Coefficients of Conservatism Values and the Floristic
Quality Index for the Vascular Plants of South Florida
Steve Mortellaro, Mike Barry, George Gann, John Zahina,
Sally Channon, Charles Hilsenbeck, Douglas Scofield, George Wilder, and Gerould Wilhelm
Southeastern Naturalist, Volume 11, Monograph Number 3 (2012): 1–62
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2012 SOUTHEASTERN NATURALIST 11(Monograph 3):1–62
Coefficients of Conservatism Values and the Floristic
Quality Index for the Vascular Plants of South Florida
Steve Mortellaro1,*, Mike Barry2,3, George Gann4, John Zahina5,
Sally Channon6, Charles Hilsenbeck7, Douglas Scofield8, George Wilder9,
and Gerould Wilhelm10
Abstract - Since pre-European settlement, major alterations to the native landscape have
been made, due largely to urban and agricultural developments. In south Florida, these
activities have caused extensive degradation to native plant communities leaving remnant
native lands. Therefore, the floristic quality of these native lands is changing, and a tool
to assess their quality is needed. Assignment of coefficient of conservatism (C) values
(ranging from 0 to10) to each native plant within south Florida allows for the use of the
floristic quality index (FQI), a tool to assess the quality of natural or remnant native plant
communities. The coefficient of conservatism concept is based on two factors: 1) plants
have various degrees of fidelity to specific habitats and their quality, and 2) plants have
varying tolerances to disturbances and respond in various degrees. The establishment
of C values and the use of the FQI eliminate subjectivity and provide a standardized
method to evaluate the floristic condition of a site, which allows for comparisons between
different sites and monitoring of sites over time. Non-native plants are not assigned
conservatism coefficients values because they did not evolve in the native landscape. In
south Florida (Florida Keys excluded), there are approximately 2226 plants, of which
64% (1434) are considered native and 36% (792) are considered non-native. Of the 1434
plants examined, only 94 native plants remained unranked, because the team did not have
enough experience with the plant to confidently assign a C value. Approximately 33%
of plants ranked fell into the ruderal categories (0–4), whereas 67% fell into obligate to
natural areas categories (5–10). Once a thorough inventory of a site has been completed,
a mean C value and FQI can be calculated.
Introduction
Rapidly increasing land development and extensive agricultural operations
pose significant challenges to the su rvivability and sustainability of Florida’s
native ecosystems. Since pre-European settlement, the native landscape has
undergone extensive modifications due to agricultural and urban developments.
Activities such as land clearing, drainage (digging of ditches and canals,
1US Fish and Wildlife Service, 1339 20th Street, Vero Beach FL 32960. 2US Fish and Wildlife
Service, Naples, FL. 3Current address - Institute for Regional Conservation, 22601
S.W. 152 Avenue, Miami, FL 33170. 4Institute for Regional Conservation, 22601 SW 152
Avenue, Miami, FL 33170. 5South Florida Water Management District, 3301 Gun Club
Road, West Palm Beach, FL. 6Palm Beach County Department of Environmental Resources
Management, 2300 North Jog Road, 4th Floor, West Palm Beach, FL 33411. 717516
Birchwood Drive, Boca Raton, FL 33487. 8University of California, Los Angeles, 1509
Life Sciences, Box 951786, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1786. 9Naples Botanical Garden, 4820
Bayshore Drive, Naples, FL 34112. 10Conservation Design Forum, Inc., 375 West First
Street, Elmhurst, IL 60126. *Corresponding author - steve_mortellaro@fws.gov.
2 Southeastern Naturalist Vol. 11, Monograph 3
channelization of rivers and streams), water mining for urban and agricultural
consumption, filling of wetlands, and pollution from urban and farming activities
have resulted in extreme ecological degradation. The introduction of non-native
plants and suppression of natural fires or prescribed burning during inappropriate
times of the season have also contributed to major changes in the native
landscape. The dewatered landscape, filled wetlands, polluted estuaries, and
diminution of base flow in streams have contributed to the reduction in the native
biodiversity of the state.
The assessment of natural, restored, and created habitats is one of the most
important tasks facing ecologists. Natural plant community descriptions have
historically focused on plant communities (associations) or plant species with
word descriptors used to convey quality. Terminology consists of words, such as
degraded, good, poor, high, low, outstanding, or marginal (Swink and Wilhelm
1994). These descriptors are vague and rely on such factors as the observer’s
perception, understanding of pre-settlement habitats, ecological knowledge and
level of experience with the flora, and personal biases. One observer may assess a
plant community to be of good quality, whereas another observers’ assessment of
the same plant community may be of poor quality. Therefore, a tool is desirable
for assessing quality of a plant community in an objective and repeatable way
that can be used to make meaningful comparisons between sites.
A numerical index describing floristic quality of area based on species conservatism
or “nativeness” ratings of individual species was articulated by Wilhelm
(1977) and refined by Swink and Wilhelm (1979, 1994) and Wilhelm and Ladd
(1988). The “nativeness” or species conservatism is expressed as a coefficient of
conservatism (C) value and is the basic metric in the floristic quality index (FQI).
The concept of species conservatism is organized around the idea that the
presence of a species involves a certain level of confidence in the observer as to
where the plant is likely to occur; ranging from a highly intact remnant native
ecosystem to highly degraded man-made land. Most native plants remain in native
or slightly altered landscapes, and a few function as “camp followers” which
admix with non native’s to occupy areas severely damaged by contemporary
cultural practices.
The FQI is designed to reduce subjectivity, and produce an objective standard
to judge the quality of plant communities in a repeatable fashion. The principal
concept of the FQI is that a natural plant community’s quality can be objectively
evaluated, and refl ects the likeilyhood that a plant is likely to occur in a landscape
relatively unaltered from what is believed to be pre-European settlement conditions.
Each plant for a region is assigned a C value by a group of local botanists
in a region, each of whom has long and familiar experience with the plants in
the field. Specific knowledge of the ecological tolerances and fidelity to remnant
native conditions is required. Although the values are subjectively assigned, the
subjectivity in its application is eliminated and its use can be applied objectively.
Coefficients of conservatism values range from 0 through 10 and are applied
only to the plants believed to be native to the region. The scalar values consist of
whole integers between 0 and 10. A 0 value represents the lowest quality value
and is assigned to those plants that are indicative of the most ruderal conditions,
2012 S. Mortellaro et al. 3
such as cracks in sidewalks, road sides, scraped and excavated lands, canal banks,
parking lot edges, industrial sites, agricultural fields. A 10 value is applied to
those species that provide the highest level of confidence that the places where
they are found are the most intact remnant natural systems. A 5 value is applied
to those plants that are generally noted only in remnant natural areas, but otherwise
provide little confidence that the area is of high quality. Non-native plants
are not given a C value, as they did not evolve as part of the native flora and their
inclusion does not fit within the concept of conservatism. Although non native’s
are not part of the pre-settlement flora, their values have been defaulted to 0 and
combined with various metrics associated with floristic quality in a floristic quality
assessment (FQA) analysis (Herman et. al. 1997, 2001).
While the C values are subjectively assigned, knowledgeable botanists trained
in the concept of conservatism seldom disagree by more than a few points. The
behavior and local distribution of some species can stretch the philosophy and require
an earnest debate to reach consensus on their C values. Once assigned to an
entire flora, however, the use of C values can be objectively applied; subjectivity
is no longer a variable, and intrinsic biases in assigning the C values occur consistently
throughout a site inventory. One can arrive at relative comparisons easily
and consistently.
Floristic quality analysis initially was used to describe the condition of landscapes
and plant communities in a consistent fashion for the 22-county Chicago
region (Swink and Wilhelm 1979). Since its development, the index has been
adapted and applied to the following areas: Colorado (Rocchio 2007), Illinois
(Taft et al. 1997), Indiana (Rothrock 2004), Iowa (Drobney et al. 2001), Kentucky
(Shea et al., no date), Michigan (Herman et al. 1997), north and central
Mississippi (Herman, et al. 2006), Missouri (Ladd 1993), the Dakotas (Northern
Great Plains Floristic Quality Assessment Panel 2001), New Jersey (Allen et al.,
no date), Ohio (Andreas and Lichvar 1995, Andreas et al. 2004), Pennsylvania
(Ebert et al., no date), Wisconsin (Bernthal 2003, Nichols 1998), and southern
Ontario (Oldham et al. 1995).
Methods
To assign coefficient of conservatism C values, we took the following 6 steps:
1) defined the region or area of consideration,
2) created a species list—determined the flora(s) or check list(s) of the region,
3) developed ranking criteria,
4) assembled a core team of knowledgeable senior field botanists/ecologists, who
ranked each native species from 0 to10,
5) convened a peer review group to assess C value assignments, and
6) convened both core and review groups to reach a consensus on C values.
Defining the region
Assignment of C values is based on observed behavior of species within a
defined geographic region that experience similar environmental conditions.
As one moves away from a particular region, the assigned C values may be less
4 Southeastern Naturalist Vol. 11, Monograph 3
applicable because local conditions may not exist outside a particular region. In
our particular case, Florida has been divided into 4 major phytogeographic regions:
west (panhandle), north, central, and south Florida (Bell and Taylor 1982,
Long and Lakela 1971, Taylor 1998) as shown in Figure 1.
This publication addresses the flora found within south Florida excluding the
Florida Keys. South Florida is categorized into 5 major natural physiographic
areas: 1) Sandy Flatlands, 2) Everglades, 3) Big Cypress Swamp, 4) Atlantic
Coastal Ridge, and 5) Coastal Marshes and Mangrove Swamps (Long and Lakela
1971). The native flora of south Florida is predominately tropical and contains a
mixture of plants from tropical America, temperate regions, and endemic species.
Species list
Th e orginal list used here was based on Guide to the Vascular Plants of Florida,
Second Edition (Wunderlin and Hansen 2003). However, the nomenclature in
the list was updated using Guide to the Vascular Plants of Florida, Th ird Edition
Figure 1. Phytogeographic regions of Florida.
2012 S. Mortellaro et al. 5
(Wunderlin and Hansen 2011). Th is floristic guide includes only species that have
been documented through a verifiable herbarium specimen, and includes both
native and non-native species that occur in the wild state in Florida. Th ere are
approximately 4176 documented native and non-native species in Florida (Wunderlin
and Hansen 2004). Within south Florida (excluding the Keys), there are
approximately 1430 native species and 793 non-native species.
Th e orginal species list used here employed Wunderlin and Hansen (2004) nomenclature,
but has since been updated to Wunderlin and Hansen 2011 with some
exceptions: 1) where Wunderlin and Hansen’s taxonomy diff ered from the legal
accepted nomenclature for a state- or federally listed species, or 2) where the panel
believed that a species included other recognizable species that have a diff erent
ecological niche. Only one federally listed and threatened species, Galactia smallii
H. J. Rogers ex A. Herndon, would have been lumped into G. volubilis (L.) Britton,
a non-listed species, if Wunderlin and Hansen’s nomenclature was used; thus, the
name G. smallii is applied. Species considered to demonstrate a diff erent ecological
preference include the following: Chiococca pinetorum Britton, split from C. alba
(L.) Hitchcock.; Heliotropium leavenworthii (A. Gray) Torrey ex Small, split from
H. polyphyllum Lehmann.; Melanthera angustifolia A. Richard and M. parvifolia
Small, split from M. nivea (L.) Small; Schizachyrium rhizomatum (Swallen) Gould
and S. stolonferum Nash, split from S. scoparium (Michaux) Nash; Forestiera pinetorum
(Small) Small, split from F. segregate (Jacquin) Krug and Urban; and
Scleria ciliata Michx var. pauciflora Muhlenberg ex Willdenow and S. ciliata var.
curtissii (Britton) J.W. Kessler, split from S. ciliata Michaux.
If two similar taxa represent ecologically diff erent habitat qualities, and taxonomic
diff erentiation between the two is considered almost impossible for a field
botanist, then a numerical score is not given. Th ese species are given a neutral
status. Th is was the case with Roystonea regia (Kunth) O.F. Cook, which if treated
as two distinct taxa, has populations from south Florida (R. elata (W. Bartram) F.
Harper) and Cuba (R. regia (Kunth) O.F. Cook).
Ranking criteria
The central philosophy behind any criteria used to develop C values is what
the presence of the plant indicates to a knowledgeable botanist about the quality
of a habitat when no information is provided. If such botanist is brought a
plant and asked where they thought the plant may have come from, based on
their knowledge and experience with the plant’s habitat type(s) and quality of
habitat(s), an impression will come to mind. The plant may be identified as one
with very specific habitat requirements and a very low tolerance to disturbance,
which would provide confidence that it grew in a high-quality habitat. Conversely,
it may indicate some gradient between high quality and ruderal. The criteria
presented below gave guidance to the panel in assigning C values.
The relationship of conservatism to rarity is not direct. Coefficients of conservatism
scores and the designation of a rare, threatened, or endangered status to a
species on the surface may seem to be counter-intuitive at times. It would seem
logical that the rarer the species the higher the conservatism value, but this is not
6 Southeastern Naturalist Vol. 11, Monograph 3
always the case. Certainly, any rare plant known only from one to a few highquality
areas is a philosophical 10. Likewise, more numerous species known
only from high-quality areas are also a philosophical 10. However, a rare native
plant known only from a dike or roadside must receive a very low C value, so the
relationship of conservatism to rarity is not direct. For example, Linum arenicola
(Small) H.J.P.Winkler (Sand Flax), an endemic plant listed by the State of Florida
as an endangered species, was given a score of one (1) because it is commonly
associated with disturbed areas containing exposed limerock, such as tops of
canal banks and road sides cut through lime rock. However, in its remnant native
landscape, the species can easily be lost if fire is omitted.
To help facilitate the scoring of the C values, 5 coefficient of conservatism
guilds were developed (Table 1). The coefficient of conservatism guilds are further
refined to give the rater additional guidance in assigning C values (Table 2).
Plant C values refl ect two aspects: the fidelity to natural landscape and tolerance
to disturbances. As fidelity to natural areas increase, the tolerance to disturbances
decreases, thereby resulting in a higher C value. The reverse also applies: as tolerance
to disturbances increases, plant fidelity to quality natural areas decrease
towards zero. The more tolerant a plant is to disturbance, the lower the quality.
The scalar value 0 indicates the species is obligate to ruderal areas, and the
rater is 95% confident it was growing in a highly degraded area. These plants
are limited in their occurrence to areas of severe anthropogenic disturbances. A
ranking of 0 indicates there is little confidence (less than 5% confidence) that the
plant was collected from a remnant natural area. These native taxa are weedy and
Table 1. Coefficient of conservatism guilds.
C value Criteria
0 Obligate to ruderal areas.
1–3 Varying affinity to ruderal areas.
4–6 Varying affinity to natural areas; 5 indicates it’s obligate to natural areas; quality of
area is low.
7–9 Varying affinity to high quality natural areas.
10 Obligate to high quality natural areas.
Table 2. Coefficient of conservatism ranking criteria.
C value Criteria
0 Obligate to ruderal areas.
1 Occurs more frequently in ruderal areas than natural areas.
2 Facultative to ruderal and natural areas.
3 Occurs less frequent in ruderal areas than natural areas.
4 Occurs much more frequently in natural areas than ruderal areas.
5 Obligate to natural areas (quality of area is low).
6 Weak affinity to high-quality natural areas.
7 Moderate affinity to high-quality natural areas.
8 High affinity to high-quality natural areas.
9 Very high affinity to high-quality natural areas.
10 Obligate to high-quality natural areas.
2012 S. Mortellaro et al. 7
thrive in highly disturbed sites, such as cracks in sidewalks, fill sites, roadsides,
scraped and excavated lands, and canal banks.
The scalar values 1 to 3 indicate levels of confidence that when a plant is
encountered it is growing in degraded or non-natural areas. These plants have
an affinity to disturbed sites and are non-dependent native lands species. Plants
ranked within this range are generally associated with lands that have been
greatly disturbed such as those that have been mechanically (i.e. new ground),
hydrologically, or chemically altered. New ground is land that has been stripped
of its vegetation (usually by mechanical means), where the top layer of soil has
been removed or severely disturbed.
The scalar values 4 to 6 provide levels of confidence that when a plant is
encountered it’s in a natural area. The value 5 is pivotal in the rankings; it is the
point at which plants are considered obligate to native lands, with a 95% certainty
it is growing in a natural area. However, the floristic quality of the natural area is
likely low.
The scalar values 7 to 9 provide varying levels of confidence that when a plant
is encountered it is in a high-quality natural area. These plants have a fidelity to
native lands of high quality.
The scalar value 10 indicates the species is obligate to high-quality natural
areas, with raters 95% confident it was growing in an undisturbed or native land
of high quality.
The values (0–10) do not necessarily indicate or refl ect fidelity of a plant to
any particular habitat, and the use of the term confidence in this context is not
meant to imply a statistical analysis has occurred; it is used here to give guidance
to the rater for ranking each species. A plant can be conservative to a number
of different plant communities. Conservatism cannot be determined from some
statistical sampling of an array of plant communities, ruderal or otherwise. The
body of empirical observations that inform the experience of a field botanist over
a long period of time yields more robust evaluations. Since pre-European conditions
cannot be attested to at this time and no data exist that could give total
insight as to those conditions under which these plants thrived or would have
evolved, a subjective determination is made by knowledgeable individuals for a
particular region about what the conditions may have been.
Assignment of C values
A core team of botanists was contacted to meet and provide their collective
knowledge to the assignment of a C value for each native species using the
C ranking criteria laid out above. The team consisted of Mike Barry, George
Gann, and John Zahina. Gerould Wilhelm provided assistance to the team during
the ranking process and reinforced understandings of the conceptual nature
of conservatism throughout the rating process. Supplemental data was used to
complement field experience. The Floristic Inventory of South Florida database
(Gann et al. 2002), Atlas of Florida Vascular Plants (Wunderlin and Hansen
2004), Guide to the Vascular Plants of Florida (Wunderlin and Hansen 2003), A
Flora of Tropical Florida (Long and Lakela 1971), and Fairchild Tropical Garden
8 Southeastern Naturalist Vol. 11, Monograph 3
Virtual Herbarium (2006), provided information on range occurrences, habitat
descriptions, and species nativity and rarity.
Peer review of C values
The C value assignments were sent out for review to botanist’s throughout
south Florida. Four responded with a willingness to accept the task; however,
after a significant period of time, a request to meet and work as a group was
made and accepted by all, and a peer-review team was established to review
the extensive list. The peer-review team consisted of Sally Channon, Chuck
Hillsenbeck, Doug Scofield and George Wilder. The peer-review team examined
each score and then discussed their collective experiences to reach a
consensus score. The peer-review team’s consensus score was then compared
to the core-group score and a discussion ensued that focused on acceptance of
the core-group values. Not all values were accepted. As with the core group,
supplemental data were used to complement field experience. In addition to
using the aforementioned supplemental information used by the core group,
the peer-review team also accessed the following sources: Small (1933);
Godfrey and Wooten (1979 and 1981); Hall (1978); Dr. Wilder’s herbarium
collection housed at the Florida Gulf Coast University; and online resources
including Flora of North America (2006), National Resource Conservation
Service Plant Database (no date), University of Florida Herbarium (no date),
and eFloras (2006). These resources provided information on taxonomy, range
occurrences, habitat descriptions, and species nativity and rarity. Gerould
Wilhelm also provided initial guidance to the team.
Final C values
There were differences of C values for species between the core team and
the peer-review team. Therefore, the two teams were contacted to discuss each
species to make a collective determination as to a value. If a consensus was not
reached on a particular species, it was not assigned a value. The species assigned
C values are listed in Appendix A. Not all species have yet been ranked, mostly
because little was known to the raters about their behavior; the unassigned species
are listed in Appendix B.
Mean coefficient of conservatism
Once a floristic inventory has been conducted for a given area and the C values
have been applied to it, the mean C value can be calculated by summing the C
values of all native species and dividing by the total number of species (species
richness = N):
Mean C = ΣC / N
Because the mean C represents the average C of an area, temporal changes
in quality can be detected. As expected, decreases in mean C values indicate
the quality of an area is decreasing. These decreases in mean C values may be
supported by an increase of less conservative native species increasing in numbers,
loss of high-quality indicator species, and /or a reduction or loss of native
2012 S. Mortellaro et al. 9
species. A FQA may demonstrate that there are coincident increases in the proportion
of non-native species within the site. The converse would occur if an
increase of mean C were to take place.
Floristic quality index
The FQI is based on the calculation of the mean coefficient of conservatism (C)
of all the species listed in a particular site inventory, which represents the average
conservatism of the plants noted. The FQI discriminates areas with similar mean
C values with major differences in total number of species. The greater the mean C
and FQI values, the higher the floristic quality.
The FQI represents a weighted estimate of species richness (N), obtained by
multiplying the mean coefficient of conservatism by the square root of species
richness:
FQI = mean C √N
The effect of applying the square root to species richness is to reduce the infl
uences of area size, so that small, highly conservative areas will rate highly in
comparison with large heterogeneous tracts with pockets or districts of both low
and high quality (Swink and Wilhem 1979, 1994). Also, because it is possible
to have sites with the same mean C, a transformation of mean C using the FQI
permits a more meaningful comparison of different areas.
Results and Discussion
There are approximately 2226 plant species in south Florida (Keys excluded),
with 64% (1434) considered native and 36% (792) non-native (Appendix C).
Of the 1434 species reviewed, only 94 remained unranked (,340 plants ranked).
Figure 2. Distribution of coefficient of conservatism designations for ranked plant taxa
in south Florida.
10 Southeastern Naturalist Vol. 11, Monograph 3
Approximately 33% of plants that were ranked fell into the ruderal categories
(0–4), whereas 67% fell into obligate to natural areas (5–10). Approximately 3%
of plants were ranked as 0, 29% were ranked with various affinities to ruderal
areas, 56% were ranked as obligates with various affinities to high-quality areas,
and 11% were ranked in the obligate to high-quality areas. The distribution of
species rankings’ are shown in Figure 2.
The species list in Appendix A is applicable to the 10 counties that comprise the
south Florida region, excluding the Keys. The FQI approach has application in:
1) identification of natural areas;
2) comparisons between similar and dissimilar sites, regardless of community
types;
3) monitoring of natural-area quality through time; and
4) habitat restoration (Swink and Wilhelm 1994).
The methodology provides a means to summarize data collected from a floristic
inventory of a given area. An inventory, complete as possible, is required
for the area under consideration to calculate mean C and FQI values. Variations
or modified equations to the FQI have been proposed (Fennessy et al. 1998a, b;
Rooney and Rogers 2002). For a review of proposed modifications to the FQI,
see Andreas et al. (2004).
The mean C and FQI values, as with any assessment tool used to measure
biotic systems, are infl uenced by such factors as sampling effort, size, timing,
and proficiency in species identification. It is recognized that the FQI characterizes
only one aspect of the present ecological conditions and does not provide
information on wildlife that may utilize a plant community of either high or poor
quality. To garner a more comprehensive understanding of the ecological condition
of an area, other biological parameters should be investigated.
Table 3 summarizes threatened and endangered and endemic species found in
south Florida. Of the 148 species ranked as 10, all are considered rare, with 110
of these species designated as state threatened or endangered.
Table 3. Numbers of threatened, endangered, and endemic species in south Florida.
Status Number of species
Federal listed
Threatened 1
Endangered 8
Total 9
State listed
Threatened 66
Endangered 213
Total 279
Endemic
Total number 116
Federal threatened 1
Federal endangered 7
State threatened 6
State endangered 42
2012 S. Mortellaro et al. 11
Non-native species that are or may be injurious to native plant communities
have been placed into one of two categories by the Florida Exotic Pest Plant
Council’s (2011) list of Florida’s most invasive species:
Category I - Invasive exotics that are altering native plant communities by
displacing native species, changing community structures or ecological
functions, or hybridizing with natives. This definition does not rely on the
economic severity or geographic range of the problem, but on the documented
ecological damage caused.
Category II - Invasive exotics that have increased in abundance or frequency
but have not yet altered Florida plant communities to the extent shown by
Category I species. These species may become ranked Category I, if ecological
damage is demonstrated.
Of the non-native plant species presently documented in Florida, approximately
15% (134 species) are considered altering to native plant communities,
or have increased in abundance or frequency but have not yet altered plant communities
(Categories I and II, respectively). In south Florida, 70 species are in
Category I, and 64 species are in Category II (Appendix D).
Acknowledgments
A special thank you to Porter “Buck” Reed for introducing me to Gerould Wilhelm
and the FQI tool, and Robert W. Lichvar and David M. Mushet for their advice on the
workshop development. Thanks are also given gratefully to Albrey Arrington, Lori Morris,
Becky Robbins, and Bob Virnstein for their contribution in scoring the sea grasses;
Keith A. Bradely, Steve W. Woodmansee, and Richard Wunderlin for research on species
occurrences, nativity, and taxonomy; Shawn M. Landry for his quick response to questions
and updates on the Atlas of Florida Vascular Plants database (available at http://
www.plantatlas.usf.edu/) and to Sharon Kocis, Stephen E. Mortellaro, Anne Philip, and
Art Roybal for their review and editorial comments. Finally a very special thank you to
David Martin for his meticulous work in updating the list from Wundlerlin and Hanson
2003 to Wundlerlin and Hanson 2011.
