Therapists in Carlisle, PA

Photo of Rebecca Barclay, Licensed Professional Counselor in Carlisle, PA
Rebecca Barclay
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC, CBC
Verified Verified
Carlisle, PA 17013
Do you dread the blaring of your early morning alarm? You hit snooze one too many times and now scramble to get the day started on time, chugging caffeine, just trying to get through the day. You spend evenings checked out on the couch, mindlessly scrolling your phone, with the tv blaring away in the background. There's more to life...right?! You know you can get decent sleep, not survive on caffeine, and actually enjoy your evenings. Sometimes we need a little support to get there. It’s okay to need help getting back to living a life you don’t want to escape.
Do you dread the blaring of your early morning alarm? You hit snooze one too many times and now scramble to get the day started on time, chugging caffeine, just trying to get through the day. You spend evenings checked out on the couch, mindlessly scrolling your phone, with the tv blaring away in the background. There's more to life...right?! You know you can get decent sleep, not survive on caffeine, and actually enjoy your evenings. Sometimes we need a little support to get there. It’s okay to need help getting back to living a life you don’t want to escape.
(717) 601-2440 View (717) 601-2440
Photo of Chris Sims, Counselor in Carlisle, PA
Chris Sims
Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Carlisle, PA 17013  (Online Only)
If you're longing for a childhood you've never had—one filled with love, nurture, compassion, peace, and understanding—you're in the right place. And you're not alone. Many carry the weight of childhood trauma well into adulthood. But healing is possible.
If you're longing for a childhood you've never had—one filled with love, nurture, compassion, peace, and understanding—you're in the right place. And you're not alone. Many carry the weight of childhood trauma well into adulthood. But healing is possible.
(717) 276-4825 View (717) 276-4825
Photo of Tiffany Landis, Art Therapist in Carlisle, PA
Tiffany Landis
Art Therapist, LPC, ATR-BC, CCTP, CATP, CDBT
Verified Verified
Carlisle, PA 17013
Waitlist for new clients
"The Art of Healing" My mission is to support healing from traumatic events for individuals and their loved ones. I am passionate about growing awareness through trauma- informed practice, communication and education. I utilize Trauma Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy coupled with Art Therapy as a modality to further enhance the healing process. I want all my clients to experience safety in therapy that can translate to all their environments, creating confidence in their own abilities to move through post- traumatic growth.
"The Art of Healing" My mission is to support healing from traumatic events for individuals and their loved ones. I am passionate about growing awareness through trauma- informed practice, communication and education. I utilize Trauma Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy coupled with Art Therapy as a modality to further enhance the healing process. I want all my clients to experience safety in therapy that can translate to all their environments, creating confidence in their own abilities to move through post- traumatic growth.
(717) 470-8108 View (717) 470-8108
Photo of Kirsten Baehr, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Carlisle, PA
Kirsten Baehr
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Carlisle, PA 17013
I have had the opportunity to practice in both rural and urban settings doing both community and agency work. Initially, I began working in the field of addiction and trauma. I have also worked with clients in their journey relating to intimate partner violence, mood disorders, anxiety management, and personality disorders. I am a firm believer in finding ways to use community as a source of healing and support, through advocacy, connection, and support.
I have had the opportunity to practice in both rural and urban settings doing both community and agency work. Initially, I began working in the field of addiction and trauma. I have also worked with clients in their journey relating to intimate partner violence, mood disorders, anxiety management, and personality disorders. I am a firm believer in finding ways to use community as a source of healing and support, through advocacy, connection, and support.
(717) 897-5119 View (717) 897-5119
Photo of Matthew Clugh, Licensed Professional Counselor in Carlisle, PA
Matthew Clugh
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
Carlisle, PA 17013
Have you been feeling stressed, anxious about the future, or hopeless in life? These feelings can rob us of the joy and peace that we could be enjoying today. Life can be messy and at times seem unforgiving. You’re not alone in this. You may not be able to control what happens to you, but you can control how you face obstacles and how you overcome them. You may have difficulties in your relationships at home or the office. Perhaps you’ve lost a loved one, are concerned about your substance use, or simply feel like you’re struggling to make it through the day. If this describes you, it's time to take a step towards feeling better.
