Euonymus fortunei (wintercreeper)
Datasheet Types: Crop, Tree, Invasive species, Host plant
Abstract
This datasheet on Euonymus fortunei covers Identity, Overview, Distribution, Dispersal, Diagnosis, Biology & Ecology, Environmental Requirements, Natural Enemies, Impacts, Uses, Prevention/Control, Further Information.
Identity
- Preferred Scientific Name
- Euonymus fortunei (Turcz.) Hand.-Mazz.
- Preferred Common Name
- wintercreeper
- Other Scientific Names
- Elaeodendron fortunei Turcz.
- Euonymus carrierei Vauvel
- Euonymus hederaceus Champ. ex Beth.
- Euonymus japonicus (Thunb.) var. acutus (Rehder)
- Euonymus japonicus var. chinensis Pamp. (1910)
- Euonymus kiautschovicus Loes.
- Euonymus patens Rehder
- Euonymus radicans (Miq.) Siebold ex Hand.-Mazz.
- Euonymus radicans var. acutus (Rehder) Rehder
- Euonymus wensiensis J.W. Ren & D.S. Yao (1996)
- International Common Names
- EnglishChinese spindle treeclimbing euonymusgaietywinter creeper
- Spanishebonimus
- Frenchfusain de fortune
- Chinesefu fang tang
- Local Common Names
- purple leaf wintercreeper
- Germanykletternder spindelstrauchkriech-spindelstrauchSpindelstrauch, Kletter-
- Japanturu-masaki
- EPPO code
- EUOFO (Euonymus fortunei)
Pictures
Flowers and foliage
Euonymus fortunei (wintercreeper); flowers and foliage.
©Sylvan Kaufman
Flowers
Euonymus fortunei (wintercreeper); close view of flowers.
©Sylvan Kaufman
Summary of Invasiveness
Euonymus fortunei is an evergreen, shade-tolerant vine that can form a dense groundcover and also climbs. Native to Asia, from Japan to the Philippines, it has been widely used as an ornamental plant in temperate and sub-tropical regions around the world. Most reports of naturalization and invasion of E. fortunei are from eastern North America. It was introduced to the USA in the late 1800s or early 1900s. First reports of invasiveness did not appear until the late 1990s. It can outcompete other ground layer species for resources and when it climbs on trees it adds extra weight to the branches that can make them more susceptible to storm damage. It may also change soil chemistry and food webs. E. fortunei is proposed for listing as a regulated species in New York, USA.
Taxonomic Tree
Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
E. fortunei (Turczaninow) Handel-Mazzett was first named in 1863, as Elaeodendron fortunei Turczaninow (Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2013). Two varieties may occur in North America, Euonymus fortunei var. fortunei (Turcz.) Hand.-Maz and Euonymus fortunei var. radicans (Siebold ex Miq.) Rehder (ITIS, 2013). These varieties are not distinguished in other local floras (Zouhar, 2009). Dirr (1998) lists E. fortunei var. coloratus which is often listed as the cultivar 'Coloratus'. Some of the confusion about varieties and cultivars comes from E. fortunei’s tendency to easily produce new leaf colours, sizes and variegations:
"This is the most common and widespread species in the genus. It is also the most complex and polymorphic species in East, South, and Southeast Asia, and can be confused with Euonymus japonicus, E. theifolius, or E. vagans. Numerous taxa have been named within the E. fortunei complex but many of these refer to cultivated plants and are best treated as cultivars." (The Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2013).
Other synonyms for E. fortunei are reported by Nesom (2009), Flora of China Editorial Committee (2013) and ISSG (2013). Some of its common names depend on the cultivar. For example, 'Emerald 'n' Gold' is sometimes used as a common name but usually describes a cultivar.
"This is the most common and widespread species in the genus. It is also the most complex and polymorphic species in East, South, and Southeast Asia, and can be confused with Euonymus japonicus, E. theifolius, or E. vagans. Numerous taxa have been named within the E. fortunei complex but many of these refer to cultivated plants and are best treated as cultivars." (The Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2013).
Other synonyms for E. fortunei are reported by Nesom (2009), Flora of China Editorial Committee (2013) and ISSG (2013). Some of its common names depend on the cultivar. For example, 'Emerald 'n' Gold' is sometimes used as a common name but usually describes a cultivar.
