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Iresine rzedowskii Zumaya, Flores Olv. & Borsch. a-h. Staminate plant. a. Habit. b. Old stem with suberose cortex. c. Synflorescence. d. Paracladia. e. Mature flower. f. Tepals. g-h. Androecium and pistillode. i-n. Pistillate flower. i-j. Mature flower. k. Tepals. l. Gynoecium with staminodia. m. Fruit. n. Seed (a-h from T. Borsch et al. 3788a; i-n from T. Borsch et al. 3788b).
Source publication
Iresine rzedowskii Zumaya, Flores Olv. & Borsch and I. valdesii Zumaya, Flores Olv. & Borsch are described, illustrated, and compared to morphologically similar species. In addition, pollen SEM micrographs and distribution maps are provided for the new species. Iresine rzedowskii is a shrub with long clambering stems, the younger ones reddish with...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... spheroidal, (15-)16- 18.5 mm in diameter, with 18-23 apertures; pores 2-2.4 mm in diameter, all of equal size, the ektexinous bodies 10-14, cone-shaped with acute tips, well separated and ± evenly spaced; mesoporia broadly vaulted, 2.8-3.5 mm wide, the tectum punctate-foveolate, with perforations 250-500 nm in diameter, often ovate or rounded to triangular, with 5-7 per- forations per 10 mm 2 , ± evenly spaced, the spinules narrowly cone-shaped with acute tips, 200-240 nm high, 180-200 nm in diameter at base, with 21-27 spinules per 10 mm 2 , irregu- larly spaced. Figures 1 , 2 , 3a. ...
Context 2
... I. hartmanii and I. rzedowskii have numerous small globular heads of flowers and tepals with a whitish indumentum. How- ever, Suessenguth never saw the plants in the field and thus did not know the strikingly different habit and older stems with a suberose cortex (Figs. 1, 2). In the absence of any later revision or complete keys to the genus, Iresine hartmanii var. ...
Citations
... The pores are covered by ektexinous bodies of different number and shape; they may be closely adjoined to each other or separated from each other. The sculpture of pore membranes was described as having hook-shaped stellately arranged ektexinous bodies, with ektexinous bodies arranged in a mosaic-like pattern [38]. It is absent in four species and present in the rest of the 10 taxa. ...
The aim of the study was to visualize the micromorphology of Amaranthaceous pollen using scanning electron microscopy collected from the Thal Desert. Field collection was conducted from July to September 2021. A total of 14 taxa of the family Amaranthaceae were collected which belong to nine genera. Achyranthes aspera, Aerva javanica, Aerva lanata, Amaranthus graecizans, Amaranthus retroflexus, Amaranthus viridis, Bassia indica, Chenopodium album, Chenopodium ficifolium, Chenopodium murale, Digera muricata, Haloxylon stocksii, Salsola tragus, and Suaeda fruticosa were studied in terms of pollen morphotypes. Pollen were acetolyzed and observed under optical and scanning microscopy. Qualitative and quantitative characters were measured to analyze the pollen to uncover its taxonomic significance. Qualitative characters observed were the shape of pollen in polar and equatorial views; the most frequent shape observed was spheroidal in the polar view, whereas in the equatorial view, prolate spheroidal was the dominant shape. Exine ornamentation is the key characteristic of pollen which is very helpful, and eight different types of ornamentations were observed in collected taxa: smooth sparsely granulate, scabrate-spinulose, microspinulose perforate, microechinate scabrate to metareticulate, granulate, nanospinulate, granulate-spinulose perforate, granulate-perforate echinate, and microechinate perforate. Periporate-type aperture was observed among all taxa. Mesoporia, ektexinous bodies, and tectum features also show variations among Amaranthaceous grains. In quantitative character, A. retroflexus recorded highest in polar view 26.3 μm and the lowest was of C. album 12.2 μm. Highest P/E index ratio was recorded in S. fruticosa (1.12) whereas the lowest for D. muricta (0.94). Exine thickness was highest in S. tragus 2.15 μm and lowest in A. graecizans 0.78 μm. The maximum number of pores was recorded as 32-36 in D. muricata. Artificial taxonomic keys were constructed based on findings that reinforce the importance of the micromorphological ultrastructural diversity of pollen among Amaranthaceous taxa. It was concluded that the descriptions of pollen morphotypes presented greatly contribute to our understanding of desert species identification.
