INTRODUCTION
Traditional uses of Pteridophytes as food and medicine
MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The wild edible and ethnobotanical plants inventory
Materials examined for edible and useful fern species
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Adiantum capillus-veneris L. (Fig. 3A)
Specimens examined: BHUTAN. Pemagatshel District, Between Denche and Yurung Drang, elev. 760 m, 27.02217N, 91.39563E, 20 Aug 2007, T. Wangdi 472 (THIM 14980). CHINA. 36.519977N, 103.891767E, 1 Jan 1910, P. Michel 1010 (type: BM 001044128). -
Botrychium multifidum (S. G. Gmel.) Rupr. (Fig. 3B)
Specimens examined: BHUTAN. Trashigang, Kanglung Gewog, Kanglung, elev. 1,860–1,900 m, 27.28682N, 91.52367E, 25 Sep 2003, Mohan Chhetri 24 (THIM 13274).U.S.A. Minnesota: elev. 1,166 m, 48.45477N, 96.1920W, 10 Oct 2015, Dustin R.J. Graham DRJG61, 962664; Hubbard, 46.811111N, 94.774167W, 17 Aug 2013, Otto Gockman & Amelia Krug 18802. -
Cyathea spinulosa Wall. ex Hook. (Fig. 3C)
Specimens examined: BHUTAN. Chukha, Bongo Gewog, elev. 1,984 m, 26.92177N, 89.52293E, 15 Oct 2006, C.R. Fraser-Jenkins 31771 (THIM 12383). CHINA. 36.519977N, 103.891767E, 1 Mar 1909, Pierre Julien Cavalerie 3384 (type: BM 001039929). -
Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. (Fig. 3D)
Specimens examined: BHUTAN. Chukha, Phuntsholing, Roadside, about 4.5 km above Pasakha on Manitar road, elev. 400 m, 26.83500N, 89.47397E, 2 Oct 2005, T. Wangdi 236 (THIM 12101).INDIA. Assam, Moran, Debruhgarh, 25 Oct 1944, C. Sidney (N 00002945).SRILANKA. Kankaniya Inullah, 24 Mar 1956, D. Chatterjee 513 (NCU 00378125). -
Diplazium kawakamii Hayata (Fig. 3E)
Specimens examined: BHUTAN. Chukha, Gedu, Sorchen, elev. 1,360 m, 27.10472222N, 89.47305556E, 3 Apr 2005, T. Wangdi 430 (THIM 12120); Chukha, Gedu, elev. 2,090 m, 26.91342N, 89.52701E, 6 Oct 2005. C.R. Fraser-Jenkins 31477 (THIM 12117).TAIWAN. Li-Shan Taichung County, 29 Nov 1962, C. Feung & M.T. Kao 286; Ila Hsien: Taroko National Park, Near Yungling camp in Picea forest with bamboo understory, elev. 2,500 m, 24.37N, 121.43E, 10 Sep 1991, R.C. Moran 5433. -
Diplazium laxifrons Rosenst. (Fig. 3F)
Specimens examined: BHUTAN. Punakha, Near Tashithang, north of Punakha, elev. 1,630 m, 27.74007N, 89.73877E, 6 Sep 2007, T. Wangdi 576 (THIM 12253). TAIWAN. Taipei, Feb 1914, U. Faurie 172 (isotype). -
Diplazium maximum (D. Don) C. Chr. (Fig. 4A)
Specimens examined: BHUTAN. Trashigang, Kanglung geog, Rongthong, elev. 1,845 m, 27.27375N, 91.54251E, 4 Jun 2003, Lekey Khandu 102 (THIM 12280); Chukha, Gongo Gewog, c. 3 km N.E. of Gedu, S. of Chukha from Thimphu to Phuntsholing, S.W. of Bhutan, elev. 1,910 m, 15 Oct 2005, C.R. Fraser-Jenkins 31777 (THIM 12275). INDONESIA. Java, Burangrang, 6.735278S, 107.584722E, CL Blume (type: L 0051552, 908332811). -
Drynaria propinqua (Wall. ex Mett.) J. Sm. ex Bedd. (Fig. 4B)
Specimens examined: BHUTAN. Kanglung Gewog, Khamgma, elev. 1,698 m, 27.29247N, 91.52264E, 5 Sep 2002, Lhakpa Tshering Tamang 10 (THIM 13156).NEPAL. Napalia, 1 Jan 1821, N. Wallich 0061364. -
Dryopteris barbigera (Hook.) Kuntze (Fig. 4C)
Specimens examined: BHUTAN. Wangduephodrang, Black Mountain, Sertsho Lake, elev. 4,232 m, 27.29602687N, 90.35481569E, 22 Aug 2021, R. Dorji et al. R839 (THIM 16868).ASIA. Falconer (BM 001066068). INDIA. elev. 3,810 m, J. D. Hooker 258 (isotype: K 001080868). -
Equisetum diffusum D. Don (Fig. 4D)