Plant Type
Vine / climber
Perennial
Broadleaved
Seed propagated
Shrub
Vegetatively propagated
Woody
Description
E. fortunei grows as an evergreen, woody, clinging vine climbing to 12-22 m (40-70 ft) with the support of aerial roots, or it can form a dense groundcover or low shrub to 1 m tall (Hutchison, 2006).
The leaves are variable in colour and size. Leaves can be "dark green, green-white or green-gold variegation with some cultivars having purplish lower surfaces" (Hutchison, 2006). Leaves are "ovate (egg-shaped), 2.5-6 cm (1-2.5 in) long, 2.5-4.5 cm (1-1.75 in) wide, and thick with the base of the leaf tapering to the stalk. The leaf stalk (petiole) is 0.4-1 cm (0.13-0.38 in) long. The leaf margins are finely toothed and somewhat turned under or wavy. The blades are glossy with silvery or whitish veins. Leaves usually occur in pairs, but vigorous shoots may have sections with an alternate arrangement.
During harsh winters, E. fortunei may drop some or all of its leaves, leaving only the stems. The stems are stout, green and hairless when young becoming grey, slightly warty or corky and hairy with age, but may turn greenish-purple during severe cold. Small, greenish-yellow, inconspicuous flowers form at the ends of y-shaped stems in May to July. Each flower is 2-3 mm (0.1 inch) wide and has four petals" (Hutchison, 2006). The dangling paired or single fruits are pinkish to reddish, 0.5-1.0 cm (0.2-0.4 inch) long rounded capsules that mature in September to November and split to reveal orange to red fleshy-coated seeds (Miller et al., 2010).
Distribution
E. fortunei is native to China where it is widespread (Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2013). It is also native to Japan, Taiwan, Korea, India, Indonesia, Laos, Thailand, Myanmar, Philippines, and Vietnam (Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2013; USDA-ARS, 2013).
Zouhar (2009) lists E. fortunei in numerous states in the USA, mainly concentrated in midwestern and southeastern states. It also occurs in Ontario, Canada (USDA-NRCS, 2013).
E. fortunei is cultivated in Europe, North America, South America and Oceania (Teillier et al., 2003; Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2013) but there are relatively few cases where it has been reported as naturalized except in North America.
Distribution Map
Distribution Table
History of Introduction and Spread
In the 1860s, E. fortunei was recommended for ornamental use (Hogg, 1867). It was introduced to Europe around 1860 by Robert Fortune, who probably collected it from Japan (Bretschneider, 1898). In 1880, it was described in the Gardener’s Monthly and Horticulturist (Meehan, 1880). It was also reported to be an ornamental plant in 1884 (Fish, 1884). Further collections were made by E.H. Wilson and others into the 1990s (USDA, 1967; Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, 2013; USDA-ARS, 2013).
E. fortunei was introduced in 1895 to Montana, USA, and was described as “useless” for horticulture. Specimens were sent from China to the US in 1906, 1908, and 1914 by Frank N. Myer (USDA-ARS, 2013). Other E. fortunei plants were received from England in 1915 and Japan in 1961 by the US Department of Agriculture Research Station in Beltsville, MD (USDA, 1967; USDA-ARS, 2013).
The Harvard University Herbarium (2013) in Massachusetts, USA, has herbarium specimens dating from 1845 collected by Robert Fortune in China, as well as one from Rhode Island, USA, from 1889 and from Florida, USA, from 1887 with a note that it was probably introduced to those states from China by George R. Hall. Specimens were received by the Arnold Arboretum from western China collected by E. H. Wilson in 1907 (Wilson, 1913).
In Canada, Catling (1997) reported E. fortunei as invasive in Ontario, Canada. Another specific location report of naturalization was on sanctuary lands of the Royal Botanical Garden in Ontario where the seeds were presumed to have come from cultivated plants at the botanical garden (Rothfels, 2004). Most other reports of naturalization and invasion begin in the late 1990s (Zouhar, 2009).
