Italian Botanist 14: 1–43 (2022) doi: 10.3897/italianbotanist.14.79815 RESEARCH ARTICLE https://italianbotanist.pensoft.net Remarks on the exotic flora of Capo Mortola (Ventimiglia, northern Italy) and its changes over time Mauro Mariotti1,2, Elena Zappa1 1 Giardini Botanici Hanbury, Università di Genova, Ventimiglia (Imperia), Italy 2 Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell’Ambiente e della Vita, Università di Genova, Genova, Italy Corresponding author: Mauro Mariotti (m.mariotti@unige.it) Academic editor: Gabriele Galasso | Received 26 December 2021 | Accepted 30 May 2022 | Published 25 October 2022 Citation: Mariotti M, Zappa E (2022) Remarks on the exotic flora of Capo Mortola (Ventimiglia, northern Italy) and its changes over time. Italian Botanist 14: 1–43. https://doi.org/10.3897/italianbotanist.14.79815 Abstract In this study, we compared current data and data of the census made in the 1990s related to the vascular flora of Capo Mortola (Ventimiglia, Italy), considering 270 taxa not dependent on crop management. The current status reported 198 alien species: 5 invasive, 65 naturalized 75 casual, 38 occurring as casual in human-dominated systems, but without direct intervention by humans and not close to parent plant, 15 occurring as casual alien, but still with some uncertainties for a definitive classification, and plus 3 cryptogenic and 1 eradicated (extinct) taxa, while in 1996 were 229 species: 87 naturalized and 142 adventitious (casual). Of these, 40 taxa show an increasing trend and 41 a decreasing or disappearing trend. If we consider the wild areas of Capo Mortola, 10 taxa are new to the Italian flora (7 casual and 3 naturalized) while 13 are new to the Ligurian flora only (all casual). If we also consider the neglected areas of the Botanical Gardens, 18 new casual species for the Italian flora and 10 for the Ligurian one would be added. In addition, 9 status changes are proposed on a national scale and 17 on a regional scale. An in-depth analysis was conducted on the presence and the local history of a subset of 34 exotic plants, 11 of which are new or have a new status for the Italian flora. Keywords Exotic taxa, flora, invasive alien species, Italy, Liguria Introduction The Italian exotic flora has been the subject of numerous studies. It has received increasing attention in recent decades due to the awareness of the threat that invasive alien species represent for biodiversity. In the neighbouring France, Sant and Alziar Copyright Mauro Mariotti & Elena Zappa. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 2 Mauro Mariotti & Elena Zappa / Italian Botanist 14: 1–43 (2022) (2013) reconstructed the changes in the flora of the hill of the Château de Nice, an area of about 10 ha with natural, historical and landscape value, with reference to patrimonial taxa, rare, exotic or invasive, starting from 1840. For the alien species, these authors have developed comparisons starting from the study of Fritz Mader (1909). He was the first botanist to introduce the floristic invasions problem along the coastal strip, including the Riviera Ligure and the Côte d’Azur, where gardens and plant collections have reached their highest levels since the second half of the 19th century. These areas are highly vulnerable to plant invasion risk. In southeastern France, Ducatillion et al. (2015) assembled useful data for the invasion risk evaluation: out of 400 species planted initially in an arboretum, only 13 are naturalized. More recently, a working group coordinated by Cottaz (2020) updated the list of invasive species in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur (PACA), now including 298 taxa. De Vilmorin (1950) published a report on the exotic flora acclimated on the Côte d’Azur that helps us to understand how various acclimated species of that period are today naturalized or invasive. In Italy, the checklist of Galasso et al. (2018a) – and its subsequent updates (Galasso et al. 2018b, c, 2019a, b, 2020a, 2020b, 2021a, b) – constitutes the reference document for the records that are regularly reported in this journal. However, during the elaboration of this checklist, no information was available about the extreme western part of Liguria, close to the Italian-French border including the Giardini Botanici Hanbury (GBH) and their immediate surroundings. Probably, these authors did not report the taxa occasionally escaped from botanical gardens and private gardens. However, about half (over 10 ha) of the GBH compendium at Capo Mortola is covered by many natural habitats (such as cliffs, mixed woods, pine forests, garrigues, scrubs, arid grasslands, reeds, dry stone walls, ruins, etc.) harbouring a large number of naturalized species. Campodonico (2008) already highlighted the naturalization of many exotic species in the Riviera di Ponente and the fact that they spread “mainly via fertile seed dispersal by wind, water, birds, and mammals, as well as voluntary or unintentional human interventions”. Recently, some authors (Guadagni et al. 2013) reported the presence of naturalized exotic species in the same area as new records, but these were already recorded in different editions of the Hanbury plant checklist. By examining the publications and manuscripts related to this area, it is possible to reconstruct the story (introduction and naturalization process) of many exotic species in neighbouring natural and semi-natural habitats, leading to a significant increase in the checklist mentioned before. The main purposes of this report are four: I) to list the alien taxa recently found in Capo Mortola and its immediate surroundings (Fig. 2); II) to verify the categories attributed to the exotic species growing spontaneously and already reported in the last catalogue (Campodonico et al. 1996) 25 years later; III) try to understand the changes that have taken place in the exotic flora over the course of about 25 years; IV) to highlight the species new to Italy and Liguria according to the present Italian checklist (Galasso et al. 2018a). Exotic flora of Capo Mortola (northern Italy) 3 Figure 1. The location of the study area. Study area Capo Mortola is a promontory on the western coast of Liguria, in the municipality of Ventimiglia, a few kilometers from the French border (Fig. 1). It includes a Regional Protected Area of about 20 ha and the western part of the Special Area of Conservation (SAC) “Capo Mortola” of about 50 ha. This SAC extends from sea level up to 260 m a.s.l. and its geographical limits have the following coordinates: 43°46'45.0"N, 7°32'32.7"E and 43°47'21.2"N, 7°33'30.1"E. The study area includes the entire surface of the compendium of the GBH: about half of this compendium is dominated by natural and semi-natural habitats such as cliffs, mixed woods, pine forests, garrigues, scrubs, arid grasslands, reeds, dry stone walls, ruins, and the remaining part is cultivated as a garden (with exotic plant collections), but it also includes some natural sectors subject to minimal gardening activities (mowing). A cycling / pedestrian path that follows the ancient Roman road runs in a trench outside the botanical gardens, cutting the compendium in two from east to west. The study area is represented within the brown line in Fig. 2 and includes the inhabited area of Mortola Inferiore and the natural or cultivated areas outside the GBH, located to the west, north 4 Mauro Mariotti & Elena Zappa / Italian Botanist 14: 1–43 (2022) and east of these. Fig. 2 shows the map of the vegetation and land use of the study area; Fig. 3 shows some examples of the natural and semi-natural habitats of the study area. The study area has a Mediterranean pluviseasonal oceanic bioclimate with upper thermomediterranean thermotype and dry ombrotype (Rivas Martínez et al. 2011; Pesaresi et al. 2014, 2017), with an average annual temperature of ca. 16 °C and an average annual rainfall of ca. 800 mm. The driest month is July (18 mm), while November is the rainiest month with an average of 121 mm; the average temperature in the hottest month of the year (July) is 23.3 °C while the average temperature during the coldest month (January) is 9.2 °C. The area has passed through several changes over the last centuries; in the lower portion it is still possible to see a stretch of the ancient Figure 2. Vegetation and land use of the study area. 1: discontinuous communities of sea cliffs, seashores and bare rocks; 2: arid grasslands, garrigues and scrubs; 3: holm oak bushes; 4: forests dominated by pines; 5: settled areas (including roads, and greenhouses); 6: agricultural mosaic, with cultivated garden, dry stone walls, paths and semi-natural or abandoned areas; 7: olive groves; 8: riparian woods; 9: reed. The study area is bounded by the coastline and falls within the brown line. The red line marks the western part of the SAC. Exotic flora of Capo Mortola (northern Italy) 5 Roman road, Via Iulia Augusta. The superficial hydrographical network is characterized by the lower half of the Vallone della Sorba stream; the acclivity is around 45% in the upper portion and on the western side of the Cape, which decreases in the lower portion up to values of just over 10% and with sub-flat zones. The two sides of the syncline of Capo Mortola are very well exposed with bioclastic limestones (Capo Mortola Calcarenites) while the core of the grey blue marls (Olivetta San Michele Silty Marls) have almost completely been obliterated by several terraces. Along the north side of the area some weakly cemented yellowish sands are detected (Faccini et al. 2015). A more detailed description of the area is available in the illustrative report of the SAC management plan adopted in 2016 (Mariotti et al. 2016). The GBH were created starting from 1867 by the supervision of its founder Sir Thomas Hanbury (1832–1907), who bought the building and the surrounding areas with the goal to acclimate species of rare plants and plants with high pharmacological interest coming from warm-temperate regions all over the world. He was supported by his brother Daniel Hanbury (1825–1875), pharmacologist and botanist, and by Ludwig Winter (1846–1912), a German botanist and landscape architect. Scientific activities began in 1880. The GBH, the regional protected area and the SAC Capo Mortola are currently managed by Università degli Studi di Genova. The progression and changes in Figure 3. Examples of the natural and semi-natural habitats of the study area. Above: cliff and scrub; below: riparian forest and pine forest. 6 Mauro Mariotti & Elena Zappa / Italian Botanist 14: 1–43 (2022) the plant collections are the result of intense exchanges and purchases made by Thomas and the curators of the botanical gardens who followed one another, in particular Gustav Cronemeyer (?1832–1892), Kurt Dinter (1868–1945) and especially, Alwin Berger (1871–1931), during the first phase of the history of the gardens, which ended in 1907 with Thomas’s death (Mariotti and Minuto 2017). Even in the subsequent phases, under the care of Thomas’ son, Cecil, and daughter-in-law Dorothy, and during the post-war recovery initially curated by Onorato Masera and, later, by the curators and directors of the Università degli Studi di Genova (Pier Giorgio Campodonico, Salvatore Gentile, Paola Profumo and others) the collections had fluctuating trends, with significant new entries and losses of species and varieties (Campodonico et al. 1999a, b; Zappa and Campodonico 2005, 2006, 2007; Campodonico and Zappa 2006; Zappa et al. 2010, 2011, 2014, 2019; Mariotti and Zappa 2015). Evidence of these changes can be found in the plant catalogues (Cronemayer 1889; Dinter 1897; Berger 1912; Ercoli and Lorenzi 1938; Campodonico et al. 1996), various editions of the Index Seminum (compiled by various authors from 1880 to 1939) and Sowing & Planting manuscripts (Zappa 2011; Zappa et al. 2019). Further information on the flora of Capo Mortola can be found in various publications (Berger 1905; Campodonico 1992; Gentile and Gentile 1994; Campodonico et al. 1999a, b; Zappa and Campodonico 2005, 2006, 2007; Blardoni 2016). Methods The compendium of GBH is an area of about 20 ha, which is continuously monitored. Not only the flora, but also meteorological data have long been collected and recently processed (Vagge et al. 2019). Native taxa and taxa whose presence is determined by direct human management were not considered here. We only considered alloctonous taxa with an autonomous reproduction and development at a distance from the cultivated parent plant, with particular regard to those that have settled in natural and semi-natural habitats. They are mainly represented by mixed woods, scrubs and garrigues of the Vallone della Sorba, by mown lawns near the sea and by stone walls of the terraces and the edges of the Roman road. Furthermore, inside the 9 ha indicated as Garden, there are many areas without any cultivation activities; species growing exclusively in areas maintained with cultivation activities were not considered. The search for alien plants was then extended outside the GBH on a surrounding area of about 15 ha, including settlements, agricultural areas and paths, albeit with some difficulties caused by the fencing of private spaces. For the compendium, the comparison is based on the catalogue published 25 years ago by Campodonico et al. (1996), who used the following categories: acclimated (ACCL), assisted (ASS), adventive (ADV), cultivated (CULT), established / naturalized (Sptnzz./NAT), native/spontaneous (Spt./NATIVE). The meaning of these terms was defined by Campodonico (1998). We reclassified the alien taxa according to Exotic flora of Capo Mortola (northern Italy) 7 the national standardisation system (Galasso et al. 2018a), based on the definitions provided by Richardson et al. (2000) and Pyšek et al. (2004), but supplemented by more detailed subcategories: C cryptogenic species; CAS occurring as a casual alien outside human-dominated systems; CAS# occurring as a casual alien in human-dominated systems, but without direct intervention by humans and not close to parent plant; CAS? occurring as casual alien, but still with some uncertainties for a definitive classification; DD data deficient (unknown regional distribution or unknown alien status); NAT occurring as a naturalized alien outside human-dominated systems; NAT# occurring as a naturalized alien in human-dominated systems, without direct intervention by humans and not close to parent plant; INV occurring as an invasive alien outside human-dominated systems; ERA eradicated, eliminated during the last ten years; + new taxon for the Italian or the Ligurian flora; +> new status (status change) of the taxon for the Italian or the Ligurian flora; The nomenclature is according to Galasso et al. (2018a) and subsequent updating; taxa not included in the Portal to the Flora of Italy (2022) are named according to Plants of the World online (POWO, 2021). Results The Table 1 shows the 270 taxa analyzed and classified according to the status categories cited above. The list includes previous status at Capo Mortola (Campodonico et al. 1996), the status in Italy and in Liguria [Galasso et al. (2018a), updated according to Galasso et al. (2018a, b, 2019a, b, 2020a, b, 2021a, b), and according to Wikiplantbase#Liguria (Barberis et al. 2021)] and information on the trend. We also provide some additional information and comments on a sample of 34 taxa for which we reconstructed the history of their presence in the study area. Acacia provincialis A. Camus (Fabaceae) +> (NAT) ITALIA (LIG): Ventimiglia (Imperia), Capo Mortola, in the Area Protetta Regionale Giardini Botanici Hanbury (WGS84: 43°46'59.66"N, 7°33'10.40"E), semi-natural evergreen post-fire shrubland in wild area of Hanbury Botanic Garden, 77 m, 1 April 2021, M. Mariotti (HMGBH). – Status change from casual to naturalized alien for the flora of Italy (Liguria). 