Much of the research on which this publication is based was done expressly to address the issue of revising the taxonomy of genera with uncertain species limits and a much remaining undescribed diversity, with a focus on Southeast Asia (as well as New Caledonia and Vanuatu for Ventilago).1.7.1. VentilagineaeVentilagineae currently consists of two genera, Ventilago, a genus of c. 40 species of Old World tropical climbing shrubs, lianas and, rarely, small trees, and Smythea, a group of 12 species of mostly South-East Asian tropical climbers(POWO 2022;Cahen & Utteridge 2017;Cahen & Utteridge 2018;Cahen et al. 2020b). Members of the tribe are easily recognised by their fruits having an oblong wing-like apical appendage. ...
... Many of the larger families and genera have received insufficient attention, and some accounts published in the 1960s and 1970s are out of date(Johns 1995). While recent progress has been made in documenting Malesian Rhamnaceae taxa, e.g., Smythea(Cahen & Utteridge 2018), Ventilago for Borneo(Cahen & Utteridge 2017), Gouania for the Philippines and Sunda(Cahen et al. 2020a), Ziziphus for Borneo, work remains to complete the Flora Malesiana account for the entire family. There are uncertain species concepts in Ventilago and Gouania to sort out (see also Section 1.8. ...
Southeast Asia is one of the world’s most floristically diverse regions, with 50,000 flowering plant species recognised and an estimated 10,000 more that have yet to be scientifically documented. My research contributes to filling this knowledge gap by documenting plants in the Rhamnaceae family from Southeast Asia. Except for Flora of Thailand, which followed the conclusions of our publications, none of the region’s major Flora initiatives have completed accounts for Rhamnaceae. Much of their diversity is still unknown, and species boundaries are unclear. A phylogeny-based tribal classification published in 2000 is the foundation of our current understanding of evolutionary relationships within the Rhamnaceae. The phylogenetic position of some genera is still uncertain. The family is thought to have originated in the Cretaceous and mostly diversified into its current tribes in Gondwana, based on fossil evidence. Recent discovery of older fossils suggest that it may have originated in the Jurassic. We have published taxonomic revisions and new species descriptions in four genera: Ventilago, Smythea, Gouania and Ziziphus. We revised the genus Smythea throughout its range, including six new species descriptions, described three new Ventilago species, plus two additional species in New Caledonia and Vanuatu, revised the genus Gouania in western Malesia, and contributed the first revision of Ziziphus in Borneo, including three new species and two new variety descriptions. This work, carried out between 2016 and 2021, lays the groundwork for a future revision of the entire family across the region. This research will help to understand the evolutionary history of the Rhamnaceae family. Almost all the plants I documented are woody climbers that either twine around the host plant (Smythea and Ventilago), use tendrils (Gouania) or spines along their stems to climb (Ziziphus). Some have wind-dispersed winged fruits (Ventilago, Smythea, and Gouania), while others have fleshy fruits dispersed by animals (Ziziphus). These different means of climbing and fruit dissemination may have affected the evolution and spread of the woody climbing species in different ways.
... 27−29 Different species of the genus Ventilago of the Rhamnaceae family are tropical climbers distributed throughout South Asia and South-East Asia. 30,31 V. harmandiana is a rare endemic species found only in Thailand. To date, only ten pyranonaphthoquinones (PNQs) and nine anthraquinones (ATQs) have been identified in V. harmandiana, and some of which exhibited anti-inflammatory activities. ...
... Using a flow rate of 0.4 mL/min, the gradient elution started with 1% B, increased to 5% within 1 min, increased to 20% within 0.1 min, increased to 40% within 3.9 min, increased to 50% within 5 min, increased to 60% within 1.5 min, increased to 80% within 1.5 min, increased to 90% within 2 min, decreased to 1% within 1 min, and re-equilibrated at 1% B for 3 min. 31 The column temperature was maintained at 35°C. The weak and strong needle wash solutions were 5% ACN in H 2 O (v/v) and 1:1:1:1 water/ACN/MeOH/IPA, respectively. ...
The combination of ion mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS) and chromatography is a valuable tool for identifying compounds in natural products. In this study, using an ultra-performance liquid chromatography system coupled to a high-resolution quadrupole/traveling wave ion mobility spectrometry/time-of-flight MS (UPLC-TWIMS-QTOF), we have established and validated a comprehensive TWCCSN2 and MS database for 112 plant specialized metabolites. The database included 15 compounds that were isolated and purified in-house and are not commercially available. We obtained accurate m/z, retention times, fragment ions, and TWIMS-derived CCS (TWCCSN2) values for 207 adducts (ESI+ and ESI-). The database included novel 158 TWCCSN2 values from 79 specialized metabolites. In the presence of plant matrix, the CCS measurement was reproducible and robust. Finally, we demonstrated the application of the database to extend the metabolite coverage of Ventilago harmandiana Pierre. In addition to pyranonaphthoquinones, a group of known specialized metabolites in V. harmandiana, we identified flavonoids, xanthone, naphthofuran, and protocatechuic acid for the first time through targeted analysis. Interestingly, further investigation using IM-MS of unknown features suggested the presence of organonitrogen compounds and lipid and lipid-like molecules, which is also reported for the first time. Data are available on the MassIVE (https://massive.ucsd.edu, data set identifier MSV000090213).
... In New Guinea, there are eight genera of Rhamnaceae with 23 species (Cámara-Leret et al. 2020) and, currently, Smythea is only represented by the widespread species S. lanceata collected from coastal habitats. The related genus Ventilago has three species in New Guinea (Cahen & Utteridge 2017), but differs in the conspicuously globose seed chamber clearly differentiated from the wing, as opposed to Smythea fruits, which have a laterally compressed seed chamber graduating into the wing (see Cahen & Utteridge 2018: Fig. 1B, D and E for examples). ...
