| | Family guide for fruits and seeds |
Synonyms: Dichondraceae Dumort., nom. cons.; Erycibaceae Endl. ex Meisn.; Humbertiaceae Pichon; Poranaceae J. Agardh
Common name: Morning-glory Family.
Number of genera 55. Number of species 1650.
Angiosperm. Magnoliopsida.
Disseminule a dehisced fruit, or an intact or entire fruit, or a seed.
Fruits
Pistil(s) compound; 1; 1-pistillate; with carpels united. Fruit pericarpium, or anthocarp; simple, or schizocarp; capsule, or berry, or nuculanium (Marina), or drupe (Argyreia); achenarium (Dichondra), or microbasarium (Falckia); ceratium capsule, or fissuricidal capsule (Merremia tuberosa (L.) Rendle), or septifragal capsule (Ipomoea trichocalyx Schum. & Thonn., Spjut Fig. 48F), or loculicidal capsule, or pyxidium capsule (Operculina & not Spjut); capsule not inflated; capsule without operculum; berry indehiscent; berry without central placental mass; simple; acrosarcum (Stictocardia); without persistent central column; with styles(s); at apex; not within accessory organ(s), or within accessory organ(s); within sepals; accrescent; persistent; 2-carpellate (-3–5); with carpels united; with carpels remaining united at maturity; without sterile carpels; apex not beaked; wall crustaceous; dehiscent and indehiscent. Dehiscent unit seed(s). Dehiscent regularly, or irregularly; passively; at apex; and shedding seeds; without replum. Epicarp brown (all shades); durable; crustaceous; without armature; smooth; without wing(s); without apical respiratory hole. Mesocarp present, or absent. Endocarp present, or absent; not separating from exocarp; thin; not splitting into 1-seeded pyrenes; smooth; without wing; without operculum; without secretory cavities; without mechanism for seedling escape; without grooves; without longitudinal ridges. Funiculus short; short without seed bearing hooks (retinacula); not persisting in fruit after seed shed.
Seeds
Aril absent. Seed larger than minute; less than 1 mm long to 10 to less than 25 mm long; 1–10 mm long (& longer); circular, or sectoral shape; not bowl shaped; not nutlike; without winglike beak; without caudate appendage(s); at maturity with food reserves; with endosperm; without canavanine. Sarcotesta absent. Testa present; without fleshy or leathery layer over hard layer; tight; dull; surface smooth, or unsmooth; surface with discreet raised features, or merged raised features; surface papillate, or tuberculate; surface irregularly roughened, or rugose; without glands; without bristles; glabrous, or pubescent; with hairs over surface, or hairs along margin; with short hairs to long hairs (1–10 mm); sparsely hairy, or moderately hairy, or densely hairy; with curly hairs; without glandular pubescence; without wings; without collar; without operculum; colored; monochrome; black, or brown (all shades), or gray; bony; not becoming mucilaginous when wetted; surrounding food reserve. Hilum larger than punctate, or punctate; circular (or nearly so). Endosperm development nuclear; moderate, or scant; cartilaginous, or hard; transparent (or nearly so); smooth; with oils, proteins, and hemicellulose; without fatty acid containing cyclopropene; without apical lobes; without chlorophyll; without isodiametric faceted surface; without odor.
Embryo differentiated from food reserve; well developed; 1 per seed; partially filling testa (with food reserve); 2–3 times the length of food reserve; at one end of seed not extending into a depression or cup; axile and centric (& folded); foliate, or linear (Nephrophyllum); straight, or bent; without coleorhiza; without simmondsin; without stomata; not green; with 2 or more cotyledons. Cotyledons 2; well developed; not divaricate; 0.6–0.9 times length of embryo; as wide as hypocotyl-radicle, or somewhat to significantly wider than hypocotyl-radicle; 1–9 times wider than hypocotyl-radicle; thin; once-folded, or crumpled, or plicate (intricately folded), or twice-folded; with apices bifid (often), or cleft; basally entire; equal in size; not punctate dotted, or punctate dotted (also in Malvaceae). Hypocotyl-radicle moderately developed; not thickened.
Distribution
Cosmopolitan (nearly except for Arctic and cool temperate of Northern Hemisphere). New World, Old World. North America, Middle America, South America, Europe, Africa, Asia Major, Asia Minor, southeastern Asia, Australia, Oceania.