8 Mauro Mariotti & Elena Zappa / Italian Botanist 14: 1–43 (2022) Acacia provincialis is an ornamental plant native to South Australia and Victoria, introduced in Tasmania; in Europe, it is recorded in France and Italy, where it has been introduced for ornamental and environmental purposes. The species was described by Camus in 1927 from cultivated material at Pampelonne, Ramatuelle, in the south of France (PACA), where the plant had been in cultivation since the 1870s and was popular in the cut flower trade as noted by Vilmorin (1893), Anonymous (1919), and Stapf and Ballard (1929). According to O’Leary (2007) in his review of Acacia retinodes Schltdl. and closely related species, A. uncifolia (J.M.Black) O’Leary and A. provincialis, since the description the species was confused with these related taxa. In Italy, all specimens previously attributed to A. retinodes must be referred to A. provincialis (Galasso et al. 2018a). In autumn 1867, a few months after the establishment of the garden, plants labelled as A. retinodes were introduced to La Mortola from Charles Huber’s nurserygarden in Hyères. A. retinodes was recorded in all the catalogues of plants growing at La Mortola in Sir Thomas Hanbury’s Garden: Cronemayer (1889), Dinter (1897), Berger (1912), Ercoli and Lorenzi (1938), Campodonico et al. (1996); in the last edition of Hortus Mortolensis (Campodonico et al. 1996) the species is reported as established (“Sptnzz.”). It has been established for several years, as shown by the various editions of the Index Seminum (various authors 1890–1939). We carefully examined our specimens according O’Leary’s review, in particular many of the principal morphological features that allow to distinguish the three related species A. retinodes, A. uncifolia, and A. provincialis. Based on variable length of phyllodes, spacing of phyllodes along stem (uncrowded), long flowering time, number of flowers/head, and pod width we were able to identify the specimens as A. provincialis. All specimens examined grow in the wild in a valley at La Mortola and have to be referred to A. provincialis; the species is widespread in a wild area of the Vallone della Sorba, in a post-fire Mediterranean shrubland community, locally with A. longifolia (Andrews) Willd., Eucalyptus sp. and Searsia pallens, as well as with native species of the maquis. Acer oblongum Wall. ex DC. (Sapindaceae) (CAS#): Ventimiglia (Imperia), Capo Mortola, in the Area Protetta Regionale Giardini Botanici Hanbury (WGS84: 43°47'1.55"N, 7°33'20.48"E), exotic evergreen woodland, 50 m, 12 August 2021, E. Zappa, F. Pastor (HMGBH). – Casual alien species confirmed for the flora of the compendium. Acer oblongum is an ornamental plant with native range from NE-Pakistan to C- and S-China and Indo-China, which is widely cultivated for gardens and bonsai. It was introduced in the GBH from seeds obtained from Villa Thuret (Antibes, France) – sent on 3rd January 1870 – (Sowing & Planting 3, manuscript) – and it is recorded in the 1889, 1897, 1912, 1938, and 1996 Catalogues. Campodonico et al. (1996) in Hortus Mortolensis recorded the species as adventive. One old specimen grows in the central area of GBH, near the Dragon’s Fountain. Young plants are widespread in the surrounding neglected slopes, in semi-shade positions without any human cultivation; these plantlets Exotic flora of Capo Mortola (northern Italy) 9 are periodically removed to prevent further development. The species is recorded in various editions of the Index Seminum (since 1890 and following). Albericci et al. (2011) recorded a monumental tree of Acer oblongum in the Parco Gropallo (Genova, Italy), not found elsewhere in Italy with this size and age; they do not mention the possible naturalization of this species, but highlight its ability to adapt to the Mediterranean climate. Alectryon tomentosus (F.Muell.) Radlk. (Sapindaceae) + (CAS) ITALIA (LIG): Ventimiglia (Imperia), Capo Mortola, in the Area Protetta Regionale Giardini Botanici Hanbury (WGS84: 43°46'59.62"N, 7°33'22.62"E), exotic evergreen woodland, 40 m, 12 August 2021, E. Zappa (HMGBH); ibidem, Capo Mortola, Strada Romana (WGS84: 43°46'57.11"N, 7°33'21.91"E), wall above the ancient Roman Road, 22 m, 3 March 2022, E. Zappa (HMGBH). – Casual alien species new for the flora of Italy (Liguria). Alectryon tomentosus is an ornamental plant, native to New South Wales and Queensland (Australia) that occurs naturally in rainforests; it commonly sprouts in Australian urban bushland, gardens, and roadsides. It is extremely hardy and can withstand dry periods and neglect (http://www.brisrain.org.au/01_cms/details.asp?ID=19). In the 19th century, it was introduced as seed from the Royal Botanic Gardens Sidney (4th July 1898) to La Mortola (Sowing & Planting 6, manuscript); it is recorded in 1912, 1938 and 1996 Hortus Mortolensis; in the last edition of Hortus Mortolensis (Campodonico et al. 1996) the species is reported as adventive. The species is recorded in various editions of the Index Seminum (since 1912 and following). One old specimen grows in the “Australian Wood”; many young plants originating from the seeds produced by planta culta are widespread in the garden, in shady and semi-shade positions, especially in evergreen woodlands of the compendium; we observed a few individuals outside the botanical garden on the wall alongside the Strada Romana. Asparagus virgatus Baker (Asparagaceae) (CAS#): Ventimiglia (Imperia), Capo Mortola, in the Area Protetta Regionale Giardini Botanici Hanbury (WGS84: 43°47'2.55"N, 7°33'21.27"E), exotic woodland, 63 m, 11 February 2021, E. Zappa (HMGBH). – Casual alien species confirmed for the flora of the compendium. Asparagus virgatus is an ornamental plant, native to Angola, South Africa, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Tanzania, Yemen, Zambia and Zimbabwe, introduced into Queensland (Australia), Réunion, Trinidad-Tobago. In Europe, it is reported only as cultivated for ornamental purposes. At La Mortola the species was first introduced in October 1901, by Carl Ludwig Sprenger (1846–1917), Naples (Sowing & Planting 7, manuscript), and then recorded in the 1912, 1938, and 1996 catalogues. In the last edition of Hortus Mortolensis (Campodonico et al. 1996), the species is reported as adventive. In GBH A. virgatus grows along marginal borders, in semi-shady and sheltered, undisturbed locations. 10 Mauro Mariotti & Elena Zappa / Italian Botanist 14: 1–43 (2022) Brachychiton discolor F.Muell. (Malvaceae) (CAS#): Ventimiglia (Imperia), Capo Mortola, in the Area Protetta Regionale Giardini Botanici Hanbury (WGS84: 43°46'57.20"N, 7°33'21.54"E), exotic evergreen woodland, 25 m, 9 Sepember 2021, F. Pastor (HMGBH). – Casual alien species new for the flora of the compendium, where it was previously known only as cultivated (acclimated). Brachychiton discolor is an ornamental tree native to New South Wales and Queensland, in dry rainforests, on well-drained slopes (Fern 2014). In Europe it was known only as ornamental since 2016, when it was recorded as casual alien in Sicilia (RaabStraube and Raus 2016). At la Mortola the species was first introduced in May 1893, as seeds from the Botanic Garden of Melbourne (Sowing & Planting 5, manuscript), and then recorded in 1912, 1938, and 1996 catalogues. It was described as a very handsome young tree that had not yet flowered (sub B. luridus C.Moore ex F.Muell.)(Berger 1912). In the last edition of Hortus Mortolensis (Campodonico et al. 1996), the species is reported as acclimated. One old specimen grows in the “Australian Wood”; some young plantlets originating from planta culta are widespread in the garden, in semi-shady neglected positions. Bupleurum fruticosum L. (Apiaceae) +> (C) LIG: Ventimiglia (Imperia), Capo Mortola, in the Area Protetta Regionale Giardini Botanici Hanbury (WGS84: 43°46'57"N, 7°33'16"E), evergreen woodland margins, 50 m, 12 August 2021, E. Zappa (HMGBH). – Species to be considered cryptogenic in Liguria. Bupleurum fruticosum is a steno-Mediterranean species, typical of clayey slopes and stony garrigues (Pignatti et al. 2018), reported as native in Sicilia, Sardegna and Liguria (Isola Gallinara), not confirmed in Puglia (Bartolucci et al. 2018); the species is recorded as cryptogenic species in Toscana (Roma-Marzio and Peruzzi 2018) and as cryptogenic species extinct in Puglia (Roma-Marzio and Peruzzi 2018). In Liguria, on the Isola Gallinara in front of Albenga (Savona), Béguinot (1907) observed the species only in one location and consider it among species introduced in cultivation; later Orsino (1975) recorded the species only in the highest area near the Villa and agrees with Beguinot in considering that this stand was first introduced as ornamental. Caruel (1889) reports that B. fruticosum is often cultivated as ornamental in the gardens of the Italian peninsula and, in some cases, it has been erroneously considered wild, as in Nice by De Candolle according De Notaris (1844) [«Nicaeae, utique, sed in (hortis cultum)»]. The species occurs at Capo Mortola in evergreen wood areas. Date and origin of its introduction to the GBH is unknown: it was recorded in 1889, 1897, 1912, 1938, and 1996 catalogues. Seeds, collected from plants cited as indigenous, were available in exchange since the 1888 Index Seminum; the last edition of Hortus Mortolensis Exotic flora of Capo Mortola (northern Italy) 11 (Campodonico et al. 1996) considers the species established (“Sptnzz.”), i.e., naturalized. Furthermore, Berger (1905) did not include the species in the enumeration of the plants growing wild at La Mortola Florula Mortolensis. As for Liguria, we suggest considering B. fruticosum a cryptogenic species for Liguria. Chasmanthe bicolor (Gasp.) N.E.Br. (Iridaceae) +> (NAT) LIG: Ventimiglia (Imperia), Capo Mortola, in the Area Protetta Regionale Giardini Botanici Hanbury (WGS84: 43°47'00.0"N, 7°33'11.5"E), exotic woodland, 70 m, 18 March 2021, E. Zappa (HMGBH); ibidem, Capo Mortola, rio Sorba Valley (WGS84: 43°46'54.26"N, 7°33'16.00"E), Pinus halepensis woodland, 25 m, 11 March 2022, F. Dente (HMGBH). – Status change from casual to naturalized alien for the flora of Liguria. Chasmanthe bicolor is an ornamental bulbous plant native to Cape Province (South Africa) and introduced to California, Great Britain (Scilly Isles), Italy (https://www. catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/TPZZ). According GBIF Secretariat (2021a), it is recorded as introduced also in France, Portugal, New Zealand and Australia. In Italy it is recorded as naturalized alien in Campania and Sicilia, casual alien in Calabria, Lazio, Liguria, Puglia and Toscana. In GBH it was first grown from seeds received from Villa Thuret, Antibes in January 1870 (sub Antholyza; Berger 1912) (Sowing & Planting 3, manuscript). It is recorded in the 1889, 1897, 1912, 1938 and 1996 Catalogues; it has been established for several years, as Berger (1912) noted: “it is now almost a weed in the garden, but useful for covering bare places under trees with a pleasant green during winter and spring”. In the last edition of Hortus Mortolensis (Campodonico et al. 1996) the species is reported as established (“Sptnzz.”) naturalized under the name of C. aethiopica (L.) N.E.Br. C. bicolor is widespread both in the garden, in woodland, in sunny, semi-shade and shady sheltered positions, neglected slopes and terraces and in evergreen woodland in the wild area of Vallone della Sorba. Chasmanthium latifolium (Michx.) H.O.Yates (Poaceae) (CAS#): Ventimiglia (Imperia), Capo Mortola, in the Area Protetta Regionale Giardini Botanici Hanbury (WGS84: 43°47'1"N, 7°33'12"E), exotic woodland, 70 m, 12 August 2021, E. Zappa (HMGBH). – Casual alien species, new for the flora of the compendium, where it was previously recorded as cultivated. Chasmanthium latifolium is an ornamental plant native to C-Canada, C- and EUSA to NE-Mexico, introduced to Europe in Austria and Belgium. It was first introduced to GBH in 1994 (Hanbury Botanic Garden Accessions Register, manuscript); in the last edition of Hortus Mortolensis (Campodonico et al. 1996) the species is reported as cultivated, but in recent years it became adventive. In the GBH, the species grows wild along the edge of flowerbeds and borders, in sheltered positions. 12 Mauro Mariotti & Elena Zappa / Italian Botanist 14: 1–43 (2022) Chrysanthemoides monilifera (L.) Norl. subsp. monilifera (Asteraceae) +> (NAT) ITALIA (LIG): Ventimiglia (Imperia), Capo Mortola, in the Area Protetta Regionale Giardini Botanici Hanbury (WGS84: 43°46'59.66"N, 7°33'10.40"E), semi-natural evergreen post-fire shrubland in wild area of Hanbury Botanic Garden, 80 m, 18 March 2021, E. Zappa, L. Minuto (HMGBH). – Naturalized alien species confirmed for the flora of Italy (Liguria). Chrysanthemoides monilifera (≡ Osteospermum moniliferum L.) is a semi-succulent shrub 1–3 m high, native to the sandy soils of southern and southeastern South Africa, where there are six subspecies (Scott and Brown 1992). Introduced to California, Australia (Queensland, South Australia, Victoria, Western Australia), Norfolk Island, New Zealand (North Island), France, Spain, and Italy, in Sicilia where it is no longer recorded. The species is included in the CABI (2021a) invasive species database. C. monilifera has been both deliberately and accidentally introduced into other countries. It is known to have been introduced as a garden ornamental. Subsp. monilifera was introduced into Australia as an ornamental plant in the 1850s and was grown in gardens in Sydney, Melbourne and Adelaide (Parsons and Cuthbertson 1992). At La Mortola it was introduced in February 1869 from seeds given by Gustave Thuret of Antibes (Berger 1912). It is recorded in the 1889, 1897, 1912, 1938 and 1996 Hortus Mortolensis, where is reported as naturalized, and various editions of the Index Seminum since 1888. Gentile and Gentile (1994) observed the species in garrigues with Salvia rosmarinus Spenn. as differential species of groupings of the thermoxeric series. Chrysojasminum humile (L.) Banfi (Oleaceae) +> (NAT) ITALIA (LIG): Ventimiglia (Imperia), Capo Mortola, in the Area Protetta Regionale Giardini Botanici Hanbury (WGS84: 43°46'57"N, 7°33'16"E), exotic woodland, 50 m, 15 July 2021, E. Zappa, M. Mariotti (HMGBH); ibidem, Capo Mortola, rio Sorba Valley (WGS84: 43°47'0.00"N, 7°33'12.10"E), mixed woodland of Pinus halepensis and exotic species, 50 m, 15 July 2021 (HMGBH). – Status change from casual to naturalized alien for the flora of Italy (Liguria). Chrysojasminum humile is an ornamental plant native to Afghanistan, Assam, N-C-China, S-C-China, East and West Himalaya, Iran, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Tadzhikistan, Tibet, introduced to Greece, Italy, Sicilia, and