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Effect of aqueous root bark extract of Cassia abbreviata on proliferation rate of macrophage cell line.
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Cancer is referred to as uncontrolled abnormal proliferation of body cells. Currently cancer treatment and
management is a challenge due to complexity of the disease, toxicity of chemotherapy, unaffordability of treatment and severe side effects. Therefore, it is imperative to investigate complementary and alternative medicine for leads and develop...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... of aqueous root bark extract of C. abbreviata to macrophage generally limited proliferation rate of the macrophage cells. The results of effect of aqueous root back extract of C. abbreviata on macrophage cell line are shown in Table 4. The plant extract exhibited a dose dependent inhibition of proliferation rate of macrophage cell line. ...
Citations
... The Elephantorrhiza burkei (EB) and Cassia abbreviata (CA) extracts both displayed an IC 50 > 400 mg/ mL against both the A549 and SHP-77 cell lines. In a previous study, the EB ethanolic leaf extract showed an IC 50 > 1000 mg/mL against rat hepatoma (H4IIE) cells (Olaokun et al., 2020), whereas in a study by Njagi et al. (2016), the aqueous root bark extract of CA showed an IC 50 of 1.49 mg/mL against hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells (Njagi et al., 2016). Actinomycin D was used as a positive control and displayed an IC 50 of 0.01 § 0.004 and 0.08 § 0.001 mg/mL against A549 and SHP-77 cells. ...
... The Elephantorrhiza burkei (EB) and Cassia abbreviata (CA) extracts both displayed an IC 50 > 400 mg/ mL against both the A549 and SHP-77 cell lines. In a previous study, the EB ethanolic leaf extract showed an IC 50 > 1000 mg/mL against rat hepatoma (H4IIE) cells (Olaokun et al., 2020), whereas in a study by Njagi et al. (2016), the aqueous root bark extract of CA showed an IC 50 of 1.49 mg/mL against hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells (Njagi et al., 2016). Actinomycin D was used as a positive control and displayed an IC 50 of 0.01 § 0.004 and 0.08 § 0.001 mg/mL against A549 and SHP-77 cells. ...
... In a study conducted in Kenya, it was found that the aqueous root bark extract of C. abbreviata contained flavonoids, saponins, phenolics, and tannins. However, alkaloids were absent [28]. The variation could be related to the plant's exposure to different geographical and environmental conditions [11]. ...
Background: Cassia abbreviata Oliv is believed to possess many
pharmacological activities and has been used traditionally to treat many
ailments. In Zambia, it is used by traditional healers and the locals to treat
various bacterial infections especially in rural areas where traditional
medicine is the first or only line of treatment. However, it’s phytochemical
content and activity on Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus
(S. aureus) has not been documented in Zambia.
Objective: To investigate the phytochemical composition and antibacterial
activity of Cassia abbreviata Oliv stem bark extract against Escherichia coli
and Staphylococcus aureus.
Materials and Methods: Ethanol and aqueous crude extracts were derived
from Cassia abbreviata Oliv stem bark and subjected to qualitative
phytochemical screening using standard procedures. The extracts were then
used to test for antibacterial activity against standard cultures of E. coli
ATCC 25922 and S. ATCC 25923. Ciprofloxacin (5µg) was used as a
positive control. The agar disc diffusion was used to determine the
antibacterial activity of C. abbreviata at different concentrations (20, 15,
10, 5 and 1mg/mL). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and zones
of inhibition were measured against the tested microorganisms.
Results: The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids,
tannins, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, sterols, and phenols. The
ethanolic extract was found to have antibacterial activity against S. aureus
but not E. coli, while the aqueous extract had no effect on either pathogen.
A minimum inhibitory concentration of 5mg/mL was observed with the
ethanolic extract. Ciprofloxacin showed better antibacterial activity against
both S. aureus and E. coli compared to the extracts.
Conclusion: The ethanolic extract showed a concentration-dependent
antibacterial activity against S. aureus while the aqueous extract showed no
antibacterial activity.
... Information from the literature shows that eight out of the 25 plants that are used by Traditional Health Practitioners (THPs) in Mkuranga and Same districts, for treatment of cancer are substantiated to have activity against various cancer cell lines [15-23, 27-32, 35, 38, 43, 45]. These include cytotoxic or antiproliferative activity against the leukaemia HL-60 cell line [15], breast and lung cancer cell lines [16], and hepatocellular carcinoma [38]. The other substantive evidence that corroborates the THPs claims is the isolation of compounds with cytotoxic activity, such as (-)-carinol, (-)-carissanol, and (-)-nortrachelogenin from Carissa spinarum [16], 7-methyljuglone from Diospyros zombensis [30] and Euclea natalensis [31], and two cytotoxic bioflavonoids from Ochna mossambicensis [45]. ...
Background:
Inadequate specialized cancer hospitals and high costs are contributing factors that delay cancer patients from accessing health care services in Tanzania. Consequently, majority of patients are first seen by Traditional Health Practitioners (THPs) before they access specialized services. This study presents ethnomedical information and preliminary evaluation of 25 plant species claimed by THPs in Mkuranga and Same districts of Tanzania on use for treatment of cancer. Literature search and laboratory investigation results are presented to support evaluation.
Methods this study was a single disease ethnomedical enquiry focusing on plants being used for cancer treatment:
Face-to-face interviews and questionnaires were administered to eight (8) THPs in Mkuranga and Same districts on the claimed plants and their use for management of cancer. Plants were selected based on being frequently mentioned and emphasis given by THPs. Literature search and brine shrimp toxicity (BST) of methanol : dichloromethane (1:1) extracts was used as surrogates to evaluate strength of the claims.
Results:
This study reports 25 plant species used by the THPs in two districts of Tanzania. Eight plants (32%) have been reported in the literature to have activity against cancer cells. BST results revealed, 14 (56%) plants exhibited high toxicity against brine shrimps. The most active plants included Croton pseudopulchellus Pax (LC50 4.2 μg/ml), Dalbergia melanoxylon Guill. & Perr. (LC50 6.8 μg/ml), Loranthus micranthus Linn (LC50 4.0 μg/ml), Ochna mossambicensis Klotzsch (LC50 3.3 μg/ml), and Spirostachys africana Sond. (LC50 4.4 μg/ml); their toxicity was comparable to that of Catharanthus roseus (L) G. Don. (LC50 6.7 μg/ml), an established source of anticancer compounds. Nine other plants had LC50 values between (19.8 and 71.6) μg/ml, indicating also potential to yield anticancer.
Conclusion:
Literature search and BST results provide a strong support of the potential of the claimed plants to yield active anticancer compounds.
... As it is unrealistic to precisely foresee [11][12][13][14][15] the danger of metastasis advancement in individual patients, these days more than 80% of them get adjuvant chemotherapy, albeit just [15][16][17][18][19][20] roughly 40% of the patients backslide and at last bite the dust of metastatic breast tumour. Along these lines, numerous women who might be cured by nearby treatment alone, which incorporates surgery and radiotherapy, will be over-treated and endure the lethal reactions of [20][21][22][23][24][25][26] chemotherapy unnecessarily. So there exists a need to be aware of the breast cancer risks and symptoms so that its prevention and cure [28][29][30][31][32] are possible in a right way. ...
Cancer begins as a nearby sickness, yet it can metastasize to the lymph hubs and far off organs. At essential finding, prognostic markers are utilized to survey whether the move to systemic illness is probably going to have happened. The overall model of metastasis mirrors this view-it recommends that metastatic limit is a late, obtained occasion in tumourigenesis. Others have proposed the possibility that breast tumour is inherently a systemic sickness. New atomic advancements, for example, DNA microarrays, bolster metastatic limit may be an innate component of breast tumours. This information has critical ramifications for visualization predicition and our comprehension of metastasis.
