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Rhizophora mangle Red Mangrove, American Mangrove

Rhizophora mangleis commonly referred to as Red Mangrove, American Mangrove. Difficulty in the aquarium: Average. Toxicity: Toxic hazard unknown.


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lexID:
5650 
AphiaID:
235094 
Scientific:
Rhizophora mangle 
German:
Rote Mangrove 
English:
Red Mangrove, American Mangrove 
Category:
Mangroves 
Family tree:
Plantae (Kingdom) > Tracheophyta (Phylum) > Magnoliopsida (Class) > Malpighiales (Order) > Rhizophoraceae (Family) > Rhizophora (Genus) > mangle (Species) 
Initial determination:
L., 0 
Occurrence:
El Salvador, Suriname, Angola, Belize, Brazil, Columbia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Florida, Guatemala, Gulf of California, Honduras, Mexico (East Pacific), Nicaragua, Nigeria, Panama, Peru, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South America, The Bahamas, the Caribbean, the Cayman Islands, USA, West Africa 
Sea depth:
Meter 
Size:
up to 1181.1" (3000 cm) 
Temperature:
°F - 82.4 °F (°C - 28°C) 
Food:
Photosynthesis 
Difficulty:
Average 
Offspring:
Possible to breed 
Toxicity:
Toxic hazard unknown 
CITES:
Not evaluated 
Red List:
Not evaluated (NE) 
Related species at
Catalog of Life:
  • Rhizophora apiculata
  • Rhizophora harrisonii
  • Rhizophora lamarckii
  • Rhizophora mucronata
  • Rhizophora racemosa
  • Rhizophora samoensis
  • Rhizophora selala
  • Rhizophora stylosa
  • Rhizophora tomlinsonii
 
Author:
Publisher:
Meerwasser-Lexikon.de
Created:
Last edit:
2021-10-13 22:16:39 

Captive breeding / propagation

The offspring of Rhizophora mangle are possible. Unfortunately, the number of offspring is not large enough to cover the demand of the trade. If you are interested in Rhizophora mangle, please ask your dealer for offspring. If you already own Rhizophora mangle, try breeding yourself. This will help to improve the availability of offspring in the trade and to conserve natural stocks.

Info

Linneaus, 1753

Rhizophora mangle, the Red Mangrove is a member of the family of Rhizophoraceae and thus belongs to the „true“ mangroves. It is probably the best-known and the most common mangrove.

Red Mangroves are found in brackish areas along creeks, bays and lagoons. They are native to the western Coast of Africa and the eastern and western Coasts of subtropical and tropical America. They have also been introduced to Hawaiii and in parts of Australia.
Rhizophora mangle is a robust, evergreen shrub or tree, which can adapt easily to different conditions regarding salinity, lighting or nutrients. Its leaves are thick and leathery, the tiny blossoms are usually white or yellow. The most prominent feature of the Red Mangrove are the numerous, above-ground, red stilt roots, also called “props”.

Like the other three genera of the Rhizophoraceae, the Red Mangrove is viviparous, its seeds readily germinate while still attached to the mother plant, producing seedlings about 20 to 25 cm long. When the seedlings or propagules are fully grown, they detach and fall off. If they fall into the sea, they can float on the ocean for more than a year before finding a suitable substrate, where they can root.

The hard wood of the Red Mangrove is used as building timber or firewood.

Due to its hardiness and its ability to cope with different salinity grades, the Red Mangrove can easily be cultivated in open aquaria of all sorts or even as an indoor plant.
In reef tanks it is something used to reduce nitrate and phosphate levels.