Specimens examined: BHUTAN. Mongar, Saling Gewog, Between Namling and Yongkola on the way to Mongar from Bumthang, elev. 2,240 m, 27.36128N, 91.11082E, 30 Mar 2007, T. Wangdi 319 (THIM 12778). NEPAL. S.L., Lambert (isotype: BR 0000006971786).UNITED STATES, Georgia, Fulton, 33.789845N, 84.372635W, 23 Jun 2017, Lorena Endara 1875 (FLAS 267628). -
Lepisorus contortus (Christ) Ching (Fig. 4E)
Specimens examined: BHUTAN. Chukha, Bongo Gewog, elev. 2,080 m, 26.93617N, 89.50950E, 8 Mar 2005, T. Wangdi 50 (THIM 13194).INDIA. Northwestern India, Parbati valley, Kangra, Punjab, Mamkam, 8 Jun 1933, W. N. Koelz 4844 (US 1860361). -
Lepisorus mehrae Fraser-Jenk (Fig. 4F)
Specimens examined: BHUTAN. Pemagatshel, Aney Gonpa, Between Aney Gonpa and Tshelingkhor, elev. 2,190 m, 27.02572N, 91.46058E, 21 Aug 2007, T. Wangdi 521 (THIM 13235) INDIA. Uttar Pradesh, elev. 2,000 m, 22 Sep 1996, C. R. Fraser-Jenkins 24390 (FN 368) (holotype: BM 001022812). -
Lycopodium cernuum (L.) Pic. Serm (Fig. 5A)
Specimens examined: BHUTAN. Chukha, Darla Gewog, On way to Tala hydropower house, Tala, elev. 1,620 m, 26.86967N, 89.57190E, 1 Sep 2005, T. Wangdi 208 (THIM 13066).MEXICO. La Ventana, Mpio. Union Juarez, Chiapas, 14 Jan 1992, E. Ventura & E. Lopez 9916 (MA 01-00564147).SRILANKA. Ceylon, 127343 (type). -
Monachosorum henryi Christ (Fig. 5B)
Specimens examined: BHUTAN. Thimphu, Kikhorthang gewog, Near Menchuna, elev. 2,320 m, 27.52460N, 89.77633E, 1 Apr 2007, T. Wangdi 410 (THIM 13007). CHINA. Yunnan, Mengtze, mt forest E., elev. 7,000 m, A. Henry 10457 A (type: P 02141945). -
Microlepia firma Mett. ex Kuhn (Fig. 5C)
Specimen examined: BHUTAN. Mongar, Saling Gewog, Near Yongkola 13 km point, Mongar district, elev. 2,200 m, 27.34865N, 91.11695E, 30 Mar 2007, T. Wangdi 340 (THIM 13287).PHILIPPINES. Penablanca, Luzon, Cagayan, 16 Mar 1929, M. Ramos 77175 (isotype: K 127931). -
Nephrolepis cordifolia (L.) C. Presl (Fig. 5D)
Specimens examined: BHUTAN. Mongar, Saling Gewog, Between Namling and Yongkola on the way to Mongar from Bumthang, elev. 1,980 m, 27.32685N, 91.13177E, 30 Mar 2007, T. Wangdi 380 (THIM 14897).INDONESIA. In Montosis Tengger, Prope Gebeh Klakka, Java, elev. 1,220 m, 7.916667S, 112.916667E, 7 Nov 1844, H. Zollinger 2526 (type: L .3582012). -
Ophioglossum petiolatum Hook. (Fig 5E)
Specimens examined: WEST INDIES. F. Ballard (type: K 000913131).TAIWAN. Taipei, elev. 30 m, 22.73333N, 121.13333E, 28 Feb 2011, R. Knapp (P 01187989).U.S.A. Florida: Taylor Co., 10 Apr 2008, Lucas C. Majure 3076 (USF 223873). -
Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn (Fig. 5F)
Specimen examined: BHUTAN. Thimphu, Motithang, Motithang Guest House, elev. 2,240 m, 27.47463N, 89.60938E, 20 May 1971, R. Bedi 5 (THIM 14955).GREAT BRITAIN. VC28 West Norfolk, Narborough, TF71, 4 Sep 1916, Rev. D. M. Heath; VC21 Middlesex, Hampstead, TQ28, Aug 1861, T. Moore 30-07 (BIRM 25536) . -
Pteris wallichiana J. Agardh (Fig. 6A)
Specimens examined: BHUTAN. Trashigang, Khaling, Khaling – Kharungla logging road, elev. 2,320 m, 27.16170N, 91.56505E, 17 Aug 2007, T. Wangdi 479 (THIM 13653).INDIA. Anon (BM 001044207, TYPE).JAPAN. Jul 1900, U. J. Faurie 4593 (BM 001044207). -
Selaginella involvens (Sw.) Spring (Fig. 6B)
Specimens examined: BHUTAN. Mongar, Saling gewog, Near Yongkola 13 km point, elev. 2,200 m, 27.34865N, 91.11695E, 30 Mar 2007, T. Wangdi 347 (THIM 13985).NEPAL. elev. 830 m, 28.253008N, 83.938548E, 1 Jan 1820, N. Wallich 137 (type: BM 001073276). -
Tectaria coadunata (J. Sm.) C.Chr. (Fig. 6C)
Specimens examined: BHUTAN. Trashigang, elev. 2,086 m, 27.198741N, 91.592724E, 22 May 2009, Fraser-Jenkins et al. FN 85 (THIM 10240).CHINA. Du Kouy Tcheou, Kuei-Chou Sheng, 13 Feb 1903, J. Cavalerie 872 (type: L 0052155)