Introductions
| Introduced to | Introduced from | Year | Reasons | Introduced by | Established in wild through | References | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Natural reproduction | Continuous restocking | |||||||
| UK | Japan | 1860 | No | No | ||||
| USA | Japan | 1961 | Yes | No | ||||
| USA | China | 1906-1914 | Yes | No | ||||
| USA | UK | 1915 | Yes | No | ||||
Risk of Introduction
E. fortunei is sold around the world as an ornamental plant. It is propagated primarily through cuttings but can be grown from seed (Dirr, 1998). It could be shipped as seeds, cuttings, or container plants.
Means of Movement and Dispersal
Vector Transmission (biotic)
Seeds are bird-dispersed (Zouhar, 2009).
Intentional Introduction
Intentional introduction has primarily been as an ornamental plant. Plants have been introduced numerous times to the USA and Europe from their native range for plant breeding programs (Harvard University Herbarium, 2013; USDA-ARS, 2013).
Notes on Natural Enemies
Unaspis euonymi (euonymus scale) causes leaf abscission, particularly when E. fortunei is drought-stressed. Infestations can be lethal. Cultivars ‘Vegetus’ and ‘Coloratus’ appear to be particularly susceptible. U. euonymi affects a variety of Euonymus species (Zouhar, 2009).
In the southwestern USA and northern Mexico, E. fortunei is very susceptible to Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Texas root rot), a parasitic root fungus that attacks several ornamental species (Zouhar, 2009).
A species of powdery mildew, Oidium euonymi-japonici [Pseudoidium euonymi-japonici], causes its leaves to yellow and drop off (Hutchison, 2006).
E. fortunei is also browsed by rabbits (Zouhar, 2009).
Pathway Causes
| Pathway cause | Notes | Long distance | Local | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Botanical gardens and zoos (pathway cause) | Planted at Royal Botanical Garden, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada and at Longwood Gardens, Kennett Square | Yes | ||
| Breeding and propagation (pathway cause) | Numerous cultivars have been bred and propagated for commercial sale | Yes | Yes | |
| Escape from confinement or garden escape (pathway cause) | Often naturalized close to plantings | Yes | ||
| Horticulture (pathway cause) | Cultivars are sold at numerous retail nurseries in many countries as well as online | Yes | Yes | |
| Internet sales (pathway cause) | Plants are available for sale on numerous internet sites | Yes | ||
| Nursery trade (pathway cause) | Many nurseries stock the plant | Yes | Yes | |
| Ornamental purposes (pathway cause) | Plants are sold for ornamental plantings | Yes | Yes |
Pathway Vectors
| Pathway vector | Notes | Long distance | Local | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Host and vector organisms (pathway vector) | Birds spread seeds | Yes | ||
| Land vehicles (pathway vector) | Potted plants transported to nurseries and homes | Yes | ||
| Mail (pathway vector) | As live plants or seeds | Yes |
Similarities to Other Species/Conditions
Euonymus japonicus is more upright than E. fortunei, growing to 3 m tall, but is otherwise very similar in appearance (Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2013). Euonymus theifolius has longer, narrower leaves (5-10 cm vs. 2-5.5 cm) and the flowers are usually in larger clusters of more than 7 flowers (Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2013). Euonymus vagans is also more shrub-like growing only to 3 m, but otherwise its characteristics overlap with those of E. fortunei (Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2013).
Although two varieties of E. fortunei are reported in North America, E. fortunei var. fortunei and E. fortunei var. radicans (Siebold ex Miq.) Rehder (Zouhar, 2009), no information could be found on how they are distinguished from the species.
Vinca minor and Vinca major may be confused with E. fortunei, but Vinca has purple, pinwheel shaped flowers and the leaf margins are smooth and slightly rolled under (Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2013).
Habitat
In Asia, E. fortunei is "Common in woodlands, scrub, and forests" (Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2013).
In the USA, E. fortunei is found in a variety of forest types including floodplain, mesic, and dry-mesic forests dominated by deciduous hardwoods. Some of the specific forest communities in which it occurs include oak-hickory, sugar maple-American beech, and green ash-silver maple. It is occasionally found in more open field and scrub habitats (Zouhar, 2009).