Notes
Oostroom & Hoogland in Steenis vol. 4: "Epicarp circumscissle in or above the middle, the upper part of it (operculum lid) more or less fleshy, separating from the lower part and from the endocarp". This meets Spjut's definition of ceratium, but do all fruits dehisce this way? Tribes: Argyreieae: Fruit indehiscent, coriaceous or subbaccate; carpels connate; style simple - Rivea, Argyreia. Convolvuleae: Fruit capsule, carpels connate; style simple - Convolvulus and Ipomoea. Dichrondreae: Fruit of distinct (deeply lobed) dry carpels, each with 1 style -Dichrondra. Erycibeae: Fruit baccate, carpels connate into 1-celled ovary with subsessile 5-lobed stigma - Erycibea.
Weed information
1 or more USA Federal noxious weeds, 1 or more USA state noxious weeds.
USA Federal noxious weeds: -- Cuscuta australis R. Br.: USA Federal Noxious Weed●. -- Cuscuta chinensis Lam.: USA Federal Noxious Weed●. -- Cuscuta japonica Choisy:: USA Federal Noxious Weed●; USA state noxious weed: TX●.-- Cuscuta lupuliformis Krock.: USA Federal Noxious Weed●.-- Cuscuta monogyna Vahl: USA Federal Noxious Weed●.-- Cuscuta myricoides (L.) Druce, nom. ambig.: USA Federal Noxious Weed●; USA state noxious weed: NC●. -- Cuscuta reflexa Roxb.: USA Federal Noxious Weed●; USA state noxious weed: CA●, NC●. -- Cuscuta spp.: USA Federal Noxious Weed●; USA state noxious weed: AL°, AR●°, AZ●°, CA●°, CO°, CT°, DE°, FL●°, GA°, HI°, IA°, ID°, IL°, IN°, KS°, KY°, LA°, MA●°, MD°, ME°, MI●°, MN°, MO°, MS°, MT°, NC°, ND°, NE°, NH°, NJ°, NM°, NV°, NY°, OH°, OK●°, OR●°, PA°, PR●, RI°, SC°, SD●°, TN°, TX°, UT°, VA°, VT°, WI°, WV°, WY●°. -- Ipomoea aquatica Forssk.: USA Federal Noxious Weedª; USA state noxious weed: ALª, FLª, MAª, NCª, NHª, OKª, SCª, TXª. -- Symbols: ªaquatic weed; ●terrestrial weed; °weed in seed. -- Last updated September 2008.
USA states and territories with listed noxious weeds: Alabama (AL), Alaska (AK), Arizona (AZ), Arkansas (AR), California (CA), Colorado (CO), Connecticut (CT), Delaware (DE), District of Colombia (DC), Florida (FL), Georgia (GA), Hawaii (HI), Idaho (ID), Illinois (IL), Indiana (IN), Iowa (IA), Kansas (KS), Kentucky (KY), Louisiana (LA), Maine (ME), Maryland (MD), Massachusetts (MA), Michigan (MI), Minnesota (MN), Mississippi (MS), Missouri (MO), Montana (MT), Nebraska (NE), Nevada (NV), New Hampshire (NH), New Jersey (NJ), New Mexico (NM), New York (NY), North Carolina (NC), North Dakota (ND), Ohio (OH), Oklahoma (OK), Oregon (OR), Pennsylvania (PA), Puerto Rico (PR), Rhode Island (RI), South Carolina (SC), South Dakota (SD), Tennessee (TN), Texas (TX), Utah (UT), Vermont (VT), Virginia (VA), Washington (WA), West Virginia (WV), Wisconsin (WI), Wyoming (WY).