... Todos estos tipos de vegetación disminuyen dramáticamente debido a las actividades humanas de diversa índole. A pesar de ello, en los últimos años han sido descritas especies nuevas de distribución restringida en la región de la Mixteca oaxaqueña (Zumaya et al. 2013). ...
Antecedentes:
El Área de Protección de Flora y Fauna (APFF) Boquerón de Tonalá, posee características climáticas, geológicas y edáficas distintivas, albergando diversos tipos de vegetación. Las leguminosas de la región no han sido inventariadas a detalle en su conjunto.
Preguntas:
¿Cuáles son las especies de leguminosas en el área Natural Protegida del Boquerón de Tonalá, Oaxaca? ¿Existen diferencias en la riqueza de especies por tipo de vegetación?
Sitio y años de estudio:
Área de Protección de Flora y Fauna (APFF) Boquerón de Tonalá, Oaxaca; junio de 2017 a junio de 2018.
Métodos:
Se eligieron ocho localidades y 14 sitios correspondientes a las comunidades vegetales dominantes que cubren toda el APFF Boquerón de Tonalá y el gradiente altitudinal. Se cubrieron 58 días de trabajo de campo. Los ejemplares colectados por subfamilia, género y especie fueron contabilizados.
Resultados:
Se recolectaron 177 ejemplares más sus duplicados, estos corresponden a 85 especies, de 38 géneros de la familia Leguminosae, incluidos en tres subfamilias y del clado Mimosoide que tratamos como separado. El mayor número de géneros y especies encontrados pertenecen a la subfamilia Papilionoideae. Los géneros con mayor número de especies fueron Brongniartia, Mimosa, Senna y Vachellia (antes parte de Acacia). La selva baja caducifolia fue el tipo de vegetación con mayor número de especies y géneros encontrados. Se encontró una especie nueva de Coulteria (subfamilia Caesalpinioideae) en encinares.
Conclusiones:
La diversidad florística de leguminosas del APFF Boquerón de Tonalá, muestra que deben reforzarse las estrategias de manejo y conservación en el área.
... This genus consists of herbs, shrubs, trees that are up to 30 m tall and vines, but predominantly shrubs (Zumaya 2008). Iresine species are distributed from southern USA to South America and the Caribbean, and Mexico is considered the center of diversification, with 27 species, over 50% of which are endemic (Zumaya et al. 2013;Flores-Olvera et al. 2016;Borch et al. 2018), distributed from sea level to 3000 m.a.s.l. (Zumaya 2008). ...
Iresine is an American genus that belongs to Amaranthaceae s.l. To understand its stem anatomy and correlation with the habit and habitat, a comparative study was carried out. We present the most extensive stem anatomical survey of Iresine to date. Our observations agree with wood descriptions for other Amaranthaceae having simple perforation plates, intervessel pits alternate and nucleated fibers. Few species showed distinctive growth rings. Rays are heterocellular, multiseriate with meristematic centers. The occurrence of rays with meristematic centers is not related to habit or habitat, but suggests that water and photosynthates movement is complex through the axial–radial system. Species studied have successive cambia in concentric bands or patches. Seven species have distinctive characters as for I. latifolia (M.Martens & Galeotti) Hook.f. with two or three pairs pith bundles, I. rzedowskii Zumaya, Flores Olv. & Borsch with a thick periderm and I. cassiniiformis S.Schauer with lignified pith. Not all quantitative wood features follow the trends expected with habit but significant differences exist (P > 0.05) for some as fiber length. The tree species has the widest vessel diameter (81 µm) and the longest fiber length (570 µm), and shrubs show the highest variation. Canonical correlation analysis allowed to identifying that mean annual temperature, longitude and annual rainfall have an impact in the wood of Iresine species, especially in vessel and fiber wall thickness, intervessel pit diameter and fiber length. Iresine wood appears to be more susceptible to changes of mean annual temperature and precipitation showing its plasticity.