... As it is unrealistic to precisely foresee [11][12][13][14][15] the danger of metastasis advancement in individual patients, these days more than 80% of them get adjuvant chemotherapy, albeit just [15][16][17][18][19][20] roughly 40% of the patients backslide and at last bite the dust of metastatic breast tumour. Along these lines, numerous women who might be cured by nearby treatment alone, which incorporates surgery and radiotherapy, will be over-treated and endure the lethal reactions of [20][21][22][23][24][25][26] chemotherapy unnecessarily. So there exists a need to be aware of the breast cancer risks and symptoms so that its prevention and cure [28][29][30][31][32] are possible in a right way. ...
Cancer begins as a nearby sickness, yet it can metastasize to the lymph hubs and far off organs. At essential finding, prognostic markers are utilized to survey whether the move to systemic illness is probably going to have happened. The overall model of metastasis mirrors this view-it recommends that metastatic limit is a late, obtained occasion in tumourigenesis. Others have proposed the possibility that breast tumour is inherently a systemic sickness. New atomic advancements, for example, DNA microarrays, bolster metastatic limit may be an innate component of breast tumours. This information has critical ramifications for visualization predicition and our comprehension of metastasis.
... Citation: Njagi SM, Lagat RC, Mawia AM, Arika WM, Wambua FK, et al. (2016) In Vitro Antiproliferative Activity of Aqueous Root Bark Extract of Cassia abbreviata (Holmes) Brenan. J Cancer Sci Ther 8: 114-121. ...
... As Figure 4.10 shows, there was an increase in percentage cell inhibition and decrease in percentage cell viability as the plant extract concentration increased. Citation: Njagi SM, Lagat RC, Mawia AM, Arika WM, Wambua FK, et al. (2016) In Vitro Antiproliferative Activity of Aqueous Root Bark Extract of Cassia abbreviata (Holmes) Brenan. J Cancer Sci Ther 8: 114-121. ...
... As Table 6shows the aqueous root bark extract of C. abbreviata contained flavonoids, saponins, anthraquinones, phenolics, tannins, saponins however alkaloids were absents. Citation: Njagi SM, Lagat RC, Mawia AM, Arika WM, Wambua FK, et al. (2016) In Vitro Antiproliferative Activity of Aqueous Root Bark Extract of Cassia abbreviata (Holmes) Brenan. J Cancer Sci Ther 8: 114-121. ...
Cancer is referred to as uncontrolled abnormal proliferation of body cells. Currently cancer treatment and
management is a challenge due to complexity of the disease, toxicity of chemotherapy, unaffordability of treatment and severe side effects. Therefore, it is imperative to investigate complementary and alternative medicine for leads and development of anticancer drugs. Cassia abbreviate (C. abbreviata) has been raditionally used for its ethnotherapeutic properties and pharmacological activities. It has been reported to possess antiproliferative activity, though there is no scientific evidence to validate this claim. The main bjective of this study was to determine the antiproliferative activity of aqueous root bark extract of C. abbreviata on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), vero, and macrophage cell lines in vitro. The antiproliferative activity of aqueous root bark extract of C. abbreviata was determined using MTT assay. The results showed that aqueous root bark extract of C. abbreviata has antiproliferative activity against HCC, vero and macrophage cell lines. The extract had the highest antiproliferative activity against HCC cell line with an IC50 of 1.49 μg/ml as compared to 81.08 μg/ml and 128.38 μg/ml in macrophages and vero cells respectively. The IC50 observed on non-cancerous normal cells (macrophages and vero cells) indicated that the plant extract had little antiproliferative effects on normal cells hence regarded as safe. The extract contained flavonoids, phenols, tannins and saponins. In conclusion the antiproliferative activity of aqueous root bark extract of Cassia abbreviata observed could be attributed to the phytochemicals present in this plant extract. The results of this study, validates the claim that aqueous root bark extract of C. abbreviata has antiproliferative activity and justifies its use in herbal medicine.
Spatial variations of the Hubble constant are considered according to Riess, et al. (2018). It is noted that the values of the Hubble constant form an almost fractal manifold. This fact suggests that the variations may be associated with local gravitational perturbations in the neighborhoods of galaxies, in which there are Cepheids and supernovae selected for measurement. The aim and purpose of the study is to show that the spatial variations of the Hubble constant may be due to the fact that the galaxies belong to outskirts of the Local Supercluster.