USA state and territory noxious weeds: -- Calonyction muricatum (L.) G. Don (=Ipomoea turbinata Lag.): USA state noxious weed: AL°, AR●, MO°, OK●°, SC°. -- Calystegia sepium (L.) R. Br.: USA state noxious weed: GA°, MS°, NC°, OH°, TX°. -- Calystegia spp.: USA state noxious weed: KS°. -- Convolvulus arvensis L.: USA state noxious weed: AK●°, AL°, AR●°, AZ●°, CA●°, CO●°, CT°, DC°, DE°, FL°, GA°, HI●°, IA●°, ID●°, IL°, IN°, KS●°, LA°, MA°, MD°, ME°, MI●°, MN●°, MO●°, MS°, MT●°, NC°, ND●°, NE°, NH°, NJ°, NM●°, NV°, NY°, OH°, OK°, OR●°, RI●, SC°, SD●°, TN°, TX°, VA°, VT°, WA°, WI●°, WV°, WY●°. -- Convolvulus sepium L. (=Calystegia sepium (L.) R. Br.): USA state noxious weed: AL°, HI°, KS°, LA°, MI●°, MO°, ND°, NJ°, OK●°, SC°, SD°, TN°, WA°. -- Convolvulus spp.: USA state noxious weed: PA°, RI°, UT●°. -- Cuscuta japonica Choisy: USA Federal Noxious Weed●; USA state noxious weed: TX●.-- Cuscuta myricoides (L.) Druce: USA Federal Noxious Weed●; USA state noxious weed: NC●.-- Cuscuta reflexa Roxb.: USA Federal Noxious Weed●; USA state noxious weed: CA●, NC●. -- Cuscuta spp.: USA Federal Noxious Weed●; USA state noxious weed: AL°, AR●°, AZ●°, CA●°, CO°, CT°, DE°, FL●°, GA°, HI°, IA°, ID°, IL°, IN°, KS°, KY°, LA°, MA●°, MD°, ME°, MI●°, MN°, MO°, MS°, MT°, NC°, ND°, NE°, NH°, NJ°, NM°, NV°, NY°, OH°, OK●°, OR●°, PA°, PR●, RI°, SC°, SD●°, TN°, TX°, UT°, VA°, VT°, WI°, WV°, WY●°. -- Ipomoea aquatica Forssk.: USA Federal Noxious Weedª●; USA state noxious weed: ALª, FLª, MAª, NCª, NHª, OKª, SCª, TXª. -- Ipomoea fistulosa Mart. ex Choisy (=Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa (Mart. ex Choisy) D. F. Austin): USA state noxious weed: FLª. -- Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth: USA state noxious weed: NE°, WV°. -- Ipomoea spp.: USA state noxious weed: AR●°, AZ●°, KS°, LA°, MI●°, MS°, NC°, NE°, NM°, OK●°, PR●, TX°. -- Ipomoea triloba L.: USA state noxious weed: FL●, PR●. -- Ipomoea turbinata Lag.: USA state noxious weed: AR°, GA°, KY°, LA°, MS°. -- Symbols: ªaquatic weed; ●terrestrial weed; °weed in seed. -- Last updated September 2008.
Listed seeds
ASOA listed seeds, ISTA listed seeds.
ASOA listed seeds: -- Calonyction muricatum (L.) G. Don = Ipomoea turbinata Lag. -- Calystegia sepium (L.) R. Br. -- Calystegia R. Br. spp. -- Convolvulus arvensis L. -- Convolvulus equitans Benth. -- Convolvulus incanus auct. = Convolvulus equitans Benth. -- Convolvulus sepium L. = Calystegia sepium (L.) R. Br. -- Cuscuta campestris Yunck. -- Cuscuta coryli Engelm. -- Cuscuta epilinum Weihe -- Cuscuta epithymum (L.) L. -- Cuscuta indecora Choisy -- Cuscuta pentagona Engelm. -- Cuscuta planiflora Ten. -- Cuscuta racemosa var. chiliana Engelm. = Cuscuta suaveolens Ser. -- Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. -- Cuscuta L. spp. -- Cuscuta suaveolens Ser. -- Dichondra repens J. R. Forst. & G. Forst. -- Ipomoea alba L. -- Ipomoea aquatica Forssk. -- Ipomoea hederacea Jacq. -- Ipomoea hirsutula J. Jacq. = Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth -- Ipomoea lacunosa L. -- Ipomoea leptophylla Torr. -- Ipomoea lobata (Cerv.) Thell. -- Ipomoea × multifida auct. mult. = Ipomoea sloteri (House) Ooststr. -- Ipomoea pandurata (L.) G. Mey. -- Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth -- Ipomoea quamoclit L. -- Ipomoea sloteri (House) Ooststr. -- Ipomoea L. spp. -- Ipomoea tricolor Cav. -- Ipomoea triloba L. -- Ipomoea turbinata Lag. -- Jacquemontia tamnifolia (L.) Griseb. -- Last updated September 2008.