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14 Southeastern Naturalist Vol. 11, Monograph 3
Appendix A. Coefficient of conservatism values for vascular plant species of south Florida. Taxonomy
for all species listed follows Wunderlin and Hansen (2011), and the naming authorities for
each can be found there. ns = no score (neutral).
C Scientific name Common name(s) Family
4 Abildgaardia ovata Flatspike Sedge Cyperaceae
2 Abutilon permolle Coastal Indian Mallow Malvaceae
2 Acacia farnesiana Sweet Acacia Fabaceae
5 Acacia vachellia Porknut Fabaceae
7 Acacia pinetorum Pineland Acacia Fabaceae
1 Acacia tortuosa Poponax Plantaginaceae
3 Acalypha chamaedrifolia Bastard Copperleaf Euphorbiaceae
6 Acalypha gracilens Slender Threeseed Mercury Euphorbiaceae
4 Acalypha ostryifolia Pineland Threeseed Mercury Euphorbiaceae
8 Acanthocereus tetragonus Triangle Cactus, Barbed-Wire Cactus Cactaceae
5 Acer rubrum Red Maple Sapindaceae
6 Acmella oppositifolia var. repens Oppositeleaf Spotflower Asteraceae
9 Acoelorraphe wrightii Everglades Palm Arecaceae
8 Acrostichum aureum Golden Leather Fern Pteridaceae
4 Acrostichum danaeifolium Giant Leather Fern Pteridaceae
10 Adiantum capillus-veneris Venus’-Hair Fern, Southern Pteridaceae
Maidenhair
10 Adiantum melanoleucum Fragrant Maidenhair Pteridaceae
4 Adiantum tenerum Brittle Maidenhair Pteridaceae
10 Adiantum villosum Woolly Maidenhair Pteridaceae
2 Aeschynomene americana Shyleaf Fabaceae
8 Aeschynomene pratensis Meadow Jointvetch Fabaceae
8 Aeschynomene viscidula Sticky Jointvetch Fabaceae
7 Agalinis fasciculata Beach False Foxglove Orobanchaceae
7 Agalinis filifolia Seminole False Foxglove Orobanchaceae
8 Agalinis linifolia Flaxleaf False Foxglove Orobanchaceae
7 Agalinis maritima Saltmarsh False Foxglove Orobanchaceae
7 Agalinis obtusifolia Tenlobe False Foxglove Orobanchaceae
5 Agalinis purpurea Purple False Foxglove Orobanchaceae
9 Agave decipiens False Sisal Agavaceae
9 Agave neglecta Wild Century Plant Agavaceae
6 Ageratina jucunda Hammock Snakeroot Asteraceae
7 Aletris bracteata Bracted Colicroot Nartheciaceae
7 Aletris lutea Yellow Colicroot Nartheciaceae
4 Alternanthera flavescens Yellow Joywood Amaranthaceae
5 Alternanthera maritima Seaside Joyweed Amaranthaceae
10 Alvaradoa amorphoides Mexican Alvaradoa Picramniaceae
5 Amaranthus australis Southern Amaranth Amaranthaceae
0 Ambrosia artemisiifolia Common Ragweed Asteraceae
7 Ambrosia hispida Coastal Ragweed Asteraceae
4 Ammannia coccinea Valley Redstem, Scarlet Ammannia Lythraceae
4 Ammannia latifolia Pink Redstem, Toothcup Lythraceae
5 Amorpha fruticosa Bastard False Indigobush Fabaceae
6 Amorpha herbacea var. crenulata Miami Lead Plant Fabaceae
4 Ampelopsis arborea Peppervine Vitaceae
5 Amphicarpum muhlenbergianum Blue Maidencane Poaceae
10 Amphitecna latifolia Black Calabash Bignoniaceae
10 Amyris balsamifera Balsam Torchwood Rutaceae
8 Amyris elemifera Sea Torchwood Rutaceae
5 Anagallis minima Chaffweed Primulaceae
2012 S. Mortellaro et al. 15
C Scientific name Common name(s) Family
7 Anagallis pumila Florida Pimpernel Primulaceae
9 Andropogon brachystachyus Shortspike Bluestem Poaceae
7 Andropogon floridanus Florida Bluestem Poaceae
6 Andropogon glomeratus var. Purple Bluestem Poaceae
glaucopsis
7 Andropogon glomeratus var. Bushy Bluestem Poaceae
hirsutior
2 Andropogon glomeratus var. Bushy Bluestem Poaceae
pumilus
5 Andropogon gyrans Elliott’s Bluestem Poaceae
6 Andropogon longiberbis Hairy Bluestem Poaceae
7 Andropogon ternarius Splitbeard Bluestem Poaceae
7 Andropogon tracyi Tracy’s Bluestem Poaceae
4 Andropogon virginicus var. Broomsedge Bluestem Poaceae
virginicus
6 Andropogon virginicus var. Broomsedge Bluestem Poaceae
decipiens
6 Andropogon virginicus var. Chalky Bluestem Poaceae
glaucus
8 Anemia adiantifolia Maidenhair Pineland Fern Schizaeaceae
10 Anemia wrightii Wright’s Pineland Fern, Parsley Fern Schizaeaceae
7 Angadenia berteroi Pineland Golden Trumpet Apocynaceae
4 Annona glabra Pond Apple Annonaceae
6 Apios americana Groundnut Fabaceae
10 Apteria aphylla Nodding Nixie Burmanniaceae
8 Ardisia escallonioides Marlberry Myrsinaceae
0 Argemone albiflora Bluestem Pricklypoppy Papaveraceae
0 Argemone mexicana Mexican Pricklypoppy Papaveraceae
8 Argusia gnaphalodes Sea Rosemary, Sea Lavender Boraginaceae
8 Argythamnia blodgettii Wild Mercury Euphorbiaceae
10 Arisaema triphyllum Jack-in-the-Pulpit Araceae
7 Aristida condensata Big Threeawn, Piedmont Threeawn Poaceae
5 Aristida gyrans Corkscrew Threeawn Poaceae
8 Aristida palustris Longleaf Threeawn Poaceae
7 Aristida patula Tall Threeawn Poaceae
7 Aristida purpurascens var. Arrowfeather Threeawn Poaceae
purpurascens
2 Aristida purpurascens var. Hillsboro Threeawn Poaceae
tenuispica
8 Aristida rhizomophora Florida Threeawn Poaceae
7 Aristida spiciformis Bottlebrush Threeawn Poaceae
7 Aristida stricta var. beyrichiana Wiregrass Poaceae
9 Aristolochia pentandra Marsh’s Dutchman’s Pipe Aristolochiaceae
8 Arnoglossum ovatum Ovateleaf Indian Plantain Asteraceae
8 Asclepias curtissii Curtiss’ Milkweed Apocynaceae
8 Asclepias feayi Florida Milkweed Apocynaceae
8 Asclepias incarnata Swamp Milkweed Apocynaceae
8 Asclepias lanceolata Fewflower Milkweed Apocynaceae
8 Asclepias longifolia Longleaf Milkweed Apocynaceae
10 Asclepias pedicellata Savannah Milkweed Apocynaceae
7 Asclepias tomentosa Velvetleaf Milkweed Apocynaceae
8 Asclepias tuberosa Butterflyweed, Butterfly Milkweed Apocynaceae
8 Asclepias viridis Green Antelopehorn Apocynaceae
7 Asimina obovata Bigflower Pawpaw Annonaceae
16 Southeastern Naturalist Vol. 11, Monograph 3
C Scientific name Common name(s) Family
7 Asimina reticulata Netted Pawpaw Annonaceae
9 Asimina tetramera Fourpetal Pawpaw Annonaceae
10 Asplenium abscissum Cutleaf Spleenwort Aspleniaceae
10 Asplenium dentatum Toothed Spleenwort, Slender Aspleniaceae
Spleenwort
10 Asplenium erosum Eared Spleenwort, Auricled Aspleniaceae
Spleenwort
10 Asplenium platyneuron Ebony Spleenwort Aspleniaceae
10 Asplenium serratum Wild Birdnest Fern, Bird’s-Nest Aspleniaceae
Spleenwort
10 Asplenium verecundum Modest Spleenwort, Delicate Aspleniaceae
Spleenwort
10 Asplenium x biscaynianum Biscayne Spleenwort Aspleniaceae
5 Atriplex pentandra Crested Saltbush Amaranthaceae
8 Aureolaria pectinata Fernleaf Yellow False Foxglove Orobanchaceae
5 Avicennia germinans Black Mangrove Avicenniaceae
0 Axonopus compressus Tropical Carpetgrass, Broadleaf Poaceae
Carpetgrass
1 Axonopus fissifolius Common Carpetgrass Poaceae
1 Axonopus furcatus Big Carpetgrass Poaceae
4 Ayenia euphrasiifolia Eyebright Ayenia Malvaceae
2 Azolla caroliniana Carolina Mosquito Fern Azollaceae
5 Baccharis angustifolia Saltwater Falsewillow Asteraceae
9 Baccharis dioica Broombush Falsewillow Asteraceae
4 Baccharis glomeruliflora Silverling Asteraceae
3 Baccharis halimifolia Groundsel Tree, Sea Myrtle Asteraceae
8 Bacopa filiculoides Lemon Bacopa, Blue Waterhyssop Plantaginaceae
3 Bacopa innominata Tropical Waterhyssop Plantaginaceae
3 Bacopa monnieri Herb-Of-Grace Plantaginaceae
3 Bacopa repens Creeping Waterhyssop Plantaginaceae
8 Balduina angustifolia Coastalplain Honeycombhead Asteraceae
10 Bartonia verna White Screwstem Gentianaceae
7 Bartonia virginica Yellow Screwstem Gentianaceae
7 Basiphyllaea corallicola Carter’s Orchid Orchidaceae
5 Batis maritima Saltwort, Turtleweed Bataceae
7 Bejaria racemosa Tarflower Ericaceae
7 Berchemia scandens Alabama Supplejack, Rattan Vine Rhamnaceae
8 Berlandiera subacaulis Florida Greeneyes Asteraceae
0 Bidens alba Beggarticks, Romerillo Asteraceae
6 Bidens bipinnata Spanish Needles Asteraceae
6 Bidens laevis Burrmarigold, Smooth Beggarticks Asteraceae
5 Bidens mitis Smallfruit Beggarticks Asteraceae
8 Bigelowia nudata ssp. australis Pineland Rayless Goldenrod Asteraceae
6 Blechnum serrulatum Toothed Midsorus Fern, Swamp Fern Blechnaceae
10 Bletia patula Flor De Pasmo Orchidaceae
5 Bletia purpurea Pinepink Orchidaceae
3 Blutaparon vermiculare Samphire, Silverhead Amaranthaceae
3 Boehmeria cylindrica False Nettle, Bog Hemp Urticaceae
0 Boerhavia diffusa Red Spiderling, Wineflower Nyctaginaceae
0 Boerhavia erecta Erect Spiderling Nyctaginaceae
8 Boltonia diffusa Smallhead Doll’s Daisy Asteraceae
5 Borrichia arborescens Tree Seaside Oxeye Asteraceae
5 Borrichia frutescens Bushy Seaside Oxeye Asteraceae
5 Borrichia x cubana Asteraceae
2012 S. Mortellaro et al. 17
C Scientific name Common name(s) Family
7 Bourreria cassinifolia Smooth Strongbark, Little Strongbark Boraginaceae
9 Bourreria succulenta Bahama Strongbark, Bodywood Boraginaceae
5 Bouteloua hirsuta Hairy Gramma Poaceae
9 Brasenia schreberi Watershield Cabombaceae
10 Brassia caudata Spider Orchid, Cricket Orchid Orchidaceae
9 Brickellia mosieri Mosier’s False Boneset, Brickell-Bush Asteraceae
2 Buchnera americana American Bluehearts Orobanchaceae
10 Bucida molinetii Spiny Black Olive Combretaceae
10 Bulbophyllum pachyrachis Rattail Orchid Orchidaceae
7 Bulbostylis ciliatifolia Capillary Hairsedge Cyperaceae
7 Bulbostylis stenophylla Sandy Field Hairsedge Cyperaceae
7 Bulbostylis warei Ware’s Hairsedge Cyperaceae
9 Burmannia biflora Bluethread Burmanniaceae
9 Burmannia capitata Southern Bluethread Burmanniaceae
9 Burmannia flava Fakahatchee Bluethread Burmanniaceae
4 Bursera simaruba Gumbo Limbo Burseraceae
10 Byrsonima lucida Long Key Locustberry Malpighiaceae
7 Cabomba caroliniana Carolina Fanwort Cabombaceae
4 Caesalpinia bonduc Gray Nicker Fabaceae
8 Caesalpinia major Hawaii Pearls, Yellow Nicker Fabaceae
8 Cakile lanceolata Coastal Searocket Brassicaceae
5 Callicarpa americana American Beautyberry Lamiaceae
4 Callisia ornata Florida Scrub Roseling Commelinaceae
9 Callitriche peploides Matted Waterstarwort Callitrichaceae
10 Calopogon barbatus Bearded Grasspink Orchidaceae
10 Calopogon multiflorus Manyflowered Grasspink Orchidaceae
5 Calopogon pallidus Pale Grasspink Orchidaceae
7 Calopogon tuberosus var. Tuberous Grasspink Orchidaceae
tuberosus
9 Calopogon tuberosus var. Simpson’s Grasspink Orchidaceae
simpsonii
9 Calyptranthes pallens Pale Lidflower, Spicewood Myrtaceae
10 Calyptranthes zuzygium Myrtle-of-the-River Myrtaceae
6 Calystegia sepium ssp. Hedge False Bindweed Convolvulaceae
limnophila
1 Campanula floridana Florida Bellflower Campanulaceae
10 Campylocentrum pachyrrhizum Leafl ess Bentspur Orchid Orchidaceae
10 Campyloneurum angustifolium Narrow Strap Fern, Narrow Swamp Polypodiaceae
Fern
10 Campyloneurum costatum Tailed Strap Fern Polypodiaceae
8 Campyloneurum phyllitidis Long Strap Fern Polypodiaceae
4 Canavalia rosea Baybean, Seaside Jackbean Fabaceae
10 Canella winterana Pepper Cinnamon, Cinnamon Bark Canellaceae
4 Canna flaccida Bandana-of-the-Everglades Cannaceae
7 Caperonia castaneifolia Chestnutleaf Falsecroton Euphorbiaceae
9 Capparis cynophallophora Jamaican Capertree Brassicaceae
9 Capparis fl exuosa Bayleaf Capertree Brassicaceae
2 Capraria biflora Goatweed Scrophulariaceae
4 Capsicum annuum var. Bird Pepper Solanaceae
glabriusculum
7 Cardiospermum corindum Faux Persil Sapindaceae
2 Cardiospermum microcarpum Heartseed Sapindaceae
9 Carex gigantea Giant Sedge Cyperaceae
4 Carex longii Long’s Sedge Cyperaceae
18 Southeastern Naturalist Vol. 11, Monograph 3
C Scientific name Common name(s) Family
7 Carex lupuliformis False Hop Sedge Cyperaceae
7 Carex verrucosa Warty Sedge Cyperaceae
7 Carex vexans Florida Hammock Sedge Cyperaceae
2 Carica papaya Papaya Caricaceae
8 Carphephorus corymbosus Coastalplain Chaffhead, Florida Asteraceae
Paintbrush
8 Carphephorus odoratissimus var. Pineland Purple, False Vanillaleaf Asteraceae
subtropicanus
8 Carphephorus paniculatus Hairy Chaffhead Asteraceae
8 Carya aquatica Water Hickory Juglandaceae
8 Carya floridana Scrub Hickory Juglandaceae
8 Carya glabra Pignut Hickory Juglandaceae
4 Cassytha filiformis Love Vine, Devil’s Gut Lauraceae
10 Catopsis berteroniana Powdery Strap Airplant Bromeliaceae
10 Catopsis floribunda Florida Strap Airplant Bromeliaceae
10 Catopsis nutans Nodding Strap Airplant, Nodding Bromeliaceae
Catopsis
10 Cayaponia americana American Melonleaf Cucurbitaceae
8 Celosia nitida West Indian Cock’s Comb Amaranthaceae
10 Celtis ehrenbergiana Spiny Hackberry, Desert Hackberry Celtidaceae
10 Celtis iguanaea Iguana Hackberry Celtidaceae
8 Celtis laevigata Sugarberry, Hackberry Celtidaceae
2 Cenchrus pallida Southern Sandbur Poaceae
2 Cenchrus gracillimus Slender Sandbur Poaceae
3 Cenchrus spinifex Coastal Sandbur Poaceae
7 Cenchrus tribuloides Sanddune Sandbur Poaceae
2 Centella asiatica Spadeleaf Araliaceae
4 Centrosema virginianum Spurred Butterfly Pea Fabaceae
6 Cephalanthus occidentalis Common Buttonbush Rubiaceae
10 Ceratiola ericoides Florida Rosemary, Sand Heath Ericaceae
4 Ceratophyllum demersum Coontail Ceratophyllaceae
4 Ceratopteris pteridoides Water Horn Fern Pteridaceae
5 Chamaecrista fasciculata Partridge Pea Fabaceae
7 Chamaecrista lineata var. Narrowpod Sensitive Pea, Key Cassia Fabaceae
keyensis
6 Chamaecrista nictitans var. Sensitive Pea Fabaceae
nictitans
4 Chamaecrista nictitans var. Sensitive Pea Fabaceae
aspera
1 Chamaesyce blodgettii Limestone Sandmat Euphorbiaceae
8 Chamaesyce bombensis Dixie Sandmat Euphorbiaceae
3 Chamaesyce conferta Everglades Key Sandmat Euphorbiaceae
6 Chamaesyce cumulicola Coastal Dune Sandmat, Sanddune Euphorbiaceae
Spurge
6 Chamaesyce deltoidea Wedge Sandmat, Rockland Spurge Euphorbiaceae
10 Chamaesyce deltoidea ssp. Pineland Sandmat Euphorbiaceae
pinetorum
9 Chamaesyce garberi Garber’s Sandmat, Garber’s Spurge Euphorbiaceae
0 Chamaesyce hirta Pillpod Sandmat Euphorbiaceae
1 Chamaesyce hypericifolia Graceful Sandmat Euphorbiaceae
1 Chamaesyce hyssopifolia Hyssopleaf Sandmat Euphorbiaceae
0 Chamaesyce maculata Spotted Sandmat Euphorbiaceae
5 Chamaesyce mesembrianthemifolia Coastal Beach Sandmat Euphorbiaceae
1 Chamaesyce ophthalmica Florida Hammock Sandmat Euphorbiaceae
2012 S. Mortellaro et al. 19
C Scientific name Common name(s) Family
9 Chamaesyce pergamena Southern Florida Sandmat, Euphorbiaceae
Rocklands Spurge
10 Chamaesyce porteriana Porter’s Sandmat, Porter’s Spurge Euphorbiaceae
0 Chamaesyce prostrata Prostrate Sandmat Euphorbiaceae
8 Chapmannia floridana Florida Alicia Fabaceae
7 Chaptalia albicans White Sunbonnets Asteraceae
7 Chaptalia tomentosa Woolly Sunbonnets, Pineland Daisy Asteraceae
9 Chasmanthium nitidum Shiny Woodoats Poaceae
10 Cheilanthes microphylla Southern Lip Fern Pteridaceae
0 Chenopodium berlandieri Pitseed Goosefoot Amaranthaceae
4 Chiococca alba Snowberry, Milkberry Rubiaceae
7 Chiococca pinetorum Pineland Snowberry Rubiaceae
6 Chloris elata Tall Windmillgrass, Manyspike Poaceae
Fingergrass
9 Chromolaena frustrata Cape Sable Thoroughwort Asteraceae
3 Chromolaena odorata Jack-in-the-Bush Asteraceae
4 Chrysobalanus icaco Coco Plum Chrysobalanaceae
9 Chrysophyllum oliviforme Satinleaf Sapotaceae
7 Chrysopogon pauciflorus Florida False Beardgrass Poaceae
9 Chrysopsis linearifolia ssp. dressii Dress’ Goldenaster Asteraceae
5 Chrysopsis mariana Maryland Goldenaster Asteraceae
4 Chrysopsis scabrella Coastalplain Goldenaster Asteraceae
5 Chrysopsis subulata Scrubland Goldenaster Asteraceae
6 Cicuta maculata Spotted Water Hemlock Apiaceae
4 Cirsium horridulum Purple Thistle Asteraceae
0 Cirsium nuttallii Nuttall’s Thistle Asteraceae
9 Cissampelos pareira Pereira Brava Menispermaceae
4 Cissus trifoliata Sorrelvine, Marinevine Vitaceae
2 Cissus verticillata Seasonvine, Possum Grape Vitaceae
8 Citharexylum spinosum Florida Fiddlewood Verbenaceae
5 Cladium jamaicense Jamaica Swamp Sawgrass Cyperaceae
6 Clematis baldwinii Pine-Hyacinth Ranunculaceae
5 Clitoria mariana Atlantic Pigeonwings Fabaceae
7 Cnidoscolus stimulosus Tread-Softly, Finger-Rot Euphorbiaceae
9 Coccoloba diversifolia Tietongue, Pigeon Plum Polygonaceae
4 Coccoloba uvifera Seagrape Polygonaceae
9 Coccothrinax argentata Florida Silver Palm Arecaceae
8 Coelorachis cylindrica Carolina Jointtailgrass Poaceae
7 Coelorachis rugosa Wrinkled Jointtailgrass Poaceae
8 Coelorachis tuberculosa Florida Jointtailgrass, Piedmont Poaceae
Jointgrass
4 Colubrina arborescens Greenheart Rhamnaceae
8 Colubrina cubensis var. floridana Cuban Nakedwood Rhamnaceae
7 Colubrina elliptica Soldierwood Rhamnaceae
6 Commelina erecta Whitemouth Dayflower Commelinaceae
4 Conocarpus erectus Buttonwood Combretaceae
5 Conoclinium coelestinum Blue Mistflower Asteraceae
9 Conopholis americana American Squawroot, Cancerroot Orobanchaceae
8 Conradina grandiflora Largeflower False Rosemary Lamiaceae
1 Conyza canadensis Canadian Horseweed Asteraceae
8 Corallorhiza wisteriana Spring Coralroot Orchidaceae
2 Corchorus hirtus Red Jute Malvaceae
1 Corchorus siliquosus Slippery Burr Malvaceae
10 Cordia bahamensis Bahama Manjack Boraginaceae
20 Southeastern Naturalist Vol. 11, Monograph 3
C Scientific name Common name(s) Family
7 Cordia globosa Curacao Bush Boraginaceae
8 Coreopsis floridana Florida Tickseed Asteraceae
4 Coreopsis leavenworthii Leavenworth’s Tickseed Asteraceae
7 Cornus foemina Swamp Dogwood, Stiff Dogwood Cornaceae
10 Cranichis muscosa Cypressknee Helmet Orchid, Moss Orchidaceae
Orchid
8 Crinum americanum Seven-Sisters, String-Lily Amaryllidaceae
10 Crossopetalum ilicifolium Christmasberry Celastraceae
9 Crossopetalum rhacoma Maidenberry, Rhacoma Celastraceae
4 Crotalaria pumila Low Rattlebox Fabaceae
7 Crotalaria rotundifolia Rabbitbells Fabaceae
3 Croton glandulosus var. Vente Conmigo Euphorbiaceae
glandulosus
8 Croton glandulosus var. floridanus Vente Conmigo Euphorbiaceae
9 Croton humilis Pepperbush Euphorbiaceae
8 Croton linearis Pineland Croton, Grannybush Euphorbiaceae
9 Croton lobatus Lobed Croton Euphorbiaceae
6 Croton michauxii Rushfoil, Michaux’s Croton Euphorbiaceae
9 Croton punctatus Gulf Croton, Beach Tea Euphorbiaceae
9 Ctenitis sloanei Florida Tree Fern, Red-Hair Comb Dryopteridaceae
Fern
10 Ctenitis submarginalis Brown-Hair Comb Fern Dryopteridaceae
9 Ctenium aromaticum Toothachegrass Poaceae
5 Cucurbita okeechobeensis Okeechobee Gourd Cucurbitaceae
2 Cuscuta pentagona Fiveangled Dodder Convolvulaceae
6 Cuscuta umbellata Flatglobe Dodder Convolvulaceae
5 Cynanchum angustifolium Gulf Coast Swallowwort Apocynaceae
10 Cynanchum blodgettii Blodgett’s Swallowwort Apocynaceae
8 Cynanchum northropiae Fragrant Swallowwort Apocynaceae
5 Cynanchum scoparium Leafl ess Swallowwort Apocynaceae
2 Cyperus articulatus Jointed Flatsedge Cyperaceae
2 Cyperus compressus Poorland Flatsedge Cyperaceae
2 Cyperus croceus Baldwin’s Flatsedge Cyperaceae
6 Cyperus cuspidatus Coastalplain Flatsedge Cyperaceae
4 Cyperus distinctus Swamp Flatsedge Cyperaceae
6 Cyperus elegans Royal Flatsedge Cyperaceae
5 Cyperus erythrorhizos Redroot Flatsedge Cyperaceae
7 Cyperus filiculmis Wiry Flatsedge Cyperaceae
5 Cyperus filiformis Wiry Flatsedge, Florida Flatsedge Cyperaceae
6 Cyperus flavescens Yellow Flatsedge Cyperaceae
3 Cyperus haspan Haspan Flatsedge Cyperaceae
3 Cyperus ligularis Swamp Flatsedge Cyperaceae
3 Cyperus odoratus Fragrant Flatsedge Cyperaceae
3 Cyperus ovatus Pinebarren Flatsedge Cyperaceae
2 Cyperus planifolius Flatleaf Flatsedge Cyperaceae
3 Cyperus polystachyos Manyspike Flatsedge Cyperaceae
0 Cyperus squarrosus Bearded Flatsedge Cyperaceae
5 Cyperus strigosus Strawcolored Flatsedge Cyperaceae
2 Cyperus surinamensis Tropical Flatsedge Cyperaceae