Have you been feeling stressed, anxious about the future, or hopeless in life? These feelings can rob us of the joy and peace that we could be enjoying today. Life can be messy and at times seem unforgiving. You’re not alone in this. You may not be able to control what happens to you, but you can control how you face obstacles and how you overcome them. You may have difficulties in your relationships at home or the office. Perhaps you’ve lost a loved one, are concerned about your substance use, or simply feel like you’re struggling to make it through the day. If this describes you, it's time to take a step towards feeling better.
(717) 373-1893 View (717) 373-1893
Photo of Kathy Bradley, Psychologist in Carlisle, PA
Kathy Bradley
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Carlisle, PA 17013
Not accepting new clients
Feeling anxious or depressed? Having trouble in school? Are traumatic experiences continuing to hurt you? I am especially adept at understanding the complexities of problems impacting us and working collaboratively to make things better. I am supportive and non-judgmental but will call you out when I think you’re getting in your own way. Having worked as a director of counseling services/dean in higher education for many years, I have special expertise in working with college students and young adults. I offer virtual services but also maintain a comfortable and private office for those wanting to meet in person.
Feeling anxious or depressed? Having trouble in school? Are traumatic experiences continuing to hurt you? I am especially adept at understanding the complexities of problems impacting us and working collaboratively to make things better. I am supportive and non-judgmental but will call you out when I think you’re getting in your own way. Having worked as a director of counseling services/dean in higher education for many years, I have special expertise in working with college students and young adults. I offer virtual services but also maintain a comfortable and private office for those wanting to meet in person.
(223) 217-5384 View (223) 217-5384
Photo of David R Mohr, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Carlisle, PA
David R Mohr
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Carlisle, PA 17013
My goal as a counselor is to create a supportive environment in which the clients can explore their emotional needs and overcome barriers that limit their full potential. I take an open-minded approach to client wellness and consider the client's work life, family traditions, cultural and spiritual beliefs, and sexual identity. I offer counseling sessions for individuals, couples, and families in the following areas; Depression and Sadness, Codependency, Anger Management, Anxiety and Stress Communication issues, Arguments, Trust issues, Loneliness, Emotional intimacy, and Self-esteem issues
My goal as a counselor is to create a supportive environment in which the clients can explore their emotional needs and overcome barriers that limit their full potential. I take an open-minded approach to client wellness and consider the client's work life, family traditions, cultural and spiritual beliefs, and sexual identity. I offer counseling sessions for individuals, couples, and families in the following areas; Depression and Sadness, Codependency, Anger Management, Anxiety and Stress Communication issues, Arguments, Trust issues, Loneliness, Emotional intimacy, and Self-esteem issues
(717) 563-0970 View (717) 563-0970
Photo of Judd L Kulas, Licensed Professional Counselor in Carlisle, PA
Judd L Kulas
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, NCC, LPC
Verified Verified
Carlisle, PA 17013
You probably already know at least some of what you wish were different in your life. Often the things we wish were different we have wanted to change for months, years, or even decades. Counseling often has a balanced focus on helping you learn how to cope with present day symptoms while at times looking back to become free from old patterns of responding. Those old patterns that at one time may have been necessary in order to survive, now may be the very thing limiting your ability to thrive and realize your potential. Click on the "website" button to the left to read more about me, my approach, and my specialties.
You probably already know at least some of what you wish were different in your life. Often the things we wish were different we have wanted to change for months, years, or even decades. Counseling often has a balanced focus on helping you learn how to cope with present day symptoms while at times looking back to become free from old patterns of responding. Those old patterns that at one time may have been necessary in order to survive, now may be the very thing limiting your ability to thrive and realize your potential. Click on the "website" button to the left to read more about me, my approach, and my specialties.
(223) 215-3973 View (223) 215-3973
Photo of Karen Capone, Licensed Professional Counselor in Carlisle, PA
Karen Capone
Licensed Professional Counselor, EdD, LPC, BCC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Carlisle, PA 17013