Yugoslavia. In Europe, it is cultivated as ornamental and is recorded as casual alien in Italy (Galasso et al. 2018a). In GBH it is widespread in the garden, and in the wild area in rio Sorba valley. We do not know the date and origin of its introduction to the GBH: it was recorded in the 1889, 1897, 1912, 1938 and 1996 catalogues. Seeds were available in exchange since the 1891 Index Seminum. In the last edition (Campodonico et al. 1996) the species is reported as cultivated; then it became naturalized as now it is widespread in neglected sites of the compendium, mainly in an evergreen woodland in the wild area of Vallone della Sorba, where it is common in shady locations. Exotic flora of Capo Mortola (northern Italy) 13 Clematis armandii Franch. (Ranunculaceae) + (CAS) LIG: Ventimiglia (Imperia), Capo Mortola, in the Area Protetta Regionale Giardini Botanici Hanbury (WGS84: 43°46'59.52"N, 7°33'13.72"E), exotic woodland, 52 m, 18 March 2021, E. Zappa, F. Pastor (HMGBH). – Casual alien species new for the flora of Liguria. Clematis armandii is an ornamental plant native to N-C-China, S-C-China, SE-China, Myanmar, Tibet, Vietnam, occurring in forests, forest margins, slopes, shrubs, along streams. In Europe it is known only as cultivated. It is among the plants collected by Ernest Henry Wilson (1876–1930) for James Herbert Veitch (1868–1907) in his first expedition (1899–1902) to China (Wilson 1905) and introduced to cultivation by James Veitch & Sons Nurseries. In this nursery, plants raised from seeds, sent by Wilson in 1900, flourished for the first time in spring 1905 as reported in a note on Gardeners’ Chronicle (Anonymous 1905). In his note “Recently introduced trees, shrubs & c. from Central China”, Veitch (1903) assumed C. armandii as “the best of the several species of Clematis introduced by Wilson in his recent trip”. At la Mortola, a plant or cuttings of C. meyeniana Walp., later identified by Alwin Berger as C. armandii (Mottet 1921), was first introduced in 1904, October 25th (Sowing & Planting 8, manuscript) from the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. The species is recorded in 1912, 1938, and 1996 editions of Hortus Mortolensis. In the 1938 catalogue, the species is reported to grow from seeds collected by Wilson in China. Seeds were available in exchange since the 1917 Index Seminum. In the last edition of the catalogue (Campodonico et al. 1996), the species is reported as acclimated; then it became established as now it is widespread in an evergreen woodland in the wild area in Vallone della Sorba, where it is common in shady neglected sites. Enchylaena tomentosa R.Br. (Amaranthaceae) +> (NAT) ITALIA (LIG): Ventimiglia (Imperia), Capo Mortola, in the Area Protetta Regionale Giardini Botanici Hanbury (WGS84: 43°46'53.89"N, 7°33'28.46"E), sunny and dry slopes on poor soil and stones, cliff, rocks, 10 m, 12 August 2021, E. Zappa (HMGBH). – Status change from casual to naturalized alien for the flora of Italy (Liguria). Enchylaena tomentosa is a small shrub native to Australia and introduced into New Caledonia and Palestine. In Italy, it was recorded by Alberti (2013) as casual alien species here, on the cliff rocks of Capo Mortola. The species is widespread on the Cape, in marginal sunny rock sites and slopes. It was first introduced to GBH in April 1903, from seeds sent by Villa Thuret (Sowing & Planting 8, manuscript); it is recorded in 1912, 1938 and 1996 editions of Hortus Mortolensis; in the last edition of Hortus Mortolensis (Campodonico et al. 1996) the species is reported as established (“Sptnzz.”) naturalized. 14 Mauro Mariotti & Elena Zappa / Italian Botanist 14: 1–43 (2022) Ephedra altissima Desf. (Ephedraceae) + (NAT) ITALIA (LIG): Ventimiglia (Imperia), Capo Mortola, in the Area Protetta Regionale Giardini Botanici Hanbury (WGS84: 43°47'2.29"N, 7°33'20.24"E), woodland margins, walls, terraces in olive groves, 65 m, 2 February 2021, F. Pastor (HMGBH); ibidem, Capo Mortola, Discesa del Marinaio (WGS84: 43°47'2.94"N, 7°33'21.89"E), Mediterranean shrubland, neglected olive trees, 75 m, 11 March 2022, F. Dente (HMGBH). – Naturalized alien species new for the flora of Italy (Liguria). Ephedra altissima is an ornamental and medicinal climbing plant, native to Algeria, Canary Islands (Tenerife), Chad, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Tunisia, and western Sahara. In Europe it is known only as cultivated. It was first introduced to GBH before 1870 from seeds sent by Daniel Hanbury to La Mortola (letter dated 23rd March 1870 in Winter manuscript). It is recorded in the 1889, 1897, 1912, 1938, and 1996 catalogues; it is also recorded in various editions of the Index Seminum (1890 onwards). In the last edition of Hortus Mortolensis (Campodonico et al. 1996), the species is reported as established (“Sptnzz.”), apparently naturalized. E. altissima is widespread inside and outside the compendium, on trees and walls, in sunny and sheltered neglected sites mainly in olive grove terraces; both female and male specimens are present, probably scattered by birds. We observed the species also on olive trees in sunny sites outside the Gardens. Ferula communis L. subsp. communis (Apiaceae) +> (C) LIG: observed at Ventimiglia (Imperia), Capo Mortola, in the Area Protetta Regionale Giardini Botanici Hanbury (WGS84: 43°47'0.30"N, 7°33'24.08"E), garrigues and arid slopes in wild areas of Hanbury Botanic Garden, widespread in the garden in sunny sites, 80 m, 2021. – Status change from native to cryptogenic for the flora of Liguria. According to Caruel (1889), in Liguria the species occurs along the sea coast on the island of Bergeggi near Noli (datum from Giuseppe De Notaris), and on the Isola Gallinara near Albenga (datum from Antonio Bertoloni! and Giuseppe De Notaris), and in the region of Nice (France) (datum from Carlo Allioni). De Notaris (1844) reported Prof. Agostino Sassi’s citation in Gallinara island and Giuseppe Berti in Bergeggi island near Noli; Ottone Penzig (handwritten notes on a copy of the volume of De Notaris (1844) kept in Genova) added Bicknell’s record in Capo Mele. At La Mortola, the species was introduced in 1868 by Daniel Hanbury on May th 20 and sown near the sea and in the garden (Berger 1912). It was recorded in the 1889, 1897, 1912, 1938 and 1996 catalogues and various editions of the Index Seminum since 1888. Campodonico et al. (1996) in the last edition of Hortus Mortolensis classify the species as established (“Sptnzz.”) naturalized. Marinella Zepigi uploaded on the “Acta Plantarum” portal a photo of the plant taken in Grimaldi (west of Capo Mortola) in 2008. The presence of this species, of ancient medicinal use, in the Bergeggi and Gallinara islands, once monastic settlements, lead us to assume its possible Exotic flora of Capo Mortola (northern Italy) 15 introduction by humans in these sites, as certainly occurred at Capo Mortola. This assumption is not yet documented by solid evidence and we suggest considering the species as cryptogenic for the flora of Liguria. Jaborosa integrifolia Lam. (Solanaceae) (CAS#): Ventimiglia (Imperia), Capo Mortola, in the Area Protetta Regionale Giardini Botanici Hanbury (WGS84: 43°46'54.57"N, 7°33'22.45"E), grassy places in exotic woodland, 26 m, 11 November 2021, E. Zappa (HMGBH). – Casual alien species confirmed for the flora of the compendium. Jaborosa integrifolia is an ornamental plant whose native range is from Brazil to N-Argentina and introduced into Alabama (USA). In Europe, it is recorded as casual alien species in Sardegna (Podda et al. 2012). At La Mortola, the species was first introduced before 1872 (Winter, manuscript); it is recorded in the 1938 and 1996 catalogues. In the last edition of Hortus Mortolensis (Campodonico et al. 1996) the species is reported as adventive. In the compendium, the species is widespread in grassy sites and alongside paths. Jasminum mesnyi Hance (Oleaceae) (CAS#): Ventimiglia (Imperia), Capo Mortola, in the Area Protetta Regionale Giardini Botanici Hanbury (WGS84: 43°47'0.39"N, 7°33'16.64"E), exotic woodland, 63 m, 23 April 2021, F. Pastor (HMGBH). – Casual alien species, new for the flora of the compendium, where it was previously known only as cultivated (acclimated). Jasminum mesnyi is an ornamental plant native to S-C-China and Vietnam, introduced into Alabama and Florida (USA), NE-Argentina, Honduras, India, SE-Mexico, Pakistan, and western Himalaya. The species is recorded as invasive in USA, Australia, South Africa, Libya, and Iraq (GBIF Secretariat 2021b); in Italy it is recorded as casual and naturalized alien species (Galasso et al. 2018a). J. mesnyi (sub J. primulinum Hemsl.) is among the plants collected by Wilson during his first trip in China in 1899–1902. In December 1903, three plants were introduced to La Mortola by Miss Ellen Willmott (Sowing & Planting 8, manuscript). The species is recorded in the 1912, 1938 and 1996 catalogues. In the last edition of Hortus Mortolensis (Campodonico et al. 1996), the species is reported as acclimated. In the compendium, we observed J. mesnyi growing in mixed borders and in shady and sheltered positions without direct human influence. Koelreuteria bipinnata Franch. (Sapindaceae) + (CAS) ITALIA (LIG): Ventimiglia (Imperia), Capo Mortola, in the Area Protetta Regionale Giardini Botanici Hanbury (WGS84: 43°46'56.86"N, 7°33'21.23"E), exotic woodland, 20 m, 12 August 2021, E. Zappa (HMGBH); ibidem, Capo Mortola, Strada Romana (WGS84: 43°46'56.6"N, 7°33'20.4"E), 20 m, 3 March 16 Mauro Mariotti & Elena Zappa / Italian Botanist 14: 1–43 (2022) 2022, E. Zappa (HMGBH); ibidem, Capo Mortola, rio Sorba Valley (WGS84: 43°47'0.27"N, 7°33'14.21"E), evergreen woodland, 60 m, 11 March 2022, F. Dente (HMGBH). – Casual alien species new for the flora of Italy (Liguria). Koelreuteria bipinnata is an ornamental plant, native to S-China, occurring in sparse forests and slopes at 400–2,500 m a.s.l. (Xia and Gadek 2007), and introduced to the USA (California, Alabama and Arkansas) (Serviss et al. 2006; International Dendrology Society 2021) It is among the plants collected by Wilson during the Veicht expedition in 1900 (Rehder and Wilson 1914). Seeds of K. bipinnata were introduced to La Mortola in May 1893, sent by Henry Correvon of Geneva (Switzerland) (Sowing & Planting 5, manuscript). The species is recorded in 1912, 1938 and 1996 editions of Hortus Mortolensis. Seeds were available in exchange starting from the 1911 Index Seminum; in the last catalogue (Campodonico et al. 1996), the species is reported as adventive. Many plantlets originating from the old specimen are widespread in the compendium, in shady positions, mainly in the lower garden, known as the Piana. We observed two mature individuals growing wild, one alongside the Strada Romana and the other in Vallone della Sorba, near the stream banks. Lavandula dentata L. (Lamiaceae) + (CAS) LIG: Ventimiglia (Imperia), Capo Mortola, in the Area Protetta Regionale Giardini Botanici Hanbury (WGS84: 43°46'58.30"N, 7°33'18.82"E), sunny sheltered positions, walls, 56 m, 2 February 2021, F. Pastor (HMGBH); ibidem, La Mortola, ex strada SS1 (WGS84: 43°47'05.3"N, 7°33'15.8"E), wall, 105 m, 3 March 2022, F. Pastor (HMGBH). – Casual alien species new for the flora of Liguria. Lavandula dentata is an ornamental shrub native to Algeria, Baleares, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Morocco, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Spain, and Yemen, naturalized elsewhere around the Mediterranean (Greece, Italy, Tunisia) as well as in Bulgaria, Canary Islands, Cape Verde, Madeira, western Australia, New Zealand, and California. The date and origin of its introduction to the GBH remains obscure; surely it happened before 1889, as the species is reported in the 1889, 1897, 1912, 1938 and 1996 catalogues. It is also recorded in the various editions of the Index Seminum (since 1909). In the last edition of Hortus Mortolensis (Campodonico et al. 1996) the species is reported as adventive. L. dentata is widespread in the garden and outside in the village of La Mortola, on rocks, and walls, in sunny and sheltered positions. Nandina domestica Thunb. (Berberidaceae) (CAS#): Ventimiglia (Imperia), Capo Mortola, in the Area Protetta Regionale Giardini Botanici Hanbury (WGS84: 43°47'1.06"N, 7°33'16.29"E), mixed borders, 66 m, 12 August 2021, E. Zappa (HMGBH). – Casual alien species, new for the flora of the compendium, where it was previously known only as cultivated (acclimated). Exotic flora of Capo Mortola (northern Italy) 17 Nandina domestica is an ornamental plant native to N-C-China, S-C-China, SEChina, and Japan; introduced into S-USA, Assam, Korea, New South Wales (Australia), and Italy. We do not know date and origin of the species’ introduction to the GBH; it is surely before 1889, as the species is reported in the 1889, 1897, 1912, 1938 and 1996 catalogues. Seeds are available in various editions of the Index Seminum (since 1890 and following). In the last edition of Hortus Mortolensis (Campodonico et al. 1996) the species is reported as acclimated. Now it grows in mixed borders, in semi-shady sites, probably scattered by birds; we observed one individual under a cypress tree. Parrotia persica (DC.) C.A.Mey. (Hamamelidaceae) + (CAS) ITALIA (LIG): Ventimiglia (Imperia), Capo Mortola, in the Area Protetta Regionale Giardini Botanici Hanbury (WGS84: 43°47'0.00"N, 7°33'12.10"E), exotic woodland in wild area of Hanbury Botanic Garden, 60 m, 1 April 2021, E. Zappa, M. Mariottti (HMGBH). – Casual alien species new for the flora of Italy (Liguria). Parrotia persica is an ornamental tree native to Iran, and Transcaucasia and introduced into Great Britain and Uzbekistan. It is not recorded in the updated checklist of the vascular flora alien to Italy (Galasso et al. 2018a). We do not know date and origin of the introduction to GBH, but it was recorded in the 1889, 1897, 1912, 1938 and 1996 catalogues. The last edition of Hortus Mortolensis (Campodonico et al. 1996) reports the species as acclimated. At La Mortola, two plants of different age grow in an evergreen woodland with Pinus halepensis Mill. subsp. halepensis in Vallone della Sorba in the wild area of the compendium. Passiflora morifolia Mast. (Passifloraceae) (CAS#): Ventimiglia (Imperia), Capo Mortola, in the Area Protetta Regionale Giardini Botanici Hanbury (WGS84: 43°47'3.21"N, 7°33'15.56"E), borders in exotic woodland, 83 m, 21 September 2021, F. Pastor (FI, HMGBH). – Casual alien species new for the flora of the compendium. Passiflora morifolia is an ornamental plant with a native range from Mexico (Guerrero, Chiapas) to S-tropical America, introduced into Canary Islands, S-CChina, Palestine, and Zimbabwe. It has been recently introduced into Europe, mainly for ornamental purposes. In Italy, it is recorded as naturalized in Sardegna (Galasso et al. 2020a). At La Mortola, P. morifolia was introduced in 1999 coming from the Botanic Gardens of Rotterdam as seeds (sub P. brionioides Kunth, Hanbury Botanic Garden Accessions Register, manuscript); in the same year, two plants were introduced from Giardino Boccanegra (Ventimiglia, Italy). In recent years, the species has become adventive and, from the cultivated areas, has spread into the compendium, maybe scattered by birds, and grows in marginal sites, on walls, and fallow locations. 