Scientific paper

  1. Root biomechanics in Rhizophora mangle: anatomy, morphology and ecology of mangrove's flying buttresses, Mendez-Alonzo, R.; Moctezuma, C.; Ordonez, V. R.; Angeles, G.; Martinez, A. J.; Lopez-Portillo, J. , 2015
  2. Corrosion Inhibition of Concrete Steel-Reinforcement in Saline/Marine Simulating-Environment by Rhizophora mangle L., Okeniyi, Joshua Olusegun; Loto, Cleophas Akintoye; Popoola, Abimbola Patricia Idowu , 2015
  3. Nutrient removal in a closed silvofishery system using three mangrove species (Avicennia germinans, Laguncularia racemosa, and Rhizophora mangle), De-León-Herrera, R.; Flores-Verdugo, F.; Flores-de-Santiago, F.; González-Farías, F. , 2015
  4. Marinobacterium mangrovicola sp. nov., a marine nitrogen-fixing bacterium isolated from mangrove roots of Rhizophora mangle, Alfaro-Espinoza, G.; Ullrich, M. S. , 2014
  5. Genetic and morphological variation of Rhizophora mangle (red mangrove) along the northern Pacific coast of Nicaragua, Bruschi, Piero; Angeletti, Carlo; González, Oscar; Adele Signorini, Maria; Bagnoli, Francesca , 2014
  6. Rhizophora Mangle L. Effects on Steel-reinforced Concrete in 0.5M H2SO4: Implications for Corrosion-degradation of Wind-energy Structures in Industrial Environments, Okeniyi, Joshua Olusegun; Loto, Cleophas Akintoye; Popoola, Abimbola Patricia Idowu , 2014
  7. Reproductive phenology and physiological traits in the red mangrove hybrid complex (Rhizophora mangleandR. racemosa) across a natural gradient of nutrients and salinity, Cerón-Souza, Ivania; Turner, Benjamin L.; Winter, Klaus; Medina, Ernesto; Bermingham, Eldredge; Feliner, Gonzalo N. , 2014
  8. Isolation of Microsatellite Markers for the Red Mangrove, Rhizophora mangle (Rhizophoraceae), Ribeiro, Diana O.; Vinson, Christina C.; Nascimento, Dulcivania S. S.; Mehlig, Ulf; Menezes, Moirah P. M.; Sampaio, Iracilda; Silva, Marivana B. , 2013
  9. Isolation and Characterization of Phytotoxic Compounds Produced byStreptomycessp. AMC 23 from Red Mangrove (Rhizophora mangle), Crevelin, Eduardo José; Canova, Sarah Pigato; Melo, Itamar Soares; Zucchi, Tiago Domingues; Silva, Rafael Eduardo; Moraes, Luiz Alberto Beraldo , 2013
  10. Genetic population structure of red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle L.) along the northwestern coast of Mexico, Eduardo Sandoval-Castro; Raquel Muñiz-Salazar; Luis Manuel Enríquez-Paredes; Rafael Riosmena-Rodríguez; Richard S. Dodd; Cristian Tovilla-Hernández; María Concepción Arredondo-García, 2012
  11. Accumulation of six metals in the mangrove crab Ucides cordatus (Crustacea: Ucididae) and its food source, the red mangrove Rhizophora mangle (Angiosperma: Rhizophoraceae), Marcelo Antonio Amaro Pinheiro; Pablo Pena Gandara e Silva; Luis Felipe de Almeida Duarte; Alaor Aparecido Almeida; Flavia Pinheiro Zanotto, 2012
  12. Mechanisms of action underlying the gastric antiulcer activity of the Rhizophora mangle L., Felipe Meira de-Faria; Ana Cristina Alves Almeida; Anderson Luiz-Ferreira; Ricardo José Dunder; Christiane Takayama; Maria Silene da Silva; Marcelo Aparecido da Silva; Wagner Vilegas; Ariane Leite Rozza; Cláudia Helena Pellizzon; Walber Toma; Alba Regina Monteiro Souza-Brito, 2012
  13. Chemical Ecology of Red Mangroves, Rhizophora mangle, in the Hawaiian Islands 1, Fry, Brian; Cormier, Nicole , 2011
  14. Postglacial north-south expansion of populations of Rhizophora mangle (Rhizophoraceae) along the Brazilian coast revealed by microsatellite analysis, Pil, M. W.; Boeger, M. R. T.; Muschner, V. C.; Pie, M. R.; Ostrensky, A.; Boeger, W. A. , 2011