9 Cyperus tetragonus Fourangle Flatsedge Cyperaceae
10 Cyrtopodium punctatum Cowhorn Orchid, Cigar Orchid Orchidaceae
5 Dalbergia brownei Browne’s Indian Rosewood Fabaceae
4 Dalbergia ecastaphyllum Coinvine Fabaceae
8 Dalea carnea Whitetassels Fabaceae
2012 S. Mortellaro et al. 21
C Scientific name Common name(s) Family
5 Dalea carthagenensis var. Florida Prairieclover Fabaceae
floridana
7 Dalea feayi Feay’s Prairieclover Fabaceae
3 Dalea pinnata var. pinnata Summer Farewell Fabaceae
8 Dalea pinnata var. adenopoda Summer Farewell Fabaceae
0 Datura stramonium Jimsonweed Solanaceae
7 Deeringothamnus rugelii var. Pretty False Pawpaw, Royal False Annonaceae
pulchellus Pawpaw
10 Dendrophylax lindenii Ghost Orchid, Palmpolly Orchidaceae
0 Descurainia pinnata Western Tansymustard Brassicaceae
8 Desmodium floridanum Florida Ticktrefoil Fabaceae
10 Desmodium lineatum Sand Ticktrefoil Fabaceae
9 Desmodium marilandicum Smooth Ticktrefoil Fabaceae
3 Desmodium paniculatum Panicled Ticktrefoil Fabaceae
10 Desmodium strictum Pinebarren Ticktrefoil Fabaceae
7 Dichanthelium aciculare Needleleaf Witchgrass Poaceae
7 Dichanthelium commutatum Variable Witchgrass Poaceae
6 Dichanthelium dichotomum Cypress Witchgrass Poaceae
6 Dichanthelium ensifolium var. Cypress Witchgrass Poaceae
ensifolium
6 Dichanthelium ensifolium var. Dwarf Cypress Witchgrass Poaceae
breve
6 Dichanthelium ensifolium var. Cypress Witchgrass Poaceae
unciphyllum
7 Dichanthelium erectifolium Erectleaf Witchgrass Poaceae
6 Dichanthelium laxiflorum Openflower Witchgrass Poaceae
6 Dichanthelium leucothrix Rough Witchgrass Poaceae
7 Dichanthelium ovale Eggleaf Witchgrass Poaceae
7 Dichanthelium portoricense Hemlock Witchgrass Poaceae
6 Dichanthelium strigosum var. Roughhair Witchgrass Poaceae
glabrescens
2 Dichondra carolinensis Carolina Ponysfoot Convolvulaceae
4 Dicliptera sexangularis Sixangle Foldwing Acanthaceae
0 Dicranopteris fl exuosa Drooping Forked Fern Gleicheniaceae
0 Digitaria ciliaris Southern Crabgrass Poaceae
7 Digitaria filiformis var. filiformis Slender Crabgrass, Shaggy Crabgrass Poaceae
8 Digitaria filiformis var. Caribbean Crabgrass Poaceae
dolichophylla
0 Digitaria horizontalis Jamaican Crabgrass Poaceae
0 Digitaria insularis Sourgrass Poaceae
9 Digitaria pauciflora Twospike Crabgrass Poaceae
1 Digitaria serotina Blanket Crabgrass, Dwarf Crabgrass Poaceae
5 Diodia teres Poor Joe, Rough Buttonweed Rubiaceae
2 Diodia virginiana Virginia Buttonweed Rubiaceae
4 Diospyros virginiana Common Persimmon Ebenaceae
8 Distichlis spicata Saltgrass Poaceae
5 Dodonaea elaeagnoides Smallfruit Varnishleaf, Keys Sapindaceae
Hopebush
4 Dodonaea viscosa Varnishleaf, Florida Hopbush Sapindaceae
9 Drosera brevifolia Dwarf Sundew Droseraceae
7 Drosera capillaris Pink Sundew Droseraceae
1 Drymaria cordata Drymary, West Indian Chickweed Caryophyllaceae
10 Drypetes diversifolia Whitewood, Milkbark Putranjivaceae
10 Drypetes lateriflora Guiana Plum Putranjivaceae
22 Southeastern Naturalist Vol. 11, Monograph 3
C Scientific name Common name(s) Family
8 Dyschoriste angusta Pineland Twinflower, Pineland Acanthaceae
Snakeherb
8 Dyschoriste oblongifolia Oblongleaf Snakeherb Acanthaceae
6 Echinochloa paludigena Florida Cockspur Poaceae
1 Echinochloa walteri Coast Cockspur Poaceae
10 Echinodorus berteroi Upright Burrhead Alismataceae
6 Echites umbellata Devil’s Potato, Rubbervine Apocynaceae
1 Eclipta prostrata False Daisy Asteraceae
5 Eleocharis albida White Spikerush Cyperaceae
3 Eleocharis baldwinii Baldwin’s Spikerush, Roadgrass Cyperaceae
4 Eleocharis cellulosa Gulf Coast Spikerush Cyperaceae
8 Eleocharis elongata Slim Spikerush Cyperaceae
6 Eleocharis flavescens Yellow Spikerush, Pale Spikerush Cyperaceae
3 Eleocharis geniculata Canada Spikerush Cyperaceae
3 Eleocharis interstincta Knotted Spikerush Cyperaceae
5 Eleocharis microcarpa Smallfruit Spikerush Cyperaceae
5 Eleocharis montevidensis Sand Spikerush Cyperaceae
2 Eleocharis vivipara Viviparous Spikerush Cyperaceae
7 Elephantopus elatus Tall Elephantsfoot Asteraceae
10 Eltroplectris calcarata Longclaw Orchid, Spurred Neottia Orchidaceae
9 Elytraria caroliniensis var. Carolina Scalystem Acanthaceae
caroliniensis
8 Elytraria caroliniensis var. Carolina Scalystem Acanthaceae
angustifolia
4 Encyclia tampensis Florida Butterfly Orchid Orchidaceae
10 Epidendrum anceps Dingy-Flowered Star Orchid Orchidaceae
10 Epidendrum blancheanum Acuna’s Star Orchid Orchidaceae
10 Epidendrum floridense Umbrella Star Orchid, Umbelled Orchidaceae
Epidendrum
10 Epidendrum nocturnum Night-Scented Epidendrum Orchidaceae
10 Epidendrum rigidum Stiff-Flower Star Orchid, Rigid Orchidaceae
Epidendrum
10 Epidendrum strobiliferum Big Cypress Star Orchid, Matted Orchidaceae
Epidendrum
0 Equisetum hyemale var. affine Scouring-Rush Equisetaceae
2 Eragrostis elliottii Elliott’s Lovegrass Poaceae
8 Eragrostis hypnoides Teal Lovegrass Poaceae
1 Eragrostis pectinacea var. tracyi Sanibel Island Lovegrass Poaceae
0 Eragrostis secundiflora ssp. Red Lovegrass Poaceae
oxylepis
2 Eragrostis spectabilis Purple Lovegrass Poaceae
4 Eragrostis virginica Coastal Lovegrass Poaceae
3 Erechtites hieraciifolius American Burnweed, Fireweed Asteraceae
3 Erigeron quercifolius Oakleaf Fleabane Asteraceae
5 Erigeron vernus Early Whitetop Fleabane Asteraceae
8 Eriocaulon compressum Flattened Pipewort Eriocaulaceae
8 Eriocaulon decangulare Tenangle Pipewort Eriocaulaceae
9 Eriocaulon ravenelii Ravenel’s Pipewort Eriocaulaceae
8 Eriochloa michauxii var. michauxii Michaux’s Cupgrass Poaceae
8 Eriochloa michauxii var. simpsonii Simpson’s Cupgrass Poaceae
7 Erithalis fruticosa Blacktorch Rubiaceae
10 Ernodea cokeri Coker’s Beach Creeper, One-Nerved Rubiaceae
Ernodea
7 Ernodea littoralis Beach Creeper, Coughbush Rubiaceae
2012 S. Mortellaro et al. 23
C Scientific name Common name(s) Family
8 Eryngium aromaticum Fragrant Eryngo Apiaceae
8 Eryngium baldwinii Baldwin’s Eryngo Apiaceae
8 Eryngium yuccifolium Button Rattlesnakemaster, Button Apiaceae
Eryngo
7 Erythrina herbacea Coralbean, Cherokee Bean Fabaceae
9 Eugenia axillaris White Stopper Myrtaceae
10 Eugenia confusa Redberry Stopper, Redberry Eugenia Myrtaceae
8 Eugenia foetida Spanish Stopper, Boxleaf Stopper Myrtaceae
10 Eugenia rhombea Red Stopper Myrtaceae
4 Eulophia alta Wild Coco Orchidaceae
1 Eupatorium capillifolium Dogfennel Asteraceae
8 Eupatorium compositifolium Yankeeweed Asteraceae
8 Eupatorium leptophyllum Falsefennel Asteraceae
8 Eupatorium mikanioides Semaphore Thoroughwort Asteraceae
7 Eupatorium mohrii Mohr’s Thoroughwort Asteraceae
4 Eupatorium rotundifolium Roundleaf Thoroughwort, False Asteraceae
Horehound
3 Eupatorium serotinum Lateflowering Thoroughwort Asteraceae
3 Euphorbia inundata var. garrettii Euphorbiaceae
7 Euphorbia polyphylla Lesser Florida Spurge Euphorbiaceae
4 Euphorbia trichotoma Sanddune Spurge Euphorbiaceae
5 Eustachys glauca Saltmarsh Fingergrass Poaceae
2 Eustachys petraea Pinewoods Fingergrass Poaceae
4 Eustoma exaltatum Marsh Gentian, Catchfly Gentianaceae
Prairie-Gentian
5 Euthamia caroliniana Slender Flattop Goldenrod Asteraceae
0 Evolvulus alsinoides Slender Dwarf Morning-Glory Convolvulaceae
7 Evolvulus sericeus Silver Dwarf Morning-Glory Convolvulaceae
8 Exostema caribaeum Caribbean Princewood Rubiaceae
9 Exothea paniculata Inkwood, Butterbough Sapindaceae
2 Ficus aurea Strangler Fig, Golden Fig Moraceae
4 Ficus citrifolia Wild Banyan Tree Moraceae
4 Fimbristylis autumnalis Slender Fimbry Cyperaceae
4 Fimbristylis caroliniana Carolina Fimbry Cyperaceae
2 Fimbristylis cymosa Hurricanegrass Cyperaceae
1 Fimbristylis dichotoma Forked Fimbry Cyperaceae
7 Fimbristylis puberula Hairy Fimbry Cyperaceae
8 Fimbristylis spadicea Marsh Fimbry Cyperaceae
4 Flaveria floridana Florida Yellowtops Asteraceae
4 Flaveria linearis Narrowleaf Yellowtops Asteraceae
0 Flaveria trinervia Clustered Yellowtops Asteraceae
8 Forestiera pinetorum Oleaceae
4 Forestiera segregata Florida Swampprivet Oleaceae
7 Fraxinus caroliniana Carolina Ash, Water Ash, Pop Ash Oleaceae
3 Froelichia floridana Cottonweed, Plains Snakecotton Amaranthaceae
4 Fuirena breviseta Saltmarsh Umbrellasedge Cyperaceae
4 Fuirena pumila Dwarf Umbrellasedge Cyperaceae
5 Fuirena scirpoidea Southern Umbrellasedge Cyperaceae
7 Galactia elliottii Elliott’s Milkpea Fabaceae
7 Galactia regularis Downy Milkpea Fabaceae
7 Galacita smallii Small’s Milkpea Fabaceae
4 Galactia volubilis Eastern Milkpea Fabaceae
10 Galeandra bicarinata Two-Keeled Hooded Orchid, Helmet Orchidaceae
Orchid
24 Southeastern Naturalist Vol. 11, Monograph 3
C Scientific name Common name(s) Family
4 Galium hispidulum Coastal Bedstraw Rubiaceae
4 Galium tinctorium Stiff Marsh Bedstraw Rubiaceae
0 Gamochaeta coarctata American Everlasting, Elegant Asteraceae
Cudweed
2 Gamochaeta antillana Caribbean Purple Everlasting Asteraceae
1 Gamochaeta purpurea Spoonleaf Purple Everlasting Asteraceae
1 Gaura angustifolia Southern Beeblossom Onagraceae
8 Gaylussacia dumosa Dwarf Huckleberry Ericaceae
8 Gelsemium sempervirens Yellow Jessamine, Carolina Jessamine Gelsemiaceae
8 Genipa clusiifolia Sevenyear Apple Rubiaceae
0 Geranium carolinianum Carolina Cranesbill Geraniaceae
10 Glandularia maritima Coastal Mock Vervain Verbenaceae
9 Glandularia tampensis Tampa Mock Vervain Verbenaceae
9 Gordonia lasianthus Loblolly Bay Theaceae
7 Gossypium hirsutum Upland Cotton, Wild Cotton Malvaceae
8 Gouania lupuloides Chewstick, Whiteroot Rhamnaceae
10 Govenia floridana Florida Govenia, Gowen’s Orchid Orchidaceae
7 Gratiola hispida Rough Hedgehyssop Plantaginaceae
7 Gratiola pilosa Shaggy Hedgehyssop Plantaginaceae
7 Gratiola ramosa Branched Hedgehyssop Plantaginaceae
10 Guaiacum sanctum Holywood Lignumvitae Zygophyllaceae
8 Guapira discolor Beeftree, Blolly Nyctaginaceae
9 Guettarda elliptica Hammock Velvetseed Rubiaceae
9 Guettarda scabra Rough Velvetseed Rubiaceae
10 Guzmania monostachia West Indian Tufted Airplant Bromeliaceae
10 Gyminda latifolia West Indian False Boxwood Celastraceae
9 Gymnanthes lucida Crabwood, Oysterwood Euphorbiaceae
9 Gymnopogon ambiguus Bearded Skeletongrass Poaceae
10 Habenaria distans Hammock False Reinorchid Orchidaceae
4 Habenaria floribunda Toothpetal False Reinorchid Orchidaceae
8 Habenaria nivea Snowy Orchid Orchidaceae
7 Habenaria quinqueseta Longhorn False Reinorchid Orchidaceae
7 Habenaria repens Waterspider False Reinorchid Orchidaceae
6 Halodule wrightii Shoalweed Cymodoceaceae
7 Halophila decipiens Caribbean seagrass Hydrocharitaceae
7 Halophila engelmannii Engelmann’s seagrass Hydrocharitaceae
6 Halophila johnsonii Johnson’s seagrass Hydrocharitaceae
4 Hamelia patens Firebush Rubiaceae
4 Harrisella porrecta Needleroot Airplant Orchid Orchidaceae
9 Harrisia aboriginum Prickly Applecactus Cactaceae
8 Harrisia simpsonii Simpson’s Applecactus Cactaceae
1 Helenium amarum Spanish Daisy, Bitterweed Asteraceae
2 Helenium fl exuosum Purplehead Sneezeweed Asteraceae
8 Helenium pinnatifidum Southeastern Sneezeweed Asteraceae
3 Helianthemum corymbosum Pinebarren Frostweed Cistaceae
5 Helianthemum nashii Florida Scrub Frostweed Cistaceae
6 Helianthus agrestis Southeastern Sunflower Asteraceae
6 Helianthus angustifolius Narrowleaf Sunflower, Swamp Asteraceae
Sunflower
4 Helianthus debilis East Coast Dune Sunflower Asteraceae
4 Helianthus debilis ssp. vestitus West Coast Dune Sunflower Asteraceae
6 Helianthus radula Stiff Sunflower Asteraceae
2 Heliotropium angiospermum Scorpionstail Boraginaceae
2 Heliotropium curassavicum Seaside Heliotrope, Salt Heliotrope Boraginaceae
2012 S. Mortellaro et al. 25
C Scientific name Common name(s) Family
7 Heliotropium leavenworthii Boraginaceae
3 Heliotropium polyphyllum Pineland Heliotrope Boraginaceae
3 Herissantia crispa Bladdermallow Malvaceae
1 Heteropogon contortus Tanglehead Poaceae
1 Heteropogon melanocarpus Sweet Tanglehead Poaceae
1 Heterotheca subaxillaris Camphorweed Asteraceae
10 Hexalectris spicata Spiked Crested Coralroot Orchidaceae
8 Hibiscus coccineus Scarlet Rosemallow Malvaceae
1 Hibiscus furcellatus Lindenleaf Rosemallow Malvaceae
5 Hibiscus grandiflorus Swamp Rosemallow Malvaceae
9 Hibiscus poeppigii Poeppig’s Rosemallow Malvaceae
8 Hieracium megacephalon Coastalplain Hawkweed Asteraceae
9 Hippocratea volubilis Medicine Vine Celastraceae
9 Hippomane mancinella Manchineel Euphorbiaceae
6 Houstonia procumbens Innocence, Roundleaf Bluet Rubiaceae
10 Huperzia dichotoma Hanging Club-Moss Lycopodiaceae
4 Hydrocotyle umbellata Manyflower Marshpennywort Araliaceae
7 Hydrolea corymbosa Skyflower Hydroleaceae
7 Hymenocallis latifolia Mangrove Spiderlily, Perfumed Amaryllidaceae
Spiderlily
9 Hymenocallis palmeri Alligatorlily Amaryllidaceae
8 Hymenocallis tridentata Florida Spiderlily Amaryllidaceae
10 Hypelate trifoliata White Ironwood Sapindaceae
7 Hypericum brachyphyllum Coastalplain St.John’s-Wort Clusiaceae
7 Hypericum cistifolium Roundpod St.John’s-Wort Clusiaceae
7 Hypericum crux-andreae St.Peter’s-Wort Clusiaceae
5 Hypericum edisonianum Arcadian St.John’s-Wort, Edison Clusiaceae
Ascyrum
7 Hypericum fasciculatum Sandweed, Peelbark St.John’s-Wort Clusiaceae
5 Hypericum gentianoides Pineweeds, Orangegrass Clusiaceae
7 Hypericum hypericoides St.Andrew’s-Cross Clusiaceae
5 Hypericum mutilum Dwarf St.John’s-Wort Clusiaceae
7 Hypericum myrtifolium Myrtleleaf St.John’s-Wort Clusiaceae
7 Hypericum tenuifolium Atlantic St.John’s-Wort Clusiaceae
7 Hypericum tetrapetalum Fourpetal St.John’s-Wort Clusiaceae
8 Hypoxis curtissii Common Yellow Stargrass Hypoxidaceae
8 Hypoxis juncea Fringed Yellow Stargrass Hypoxidaceae
8 Hypoxis sessilis Glossyseed Yellow Stargrass Hypoxidaceae
6 Hypoxis wrightii Bristleseed Yellow Stargrass Hypoxidaceae
5 Hyptis alata Clustered Bushmint, Musky Mint Lamiaceae
7 Ilex cassine Dahoon Aquifoliaceae
7 Ilex glabra Inkberry, Gallberry Aquifoliaceae
9 Ilex krugiana Tawnyberry Holly, Krug’s Holly Aquifoliaceae
10 Ilex opaca American Holly Aquifoliaceae
8 Imperata brasiliensis Brazilian Satintail Poaceae
8 Indigofera caroliniana Carolina Indigo Fabaceae
2 Indigofera miniata var. florida Florida Coastal Indigo Fabaceae
6 Indigofera trita ssp. scabra Florida Keys Indigo Fabaceae
9 Ionopsis utricularioides Delicate Violet Orchid Orchidaceae
3 Ipomoea alba Moonflowers, Tropical White Convolvulaceae
Morning-Glory
2 Ipomoea cordatotriloba Tievine Convolvulaceae
0 Ipomoea hederacea Ivyleaf Morning-Glory Convolvulaceae
0 Ipomoea hederifolia Scarletcreeper Convolvulaceae
26 Southeastern Naturalist Vol. 11, Monograph 3
C Scientific name Common name(s) Family
9 Ipomoea imperati Beach Morning-Glory Convolvulaceae
2 Ipomoea indica var. acuminata Oceanblue Morning-Glory Convolvulaceae
10 Ipomoea microdactyla Bejuco Colorado, Wild-Potato Convolvulaceae
Morning-Glory
4 Ipomoea pes-caprae ssp. Railroad Vine, Bayhops Convolvulaceae
brasiliensis
6 Ipomoea sagittata Saltmarsh Morning-Glory Convolvulaceae
9 Ipomoea tenuissima Rockland Morning-Glory Convolvulaceae
3 Ipomoea violacea Heavenlyblue Morning-Glory Convolvulaceae
2 Iresine diffusa Juba’s Bush Amaranthaceae
7 Iris hexagona Dixie Iris, Prairie Iris Iridaceae
6 Isoetes flaccida Florida Quillwort Isoetaceae
8 Itea virginica Virginia Willow, Virginia Sweetspire Iteaceae
8 Iva frutescens Bigleaf Sumpweed Asteraceae
5 Iva imbricata Seacoast Marshelder Asteraceae
8 Iva microcephala Piedmont Marshelder Asteraceae
7 Jacquemontia curtisii Pineland Clustervine, Pineland Convolvulaceae
Jacquemontia
7 Jacquemontia pentanthos Skyblue Clustervine Convolvulaceae
9 Jacquemontia reclinata Beach Clustervine, Beach Convolvulaceae
Jacquemontia
10 Jacquinia keyensis Joewood Theophrastaceae
5 Juncus effusus ssp. solutus Soft Rush Juncaceae
5 Juncus marginatus Shore Rush, Grassleaf Rush Juncaceae
4 Juncus megacephalus Bighead Rush Juncaceae
7 Juncus polycephalos Manyhead Rush Juncaceae
4 Juncus repens Lesser Creeping Rush Juncaceae
7 Juncus roemerianus Needle Rush, Needlegrass Rush, Juncaceae
Black Rush
6 Juncus scirpoides Needlepod Rush Juncaceae
4 Juniperus virginiana Red Cedar Cupressaceae
8 Justicia angusta Pineland Waterwillow Acanthaceae
1 Kallstroemia maxima Big Caltrop Zygophyllaceae
5 Koanophyllon villosum Florida Shrub Thoroughwort Asteraceae
5 Kosteletzkya depressa White Fenrose, White Fen Malvaceae
4 Kosteletzkya pentacarpos Virginia Saltmarsh Mallow Malvaceae
9 Krugiodendron ferreum Black Ironwood, Leadwood Rhamnaceae
0 Kyllinga odorata Fragrant Spikesedge Cyperaceae
0 Kyllinga pumila Low Spikesedge Cyperaceae
6 Lachnanthes caroliana Carolina Redroot Haemodoraceae
8 Lachnocaulon anceps Whitehead Bogbutton Eriocaulaceae
8 Lachnocaulon beyrichianum Southern Bogbutton Eriocaulaceae
5 Lachnocaulon minus Small’s Bogbutton Eriocaulaceae
7 Lactuca floridana Woodland Lettuce Asteraceae
2 Lactuca graminifolia Grassleaf Lettuce Asteraceae
4 Laguncularia racemosa White Mangrove Combretaceae
4 Lantana canescens Hammock Shrubverbena Verbenaceae
6 Lantana depressa Rockland Shrubverbena, Pineland Verbenaceae
Lantana
5 Lantana involucrata Buttonsage Verbenaceae
9 Lasiacis divaricata Smallcane, Florida Tibisee Poaceae
7 Lechea cernua Nodding Pinweed, Scrub Pinweed Cistaceae
8 Lechea deckertii Deckert’s Pinweed Cistaceae
7 Lechea divaricata Drysand Pinweed, Spreading Pinweed Cistaceae
2012 S. Mortellaro et al. 27
C Scientific name Common name(s) Family
7 Lechea sessiliflora Pineland Pinweed Cistaceae
7 Lechea torreyi Piedmont Pinweed Cistaceae
2 Leersia hexandra Southern Cutgrass Poaceae
4 Lemna aequinoctialis Lesser Duckweed Araceae
3 Lemna obscura Little Duckweed Araceae
4 Lemna valdiviana Valdivia Duckweed Araceae
10 Lepanthopsis melanantha Tiny Orchid Orchidaceae
0 Lepidium virginicum Virginia Pepperweed Brassicaceae
1 Leptochloa dubia Green Sprangletop Poaceae
3 Leptochloa fusca ssp. fascicularis Bearded Sprangletop Poaceae
1 Leptochloa virgata Tropical Sprangletop Poaceae
6 Liatris chapmanii Chapman’s Gayfeather Asteraceae
8 Liatris garberi Garber’s Gayfeather Asteraceae
8 Liatris gracilis Slender Gayfeather Asteraceae
7 Liatris spicata Dense Gayfeather Asteraceae
7 Liatris tenuifolia var. tenuifolia Shortleaf Gayfeather Asteraceae
8 Liatris tenuifolia var. quadriflora Shortleaf Gayfeather Asteraceae
4 Licania michauxii Gopher Apple Chrysobalanaceae
8 Licaria triandra Pepperleaf Sweetwood, Licaria Lauraceae
8 Lilium catesbaei Catesby’s Lily, Pine Lily Liliaceae
5 Limnobium spongia American Spongeplant, Frog’s-Bit Hydrocharitaceae
7 Limonium carolinianum Carolina Sealavender Plumbaginaceae
1 Linaria canadensis Canadian Toadflax Plantaginaceae
2 Linaria floridana Apalachicola Toadflax Plantaginaceae
4 Lindernia dubia var. dubia Moistbank False Pimpernel Plantaginaceae
5 Lindernia dubia var. anagallidea Yellowseed False Pimpernel Plantaginaceae
3 Lindernia grandiflora Savannah False Pimpernel Plantaginaceae
1 Linum arenicola Sand Flax Linaceae
6 Linum carteri var. carteri Carter’s Flax, Everglades Flax Linaceae
4 Linum carteri var. smallii Small’s Flax Linaceae
7 Linum floridanum Florida Yellow Flax Linaceae
7 Linum medium var. texanum Stiff Yellow Flax Linaceae
10 Liparis nervosa Pantropical Widelip Orchid, Tall Orchidaceae
Twayblade
8 Lipocarpha maculata American Halfchaff Sedge Cyperaceae
7 Lipocarpha micrantha Smallflower Halfchaff Sedge Cyperaceae
8 Liquidambar styracifl ua Sweetgum Altingiaceae