18 Mauro Mariotti & Elena Zappa / Italian Botanist 14: 1–43 (2022) Pittosporum venulosum F.Muell. (Pittosporaceae) + (CAS) ITALIA (LIG): Ventimiglia (Imperia), Capo Mortola, in the Area Protetta Regionale Giardini Botanici Hanbury (WGS84: 43°47'0.0"N, 7°33'11.5"E), exotic woodland in wild area of Hanbury Botanic Garden, 75 m, 1 April 2021, E. Zappa (HMGBH). – Casual alien species new for the flora of Italy (Liguria). Pittosporum venulosum (= P. procerum Naudin) is an ornamental tree native to Australia (East Queensland). The plants of Capo Mortola are certainly derived from the typical material of Pittosporum procerum. This name is reported by WFO (2021) database as ambiguous, while POWO (2021) considers it as a synonym of P. venulosum. In 1899 Charles Naudin described P. procerum and introduced it to cultivation in Villa Thuret, Antibes (France); in 1903 and 1904 seeds were introduced from Villa Thuret to La Mortola (Sowing & Planting 8, manuscript). Seeds became available for exchange since 1912 (Index Seminum 1912). The species is recorded in the 1912, 1937 and 1996 catalogues; the last edition of Hortus Mortolensis (Campodonico et al. 1996) reports the species as acclimated. We observed some plants, in juvenile and mature phases, in Vallone della Sorba, the wild area of the compendium, in a mixed evergreen woodland with Pinus halepensis subsp. halepensis. Quercus coccifera L. (Fagaceae) + (C) LIG: Ventimiglia (Imperia), Capo Mortola, in the Area Protetta Regionale Giardini Botanici Hanbury (WGS84: 43°46'59.4"N, 7°33'24.3"E), evergreen woodland margins, 65 m, 18 March 2021, E. Zappa, L. Minuto (HMGBH). – Cryptogenic species confirmed for the flora of Liguria. Quercus coccifera is a western Mediterranean species. Pignatti et al. (2017) according Brullo and Spampinato (2004), reported the species widespread mainly in Languedoc, Catalonia and Tunisia, in Italy only in western Liguria (0–200 m); while Bartolucci et al. (2018) recorded the species occurring in Puglia, Basilicata, Sicilia, Sardegna and doubtfully in Liguria. Penzig (handwritten notes on a copy of the volume of De Notaris (1844) kept in Genova) reported: “Nym. Prosp. Lig.”, and Ardoino’s, Allioni’s, Reichenbach’s, Burnat’s recordings of the species as very rare occurring around Nice. Parlatore (1868) reported Allioni’s citation: around Nice, where it is rare. The Portal to the Flora of Italy (2022) reports this species in Liguria only with doubtful records. The species occurs at Capo Mortola in evergreen wood and in post-fire Mediterranean shrubland community. We do not know date and origin of the introduction to the GBH: it was recorded in the 1889, 1897, 1912, 1938 and 1996 catalogues. Seeds were available in exchange since the1896 Index Seminum; the last edition of Hortus Mortolensis (Campodonico et al. 1996) reports the species as acclimated. It was not included in Florula Mortolensis (Berger 1905), the catalogue of all plants growing wild at La Mortola. For Liguria, we suggest considering Q. coccifera as a cryptogenic species. Exotic flora of Capo Mortola (northern Italy) 19 Roldana petasitis (Sims) H.Rob. & Brettell (Asteraceae) (NAT) LIG: Ventimiglia (Imperia), Capo Mortola, in the Area Protetta Regionale Giardini Botanici Hanbury (WGS84: 43°47'2.01"N, 7°33'11.76"E), evergreen woodland margins, 60 m, 15 June 2021, F. Pastor (HMGBH). – Naturalized alien species: further record for Liguria. Roldana petasitis is an ornamental plant native to the Gulf of Mexico, and NEMexico and introduced to Azores, Canary Islands, France, Italy, Java, Madeira, Mauritius, Australia (New South Wales, Norfolk Island, Victoria), Réunion, and Spain. In Italy, it is recorded as casual alien species (Galasso et al. 2018a; Galasso et al. 2019b) in Basilicata, Lazio, Puglia and Sicilia, naturalized in Liguria (Longo 2012). The species was reported in the 1897, 1912, 1938 and 1996 catalogues. In 1996, the species is reported in Hortus Mortolensis as acclimated (Campodonico et al. 1996); it became established in recent years. In the compendium R. petasitis grows along woodland edges on stream banks in Vallone della Sorba, without direct human intervention. Romneya coulteri Harv. (Papaveraceae) (CAS#): Ventimiglia (Imperia), Capo Mortola, in the Area Protetta Regionale Giardini Botanici Hanbury (WGS84: 43°46'59.98"N, 7°33'17.95"E), exotic woodland, 58 m, 12 August 2021, E. Zappa (HMGBH). – Casual alien species, new for the flora of the compendium, where it was previously known only as cultivated (acclimated). Romneya coulteri is an ornamental plant native from S-California to Mexico (NBaja California), introduced into New South Wales, S-Australia, and W-Australia. In Europe, it is known only as cultivated. R. coulteri was first introduced to GBH before 1897, as it is recorded in the 1897, 1912, 1938, and 1996 catalogues. In April 1899, a plant was introduced by Miss Ellen Willmott and in May 1901, seeds from the Southern California Acclimatization Association were delivered to La Mortola (Sowing & Planting 8, manuscript). In the last edition of Hortus Mortolensis (Campodonico et al. 1996), the species is reported as acclimated. In the compendium, some individuals of the species grow wild in sunny and sheltered positions lacking direct human interventions. Rosa banksiae W.T.Aiton var. normalis Regel (Rosaceae) (+) (NAT) ITALIA (LIG): Ventimiglia (Imperia), Capo Mortola, in the Area Protetta Regionale Giardini Botanici Hanbury (WGS84: 43°47'3.14"N, 7°33'9.08"E), evergreen woodland, 80 m, 18 March 2021, E. Zappa (HMGBH). – Status change from casual to naturalized alien for the flora of Italy (Liguria); naturalized alien variety new for the flora of Italy (Liguria). 20 Mauro Mariotti & Elena Zappa / Italian Botanist 14: 1–43 (2022) Rosa banksiae W.T.Aiton [var. normalis Regel] f. lutescens Voss (Rosaceae) (+) (CAS) ITALIA (LIG): Ventimiglia (Imperia), Capo Mortola, in the Area Protetta Regionale Giardini Botanici Hanbury (WGS84: 43°47'3.47"N, 7°33'16.32"E), evergreen woodland margins, 85 m, 1 April 2021, F. Pastor (HMGBH); ibidem, Capo Mortola, rio Sorba Valley (WGS84: 43°47'4.35"N, 7°33'8.50"E), evergreen woodland, 100 m, 1 April 2021, F. Pastor (HMGBH). – Casual alien form new for the flora of Italy (Liguria). Rosa banksiae is an ornamental plant, native to western mountainous half of China: Yunnan, Shensi, Kansu, Hupeh and Szechwan where it was found wild by Europeans collecting in China. The species ([var. banksiae] f. banksiae, the double-white flowered variety) was first introduced to England in 1807 by William Kerr. The yellow double flowered form ([var. banksiae] f. lutea (Lindl.) Rehder) was brought in later by John Damper Parks in 1824; under cultivation a single state of the last has been obtained, which is described and figurate in plate 7171 of Botanical Magazine. In the wild state, yellow flowers do not seem ever to occur (Henry 1902). Rosa banksiae var. normalis (with single flower) is a rampant evergreen climber reaching up to 15 m or more, native to central and western China from Hubei and Gansu to Yunnan, usually at low altitudes but recorded up to 1,800 m a.s.l. It grows in valleys, by streams and rocky places, flowering from April to June. It was first introduced to Europe by Robert Drummond in 1796, and planted at Megginch Castle on Tayside, where it seldom flowered and remained unrecognized until cuttings were taken to Nice in 1905, where they flowered and were identified (Phillips and Rix 1988). R. banksiae var. normalis is recorded in the 1938 and 1996 editions of Hortus Mortolensis, but it was introduced around 1912, maybe as part of the collection received from Mr. Wilson, as reported by Berger (1912). “Wilson N° 619, L.M., 2 July 1913” is written on the label of a specimen in our herbarium (HMGBH); the seeds were available in the 1913 Index Seminum. According the forum actaplantarum.org, Franco Fenaroli recorded R. banksiae photographed in 2008 outside the boundary wall of a villa at Gardone Riviera (Province of Brescia) and said he had never seen it naturalized; Daniela Longo cited R. banksiae photographed in 2013 at Capo Mortola. Both do not provide any information on infraspecific rank. Based on the images available online, the plants photographed seem to refer to two different varieties: var. normalis (single flower) in Capo Mortola and var. banksiae (double or full flowered) in Gardone Riviera. Campodonico et al. (1996) reported R. banksiae var. normalis as established (“Sptnzz.”), as it is widespread in the compendium, mainly in the wild area in Vallone della Sorba, where is common in shady situations within the woodland, climbing on trees up to 10 m or more. The yellow single-flowered form (f. lutescens) is of unknown origin and its date of introduction is not recorded. Phillips and Rix (1988) noted both the double and single forms apparently growing on the same plant in an old garden on the Riviera and explained that the single yellow may appear as a reverse sport on the commoner double. Nothing is known as to its introduction at La Mortola, but it was already cultivated before December 1870, as noted by J.V.V. (1877), by Thomas Hanbury (1878) Exotic flora of Capo Mortola (northern Italy) 21 on Gardeners’ Chronicle and by Winter (manuscript, 6th December 1870, letter to Daniel Hanbury). In the same years, as reported by Emanuele Orazio Fenzi (1878) on Gardener’s Chronicle, Eugenio Baroni, chief gardener at Florence Botanic Garden, obtained yellow single flowers plant. Woodall (1878), in another note on Gardeners’ Chronicle reported about single yellow form specimen in Nice and other locations in French Riviera observed in the spring of 1873 and in flower in 1876. Berger (1912) noted that single yellow flower form was the most abundant rose in the garden of Sir T. Hanbury. R. banksiae f. lutescens is recorded in 1889, 1897, 1912, 1938 and 1996 catalogues; it has been established for several years, as shown by the various editions of the Index seminum (since 1890 and following). Campodonico et al. (1996) reported f. lutescens as adventive; it is widespread in the garden and in seminatural areas of Vallone della Sorba. Rosa brunonii Lindl. (Rosaceae) + (NAT) ITALIA (LIG): Ventimiglia (Imperia), Capo Mortola, in the Area Protetta Regionale Giardini Botanici Hanbury (WGS84: 43°47'3.76"N, 7°33'8.61"E), evergreen woodland, 84 m, 5 April 2021, F. Pastor (HMGBH). – Naturalized alien species new for the flora of Italy (Liguria). Rosa brunonii is an ornamental plant native to Afghanistan, Assam, S-C-China, East and West Himalaya, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, and Tibet, introduced to Europe in 1823 as R. napaulensis Andrews. We do not know date and origin of the introduction to the GBH: the species is recorded in the 1938 and 1996 editions of Hortus Mortolensis; seeds were available in exchange since the 1922 Index Seminum. In the last edition (Campodonico et al. 1996), the species is reported as established (“Sptnzz.”), as it is widespread in the compendium, mainly in the wild area of Vallone della Sorba, where is common in shady situations, climbing on trees up to 15 m or more. R. brunonii ‘La Mortola’ is an ornamental cultivar originated in the GBH by a sport of R. brunonii, first brought to England by Edward Bunyard in the 1930s (Quest-Ritson 2013) and introduced into commerce by Sunningdale Nursery in 1954 (HelpMeFind 2021). Searsia pallens (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Moffett (Anacardiaceae) + (CAS) ITALIA (LIG): Ventimiglia (Imperia), Capo Mortola, in the Area Protetta Regionale Giardini Botanici Hanbury (WGS84: 43°46'59.66"N, 7°33'10.40"E), semi-natural evergreen post-fire shrubland in wild area of Hanbury Botanic Garden, 77 m, 25 February 2021, E. Zappa (HMGBH). – Casual alien species new for the flora of Italy (Liguria). Searsia pallens is an ornamental plant native to Botswana, South Africa, and Lesotho. In Europe it is only known as cultivated. The species was introduced to La Mortola in June 1872, as Rhus excisa Thunb. var. pallens (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Sond. by seeds received from prof. Peter Mac Owan (Berger 1912), director of the Cape Town Botanical Garden. 22 Mauro Mariotti & Elena Zappa / Italian Botanist 14: 1–43 (2022) The species was reported in the 1889, 1897, 1912, 1938, and 1996 catalogues. Seeds became available for exchanges since 1909. Inside the boundary of the compendium, in the wild area of Vallone della Sorba, individuals of S. pallens occur in a postfire Mediterranean shrubland community. Senecio linifolius L. (Asteraceae) + (CAS) ITALIA (LIG): Ventimiglia (Imperia), Capo Mortola, in the Area Protetta Regionale Giardini Botanici Hanbury (WGS84: 43°47'3"N, 7°33'21"E), margins of sunny and dry slopes in Hanbury Botanic Garden, 70 m, 1 April 2021, E. Zappa (HMGBH); ibidem, Capo Mortola, Discesa del Marinaio (WGS84: 43°47'2.94"N, 7°33'21.89"E), mediterranean shrubland, 75 m, 11 March 2022, F. Dente (HMGBH). – Casual alien species new for the flora of Italy (Liguria). Senecio linifolius is a small half succulent shrub native to the eastern Cape Province and Lesotho, previously known in literature with the illegitimate name Senecio longifolius L. Senecio linifolius L. (Linnaeus 1759) was based on a South African collection in the herbarium of Johannes Burman (Wijnands 1983). Linnaeus (1763) later published the replacement name S. longifolius L. for the species to avoid homonymy with his new combination S. linifolius (L.) L. (Linnaeus 1763) for a Mediterranean species based on Solidago linifolia L. (Linnaeus 1753). The name S. linifolius L. [1759] is therefore correctly applied to the South African species (Calvo et al. 2013). The species was introduced as S. longifolius L. to La Mortola by seeds received in June 1872, probably from Prof. Peter MacOwan (Berger 1912); it soon became subspontaneous in the garden according to Berger. It was recorded in the 1889, 1897, 1912, 1938, and 1996 catalogues; seeds became available for exchanges since the 1888 Index Seminum. In the last edition of Hortus Mortolensis, Campodonico et al. (1996) consider the species established (“Sptnzz.”). We observed some plants outside the Garden on sunny and dry slope. Setaria palmifolia (J.Koenig) Stapf (Poaceae) (CAS#): Ventimiglia (Imperia), Capo Mortola, in the Area Protetta Regionale Giardini Botanici Hanbury (WGS84: 43°46'56.92"N, 7°33'20.16"E), exotic woodland garden, 26 m, 4 February 2021, F. Pastor (HMGBH). – Casual alien species, new for the flora of the compendium, where it was previously known only as assisted. Setaria palmifolia is an ornamental plant native from tropical and subtropical Asia to E-Australia, introduced to W- and S-Australia, New Zealand, Pacific Islands and Sand C-America, with sporadic records in C-Africa (GBIF Secretariat 2021c), where it has naturalized and become invasive in many new territories, especially on the Pacific islands, including Hawaii (CABI 2021b). In Europe, it is known only as cultivated. The species is recorded in the EPPO database. We do not know date and origin of the introduction to the GBH, but it was surely before 1889, as the species was reported in the 1889, 1897, 1912, 1938, and 1996 Exotic flora of Capo Mortola (northern Italy) 23 catalogues. In the last edition of Hortus Mortolensis (Campodonico et al. 1996), the species is reported as assisted, but in recent years it became established. At La Mortola, S. palmifolia occurs as a weed in flowerbeds and borders, especially, but not limited to, those that are regularly watered, in sheltered positions. Trachelospermum jasminoides (Lindl.) Lem. (Apocynaceae) (CAS#): Ventimiglia (Imperia), Capo Mortola, in the Area Protetta Regionale Giardini Botanici Hanbury (WGS84: 43°47'2.29"N, 7°33'20.24"E), sunny places on terraces in olive groves, 62 m, 15 September 2021, F. Pastor (HMGBH). – Casual alien species, new for the flora of the compendium, where it was previously known as acclimated. Trachelospermum jasminoides is an ornamental plant native to N-C-China, S-CChina, SE-China, Hainan, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Tibet, and Vietnam; it has been introduced and can be found naturalized in Pakistan, India, the USA, Mexico, C-America, and the Bahamas (Rojas-Sandoval 2017). The species is a popular garden plant in Australia, New Zealand, and Europe. In GBH it was first introduced before 1891, as it is reported in the Index Seminum since 1891 and is recorded in the 1897, 1912, 1938, and 1996 catalogues. In the last edition of Hortus Mortolensis (Campodonico et al. 1996), the species is reported as acclimated. The species grows along marginal borders, but not limited to, those that are regularly watered, in semishady and sheltered positions. Some young individuals grow wild on terraces of olive orchards. The cultivar ‘Wilsonii’, reported by Campodonico et al (1996) as adventive, is currently observed only as cultivated. Vachellia karroo (Hayne) Banfi & Galasso (Fabaceae) + (CAS) LIG: Ventimiglia (Imperia), Capo Mortola, in the Area Protetta Regionale Giardini Botanici Hanbury (WGS84: 43°46'58.70"N, 7°33'23.42"E), sunny and dry places, 12 m, 21 September 2021, F. Pastor (HMGBH). – Casual alien species new for flora of Liguria. Vachellia karroo is an ornamental plant native to South Africa, Angola, Botswana, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Zambia, and Zimbabwe; introduced into the Mediterranean area, Portugal, NE-Argentina, Bolivia, C-Chile, India, Iraq, Mauritius, Myanmar, Paraguay, and Australia (Queensland and Western Australia), where the species is known to behave invasively. In Europe, it is cultivated as ornamental and is recorded as casual and naturalized alien in Italy (Galasso et al. 2018a), but was recently recorded as invasive in Sardegna (Galasso et al. 2021a). In the GBH it was introduced in autumn 1867, with other acacias brought from Charles Huber’s nursery-garden in Hyères (Plants sent by Hubers to the Palazzo Orengo. Dec. 1867. Manuscript, Hanbury Archives); the species was reported in the 1889, 1897, 1912, 1938, and 1996 catalogues. Seeds became available for exchanges since 1890. Campodonico et al. (1996) reported the taxa as established (“Sptnzz.”). In the compendium, V. karroo is widespread in sunny and semi-shady dry locations, in marginal shrubland. Taxon (1) Acacia retinodes Schltdl. Acanthus mollis L. subsp. mollis Acer oblongum Wall. ex DC. Aeonium arboreum (L.) Webb & Berthel. Agave americana L. subsp. americana Agave americana L. subsp. americana ‘Marginata’ Agave fourcroydes Lem. Agave salmiana Otto ex Salm-Dyck subsp. ferox (K.Koch) Hochstätter Ageratina pazcuarensis (Kunth) R.M.King & H.Rob. Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle Ajuga orientalis L. Alcea rosea L. Alectryon tomentosus (F.Muell.) Radlk. Aloë arborescens Mill. subsp. arborescens Aloë striata Haw. subsp. striata × Aloë microstigma SalmDyck subsp. microstigma Aloiampelos ciliaris (Haw.) Klopper & Gideon F.Sm. Ampelodesmos mauritanicus (Poir.) T.Durand & Schinz Anemone coronaria L. Anemone pavonina Lam. Antirrhinum majus L. Araujia sericifera Brot. Aristolochia sempervirens L. Asarina procumbens Mill. Asclepias curassavica L. Agave americana L. var. americana Agave americana L. var. marginata Trel. Eupatorium haageanum Regel & Körn. Aloë arborescens Mill. var. arborescens Aloë striata Haw. × Aloë saponaria (Aiton) Haw. Aloë ciliaris Haw. Cat 1996 2022 (4) Trend Italian Ligurian Geography (3) (5) checklist (6) checklist (7) (8) – ↓ ADV CAS – Cauc NAT NAT ≈ INV CAS Australia NAT W nr W – Australia ↑ ACCL CAS# CAS CAS Arabia, Trop. Africa NATIVE NAT ≈ NAT NAT Medit ADV CAS# ≈ – – China, Himalaya ↑ ACCL NAT NAT NAT Canary Is ↑ ACCL CAS INV INV Mexico ↑ ACCL CAS – – Culta ↑ ASSIST NAT INV NAT C-Amer ↑ ACCL CAS INV NAT Mexico ADV NAT NAT NAT ADV ACCL ADV DD INV CAS# NAT CAS NAT – ? ↑ ↓ ≈ ≈ ↑ ↓ – INV NATIVE NAT – NAT – – INV NAT CAS – CAS – Not known China E-Medit Middle East Australia S-Afr Culta ACCL ADV NAT ADV ADV CAS DD CAS? CAS NAT ↑ ? ↓ ≈ ↑ CAS NATIVE NATIVE NAT NAT CAS NATIVE NAT NAT NAT ADV NAT ADV ADV CAS NAT CAS# CAS# ≈ ≈ ≈ ≈ INV NATIVE – NAT NAT NAT – – S-Afr W-Medit E-Medit S-Eur SW-Eur, N-Afr Brazil E-Medit SW-Eur S-Amer Notes Novelties (9) (10) RNS (a) (+) (b) nr (c) RNS + RNS (d) (+) (+) Mauro Mariotti & Elena Zappa / Italian Botanist 14: 1–43 (2022) Abies nordmanniana (Steven) Spach subsp. nordmanniana Acacia provincialis A.Camus Acacia retinodes Schltdl. Acanthus arboreus Forsk. Previous names [1996](2) 24 Table 1. Alien species of the flora of Capo Mortola and its changes observed in the last twenty-five years. Taxon (1) Previous names [1996](2) Exotic flora of Capo Mortola (northern Italy) 25 Cat 1996 2022 (4) Trend Italian Ligurian Geography Notes Novelties (3) (5) checklist (6) checklist (7) (8) (9) (10) Asclepias physocarpa (E.Mey.) Schltr. Gomphocarpus physocarpus E.Mey. ADV CAS ≈ NAT – S-Afr R+ Asparagus aethiopicus L. ‘Sprengeri’ Asparagus densiflorus .(Kunth) Jessop ‘Sprengeri‘ ADV CAS ≈ CAS CAS Culta Asparagus asparagoides (L.) Druce Asparagus asparagoides (L.) W.Wight ADV CAS ≈ NAT – S-Afr R+ Asparagus setaceus (Kunth) Jessop ADV CAS ≈ NAT – S-Afr R+ Asparagus virgatus Baker ADV CAS# ≈ – – S-Afr (+) Aubrieta columnae Guss. subsp. columnae ADV CAS ≈ NATIVE CAS CS-Apennines Aubrieta deltoidea (L.) DC. ADV CAS# ≈ NAT – S-Medit, R+ Canary Is Azolla filiculoides Lam. ADV DD ? INV – N-Amer ↓ Baccharis halimifolia L. ADV ERA INV – CN-Amer (e) ↑ Bauhinia aculeata L. subsp. grandiflora (Juss.) Wunderlin ACCL CAS# – – SW-Amer (+) Bellevalia trifoliata (Ten.) Kunth NAT NAT ≈ NATIVE NATIVE CE-Medit ↓ Berberis sargentiana C.K.Schneid. NAT CAS? – – China Beta vulgaris L. subsp. vulgaris Beta vulgaris L. subsp. vulgaris convar. cicla (L.) NAT NAT ≈ CAS CAS Culta NS Alef. var. flavescens DC. Bidens lanceolata (L.) Banfi, Galasso & Bartolucci Coreopsis lanceolata L. ADV DD ? NAT – N-Amer Blainvillea acmella (L.) Philipson Spilanthes acmella Murray ADV DD ? – – Trop-Subtrop Borago officinalis L. NAT NATIVE nr NATIVE NATIVE S-Eur ↑ Brachychiton discolor F.Muell. ACCL CAS# CAS – Australia R(+) Buddleja davidii Franch. NAT NAT ≈ INV NAT China Bupleurum fruticosum L. NAT C ≈ NATIVE NATIVE S-Eur, N-Afr RNS Calendula officinalis L. NAT NAT ≈ NAT NAT Unknown Calendula suffruticosa Vahl subsp. algarbiensis (Boiss.) Nyman ADV DD ? – – Iberia Callianthe peruviana (Lam.) Dorr Abutilon arboreum Sweet ADV CAS ≈ – – Peru + Campanula poscharskyana Degen ADV CAS ≈ NAT CAS S-Dalmatia Campsis radicans (L.) Bureau Campsis radicans (L.) Seem. ADV CAS ≈ NAT CAS N-Amer Canarina canariensis (L.) Vatke ADV DD ? – – Canary Is ↑ Capparis spinosa L. ACCL CAS? NATIVE DD Medit, S-Asia Carpobrotus acinaciformis (L.) L.Bolus NAT NAT ≈ INV NAT S-Afr Celastrus angulatus Maxim. NAT DD ? – – China Celtis australis L. subsp. australis ADV CAS ≈ NATIVE NATIVE S-Eur, Madera Cercis siliquastrum L. subsp. siliquastrum NAT NAT ≈ NATIVE CAS Medit RNS ↑ Chamaeiris foetidissima (L.) Medik. Iris foetidissima L. ACCL CAS NATIVE NATIVE SW-Eur, Medit Coronilla valentina L. Chasmanthe aethiopica (L.) N.E.Br. Uniola latifolia Michx. Chenopodium giganteum D.Don Jasminum fruticans L. Jasminum humile L. Coronilla valentina L. subsp. glauca (L.) Batt.; Coronilla valentina L. subsp. valentina Cotinus coggygria Scop. Cotoneaster franchetii Bois Cotoneaster horizontalis Decne. Cotoneaster integerrimus Medik. Cotoneaster pannosus Franch. Crinum bulbispermum (Burm.f.) Milne-Redh. & Schweick. Cupressus sempervirens L. Cyclamen persicum Mill. Cyrtomium falcatum (L.f.) C.Presl Cytisus filipes Webb & Berthel. Danaë racemosa (L.) Moench Cytisus filipes (Webb & Berthel.) Masf. Cat 1996 2022 (4) Trend Italian Ligurian Geography Notes Novelties (3) (5) checklist (6) checklist (7) (8) (9) (10) NAT NAT ≈ NATIVE NATIVE W-Medit NAT W nr INV D S-Afr (a) NAT NAT ≈ NAT CAS S-Afr (f ) RNS ↑ CULTA CAS# – – N-Amer (+) NAT DD ? CAS – India, Nepal ADV CAS? ≈ NAT – S-Afr NAT NAT ≈ NC – S-Afr NS ↓ NAT CAS NATIVE NATIVE S-Eur (g) RNS ↑ CULTA NAT CAS CAS Himalaya RNS ↓ NAT CAS# – – Culta NAT NAT ≈ NATIVE CAS W-Medit RNS ↑ ACCL CAS CAS – China R+ ADV CAS? ≈ NATIVE NATIVE W-Medit NAT NAT ≈ – – SE-Asia, Jap + ADV CAS ≈ NATIVE CAS CSW-Eur ADV CAS ≈ NAT – NW-Afr R+ ↓ ADV – NAT – N-Afr, Middle East NAT NATIVE nr NATIVE NATIVE S-Medit (h) ADV ACCL ADV NAT ADV ADV NAT NAT NATIVE CAS CAS? NAT CAS CAS# NAT NAT nr ↑ ≈ ≈ ≈ ≈ ≈ ≈ NATIVE INV INV NATIVE NAT – NAT CAS NATIVE – NAT NATIVE CAS – CAS CAS ADV ADV ACCL CAS# DD DD ≈ ? ? NAT – CAS NAT – CAS CS-Eur, Asia China-SE-Asia China Eur, W-Asia China S-Afr E-Medit S-Medit, Middle East Asia, India Canary Is Asia Minor, Turkey, Lebanon (i) (j) (k) (l) R+ (+) RNS RNS Mauro Mariotti & Elena Zappa / Italian Botanist 14: 1–43 (2022) Chamaerops humilis L. subsp. humilis Chasmanthe aethiopica (L.) N.E.Br. Chasmanthe bicolor (Gasp.) N.E.Br. Chasmanthium latifolium (Michx.) H.O.Yates Chenopodium bengalense (Lam.) Spielm. ex Steud.D.Don Chlorophytum comosum (Thunb.) Jacq. Chrysanthemoides monilifera (L.) Norl. Chrysojasminum fruticans (L.) Banfi Chrysojasminum humile (L.) Banfi Cichorium intybus L. var. foliosum Hegi Cistus crispus L. Clematis armandi Franch. Cneorum tricoccon L. Cocculus laurifolius DC. Colutea arborescens L. Convolvulus sabatius Viv. subsp. mauritanicus (Boiss.) Murb. Coriandrum sativum L. Previous names [1996](2) 26 Taxon (1) Taxon (1) Previous names [1996](2) Dasylirion serratifolium (Karw. ex Schult. & Schult.f.) Zucc. Datura inoxia Mill. Datura meteoloides DC. in Dunal Freesia leichtlinii Klatt subsp. alba (G.L.Mey.) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt Freylinia lanceolata (L.f.) G.Don Genista canariensis L. Genista linifolia L. Geranium palmatum Cav. Geranium sanguineum L. , NAT CAS CAS DD NAT DD CAS – NAT NAT NAT INV NAT CAS CAS CAS# C NAT ↓ ≈ ≈ ≈ ? ≈ ? ↑ ↓ ≈ ≈ ≈ ↑ ≈ ≈ ≈ ≈ nr ≈ – INV NAT CAS NAT CAS – NAT – CAS – INV INV NAT CAS NAT – NATIVE NATIVE – NAT NAT CAS – CAS – CAS – CAS – INV INV NAT CAS CAS – NATIVE NATIVE ADV CAS ≈ NAT CAS Geranium sanguineum L. var. sanguineum ADV ADV NAT ADV NAT DD DD NAT CAS# NAT ? ? ≈ ≈ ≈ – – C – NATIVE – – NAT – NATIVE Verbena tenera Spreng. var. pulchella (Sweet) Sims ADV – ↓ CAS – Osteospermum ecklonis (DC.) Norl. Macfadyena unguis-cati (L.) A.H.Gentry Echium fastuosum Jacq. Conyza albida Willd. ex Spreng. Eschscholzia californica Cham. Eugenia guabiju O.Berg Freesia refracta (Jacq.) Eckl. ex Klatt Cytisus canariensis (L.) Steud. S-Afr Canary Is W-Medit Canary Is Eur-Cauc, Asia Minor S-Amer (+) 27 Glandularia tenera (Spreng.) Cabrera ADV NAT ADV ADV ADV NAT ADV ACCL ADV NAT NAT NAT NAT NAT ADV ADV ADV NAT NAT Geography Notes Novelties (8) (9) (10) Mexico N-Amer, R+ Mexico Trop-Subtrop Not known China, Jap S-Afr Asia, Jap Brazil NS Iberia Canary Is Canary Is Australia NS N-Afr + S-Afr CS-Amer Culta N-Amer Australia Argent (+) Medit RNS SE-Medit, (m) Middle East S-Afr (n) Exotic flora of Capo Mortola (northern Italy) Datura metel L. Datura stramonium L. Dichondra micrantha Urb. Dimorphotheca ecklonis DC. Diospyros lotus L. Dolichandra unguis-cati (L.) L.G.Lohmann Echium lusitanicum L. Echium candicans L.f. Echium wildpretii H.Pearson ex Hook.f. Enchylaena tomentosa R.Br. Ephedra altissima Desf. Erigeron karvinskianus DC. Erigeron sumatrensis Retz. Erysimum cheiri (L.) Crantz Eschscholzia californica Cham. subsp. californica Eucalyptus globulus Labill. subsp. globulus Eugenia uruguayensis Cambess. Ferula communis L. subsp. communis Ficus carica L. Cat 1996 2022 (4) Trend Italian Ligurian (3) (5) checklist (6) checklist (7) ACCL DD ? – – ADV CAS ≈ INV – Glebionis segetum (L.) Fourr. Glottiphyllum linguiforme (L.) N.E.Br. Heliotropium amplexicaule Vahl Helleborus lividus Aiton subsp. corsicus (Briq.) P.Fourn. Chrysanthemum segetum L. Helleborus lividus Aiton subsp. corsicus (Briq.) Yeo Cupressus lusitanica Mill. Cat 1996 2022 (4) Trend Italian Ligurian (3) (5) checklist (6) checklist (7) ADV CAS ≈ NATIVE NATIVE ↓ NAT CAS# – – ADV CAS ≈ NAT CAS ↓ ADV – NATIVE – NAT ADV DD – ? ↓ – NAT – NC Hypericum canariense L. Impatiens balsamina L. Ipomoea indica (Burm.) Merr. Iris germanica L. ADV ADV ADV ADV CAS# CAS? CAS CAS ≈ ≈ ≈ ≈ – CAS INV NAT – CAS INV NAT Jaborosa integrifolia Lam. Jacaranda mimosifolia D.Don Jasminum mesnyi Hance Koelreuteria bipinnata Franch. ADV ADV ADV ADV CAS# CAS# CAS# CAS ≈ ≈ ≈ ≈ CAS CAS NAT – – – – – ADV NAT NAT NAT ADV NAT ACCL ADV NAT CAS? CAS# DD NAT CAS NAT NAT CAS DD ≈ ↓ ? ≈ ≈ ≈ ↑ ≈ ? NATIVE NAT CAS NATIVE CAS NATIVE INV NATIVE NATIVE NATIVE – – NATIVE – NATIVE NAT – – Linum narbonense L. NAT DD ? NATIVE NATIVE Lobelia erinus L. Lunaria annua L. Lychnis coronaria (L.) Desr. ADV NAT ADV CAS NAT DD ≈ ≈ ? CAS NATIVE NATIVE CAS NATIVE NATIVE Laburnum anagyroides Medik. subsp. anagyroides Lantana camara L. subsp. aculeata (L.) R.W.Sanders Lathyrus oleraceus Lam. subsp. oleraceus Laurus nobilis L. Lavandula dentata L. Leucojum vernum L. Ligustrum lucidum W.T.Aiton Limoniastrum monopetalum (L.) Boiss. Linaria purpurea (L.) Mill. Koelreuteria bipinnata Franch. var. integrifolia (Merr.) T.C.Chen Laburnum anagyroides Medik. Lantana camara L.; L. camara ‘Hybrida’ Pisum sativum L. subsp. sativum Geography Notes Novelties (8) (9) (10) SW-Asia S-Afr (+) Brazil CorsicaSardinia C-Amer S-Medit, SWAsia Canary Is (+) China, India CS-Amer Medit, Middle East Argent R(+) Argent R(+) China R(+) China + CS-Eur Trop Amer S-Eur, Medit Medit W-Medit C-Eur China, Se-Asia Medit, Iberia CS-IItaly, Sicily W-Medit, SW-Eur S-Afr SE-Eur SE-Eur, Himalaya R(+) R+ R+ Mauro Mariotti & Elena Zappa / Italian Botanist 14: 1–43 (2022) Hesperocyparis lusitanica (Mill.) Bartel Hibiscus trionum L. Previous names [1996](2) 28 Taxon (1) Taxon (1) Solanum rantonnetii Carrière Malcolmia maritima (L.) R.Br. Asarina barclaiana (Lindl.) Pennell Aptenia cordifolia (L.f.) Schwantes Mimosa spegazzinii Pirotta Cat 1996 2022 (4) Trend Italian Ligurian (3) (5) checklist (6) checklist (7) ADV CAS ≈ NAT CAS ↓ ADV – – – ↓ ADV – – – ↓ ADV – NATIVE CAS ADV CAS# ≈ – – ADV CAS# ≈ C C ↓ NAT – INV CAS ↓ ADV – – – ADV CAS ≈ INV NAT ADV CAS ≈ NATIVE NATIVE ACCL ADV CAS DD ↑ ? INV NATIVE CAS NATIVE Nandina domestica Thunb. ACCL CAS# ↑ CAS – Nephrolepis cordifolia (L.) C.Presl Nicotiana glauca Graham Nicotiana tabacum L. Nigella damascena L. ADV NAT NAT NAT CAS NAT CAS? NATIVE ≈ ≈ ↓ nr NAT INV CAS NATIVE NAT CAS – NATIVE Nothoscordum gracile (Aiton) Stearn Oenothera biennis L. Oenothera rosea L’Hér. ex Aiton Olea europaea L. Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. Oxalis articulata Savigny Oxalis bowiei W.T.Aiton ex G.Don Oxalis corniculata L. Oxalis pes-caprae L. Oxypetalum coeruleum (D.Don ex Sweet) Decne. Pallenis maritima (L.) Greuter – ADV NAT ADV ACCL NAT ADV ?NAT NAT ADV NAT CAS – NAT NAT NAT NAT CAS NAT NAT DD NAT ↑ ↓ ≈ ↑ ↑ ≈ ≈ ≈ ≈ ? ≈ INV NAT CAS NATIVE INV INV NAT C INV – NATIVE CAS CAS CAS NATIVE NAT NAT – C INV – NATIVE Myoporum insulare R,Br. Myosotis alpestris F.W.Schmidt Myoporum tenuifolium G.Forst. Olea europaea L. subsp. europaea Oxalis purpurata Jacq. Asteriscus maritimus (L.) Less. Geography Notes Novelties (8) (9) (10) S-Amer China, Jap E-Medit E-Medit Mexico (+) Turkey S-Afr Argent Trop Amer Eur, Middle East, N-Afr Australia Euras, N-Amer China, Jap, R(+) India Asia, Australia S-Amer RNS Unknown Medit, Asia Min, Canar CS-Amer (o) N-Amer Amer RNS Culta Mexico (p) S-Amer S-Afr R+ SE-Asia S-Afr (q) S-Amer S-Medit, Canary Is Exotic flora of Capo Mortola (northern Italy) Lycianthes rantonnetii (Carrière) Bitter Macleaya cordata (Willd.) R.Br. Malcolmia chia (L.) DC. Malcolmia maritima (L.) W.T.Aiton Maurandya barclayana Lindl. Melissa officinalis L. subsp. officinalis Mesembryanthemum cordifolium L.f. Mimosa polycarpa Kunth var. spegazzinii (Pirotta) Burkart Mirabilis jalapa L. Muscari neglectum Guss. ex Ten. Previous names [1996](2) 29 Previous names [1996](2) Papaver commutatum Fisch., C.A.Mey. & Trautv. Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. Papaver somniferum L. subsp. somniferum Albizia lophantha (Willd.) Benth. Passiflora bryonioides Humb., Bonpl. & Kunth Petasites fragrans (Vill.) C.Presl Petunia -Hybrida Phoenix canariensis hort. ex Chabaud Heteromeles arbutifolia (Aiton) M.Roem. Pittosporum procerum Naudin Polanisia dodecandra (L.) DC. Portulaca oleracea L. subsp. oleracea ADV ADV ACCL NAT ADV ADV – ADV ADV ADV ADV NATIVE ADV ADV ADV ADV ADV NAT ADV ADV ACCL NAT NAT ACCL ACCL ADV ADV NATIVE DD CAS CAS NAT – CAS CAS# CAS DD CAS CAS NAT CAS DD CAS CAS? – NAT CAS CAS CAS# NAT NAT CAS CAS? – CAS? CAS? ? ≈ ? ≈ ↓ ≈ ↑ ≈ ? ≈ ≈ nr ≈ ? ≈ ≈ ↓ ≈ ≈ ≈ ↑ ≈ ≈ ↑ ↑ ↓ ≈ nr NAT NAT – INV – NAT NAT INV – C NAT NATIVE NAT NATIVE NAT – NAT INV NAT NAT – NAT CAS – NAT NAT CAS C CAS NAT – NAT – CAS – CAS – C CAS NAT CAS – CAS – CAS INV CAS NAT – NAT CAS – CAS CAS CAS C NAT CAS? ↓ NAT NAT Geography Notes Novelties (8) (9) (10) Cauc, Asia Minor Euras Australia Iran + S-Amer CN-Amer (r) S-Amer Mexico (s) R(+) China E-Eur, W-Asia E-Medit Himalaya C-Medit Culta CNE-Medit Canary Is N-Amer CS-Amer N-Amer Canary Is Medit Australia (+) China, Jap Australia NS Australia + S-Afr N-Amer S-Afr Medit, Macaronesia, Africa Se-Eur, Asia Minor Mauro Mariotti & Elena Zappa / Italian Botanist 14: 1–43 (2022) Papaver somniferum L. Paraserianthes lophantha (Willd.) I.C.Nielsen subsp. lophantha Parrotia persica (DC.) C.A.Mey. Paspalum dilatatum Poir. Passiflora bryonioides Kunth Passiflora caerulea L. Passiflora morifolia Mast. Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Steud. Peltaria turkmena Lipsky Periploca graeca L. Persicaria capitata (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) H.Gross Petasites pyrenaicus (L.) G.López Petunia atkinsiana (Sweet) D.Don ex W.H.Baxter Phlomis fruticosa L. Phoenix canariensis H.Wildpret Photinia arbutifolia Lindl. Physalis peruviana L. Phytolacca americana L. Pinus canariensis C.Sm. ex DC. Pinus pinea L. Pittosporum phillyreoides DC. Pittosporum tobira (Thunb.) W.T.Aiton Pittosporum undulatum Vent. Pittosporum venulosum F.Muell. Plumbago auriculata Lam. Polanisia trachysperma Torr. & A.Gray Polygala myrtifolia L. Portulaca oleracea L. Cat 1996 2022 (4) Trend Italian Ligurian (3) (5) checklist (6) checklist (7) ADV DD ? – – 30 Taxon (1) Taxon (1) Previous names [1996](2) Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. ‘Atropurpurea’ Pteris vittata L. Ptilostemon gnaphaloides (Cirillo) Soják subsp. gnaphaloides Pyracantha coccinea M.Roem. Quercus coccifera L. Quercus pubescens Willd. subsp. pubescens Robinia pseudoacacia L. Roldana petasitis (Sims) H.Rob. & Brettell Romneya coulteri Harv. Rosa banksiae W.T.Aiton var. normalis Regel Rosa banksiae W.T.Aiton [var. normalis] f. lutescens Voss Rosa brunonii Lindl. Rosa brunonii Lindl. ‘La Mortola’ Salvia canariensis L. Salvia coccinea Buc’hoz ex Etl. Searsia lancea (L.f.) F.A.Barkley Searsia pallens (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Moffett Senecio angulatus L.f. Senecio deltoideus Less. Senecio linifolius L. Senecio pterophorus DC. Setaria palmifolia (J.Koenig) Stapf Sibthorpia europaea L. Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. Senecio petasitis (Sims) DC. Rosa banksiae R.Br. in W.T.Aiton var. normalis Regel Rosa banksiae R.Br. in W.T.Aiton f. lutescens Voss Salvia coccinea Juss ex Murray ‘Pseudococcinea’ Rhus lancea L.f. Senecio longifolius L. Cymbalaria pilosa (Jacq.) L.H.Bailey ADV NAT NAT ADV ADV ADV DD NAT NAT NAT – ASSIST CAS NAT NAT CAS CAS# DD CAS INV INV CAS INV CAS# ≈ ≈ ≈ ≈ ≈ ? ? ↑ ↑ ↓ ↑ ↑ – – – NC – – – INV CAS W INV – – – – – – – – INV CAS – INV – NAT CAS# ↓ – – + NS, R+ (+) + (s) NS + (+) (+) 31 China Himalaya Culta Canary Is Culta S-Afr S-Afr S-Afr S-Afr S-Afr CS-Afr Trop-AsiaAustralia CS-Italy, Sardinia Exotic flora of Capo Mortola (northern Italy) Rhaphiolepis bibas (Lour.) Galasso & Banfi Rhaphiolepis umbellata (Thunb.) Makino Rhombophyllum dolabriforme (L.) Schwantes Ricinus communis L. Cat 1996 2022 (4) Trend Italian Ligurian Geography Notes Novelties (3) (5) checklist (6) checklist (7) (8) (9) (10) ADV CAS? ≈ – – Culta ADV CAS ≈ NATIVE NAT Trop-Subtrop NAT NAT ≈ NATIVE NAT S-Italy, NW Greece ADV CAS ≈ NATIVE NAT S-Eur, Asia Minor ACCL C ? NATIVE D Medit RNS ADV NATIVE nr NATIVE NATIVE Eur-Cauc, Asia Minor NAT NAT ≈ NAT NAT Jap ↑ ACCL CAS# CAS – Jap, Korea R(+) ADV DD ? – – S-Afr ADV CAS ≈ INV NAT N-Afr, Middle East ↑ ADV NAT INV INV N-Amer ↑ ACCL NAT NAT NAT Mexico ↑ ACCL CAS# – – N-Amer (+) NAT NAT ≈ CAS CAS China NS Previous names [1996](2) Silene pendula L. Smyrnium olusatrum L. Sollya heterophylla Lindl. Sorbus domestica L. Staphisagria requienii (DC.) Spach subsp. requienii Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walter) Kuntze Styrax officinalis L. Sulla coronaria (L.) B.H.Choi & H.Ohashi Tagetes erecta L. Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Sch.Bip. Tara spinosa (Feuillée ex Molina) Britton & Rose Tarenaya hassleriana (Chodat) Iltis Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. Delphinium requienii DC. subsp. requienii Hedysarum coronarium L. Tagetes-patula-L. ‘Hybrida’ Chrysanthemum parthenium (L.) Bernh. Caesalpinia spinosa (Molina) Kuntze Cleome hassleriana Chodat; Cleome houtteana Schltdl. Tetrapanax papyrifer (Hook.) J.K.Koch Teucrium fruticans L. Thalictrum minus L. subsp. minus Thapsia garganica L. Thunbergia coccinea (Nees) Wall. Toxicodendron quercifolium (Michx.) Greene NAT ADV ADV NAT ADV ADV NAT – CAS DD DD CAS# – NAT ↓ ≈ ? ? ≈ ↓ ≈ CAS NATIVE NATIVE NATIVE – CAS INV Trachelospermum jasminoides (Lindl.) Lem. ACCL CAS# ↑ CAS Trachelospermum jasminoides (Lindl.) Lem. ‘Wilsonii’ ADV – ↓ CAS Tetrapanax papyrifer (Hook.) K.Koch Teucrium fruticans L. subsp. fruticans Thalictrum minus L. Thapsia garganica L. subsp. garganica Thunbergia coccinea Wall. ex D.Don Toxicodendron pubescens Mill. Trachelium caeruleum L. subsp. caeruleum – NATIVE NATIVE – – – NAT – Taiwan Medit N-Afr, Iberia S-Medit, Iberia Burma, India N-Amer W-Medit, Iberia Japan, Korea, China Culta (+) R(+) (t) Mauro Mariotti & Elena Zappa / Italian Botanist 14: 1–43 (2022) Solanum aviculare G.Forst. Solanum dulcamara L. Solanum lycopersicum L. Solanum robustum H.Wendl. Soleirolia soleirolii (Req.) Dandy Cat 1996 2022 (4) Trend Italian Ligurian Geography Notes Novelties (3) (5) checklist (6) checklist (7) (8) (9) (10) ADV DD ? NATIVE – Italy NAT NAT ≈ NATIVE NATIVE S-Eur-Medit, W-Asia, Canary Is ↓ NAT CAS CAS CAS Australia ADV CAS ≈ NATIVE NATIVE Euras, N-Afr ADV CAS ≈ CAS CAS Peru ↓ ADV – – – Brazil ↓ ADV – NATIVE CAS CorsicaSardinia NAT NAT ≈ CAS CAS Australia NS NAT NAT ≈ NATIVE NATIVE CS-Eur ADV DD ? NATIVE CAS France ADV CAS– ≈ NAT CAS Trop-Subtrop ADV DD ? NATIVE – Greece, Asia Minor NAT NAT ≈ NATIVE CAS N-Afr, Iberia RNS ADV CAS ≈ CAS CAS Culta ADV CAS ≈ NATIVE CAS S-Eur-Cauc ↑ ACCL CAS CAS – S-Amer R+ ↓ ADV – CAS – Brazil, Argent 32 Taxon (1) Previous names [1996](2) Tradescantia fluminensis Vell. Triticum aestivum L Tropaeolum majus L. Tulipa clusiana Redouté Tulipa raddii Reboul Urtica urens L. Vachellia karroo (Hayne) Banfi & Galasso Verbena bonariensis L. Veronica austriaca L. subsp. dentata (F.W.Schmidt) Watzl Viola arvensis Murray subsp. arvensis Vitis labrusca L. Vitis vinifera L. Washingtonia filifera (Linden ex André) H.Wendl. ex de Bary Tradescantia fluminensis Vell. em. G.Brückn. Wigandia caracasana Kunth Wigandia kunthii Choisy Xiphion xiphium (L.) M.B.Crespo, Mart.Azorín & Mavrodiev Zanthoxylum americanum Mill. Tulipa clusiana DC. var. clusiana Tulipa praecox Ten. Acacia karroo Hayne Vitis vinifera L. subsp. vinifera Washingtonia filifera (Linden ex André) H.Wendl. Wigandia urens (Ruiz & Pav.) Choisy var. caracasana (Humb., Bonpl. et Kunth) Gibson Wigandia urens (Ruiz & Pav.) Choisy var. urens Iris xiphium L. Cat 1996 2022 (4) Trend Italian Ligurian (3) (5) checklist (6) checklist (7) NAT NAT ≈ INV INV ADV CAS ≈ CAS – NAT NAT ≈ INV CAS ↓ NAT CAS NAT CAS ↓ NAT CAS# NAT CAS ADV DD ? NATIVE NATIVE ADV CAS ≈ INV – ADV CAS ≈ NAT NAT ADV DD ? – – ADV DD ? NATIVE NATIVE ADV CAS# ≈ NAT CAS ↓ ADV CAS# NATIVE NATIVE ↓ ADV CAS# NAT CAS NAT NAT ≈ NAT NAT NAT ADV NAT CAS# ≈ ≈ NAT NATIVE NAT CAS ADV – ↓ – – Geography (8) S-Amer Unknown S-Amer W-Asia Unknown Unknown CS-Afr S-Amer Eur Eur N-Amer Unknown N-Amer, Mexico C-Amer Notes Novelties (9) (10) R+ RNS (u) R+ Peru SW-Eur, N-Afr N-Amer 33 (1) The nomenclature follows Portal to the Flora of Italy (2022). (2) The names used in the 1996 catalogue (Campodonico et al. 1996) if different from those reported in column 1. (3) Status according Campodonico et al. (1996). (4) New status according our assessment. (5) Trend of the status from 1996 to 2022. (6) Status in Italy according to Galasso et al. (2018a) and related updates. (7) Status in Liguria according Galasso et al. (2018a) and related updates. (8) Area of origin. (9) Additional information. (10) News with respect to the national and regional floras. ACCL : Acclimated; ADV: Adventive; ASSIST; Assisted; C: Cryptogenic species; CAS: Occurring as a casual alien outside human-dominated systems; CAS#: Occurring as a casual alien in human-dominated systems, but without direct intervention by humans and not close to parent plant; CAS?: Occurring with an undefined invasion status, likely as casual alien; CULTA: Cultivated; D: Doubtfully occurring; DD: Data deficient; ERA: Locally eradicated; INV: Occurring as an invasive alien; NAT: Occurring as a naturalized alien outside human-dominated systems; NC: No longer recorded; W: wrong record; ≈ : No significant changes; ↓ : Trend towards population reduction; ↑ : Trend towards population growth; nr: trend not relevant. Notes. The column 9 includes references to records on Wikiplantbase#Liguria (Barberis et al. 2021) and other informations: (a) Probably absent; reported by mistake in the past; (b) 3 Apr 2008 Longo D. (Barberis et al. 2021); (c) 9 Aug 2015 Blardoni (2016) (d) 15 Aug 2015 Blardoni (2016); (e) March 2016 Blardoni (2016); eradicated; (f ) Recorded in the past by mistake as C. aethiopica; (g) 17 Aug 2015 Blardoni (2016); (h) The subsp. or var. glauca is clearly different compared to the subsp. valentina; (i) 17 Aug 2015 Blardoni (2016); (j) A. Gentile 1987 (Barberis et al. 2021); (k) in Liguria according to Di Turi and Aristarchi in Galasso et al. 2019b; (l) A. Gentile in Longo D. (Barberis et al. 2021); (m) Archaeophyte; (n) apr 2008 Longo D. (Barberis et al. 2021); (o) 14 Aug 2015 Blardoni (2016); (p) Aug 2008 Longo D. (Barberis et al. 2021); (q) recorded in the past by mistake; (r) in Sardegna (G. Bacchetta in Galasso et al. 2020a); (s) absent according Galasso et al. (2018a) because confused with S. inaequidens DC.; (t) the information for Italy is to be referred to the species in a general sense; (u) for Italy (Sardegna) according to Galasso et al. (2021a). Novelties (column 10): +: new for the Italian alien flora; R+: new for the Ligurian alien flora; (+): probably, but not yet with certainty, new to the Italian alien flora; R(+): probably but not yet with certainty, new to the Ligurian alien flora; NS: new status proposed for the Italian alien flora; RNS new status proposed for the Ligurian alien flora. Exotic flora of Capo Mortola (northern Italy) Taxon (1) 34 Mauro Mariotti & Elena Zappa / Italian Botanist 14: 1–43 (2022) Discussion and conclusions The 1996 catalogue of the compendium listed 2,672 taxa; in the last thirty years this number varied between 2,500 and 3,000. The investigations carried out on 270 taxa recorded at the Area Protetta dei Giardini Botanici Hanbury (Capo Mortola, Ventimiglia, Italy) allowed us to record the current presence of 198 taxa of exotic origin, excluding cultivated or assisted taxa: 15 invasive, 65 naturalized, 76 casual, 37 occurring as casual in human-dominated systems, but without direct intervention by humans and not close to parent plant, 15 occurring as casual alien, but still with some uncertainties for a definitive classification. In addition to these, 3 species have been classified as cryptogenic and 1 as eradicated (extinct). In 1996, 229 species were reported: 87 naturalized and 142 adventitious (casual). 