Habitat List
| Category | Sub category | Habitat | Presence | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Terrestrial | ||||
| Terrestrial | Terrestrial – Managed | Disturbed areas | Present, no further details | |
| Terrestrial | Terrestrial – Managed | Urban / peri-urban areas | Principal habitat | Productive/non-natural |
| Terrestrial | Terrestrial ‑ Natural / Semi-natural | Natural forests | Principal habitat | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
| Terrestrial | Terrestrial ‑ Natural / Semi-natural | Natural forests | Principal habitat | Natural |
| Terrestrial | Terrestrial ‑ Natural / Semi-natural | Natural grasslands | Secondary/tolerated habitat | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
| Terrestrial | Terrestrial ‑ Natural / Semi-natural | Scrub / shrublands | Principal habitat | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
| Terrestrial | Terrestrial ‑ Natural / Semi-natural | Scrub / shrublands | Principal habitat | Natural |
Biology and Ecology
Genetics
E. fortunei has a chromosomal number of n=16, 2n=32.
Reproductive Biology
Plants can reproduce vegetatively, forming rootlets at nodes where branches contact the ground (Zouhar, 2009).
Physiology and Phenology
E. fortunei is usually evergreen. It flowers from April to August and set fruits from July to December (Zouhar, 2009). It is shade tolerant, showing relatively efficient use of low light (Wang and Ma, 2004). Seeds of several species of Euonymus can be stored for more than 2 years (Wyman, 1953).
Fruiting occurs on upright, climbing stems. The flowering sections of the vines do not have aerial rootlets (Miller et al., 2010). Groundcover plants seldom fruit or flower because the vine diameter must reach approximately 1 cm to trigger flowering (Zouhar, 2009). Fruits often persist on plants into winter (Zouhar, 2009). Each dry capsule holds up to 4 seeds covered in a bright orange aril (Miller et al., 2010).
Longevity
No reports of longevity in the wild were found, but in cultivation plants have been documented to live at least 15 years (Missouri Botanical Garden, 2013).
Associations
A record number of numerous wasps and flies were reported visiting the flowers in Michigan, USA, along with two cerambycid beetle species, Brachyleptura champlaini and Brachyleptura rubrica. The cerambycids were feeding on pollen and became "incapable of flight or coordinated movement" (Gosling, 1984).
Climate
| Climate type | Description | Preferred or tolerated | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cf - Warm temperate climate, wet all year | Warm average temp. > 10°C, Cold average temp. > 0°C, wet all year | Preferred | |
| Df - Continental climate, wet all year | Continental climate, wet all year (Warm average temp. > 10°C, coldest month < 0°C, wet all year) | Preferred |
Latitude/Altitude Ranges
| Latitude North (°N) | Latitude South (°S) | Altitude lower (m) | Altitude upper (m) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 40 | 42 |
Air Temperature
| Parameter | Lower limit (°C) | Upper limit (°C) |
|---|---|---|
| Absolute minimum temperature | -15 | |
| Mean annual temperature | -9 | 33 |
| Mean maximum temperature of hottest month | 27 | 33 |
| Mean minimum temperature of coldest month | -9 | -1 |
Rainfall
| Parameter | Lower limit | Upper limit | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dry season duration | 0 | 0 | number of consecutive months with <40 mm rainfall |
| Mean annual rainfall | 937 | 1363 | mm; lower/upper limits |
Rainfall Regime
Bimodal
Soil Tolerances
Soil texture > light
Soil texture > medium
Soil reaction > acid
Soil reaction > neutral
Soil reaction > alkaline
Soil drainage > free
Special soil tolerances > infertile
List of Pests
Natural enemies
| Natural enemy | Type | Life stages | Specificity | References | Biological control in | Biological control on |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cercospora euonymi | Pathogen | Leaves | ||||
| Glomerella cingulata (anthracnose) | Pathogen | Stems Leaves | not specific | |||
| Phymatotrichopsis omnivora (cotton root rot) | Parasite | Roots | not specific | |||
| Pseudocercospora destructiva | Pathogen | Leaves | to genus | |||
| Pseudoidium euonymi-japonici | Pathogen | Leaves | to genus | |||
| Rhizobium radiobacter (crown gall) | Pathogen | Stems Roots | not specific | |||
| Unaspis euonymi (euonymus scale) | Herbivore | Leaves | not specific |
Impact Summary
| Category | Impact |
|---|---|
| Cultural/amenity | Positive |
| Economic/livelihood | Positive |
| Environment (generally) | Negative |
Impact: Environmental
Impact on Habitat
E. fortunei is listed as one of the vines most likely to impact Illinois forests by the Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources (1994).