5 Lobelia feayana Bay Lobelia Campanulaceae
7 Lobelia glandulosa Glade Lobelia Campanulaceae
2 Lobelia homophylla Pineland Lobelia Campanulaceae
7 Lobelia paludosa White Lobelia Campanulaceae
10 Lomariopsis kunzeana Holly Vine Fern, Climbing Holly-Fern Lomariopsidaceae
5 Ludwigia alata Winged Primrosewillow Onagraceae
4 Ludwigia arcuata Piedmont Primrosewillow Onagraceae
6 Ludwigia curtissii Curtiss’ Primrosewillow Onagraceae
7 Ludwigia decurrens Wingleaf Primrosewillow Onagraceae
4 Ludwigia erecta Yerba de Jicotea Onagraceae
3 Ludwigia leptocarpa Anglestem Primrosewillow Onagraceae
6 Ludwigia linifolia Southeastern Primrosewillow Onagraceae
6 Ludwigia maritima Seaside Primrosewillow Onagraceae
3 Ludwigia microcarpa Smallfruit Primrosewillow Onagraceae
2 Ludwigia octovalvis Mexican Primrosewillow Onagraceae
8 Ludwigia pilosa Hairy Primrosewillow Onagraceae
4 Ludwigia repens Creeping Primrosewillow Onagraceae
28 Southeastern Naturalist Vol. 11, Monograph 3
C Scientific name Common name(s) Family
7 Ludwigia suffruticosa Shrubby Primrosewillow Onagraceae
7 Lupinus diffusus Skyblue Lupine Fabaceae
2 Luziola fl uitans Southern Watergrass Poaceae
8 Lycium carolinianum Christmasberry, Carolina Solanaceae
Desert-Thorn
8 Lycopodiella appressa Southern Club-Moss Lycopodiaceae
7 Lycopodiella caroliniana Slender Club-Moss Lycopodiaceae
4 Lycopodiella cernua Nodding Club-Moss, Staghorn Lycopodiaceae
Club-Moss
8 Lycopus rubellus Taperleaf Waterhorehound Lamiaceae
7 Lygodesmia aphylla Rose-Rush Asteraceae
8 Lyonia ferruginea Rusty Staggerbush Ericaceae
7 Lyonia fruticosa Coastalplain Staggerbush Ericaceae
7 Lyonia lucida Fetterbush Ericaceae
5 Lysiloma latisiliquum False Tamarind Fabaceae
3 Lythrum alatum var. lanceolatum Winged Loosestrife Lythraceae
3 Lythrum flagellare Florida Loosestrife, Lowland Lythraceae
Loosestrife
3 Lythrum lineare Wand Loosestrife Lythraceae
10 Macradenia lutescens Long-gland Orchid, Trinidad Orchidaceae
Macradenia
8 Magnolia virginiana Sweetbay Magnoliaceae
2 Malachra fasciata Roadside Leafbract Malvaceae
10 Malaxis spicata Florida Addersmouth Orchid Orchidaceae
1 Malvastrum corchorifolium False Mallow Malvaceae
9 Manilkara jaimiqui ssp. emarginata Wild Dilly Sapotaceae
9 Marshallia graminifolia Grassleaf Barbara’s Buttons Asteraceae
10 Matelea floridana Florida Milkvine, Florida Spiny Pod Apocynaceae
10 Maxillaria crassifolia Hidden Orchid Orchidaceae
10 Maxillaria parviflora Purple Tiger Orchid, Minnie-Max Orchidaceae
9 Maytenus phyllanthoides Florida Mayten Celastraceae
7 Mecardonia acuminata ssp. Axilflower Plantaginaceae
peninsularis
5 Mecardonia procumbens Baby Jumpup Plantaginaceae
6 Melanthera angustifolia Everglades Squarestem Asteraceae
4 Melanthera nivea Snow Squarestem Asteraceae
6 Melanthera parvifolia Small-leaf Squarestem Asteraceae
2 Melochia pyramidata Pyramidflower Malvaceae
6 Melochia spicata Bretonica Peluda Malvaceae
2 Melochia tomentosa Woolly Pyramidflower, Teabush, Malvaceae
Broomwood
2 Melothria pendula Creeping Cucumber Cucurbitaceae
4 Mentzelia floridana Poorman’s Patch, Stickleaf Loasaceae
4 Metopium toxiferum Florida Poisontree, Poisonwood Anacardiaceae
4 Micranthemum glomeratum Manatee Mudflower Plantaginaceae
2 Micranthemum umbrosum Shade Mudflower Plantaginaceae
10 Microgramma heterophylla Climbing Vine Fern Polypodiaceae
6 Micromeria brownei var. Browne’s Savory Lamiaceae
pilosiuscula
7 Mikania cordifolia Florida Keys Hempvine Asteraceae
3 Mikania scandens Climbing Hempvine Asteraceae
4 Mimosa quadrivalvis var. angustata Sensitive Brier Fabaceae
4 Mimosa quadrivalvis var. floridana Florida Sensitive Brier Fabaceae
0 Mimosa strigillosa Powderpuff Fabaceae
2012 S. Mortellaro et al. 29
C Scientific name Common name(s) Family
10 Mitchella repens Partridgeberry, Twinberry Rubiaceae
4 Mitreola petiolata Lax Hornpod Loganiaceae
7 Mitreola sessilifolia Swamp Hornpod Loganiaceae
10 Monanthochloe littoralis Shoregrass, Keygrass Poaceae
4 Monarda punctata Spotted Beebalm Lamiaceae
10 Monotropa uniflora Indianpipe Ericaceae
4 Morinda royoc Redgal Rubiaceae
8 Morus rubra Red Mulberry Moraceae
9 Mosiera longipes Mangroveberry Myrtaceae
1 Mucuna sloanei Horseeye Bean Fabaceae
7 Muhlenbergia capillaris var. Hairawn Muhly Poaceae
capillaris
7 Muhlenbergia capillaris var. filipes Gulf Hairawn Muhly Poaceae
0 Muhlenbergia schreberi Nimblewill Muhly Poaceae
4 Myrcianthes fragrans Twinberry, Simpson’s Stopper Myrtaceae
4 Myrica cerifera Southern Bayberry, Wax Myrtle Myricaceae
2 Myriophyllum heterophyllum Twoleaf Watermilfoil Haloragaceae
3 Najas guadalupensis Southern Waternymph Hydrocharitaceae
4 Nelumbo lutea American Lotus Nelumbonaceae
10 Nemastylis floridana Celestial Lily, Fallflowering Ixia Iridaceae
7 Nephrolepis biserrata Giant Sword Fern Nephrolepidaceae
4 Nephrolepis exaltata Sword Fern, Wild Boston Fern Nephrolepidaceae
3 Neptunia pubescens Tropical Puff Fabaceae
10 Nevrodium lanceolatum Ribbon Fern Polypodiaceae
10 Nolina atopocarpa Florida Beargrass Ruscaceae
2 Nothoscordum bivalve Crowpoison, False Garlic Alliaceae
4 Nuphar advena Spatterdock, Yellow Pondlily Nymphaeaceae
4 Nymphaea elegans Tropical Royalblue Waterlily Nymphaeaceae
7 Nymphaea jamesoniana Jameson’s Waterlily, Nightblooming Nymphaeaceae
Waterlily
4 Nymphaea mexicana Yellow Waterlily Nymphaeaceae
4 Nymphaea odorata American White Waterlily Nymphaeaceae
5 Nymphoides aquatica Big Floatingheart Menyanthaceae
9 Nyssa sylvatica var. biflora Swamp Tupelo Cornaceae
8 Ocimum campechianum Wild Sweet Basil Lamiaceae
7 Oclemena reticulata Whitetop Aster, Pinebarren Aster Asteraceae
8 Ocotea coriacea Lancewood Lauraceae
4 Odontosoria clavata Wedgelet Fern Dennstaedtiaceae
0 Oenothera biennis Common Eveningprimrose Onagraceae
4 Oenothera humifusa Seabeach Eveningprimrose Onagraceae
0 Oenothera laciniata Cutleaf Eveningprimrose Onagraceae
5 Okenia hypogaea Burrowing Four-O’clock, Beach Nyctaginaceae
Peanut
4 Oldenlandia uniflora Clustered Mille Graines Rubiaceae
10 Oncidium ensatum Florida Dancinglady Orchid Orchidaceae
5 Ophioglossum crotalophoroides Bulbous Adder’s Tongue Ophioglossaceae
7 Ophioglossum palmatum Hand Fern Ophioglossaceae
4 Ophioglossum petiolatum Stalked Adder’s Tongue Ophioglossaceae
4 Oplismenus hirtellus Woodsgrass, Basketgrass Poaceae
8 Opuntia corallicola Semaphore Pricklypear, Semaphore Cactaceae
Cactus
6 Opuntia humifusa Pricklypear Cactaceae
5 Opuntia stricta Erect Pricklypear, Shell-Mound Cactaceae
Pricklypear
30 Southeastern Naturalist Vol. 11, Monograph 3
C Scientific name Common name(s) Family
10 Orontium aquaticum Goldenclub, Neverwet Araceae
8 Osmunda cinnamomea Cinnamon Fern Osmundaceae
7 Osmunda regalis var. spectabilis Royal Fern Osmundaceae
1 Oxalis corniculata Common Yellow Woodsorrel Oxalidaceae
7 Oxypolis filiformis Water Cowbane Apiaceae
4 Packera glabella Butterweed Asteraceae
7 Palafoxia feayi Feay’s Palafox Asteraceae
8 Palafoxia integrifolia Coastalplain Palafox Asteraceae
9 Panicum abscissum Cutthroatgrass Poaceae
8 Panicum amarum Bitter Panicgrass Poaceae
7 Panicum anceps Beaked Panicum Poaceae
1 Panicum dichotomiflorum var. Fall Panicgrass Poaceae
dichotomiflorum
2 Panicum dichotomiflorum var. Fall Panicgrass Poaceae
bartowense
4 Panicum hemitomon Maidencane Poaceae
6 Panicum hians Gaping Panicum Poaceae
6 Panicum rigidulum Redtop Panicum Poaceae
7 Panicum tenerum Bluejoint Panicum Poaceae
5 Panicum verrucosum Warty Panicgrass Poaceae
4 Panicum virgatum Switchgrass Poaceae
1 Parietaria floridana Florida Pellitory Urticaceae
4 Parietaria praetermissa Clustered Pellitory Urticaceae
8 Paronychia americana American Nailwort Caryophyllaceae
3 Parthenocissus quinquefolia Virginia Creeper, Woodbine Vitaceae
7 Paspalidium chapmanii Coral Panicum, Coral Panicgrass Poaceae
6 Paspalidium geminatum Egyptian Paspalidium, Poaceae
Kissimmeegrass
5 Paspalum blodgettii Coral Paspalum, Blodgett’s Poaceae
Crowngrass
4 Paspalum boscianum Bull Crowngrass Poaceae
4 Paspalum caespitosum Blue Crowngrass Poaceae
2 Paspalum conjugatum Sour Paspalum, Hilograss Poaceae
2 Paspalum distichum Knotgrass Poaceae
4 Paspalum floridanum Florida Paspalum Poaceae
7 Paspalum laeve Field Paspalum Poaceae
8 Paspalum monostachyum Gulfdune Paspalum Poaceae
4 Paspalum praecox Early Paspalum Poaceae
7 Paspalum repens Water Paspalum Poaceae
2 Paspalum setaceum Thin Paspalum Poaceae
4 Paspalum vaginatum Seashore Paspalum Poaceae
3 Passiflora incarnata Purple Passionflower Passifloraceae
7 Passiflora multiflora Whiteflower Passionflower Passifloraceae
8 Passiflora pallens Pineland Passionflower, Pineland Passifloraceae
Passionvine
8 Passiflora sexflora Goatsfoot Passifloraceae
2 Passiflora suberosa Corkystem Passionflower Passifloraceae
7 Pavonia paludicola Swampbush Malvaceae
10 Pecluma dispersa Widespread Polypody Polypodiaceae
10 Pecluma plumula Plume Polypody Polypodiaceae
9 Pecluma ptilodon var. bourgeauana Comb Polypody, Swamp Plume Polypodiaceae
Polypody
1 Pectis glaucescens Sanddune Cinchweed Asteraceae
1 Pectis linearifolia Florida Cinchweed Asteraceae
2012 S. Mortellaro et al. 31
C Scientific name Common name(s) Family
1 Pectis prostrata Spreading Cinchweed Asteraceae
1 Pectis x floridana Asteraceae
10 Pelexia adnata Hachuela, Pelexia Orchidaceae
4 Peltandra virginica Green Arrow Arum Araceae
7 Penstemon multiflorus Manyflower Beardtongue Plantaginaceae
7 Pentalinon luteum Wild Allamanda, Hammock Viperstail Apocynaceae
5 Pentodon pentandrus Hales’s Pentodon Rubiaceae
10 Peperomia alata Winged Peperomia Piperaceae
10 Peperomia glabella Cypress Peperomia Piperaceae
10 Peperomia humilis Low Peperomia Piperaceae
10 Peperomia magnoliifolia Spoonleaf Peperomia, Spathulate Piperaceae
Peperomia
10 Peperomia obtusifolia Florida Peperomia, Baby Rubberplant Piperaceae
10 Peperomia rotundifolia Yerba Linda Piperaceae
8 Persea borbonia var. borbonia Red Bay Lauraceae
8 Persea borbonia var. humilis Silk Bay Lauraceae
6 Persea palustris Swamp Bay Lauraceae
4 Petiveria alliacea Guinea Hen Weed Phytolaccaceae
9 Phanopyrum gymnocarpon Savannah Panicum Poaceae
2 Phaseolus polystachios Thicket Bean Fabaceae
3 Phlebodium aureum Golden Polypody Polypodiaceae
7 Phoebanthus grandiflorus Florida False Sunflower Asteraceae
8 Phoradendron leucarpum Oak Mistletoe Viscaceae
10 Phoradendron rubrum Mahogany Mistletoe Viscaceae
2 Phragmites australis Common Reed Poaceae
2 Phyla nodiflora Turkey Tangle Fogfruit, Capeweed Verbenaceae
5 Phyla stoechadifolia Southern Fogfruit, Southern Verbenaceae
Matchsticks
3 Phyllanthus abnormis Drummond’s Leafflower Phyllanthaceae
4 Phyllanthus caroliniensis ssp. Rock Carolina Leafflower Phyllanthaceae
saxicola
4 Phyllanthus pentaphyllus var. Fivepetal Leafflower Phyllanthaceae
floridanus
1 Physalis angulata Cutleaf Groundcherry Asteraceae
3 Physalis angustifolia Coastal Groundcherry Solanaceae
2 Physalis pubescens Husk Tomato Solanaceae
6 Physalis walteri Walter’s Groundcherry Solanaceae
7 Physostegia purpurea Eastern False Dragonhead Lamiaceae
2 Phytolacca americana American Pokeweed Phytolaccaceae
3 Picramnia pentandra Florida Bitterbush Picramniaceae
1 Pilea microphylla Artillery Plant, Rockweed Urticaceae
7 Piloblephis rigida Wild Pennyroyal Lamiaceae
10 Pinguicula caerulea Blueflower Butterwort Lentibulariaceae
7 Pinguicula lutea Yellow Butterwort Lentibulariaceae
8 Pinguicula pumila Small Butterwort Lentibulariaceae
8 Pinus clausa Sand Pine Pinaceae
4 Pinus elliottii Slash Pine Pinaceae
6 Pinus palustris Longleaf Pine Pinaceae
8 Piptochaetium avenacioides Florida Needlegrass Poaceae
4 Piriqueta cistoides ssp. caroliniana Pitted Stripeseed Turneraceae
7 Piscidia piscipula Florida Fishpoison Tree, Jamaican Fabaceae
Dogwood
5 Pisonia aculeata Devil’s Claws, Pullback Nyctaginaceae
2 Pistia stratiotes Water Lettuce Araceae
32 Southeastern Naturalist Vol. 11, Monograph 3
C Scientific name Common name(s) Family
6 Pithecellobium keyense Florida Keys Blackbead Fabaceae
7 Pithecellobium unguis-cati Catclaw Blackbead Fabaceae
5 Pityopsis graminifolia Narrowleaf Silkgrass Asteraceae
1 Pityrogramma trifoliata Goldenrod Fern Pteridaceae
0 Plantago virginica Virginia Plantain, Southern Plantain Plantaginaceae
10 Pleopeltis astrolepis Star-Scale Polypody, Star-Scaled Fern Polypodiaceae
4 Pleopeltis polypodioides var. Resurrection Fern Polypodiaceae
michauxiana
10 Pleurothallis gelida Frosted Orchid, Flor De Llanten Orchidaceae
1 Pluchea carolinensis Cure-for-All Asteraceae
6 Pluchea foetida Stinking Camphorweed Asteraceae
4 Pluchea odorata Sweetscent Asteraceae
4 Pluchea baccharis Rosy Camphorweed Asteraceae
2 Plumbago zeylanica Doctorbush Plumbaginaceae
7 Pogonia ophioglossoides Rose Pogonia, Snakemouth Orchid Orchidaceae
1 Poinsettia cyathophora Paintedleaf, Fire-on-the-Mountain Euphorbiaceae
1 Poinsettia heterophylla Fiddler’s Spurge, Mexican Fireplant Euphorbiaceae
5 Poinsettia pinetorum Everglades Poinsettia, Pineland Euphorbiaceae
Spurge
7 Polanisia tenuifolia Slenderleaf Clammyweed Brassicaceae
7 Polygala balduinii Baldwin’s Milkwort Polygalaceae
8 Polygala boykinii Boykin’s Milkwort Polygalaceae
7 Polygala cruciata Drumheads Polygalaceae
8 Polygala cymosa Tall Pinebarren Milkwort Polygalaceae
3 Polygala violacea Showy Milkwort Polygalaceae
8 Polygala incarnata Procession Flower Polygalaceae
6 Polygala lutea Orange Milkwort Polygalaceae
5 Polygala nana Candyroot Polygalaceae
5 Polygala polygama Racemed Milkwort Polygalaceae
6 Polygala ramosa Low Pinebarren Milkwort Polygalaceae
6 Polygala rugelii Yellow Milkwort Polygalaceae
7 Polygala setacea Coastalplain Milkwort Polygalaceae
8 Polygala smallii Small’s Milkwort, Tiny Polygala Polygalaceae
6 Polygala verticillata var. isocycla Whorled Milkwort Polygalaceae
5 Polygonella ciliata Hairy Jointweed Polygonaceae
6 Polygonella gracilis Tall Jointweed Polygonaceae
7 Polygonella polygama var. October Flower Polygonaceae
polygama
4 Polygonella polygama var. October Flower Polygonaceae
brachystachya
5 Polygonella robusta Largeflower Jointweed, Sandhill Polygonaceae
Wireweed
4 Polygonum glabrum Denseflower Knotweed Polygonaceae
3 Polygonum hydropiperoides Mild Waterpepper, Swamp Smartweed Polygonaceae
3 Polygonum punctatum Dotted Smartweed Polygonaceae
7 Polygonum setaceum Bog Smartweed Polygonaceae
10 Serpocaulon triseriale Angle-Vein Fern Polypodiaceae
1 Polypremum procumbens Rustweed, Juniperleaf Tetrachendraceae
9 Polystachya concreta Greater Yellowspike Orchid Orchidaceae
3 Pontederia cordata Pickerelweed Pontederiaceae
10 Ponthieva brittoniae Britton’s Shadow Witch Orchidaceae
8 Ponthieva racemosa Hairy Shadow Witch Orchidaceae
1 Portulaca pilosa Pink Purslane, Kiss-Me-Quick Portulacaceae
4 Portulaca rubricaulis Redstem Purslane Portulacaceae
2012 S. Mortellaro et al. 33
C Scientific name Common name(s) Family
4 Potamogeton illinoensis Illinois Pondweed Potamogetonaceae
10 Prescotia oligantha Small Prescott Orchid Orchidaceae
2 Priva lappulacea Catstongue, Velvetburr Verbenaceae
4 Proserpinaca palustris Marsh Mermaidweed Haloragaceae
7 Proserpinaca pectinata Combleaf Mermaidweed Haloragaceae
10 Prosthechea boothiana var. Dollar Orchid Orchidaceae
erythronioides
8 Prosthechea cochleata Clamshell Orchid, Florida Orchidaceae
Cockleshell Orchid
10 Prosthechea pygmaea Dwarf Butterfly Orchid, Dwarf Orchidaceae
Epidendrum
9 Prunus myrtifolia West Indian Cherry Rosaceae
2 Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium Sweet Everlasting, Rabbit Tobacco Asteraceae
10 Pseudophoenix sargentii Sargent’s Cherry Palm Arecaceae
3 Psilotum nudum Whisk-Fern Psilotaceae
9 Psychotria ligustrifolia Bahama Wild Coffee Rubiaceae
4 Psychotria nervosa Wild Coffee Rubiaceae
7 Psychotria sulzneri Shortleaf Wild Coffee Rubiaceae
4 Pteridium aquilinum var. caudatum Lacy Bracken Dennstaedtiaceae
4 Pteridium aquilinum var. Tailed Bracken Dennstaedtiaceae
pseudocaudatum
4 Pteris bahamensis Bahama Ladder Brake Pteridaceae
6 Pterocaulon pycnostachyum Blackroot Asteraceae
8 Pteroglossaspis ecristata Giant Orchid, Non-Crested Eulophia Orchidaceae
2 Ptilimnium capillaceum Mock Bishopsweed, Herbwilliam Apiaceae
9 Quercus chapmanii Chapman’s Oak Fagaceae
8 Quercus pumila Running Oak Fagaceae
9 Quercus geminata Sand Live Oak Fagaceae
9 Quercus inopina Scrub Oak Fagaceae
9 Quercus laevis Turkey Oak Fagaceae
4 Quercus laurifolia Laurel Oak, Diamond Oak Fagaceae
8 Quercus minima Dwarf Live Oak Fagaceae
7 Quercus myrtifolia Myrtle Oak Fagaceae
4 Quercus nigra Water Oak Fagaceae
4 Quercus virginiana Virginia Live Oak Fagaceae
5 Quercus x rolfsii Fagaceae
4 Randia aculeata White Indigoberry Rubiaceae
5 Myrsine cubana Myrsine, Colicwood Myrsinaceae
7 Rayjacksonia phyllocephala Camphor Daisy Asteraceae
5 Reimarochloa oligostachya Florida Reimargrass Poaceae
9 Reynosia septentrionalis Darlingplum Rhamnaceae
5 Rhabdadenia biflora Rubbervine, Mangrovevine Apocynaceae
8 Rhexia cubensis West Indian Meadowbeauty Melastomataceae
6 Rhexia mariana Pale Meadowbeauty Melastomataceae
5 Rhexia nashii Maid Marian Melastomataceae
7 Rhexia nuttallii Nuttall’s Meadowbeauty Melastomataceae
5 Rhexia petiolata Fringed Meadowbeauty Melastomataceae
10 Rhipsalis baccifera Mistletoe Cactus Cactaceae
4 Rhizophora mangle Red Mangrove Rhizophoraceae
5 Rhus copallinum Winged Sumac Anacardiaceae
8 Rhynchosia cinerea Brownhair Snoutbean Fabaceae
8 Rhynchosia michauxii Michaux’s Snoutbean Fabaceae
1 Rhynchosia minima Least Snoutbean Fabaceae
8 Rhynchosia parvifolia Small-Leaf Snoutbean Fabaceae
34 Southeastern Naturalist Vol. 11, Monograph 3
C Scientific name Common name(s) Family
8 Rhynchosia reniformis Dollarleaf Fabaceae
8 Rhynchosia swartzii Swartz’s Snoutbean Fabaceae
9 Rhynchospora baldwinii Baldwin’s Beaksedge Cyperaceae
9 Rhynchospora breviseta Shortbristle Beaksedge Cyperaceae
8 Rhynchospora caduca Anglestem Beaksedge Cyperaceae
7 Rhynchospora cephalantha Bunched Beaksedge Cyperaceae
8 Rhynchospora chapmanii Chapman’s Beaksedge Cyperaceae
9 Rhynchospora ciliaris Fringed Beaksedge Cyperaceae
4 Rhynchospora colorata Starrush Whitetop Cyperaceae
8 Rhynchospora corniculata Shortbristle Horned Beaksedge Cyperaceae
5 Rhynchospora divergens Spreading Beaksedge Cyperaceae
5 Rhynchospora eximia Florida Beaksedge, Baldrush Cyperaceae
6 Rhynchospora fascicularis Fascicled Beaksedge Cyperaceae
7 Rhynchospora fernaldii Fernald’s Beaksedge Cyperaceae
7 Rhynchospora filifolia Threadleaf Beaksedge Cyperaceae
4 Rhynchospora floridensis Florida Whitetop Cyperaceae
6 Rhynchospora globularis Globe Beaksedge Cyperaceae
8 Rhynchospora grayi Gray’s Beaksedge Cyperaceae
10 Rhynchospora harperi Harper’s Beaksedge Cyperaceae
9 Rhynchospora intermedia Pinebarren Beaksedge Cyperaceae
6 Rhynchospora inundata Narrowfruit Horned Beaksedge Cyperaceae
8 Rhynchospora latifolia Giant Whitetop, Sandswamp Cyperaceae
Whitetop
8 Rhynchospora megalocarpa Sandyfield Beaksedge Cyperaceae
3 Rhynchospora microcarpa Southern Beaksedge Cyperaceae
6 Rhynchospora microcephala Bunched Beaksedge Cyperaceae
9 Rhynchospora miliacea Millet Beaksedge Cyperaceae
4 Rhynchospora nitens Shortbeak Beaksedge, Baldrush Cyperaceae
4 Rhynchospora odorata Fragrant Beaksedge Cyperaceae
7 Rhynchospora plumosa Plumed Beaksedge Cyperaceae
5 Rhynchospora pusilla Fairy Beaksedge Cyperaceae
7 Rhynchospora rariflora Fewflower Beaksedge Cyperaceae
8 Rhynchospora tracyi Tracy’s Beaksedge Cyperaceae
8 Rhynchospora wrightiana Wright’s Beaksedge Cyperaceae
5 Rivina humilis Rougeplant Phytolaccaceae
6 Rorippa palustris Bog Yellowcress Brassicaceae
1 Rorippa teres Southern Marsh Yellowcress Brassicaceae
2 Rotala ramosior Lowland Rotala, Toothcup Lythraceae
ns Roystonea regia Florida Royal Palm Arecaceae
5 Rubus cuneifolius Sand Blackberry Rosaceae
3 Rubus trivialis Southern Dewberry Rosaceae
4 Rudbeckia hirta Blackeyed Susan Asteraceae
7 Ruellia caroliniensis Carolina Wild Petunia Acanthaceae
7 Ruellia ciliosa Ciliate Wild Petunia Acanthaceae
8 Ruellia succulenta Thickleaf Wild Petunia Acanthaceae
4 Rumex verticillatus Swamp Dock Polygonaceae
4 Ruppia maritima Wigeon grass Ruppiaceae
8 Sabal etonia Scrub Palmetto Arecaceae
9 Sabal minor Dwarf Palmetto, Bluestem Palm Arecaceae
2 Sabal palmetto Cabbage Palm Arecaceae
8 Sabatia decandra Bartram’s Rosegentian Gentianaceae
7 Sabatia brevifolia Shortleaf Rosegentian Gentianaceae
8 Sabatia calycina Coastal Rosegentian Gentianaceae
7 Sabatia grandiflora Largeflower Rosegentian Gentianaceae
2012 S. Mortellaro et al. 35
C Scientific name Common name(s) Family
4 Sabatia stellaris Rose-Of-Plymouth Gentianaceae
6 Saccharum giganteum Sugarcane Plumegrass Poaceae
4 Sacciolepis striata American Cupscale Poaceae
8 Sachsia polycephala Bahama Sachsia Asteraceae
4 Sacoila lanceolata var. lanceolata Leafl ess Beaked Ladiestresses Orchidaceae
9 Sacoila lanceolata var. paludicola Leafy Beaked Ladiestresses Orchidaceae
9 Sageretia minutiflora Smallflower Mock Buckthorn Rhamnaceae
10 Sagittaria filiformis Threadleaf Arrowhead Alismataceae
6 Sagittaria graminea var. graminea Grassy Arrowhead Alismataceae
8 Sagittaria graminea var. chapmanii Chapman’s Arrowhead Alismataceae
4 Sagittaria isoetiformis Quillwort Arrowhead Alismataceae
4 Sagittaria lancifolia Bulltongue Arrowhead Alismataceae
4 Sagittaria latifolia Broadleaf Arrowhead, Duck Potato Alismataceae
5 Salicornia bigelovii Annual Glasswort, Dwarf Glasswort Amaranthaceae
4 Salix caroliniana Carolina Willow, Coastalplain Willow Salicaceae
7 Salvia azurea Azure Blue Sage Lamiaceae
1 Salvia coccinea Tropical Sage, Blood Sage Lamiaceae
2 Salvia lyrata Lyreleaf Sage Lamiaceae
2 Salvia misella Southern River Sage, River Sage Lamiaceae
1 Salvia occidentalis West Indian Sage Lamiaceae
1 Salvia serotina Littlewoman Lamiaceae
3 Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis American Elder, Elderberry Adoxaceae
6 Samolus ebracteatus Water Pimpernel, Limewater Samolaceae
Brookweed
4 Samolus valerandi ssp. parviflorus Pineland Pimpernel, Seaside Samolaceae
Brookweed
7 Sapindus saponaria Soapberry Sapindaceae
5 Sarcocornia ambigua Perennial Glasswort, Virginia Amaranthaceae
Glasswort
2 Sarcostemma clausum White Twinevine Apocynaceae
5 Saururus cernuus Lizard’s Tail Saururaceae
8 Scaevola plumieri Beachberry, Inkberry, Gullfeed Goodeniaceae
9 Schaefferia frutescens Florida Boxwood Celastraceae
4 Schizachyrium gracile Wire Bluestem Poaceae
9 Schizachyrium rhizomatum Florida Little Bluestem Poaceae
2 Schizachyrium sanguineum Crimson Bluestem Poaceae
6 Schizachyrium scoparium Little Bluestem Poaceae
7 Schizachyrium stoloniferum Poaceae
10 Schizaea pennula Ray Fern Schizaeaceae
7 Schoenocaulon dubium Florida Feathershank Melanthiaceae
8 Schoenolirion albiflorum White Sunnybell Hyacinthaceae
7 Schoenus nigricans Black Bogrush Cyperaceae
8 Schoepfia chrysophylloides Graytwig Schoepfiaceae
6 Schoenoplectus americanus American Bulrush Cyperaceae
5 Schoenoplectus californicus Giant Bulrush, California Bulrush Cyperaceae
1 Schoenoplectus pungens Threesquare Bulrush Cyperaceae
2 Schoenoplectus robustus Saltmarsh Bulrush Cyperaceae
4 Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani Softstem Bulrush Cyperaceae
8 Scleria baldwinii Baldwin’s Nutrush Cyperaceae
4 Scleria ciliata var. ciliata Fringed Nutrush Cyperaceae
8 Scleria ciliata var. curtissii Curtiss’ Nutrush Cyperaceae
6 Scleria ciliata var. pauciflora Cyperaceae
8 Scleria distans Riverswamp Nutrush Cyperaceae
7 Scleria georgiana Slenderfruit Nutrush Cyperaceae
36 Southeastern Naturalist Vol. 11, Monograph 3
C Scientific name Common name(s) Family
7 Scleria lithosperma Florida Keys Nutrush Cyperaceae
5 Scleria reticularis Netted Nutrush Cyperaceae
5 Scleria triglomerata Tall Nutgrass, Whip Nutrush Cyperaceae
7 Scleria verticillata Low Nutrush Cyperaceae
2 Scoparia dulcis Sweetbroom, Licoriceweed Plantaginaceae
7 Scutellaria arenicola Florida Scrub Skullcap Lamiaceae
5 Scutellaria havanensis Havana Skullcap Lamiaceae
6 Scutellaria integrifolia Helmet Skullcap Lamiaceae
9 Selaginella arenicola Sand Spike-Moss Selaginellaceae
10 Selaginella armata var. eatonii Eaton’s Spike Moss, Pygmy Spike Selaginellaceae
Moss
4 Senna ligustrina Privet Wild Sensitive Plant Fabaceae
7 Senna mexicana var. chapmanii Chapman’s Wild Sensitive Plant Fabaceae
5 Serenoa repens Saw Palmetto Arecaceae
6 Sericocarpus tortifolius Whitetop Aster, Dixie Aster Asteraceae
2 Sesbania herbacea Danglepod Fabaceae
0 Sesbania vesicaria Bladderpod, Bagpod Fabaceae
3 Sesuvium maritimum Slender Seapurslane Aizoaceae
4 Sesuvium portulacastrum Shoreline Seapurslane Aizoaceae
6 Setaria corrugata Coastal Bristlegrass, Coastal Foxtail Poaceae
6 Setaria macrosperma Coral Bristlegrass, Coral Foxtail Poaceae
5 Setaria magna Giant Bristlegrass Poaceae
3 Setaria parviflora Yellow Bristlegrass, Knotroot Foxtail Poaceae
7 Seymeria pectinata Piedmont Blacksenna Orobanchaceae
1 Sida ulmmifolia Common Wireweed, Common Malvaceae
Fanpetals
0 Sida antillensis Antilles Fanpetals Malvaceae
0 Sida ciliaris Bracted Fanpetals, Fringed Fanpetals Malvaceae
4 Sida elliottii Elliott’s Fanpetals Malvaceae
1 Sida rhombifolia Cuban Jute, Indian Hemp Malvaceae
8 Sideroxylon celastrinum Saffron Plum Sapotaceae
9 Sideroxylon foetidissimum False Mastic Sapotaceae
7 Sideroxylon reclinatum Florida Bully Sapotaceae
9 Sideroxylon reclinatum ssp. Florida Bully Sapotaceae
austrofloridense
5 Sideroxylon salicifolium Willow Bustic, White Bully Sapotaceae
8 Sideroxylon tenax Tough Bully Sapotaceae
8 Simarouba glauca Paradisetree Simaroubaceae
4 Sisyrinchium angustifolium Narrowleaf Blue-Eyed Grass Iridaceae
5 Sisyrinchium nashii Nash’s Blue-Eyed Grass Iridaceae
8 Sisyrinchium xerophyllum Jeweled Blue-Eyed Grass Iridaceae
4 Smilax auriculata Earleaf Greenbrier Smilacaceae
4 Smilax bona-nox Saw Greenbrier Smilacaceae
8 Smilax havanensis Everglades Greenbrier Smilacaceae
7 Smilax laurifolia Laurel Greenbrier, Bamboo Vine Smilacaceae
8 Smilax tamnoides Bristly Greenbrier, Hogbrier Smilacaceae
1 Solanum americanum American Black Nightshade Solanaceae
7 Solanum bahamense Bahama Nightshade, Cankerberry Solanaceae
3 Solanum chenopodioides Black Nightshade Solanaceae
7 Solanum donianum Mullein Nightshade Solanaceae
3 Solanum erianthum Potatotree Solanaceae
5 Solidago fistulosa Pinebarren Goldenrod Asteraceae
6 Solidago leavenworthii Leavenworth’s Goldenrod Asteraceae
6 Solidago odora var. chapmanii Chapman’s Goldenrod Asteraceae
2012 S. Mortellaro et al. 37
C Scientific name Common name(s) Family
4 Solidago sempervirens Seaside Goldenrod Asteraceae
4 Solidago stricta Wand Goldenrod Asteraceae
7 Solidago tortifolia Twistedleaf Goldenrod Asteraceae
9 Sophora tomentosa var. truncata Yellow Necklacepod Fabaceae
8 Sorghastrum secundum Lopsided Indiangrass Poaceae
6 Spartina alterniflora Saltmarsh Cordgrass, Smooth Poaceae
Cordgrass
7 Spartina bakeri Sand Cordgrass Poaceae
8 Spartina patens Marshhay Cordgrass, Saltmeadow Poaceae
Cordgrass
8 Spartina spartinae Gulf Cordgrass Poaceae
2 Spermacoce remota Woodland False Buttonweed Rubiaceae
2 Spermacoce keyensis Florida False Buttonweed Rubiaceae
4 Spermacoce prostrata Prostrate False Buttonweed Rubiaceae
8 Spermacoce terminalis Everglades Key False Buttonweed Rubiaceae
2 Spermacoce tetraquetra Pineland False Buttonweed Rubiaceae
1 Spermolepis divaricata Roughfruit Scaleseed Apiaceae
1 Spermolepis echinata Bristly Scaleseed Apiaceae
1 Spigelia anthelmia West Indian Pinkroot Strychnaceae
10 Spiranthes amesiana Ames’ Ladiestresses Orchidaceae
4 Spiranthes brevilabris Texas Ladiestresses, Small Orchidaceae
Ladiestresses
10 Spiranthes costaricensis Costa Rican Ladiestresses Orchidaceae
10 Spiranthes cranichoides Cranichis Ladiestresses Orchidaceae
10 Spiranthes elata Tall Neottia, Tall Ladiestresses Orchidaceae
5 Spiranthes floridana Florida Ladiestresses Orchidaceae
5 Spiranthes laciniata Lacelip Ladiestresses Orchidaceae
7 Spiranthes longilabris Longlip Ladiestresses Orchidaceae
8 Spiranthes odorata Fragrant Ladiestresses, Marsh Orchidaceae
Ladiestresses
8 Spiranthes praecox Greenvein Ladiestresses Orchidaceae
8 Spiranthes torta Southern Ladiestresses Orchidaceae
9 Spiranthes tuberosa Little Ladiestresses, Little Pearl-Twist Orchidaceae
6 Spiranthes vernalis Spring Ladiestresses Orchidaceae
2 Spirodela polyrhiza Common Duckweed Araceae
2 Sporobolus compositus var. Hidden Dropseed, Rough Dropseed Poaceae
clandestinus
4 Sporobolus domingensis Coral Dropseed Poaceae
8 Sporobolus junceus Pineywoods Dropseed Poaceae
2 Sporobolus pyramidatus Whorled Dropseed Poaceae
6 Sporobolus virginicus Seashore Dropseed Poaceae
1 Stachys floridana Florida Hedgenettle, Florida Betony Lamiaceae
1 Stachytarpheta jamaicensis Blue Porterweed, Joee Verbenaceae
9 Stenandrium dulce Sweet Shaggytuft Acanthaceae
4 Stenaria nigricans var. nigricans Diamondflowers Rubiaceae
7 Stenaria nigricans var. floridana Florida Diamondflowers Rubiaceae
0 Stenotaphrum secundatum St. Augustinegrass Poaceae
8 Stillingia aquatica Water Toothleaf, Corkwood Euphorbiaceae
8 Stillingia sylvatica Queensdelight Euphorbiaceae
7 Stipulicida setacea var. setacea Pineland Scalypink Caryophyllaceae
7 Stipulicida setacea var. lacerata Pineland Scalypink Caryophyllaceae
2 Stuckenia pectinata Sago Pondweed Potamogetonaceae
10 Stylisma abdita Showy Dawnflower, Hidden Stylisma Convolvulaceae
5 Stylisma villosa Hairy Dawnflower Convolvulaceae
38 Southeastern Naturalist Vol. 11, Monograph 3
C Scientific name Common name(s) Family
0 Stylosanthes biflora Sidebeak Pencilflower Fabaceae
9 Stylosanthes calcicola Everglades Key Pencilflower Fabaceae
0 Stylosanthes hamata Cheesytoes, Pencilflower Fabaceae
10 Styrax americanus American Snowbell Styracaceae
4 Suaeda linearis Sea Blite, Annual Seepweed Amaranthaceae
5 Suriana maritima Bay Cedar Surianaceae
4 Swietenia mahagoni West Indian Mahogany Meliaceae
7 Symphyotrichum adnatum Scaleleaf Aster Asteraceae
4 Symphyotrichum bahamensis Bahaman Aster Asteraceae
4 Symphyotrichum tenuifolium Perennial Saltmarsh Aster Asteraceae
6 Symphyotrichum carolinianum Climbing Aster Asteraceae
7 Symphyotrichum concolor Eastern Silver Aster Asteraceae
7 Symphyotrichum dumosum Rice Button Aster Asteraceae
4 Symphyotrichum elliottii Elliott’s Aster Asteraceae
4 Symphyotrichum simmondsii Simmonds’ Aster Asteraceae
7 Syngonanthus flavidulus Yellow Hatpins Eriocaulaceae
9 Syringodium filiforme Manateegrass Cymodoceaceae
8 Taxodium ascendens Pond-Cypress Cupressaceae
8 Taxodium distichum Bald-Cypress Cupressaceae
10 Tectaria coriandrifolia Hairy Halberd Fern Dryopteridaceae
10 Tectaria fimbriata Least Halberd Fern Dryopteridaceae
10 Tectaria heracleifolia Broad Halberd Fern Dryopteridaceae
10 Tectaria x amesiana Ames’ Halberd Fern Dryopteridaceae
4 Tephrosia angustissima var. Coral Hoarypea Fabaceae
corallicola
2 Tephrosia angustissima var. Curtiss’ Hoarypea Fabaceae
curtissii
7 Tephrosia chrysophylla Scurf Hoarypea Fabaceae
8 Tephrosia florida Florida Hoarypea Fabaceae
5 Tephrosia hispidula Sprawling Hoarypea Fabaceae
7 Tephrosia rugelii Rugel’s Hoarypea Fabaceae
8 Tephrosia spicata Spiked Hoarypea Fabaceae
10 Tetrazygia bicolor Florida Clover Ash, Tetrazygia Melastomataceae
4 Teucrium canadense Wood Sage, Canadian Germander Lamiaceae
9 Thalassia testudinum Turtlegrass Hydrocharitaceae
4 Thalia geniculata Alligatorflag, Fireflag Marantaceae
6 Thelypteris augescens Abrupt-Tip Maiden Fern Thelypteridaceae
10 Thelypteris grandis Stately Maiden Fern Thelypteridaceae
5 Thelypteris hispidula var. Hairy Maiden Fern Thelypteridaceae
versicolor
7 Thelypteris interrupta Hottentot Fern, Willdenow’s Fern Thelypteridaceae
2 Thelypteris kunthii Southern Shield Fern Thelypteridaceae
6 Thelypteris ovata Ovate Marsh Fern Thelypteridaceae
8 Thelypteris palustris var. pubescens Marsh Fern Thelypteridaceae
10 Thelypteris patens Grid-Scale Maiden Fern Thelypteridaceae
10 Thelypteris reptans Creeping Star-Hair Fern Thelypteridaceae
4 Thelypteris reticulata Lattice-Vein Fern Thelypteridaceae
10 Thelypteris sclerophylla Stiff Star-Hair Fern Thelypteridaceae
4 Thelypteris serrata Toothed Lattice-Vein Fern Thelypteridaceae
7 Thrinax morrisii Brittle Thatch Palm, Key Thatch Palm Arecaceae
7 Thrinax radiata Florida Thatch Palm Arecaceae
4 Tillandsia balbisiana Refl exed Wild Pine Bromeliaceae
2 Tillandsia fasciculata var. Cardinal Airplant Bromeliaceae
fasciculata
2012 S. Mortellaro et al. 39
C Scientific name Common name(s) Family
10 Tillandsia fasciculata var. clavispica Clubspike Cardinal Airplant Bromeliaceae
4 Tillandsia fasciculata var. densispica Stiff-Leaved Wild Pine Bromeliaceae
8 Tillandsia fl exuosa Twisted Airplant, Banded Airplant Bromeliaceae
8 Tillandsia paucifolia Potbelly Airplant Bromeliaceae
10 Tillandsia pruinosa Fuzzywuzzy Airplant, Hoary Airplant Bromeliaceae
2 Tillandsia recurvata Ballmoss Bromeliaceae
7 Tillandsia setacea Southern Needleleaf Bromeliaceae
2 Tillandsia usneoides Spanish Moss Bromeliaceae
3 Tillandsia utriculata Giant Airplant, Giant Wild Pine Bromeliaceae
9 Tillandsia variabilis Leatherleaf Airplant, Soft-Leaved Bromeliaceae
Wild Pine
9 Tillandsia x smalliana Reddish Wild-Pine Bromeliaceae
10 Tolumnia bahamensis Variegated Orchid, Angelita Orchidaceae
9 Tournefortia hirsutissima Chiggery Grapes Boraginaceae
5 Tournefortia volubilis Twining Soldierbush Boraginaceae
3 Toxicodendron radicans Eastern Poison Ivy Anacardiaceae
8 Tragia saxicola Florida Keys Noseburn, Rocklands Euphorbiaceae
Noseburn
7 Tragia urens Wavyleaf Noseburn Euphorbiaceae
5 Trema lamarckianum Pain-in-the-Back, West Indian Trema Celtidaceae
3 Trema micrantha Nettletree Celtidaceae
8 Triadenum virginicum Virginia Marsh St. John’s-Wort Clusiaceae
1 Trianthema portulacastrum Desert Horsepurslane Aizoaceae
10 Trichocentrum carthagenense Coot Bay Dancinglady Orchid Orchidaceae
10 Trichocentrum undulatum Cape Sable Dancinglady Orchid Orchidaceae
10 Trichomanes holopterum Entire-Winged Bristle Fern Hymenophyllaceae
10 Trichomanes krausii Kraus’ Bristle Fern, Treemoss Bristle Hymeno-
Fern phyllaceae
10 Trichomanes lineolatum Lined Bristle Fern Hymenophyllaceae
10 Trichomanes punctatum ssp. Florida Bristle Fern Hymenophyllaceae
floridanum
4 Trichostema dichotomum Forked Bluecurls Lamiaceae
9 Trichostigma octandrum Hoopvine Phytolaccaceae
0 Tridens flavus Tall Redtop, Purpletop Tridens Poaceae
7 Triglochin striata Arrowgrass Juncaginaceae
8 Triphora craigheadii Craighead’s Noddingcaps, Orchidaceae
Craighead’s Orchid
0 Triphora gentianoides Gentian Noddingcaps Orchidaceae
7 Triplasis americana Perennial Sandgrass Poaceae
8 Triplasis purpurea Purple Sandgrass Poaceae
4 Tripsacum dactyloides Eastern Gamagrass, Fakahatcheegrass Poaceae
9 Tripsacum floridanum Florida Mock Gamagrass, Florida Poaceae
Tripsacum
10 Tropidia polystachya Young Palm Orchid Orchidaceae
2 Typha domingensis Southern Cattail Typhaceae
2 Typha latifolia Broadleaf Cattail Typhaceae
9 Ulmus americana American Elm Ulmaceae
10 Uniola paniculata Seaoats Poaceae
2 Urochloa adspersa Dominican Signalgrass Poaceae
0 Urtica chamaedryoides Heartleaf Nettle Urticaceae
10 Utricularia amethystina Florida Purple Bladderwort Lentibulariaceae
40 Southeastern Naturalist Vol. 11, Monograph 3
C Scientific name Common name(s) Family
6 Utricularia cornuta Horned Bladderwort Lentibulariaceae
4 Utricularia foliosa Leafy Bladderwort Lentibulariaceae
8 Utricularia gibba Humped Bladderwort Lentibulariaceae
7 Utricularia inflata Floating Bladderwort Lentibulariaceae
7 Utricularia juncea Southern Bladderwort Lentibulariaceae
6 Utricularia purpurea Eastern Purple Bladderwort Lentibulariaceae
8 Utricularia radiata Little Floating Bladderwort Lentibulariaceae
6 Utricularia resupinata Small Purple Bladderwort Lentibulariaceae
8 Utricularia simulans Fringed Bladderwort Lentibulariaceae
7 Utricularia subulata Zigzag Bladderwort Lentibulariaceae
9 Vaccinium arboreum Sparkleberry, Farkleberry Ericaceae
10 Vaccinium corymbosum Highbush Blueberry Ericaceae
8 Vaccinium darrowii Darrow’s Blueberry Ericaceae
7 Vaccinium myrsinites Shiny Blueberry Ericaceae
9 Vaccinium stamineum Deerberry Ericaceae
9 Vallesia antillana Tearshrub Apocynaceae
4 Vallisneria americana Tapegrass, American Eelgrass Hydrocharitaceae
10 Vanilla barbellata Wormvine Orchid Orchidaceae
10 Vanilla dilloniana Leafl ess Vanilla, Mrs. Lott’s Vanilla Orchidaceae
10 Vanilla mexicana Mexican Vanilla, Unscented Vanilla Orchidaceae
10 Vanilla phaeantha Leafy Vanilla Orchidaceae
4 Verbena scabra Sandpaper Vervain, Harsh Vervain Verbenaceae
4 Verbesina virginica White Crownbeard, Frostweed Asteraceae
8 Vernonia blodgettii Florida Ironweed, Blodgett’s Asteraceae
Ironweed
0 Veronica peregrina Neckweed Plantaginaceae
8 Viburnum obovatum Walter’s Viburnum, Small-Leaf Adoxaceae
Viburnum
2 Vicia acutifolia Fourleaf Vetch Fabaceae
2 Vigna luteola Hairypod Cowpea Fabaceae
6 Viola lanceolata Bog White Violet Violaceae
2 Viola sororia Common Blue Violet Violaceae
5 Vitis aestivalis Summer Grape Vitaceae
4 Vitis cinerea var. floridana Florida Grape Vitaceae
3 Vitis rotundifolia Muscadine Vitaceae
4 Vitis shuttleworthii Calloose Grape Vitaceae
7 Vittaria lineata Shoestring Fern Vittariaceae
10 Voyria parasitica Parasitic Ghostplant Gentianaceae
2 Waltheria indica Sleepy Morning Malvaceae
5 Wolffiella gladiata Florida Mudmidget Araceae
5 Wolffiella oblonga Saber Mudmidget Araceae
9 Woodwardia areolata Netted Chain Fern Blechnaceae
7 Woodwardia virginica Virginia Chain Fern Blechnaceae
7 Ximenia americana Tallow Wood, Hog Plum Ximerniaceae
8 Xyris ambigua Coastalplain Yelloweyed Grass Xyridaceae
7 Xyris brevifolia Shortleaf Yelloweyed Grass Xyridaceae
9 Xyris caroliniana Carolina Yelloweyed Grass Xyridaceae
6 Xyris elliottii Elliott’s Yelloweyed Grass Xyridaceae
9 Xyris fimbriata Fringed Yelloweyed Grass Xyridaceae
7 Xyris flabelliformis Savannah Yelloweyed Grass Xyridaceae
6 Xyris floridana Florida Yelloweyed Grass Xyridaceae
8 Xyris platylepis Tall Yelloweyed Grass Xyridaceae
5 Xyris smalliana Small’s Yelloweyed Grass Xyridaceae
4 Yucca aloifolia Spanish Bayonet, Aloe Yucca Agavaceae
2012 S. Mortellaro et al. 41
C Scientific name Common name(s) Family
7 Yucca filamentosa Adam’s Needle Agavaceae
9 Zamia pumila Florida Arrowroot, Coontie Zamiaceae
7 Zanthoxylum clava-herculis Hercules’ Club Rutaceae
10 Zanthoxylum coriaceum Biscayne Pricklyash, Leathery Rutaceae
Pricklyash
7 Zanthoxylum fagara Wild Lime, Lime Pricklyash Rutaceae
8 Zephyranthes simpsonii Redmargin Zephyrlily, Simpson’s Amaryllidaceae
Zephyrlily
7 Zizaniopsis miliacea Southern Wild Rice, Giant Cutgrass Poaceae
9 Zornia bracteata Viperina Fabaceae
42 Southeastern Naturalist Vol. 11, Monograph 3
Appendix B. Plant species of south Florida not assigned plant coefficient of conservatism values.