40 taxa show an increasing trend and 41 a decreasing or disappearing trend; 22 taxa reported as adventitious and 2 as naturalized in 1996 are no longer present or are present only with cultivated plants. On the other hand, numerous species, which in 1996 were classified as acclimated, have now become casual or naturalized. Regressive phenomena are also observed, which may depend, at least in part, on differences in the method of assessing status. The origin of the current alien flora of Capo Mortola is shown in Table 2: American taxa prevail with 21.8%; the Mediterranean and Mediterranean-Atlantic (including Macaronesian) ones are slightly less (20.7%). These are followed by Asian (15.7%), African (15.4% – mainly from South Africa), Eurasian (7.6%), and Australian/Australasian (6.6%) taxa. Although an exact comparison with the national list (Galasso et al, 2018a) is not possible, because it does not consider taxa growing in botanic gardens, our study highlights 28 taxa that would be new to the Italian flora (25 casual and 3 naturalized) and 24 to the Ligurian flora (all casual) if we consider also the wild or neglected areas inside the botanical gardens. Many of these taxa will probably also be observed outside botanic gardens in the coming years. If we consider only the wild areas of Capo Mortola, 10 taxa are new to the Italian flora (7 casual and 3 naturalized) while 14 are new to the Ligurian flora only (all casual). In addition, 9 status changes are proposed on a national scale and 17 on a regional scale. Our study is the first in Italy to deal with the dynamics of invasion processes originating from botanic gardens. Over the past 25 years, 41 taxa that Table 2. Origin of alien plants currently present in the study area (excluding cultivated or assisted taxa), listed in Table 1. America Medit / Medit-Atl / Macaronesia Asia S-Africa / Africa / N-Africa Eur / Eur-Cauc / Euras / Australia / Australasia Culta Trop / subtrop Italy (other regions) Unknown 21.2% 20.7% 15.7% 15.2% 7.6% 6.6% 5.6% 3.5% 1.0% 3.0% Exotic flora of Capo Mortola (northern Italy) 35 Table 3. History of the introduction and the presence of a subset of taxa. Sources. Other sources: archival documents (currently kept for the most part at the Istituto Internazionale di Studi Liguri in Bordighera, Fondo Hanbury (henceforth IISL-FH), and, in part, at the Hanbury Botanic Gardens in Ventimiglia) and publications other than the following sources; S&P: Sowing & planting (handwritten records kept in IISL-FH); IS: Index seminum (Hanbury et al 1888; various authors 1890–1939); Cat1: Cronemayer (1889); Cat2: Dinter (1897); Cat3: Berger (1912); Cat4: Ercoli and Lorenzi (1938); Cat5: Campodonico et al (1996); 2022: this study. Taxon Acacia provincialis (*) Acer oblongum Alectryon tomentosus Asparagus virgatus Brachychiton discolor Bupleurum fruticosum Chasmanthe bicolor (**) Chasmanthium latifolium Chrysanthemoides monilifera Chrysojasminum humile Clematis armandii Enchylaena tomentosa Ephedra altissima Ferula communis subsp. communis Jaborosa integrifolia Jasminum mesnyi Kolreuteria bipinnata Lavandula dentata Nandina domestica Parrotia persica Passiflora morifolia Pittosporum venulosum Quercus coccifera Roldana petasitis Romneya coulteri Rosa banksiae var. normalis f. lutescens Rosa banksiae var. normalis f. normalis Rosa brunonii Rosa brunonii ‘La Mortola’ Searsia pallens Senecio linifolius Setaria palmifolia Trachelospermum jasminoides Vachellia karroo Other S&P 1884– IS 1888 sources 1907 1890–1939 0 0 x 0 0 x 0 1897 0 0 1901 0 0 1893 0 0 0 1888 1870 0 0 1994 0 0 1869 0 1888 0 0 x 0 0 1917 0 1903 0 1870 0 1890 1868 0 1888 1872 0 0 0 1903 0 1893 0 0 0 0 1909 0 0 0 0 0 0 1999 0 0 0 1903 1912 0 0 1896 0 0 0 0 1899, 1901 0 1870 0 0 1912 0 1913 0 0 1922 0 0 0 0 0 1909 1972 0 1888 0 0 0 0 0 1891 1867 0 1890 Cat1 1889 x x 0 0 0 x x 0 x x 0 0 x x 0 0 0 x x x 0 0 x 0 0 x 0 0 0 x x x 0 x Cat2 1897 x x 0 0 0 x x 0 x x 0 0 x x 0 0 0 x x x 0 0 x x x 0 0 0 0 x x x x x Cat3 1912 x x x x x x x 0 x x 0 x x x 0 x x x x x 0 x x x x x x 0 0 x x x x x Cat4 1938 x x x x x x x 0 x x x x x x x x x x x x 0 x x x x x x x x x x x x x Cat5 1996 nat adv adv adv accl nat 0 culta nat culta accl nat nat nat adv adv adv adv accl accl 0 accl accl accl accl adv adv adv nat nat nat assist accl adv 2022 nat cas# cas cas cas# c nat cas# nat nat cas nat nat c cas# cas# cas cas cas# cas cas# cas c nat cas# cas nat nat nat cas cas cas# cas# cas (*) before now mistakenly recorded as A. retinodes; (**) mistakenly recorded as C. aethiopica. form this alien flora showed an increasing trend, while 41 taxa declined in the wild; 139 taxa showed no significant changes in their status. For 37 taxa, data are deficient, and an assessment of their status is now impossible. One species, Baccharis halimifolia L., was recently eradicated and appears to be extinct in nature. The local history of the presence of a sample group of 34 taxa (32 species), of which 11 are new to Italy or have a new sta- 36 Mauro Mariotti & Elena Zappa / Italian Botanist 14: 1–43 (2022) tus, was analyzed (Table 3): 7 of these taxa were certainly introduced in the first 10 years from the foundation of the gardens in 1867, 17 in the following years of the 19th century, 8 in the first thirty years of the 20th century and 2 in the last decade of the same century. Excluding the cryptogenic species, only 10 of the remaining taxa are also reported in the exotic flora of the neighboring French PACA region. These data are preliminary, and it would be useful to extend the historical analysis and the comparison with the situation of the nearby Côte d’Azur to the complete set of species reported in Table 1. We also tried to clarify the status of species recorded as native in Liguria in recent times, but whose native character was already questioned by botanists of the past. Our study represents a starting point for an analysis extended to all taxa over a wider area, in a territory that is very sensitive to the impact of invasions of exotic species on natural biodiversity, and for a comparison with neighboring France. The data obtained, although preliminary, do not show a worsening of the invasion process. Indeed, a specific evaluation protocol aimed at preventing the potential risk of escape of exotic species from the Giardini Botanici Hanbury and invasion of the surrounding areas was adopted in the last decade. Acknowledgements We gratefully acknowledge the following colleagues: Fulvio Dente, Stefano Ferrari, Luigi Minuto, and Fabrizio Pastor. We also thank the reviewers of the manuscript for their valuable suggestions. References Albericci R, Debandi F, Di Turi A (2011) Identificazione della specie Acer oblongum Will. ex DC. in coltivazione presso il Parco Gropallo – Genova Nervi. 106° Congresso Società Botanica Italiana – Genova 21–23 settembre 2011. Bollettino dei Musei e degli Istituti Biologici dell’Università di Genova 73: 205. Alberti M (2013) Notula: 176. In: Barberis G, Nepi C, Peccenini S, Peruzzi L (Eds) Notulae alla flora esotica d’Italia: 8 (161–184). Informatore Botanico Italiano 45(1): 108. Anonymous (1905) Clematis armandi. The Gardeners’ Chronicle s. 3, 38(967): 30. Anonymous (1919) Acacia. The Gardeners’ Chronicle s. 3, 65(1684): 163. Barberis G, Dagnino D, Longo D, Peccenini S, Peruzzi L, Bedini G [Eds] (2021) WikiPlantBase#Liguria. http://bot.biologia.unipi.it/wpb/liguria/index.html [accessed 08.12.2021] Bartolucci F, Peruzzi L, Galasso G, Albano A, Alessandrini A, Ardenghi NMG, Astuti G, Bacchetta G, Ballelli S, Banfi E, Barberis G, Bernardo L, Bouvet D, Bovio M, Cecchi L, Di Pietro R, Domina G, Fascetti S, Fenu G, Festi F, Foggi B, Gallo L, Gottschlich G, Gubellini L, Iamonico D, Iberite M, Jiménez-Mejías P, Lattanzi E, Marchetti D, Martinetto E, Masin RR, Medagli P, Passalacqua NG, Peccenini S, Pennesi R, Pierini B, Poldini L, Prosser F, Raimondo FM, Roma-Marzio F, Rosati L, Santangelo A, Scoppola A, Exotic flora of Capo Mortola (northern Italy) 37 Scortegagna S, Selvaggi A, Selvi F, Soldano A, Stinca A, Wagensommer RP, Wilhalm T, Conti F (2018) Notulae to the Italian native vascular flora: 6. Italian Botanist 6: 45–64. https://doi.org/10.3897/italianbotanist.6.30575 Béguinot A (1907) La vegetazione delle isole liguri di Gallinaria, Bergeggi, Palmaria, Tino e Tinetto. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova s. 2, 3: 419–469. Berger A (1905) Florula Mortolensis. An enumeration of the plants growing wild at La Mortola. L. Billi. Ventimiglia (Imperia), 91 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.56623 Berger A (1912) Hortus Mortolensis. West, Newman & Co., Hatton Garden, London, 468 pp. Blardoni F (2016) Indagini floristico vegetazionali in relazione ai piani di gestione e valutazione d’incidenza nel Sito di Importanza Comunitaria (SIC) Capo Mortola. Tesi di Laurea. Università degli Studi di Torino. Brullo S, Spampinato G (2004) Indagine sintassonomica sulla vegetazione a Quercus calliprinos Webb del Mediterraneo. Colloques Phytosociologiques 28: 539–559. CABI (2021a) Chrysanthemoides monilifera (boneseed). In: Invasive Species Compendium. CAB International, Wallingford. https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/13119 [accessed 09.08.2021] CABI (2021b) Setaria palmifolia (palm grass). In: Invasive Species Compendium. CAB International, Wallingford. https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/119079 [accessed 09.08.2021] Calvo J, Manning JC, Muñoz-Garmendia F, Aedo C (2013) Senecio pseudolongifolius, a new name for the misapplied S. linifolius. Bothalia, African Biodiversity & Conservation 43(2): 227–229. https://doi.org/10.4102/abc.v43i2.104 Campodonico PG (1992) Les collections botaniques actuelles dans le Jardin Hanbury. Museologia Scientifica 9: 243–247. Campodonico PG (1998) Enumeratio plantarum in Horto Mortolensi cultarum vel sponte nascentium. Museologia Scientifica 14(1, suppl.): 411–413. Campodonico PG (2008) Diffusione di specie vegetali alloctone nella Riviera di Ponente. In: Galasso G, Chiozzi G, Azuma M, Banfi E (Eds) Le specie alloctone in Italia: censimenti, invasività e piani di azione. Memorie della Società Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano 36(1): 49. Campodonico PG, Orsino F, Cerkvenik C (1996) Enumeratio plantarum in Horto Mortolensi cultarum. Alphabetical catalogue of plant growing in Hanbury Botanical Gardens. Microart’s, Recco, 265 pp. Campodonico PG, Profumo P, Zappa E (1999a) Il genere Salvia L. nei Giardini Botanici Hanbury. Atti 94° Congresso SBI. Ferrara, 22–25 Settembre 1999: 151. Campodonico PG, Profumo P, Zappa E (1999b) Presenza di Wigandia urens (Ruiz et Pav.) Choisy var. urens e Wigandia urens (Ruiz et Pav.) Choisy var. caracasana (Humb., Bompl. et Kunth) Gibson nel territorio de La Mortola. Atti 94° Congresso SBI. Ferrara, 22–25 Settembre 1999: 150. Campodonico PG, Zappa E (2006) Introduction of ornamental species of Labiatae at Hanbury Botanic Gardens – La Mortola (Italy). In: Cervelli C, Ruffoni B, Dalla Guda (Eds) Proceedings of the First International Symposium on the Labiatae: advances in production, biotechnology and utilisation. Acta Horticulturae 723: 105–109. hhtps://doi. org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2006.723.10 Caruel T (1889) Flora Italiana, Vol. 8(2). Tipografia dei successori Le Monnier, Firenze, 177–560. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.6341 38 Mauro Mariotti & Elena Zappa / Italian Botanist 14: 1–43 (2022) Cottaz C [Ed.] (2020) Actualisation de la liste des espèces végétales exotiques envahissantes de la région Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur (PACA) – Avril 2020. Conservatoire botanique national méditerranéen de Porquerolles, 61 pp. Cronemayer G (1889) Sistematic catalogue of plants growing in the open air in the garden of Thomas Hanbury f.l.s. G.A. Koenig, Erfurt, 68 pp. De Notaris G (1844) Repertorium florae Ligusticae. Taurini Ex Regio Tipographeo, 495 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.6657 Dinter K (1897) Alphabetical catalogue of plants growing in the open air in the Garden of Thomas Hanbury f.l.s. Waser Brothers, Genova, 66 pp. Ducatillion C, Badeau V, Bellangier R, Buchlini S, Diadema K, Gili A, Thévenet J (2015) Détection précoce du risque d’invasion par des espèces végétales exotiques introduites en arboretum forestier dans le sud-est de la France. Émergence des espèces du genre Hakea. Mesures de gestion. Revue d’Ecologie, La Terre et la Vie 70(suppl. 12): 139–150. Ercoli M, Lorenzi M (1938) La Mortola Garden. Hortus Mortolensis. Being an illustrated catalogue of the plants cultivated in the Garden. Oxford University Press, London, 158 pp. Faccini F, Corvi M, Perasso L, Raso E, Mariotti MG (2015) An underground historical quarry in the Hanbury Botanical Gardens of Ventimiglia (Italy). In: Hypogea 2015 – Proceedings of the International Congress of Speleology in Artificial Cavities. Italy, Rome, March 11/17 2015: 269–285. Fenzi EO (1878) Single Banksian Rose. Gardener’s Chronicle n.s. 9(210): 22. Fern K (2014) – Brachychiton discolor. In: Useful tropical plants database. https://tropical. theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Brachychiton+discolor [accessed 08.08.2021] Galasso G, Conti F, Peruzzi L, Ardenghi NMG, Banfi E, Celesti-Grapow L, Albano A, Alessandrini A, Bacchetta G, Ballelli S, Bandini Mazzanti M, Barberis G, Bernardo L, Blasi C, Bouvet D, Bovio M, Cecchi L, Del Guacchio E, Domina G, Fascetti S, Gallo L, Gubellini L, Guiggi A, Iamonico D, Iberite M, Jiménez-Mejías P, Lattanzi E, Marchetti D, Martinetto E, Masin RR, Medagli P, Passalacqua NG, Peccenini S, Pennesi R, Pierini B, Podda L, Poldini L, Prosser F, Raimondo FM, Roma-Marzio F, Rosati L, Santangelo A, Scoppola A, Scortegagna S, Selvaggi A, Selvi F, Soldano A, Stinca A, Wagensommer RP, Wilhalm T, Bartolucci F (2018a) An updated checklist of the vascular flora alien to Italy. Plant Biosystems 152(3): 556–592. https://doi.org/10.1080/11263504.2018.1441197 Galasso G, Domina G, Adorni M, Ardenghi NMG, Bonari G, Buono S, Cancellieri L, Chianese G, Ferretti G, Fiaschi T, Forte L, Guarino R, Labadessa R, Lastrucci L, Lazzaro L, Magrini S, Minuto L, Mossini S, Olivieri N, Scoppola A, Stinca A, Turcato C, Nepi C (2018b) Notulae to the Italian alien vascular flora: 5. Italian Botanist 5: 45–56. https://doi. org/10.3897/italianbotanist.5.25910 Galasso G, Domina G, Alessandrini A, Ardenghi NMG, Bacchetta G, Ballelli S, Bartolucci F, Brundu G, Buono S, Busnardo G, Calvia G, Capece P, D’Antraccoli M, Di Nuzzo L, Fanfarillo E, Ferretti G, Guarino R, Iamonico D, Iberite M, Latini M, Lazzaro L, Lonati M, Lozano V, Magrini S, Mei G, Mereu G, Moro A, Mugnai M, Nicolella G, Nimis PL, Olivieri N, Pennesi R. Peruzzi L. Podda L, Probo M, Prosser F, Ravetto Enri S, RomaMarzio F, Ruggero A, Scafidi F, Stinca A, Nepi C (2018c) Notulae to the Italian alien vascular flora: 6. Italian Botanist 6: 65–90. https://doi.org/10.3897/italianbotanist.6.30560 Exotic flora of Capo Mortola (northern Italy) 39 Galasso G, Domina G, Ardenghi NMG, Aristarchi C, Bacchetta G, Bartolucci F, Bonari G, Bouvet D, Brundu G, Buono S, Caldarella O, Calvia G, Cano-Ortiz A, Corti E, D’Amico FS, D’Antraccoli M, Di Turi A, Dutto M, Fanfarillo E, Ferretti G, Fiaschi T, Ganz C, Guarino R, Iberite M, Laface VLA, La Rosa A, Lastrucci L, Latini M, Lazzaro L, Lonati M, Lozano V, Luchino F, Magrini S, Mainetti A, Manca M, Mugnai M, Musarella CM, Nicolella G, Olivieri N, Orrù I, Pazienza G, Peruzzi L, Podda L, Prosser F, Ravetto Enri S, Restivo S, Roma-Marzio F, Ruggero A, Scoppola A, Selvi F, Spampinato G, Stinca A, Terzi M, Tiburtini M, Tornatore E, Vetromile R, Nepi C (2019a) Notulae to the Italian alien vascular flora: 7. Italian Botanist 7: 157–182. https://doi.org/10.3897/italianbotanist.7.36386 Galasso G, Domina G, Andreatta S, Angiolini C, Ardenghi NMG, Aristarchi C, Arnoul M, Azzella MM, Bacchetta G, Bartolucci F, Bodino S, Bommartini G, Bonari G, Buono S, Buono V, Caldarella O, Calvia G, Corti E, D’Antraccoli M, De Luca R, De Mattia F, Di Natale S, Di Turi A, Esposito A, Ferretti G, Fiaschi T, Fogu MC, Forte L, Frigerio J, Gubellini L, Guzzetti L, Hofmann N, Laface VLA, Laghetti G, Lallai A, La Rosa A, Lazzaro L, Lodetti S, Lonati M, Luchino F, Magrini S, Mainetti A, Marignani M, Maruca G, Medagli P, Mei G, Menini F, Mezzasalma V, Misuri A, Mossini S, Mugnai M, Musarella CM, Nota G, Olivieri N, Padula A, Pascale M, Pasquini F, Peruzzi L, Picella G, Pinzani L, Pirani S, Pittarello M, Podda L, Ravetto Enri S, Rifici CD, Roma-Marzio F, Romano R, Rosati L, Scafidi F, Scarici E, Scarici M, Spampinato G, Stinca A, Wagensommer RP, Zanoni G, Nepi C (2019b) Notulae to the Italian alien vascular flora: 8. Italian Botanist 8: 63–93. https://doi.org/10.3897/italianbotanist.8.48621 Galasso G, Domina G, Adorni M, Angiolini C, Apruzzese M, Ardenghi NMG, Assini S, Aversa M, Bacchetta G, Banfi E, Barberis G, Bartolucci F, Bernardo L, Bertolli A, Bonali F, Bonari G, Bonini I, Bracco F, Brundu G, Buccomino G, Buono S, Calvia G, Cambria S, Castagnini P, Ceschin S, Dagnino D, Di Gristina E, Di Turi A, Fascetti S, Ferretti G, Fois M, Gentili R, Gheza G, Gubellini L, Hofmann N, Iamonico D, Ilari A, Király A, Király G, Laface VLA, Lallai A, Lazzaro L, Lonati M, Longo D, Lozano V, Lupoletti J, Magrini S, Mainetti A, Manca M, Marchetti