  15. Hyperspectral remote sensing of salinity stress on red ( Rhizophora mangle ) and white ( Laguncularia racemosa ) mangroves on Galapagos Islands, Song, Conghe; White, Brian L.; Heumann, Benjamin W. , 2011
  16. Triterpenols in mangrove sediments as a proxy for organic matter derived from the red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle), Boris P. Koch; Pedro W.M. Souza Filho; Hermann Behling; Marcelo C.L. Cohen; Gerhard Kattner; Jürgen Rullkötter; Barbara Scholz-Böttcher; Rubén J. Lara, 2011
  17. Resistance of red mangrove (Rhizophora mangleL.) seedlings to deflection and extraction, Sophie D. Boizard; Stephen J. Mitchell, 2011
  18. Characterization of cork warts and aerenchyma in leaves of Rhizophora mangle and Rhizophora racemosa, Evans, Lance S.; Bromberg, Alison , 2010
  19. Nutrient Relations of Dwarf Rhizophora mangle L. Mangroves on Peat in Eastern Puerto Rico, Ernesto Medina, Elvira Cuevas and Ariel E. Lugo, 2010
  20. Hydraulic redistribution in dwarf Rhizophora mangle trees driven by interstitial soil water salinity gradients: impacts on hydraulic architecture and gas exchange, Hao, G.-Y.; Jones, T. J.; Luton, C.; Zhang, Y.-J.; Manzane, E.; Scholz, F. G.; Bucci, S. J.; Cao, K.-F.; Goldstein, G. , 2009
  21. Polyphenol and Phytosterol Composition in an Antibacterial Extract from Rhizophora mangle L. Bark, María Sáichez Perera, Luz; Varcalcel, Lino; Escobar, Arturo; Noa, Mario , 2008
  22. Allelopathic effects of fruits of the Brazilian pepper Schinus terebinthifolius on growth, leaf production and biomass of seedlings of the red mangrove Rhizophora mangle and the black mangrove Avicennia germinans, Melinda J. Donnelly; Danielle M. Green; Linda J. Walters, 2008
  23. Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in the red mangroveRhizophora mangle(Rhizophoraceae) and its related species, Koji Takayama; Mariko Tamura; Yoichi Tateishi; Tadashi Kajita, 2008
  24. Canopy interactions of rainfall in an off-shore mangrove ecosystem dominated by Rhizophora mangle (Belize), Wolfgang Wanek; Julia Hofmann; Ilka C. Feller, 2007
  25. Importance of water source in controlling leaf leaching losses in a dwarf red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle L.) wetland, Stephen E. Davis III; Daniel L. Childers, 2007
  26. Optimizing Remote Sensing and GIS Tools for Mapping and Managing the Distribution of an Invasive Mangrove ( Rhizophora mangle ) on South Molokai, Hawaii, D'iorio, Mimi; Jupiter, Stacy D.; Cochran, Susan A.; Potts, Donald C. , 2007
  27. Genetic structure of the red mangrove (Rhizophora mangleL.) on the Colombian Pacific detected by microsatellite molecular markers, Enrique Arbeláez-Cortes; María Fernanda Castillo-Cárdenas; Nelson Toro-Perea; Heiber Cárdenas-Henao, 2007
  28. Phenology of the red mangrove, Rhizophora mangle L., in the Caeté Estuary, Pará, equatorial Brazil, Ulf Mehlig, 2006
  29. Northernmost Limit of Rhizophora mangle (Red Mangrove; Rhizophoraceae) in St. Johns County, Florida, Wendy B. Zomlefer, Walter S. Judd and David E. Giannasi, 2006
  30. Northernmost Limit of Rhizophora mangle (Red Mangrove; Rhizophoraceae) in St. Johns County, Florida, Zomlefer, Wendy B.; Judd, Walter S.; Giannasi, David E. , 2006
  31. Antioxidant activity of Rhizophora mangle bark, Janet Sánchez; Gleiby Melchor; Gregorio Martínez; Arturo Escobar; Roberto Faure, 2006
  32. Protective and antioxidant effects of Rhizophora mangle L. against NSAID-induced gastric ulcers, B. Berenguer; L.M. Sánchez; A. Quílez; M. López-Barreiro; O. de Haro; J. Gálvez; M.J. Martín, 2006
  33. Red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle) reproduction and seedling colonization after hurricane charley: Comparisons of Charlotte Harbor and Tampa Bay, C. Edward Proffitt; Eric C. Milbrandt; Steven E. Travis, 2006