Taxonomy for all species listed follows Wunderlin and Hansen (2011), and the naming authorities
for each can be found there.
Scientific name Common name Family
Acacia choriophylla Cinnecord, Tamarindillo Fabaceae
Amaranthus floridanus Florida Amaranth Amaranthaceae
Amorpha herbacea Clusterspike False Indigobush Fabaceae
Andropogon arctatus Pinewoods Bluestem Poaceae
Aristida purpurascens var. virgata Arrowfeather Threeawn Poaceae
Asclepias connivens Largeflower Milkweed Apocynaceae
Asclepias verticillata Whorled Milkweed Apocynaceae
Asimina incana Woolly Pawpaw, Polecat Bush Annonaceae
Botrychium biternatum Southern Grape-Fern Ophioglossaceae
Calamintha ashei Ashe’s Calamint, Ashe’s Calamintha Lamiaceae
Callisia cordifolia Florida Roseling Commelinaceae
Capsicum frutescens Tabasco Pepper Solanaceae
Cardamine pensylvanica Pennsylvania Bittercress Brassicaceae
Carex godfreyi Godfrey’s Sedge Cyperaceae
Cenchrus brownii Slimbristle Sandbur Poaceae
Cenchrus myosuroides Big Sandbur Poaceae
Chaerophyllum tainturieri Hairyfruit Chervil Apiaceae
Chamaesyce cordifolia Heartleaf Sandmat Euphorbiaceae
Chamaesyce thymifolia Gulf Sandmat Euphorbiaceae
Chasmanthium laxum Slender Woodoats Poaceae
Chrysopsis delaneyi Delaney’s Goldenaster Asteraceae
Chrysopsis highlandsensis Highlands Goldenaster Asteraceae
Cuscuta americana American Dodder Convolvulaceae
Cuscuta exaltata Tall Dodder Convolvulaceae
Cuscuta gronovii Scaldweed Convolvulaceae
Cuscuta indecora Bigseed Alfalfa Dodder Convolvulaceae
Cuscuta obtusiflora var. glandulosa Peruvian Dodder Convolvulaceae
Cyperus lecontei Leconte’s Flatsedge Cyperaceae
Cyperus stenolepis Strawcolored Flatsedge Cyperaceae
Dennstaedtia bipinnata Bipinnate Cuplet Fern, Cuplet Fern Dennstaedtiaceae
Desmodium ciliare Hairy Small-Leaf Ticktrefoil Fabaceae
Dryopteris ludoviciana Southern Wood Fern Dryopteridaceae
Echinochloa muricata Rough Barnyardgrass Poaceae
Eleocharis rostellata Beaked Spikerush Cyperaceae
Eustachys floridana Twospike Fingergrass Poaceae
Gonolobus suberosus Angularfruit Milkvine, Angle Pod Apocynaceae
Gymnopogon brevifolius Shortleaf Skeletongrass Poaceae
Gymnopogon chapmanianus Chapman’s Skeletongrass Poaceae
Hydrocotyle bonariensis Largeleaf Marshpennywort Araliaceae
Hydrocotyle ranunculoides Floating Marshpennywort Araliaceae
Hydrocotyle verticillata var. verticillata Whorled Marshpennywort Araliaceae
Hydrocotyle verticillata var. triradiata Whorled Marshpennywort Araliaceae
Hymenocallis puntagordensis Smallcup Spiderlily Amaryllidaceae
Ilex ambigua Carolina Holly, Sand Holly Aquifoliaceae
Ilex vomitoria Yaupon Aquifoliaceae
Ipomoea pandurata Man-of-the-Earth Convolvulaceae
Ipomoea x leucantha Morningglory Convolvulaceae
Jacquemontia tamnifolia Hairy Clustervine Convolvulaceae
Juncus dichotomus Forked Rush Juncaceae
Lachnocaulon engleri Engler’s Bogbutton Eriocaulaceae
2012 S. Mortellaro et al. 43
Scientific name Common name Family
Lechea lakelae Lakela’s Pinweed Cistaceae
Leersia monandra Bunch Cutgrass Poaceae
Leptochloa fusca ssp. uninervia Mexican Sprangletop Poaceae
Liatris savannensis Savanna Gayfeather Asteraceae
Ludwigia lanceolata Lanceleaf Primrosewillow Onagraceae
Ludwigia palustris Marsh Seedbox Onagraceae
Malvastrum americanum Indian Valley False Mallow Malvaceae
Modiola caroliniana Carolina Bristlemallow Malvaceae
Najas marina Spiny Waternymph Hydrocharitaceae
Najas wrightiana Wright’s Waternymph Hydrocharitaceae
Nasturtium floridanum Florida Watercress Brassicaceae
Nymphaea ampla Dotleaf Waterlily Nymphaeaceae
Ophioglossum nudicaule Slender Adder’s-Tongue Ophioglossaceae
Pedilanthus tithymaloides ssp. smallii Jacob’s Ladder, Devil’s Backbone, Euphorbiaceae
Redbird Flower
Phaseolus polystachios var. sinuatus Thicket Bean Fabaceae
Physalis arenicola Cypresshead Groundcherry Solanaceae
Physalis cordata Heartleaf Groundcherry Solanaceae
Pilea herniarioides Caribbean Clearweed Urticaceae
Platythelys latifolia Jug Orchid Orchidaceae
Polygonum pensylvanicum Pennsylvania Smartweed Polygonaceae
Potamogeton pusillus Small Pondweed Potamogetonaceae
Prunus caroliniana Carolina Laurelcherry Rosaceae
Prunus umbellata Flatwoods Plum, Hog Plum Rosaceae
Pteris quadriaurita Striped Brake Pteridaceae
Quercus x succulenta Fagaceae
Rubus argutus Sawtooth Blackberry Rosaceae
Salvia micrantha Yucatan Sage Lamiaceae
Silphium asteriscus Starry Rosinweed Asteraceae
Solanum capsicoides Soda Apple, Cockroachberry Solanaceae
Spiranthes eatonii Eaton’s Ladiestresses Orchidaceae
Spiranthes lucayana Florida Keys Ladiestresses, Gray Orchidaceae
Ladiestresses
Stenanthium densum Crowpoison, Osceola’s Plume Melanthiaceae
Stylodon carneum Carolina False Vervain Verbenaceae
Symphyotrichum fontinale Florida Water Aster Asteraceae
Tephrosia angustissima Narrowleaf Hoarypea Fabaceae
Trichostema setaceum Narrowleaf Bluecurls Lamiaceae
Tridens flavus var. chapmanii Chapman’s Purpletop Tridens Poaceae
Vernonia gigantea Giant Ironweed Asteraceae
Viola palmata Early Blue Violet Violaceae
Viola primulifolia Primroseleaf Violet Violaceae
Warea carteri Carter’s Pinelandcress, Carter’s Brassicaceae
Mustard
Wolffia columbiana Columbian Watermeal Araceae
Wolffiella lingulata Tongueshape Bogmat Araceae
Xyris calcicola Limestone Yelloweyed Grass Xyridaceae
44 Southeastern Naturalist Vol. 11, Monograph 3
Appendix C. Non-native plants in south Florida. Taxonomy for all species listed follows Wunderlin
and Hansen (2011), and the naming authorities for each can be found there.
Scientific name Common name Family name
Abrus precatorius Rosary Pea, Blackeyed Susan Fabaceae
Abutilon hirtum Florida Keys Indian Mallow Malvaceae
Abutilon theophrasti Velvetleaf, Butterprint Malvaceae
Acacia auriculiformis Earleaf Acacia Fabaceae
Acacia retinodes Water Wattle Fabaceae
Acacia sphaerocephala Bee Wattle Fabaceae
Acalypha alopecuroidea Foxtail Copperleaf Euphorbiaceae
Acalypha amentacea ssp. wilkesiana Wilkes’ Copperleaf Euphorbiaceae
Acalypha arvensis Field Copperleaf Euphorbiaceae
Acalypha setosa Cuban Copperleaf Euphorbiaceae
Acanthospermum hispidum Hispid Starburr Asteraceae
Achyranthes aspera Devil’s Horsewhip Amaranthaceae
Achyranthes aspera var. pubescens Devil’s Horsewhip Amaranthaceae
Acmella pilosa Hairy Spotflower Asteraceae
Adenanthera pavonina Red Beadtree, Red Sandalwood Fabaceae
Adiantum anceps Double-Edge Maidenhair Pteridaceae
Adiantum caudatum Tailed Maidenhair Pteridaceae
Adiantum trapeziforme Diamond Maidenhair Pteridaceae
Aeschynomene indica Indian Jointvetch Fabaceae
Agave americana American Century Plant Agavaceae
Agave angustifolia Century Plant Agavaceae
Agave desmettiana Dwarf Century Plant Agavaceae
Agave sisalana Sisal Hemp Agavaceae
Agdestis clematidea Rockroot Phytolaccaceae
Ageratum conyzoides Tropical Whiteweed Asteraceae
Ageratum houstonianum Bluemink Asteraceae
Aglaonema commutatum var. Chinese Evergreen Araceae
maculatum
Albizia lebbeck Woman’s Tongue Fabaceae
Albizia lebbekoides Indian Albizia Fabaceae
Albizia procera Tall Albizia Fabaceae
Aleurites moluccanus Candlenut Tree, Indian Walnut Euphorbiaceae
Allamanda cathartica Golden Trumpet, Brownbud Apocynaceae
Allamanda
Alocasia macrorrhizos Giant Taro Araceae
Alocasia odora Taro Araceae
Aloe vera Aloe Asphodelaceae
Alpinia zerumbet Shellflower, Shell Ginger Zingiberaceae
Alstonia macrophylla Deviltree Apocynaceae
Alstonia scholaris Dita, White Cheesewood Apocynaceae
Alternanthera brasiliana Brazilian Joyweed Amaranthaceae
Alternanthera ficoidea Slender Joyweed Amaranthaceae
Alternanthera paronichyoides Smooth Joyweed Amaranthaceae
Alternanthera philoxeroides Alligatorweed Amaranthaceae
Alternanthera sessilis Sessile Joyweed Amaranthaceae
Alysicarpus ovalifolius False Moneywort, Alyce Clover Fabaceae
Alysicarpus rugosus Red Moneywort Fabaceae
Alysicarpus vaginalis White Moneywort Fabaceae
Amaranthus blitum ssp. emarginatus Purple Amaranth Amaranthaceae
Amaranthus hybridus Slim Amaranth, Pigweed Amaranthaceae
Amaranthus polygonoides Tropical Amaranth Amaranthaceae
2012 S. Mortellaro et al. 45
Scientific name Common name Family name
Amaranthus retrofl exus Red Amaranth, Rough Pigweed Amaranthaceae
Amaranthus spinosus Spiny Amaranth Amaranthaceae
Amaranthus viridis Slender Amaranth Amaranthaceae
Ammi majus Large Bullwort Apiaceae
Anagallis arvensis Scarlet Pimpernel Primulaceae
Andropogon bicornis Barbas De Indio Poaceae
Angelonia angustifolia Narrowleaf Angelon Plantaginaceae
Aniseia martinicensis Whitejacket Convolvulaceae
Annona squamosa Sugar-Apple Annonaceae
Anredera cordifolia Heartleaf Madeiravine Basellaceae
Anredera vesicaria Texas Madeiravine Basellaceae
Antigonon leptopus Coral Vine, Queen’s Jewels Polygonaceae
Apium graveolens Wild Celery Apiaceae
Arachis glabrata Grassnut Fabaceae
Arachis hypogaea Peanut Fabaceae
Ardisia elliptica Shoebutton Myrsinaceae
Ardisia crenata Scratchthroat Myrsinaceae
Argyreia nervosa Woolly Morning-Glory, Elephant Convolvulaceae
Creeper
Aristolochia littoralis Elegant Dutchman’s Pipe, Calico Aristolochiaceae
Flower
Aristolochia maxima Dutchman’s Pipe Aristolochiaceae
Aristolochia ringens Gaping Dutchman’s Pipe Aristolochiaceae
Artemisia stelleriana Dusty Miller Asteraceae
Arundo donax Giant Reed Poaceae
Asclepias curassavica Scarlet Milkweed, Bloodflower Apocynaceae
Asparagus aethiopicus Sprenger’s Asparagus-Fern Asparagaceae
Asparagus setaceus Common Asparagus-Fern Asparagaceae
Asystasia gangetica Chinese Violet Acanthaceae
Avena fatua var. sativa Common Oat Poaceae
Bambusa multiplex Hedge Bamboo, Silverstripe Bamboo Poaceae
Bambusa vulgaris Common Bamboo Poaceae
Barleria cristata Crested Philippine Violet Acanthaceae
Barleria lupulina Hophead Philippine Violet Acanthaceae
Bauhinia aculeata White Orchid Tree Fabaceae
Bauhinia purpurea Purple Orchid Tree, Butterfly Tree Fabaceae
Bauhinia variegata Orchid Tree, Mountain Ebony Fabaceae
Bauhinia yunnanensis Yunnan Bauhinia Fabaceae
Begonia cucullata Wax Begonia, Club Begonia Begoniaceae
Begonia hirtella Brazilian Begonia Begoniaceae
Billbergia pyramidalis Foolproofplant Bromeliaceae
Bischofia javanica Javanese Bishopwood Phyllanthaceae
Bletia florida Slender Pinepink Orchidaceae
Boehmeria nivea Ramie Urticaceae
Bontia daphnoides White Alling Myoporaceae
Bothriochloa ischaemum var. King Ranch Bluestem, Yellow Poaceae
songarica Bluestem
Bothriochloa pertusa Pitted Beardgrass Poaceae
Bouteloua dimorpha Acapulcograss Poaceae
Brassica juncea India Mustard, Leaf Mustard Brassicaceae
Brassica napus Rape Brassicaceae
Brassica rapa Rape, Turnip Brassicaceae
Breynia disticha Snowbush Phyllanthaceae
Brosimum alicastrum Breadnut Moraceae
46 Southeastern Naturalist Vol. 11, Monograph 3
Scientific name Common name Family name
Broussonetia papyrifera Paper Mulberry Moraceae
Browallia americana Jamaican Forget-Me-Not, Bushviolet Solanaceae
Brugmansia suaveolens Angel’s Trumpet Solanaceae
Bucida buceras Black Olive Combretaceae
Buddleja indica Indoor Oak Buddlejaceae
Buddleja lindleyana Lindley’s Butterflybush Buddlejaceae
Bulbostylis barbata Watergrass Cyperaceae
Cabomba palaeformis Fishgrass Cabombaceae
Caesalpinia crista Yellow Nicker Fabaceae
Caesalpinia pulcherrima Pride-of-Barbados, Dwarf Poinciana Fabaceae
Cajanus cajan Pigeonpea Fabaceae
Calliandra haematocephala Powderpuff Tree Fabaceae
Callisia fragrans Basketplant Commelinaceae
Callisia repens Creeping Inchplant Commelinaceae
Callistemon viminale Bottlebrush Myrtaceae
Callitris glaucophylla White Cypress-Pine Cupressaceae
Calophyllum antillanum Santa Maria, Galba Clusiaceae
Calophyllum inophyllum Alexandrian Laurel Clusiaceae
Calyptocarpus vialis Straggler Daisy Asteraceae
Canavalia brasiliensis Brazilian Jackbean Fabaceae
Canavalia ensiformis Wonderbean, Jackbean Fabaceae
Canna indica Indian Shot Cannaceae
Canna x generalis Garden Canna Cannaceae
Cannabis sativa Hemp, Marijuana Cannabaceae
Caperonia palustris Sacatrapo Euphorbiaceae
Capsella bursa-pastoris Shepherd’s Purse Brassicaceae
Cardiospermum halicacabum Love-in-a-Puff Sapindaceae
Carissa macrocarpa Natal Plum Apocynaceae
Carmona microphylla Fukien Tea Boraginaceae
Carpobrotus edulis Common Hottentot Fig Aizoaceae
Caryota mitis Burmese Fishtail Palm Arecaceae
Caryota urens Fishtail Palm Arecaceae
Casearia nitida Smooth Casearia Salicaceae
Cassia fistula Golden Shower Fabaceae
Cassia javanica var. indochinensis Pink Shower Fabaceae
Casuarina cunninghamiana River Sheoak Casuarinaceae
Casuarina equisetifolia Australian-Pine, Horsetail Casuarina Casuarinaceae
Casuarina glauca Gray Sheoak, Suckering Australian- Casuarinaceae
Pine
Catharanthus roseus Madagascar Periwinkle Apocynaceae
Cecropia palmata Trumpet Tree Cecropiaceae
Celastrus paniculatus Staff-Vine, Oriental Bittersweet Celastraceae
Cenchrus ciliaris Buffelgrass Poaceae
Centratherum punctatum Larkdaisy Asteraceae
Ceratopteris thalictroides Watersprite Pteridaceae
Cestrum diurnum Dayflowering Jessamine Solanaceae
Cestrum nocturnum Nightflowering Jessamine Solanaceae
Chamaecrista pilosa Hairy Sensitive Pea Fabaceae
Chamaedorea seifrizii Bamboo Palm Arecaceae
Chamaesyce lasiocarpa Roadside Sandmat Euphorbiaceae
Chamaesyce mendezii Mendez’s Sandmat Euphorbiaceae
Chenopodium album Lamb’s Quarters Amaranthaceae
Chenopodium ambrosioides Mexican Tea Amaranthaceae
Chenopodium glaucum Oakleaf Goosefoot Amaranthaceae
2012 S. Mortellaro et al. 47
Scientific name Common name Family name
Chenopodium murale Nettleleaf Goosefoot Amaranthaceae
Chloris radiata Radiate Fingergrass Poaceae
Cinnamomum camphora Camphortree Lauraceae
Citrullus lanatus Watermelon, Citron Cucurbitaceae
Citrus medica Citron Rutaceae
Citrus x aurantiifolia Key Lime Rutaceae
Citrus x aurantium Sour Orange, Grapefruit, Sweet Rutaceae
Orange
Citrus x limon Lemon Rutaceae
Cleome gynandra Spiderwisp Brassicaceae
Cleome hassleriana Pinkqueen Spiderflower Brassicaceae
Cleome rutidosperma Fringed Spiderflower Brassicaceae
Clerodendrum bungei Rose Glorybower Lamiaceae
Clerodendrum chinense Stickbush Lamiaceae
Clerodendrum glabrum Natal Glorybower Lamiaceae
Clerodendrum indicum Turk’s Turban, Skyrocket Lamiaceae
Clerodendrum japonicum Japanese Glorybower, Kaempfer’s Lamiaceae
Glorybower
Clerodendrum speciosissimum Javanese Glorybower Lamiaceae
Clerodendrum x speciosum Java Glory Bean, Pagoda Flower Lamiaceae
Clitoria ternatea Asian Pigeonwings Fabaceae
Coccinia grandis Ivy Gourd, Scarletfruit Ivy Gourd Cucurbitaceae
Cocos nucifera Coconut Palm Arecaceae
Coleus pumilus Dwarf Coleus Lamiaceae
Colocasia esculenta Wild Taro, Dasheen, Coco Yam Araceae
Colubrina asiatica Latherleaf, Asian Nakedwood Rhamnaceae
Commelina caroliniana Carolina Dayflower Commelinaceae
Commelina diffusa var. diffusa Common Dayflower Commelinaceae
Commelina diffusa var. gigas Climbing Dayflower Commelinaceae
Commelina forskaolii Rat’s Ear Commelinaceae
Commelina gambiae Gambian Dayflower Commelinaceae
Conobea multifida Narrowleaf Paleseed Plantaginaceae
Conyza laevigata Manzanilla Horseweed Asteraceae
Corchorus hirsutus Jackswitch, Woolly Corchorus, Malvaceae
Cadillo
Cordia curassavica Black Sage Boraginaceae
Cordia dichotoma Fragrant Manjack Boraginaceae
Cordia sebestena Largeleaf Geigertree Boraginaceae
Cornutia grandifolia Azulejo Lamiaceae
Coronilla varia Purple Crownvetch Fabaceae
Cosmos bipinnatus Garden Cosmon Asteraceae
Crassocephalum crepidioides Redflower Ragleaf Asteraceae
Crinum asiaticum Poisonbulb Amaryllidaceae
Crinum bulbispermum Hardy Swamplily Amaryllidaceae
Crotalaria incana Shakeshake Fabaceae
Crotalaria juncea Sunn Hemp Fabaceae
Crotalaria lanceolata Lanceleaf Rattlebox Fabaceae
Crotalaria pallida var. obovata Smooth Rattlebox Fabaceae
Crotalaria retusa Rattleweed Fabaceae
Crotalaria spectabilis Showy Rattlebox Fabaceae
Crotalaria trichotoma West Indian Rattlebox Fabaceae
Crotalaria verrucosa Blue Rattlebox Fabaceae
Cryptostegia madagascariensis Madagascar Rubbervine Apocynaceae
Cucumis melo Cantaloupe Cucurbitaceae
48 Southeastern Naturalist Vol. 11, Monograph 3
Scientific name Common name Family name
Cucurbita moschata Seminole Pumpkin, Crookneck Cucurbitaceae
Squash
Cupaniopsis anacardioides Carrotwood Sapindaceae
Cuphea carthagenensis Colombian Waxweed Lythraceae
Cuphea strigulosa Stiffhair Waxweed Lythraceae
Curculigo capitulata Giant Palm-Grass Hypoxidaceae
Cyanthillium cinereum Little Ironweed Asteraceae
Cyclospermum leptophyllum Marsh Parsley Apiaceae
Cydista aequinoctialis Garlic Vine Bignoniaceae
Cymbopogon citratus Lemongrass Poaceae
Cynodon dactylon Bermudagrass Poaceae
Cynoglossum zeylanicum Ceylon Hound’s Tongue Boraginaceae
Cyperus difformis Variable Flatsedge Cyperaceae
Cyperus esculentus Yellow Nutgrass, Chufa Flatsedge Cyperaceae
Cyperus hyalinus Queensland Flatsedge, Peduncled Cyperaceae
Spikesedge
Cyperus involucratus Umbrella Plant Cyperaceae
Cyperus iria Ricefield Flatsedge Cyperaceae
Cyperus lanceolatus Epiphytic Flatsedge Cyperaceae
Cyperus ochraceus Pond Flatsedge Cyperaceae
Cyperus papyrus Papyrus Flatsedge Cyperaceae
Cyperus prolifer Dwarf Papyrus, Miniature Flatsedge Cyperaceae
Cyperus pumilus Low Flatsedge Cyperaceae
Cyperus rotundus Nutgrass Cyperaceae
Cyperus sphacelatus Roadside Flatsedge Cyperaceae
Cyperus unioloides Uniola Flatsedge Cyperaceae
Cypselea humifusa Panal Aizoaceae
Cyrtopodium flavum Parana Cowhorn Orchid, Yellow Orchidaceae
Cowhorn Orchid
Dactyloctenium aegyptium Durban Crowfootgrass Poaceae
Dalbergia sissoo Indian Rosewood Fabaceae
Dalechampia scandens Spurgecreeper Euphorbiaceae
Delonix regia Royal Poinciana Fabaceae
Desmanthus leptophyllus Slenderleaf Bundleflower Fabaceae
Desmanthus virgatus Wild Tantan Fabaceae
Desmodium incanum Zarzabacoa Comun Fabaceae
Desmodium scorpiurus Scorpion Ticktrefoil Fabaceae
Desmodium tortuosum Dixie Ticktrefoil Fabaceae
Desmodium triflorum Threeflower Ticktrefoil Fabaceae
Dianella ensifolia Cerulean Flaxlily Hemerocallidaceae