... In contrast, Iresine ( fig. 2A-D, H) is one of the most species-rich genera in Amaranthaceae with c. 45 species mainly distributed in the Americas, with its center of diversity and endemism in Mexico (Zumaya et al. 2013), although some species are distributed in tropical Africa. Core-Gomphrenoids occur in America, the Caribbean, Africa and Australia. ...
Background and aims – Amaranthaceae comprise the former Chenopodiaceae, Beta, and core-Amaranthaceae. Particularly in the Gomphrenoid clade, most species have flowers with an 'androecial tube'. On its rim and alternating with the stamens, so-called (pseudo-)staminodia occur. However, neither their origin nor function have been clarified. We aimed to determine the nature of both the 'androecial tube' and pseudostaminodia in species of three genera: Iresine, Alternanthera and Tidestromia. In addition, we also aimed to document the development of the gynoecium.
Methods – Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) and light microscopic (LM) observations of the floral development.
Key results – Five individual sepal primordia appear in quincuncial order, followed by the appearance of five individual stamen primordia opposite them. At semi-maturity, the stamens are raised by the formation of a tube below them, with at its inside surface a glandular zone. Alternating with the stamens, appendages develop from individual primordia on the rim of the androecial tube. In bisexual/female flowers, from a primary gynoecium primordium, secondarily, an annular gynoecium wall primordium is formed, surrounding a central zone from which a single ovule develops. At maturity, the gynoecium stands on a gynophore. In Alternanthera microcephala, the gynophore may become large, sometimes developing appendages.
Conclusions – Our hypothesis that the androecial tube develops from an underlying annular intercalary meristem is supported by the absence of an annular androecium primordium and the late development of the androecial tube. The 'pseudostaminodes' are appendages of the androecial tube. Their often conspicuous appearance and the glandular inside surface of the androecial tube suggest an animal(insect)-based pollination syndrome. We consider the androecial tube, the staminal ring in flowers of Beta vulgaris and the 'fused filaments' in some Chenopodioideae as morphological homologues. We suggest that the development of the gynoecium wall might be decoupled from the development of the ovule.
Iresineherbstii (blood leaves) is a member of the Amaranthaceae family, native to tropical and subtropical areas. It is erect herbaceous, has red and white variety. Different phytochemical constituents were detected as alkaloids, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and others. This herb was used as a pH indicator, insecticide, and dye fabrics. Traditionally it was used for divination purposes and other purposes. Iresinin IV is the major colorant. Different studies were done to evaluate the CNS, immunomodulatory, antibacterial, antiviral, cytotoxic and other effects. Fresh leaves extract was hepatotoxic. This review aimed to demonstrate the morphological features of this herb and to show the clinical studies related to its traditional use.
The Codex Cruz-Badianus contains 185 phytomorphs separated into 13 chapters based on medical disorders, as explained in Chap. 1. Each image is labeled with its folio number followed by r (recto) or v (verso) and a number from 1 to 11 when there is more than one image per folio. Emmart (1940) reported only 184 illustrations, and we assume that folio 56v1 and 56v2 (two intertwined plants) were incorrectly listed as one illustration even though two Nahuatl names are attached. A letter from Eugene Tisserat to William Gates, dated July 26, 1933, listed charges for illustrations by his niece Marie-Thérèse Vuillemin for “185 flowers” (Gates 2000). A number of other folios (14v, 18v, 32r, 44r, 51v, 54r, 59r) contain superimposed images. The phytomorphs are those found in Emmart (1940), which were based on the Vuillemin illustrations.
Iresine is a neotropical genus of the Amaranthaceae with most of the species diversity in Mexico and Mesoamerica. It has suffered a complex classification history with considerably diverging views on the genus concept. We have carried out a phylogenetic analysis of Iresine and allied genera using sequence data of combined plastid introns (including the matK CDS) and spacers as well as ITS, and a dense sampling of species. Trees depict a clade of Iresine with Irenella and Woehleria deeply nested. This clade is sister to the remainder of Gomphrenoideae including Hebanthe and Trommsdorffia (≡ Pedersenia). One of two maximally supported subclades of Iresine comprises mostly species restricted to the Mexican highlands and adjacent areas, whereas the other subclade is composed of more widespread Mexican-Mesoamerican taxa. Pollen grains of Iresine and relatives were examined using high-resolution SEM, which yielded a matrix of 15 pollen characters. Ancestral character state reconstruction shows dodecahedral grains (in I. angustifolia and I. nigra) to have evolved within the Iresine clade, not involving the complete suite of character shifts associated with metareticulate pollen but just an increase of aperture diameter and a slight decrease of mesoporia width. To the contrary, four character state transformations occurred in the common ancestor of core Gomphrenoideae that led to metareticulate pollen (shifts to a distal orientation of punctae and microspines, to a sunken position of apertures relative to the distal part of mesoporia resulting in narrow mesoporia higher then wide, and a reduction in the diameter of mesoporia). The Iresine clade is characterized by pollen with well-separated ektexinous aperture membrane bodies, rounded or triangular, and gradually tapering into a single spine. For the monophyletic genus Iresine, 35 species are currently accepted. We provide a taxonomic backbone (including one new combination, one new name and several lectotypifications) that also comments on the current understanding of species delimitation. © International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT) 2018, all rights reserved.
Two well-defined new species of Iresine from Mexico are described based on character data covering vegetative and floral morphology, pollen, and sequences of plastid matK-trnK, trnL-F and rpl16 as well as nuclear ITS. We provide morphological and molecular descriptions, as well as a discussion on diagnostic characters and taxonomic affinities. Both species are distributed in cloud forests; I. borschii is known only from two collections in Veracruz, whereas I. sousae has been collected several times in Oaxaca and Chiapas. Both species are illustrated from herbarium specimens to facilitate their recognition. New field collections and observations are needed to improve our knowledge on the habitat and conservation status of these new species.
Citation: Flores-Olvera H., Zumaya S. & Borsch T. 2016: Two new species of Iresine (Amaranthaceae: Gomphrenoideae) from Mexico supported by morphological and molecular characters. — Willdenowia 46: 165–174. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3372/wi.46.46113
Version of record first published online on 6 April 2016 ahead of inclusion in April 2016 issue.
Through an exhaustive literature review, field exploration and revision of herbaria, the presence of 861 native species of lianas in Mexico is documented, pertaining to 250 genera and 59 families. A total of 25.9% (n = 224) of the species and three genera are endemic to Mexico. The 15 most diverse families account for 80.1% of the species and 85.7% of endemics. The 18 richest genera comprise 38.1% (n = 328) of the species and approximately 50% of the endemic. Chiapas is the state with the greatest diversity because it includes 65.4% of the total species, whereas Oaxaca is the richest state in terms of endemism (49.6%). Regardless of their area, the most diverse states are also notable for their endemism. The lianas found in only one state encompassed 16.5 and 26% of the total number of species and endemics, respectively. Among the five recognized biomes in Mexico, the tropical humid forest and the tropical seasonally dry forest stand out for their number of species (n = 692, 80.3%) and number of endemics (n = 134, 59.8%), respectively. At the level of vegetation type, the tropical deciduous forest ranks first in both attributes. The number of lianas species decreased significantly with altitude. Our results demonstrate the importance of the contribution of lianas to the richness and endemism of Mexican flora and justify the development of initiatives to ensure their long-term conservation.