  34. Part A: Hurricane Impacts on Coastal Ecosystems || Red Mangrove (Rhizophora mangle) Reproduction and Seedling Colonization after Hurricane Charley: Comparisons of Charlotte Harbor and Tampa Bay, C. Edward Proffitt, Eric C. Milbrandt and Steven E. Travis, 2006
  35. COX-2 and sPLA2 inhibitory activity of aqueous extract and polyphenols of Rhizophora mangle (red mangrove), Evangelina Marrero; Janet Sánchez; Elizabeth de Armas; Arturo Escobar; Gleiby Melchor; M.J. Abad; Paulina Bermejo; Angel M. Villar; J. Megías; Maria J. Alcaraz, 2006
  36. A multivariate study of mangrove morphology (Rhizophora mangle) using both above and below-water plant architecture, R. Allen Brooks; Susan S. Bell, 2005
  37. Efficacy of Rhizophora mangle aqueous bark extract (RMABE) in the treatment of aphthous ulcers: a pilot study, Armas, Elizabeth de; Sarracent, Yamina; Marrero, Eva; Fernández, Octavio; Branford-White, Christopher , 2005
  38. Fecundity and Reproductive Period of Paradella dianae and Uromunna sp. (Peracarida, Isopoda) Associated with Prop Roots of Rhizophora mangle in a Tropical Coastal Lagoon, SE Gulf of California, Mexico, Marcelo García-Guerrero and Michel E. Hendrickx, 2005
  39. Albino mutation rates in red mangroves (Rhizophora mangleL.) as a bioassay of contamination history in Tampa Bay, Florida, USA, C. Edward Proffitt; Steven E. Travis, 2005
  40. PROTOZOAN EPIBIONTS ON THE PROP ROOTS OF THE RED MANGROVE TREE, RHIZOPHORA MANGLE, MAYBRUCK BRIAN T., ROGERSON ANDREW , 2004
  41. Discovery of Sphaeroma terebrans, a Wood-Boring Isopod, in the Red Mangrove, Rhizophora mangle, Habitat of Northern Florida Bay, R. Allen Brooks, 2004
  42. Discovery of Sphaeroma terebrans, a Wood-boring Isopod, in the Red Mangrove, Rhizophora mangle, Habitat of Northern Florida Bay, Brooks, R. Allen, 2004
  43. Gastric and Duodenal Antiulcer Effects of Rhizophora mangle, SÁnchez Perera, Luz María; Batista, Niurka Yasmin; RodrÍguez, A.; Farrada, F.; Bulnes, C. , 2004
  44. Influences of salinity and shade on seedling photosynthesis and growth of two mangrove species, Rhizophora mangle and Bruguiera sexangula, introduced to Hawaii, Ken W Krauss; James A Allen, 2003
  45. Regeneration of Rhizophora mangle in a Caribbean Mangrove Forest: Interacting Effects of Canopy Disturbance and a Stem-Boring Beetle, Wayne P. Sousa, Swee P. Quek and Betsy J. Mitchell, 2003
  46. Distribution of Isopods (Peracarida, Isopoda) Associated with Prop Roots of Rhizophora mangle in a Tropical Coastal Lagoon, Southeastern Gulf of California, Mexico, Marcelo García-Guerrero and Michel E. Hendrickx, 2003
  47. Temporally dependent C, N, and P dynamics associated with the decay of Rhizophora mangle L. leaf litter in oligotrophic mangrove wetlands of the Southern Everglades, Stephen E. Davis III; Carlos Corronado-Molina; Daniel L. Childers; John W. Day Jr., 2003
  48. A taphonomic study of δ13C and δ15N values in Rhizophora mangle leaves for a multi-proxy approach to mangrove palaeoecology, Matthew Wooller; Barbara Smallwood; Ursula Scharler; Myrna Jacobson; Marilyn Fogel, 2003
  49. Isotopic and molecular distributions of biochemicals from fresh and buried Rhizophora mangle leavesPresented at the ACS Division of Geochemistry Symposium ?Stable isotope signatures for establishing paleoenvironmental change?, Orlando, April 2002., Smallwood, Barbara J.; Wooller, Matthew J.; Jacobson, Myrna E.; Fogel, Marilyn L. , 2003
  50. Tension wood fibers are related to gravitropic movement of red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle) seedlings, J. B. Fisher; P. B. Tomlinson, 2002