Dichanthium aristatum Angleton’s Bluestem Poaceae
Dichanthium sericeum Queensland Bluestem Poaceae
Dichondra micrantha Smallflowered Ponysfoot Convolvulaceae
Dichrostachys cinerea ssp. africana Aroma Fabaceae
Dieffenbachia seguine Dumb Cane Araceae
Digitaria bicornis Asia Crabgrass Poaceae
Digitaria eriantha Pangolagrass Poaceae
Digitaria longiflora Indian Crabgrass Poaceae
Digitaria setigera East Indian Crabgrass Poaceae
Digitaria violascens Violet Crabgrass Poaceae
Dimocarpus longan Longan Sapindaceae
Dioscorea alata White Yam Dioscoreaceae
Dioscorea bulbifera Air-Potato Dioscoreaceae
Dioscorea sansibarensis Zanzibar Yam Dioscoreaceae
2012 S. Mortellaro et al. 49
Scientific name Common name Family name
Diospyros ebenum Ebony Ebenaceae
Diospyros maritima Ebenaceae
Diplazium esculentum Vegetable Fern Dryopteridaceae
Duranta erecta Golden Dewdrops Verbenaceae
Dypsis lutescens Areca Palm Arecaceae
Echinochloa colona Jungle Rice Poaceae
Echinochloa crusgalli Barnyardgrass Poaceae
Egeria densa Brazilian Waterweed Hydrocharitaceae
Eichhornia crassipes Common Water-Hyacinth Pontederiaceae
Elaeis guineensis African Oil Palm Arecaceae
Eleocharis acutangula Acute Spikerush Cyperaceae
Eleocharis nigrescens Black Spikerush Cyperaceae
Eleusine indica Indian Goosegrass Poaceae
Elionurus tripsacoides Pan-American Balsamscale Poaceae
Emilia fosbergii Florida Tasselflower Asteraceae
Emilia sonchifolia Lilac Tasselflower Asteraceae
Enterolobium contortisiliquum Earpod Tree Fabaceae
Epidendrum radicans Star Orchid, Crucifix Orchid Orchidaceae
Epiphyllum phyllanthus var. hookeri Orchid Cactus Cactaceae
Epipremnum pinnatum Golden Pothos Araceae
Eragrostis amabilis Feather Lovegrass Poaceae
Eragrostis atrovirens Thalia Lovegrass Poaceae
Eragrostis bahiensis Bahia Lovegrass Poaceae
Eragrostis barrelieri Mediterranean Lovegrass Poaceae
Eragrostis cilianensis Stinkgrass Poaceae
Eragrostis ciliaris Gophertail Lovegrass Poaceae
Eragrostis gangetica Slimflower Lovegrass Poaceae
Eragrostis pilosa Indian Lovegrass Poaceae
Eragrostis scaligera Tender Lovegrass Poaceae
Eragrostis unioloides Chinese Lovegrass Poaceae
Eremochloa ophiuroides Centipedegrass Poaceae
Eriobotrya japonica Loquat Rosaceae
Eriochloa contracta Prairie Cupgrass Poaceae
Eriochloa polystachya Caribgrass Poaceae
Erucastrum gallicum Common Dogmustard Brassicaceae
Eryngium foetidum Spiritweed Apiaceae
Erysimum cheiranthoides Wormseed Wallflower Brassicaceae
Eucalyptus grandis Grand Eucalyptus Myrtaceae
Eucalyptus robusta Swampmahogany Myrtaceae
Eucalyptus torelliana Torell’s Eucalyptus, Cadaga Myrtaceae
Eugenia uniflora Surinam Cherry Myrtaceae
Euphorbia graminea Grassleaf Spurge Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbia milii Crown-Of-Thorns, Christplant Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbia tirucalli Pencil Tree, Indian Tree Spurge Euphorbiaceae
Euryops chrysanthemoides African Bushdaisy, Bull’s Eye Asteraceae
Evolvulus convolvuloides Bindweed Dwarf Morning-Glory, Convolvulaceae
Dwarf Bindweed
Fagopyrum esculentum Buckwheat Polygonaceae
Fatoua villosa Hairy Crabweed Moraceae
Ficus altissima Council Tree Moraceae
Ficus americana West Indian Laurel Fig Moraceae
Ficus benghalensis Banyan Tree Moraceae
Ficus benjamina Weeping Fig Moraceae
Ficus carica Common Fig Moraceae
50 Southeastern Naturalist Vol. 11, Monograph 3
Scientific name Common name Family name
Ficus microcarpa Indian Laurel Moraceae
Ficus religiosa Bo Tree, Sacred Fig Moraceae
Fimbristylis littoralis Grasslike Fimbry Cyperaceae
Fimbristylis schoenoides Ditch Fimbry Cyperaceae
Flacourtia indica Governor’s Plum Salicaceae
Flaveria bidentis Coastalplain Yellowtops Asteraceae
Flueggea virosa Simpleleaf Bushweed Phyllanthaceae
Fumaria officinalis Drug Fumitory, Earthsmoke Papaveraceae
Furcraea foetida Mauritius Hemp Agavaceae
Furcraea selloa Wild Sisal Agavaceae
Galinsoga quadriradiata Peruvian Daisy, Shaggysoldier Asteraceae
Galphimia gracilis Slender Goldshower Malpighiaceae
Gamochaeta coarctata American Everlasting Asteraceae
Gamochaeta pensylvanica Pennsylvania Everlasting Asteraceae
Gibasis pellucida Tahitian Bridalveil Commelinaceae
Glandularia pulchella South American Mock Vervain, Moss Verbenaceae
Verbena
Gloriosa superba Flamelily Colchicaceae
Glycosmis parviflora Flower Axistree Rutaceae
Gomphrena serrata Arrasa Con Todo Amaranthaceae
Grevillea robusta Silkoak Proteaceae
Guaiacum officinale Common Lignumvitae Zygophyllaceae
Gynura aurantiaca Velvetplant Asteraceae
Hackelochloa granularis Pitscalegrass Poaceae
Harpullia arborea Uas Sapindaceae
Helianthus annuus Common Sunflower Asteraceae
Heliconia latispatha Expanded Lobsterclaw Heliconiaceae
Heliotropium procumbens Fourspike Heliotrope Boraginaceae
Hemarthria altissima Limpograss Poaceae
Hemigraphis alternata Redivy Acanthaceae
Hemigraphis reptans Redflame Acanthaceae
Heteranthera limosa Blue Mudplantain Pontederiaceae
Heteropogon contortus Tanglehead Poaceae
Heteropogon melanocarpus Sweet Tanglehead Poaceae
Hibiscus acetosella African Rosemallow Malvaceae
Hibiscus cannabinus Brown Indianhemp, Kenaf Malvaceae
Hibiscus radiatus Monarch Rosemallow Malvaceae
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis var. Garden Rosemallow, Shoe-Black-Plant Malvaceae
rosa-sinensis
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis var. Fringed Rosemallow Malvaceae
schizopetalus
Hippobroma longiflora Madamfate Campanulaceae
Hiptage benghalensis Hiptage Malpighiaceae
Holmskioldia sanguinea Chinese Hat Lamiaceae
Hura crepitans Sandboxtree Euphorbiaceae
Hybanthus linearifolius Chancleta Violaceae
Hydrilla verticillata Waterthyme, Hydrilla Hydrocharitaceae
Hydrolea capsularis Spiny False Fiddleleaf Hydroleaceae
Hygrophila corymbosa Starhorn Acanthaceae
Hygrophila polysperma Indian Swampweed Acanthaceae
Hylocereus undatus Nightblooming Cactus Cactaceae
Hymenachne amplexicaulis Trompetilla Poaceae
Hyparrhenia rufa Jaragua Poaceae
Hyptis mutabilis Tropical Bushmint Lamiaceae
2012 S. Mortellaro et al. 51
Scientific name Common name Family name
Hyptis pectinata Comb Bushmint Lamiaceae
Hyptis spicigera Marubio Lamiaceae
Hyptis verticillata John Charles Lamiaceae
Impatiens balsamina Garden Balsam, Rose Balsam Balsaminaceae
Imperata cylindrica Cogongrass Poaceae
Indigofera hirsuta Hairy Indigo Fabaceae
Indigofera spicata Trailing Indigo Fabaceae
Indigofera suffruticosa Anil De Pasto Fabaceae
Indigofera tinctoria True Indigo Fabaceae
Ipomoea asarifolia Ginger-Leaf Morning-Glory Convolvulaceae
Ipomoea batatas Sweetpotato Convolvulaceae
Ipomoea cairica Mile-a-Minute Vine Convolvulaceae
Ipomoea carnea ssp. fistulosa Bush Morning-Glory Convolvulaceae
Ipomoea macrorhiza Largeroot Morning-Glory Convolvulaceae
Ipomoea muricata Lilacbell Convolvulaceae
Ipomoea quamoclit Cypressvine Convolvulaceae
Ipomoea triloba Littlebell Convolvulaceae
Ixora arborea Smallflower Jungleflame Rubiaceae
Ixora coccinea Scarlet Jungleflame Rubiaceae
Jacaranda mimosifolia Jacaranda, Black Poui Bignoniaceae
Jacquinia arborea Braceletwood Theophrastaceae
Jacquinia macrocarpa Cudjoewood Theophrastaceae
Jasminum dichotomum Gold Coast Jasmine Oleaceae
Jasminum fl uminense Brazilian Jasmine, Jazmin De Trapo Oleaceae
Jasminum mesnyi Japanese Jasmine Oleaceae
Jasminum multiflorum Star Jasmine Oleaceae
Jasminum nitidum Angelwing Jasmine Oleaceae
Jasminum officinale Poet’s Jasmine Oleaceae
Jasminum sambac Arabian Jasmine Oleaceae
Jatropha curcas Nutmeg Plant, Physic Nut, Barbados Euphorbiaceae
Nut
Jatropha gossypifolia Bellyache Bush Euphorbiaceae
Jatropha integerrima Peregrina Euphorbiaceae
Justicia brandegeana Shrimpplant Acanthaceae
Justicia pectoralis Freshcut Acanthaceae
Justicia spicigera Mexican Honeysuckle, Mohintle Acanthaceae
Kalanchoe blossfeldiana Madagascar Widow’s-Thrill, Crassulaceae
Christmas Kalanchoe
Kalanchoe crenata Neverdie Crassulaceae
Kalanchoe daigremontiana Devil’s Backbone Crassulaceae
Kalanchoe delagoensis Chandelier Plant Crassulaceae
Kalanchoe fedtschenkoi Lavender Scallops Crassulaceae
Kalanchoe pinnata Cathedral Bells, Life Plant Crassulaceae
Kalanchoe x houghtonii Mother-of-Millions Crassulaceae
Khaya senegalensis African Mahogany Meliaceae
Koelreuteria elegans ssp. formosana Flamegold Sapindaceae
Kummerowia striata Japanese Clover Fabaceae
Kyllinga brevifolia Shortleaf Spikesedge Cyperaceae
Kyllinga squamulata Asian Spikesedge Cyperaceae
Lablab purpureus Hyacinthbean Fabaceae
Laelia rubescens Pale Laelia Orchidaceae
Landoltia punctata Dotted Duckweed Araceae
Lantana camara Lantana, Shrubverbena Verbenaceae
Lantana montevidensis Trailing Shrubverbena Verbenaceae
52 Southeastern Naturalist Vol. 11, Monograph 3
Scientific name Common name Family name
Laportea aestuans West Indian Woodnettle Urticaceae
Launaea intybacea Achicoria Azul Asteraceae
Leonotis nepetifolia Lion’s-Ear, Christmas Candlestick Lamiaceae
Lepianthes umbellata Baquina Piperaceae
Lepidium didymum Lesser Swinecress Brassicaceae
Leucaena leucocephala White Leadtree Fabaceae
Ligustrum sinense Chinese Privet Oleaceae
Limnophila sessiliflora Asian Marshweed Plantaginaceae
Lindernia crustacea Malaysian False Pimpernel Plantaginaceae
Linum usitatissimum Common Flax Linaceae
Lipocarpha aristulata Awned Halfchaff Sedge Cyperaceae
Livistona chinensis Chinese Fan Palm Arecaceae
Livistona rotundifolia Footstool Palm Arecaceae
Lobularia maritima Seaside Lobularia, Sweet Alyssum Brassicaceae
Lolium perenne Italian Ryegrass Poaceae
Lonicera japonica Japanese Honeysuckle Caprifoliaceae
Ludwigia grandiflora Largeflower Primrosewillow Onagraceae
Ludwigia peruviana Peruvian Primrosewillow Onagraceae
Luffa aegyptiaca Vegetable Sponge, Loofah Cucurbitaceae
Lumnitzera racemosa Black Mangrove Combretaceae
Luziola subintegra Tropical American Watergrass Poaceae
Lygodium japonicum Japanese Climbing Fern Schizaeaceae
Lygodium microphyllum Small-Leaf Climbing Fern Schizaeaceae
Lysiloma sabicu Horsefl esh Mahogany Fabaceae
Macfadyena unguis-cati Catclawvine Bignoniaceae
Macroptilium atropurpureum Purple Bushbean Fabaceae
Macroptilium lathyroides Wild Bushbean Fabaceae
Macrothelypteris torresiana Mariana Maiden Fern Thelypteridaceae
Malachra capitata Malva De Caballo Malvaceae
Malpighia emarginata Barbados Cherry Malpighiaceae
Malvastrum coromandelianum Threelobe False Mallow Malvaceae
Malvaviscus arboreus var. Texas Waxmallow Malvaceae
drummondii
Malvaviscus penduliflorus Mazapan, Turkscap Mallow Malvaceae
Mangifera indica Mango Anacardiaceae
Manihot esculenta Tapioca Euphorbiaceae
Manilkara zapota Sapodilla Sapotaceae
Maranta arundinacea Arrowroot Marantaceae
Marsilea macropoda Big-Foot Water-Clover Marsileaceae
Marsilea vestita Hairy Water-Clover Marsileaceae
Maurandya antirrhiniflora Roving Sailor Plantaginaceae
Mazus pumilus Japanese Mazus Plantaginaceae
Medicago lupulina Black Medick Fabaceae
Medicago polymorpha Burr Clover Fabaceae
Medicago sativa Alfalfa Fabaceae
Melaleuca quinquenervia Punktree Myrtaceae
Melaleuca viminalis Bottlebrush Myrtaceae
Melastoma malabathricum Straits Rhododendron, Malabar Melastomataceae
Melastome
Melia azedarach Chinaberrytree Meliaceae
Melicoccus bijugatus Spanish Lime Sapindaceae
Melilotus albus White Sweetclover Fabaceae
2012 S. Mortellaro et al. 53
Scientific name Common name Family name
Melilotus indicus Indian Sweetclover, Annual Yellow Fabaceae
Sweetclover
Melinis minutiflora Molassesgrass Poaceae
Melinis repens Rose Natalgrass Poaceae
Melochia corchorifolia Chocolateweed Malvaceae
Merremia aegyptia Hairy Woodrose Convolvulaceae
Merremia cissoides Roadside Woodrose Convolvulaceae
Merremia dissecta Noyau Vine Convolvulaceae
Merremia quinquefolia Rock Rosemary Convolvulaceae
Merremia tuberosa Spanish Arborvine, Yellow Morning- Convolvulaceae
Glory
Merremia umbellata Hogvine Convolvulaceae
Mimosa pigra Black Mimosa Fabaceae
Mimosa pudica Sensitive Plant, Shameplant Fabaceae
Mimusops elengi Spanish Cherry, Kabiki, Bakul Sapotaceae
Mirabilis jalapa Four-O’clock, Marvel-of-Peru Nyctaginaceae
Mitracarpus hirtus Tropical Girdlepod Rubiaceae
Mollugo verticillata Indian Chickweed, Green Carpetweed Molluginaceae
Momordica charantia Balsampear Cucurbitaceae
Monstera deliciosa Swiss-Cheese Plant, Cut-Leaf Araceae
Philodendron
Moringa oleifera Horseradishtree Moringaceae
Morrenia odorata Latexplant Apocynaceae
Morus alba White Mulberry Moraceae
Mucuna pruriens Cowitch, Velvetbean Fabaceae
Muntingia calabura Strawberrytree Muntingiaceae
Murdannia nudiflora Nakedstem Dewflower Commelinaceae
Murdannia spirata var. parviflora Asiatic Dewflower Commelinaceae
Murraya paniculata Orange Jessamine Rutaceae
Musa acuminata Dwarf Banana Musaceae
Musa x paradisiaca Common Banana Musaceae
Myriophyllum aquaticum Parrot Feather Watermilfoil Haloragaceae
Myriophyllum spicatum Eurasian Watermilfoil, Spike Haloragaceae
Watermilfoil
Nama jamaicensis Jamaicanweed Hydrophyllaceae
Nelumbo nucifera Sacred Lotus Nelumbonaceae
Nephrolepis brownii Asian Sword Fern Nephrolepidaceae
Nephrolepis cordifolia Tuberous Sword Fern Nephrolepidaceae
Nephrolepis falcata Fishtail Swordfern Nephrolepidaceae
Nerium oleander Oleander Apocynaceae
Neyraudia reynaudiana Burmareed, Silkreed Poaceae
Nicandra physalodes Apple-of-Peru Solanaceae
Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Tex-Mex Tobacco Solanaceae
Nicotiana tabacum Cultivated Tobacco Solanaceae
Nymphaea capensis var. Cape Blue Waterlily Nymphaeaceae
zanzibariensis
Nymphaea lotus White Egyptian Lotus Nymphaeaceae
Nymphaea x daubenyana Nymphaeaceae
Nymphoides cristata Crested Floatingheart Menyanthaceae
Nymphoides indica Water Snowflake Menyanthaceae
Ochrosia elliptica Elliptic Yellowwood Apocynaceae
Ocimum basilicum Sweet Basil Lamiaceae
Odontonema cuspidatum Firespike Acanthaceae
Oeceoclades maculata Monk Orchid Orchidaceae
54 Southeastern Naturalist Vol. 11, Monograph 3
Scientific name Common name Family name
Oenothera drummondii Beach Eveningprimrose Onagraceae
Oenothera speciosa Pinkladies Onagraceae
Oldenlandia corymbosa Flattop Mille Graines Rubiaceae
Oldenlandiopsis callitrichoides Creeping Blue Rubiaceae
Ophioglossum pendulum Old World Adder’s-Tongue Ophioglossaceae
Opuntia cochenillifera Cochineal Cactus Cactaceae
Oryza perennis Wild Red Rice Poaceae
Oxalis debilis Pink Woodsorrel Oxalidaceae
Oxalis latifolia Broadleaf Woodsorrel Oxalidaceae
Pachyrhizus erosus Yam Bean Fabaceae
Paederia cruddasiana Sewervine Rubiaceae
Paederia foetida Skunkvine Rubiaceae
Panicum maximum Guineagrass Poaceae
Panicum miliaceum Broomcorn Millet Poaceae
Panicum repens Torpedograss Poaceae
Parkinsonia aculeata Mexican Palo Verde, Jerusalem Thorn Fabaceae
Parthenium hysterophorus Santa Maria Feverfew Asteraceae
Paspalum acuminatum Brook Crowngrass Poaceae
Paspalum dilatatum Dallisgrass Poaceae
Paspalum fimbriatum Winged Paspalum, Panama Crowngrass Poaceae
Paspalum malacophyllum Ribbed Paspalum Poaceae
Paspalum nicorae Brunswickgrass Poaceae
Paspalum notatum var. notatum Bahiagrass Poaceae
Paspalum notatum var. saurae Bahiagrass Poaceae
Paspalum paniculatum Arrocillo Poaceae
Paspalum pleostachyum Tropical Paspalum Poaceae
Paspalum urvillei Vaseygrass Poaceae
Passiflora biflora Twolobe Passionflower Passifloraceae
Passiflora edulis Passionfruit, Purple Granadilla Passifloraceae
Passiflora foetida Fetid Passionflower Passifloraceae
Passiflora x belotii Passifloraceae
Pectis humifusa Yerba De San Juan Asteraceae
Peltophorum dubium Horsebush Fabaceae
Peltophorum pterocarpum Yellow Poinciana Fabaceae
Pennisetum glaucum Pearl Millet, American Fountaingrass Poaceae
Pennisetum polystachion West Indian Pennisetum, Missiongrass Poaceae
Pennisetum purpureum Elephantgrass, Napiergrass Poaceae
Pennisetum setaceum Fountaingrass Poaceae
Peperomia amplexicaulis Jackie’s Saddle, Clasping Peperomia Piperaceae
Peperomia pellucida Pepper-Elder, Rat-Ear Piperaceae
Pereskia aculeata Barbados Gooseberry, Lemon Vine Cactaceae
Persea americana Avocado Lauraceae
Petitia domingensis Bastard Stopper Lamiaceae
Petrea volubilis Queenswreath Verbenaceae
Petunia x hybrida Petunia Solanaceae
Phleum pratense Timothy Poaceae
Phlox drummondii Annual Phlox Polemoniaceae
Phoenix reclinata Senegal Date Palm Arecaceae
Phyla fruticosa Diamondleaf Fogfruit Verbenaceae
Phyllanthus acidus Tahitian Gooseberry Tree Euphorbiaceae
Phyllanthus amarus Gale-of-Wind, Carry-Me-Seed Euphorbiaceae
Phyllanthus angustifolius Foliage Flower, Swordbush Euphorbiaceae
Phyllanthus fraternus Gulf Leafflower Euphorbiaceae
Phyllanthus tenellus Mascarene Island Leafflower Euphorbiaceae
2012 S. Mortellaro et al. 55
Scientific name Common name Family name
Phyllanthus urinaria Chamber Bitter Euphorbiaceae
Phymatosorus scolopendria Serpent Fern, Wart Fern Polypodiaceae
Pilea nummulariifolia Creeping Charlie Urticaceae
Piper aduncum Spiked Pepper, False Matico, Higuillo Piperaceae
De Hoja Menuda
Piper auritum Veracruz Pepper Piperaceae
Pithecellobium dulce Monkeypod Fabaceae
Pithecoctenium crucigerum Monkeycomb Bignoniaceae
Pittosporum pentandrum Taiwanese Cheesewood Pittosporaceae
Plantago lanceolata English Plantain, Narrowleaf Plantain Plantaginaceae
Plantago major Common Plantain Plantaginaceae
Platycerium bifurcatum Staghorn Fern Polypodiaceae
Plumbago auriculata Cape Leadwort Plumbaginaceae
Poa annua Annual Bluegrass Poaceae
Polyalthia suberosa Corky Debbar Tree Annonaceae
Polygonum aviculare Prostrate Knotweed Polygonaceae
Polygonum lapathifolium Curlytop Knotweed, Pale Smartweed Polygonaceae
Polygonum persicaria Spotted Lady’s-Thumb Polygonaceae
Polypogon monspeliensis Rabbitsfootgrass Poaceae
Polytrias amaura Javanesegrass Poaceae
Pongamia pinnata Karum Tree, Poonga-Oil Tree Fabaceae
Poranopsis paniculata Bridal Bouquet Convolvulaceae
Portulaca amilis Paraguayan Purslane Portulacaceae
Portulaca oleracea Little Hogweed Portulacaceae
Potentilla reptans Creeping Cinquefoil Rosaceae
Pouteria campechiana Egg Fruit, Canistel Sapotaceae
