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| Commercial timbers |
Nomenclature etc. FAGACEAE. Species included in the description: Lithocarpus amygdalifolius (Skan) Hayata (1), Lithocarpus cyrtorhyncha (Miq.) Rheder (1), Lithocarpus daphnoideus (Bl.) A. Camus (1), Lithocarpus henryi (Seem.) Rehd. (1), Lithocarpus soleriana (Vidal) Rehd. (1), Lithocarpus vinkii Soepadmo (1). Trade and local names: Steinfruchteichen (DE); tanbark oaks, stone oaks (US);. Not protected under CITES regulations.
Description based on 6 specimens. Tree. Geographic distribution: temperate Asia, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Myanmar (Burma), Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia, Indomalesia.
General. Growth ring boundaries distinct or indistinct or absent. Heartwood basically brown; with streaks. Sapwood colour distinct from heartwood colour.
Vessels. Vessels present. Wood diffuse porous. Vessels arranged in a diagonal and/or radial pattern, exclusively solitary. Vessel outline rounded. Average tangential vessel diameter 70–160–210 µm. Average number of vessels/mm² 3–9. Perforation plates simple. Intervessel pits alternate, average diameter (vertical) 5–8 µm (pits only between vasicentric tracheids and vessels), average diameter (vertical) small. Vessel-ray pits with reduced borders or apparently simple, rounded or angular or horizontal to vertical. Tyloses present, thinwalled. Other deposits present or not observed, L.henryi with brown to black organic deposits.
Tracheids and fibres. Vascular or vasicentric tracheids commonly present. Fibres of medium wall thickness to very thick-walled. Fibre pits mainly restricted to radial walls, simple to minutely bordered and distinctly bordered. Fibres non-septate.
Axial parenchyma. Axial parenchyma banded and not banded. Axial parenchyma bands forming a reticulate pattern with rays. Bands fine. Banded parenchyma observed in: L. cyrtorhyncha, L. daphnoideus, L. soleriana, L. vinkii; not observed in: L.amygdalifolius, L.henryi. Axial parenchyma apotracheal. Apotracheal axial parenchyma diffuse (L.amygdalifolius, L.daphnoideus, L.henryi). Axial parenchyma as strands. Average number of cells per strand: 6–9.
Rays. Rays 11–17 per tangential mm, multiseriate, 1–10 cells wide. Rays of two distinct sizes. Height of large rays commonly over 1000 µm. Rays composed of a single cell type (homocellular); homocellular ray cells procumbent.
Mineral inclusions. Crystals present, prismatic, located in ray cells (crystals observed only in large rays of L.cyrtorhyncha and L.vinkii) or axial parenchyma cells. Crystal-containing ray cells procumbent, upright and/or square ray cells chambered. Crystals in procumbent ray cells in radial alignment. Crystal-containing axial parenchyma cells chambered. Number of crystals per cell or chamber one. Silica not observed.
Physical and chemical tests. Heartwood not fluorescent. Water extract fluorescent (weakly yellowish); colour of water extract yellow. Ethanol extract not fluorescent. Colour of ethanol extract colourless to brown. Froth test positive. Splinter burns to partial ash. Ash bright white.
Illustrations. • Transverse section. Lithocarpus amygdafolius. • Tangential section. Lithocarpus kawakamii. • Radial section. Lithocarpus kawakamii. • Vasicentric tracheids. Lithocarpus soleriana. vasicentric tracheids present in all Lithocarpus species.
The interactive key allows access to the character list, illustrations, full and partial descriptions, diagnostic descriptions, differences and similarities between taxa, lists of taxa exhibiting specified attributes, summaries of attributes within groups of taxa, and geographical distribution.
Cite this publication as: ‘Richter, H.G., and Dallwitz, M.J. 2000 onwards. Commercial timbers: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. In English, French, German, Portuguese, and Spanish. Version: 9th April 2019. delta-intkey.com’.