I am a licensed professional counselor in the state of Pennsylvania. My work is primarily with adults who are experiencing normal life stressors such as work problems, relational issues, trauma and grief and loss. I really enjoy working with people to gain personal insight and weigh out options for difficult decisions. Additionally, I have experience with most mental health diagnosis and continue to work with most anxiety and mood disorders.
I am a licensed professional counselor in the state of Pennsylvania. My work is primarily with adults who are experiencing normal life stressors such as work problems, relational issues, trauma and grief and loss. I really enjoy working with people to gain personal insight and weigh out options for difficult decisions. Additionally, I have experience with most mental health diagnosis and continue to work with most anxiety and mood disorders.
(717) 993-4012 View (717) 993-4012
Photo of Ashten Carrin Trimble, Licensed Professional Counselor in Carlisle, PA
Ashten Carrin Trimble
Licensed Professional Counselor, MFT, LPC, CCTP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Carlisle, PA 17013
Waitlist for new clients
I believe that trauma affects all parts of our being- mental, emotional, physical and spiritual. Therefore, the healing process also needs to involve all parts of our being. Attachment wounds, abusive relationships with themselves and others, specific traumatic events, losses that need grieving, generational trauma and high conflict functioning in families affect how we view ourselves and interact with the world. Gabor Mate said it best, “ We may not be responsible for the world that created our minds, but we can take responsibility for the mind with which we create our world.” Look below for the current groups I am offering!
I believe that trauma affects all parts of our being- mental, emotional, physical and spiritual. Therefore, the healing process also needs to involve all parts of our being. Attachment wounds, abusive relationships with themselves and others, specific traumatic events, losses that need grieving, generational trauma and high conflict functioning in families affect how we view ourselves and interact with the world. Gabor Mate said it best, “ We may not be responsible for the world that created our minds, but we can take responsibility for the mind with which we create our world.” Look below for the current groups I am offering!
(717) 484-9057 View (717) 484-9057
Photo of Crystal Oakman (Formerly Rice), Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Carlisle, PA
Crystal Oakman (Formerly Rice)
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LGSW, Author
Verified Verified
Carlisle, PA 17013
I utilize a whole-person approach to emotional and mental wellness. My one-of-a-kind strategy blends therapeutic techniques from human services with a focused, consultative approach. This unique fusion allows me to offer a service that goes beyond traditional therapy and where others may have been unsuccessful, providing you with support unlike anything else. Our sacred space a collaborative endeavor. This work is non-linear, resembling a tapestry where progress may unfold in unexpected ways. Your success is not just a destination; it's a testament to the real work we will do together.
I utilize a whole-person approach to emotional and mental wellness. My one-of-a-kind strategy blends therapeutic techniques from human services with a focused, consultative approach. This unique fusion allows me to offer a service that goes beyond traditional therapy and where others may have been unsuccessful, providing you with support unlike anything else. Our sacred space a collaborative endeavor. This work is non-linear, resembling a tapestry where progress may unfold in unexpected ways. Your success is not just a destination; it's a testament to the real work we will do together.
(301) 539-9256 View (301) 539-9256
Photo of Diana Robinson, Pre-Licensed Professional in Carlisle, PA
Diana Robinson
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS, NCC
Verified Verified
Carlisle, PA 17013
My intention as a therapist is to provide a safe and comfortable space to support your journey of healing and self-discovery. I believe that the therapeutic relationship works best when it is built on a foundation of trust and authenticity, providing an ideal environment to explore emotions, create strategies to manage life's stressors, and to enhance your overall health and wellbeing. I view each individual through a holistic lens, combining mindfulness-based techniques, a person-centered approach, and believe in the mind-body connection. Yoga can also be added to sessions as a way to process emotions and to address self-care.
My intention as a therapist is to provide a safe and comfortable space to support your journey of healing and self-discovery. I believe that the therapeutic relationship works best when it is built on a foundation of trust and authenticity, providing an ideal environment to explore emotions, create strategies to manage life's stressors, and to enhance your overall health and wellbeing. I view each individual through a holistic lens, combining mindfulness-based techniques, a person-centered approach, and believe in the mind-body connection. Yoga can also be added to sessions as a way to process emotions and to address self-care.