Pouzolzia zeylanica Pouzolz’s Bush Urticaceae
Premna odorata Fragrant Premna Lamiaceae
Proboscidea louisianica Unicornplant, Common Devil’s Claw Martyniaceae
Pseudelephantopus spicatus Dogstongue Asteraceae
Pseuderanthemum fasciculatum Falseface Acanthaceae
Pseudognaphalium luteoalbum Jersey Cudweed Asteraceae
Pseudogynoxys chenopodioides Mexican Flamevine Asteraceae
Psidium cattleianum Strawberry Guava Myrtaceae
Psidium guajava Guava Myrtaceae
Pteris grandifolia Long Brake Pteridaceae
Pteris multifida Spider Brake, Huguenot Fern Pteridaceae
Pteris tripartita Giant Brake Pteridaceae
Pteris vittata Chinese Ladder Brake Pteridaceae
Ptychosperma elegans Alexander Palm, Solitaire Palm Arecaceae
Ptychosperma macarthurii Macarthur’s Palm Arecaceae
Pueraria montana var. lobata Kudzu Fabaceae
Pyrostegia venusta Flamevine Bignoniaceae
Quisqualis indica Rangoon Creeper Combretaceae
Ranunculus sardous Hairy Buttercup Ranunculaceae
Raphanus raphanistrum Wild Radish Brassicaceae
Rauvolfia tetraphylla Be-Still Tree Apocynaceae
Rhodomyrtus tomentosa Rose Myrtle Myrtaceae
Richardia brasiliensis Tropical Mexican Clover Rubiaceae
Richardia grandiflora Largeflower Mexican Clover Rubiaceae
Richardia scabra Rough Mexican Clover Rubiaceae
Ricinus communis Castorbean Euphorbiaceae
Rotala rotundifolia Dwarf Rotala, Roundleaf Toothcup Lythraceae
Rottboellia cochinchinensis Itchgrass Poaceae
56 Southeastern Naturalist Vol. 11, Monograph 3
Scientific name Common name Family name
Rubus niveus Snowpeaks Raspberry Rosaceae
Ruellia blechum Browne’s Blechum Acanthaceae
Ruellia ciliatiflora Hairyflower Wild Petunia Acanthaceae
Ruellia simplex Britton’s Wild Petunia, Mexican Acanthaceae
Bluebell
Rumex crispus Curly Dock Polygonaceae
Rumex obovatus Tropical Dock Polygonaceae
Rumex pulcher Fiddle Dock Polygonaceae
Rumohra adiantiformis Leatherleaf Fern Dryopteridaceae
Russelia equisetiformis Fountainbush, Firecracker Plant Plantaginaceae
Saccharum officinarum Sugarcane Poaceae
Sacciolepis indica Indian Cupscale Poaceae
Salsola kali ssp. pontica Prickly Russian Thistle Amaranthaceae
Salvinia minima Water Spangles Salviniaceae
Salvinia molesta Aquarium Watermoss Salviniaceae
Sansevieria hyacinthoides Bowstring Hemp, Mother-in-Law’s Ruscaceae
Tongue
Santalum album Sandalwood Santalaceae
Sapium sebiferum Popcorntree, Chinese Tallowtree Euphorbiaceae
Scaevola taccada var. taccada Beach Naupaka Goodeniaceae
Scaevola taccada var. sericea Beach Naupaka Goodeniaceae
Scheffl era actinophylla Australian Umbrella Tree, Octopus Tree Araliaceae
Scheffl era arboricola Dwarf Scheffl era Araliaceae
Schinus terebinthifolius Brazilian Pepper Anacardiaceae
Scirpus cubensis Cuban Bulrush Cyperaceae
Scleria lacustris Wright’s Nutrush Cyperaceae
Secale cereale Cultivated Rye Poaceae
Selaginella uncinata Peacock Spike-Moss Selaginellaceae
Selaginella willdenowii Vine Spike-Moss Selaginellaceae
Selenicereus grandiflorus Queen-of-the-Night Cactaceae
Selenicereus pteranthus Princess-of-the-Night Cactaceae
Senna alata Candlestick Plant Fabaceae
Senna corymbosa Argentine Wild Sensitive Plant Fabaceae
Senna didymobotrya African Wild Sensitive Plant Fabaceae
Senna obtusifolia Coffeeweed, Sicklepod Fabaceae
Senna occidentalis Septicweed Fabaceae
Senna pendula var. glabrata Valamuerto Fabaceae
Senna surattensis Glossy Shower Fabaceae
Sesamum indicum Sesame, Benne Pedaliaceae
Sesbania punicea Rattlebox Fabaceae
Sesbania sericea Silky Sesban Fabaceae
Setaria barbata East Indian Bristlegrass, Marygrass, Poaceae
Corngrass
Setaria faberi Japanese Bristlegrass, Giant Foxtail Poaceae
Setaria italica Foxtail Bristlegrass Poaceae
Setaria pumila Yellow Bristlegrass, Yellow Foxtail Poaceae
Setaria setosa West Indian Bristlegrass Poaceae
Setaria sphacelata African Bristlegrass Poaceae
Setaria verticillata Hooked Bristlegrass Poaceae
Setaria viridis Green Bristlegrass, Green Foxtail, Poaceae
Foxtail Millet
Severinia buxifolia Chinese Boxorange Rutaceae
Sida cordifolia Llima Malvaceae
Sida glabra Smooth Fanpetals Malvaceae
2012 S. Mortellaro et al. 57
Scientific name Common name Family name
Sida santaremensis Moth Fanpetals Malvaceae
Sida spinosa Prickly Fanpetals Malvaceae
Sinapis arvensis Charlock Mustard Brassicaceae
Sisymbrium altissimum Tall Tumblemustard Brassicaceae
Sisymbrium irio Londonrocket Brassicaceae
Sisyrinchium rosulatum Annual Blue-Eyed Grass Iridaceae
Solandra nitida Chalicevine Solanaceae
Solanum diphyllum Twoleaf Nightshade Solanaceae
Solanum elaeagnifolium Silverleaf Nightshade, White Solanaceae
Horsenettle
Solanum lycopersicum Garden Tomato Solanaceae
Solanum melongena Eggplant Solanaceae
Solanum seaforthianum Brazilian Nightshade Solanaceae
Solanum tampicense Aquatic Soda Apple Solanaceae
Solanum torvum Turkeyberry Solanaceae
Solanum viarum Tropical Soda Apple Solanaceae
Sonchus asper Spiny Sowthistle Asteraceae
Sonchus oleraceus Common Sowthistle Asteraceae
Sophora tomentosa var. occidentalis Yellow Necklacepod Fabaceae
Sorghum bicolor ssp. bicolor Broomcorn Poaceae
Sorghum bicolor ssp. verticilliflorum Grain Sorghum, Broomcorn Poaceae
Sorghum halepense Johnsongrass Poaceae
Sorindeia madagascariensis Mtikiza Anacardiaceae
Spathodea campanulata African Tuliptree Bignoniaceae
Spathoglottis plicata Philippine Ground Orchid Orchidaceae
Spermacoce verticillata Shrubby False Buttonweed Rubiaceae
Sphaeropteris cooperi Cooper’s Tree Fern Cyatheaceae
Sphagneticola trilobata Creeping Oxeye Asteraceae
Spondias purpurea Purple Mombin Anacardiaceae
Sporobolus indicus var. indicus Smutgrass Poaceae
Sporobolus indicus var. pyramidalis West Indian Dropseed Poaceae
Sporobolus tenuissimus Tropical Dropseed Poaceae
Stachytarpheta cayennensis Nettleleaf Velvetberry Verbenaceae
Stellaria media Common Chickweed Caryophyllaceae
Stemodia durantifolia Whitewoolly Twintip Plantaginaceae
Stenochlaena tenuifolia Giant Vine Fern Blechnaceae
Stictocardia tiliifolia Spottedheart Convolvulaceae
Strychnos spinosa Wood Orange, Natal Orange Strychnaceae
Stylosanthes hamata Cheesytoes Fabaceae
Syagrus romanzoffiana Queen Palm Arecaceae
Synedrella nodiflora Nodeweed Asteraceae
Syngonium angustatum Fivefingers Araceae
Syngonium podophyllum American Evergreen Araceae
Syzygium cumini Java Plum Myrtaceae
Syzygium jambos Malabar Plum, Rose Apple Myrtaceae
Tabebuia aurea Caribbean Trumpettree Bignoniaceae
Tabebuia heterophylla White Cedar Bignoniaceae
Tabernaemontana alba White Milkwood Apocynaceae
Tagetes erecta Aztec Marigold Asteraceae
Talinum fruticosum Verdolaga-Francesa Portulacaceae
Talinum paniculatum Pink Baby’s-Breath, Jewels-of-Opar Portulacaceae
Talipariti tiliaceum var. tiliaceum Sea Hibiscus, Mahoe Malvaceae
Talipariti tiliaceum var. Yellow Mahoe Malvaceae
pernambucense
58 Southeastern Naturalist Vol. 11, Monograph 3
Scientific name Common name Family name
Tamarindus indica Tamarind Fabaceae
Taraxacum officinale Common Dandelion Asteraceae
Tecoma capensis Cape Honeysuckle Bignoniaceae
Tecoma stans Yellow Elder, Yellow Trumpetbush Bignoniaceae
Tectaria incisa Incised Halberd Fern Dryopteridaceae
Terminalia catappa West Indian Almond Combretaceae
Terminalia muelleri Australian Almond Combretaceae
Thelypteris dentata Downy Maiden Fern, Downy Shield Thelypteridaceae
Fern
Thelypteris opulenta Jeweled Maiden Fern Thelypteridaceae
Thespesia populnea Portia Tree Malvaceae
Thevetia peruviana Luckynut Apocynaceae
Thlaspi arvense Field Pennycress Brassicaceae
Thunbergia alata Blackeyed Susan Vine Acanthaceae
Thunbergia erecta Bush Clockvine Acanthaceae
Thunbergia fragrans Whitelady Acanthaceae
Thunbergia grandiflora Skyvine, Clockvine, Bengal Trumpet Acanthaceae
Thymophylla tenuiloba Bristleleaf Pricklyleaf Asteraceae
Tithonia diversifolia Shrub Sunflower Asteraceae
Torenia fournieri Bluewings, Wishbone Flower Plantaginaceae
Trachelospermum jasminoides Confederate Jasmine Apocynaceae
Tradescantia pallida Purplequeen Commelinaceae
Tradescantia spathacea Moses-in-the-Cradle, Oyster-Plant, Commelinaceae
Boatlily
Tradescantia zebrina Wandering-Jew, Inchplant Commelinaceae
Tribulus cistoides Burrnut, Jamaican Feverplant Zygophyllaceae
Tribulus terrestris Puncturevine Zygophyllaceae
Trichosanthes tricuspidata Bracted Snakegourd Cucurbitaceae
Tridax procumbens Coatbuttons Asteraceae
Trifolium hybridum Alsike Clover Fabaceae
Trifolium pratense Red Clover Fabaceae
Trifolium repens White Clover, Dutch Clover Fabaceae
Trigonella caerulea Blue Fenugreek Fabaceae
Trimezia martinicensis Martinique Trimezia Iridaceae
Triphasia trifolia Limeberry Rutaceae
Triumfetta semitriloba Sacramento Burrbark Malvaceae
Turbina corymbosa Christmasvine Convolvulaceae
Turnera ulmifolia Yellow Alder, Ramgoat Dashalong Turneraceae
Urena lobata Caesarweed Malvaceae
Urochloa arrecta Tannergrass Poaceae
Urochloa distachya Tropical Signalgrass Poaceae
Urochloa fusca var. reticulata Browntop Signalgrass Poaceae
Urochloa mutica Paragrass Poaceae
Urochloa plantaginea Creeping Signalgrass, Plantain Poaceae
Signalgrass
Urochloa ramosa Browntop Millet, Dixie Signalgrass Poaceae
Urochloa texana Texas Signalgrass, Texas Millet Poaceae
Vaccaria hispanica Cow Soapwort, Cow Herb Caryophyllaceae
Vanilla planifolia Commercial Vanilla Orchidaceae
Vanilla pompona West Indian Vanilla Orchidaceae
Verbascum virgatum Wand Mullein Scrophulariaceae
Verbena incompta Purpletop Vervain Verbenaceae
Verbena brasiliensis Brazilian Vervain Verbenaceae
Verbena montevidensis Seashore Vervain Verbenaceae
2012 S. Mortellaro et al. 59
Scientific name Common name Family name
Vigna adenantha Wild Pea Fabaceae
Vigna hosei Sarawak Bean Fabaceae
Vigna speciosa Wandering Cowpea Fabaceae
Vigna unguiculata Blackeyed Pea, Cowpea Fabaceae
Vitex agnus-castus Lilac Chastetree Lamiaceae
Vitex glabrata Smooth Chastetree Lamiaceae
Vitex trifolia Simpleleaf Chastetree Lamiaceae
Washingtonia robusta Washington Fan Palm Arecaceae
Woodwardia radicans European Chain Fern Blechnaceae
Xanthium strumarium Rough Cockleburr Asteraceae
Xanthosoma sagittifolium Arrowleaf Elephantear Araceae
Xyris jupicai Richard’s Yelloweyed Grass Xyridaceae
Youngia japonica Oriental False Hawksbeard Asteraceae
Zamia furfuracea Cardboard Palm, Cardboard Cycad Zamiaceae
Zea mays ssp. mexicana Teosinte Poaceae
Zea mays ssp. parviglumis Teosinte Poaceae
Zephyranthes citrina Yellow Zephyrlily Amaryllidaceae
Zeuxine strateumatica Soldier’s Orchid, Lawn Orchid Orchidaceae
Ziziphus mauritiana Inidan Jujube Rhamnaceae
Zoysia japonica Korean Templegrass, Japanese Poaceae
Lawngrass
Zoysia matrella Manila Templegrass, Manilagrass Poaceae
Zoysia pacifica Manila Templegrass, Mascarenegrass Poaceae
60 Southeastern Naturalist Vol. 11, Monograph 3
Appendix D. Florida Exotic Pest Council’s 2007 list of invasive non-native plant species in south
Florida. Taxonomy for all species listed follows Wunderlin and Hansen (2011), and the naming
authorities for each can be found there.
Scientific name Common name Family name
Category I
Abrus precatorius Rosary Pea, Blackeyed Susan Fabaceae
Acacia auriculiformis Earleaf Acacia Fabaceae
Albizia lebbeck Woman’s Tongue Fabaceae
Ardisia crenata Scratchthroat Myrsinaceae
Ardisia elliptica Shoebutton Myrsinaceae
Asparagus aethiopicus Sprenger’s Asparagus-Fern Asparagaceae
Bauhinia variegata Orchid Tree, Mountain Ebony Fabaceae
Bischofia javanica Javanese Bishopwood Euphorbiaceae
Calophyllum antillanum Santa Maria, Galba Clusiaceae
Casuarina equisetifolia Australian-Pine, Horsetail Casuarina Casuarinaceae
Casuarina glauca Gray Sheoak, Suckering Australian-Pine Casuarinaceae
Cinnamomum camphora Camphortree Lauraceae
Colocasia esculenta Wild Taro, Dasheen, Coco Yam Araceae
Colubrina asiatica Latherleaf, Asian Nakedwood Rhamnaceae
Cupaniopsis anacardioides Carrotwood Sapindaceae
Dioscorea alata White Yam Dioscoreaceae
Dioscorea bulbifera Air-Potato Dioscoreaceae
Eichhornia crassipes Common Water-Hyacinth Pontederiaceae
Eugenia uniflora Surinam Cherry Myrtaceae
Ficus microcarpa Indian Laurel Moraceae
Hydrilla verticillata Waterthyme, Hydrilla Hydrocharitaceae
Hygrophila polysperma Indian Swampweed Acanthaceae
Hymenachne amplexicaulis Trompetilla Poaceae
Imperata cylindrica Cogongrass Poaceae
Jasminum dichotomum Gold Coast Jasmine Oleaceae
Jasminum fl uminense Brazilian Jasmine, Jazmin De Trapo Oleaceae
Lantana camara Lantana, Shrubverbena Verbenaceae
Ligustrum sinense Chinese Privet Oleaceae
Lonicera japonica Japanese Honeysuckle Caprifoliaceae
Ludwigia peruviana Peruvian Primrosewillow Onagraceae
Lumnitzera racemosa Black Mangrove Combretaceae
Luziola subintegra Tropical American Watergrass Poaceae
Lygodium japonicum Japanese Climbing Fern Schizaeaceae
Lygodium microphyllum Small-Leaf Climbing Fern Schizaeaceae
Macfadyena unguis-cati Catclawvine Bignoniaceae
Manilkara zapota Sapodilla Sapotaceae
Melaleuca quinquenervia Punktree Myrtaceae
Mimosa pigra Black Mimosa Fabaceae
Nephrolepis cordifolia Tuberous Sword Fern Nephrolepidaceae
Nephrolepis brownii Asian Sword Fern Nephrolepidaceae
Neyraudia reynaudiana Burmareed, Silkreed Poaceae
Nymphoides cristata Crested Floatingheart Menyanthaceae
Paederia cruddasiana Sewervine Rubiaceae
Paederia foetida Skunkvine Rubiaceae
Panicum repens Torpedograss Poaceae
Pennisetum purpureum Elephantgrass, Napiergrass Poaceae
Phymatosorus scolopendria Serpent Fern, Wart Fern Polypodiaceae
Pistia stratiotes Water-Lettuce Araceae
Psidium cattleianum Strawberry Guava Myrtaceae
2012 S. Mortellaro et al. 61
Scientific name Common name Family name
Psidium guajava Guava Myrtaceae
Pueraria montana var. lobata Kudzu Fabaceae
Rhodomyrtus tomentosa Rose Myrtle Myrtaceae
Melinis repens Rose Natalgrass Poaceae
Ruellia simplex Britton’s Wild Petunia, Mexican Acanthaceae
Bluebell
Salvinia minima Water Spangles Salviniaceae
Sapium sebiferum Popcorntree, Chinese Tallowtree Euphorbiaceae
Scaevola taccada var. taccada Beach Naupaka Goodeniaceae
Scaevola taccada var. sericea Beach Naupaka Goodeniaceae
Scheffl era actinophylla Australian Umbrella Tree, Octopus Tree Araliaceae
Schinus terebinthifolius Brazilian Pepper Anacardiaceae
Senna pendula var. glabrata Valamuerto Fabaceae
Scleria lacustris Wright’s Nutrush Cyperaceae
Solanum tampicense Aquatic Soda Apple Solanaceae
Solanum viarum Tropical Soda Apple Solanaceae
Syngonium podophyllum American Evergreen Araceae
Syzygium cumini Java Plum Myrtaceae
Tectaria incisa Incised Halberd Fern Dryopteridaceae
Thespesia populnea Portia Tree Malvaceae
Urena lobata Caesarweed Malvaceae
Urochloa mutica Paragrass Poaceae
Category II
Adenanthera pavonina Red Beadtree, Red Sandalwood Fabaceae
Agave sisalana Sisal Hemp Agavaceae
Alstonia macrophylla Deviltree Apocynaceae
Alternanthera philoxeroides Alligatorweed Amaranthaceae
Antigonon leptopus Coral Vine, Queen’s Jewels Polygonaceae
Aristolochia littoralis Elegant Dutchman’s Pipe, Calico Flower Aristolochiaceae
Asystasia gangetica Chinese Violet Acanthaceae
Begonia cucullata Wax Begonia, Club Begonia Begoniaceae
Broussonetia papyrifera Paper Mulberry Moraceae
Callisia fragrans Basketplant Commelinaceae
Casuarina cunninghamiana River Sheoak Casuarinaceae
Cecropia palmata Trumpet Tree Cecropiaceae
Cestrum diurnum Dayflowering Jessamine Solanaceae
Chamaedorea seifrizii Bamboo Palm Arecaceae
Cocos nucifera Coconut Palm Arecaceae
Cryptostegia madagascariensis Madagascar Rubbervine Apocynaceae
Cyperus involucratus Umbrella Plant Cyperaceae
Cyperus prolifer Miniature Flatsedge Cyperaceae
Dactyloctenium aegyptium Durban Crowfootgrass Poaceae
Dalbergia sissoo Indian Rosewood Fabaceae
Epipremnum pinnatum Golden Pothos Araceae
Ficus altissima Council Tree Moraceae
Flacourtia indica Governor’s Plum Flacourtiaceae
Hemarthria altissima Limpograss Poaceae
Hyparrhenia rufa Jaragua Poaceae
Ipomoea carnea ssp. fistulosa Bush Morning-Glory Convolvulaceae
Kalanchoe pinnata Cathedral Bells, Life Plant Crassulaceae
Koelreuteria elegans ssp. formosana Flamegold Sapindaceae
Landoltia punctata Dotted Duckweed Araceae
Leucaena leucocephala White Leadtree Fabaceae
62 Southeastern Naturalist Vol. 11, Monograph 3
Scientific name Common name Family name
Limnophila sessiliflora Asian Marshweed Plantaginaceae
Livistona chinensis Fountain Palm Arecaceae
Melaleuca viminalis Bottlebrush Myrtaceae
Melia azedarach Chinaberry Tree Meliaceae
Melinis minutiflora Molassasgrass Poaceae
Merremia tuberosa Spanish Arborvine, Yellow Morning- Convolvulaceae
Glory
Murraya paniculata Orange Jessamine Rutaceae
Myriophyllum spicatum Eurasian Watermilfoil, Spike Haloragaceae
Watermilfoil
Panicum maximum Guineagrass Poaceae
Passiflora biflora Twolobe Passionflower Passifloraceae
Pennisetum setaceum Fountaingrass Poaceae
Phoenix reclinata Senegal Date Palm Arecaceae
Pittosporum pentandrum Taiwanese Cheesewood Pittosporaceae
Pteris vittata Chinese Ladder Brake Pteridaceae
Ptychosperma elegans Alexander Palm, Solitaire Palm Arecaceae
Ricinus communis Castorbean Euphorbiaceae
Rotala rotundifolia Dwarf Rotala, Roundleaf Toothcup Lythraceae
Ruellia blechum Browne’s Blechum Acanthaceae
Sansevieria hyacinthoides Bowstring Hemp, Mother-in-Law’s Ruscaceae
Tongue
Sesbania punicea Rattlebox Fabaceae
Solanum diphyllum Twoleaf Nightshade Solanaceae
Solanum torvum Turkeyberry Solanaceae
Sphagneticola trilobata Creeping Oxeye Asteraceae
Stachytarpheta cayennensis Nettleleaf Velvetberry Verbenaceae
Syagrus romanzoffiana Queen Palm Arecaceae
Syzygium jambos Malabar Plum, Rose Apple Myrtaceae
Talipariti tiliaceum Sea Hibiscus, Mahoe Malvaceae
Terminalia catappa West Indian Almond Combretaceae
Terminalia muelleri Australian Almond Combretaceae
Tradescantia spathacea Moses-in-the-Cradle, Oyster-Plant, Commelinaceae
Boatlily
Tribulus cistoides Burrnut, Jamaican Feverplant Zygophyllaceae
Vitex trifolia Simpleleaf Chastetree Lamiaceae
Washingtonia robusta Washington Fan Palm Arecaceae
Xanthosoma sagittifolium Arrowleaf Elephantear Araceae