... Identification of the new species was undertaken with the use of relevant literature including Banerjee & Mukherjee (1969, 1970, Cahen & Utteridge (2017, 2018 and Lauterbach (1922). Specimens of the genus from Malesia, including types of similar taxa, were studied at CANB and K, and specimen images were consulted from Global Plants JSTOR (http://plants. ...
... While the tertiary vein reticulations of S. papuana are distinct, they are more conspicuous in Ventilago microcarpa and V. papuana, especially adaxially. Pullen 8188, also collected on the Papuan Peninsula, 15 km NE of Cape Rodney, was identified as V. crenata by the authors who noted that it 'differs from the type specimen and Schodde 2418 in its narrower leaves with almost entire leaf margins and long and much-branched panicles' (Cahen & Utteridge 2017). This specimen is vegetatively very similar to S. papuana but lacks the conspicuous domatia (a variable character in Ventilagineae). ...
A new species of the genus Smythea is described and illustrated from Papua New Guinea. This new taxon, Smythea papuana, is morphologically similar to S. oblongifolia, a species widespread in Malesia reaching the Lesser Sunda Islands and Maluku Islands. It is the first inland species of Smythea in New Guinea to be described – the only other species known to occur on the island is the widely distributed and coastal S. lanceata. An amendment to the key to the genus is provided.
... or Goua nia Jacq. in New Caledonia has been published since Guillaumin (1926Guillaumin ( , 1948a. However, recent work on Ventilago in neighbouring regions was published (Cahen & Utteridge 2017), and the closely related genus Smythea Seem., which occurs in Vanuatu, was revised (Cahen & Utteridge 2018). Ventilago and Smythea are the only members of tribe Ven tilagineae Hook. ...
The climbing genus Ventilago Gaertn. (Rhamnaceae) is revised in New Caledonia and Vanuatu. The description of V. pseudcalyculata Guillaumin was based on four gatherings (syntypes). The name is lectotypified with a specimen from Lifou, and the species is now considered to be restricted to the Loyalty Islands, while the specimens from Grande Terre (the main island of New Caledonia) are treated as a new species, V. tinctoria Cahen, Toussirot & Pillon. A total of four endemic species are therefore recognized in New Caledonia: V. buxoides Baill., V. neocaledonica Schltr. and V. tinctoria from Grande Terre and V. pseudocalyculata from the Loyalty Islands. The plants from Vanuatu, often identified as V. neocaledonica, are treated here as a new species, V. vanuatuana Cahen, Toussirot & Pillon, endemic to that archipelago.
... cit.), the genus needs revision, but recent headway has been made with revisions for the Western Indian Ocean (Buerki et al. 2011) and North America (Pool 2014). Most of the c. 15 South-East Asian genera of Rhamnaceae, and the climbing genera in particular, have yet to be revised and included in contemporary floras such as Flora Malesiana or the Flora of Peninsular Malaysia, although a synopsis of Smythea (Cahen & Utteridge 2018) and a key to the Bornean species of Ventilago (Cahen & Utteridge 2017) were recently published. The most complete overview of Asian Gouania species to date is by Lauterbach (1922), with some minor changes by Suessenguth (1953) in the last attempt at a complete treatment at species level. ...
The climbing genus Gouania (Rhamnaceae) is revised in western Malesia. Five species are recognised for the Philippines and Sundaland using morphological evidence, including a new species from the Philippines: Gouania longipedunculata. A taxonomic treatment, including a preliminary IUCN conservation status assessment, is presented for each species.
... S. P. Banerjee & P. K. Mukh. from Ventilago to Smythea and is used here as a diagnostic character for generic delimitation in the Ventilagineae (see also Cahen & Utteridge 2017). ...
A synoptic revision of the genus Smythea Seem. (Rhamnaceae) based on morphological evidence is presented. A total of 11 species are recognised; five new species are described: Smythea batanensis, S. beccarii, S. hirtella, S. poilanei and S. poomae, six new synonyms are established and a new combination is made: S. oblongifolia. Several new distribution records are reported, including S. macrocarpa for Borneo and Sumatra and S. oblongifolia for India. Generic delimitation between Smythea and the closely related genus Ventilago is clarified, and useful characters to identify the genera are discussed and illustrated. Distribution maps are given for each species, as well as a preliminary conservation assessment based on IUCN guidelines.
Chromatographic separation of the crude extracts from the roots of Ventilago denticulata led to the isolation of four new anthraquinones, ventilanones L–O (1–4), together with eight known anthraquinones (5–12). Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods (UV, IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and 2D NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS), as well as comparison of their spectroscopic data with those reported in the literature. HDACs inhibitory activity evaluation resulted that compound 2 exhibited moderate antiproliferative activity against HeLa and A549 cell lines but nontoxic to normal cell. Molecular docking indicated the phenolic functionality of 2 plays crucial interactions with class II HDAC4 enzyme.
The genus Ziziphus (Rhamnaceae) is revised for Borneo. 13 species are recognised using morphological evidence, including three new endemic species: Ziziphus cuspidata , Z. domatiata and Z. puberula . Borneo is therefore the island with the greatest known diversity of Ziziphus species. The area surrounding Mount Kinabalu is particularly diverse, with nine species occurring in Ranau. Two new varieties of Z. borneensis are also described here, Z. borneensis var. ranggam and Z. borneensis var. velutina , five new synonyms are established, including the placement of Z. elmeri as a synonym of Colubrina beccariana . A taxonomic treatment, including a preliminary IUCN conservation status assessment, is presented for each species and variety.