The weight that this vine adds to tree branches can make them more susceptible to storm damage (Remaley, 2005).
Impact on Biodiversity
E. fortunei appears to alter soil communities in woodland affecting the growth of native plant species (Swedo et al., 2008; Smith and Reynolds, 2012). It forms a dense groundcover impacting habitat for state-listed imperilled plant, Trillium pusillum (Andre and Wait, 2006). It can also smother and kill trees (Schwegman, 1996).
Threatened Species
| Threatened species | Where threatened | Mechanisms | References | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Trillium pusillum | Kentucky Maryland Missouri North Carolina Tennessee | Competition - monopolizing resources Competition - shading |
Risk and Impact Factors
Invasiveness
Proved invasive outside its native range
Has a broad native range
Abundant in its native range
Highly adaptable to different environments
Pioneering in disturbed areas
Tolerant of shade
Has propagules that can remain viable for more than one year
Reproduces asexually
Has high genetic variability
Impact outcomes
Ecosystem change/ habitat alteration
Reduced native biodiversity
Threat to/ loss of endangered species
Threat to/ loss of native species
Impact mechanisms
Competition - monopolizing resources
Competition - shading
Competition - smothering
Rapid growth
Likelihood of entry/control
Highly likely to be transported internationally deliberately
Uses
Economic Value
E. fortunei has long been cultivated as an ornamental plant in China and Japan.
A survey of nurseries in Georgia found that 124 nurseries of the 655 respondents sold E. fortunei with revenues estimated at $187,100/year (Stegelin, 2006).
Social Benefit
Used as a medicinal plant in China, it contains dulcitol which has anti-cancer properties (Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 2013).
Uses List
General > Botanical garden/zoo
Medicinal, pharmaceutical > Source of medicine/pharmaceutical
Medicinal, pharmaceutical > Traditional/folklore
Ornamental > Potted plant
Ornamental > Propagation material
Ornamental > Seed trade
Detection and Inspection
E. fortunei is relatively easy to identify and numerous field guides include the species (Miller et al., 2010; Kaufman and Kaufman, 2013).
Prevention and Control
Due to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.
Containment/Zoning
E. fortunei is proposed as a regulated species in New York (New York Department of Environmental Conservation, 2013).
Control
Physical/mechanical control
E. fortunei should be hand pulled or cut removing as much of the root as possible (Schwegman, 1996). Mow with a sickle bar and remove cut pieces (Bender, 2007).
E. fortunei should be prevented from flowering and setting seed by clipping climbing stems (Schwegman, 1996). Care should be taken when disposing cut or pulled plants since stems can root (Zouhar, 2009).
Chemical control
Apply herbicide to cut stems or spray foliage with herbicide in late fall when other plants are dormant (Hutchison, 2006; Remaley, 2005).
Monitoring and surveillance (incl. remote sensing)
Since plants often escape from nearby plantings, monitor areas near plantings carefully.
Ecosystem restoration
Minimize disturbance where invasive plants are likely to establish (Zouhar, 2009).
Gaps in Knowledge/Research Needs
There is relatively little information available on impacts of naturalized E. fortunei. It is not known what bird species disperse the seeds and how much dispersal is due to seeds or plant parts. Little information exists on whether it has naturalized on other continents.
Links to Websites
| Name | URL | Comment |
|---|---|---|
| Fire Effects Information System, USDA Forest Service - Euonymus fortunei | http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/vine/euofor/all.html | |
| GISD/IASPMR: Invasive Alien Species Pathway Management Resource and DAISIE European Invasive Alien Species Gateway | https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.m93f6 | Data source for updated system data added to species habitat list. |
| Global Invasive Species Database - Euonymus fortunei | http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=575&fr=1&sts=sss&lang=EN | |
| Global register of Introduced and Invasive species (GRIIS) | http://griis.org/ | Data source for updated system data added to species habitat list. |
| New York State Risk Assessment - Euonymus fortunei | http://www.nyis.info/user_uploads/b1fc4_Euonymus%20fortunei.NYS.pdf |
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