External links

  1. SeaLifeBase (multi). Abgerufen am 07.08.2020.
  2. Wikipedia (de). Abgerufen am 07.08.2020.
  3. World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) (en). Abgerufen am 07.08.2020.

Pictures

Commonly

1
Rote Mangrove / Puerto Rico
1

Husbandry know-how of owners

am 01.07.14#3
Mal ein update zu meinem letzten Kommentar.
Die Mangrove ist leider nachdem sie den kleinen Tontopf durchwurzelt hatte abgestorben. Mir scheint es als wären die Wurzeln das empfindlichste an der Pflanze. Also musste ein neuer Versuch her. Diesmal habe ich 3 Samen in einen Topf gesetzt. Diesmal aber einen Gittertopf für Teichpflanzen, den ich mit Korallenkies gefüllt habe. So kann das Wasser gut um die Wurzeln zirkulieren und diese auch bei Bedarf aus dem Topf herrauswachsen. Zusätzlich kam eine LED Beleuchtung über das Becken. Unter diesen Bedingungen zeigen die Pflanzen ein weitaus schnelleres und scheinbar auch gesünderes Wachstum.
am 09.10.13#2
Ich Besitze 2 Mangroven die, wenn auch langsam, wachsen und gedeihen. Ich hatte beide in meine Riffaufbauen mit Lebenden steinen etwas eingebaut damit sie dort fest sitzen. Beleuchten tue ich über eine Schreibtisch-klemm-leuchte mit einer 4w LED darin. Die 2. Mangrove ist nach einiger zeit in mein Süßwasserbecken zu meinen Guppys gezogen. dort steckt sie in einem etwas angehäuften Kiesberg in der Ecke und wir noch von einem gummierten Draht gerade gehalten. Sie steht nun am Fenster Richtung Süd-ost. Beide wachsen änlich schnell, Wobei sie beide ganz unterschiedliche Blattfärbung aufweisen.
Alles in allem gut haltbar. Muss nur im offenen Becken stehen und zusätzlich beleuchtet werden. Wurzeln sollten nicht komplett frei im Wasser wachsen.
am 22.06.13#1
Kommentar von stefank

Für die Rubrik Mangroven? Rhizophora mangle Rote Mangrove Ich hatte schon mehrfach versucht diese Mangrove im Aquarium zu halten. Jedoch anfangs immer ohne Erfolg. Jetzt steht ein mitlerweile 40cm hohes Bäumchen in meinem Becken. Der Entscheidende Faktor ist ganz einfach. Oft wird behauptet, den Samen könne man einfach mit einem Saugnapf an der Scheibe befestigen und die Wirzeln würden zum Boden wachsen. Dies funktioniert offensichtlich aber nur, wenn der Boden 5-10cm von dem Samen entfernt ist. Ansonsten sterben die Wurzeln und damit auch die gesamte Pflanze ab. Die beste Variante ist es, die Pflanze in einen mit Kies gefüllten Topf oder direkt in den Bodengrund zu setzen. Die Blätter müssen jedoch immer aus dem Wasser reichen. Auch sollte man beachten, dass auch Mangroven an Salzwasser gewöhnt werden müssen. Bei zu großen Dichteschwankungen geht die Pflanze sofort ein. Die Anpassung sollte über mehrere Tage langsam vorgenommen werden. Wenn dann noch ausreichend Licht (am besten in der Nähe eines Halogenstrahlers) zur Verfügung steht, wachsen recht schnell neue Blätter. Bis zur Verzweigung dauert es aber eine ganze Weile. Dann muss die Mangrove regelmäßig geschnitten werden. Wer will schon einen 10m hohen Baum im Aquarium?? :D Nach 1-2 Jahren soll die Pflanze dann auch langsam beginnen, Luftwurzeln zu bilden. Das konnte ich bei meiner bisher leider noch nicht beobachten.

--
Liebe Grüße Andreas
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