D, Mariani F, Mariotti MG, Masin RR, Mei G, Menini F, Merli M, Milani A, Minuto L, Mugnai M, Musarella CM, Olivieri N, Onnis L, Passalacqua NG, Peccenini S, Peruzzi L, Pica A, Pinzani L, Pittarello M, Podda L, Prosser F, Ravetto Enri S, Roma-Marzio F, Rosati L, Sarigu M, Scafidi F, Sciandrello S, Selvaggi A, Spampinato G, Stinca A, Tavilla G, Toffolo C, Tomasi G, Turcato C, Villano C, Nepi C (2020a) Notulae to the Italian alien vascular flora: 9. Italian Botanist 9: 47–70. https://doi.org/10.3897/italianbotanist.9.53401 Galasso G, Domina G, Azzaro D, Bagella S, Barone G, Bartolucci F, Bianco M, Bolzani P,Bonari G, Boscutti F, Buono S, Cibei C, Conti F, Di Gristina E, Fanfarillo E, Franzoni J, Giacanelli V, Gubellini L, Hofmann N, Laface VLA, Latini M, Liccari F, Lonati M, Longo D, Lunesu L, Lupoletti J, Magrini S, Mei G, Mereu G, MiconiF, Musarella CM, Nicolella G, Olivieri N, Peruzzi L, Pica A, Pinzani L,Pittarello M, Prosser F, Ranno V, Ravetto Enri S, Rivieccio G, Roma-Marzio F,Scafidi F, Spampinato G, Stinca A, Tavilla G, Tiburtini M, Villa M, WellsteinC, Zerbe S, Nepi C (2020b) Notulae to the Italian alien vascular flora: 10. Italian Botanist 10: 57–71. https://doi.org/10.3897/italianbotanist.10.60736 Galasso G, Domina G, Andreatta S, Argenti E, Bacchetta G, Bagella S, Banfi E, Barberis D, Bardi S, Barone G, Bartolucci F, Bertolli A, Biscotti N, Bonali F, Bonini F, Bonsanto D, Brundu, Buono GS, Caldarella O, Calvia G, Cambria S, Campus G, Caria MC, Conti F, 40 Mauro Mariotti & Elena Zappa / Italian Botanist 14: 1–43 (2022) Coppi A, Dagnino D, Del Guacchio E, Di Gristina E, Farris E, Ferretti G, Festi F, Fois M, Furlani F, Gigante D, Guarino R, Gubellini L, Hofmann N, Iamonico D, Jiménez-Mejias P, La Rosa A, Laface VLA, Lallai A, Lazzaro L, Lonati M, Lozano V, Luchino F, Lupoletti J, Magrini S, Mainetti A, Marchetti D, Marenzi P, Marignani M, Martignoni M, Mei G, Menini F, Merli M, Mugnai M, Musarella CM, Nicolella G, Noor Hussain A, Olivieri N, Orlandini S, Peccenini S, Peruzzi L, Pica A, Pilon N, Pinzani L, Pittarello M, Podda L, Probo M, Prosser F, Raffaelli C, Ravetto Enri S, Rivieccio G, Rosati L, Sarmati S, Scafidi F, Selvi F, Sennikov AN, Sotgiu Cocco G, Spampinato G, Stinca A, Tavilla G, Tomaselli V, Tomasi D, Tomasi G, Trenchi M, Turcato C, Verloove F, Viciani D, Villa M, Wagensommer RP, Lastrucci L (2021a) Notulae to the Italian alien vascular flora: 11. Italian Botanist 11: 93–119. https://doi.org/10.3897/italianbotanist.11.68063 Galasso G, Domina G, Angiolini C, Bacchetta G, Banfi E, Barberis D, Bardi S, Bartolucci F, Bonari G, Bovio M, Briozzo I, Brundu G, Buono S, Calvia G, Celesti-Grapow L, Cozzolino A, Cuena-Lombraña A, Curuzzi M, D’Amico FS, Dagnino D, De Fine G, Fanfarillo E, Federici A, Ferraris P, Fiacchini D, Fiaschi T, Fois M, Gubellini L, Guidotti E, Hofmann N, Kindermann E, Laface VLA, Lallai A, Lanfredini P, Lazzaro L, Lazzeri V, Lonati M, Loreti M, Lozano V, Magrini S, Mainetti A, Marchini M, Marignani M, Martignoni M, Mei G, Minutillo F, Mondino GP, Motti R, Musarella CM, Nota G, Olivieri N, Pallanza M, Passalacqua NG, Patera G, Pilon N, Pinzani L, Pittarello M, Podda L, Probo M, Ravetto Enri S, Rosati L, Salerno P, Selvaggi A, Soldano A, Sotgiu Cocco G, Spampinato G, Stinca A, Terzi M, Tondi G, Turcato C, Wellstein C, Lastrucci L (2021b) Notulae to the Italian alien vascular flora: 12. Italian Botanist 12: 105–121. https://doi.org/10.3897/italianbotanist.12.78010 GBIF Secretariat (2021a) Chasmanthe bicolor (Gasp.) N.E.Br. GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Checklist dataset. https://doi.org/10.15468/39omei GBIF Secretariat (2021b) Jasminum mesnyi Hance. GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Checklist dataset. https://doi.org/10.15468/39omei GBIF Secretariat (2021c) Setaria palmifolia (J.Koenig) Stapf. GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Checklist dataset. https://doi.org/10.15468/39omei Gentile S, Gentile A (1994) Ricognizione floristica e note sulla vegetazione spontanea de La Mortola (Liguria occidentale). Fitosociologia 27: 177–229. Guadagni F, Lobba MG, Longo D (2013) Noterella 0130: Pallenis maritima (L.) Greuter. Acta Plantarum Notes 2: 159. Hanbury T (1878) Single Banksian Rose. Gardeners’ Chronical n.s. 9(212): 85. https://doi. org/10.1002/ardp.18782120138 Hanbury T, Villa C, Verri L (1888) List of seeds. La Mortola. HelpMeFind (2021) ‘La Mortola’ Rose. https://www.helpmefind.com/gardening/l. php?l=2.3672.1 [accessed 09.08.2021] Henry A (1902) Wild Chinese Roses. Gardeners’ Chronicle s. 3, 31(809): 438–439. International Dendrology Society (2021) Koelreuteria bipinnata. In: Trees and shrubs onlne. https:// treesandshrubsonline.org/articles/koelreuteria/koelreuteria-bipinnata/ [accessed 15.03.2021] J.V.V. (1877) Single Banksian Rose. Gardeners’ Chronicle n.s. 8(186): 85. Linnaeus C (1753) Species Plantarum, exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectus, locis natalibus, secun- Exotic flora of Capo Mortola (northern Italy) 41 dum systema sexuale digestas. Cum Privilegio S.R. M:tis Sueciae & S.R. M:tis Poloniae ac Electoris Saxon, Vol. 2. Impensis Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, vide 881 pp. https://doi. org/10.5962/bhl.title.669 Linnaeus C (1759) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae secundum classes, ordines genera, species cum characteribus, differentis synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata, Vol. 2. Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, vide 1215 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.542 Linnaeus C (1763) Species Plantarum, exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectus, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas. Editio Secunda, aucta, Vol. 2. Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, vide 1222 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11179 Longo D (2012) Notula: 123. In: Barberis G, Nepi C, Peccenini S, Peruzzi L (Eds) Notulae alla flora esotica d’Italia: 6 (115–136). Informatore Botanico Italiano 44(1): 189. Mader F (1909) La colline du Château de Nice, sa faune, sa flore. Annales de la Société des Lettres, Sciences & Arts des Alpes-Maritimes 22: 255–306. Mariotti M, Minuto L [Eds] (2017) Proceedings of the Conference “Alwin Berger and others. The signs of German culture in the gardens and in the Riviera landscape. Before and after the Great War”. Bollettino dei Musei e degli Istituti Biologici dell’Università di Genova 79: 1–213. Mariotti M, Minuto L, Dente F (2016) SIC IT1316118 Capo Mortola. Piano di gestione. Relazione illustrativa. https://giardinihanbury.com/sites/www.giardinihanbury.com/files/ pagine/1%20PDG_Capo_Mortola_12.09.2016.pdf Mariotti MG, Zappa E (2015) The Citrus collection at Giardini Botanici Hanbury: historical investigation and sustainable conservation. Poster. In: II International Plant Science Conference, 110° Congresso della Società Botanica Italiana 14–17 September 2015, Pavia: 81. Mottet S (1921) Clematis armandi Grandiflora. Révue Horticole 13: 276–278. O’Leary MC (2007) Review of Acacia retinodes and closely related species, A uncifolia and A. provincialis (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae: sect. Phyllodineae). Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens 21: 95–109. Orsino F (1975) Flora e vegetazione delle isole Gallinara e Bergeggi (Liguria occidentale). Webbia 29(2): 595–644. https://doi.org/10.1080/00837792.1975.10670032 Parlatore F (1868) Flora Italiana, Vol. 4(1). Tipografia dei successori Le Monnier, Firenze, 1–288. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.6341 Parsons WT, Cuthbertson EG (1992) Noxious weeds of Australia. Inkata Press, Melbourne, 692 pp. Peccenini S (2004) Indagini biosistematiche su Coronilla valentina s.l. (Leguminosae). Informatore Botanico Italiano 36: 486–488. Pesaresi S, Biondi E, Casavecchia S (2017) Bioclimates of Italy. Journal of Maps 13(2): 955–960. https://doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2017.1413017 Pesaresi S, Galdenzi D, Biondi E, Casavecchia S (2014). Bioclimate of Italy: application of the worldwide bioclimatic classification system. Journal of Maps 10(4): 538–553. https://doi. org/10.1080/17445647.2014.891472 Phillips R, Rix M (1988) Roses. Macmillan, London, 224 pp. Pignatti S, Guarino R, La Rosa M (2017) Flora d’Italia. 2nd Edn., Vol. 2. Edagricole, Bologna, 1176 pp. 42 Mauro Mariotti & Elena Zappa / Italian Botanist 14: 1–43 (2022) Pignatti S, Guarino R, La Rosa M (2018) Flora d’Italia. 2nd Edn., Vol. 3. Edagricole, Bologna, 1284 pp. Podda L, Lazzeri V, Mascia F, Mayoral O, Bacchetta G (2012) The checklist of the Sardinian alien flora: an update. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 40(2): 14–21. https://doi.org/10.15835/nbha4028225 Portal to the Flora of Italy (2022) Portale della Flora d’Italia/Portal to the Flora of Italy. 2021.2. http://dryades.units.it/floritaly/ [accessed 15.05.2022] POWO (2021) Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/ [accessed 05.08.2021] Pyšek P, Richardson DM, Rejmánek M, Webster GL, Williamson M, Kirschner J (2004) Alien plants in checklists and floras: towards better communication between taxonomists and ecologists. Taxon 53(1):131–143. https://doi.org/10.2307/4135498 Quest-Ritson C (2013) Rosai sarmentosi della Riviera. In: Amici dei Giardini Botanici Hanbury. https://www.amicigiardinihanbury.com/rosai-sarmentosi-della-riviera/ [accessed 20.04.2022] Raab-Straube E von, Raus T (2016) Euro+Med-Checklist Notulae, 6. Willdenowia 46(3): 423–442. https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.46.46310 Rehder A, Wilson EH (1914) Sapindaceae. In: Sargent CS (Ed.) Plantae Wilsonianae, an enumeration of the woody plants collected in western China for the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University during the years 1907, 1908, and 1910 by E.H. Wilson. Vol. 2. Publications of the Arnold Arboretum 4(1): 191–194. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.191 Richardson DM, Pysek P, Rejmánek M, Barbour MG, Panetta FD, West CJ (2000) Naturalization and invasion of alien plants: concepts and definitions. Diversity and Distributions 6(2): 93–107. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1472-4642.2000.00083.x Rivas Martínez S, Rivas-Sáens S, Penas A (2011) Worldwide bioclimatic classification system. Global Geobotany 1: 1–634. Rojas-Sandoval J (2017) Trachelospermum jasminoides (star-jasmine). In: Invasive Species Compendium. CAB International, Wallingford. https://doi.org/10.1079/ISC.52837.20203483409 Roma-Marzio F, Peruzzi L (2018) Riscoperta di Bupleurum fruticosum (Apiaceae) in Toscana: specie nativa o aliena naturalizzata? Notiziario della Societa Botanica Italiana 2(2): 107–108. Sant S, Alziar G (2013) La flore vasculaire de la Colline du Château de Nice (Alpes-Maritimes), historique, analyse et perspectives. Biocosme Mésogéen 30(3): 61–108. Scott JK, Brown EM (1992) Preliminary observations on the biology and host plants of “Tortrix” sp. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), a possible biological control agent for Chrysanthemoides spp. (Asteraceae). Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa 55(2): 245–253. https://hdl.handle.net/10520/AJA00128789_3223 Serviss B, Freeman N, Melancen S (2006) Chinese flame tree (Koelreuteria bipinnata Franch.) (Sapindaceae) new to the Arkansas flora. Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science 60: 198–199. https://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol60/iss1/36 Stapf O, Ballard F (1929) Acacia retinodes. Botanical Magazine 153: 9177. [pl.] Vagge G, Cutroneo L, Gandolfi D, Ferretti G, Scafidi D, Capello M (2019) Recovery, statistical validation and analysis of a historical meteorological dataset collected at the Hanbury Botanical Gardens (Liguria, northwestern Italy) from 1900 to 1940. Theoretical and Applied Climatology 136(3–4): 821–837. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-018-2524-3 Exotic flora of Capo Mortola (northern Italy) 43 Various authors (1890–1939) List of seeds. La Mortola. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.84955 Veitch JH (1903) Recently introduced trees, shrubs, &c. from central China. Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society n.s., 28(1–2): 57–70. Vilmorin H de (1893) Flowers of the French Riviera. Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society 16(1): 80–104. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.25984 Vilmorin R de (1950) La flore exotique acclimatée sur la Côte d’Azur. Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 97(10): 78–127. https://doi.org/10.1080/00378941.1950.10834851 WFO (2021) Pittosporum procerum Naudin. In: World Flora Online. http://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000487837 [accessed 09.08.2021] Wijnands O (1983) The botany of the Commelins. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, 232 pp. Wilson EH (1905) Leaves from my Chinese notebook.–I. Ichang. The Gardeners’ Chronicle s. 3, 37(962): 356–357. Woodall EH (1878) The Single Banksian Rose. Gardeners’ Chronicle n.s. 9(211): 54. Xia N, Gadek PA (2007) Sapindaceae. In: Wu ZY, Raven PH, Hong D (Eds) Flora of China, Vol. 12. Science Press, Beijing, Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, 5–24. Zappa E (2011) Spunti dalle fonti per lo studio delle dinamiche di sviluppo dei Giardini. In: De Cupis F, Ragusa E (Eds) La Mortola e Thomas Hanbury. Atti della Giornata di studio del 23 novembre 2007. Allemandi, Torino, 125–140. Zappa E, Campodonico PG (2005) Senecio deltoideus Less. (Asteraceae), specie sud africana sfuggita alla coltivazione nei Giardini botanici Hanbury. Informatore Botanico Italiano 37(1A): 458–459. Zappa E, Campodonico PG (2006) La flora delle Canarie nelle collezioni dei Giardini Botanici Hanbury. In: Atti 101° Congresso della Società Botanica Italiana Caserta 27–29 Settembre 2006, 272 pp. Zappa E, Campodonico PG (2007) Echanges de végétaux entre le Jardin Hanbury et la Villa Thuret: premières notes sur les plantes et les graines de la Villa Thuret introduites à La Mortola. In: Colloques premières «Rencontres de Thuret». INRA Sophia-Antipolis et Villa Thuret – 24/25 Octobre 2007, 9 pp. Zappa E, Boero F, Pastor F, Sottile LF (2010) The pteridological collections at Hanbury Botanic Gardens (La Mortola): historical research and a plan for restoration of the ferns area. Bollettino dei Musei e degli Istituti Biologici dell’Università di Genova 72: 165–170. Zappa E, Ferrari S, Mariotti MG (2011) Restoration of the rose garden and the collection of roses at Hanbury Botanical Gardens. In: 106° Congresso Società Botanica Italiana – Genova 21–23 settembre 2011. Bollettino dei Musei e degli Istituti Biologici dell’Università di Genova 73: 210. Zappa E, Vecchia M, Ferrari S, Mariotti MG (2014) The passion flower collection at the Hanbury Botanical Gardens: historical investigation and a plan for future introductions. Poster. In: International Plant Science Conference, 109° Congresso della Società Botanica Italiana, 2nd–5th September 2014, Florence, 189 pp. Zappa E, Minuto L, Mariotti M (2019) Contatti internazionali dei Giardini Botanici Hanbury nel 19° secolo: Villa Thuret e altri. In: Doria G, Falchetti E (Eds) Il museo e i suoi contatti. Genova, 25–27 Ottobre 2017. Museologia Scientifica Memorie 19: 71–73.