ISTA listed seeds: -- Calonyction album (L.) House = Ipomoea alba L. -- Convolvulus arvensis L.w -- Convolvulus tricolor L.f -- Dichondra repens J. R. Forst. & G. Forst.a -- Exogonium purga (Wender.) Benth. = Ipomoea purga (Wender.) Hayne -- Ipomoea alba L.f -- Ipomoea aquatica Forssk.a -- Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. -- Ipomoea hirsutula J. Jacq. = Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth -- Ipomoea marginata (Desr.) Verdc.w -- Ipomoea nil (L.) Roth -- Ipomoea pes-tigridis L. -- Ipomoea plebeia R. Br. -- Ipomoea purga (Wender.) Hayne -- Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Rothf -- Ipomoea quamoclit L.f -- Ipomoea sepiaria J. Koenig ex Roxb. = Ipomoea marginata (Desr.) Verdc. -- Ipomoea tricolor Cav.f -- Ipomoea triloba L.w -- Pharbitis nil (L.) Choisy = Ipomoea nil (L.) Roth -- Pharbitis purpurea (L.) Voigt = Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth -- Quamoclit vulgaris Choisy = Ipomoea quamoclit L.f -- Symbols: aagricultural and vegetable seeds (Table 2A Part 1); ttree and shrub species (Table 2A Part 2); fflower, spice, herb, and medicinal seeds (Table 2A Part 3); wweed seeds. -- Last updated September 2008.
Accepted genera
Aniseia Choisy -- Argyreia Lour. -- Astripomoea A. Meeuse -- Blinkworthia Choisy -- Bonamia Thouars, nom. cons. -- Calycobolus Willd. ex Schult. -- Calystegia R. Br., nom. cons. -- Cardiochlamys Oliv. -- Cladostigma Radlk. -- Convolvulus L., nom. cons. prop. -- Cordisepalum Verdc. -- Cressa L. -- Decalobanthus Ooststr. -- Dichondra J. R. Forst. & G. Forst. -- Dicranostyles Benth. -- Dinetus Buch.-Ham. ex Sweet -- Dipteropeltis Hallier f. -- Erycibe Roxb. -- Evolvulus L. -- Falkia Thunb., nom. cons. -- Hewittia Wight & Arn. -- Hildebrandtia Vatke -- Humbertia Comm. ex Lam. -- Hyalocystis Hallier f. -- Ipomoea L., nom. cons. -- Iseia O'Donell -- Itzaea Standl. & Steyerm. -- Jacquemontia Choisy -- Lepistemon Blume -- Lepistemonopsis Dammer -- Lysiostyles Benth. -- Maripa Aubl. -- Merremia Dennst. ex Endl., nom. cons. -- Metaporana N. E. Br. -- Nephrophyllum A. Rich. -- Neuropeltis Wall. -- Neuropeltopsis Ooststr. -- Odonellia K. R. Robertson -- Operculina Silva Manso -- Paralepistemon Lejoly & Lisowski -- Pentacrostigma K. Afzel. -- Polymeria R. Br. -- Porana Burm. f. -- Poranopsis Roberty -- Rapona Baill. -- Rivea Choisy -- Sabaudiella Chiov. -- Seddera Hochst. -- Stictocardia Hallier f. -- Stylisma Raf. -- Tetralocularia O'Donell -- Tridynamia Gagnep. -- Turbina Raf. -- Wilsonia R. Br. -- Xenostegia D. F. Austin & Staples
References specific to this family
Cronquist page 895. Gunn, C.R. 1977. Merremia discoidesperma: Its taxonomy and capacity of its seeds for ocean drifting. Econ. Bot. 31:237–252; Gunn, C.R. 1969. Seeds of the United States noxious and common weeds in the Convolvulaceae, excluding the genus Cuscuta. Proc. Assoc. Off. Seed Analysts 59:101–115.
