Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-4hhp2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-17T16:09:44.344Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

CAN THE SECTIONAL POSITION OF GENTIANA CACHEMIRICA BE CLARIFIED BY A DETAILED ANALYSIS OF ITS MORPHOLOGY?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 November 2007

Get access

Abstract

Gentiana cachemirica is a rare plant from northern Pakistan and northwestern India. The sectional position of this species has been a matter of considerable debate. Various authors have placed Gentiana cachemirica in one of three different sections – Gentiana sect. Isomeria, Gentiana sect. Kudoa or Gentiana sect. Pneumonanthe. The present paper assesses the taxonomic affinities of this species using a detailed study of its morphology accompanied by morphological phylogenetic and cluster analyses. Characters of the seed testa, corolla morphology and growth architecture were studied for selected species from the above-mentioned sections and closely related Gentiana sect. Cruciata. Representatives of Gentiana sect. Ciminalis were used as outgroups. Our results suggest that G. cachemirica belongs to Gentiana sect. Pneumonanthe and that its affinities are closer to the Western Asiatic group of this section.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Trustees of the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh 2007

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aitken, E. (1999). Family 160. Gentiana. In: Grierson, A. J. C. & Long, D. G. (eds) Flora of Bhutan, vol. 2, pp. 633656. Edinburgh: Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh and Royal Government of Bhutan.Google Scholar
Bartholomew, J. C. (1988). The New York Times Atlas of the World. New York: Times Books.Google Scholar
Bouman, F., Cobb, L., Devente, N., Goethals, V. & Maas, M. (2002). The seeds of Gentianaceae. In: Struwe, L. & Albert, V. A. (eds) Gentianaceae: Systematics and Natural History, pp. 498572. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Chen, S., Xia, T., Wang, Y., Liu, J. & Chen, S. (2005). Molecular systematics and biogeography of Crawfurdia, Metagentiana and Tripterospermum (Gentianaceae) based on nuclear ribosomal and plastid DNA sequences. Ann. Bot. 96: 413424.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clarke, C. B. (1885). Gentiana. In: Hooker, J. D. (reprint 1984) (ed.) The Flora of British India, vol. 4, pp. 108119. Delhi: Jayyed Press.Google Scholar
Davitashvili, N. & Karrer, G. (2003). Gentiana scabra and Gentiana triflora are monopodial gentians. Palmarum Hortus Francofurtensis 7: 139.Google Scholar
Davitashvili, N. & Karrer, G. (2006). Taxonomic relationships of the western Asian taxa of Gentiana sect. Pneumonanthe. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 153(2): 197208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dolukhanov, A. G. (1948). Zametki o Kavkazskikh gorechavkakh podsekzii Septemfidae Kusn. Zametki Sist. Geogr. Rast. 14: 3860.Google Scholar
Fitch, W. M. (1971). Towards defining the course of evolution: minimum change for a specific tree topology. Syst. Zool. 20: 406416.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gagnidze, R. (1985). Gentiana L. In: Gagnidze, R. & Kutateladze, Sch. (eds) Flora of Georgia, vol. 10, pp. 123143. Tbilisi: Mecniereba.Google Scholar
Garg, S. (1987). Gentianaceae of the North West Himalaya. New Delhi: Today and Tomorrow's Printers and Publishers.Google Scholar
Greimler, J., Hermanowski, B. & Jang, C-G. (2004). A re-evaluation of morphological characters in European Gentianella section Gentianella (Gentianaceae). Pl. Syst. Evol. 248: 143169.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grossheim, A. A. (1952). Gentiana. In: Shishkin, B. K. & Bobrov, E. G. (eds) Flora SSSR, vol. 18, pp. 538620. Moskva-Leningrad: AN SSSR.Google Scholar
Grossheim, A. A. (1967). Gentiana. In: Grossheim, A. A. (ed.) Flora Kavkaza, vol. 7, pp. 208212. Leningrad: Nauka.Google Scholar
Hadač, E. (1970). A plant collection from Hindukush. Feddes Repert. 81(6–7): 457479.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hagen, K. B. von & Kadereit, J. W. (2003). The diversification of Halenia (Gentianaceae): ecological opportunity versus key innovation. Evolution 57: 25072518.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halda, J. J. (1996). The genus Gentiana. Dobré: Sen. Vydav.Google Scholar
Haserodt, K. (1989). Chitral (pakistanischer Hindukusch): Strukturen, Wandel und Probleme eines Lebensraumes im Hochgebirge zwischen Gletschern und Wüste. In: Haserodt, K. (ed.) Hochgebirgsräume Nordpakistans im Hindukusch, Karakorum und Westhimalaya: Beiträge und Materialen zur Regionalen Geographie, pp. 44180. Berlin: Institut für Geographie der Technischen Universität Berlin.Google Scholar
Ho, T.-N & Pringle, J. S. (1995). Gentianaceae. In: Wu, Z.-Y. & Raven, P. H. (eds) Flora of China, vol. 16, pp. 1139. Beijing, St Louis: Science Press, Missouri Botanical Garden Press.Google Scholar