This study evaluated the cytotoxic activity of Tamoxifen (TMX), an anti-estrogen drug, with microalgal crude extracts (MCEs) in single and synergistic application (TMX-MCEs) on MCF-7 and 4T1 breast cancer cells, and non-cancerous Vero cells. The MCEs of Nannochloropsis oculata, Tetraselmis suecica and Chlorella sp. from five different solvents (methanol, MET; ethanol, ETH; water, W; chloroform, CHL; and hexane, HEX) were developed. The TMX-MCEs-ETH and W at the 1:2 and 1:3 ratios, attained IC50 of 15.84-29.51 μg/mL against MCF-7; 13.8-31.62 μg/mL against 4T1; and 24.54-85.11 μg/mL against Vero cells. Higher late apoptosis was exhibited against MCF-7 by the TMX-N. oculata-ETH (41.15 %); and by the TMX-T. suecica-ETH (65.69 %) against 4T1 cells. The TMX-T. suecica-ETH also showed higher ADP/ATP ratios, but comparable Caspase activities to control. For Vero cells, overall apoptotic effects were lowered with synergistic application, and only early apoptosis was higher with TMX-T. suecica-ETH but at lower levels (29.84 %). The MCEs-W showed the presence of alanine, oleic acid, linoleic acid, lactic acid, and fumaric acid. Based on Principle Component Analysis (PCA), the spectral signals for polar solvents such as MET and ETH, were found in the same cluster, while the non-polar solvent CHL was with HEX, suggesting similar chemical profiles clustered for the same polarity. The CHL and HEX were more effective with N. oculata and T. suecica which were of the marine origin, while the ETH and MET were more effective with Chlorella sp., which was of the freshwater origin. The synergistic application of microalgal bioactive compounds with TMX can maintain the cytotoxicity against breast cancer cells whilst reducing the toxicity against non-cancerous Vero cells. These findings will benefit the biopharmaceutical, and functional and healthy food industries.
Globally, approximately 13% of all deaths annually are attributed to cancer. Surgery, radiation and chemotherapy are the current treatment techniques for cancer, however these methods are expensive, have high failure rates and have been associated with detrimental side effects. Plant derived products could be good candidates in alleviating challenges being experienced with these current methods. This study aimed at evaluating the phytochemistry, antiproliferation potential, and probable mechanism of action of Albizia gummifera, Rhamnus staddo and Senna didymobotrya plant extracts. Phytochemical screening was done as per standard procedures. The common 3– (4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl) -2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium (MTT) dye was used in the determination of the antiproliferative activity of the extracts. Extracts induction of VEGF (angiogenesis) and p53 (apoptosis) genes' expression was evaluated using Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction. Phytochemical screening revealed presence of alkaloids, tannins, glycosides, flavonoids, terpenes, phenolics and saponins in the plants extracts. A. gummifera's stem bark methanol: dichloromethane extract had the highest activity against the cancerous cell lines tested: HCC1395 (IC50 6.07±0.04µg/ml), DU145 (IC50 3.34±0.05µg/ml), CT26 (IC50 5.78±0.08µg/ml) and Hep2 (IC50 7.02±0.01µg/ml). R. staddo root bark methanol: dichloromethane extract had an IC50 value of 15.71±0.04µg/ml on HCC, 9.81±0.09µg/ml on Hep2 and 11.14±0.39µg/ml on CT26. S. didymobotrya root bark methanol: dichloromethane extract inhibited HCC with an IC50 of 65.06±0.07µg/ml, CT26 with an IC50 of 15.71±0.04µg/ml and Hep2 with an IC50 of 62.10±0.11µg/ml. From the results obtained, the plants exhibited selective toxicity to cancer cells while sparing the normal cells (SI ≥ 3). A. gummifera and S. didymobotrya and R. staddo plant extracts upregulated p53 and down-regulated VEGF genes. In conclusion, this study confirms that these plant extracts could be potential candidates for development of drugs for the management of breast, prostrate, colorectal and throat cancer.