General references
Corner, E.J.H. 1976. The seeds of Dicots, esp. vol. 2. Cambridge University Press, New York, Cronquist, A. 1981. An integrated system of classification of flowering plants, 1,262 p. Columbia University Press, New York, Engler, A. and K. Prantl. 1924 and onward. Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilimien. W. Engelman, Leipzig, Gaertner, J. 1788–1805. De fructibus et seminibus plantarum. The Author, Stuttgart, Goldberg, A. 1986 (dicots) and 1989 (monocots). Classification, evolution, and phylogeny of the familes of Dicotyledons. Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 58 for dicots (314 pp.) and 71 for monocots (74 pp.). [Goldberg's illustrations are reproduced from older publications and these should be consulted], Gunn, C.R. and J.V. Dennis. 1976. World guide to tropical drift seeds and fruits, 240 pp. The New York Times Book Co., New York, Gunn, C.R. and C.A. Ritchie. 1988. Identification of disseminules listed in the Federal Noxious Weed Act. Techn. Bull. U.S.D.A. 1719:1–313, Gunn, C.R., J.H. Wiersema, C.A. Ritchie, and J.H. Kirkbride, Jr. 1992 and amendments. Families and genera of Spermatophytes recognized by the Agricultural Research Service. Techn. Bull. U.S.D.A. 1796:1–500, LeMaout, E. and J. Decaisne. 1876. A general system of botany, 1,065 p. Longmans, Green, and Co., London, Mabberley, D.J. 1987. The plant-book, 706 p. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Martin, A.C. 1946. The comparative internal morphology of seeds. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 36:513–660, Spjut, R.W. 1994. A systematic treatment of fruit types. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 70:1–182, Steenis, C.G.G.J. van, ed. 1950 onwards. Flora Malesiana, ser. 1. Spermatophyta. Noordhoff-Kolff, Djakarta, Wood, C.E., Jr. 1974. A student's atlas of flowering plants: Some dicotyledons of eastern North America, 120 pp. Harper and Row, New York.
Illustrations
Poor fruit and acceptable seed illustrations. Disseminule illustration(s): fruit, or seed, or embryo. Fruit illustration(s): Gunn (1977), Wood, Jr. Seed illustration(s): LeMaout & Decaisne, Gunn & Ritchie, Gunn (1969 & 1977), Gunn & Dennis, Engler & Prantl, Wood, Jr. Embryo illustration(s): Martin, Engler & Prantl, Gunn & Ritchie, LeMaout & Decaisne, Gunn (1977), Wood, Jr.
• Seed. 1 of 15. Argyreia nervosa (Burm. f.) Bojer: seeds. • Fruit. 2 of 15. Calystegia sepium (L.) R. Br.: fruit. • Seed. 3 of 15. Calystegia sepium (L.) R. Br.: seed. • Seed. 4 of 15. Convolulus soldanella L.: seeds. • Seed. 5 of 15. Ipomoea batatas L.) Lam.: seeds. • Seed. 6 of 15. Merremia peltata (L.) Merr.: seeds. • Embryo. 7 of 15. Calystegia pubescens Lindl.: embryos. • Embryo. 8 of 15. Convolvulus tricolor L.: embryos. • Embryo. 9 of 15. Ipomoea aquatica Forssk.: embryos. • Embryo. 10 of 15. Ipomoea pes-tigridis L.: embryos. • Embryo. 11 of 15. Ipomoea sinensis (Desr.) Choisy: embryos. • Embryo. 12 of 15. Ipomoea triloba L.: embryos. • Embryo. 13 of 15. Merremia aegyptia (L.) Urb.: embryos. • Embryo. 14 of 15. Merremia quinquefolia (L.) Hallier f.: embryos. • Embryo. 15 of 15. Operculina turpethum (L.) Silva Manso: embryos.
We advise against extracting comparative information from the descriptions. This is much more easily achieved using the DELTA data files or the interactive key, which allows access to the character list, illustrations, full and partial descriptions, diagnostic descriptions, differences and similarities between taxa, lists of taxa exhibiting or lacking specified attributes, and distributions of character states within any set of taxa. See also Guidelines for using data taken from Web publications.
Cite this publication as: ‘J.H. Kirkbride, Jr., C.R. Gunn, and M.J. Dallwitz. 2000 onwards. Family guide for fruits and seeds: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. Version: 12th April 2021. delta-intkey.com’.