(223) 217-3635 View (223) 217-3635
Photo of Emily Fenner, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Carlisle, PA
Emily Fenner
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Carlisle, PA 17013
Life stops for no one, under no circumstance. Sometimes it feels like you're standing still while the world moves around you. Maybe you are going through a phase of life you thought would bring joy, such as expanding your family or retiring from a job. But instead, you've found this change to be stressful and disappointing. Or maybe you're faced with one of life's challenges such as dealing with a new health condition or grieving the loss of a loved one. You're now questioning how to get through this time of your life.
Life stops for no one, under no circumstance. Sometimes it feels like you're standing still while the world moves around you. Maybe you are going through a phase of life you thought would bring joy, such as expanding your family or retiring from a job. But instead, you've found this change to be stressful and disappointing. Or maybe you're faced with one of life's challenges such as dealing with a new health condition or grieving the loss of a loved one. You're now questioning how to get through this time of your life.
(223) 218-4391 View (223) 218-4391
Photo of Campbell Psychological Services, Psychologist in Carlisle, PA
Campbell Psychological Services
Psychologist
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Carlisle, PA 17013
As a parent, it can be painful to see your child unhappy, worried, or struggling, especially when you aren't sure how to make things better. While our experienced therapists don’t have magic wands, we do have the training, tools, and experience to help you find your way. We have offices in Carlisle and Chambersburg. Online therapy is available for individuals in Pennsylvania.
As a parent, it can be painful to see your child unhappy, worried, or struggling, especially when you aren't sure how to make things better. While our experienced therapists don’t have magic wands, we do have the training, tools, and experience to help you find your way. We have offices in Carlisle and Chambersburg. Online therapy is available for individuals in Pennsylvania.
(717) 422-6440 View (717) 422-6440
Photo of Stephanie L Thomas in Carlisle, PA
Stephanie L Thomas
LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Carlisle, PA 17013  (Online Only)
Whether you're struggling with past traumas, navigating identity and relationships, or managing overwhelming emotions, I am here to support you. I am a trauma-focused therapist treating teens and adults, with a special focus on the LGBTQ+ and neurodivergent communities. I also treat anxiety, depression, BPD, and OCD (obsessive-compulsive disorder). I offer a safe, inclusive space to explore your experiences, better understand your mental health, gain new skills, and find healing.
Whether you're struggling with past traumas, navigating identity and relationships, or managing overwhelming emotions, I am here to support you. I am a trauma-focused therapist treating teens and adults, with a special focus on the LGBTQ+ and neurodivergent communities. I also treat anxiety, depression, BPD, and OCD (obsessive-compulsive disorder). I offer a safe, inclusive space to explore your experiences, better understand your mental health, gain new skills, and find healing.
(223) 204-4679 View (223) 204-4679
Photo of Teri Stephens, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Carlisle, PA
Teri Stephens
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Carlisle, PA 17015
It's been my experience that people usually seek therapy when they have tried everything they know to improve their life and it's just not working. Clients are often quite desperate when they enter therapy. I believe my job as a therapist is to give people new options for what to do to make things better. I try to help with kindness and humor, drawing on a wealth of knowledge, information, and experience to help my clients achieve their goals, whatever they may be. I am continually awed by the amazing ability of the human spirit to grow, heal, and develop.
It's been my experience that people usually seek therapy when they have tried everything they know to improve their life and it's just not working. Clients are often quite desperate when they enter therapy. I believe my job as a therapist is to give people new options for what to do to make things better. I try to help with kindness and humor, drawing on a wealth of knowledge, information, and experience to help my clients achieve their goals, whatever they may be. I am continually awed by the amazing ability of the human spirit to grow, heal, and develop.
(717) 974-3449 View (717) 974-3449
Photo of Lori Ann Moskel, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Carlisle, PA
Lori Ann Moskel
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Carlisle, PA 17015
Not accepting new clients
Hello and welcome! Life can be messy, are you feeling "let down", disappointed, or maybe just plain "fed-up" in certain areas of your life...feeling like a change for the better is long over-due? A renewed and inspired life is obtainable. Seeking counseling is a sign of strength and entering this collaboration is an act of service to yourself. The therapy relationship is powerful way to overcome problems that leave you feeling helpless or alone, just the challenges in ordinary everyday life can sometimes be overwhelming.
Hello and welcome! Life can be messy, are you feeling "let down", disappointed, or maybe just plain "fed-up" in certain areas of your life...feeling like a change for the better is long over-due? A renewed and inspired life is obtainable. Seeking counseling is a sign of strength and entering this collaboration is an act of service to yourself. The therapy relationship is powerful way to overcome problems that leave you feeling helpless or alone, just the challenges in ordinary everyday life can sometimes be overwhelming.
(717) 473-4019 View (717) 473-4019
Photo of Sarah Zucca, Licensed Professional Counselor in Carlisle, PA
Sarah Zucca
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, CADC
Verified Verified
Carlisle, PA 17013
Not accepting new clients
The most important element of counseling is the connection you have with your counselor. I know how important it is for you to feel heard, validated, and aligned with the person you are choosing to trust. Starting the journey to self discovery can be overwhelming, and you need a counselor who understands and appreciates your own uniqueness. If not cared for, old wounds may still hold power over you. I get it can be confusing to navigate the journey to a healthier self, especially because you cannot choose what happened in your past. You do not have to be defined by your past or be at the mercy of unwanted thoughts and feelings.
The most important element of counseling is the connection you have with your counselor. I know how important it is for you to feel heard, validated, and aligned with the person you are choosing to trust. Starting the journey to self discovery can be overwhelming, and you need a counselor who understands and appreciates your own uniqueness. If not cared for, old wounds may still hold power over you. I get it can be confusing to navigate the journey to a healthier self, especially because you cannot choose what happened in your past. You do not have to be defined by your past or be at the mercy of unwanted thoughts and feelings.
(717) 415-5648 View (717) 415-5648
Photo of Paul Anthony Clements, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Carlisle, PA
Paul Anthony Clements
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Carlisle, PA 17013
Do fears about the future or regrets from the past impact your well-being? Are you longing for more meaningful relationships and deeper connection with others? Do you wish to change certain behaviors having a negative impact on your life? If you answered yes to any of these questions, you are one step closer to making changes and feeling better. For over 20 years, I have helped numerous individuals overcome past hurts, live authentic and joyful lives in the present and feel optimistic about their future.
Do fears about the future or regrets from the past impact your well-being? Are you longing for more meaningful relationships and deeper connection with others? Do you wish to change certain behaviors having a negative impact on your life? If you answered yes to any of these questions, you are one step closer to making changes and feeling better. For over 20 years, I have helped numerous individuals overcome past hurts, live authentic and joyful lives in the present and feel optimistic about their future.
(717) 945-0274 View (717) 945-0274
Photo of Stefanie Bolio - Emdr, Marriage & Family Therapist in Carlisle, PA
Stefanie Bolio - Emdr
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
Carlisle, PA 17015
As a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist, it is my passion to walk along side my clients in difficult situations and help my clients to find hope. Life can become difficult, I help my clients in finding insight, support and manage situations that feel unmanageable. My approach is personal and unique to each of my client's personality and situations.
As a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist, it is my passion to walk along side my clients in difficult situations and help my clients to find hope. Life can become difficult, I help my clients in finding insight, support and manage situations that feel unmanageable. My approach is personal and unique to each of my client's personality and situations.
(223) 204-4046 View (223) 204-4046

See more therapy options for Carlisle

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Carlisle, PA

60+

Average cost per session

$125

Therapists in Carlisle, PA who prioritize treating:

96% Anxiety
90% Depression
84% Self Esteem
80% Relationship Issues
78% Trauma and PTSD
75% Stress
71% Grief

Average years in practice

13 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

78% Aetna
76% Highmark
71% BlueCross and BlueShield

How Therapists in Carlisle, PA see their clients

79% In Person and Online
21% Online Only

Gender breakdown

73% Female
27% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Carlisle?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.