Ho, T.-N & Liu, S.-W. (1990). The infrageneric classification of Gentiana (Gentianaceae). Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bot. 20: 169192.Google Scholar
Ho, T.-N & Liu, S.-W. (2001). A Worldwide Monograph of Gentiana. Beijing: Science Press.Google Scholar
Jang, C.-G., Müllner, A. N. & Greimler, J. (2005). Conflicting patterns of genetic and morphological variation in European Gentianella section Gentianella. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 148: 175187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karrer, G. (1997). Growth form characters and growth strategies as a tool for taxonomy in Gentiana L. Scripta Bot. Belg. 15: 90.Google Scholar
Kolakovsky, A. A. (1978). New data on the taxonomy and origin of some Caucasian Gentiana. Bull. Acad. Sci. Georgian SSR 92(1): 161164.Google Scholar
Kusnezow, N. I. (1894). Podrod Eugentiana Kusnez. roda Gentiana Tournefort: Sistematicheskaya, morfologicheskaya i geogreficheskaya obrabotka. St Petersburg: Dermakov.Google Scholar
Löve, A. & Löve, D. (1972). Favargera and Gentianodes, two new genera of alpine Gentianaceae. Bot. Not. 125: 255258.Google Scholar
Maddison, W. P. R. & Maddison, D. R. (1992). MacClade, Version 3.0.1. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.Google Scholar
Mészáros, S. (1994). Evolutionary significance of xanthones in Gentianaceae: a reappraisal. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 22(1): 8594.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meusel, H. & Schubert, R. (1971). Contributions to the plant geography of the western Himalayas. Flora 160: 137194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Omer, S. & Qaiser, M. (1995a). Seed morphological studies in the genus Gentiana L. (s.l.) (Gentianaceae) from Pakistan and Kashmir. Turkish J. Bot. 19(6): 581593.Google Scholar
Omer, S. & Qaiser, M. (1995b). Gentianaceae. In: Ali, S. I. & Qaiser, M. (eds) Flora of Pakistan, vol. 197, pp. 1172. Karachi: University of Karachi.Google Scholar
Peer, Th., Millinger, A., Grubner, J-P. & Hussain, F. (2001). Vegetation and altitudinal zonation in relation to the impact of grazing in the steppe lands of the Hindu Kush Range (N-Pakistan). Phytocoenologia 31(4): 477498.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Polunin, O. & Stainton, A. (1990). Concise Flowers of the Himalaya. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Pringle, J. S. (1977). Taxonomy and distribution of Gentiana (Gentianaceae) in Mexico and Central America. I. Sect. Pneumonanthe. Sida 7(2): 174217.Google Scholar
Renobales, G., de Diego, E., López-Quintana, A. J. & Domingues, J. B. (1999). Vegetative morphology in the genus Gentiana L. In: Kurman, M. H. & Hemsley, A. R. (eds) The Evolution of Plant Architecture, pp. 123133. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens.Google Scholar
Schikoff, U. (1994). Die Verbreitung der Vegetation im Kaghan-Tal (Westhimalaya, Pakistan) und ihre Kartographische Darstellung im Massstab 1:150 000. Erdkunde 48: 92110.Google Scholar
Schiman-Czeika, H. (1967). Gentiana. In: Rechinger, K. H. (ed.) Flora Iranica, vol. 41, pp. 1022. Graz: Akademische Druck u. Verlagsanstalt.Google Scholar
Serebryakova, T. I. (1979). Models of shoot formation and some evolutionary trends in the genus Gentiana L. Byull. Moskovsk. Obshch. Isp. Prir. Otd. Biol. 84(6): 97109.Google Scholar
Smith, H. (1961). Problems relating to the Gentiana cachemirica of the ‘Flora of British India'. Kew Bull. 15: 4355.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Struwe, L. & Albert, V. A. (2002). Gentianaceae: Systematics and Natural History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Stuessy, T. F. (1990). Plant Taxonomy: The Systematic Evaluation of Comparative Data. Columbia: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Swofford, D. L. (1998). PAUP*. Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (and other methods), Version 4. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.Google Scholar
Takhtajan, A. L. (1986). Floristic Regions of the World. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Toyokuni, H. (1960). Über die systematische stellung von Gentiana yakushimensis. J. Jap. Bot. 35: 201204.Google Scholar
Yuan, Y.-M. (1993). Seedcoat micromorphology and its systematic implications in Gentianaceae of Western China. Bot. Helvet. 103: 7382.Google Scholar
Yuan, Y.-M., Küpfer, Ph. & Doyle, J. J. (1996). Infrageneric phylogeny of the genus Gentiana (Gentianaceae) inferred from nucleotide sequences of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Amer. J. Bot. 83(5): 641652.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yuan, Y.-M., Wohlhauser, S., Möller, M., Klackenberg, J., Callmander, M. & Küpfer, Ph. (2005). Phylogeny and biogeography of Exacum (Gentianaceae): A disjunctive distribution in the Indian Ocean basin resulted from long distance dispersal and extensive radiation. Syst. Biol. 54(1): 2134.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed