Plant extracts and compounds for combating schistosomiasis

Nabil El-Wakeil

Schistosomiasis is a vector-borne water-based disease caused by Schistosoma blood flukes. It mostly affects people in low-income regions, 90% of reported cases being in developing countries. Schistosoma has a complex lifecycle, alternately infecting mammalian hosts and snails. The snails hosting the parasite are the most viable targets. Selective preparations for reducing the parasite pool in snails and infected water are required as current molluscicides are also nontoxic to other organisms, including fish, and thus affect food supplies in infected areas. Plants (e.g. Annona crassiflora Mart., A. muricata L., and A. montana Macfad.) are attractive potential sources as alternative molluscicides and novel entity to treat the disease owned to their diverse biologically potent compounds including; saponins, alkaloids, terpenoids, and tannins. Additionally, they can be locally cultivated, providing income for farmers and reducing treatment costs. Here, we review plants, plant extracts a...

Phytochem Rev https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-022-09836-x (0123456789().,-volV) ( 01234567 89().,-volV) Plant extracts and compounds for combating schistosomiasis Hesham R. El-Seedi . Shaden A. M. Khalifa . Azza H. Mohamed . Nermeen Yosri . Chao Zhao . Nabil El-Wakeil . Nour F. Attia . Baojun Xu . AbdElhafez R. AbdElhafez . Mohammad H. Boskabady . Sherif Elseedy . Thomas Efferth . Rob Verpoorte Received: 2 January 2022 / Accepted: 18 August 2022 Ó The Author(s) 2022 Abstract Schistosomiasis is a vector-borne waterbased disease caused by Schistosoma blood flukes. It mostly affects people in low-income regions, 90% of reported cases being in developing countries. Schistosoma has a complex lifecycle, alternately infecting mammalian hosts and snails. The snails hosting the parasite are the most viable targets. Selective preparations for reducing the parasite pool in snails and infected water are required as current molluscicides are also nontoxic to other organisms, including fish, and thus affect food supplies in infected areas. Plants (e.g. Annona crassiflora Mart., A. muricata L., and A. montana Macfad.) are attractive potential sources as alternative molluscicides and novel entity to treat the disease owned to their diverse biologically potent compounds including; saponins, alkaloids, terpenoids, and tannins. Additionally, they can be locally cultivated, providing income for farmers and reducing treatment costs. Here, we review plants, plant extracts and isolated compounds that have shown activities against the host snails or Schistosoma in various parts of its life cycle. Plants have a lot of potential and will continue to contribute feasible, effective medicines and/or pesticides; more research is warranted to fully explore their future applications. Dedicated with great pleasure and honor to Prof. Lars Bohlin, Uppsala University, Sweden and Prof. Rob Verpoorte, Leiden University, Netherland on the occasion of their 75th birthday. H. R. El-Seedi (&) Pharmacognosy Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Box 591, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden e-mail: hesham.el-seedi@farmbio.uu.se; hesham.elseedi@fkog.uu.se H. R. El-Seedi International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China H. R. El-Seedi International Joint Research Laboratory of Intelligent Agriculture and Agri-Products Processing (Jiangsu Education Department), Zhenjiang 212013, China H. R. El-Seedi Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom 32512, Egypt S. A. M. Khalifa Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden A. H. Mohamed Division of Parasitology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom 32512, Egypt 123 Phytochem Rev Graphical abstract Keywords Schistosomiasis Natural products Molluscicides Saponins Glycoalkaloids Phorbol esters N. Yosri Chemistry Department of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (RIMAP), Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt N. Yosri School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China C. Zhao College of Marine Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China N. El-Wakeil Pests and Plant Protection Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt N. El-Wakeil Dept. of Arid Land Agriculture, College of Agri. & Food Sciences, King Faisal University, P.O Box 55073, Hofuf 31982, Saudi Arabia 123 Introduction Schistosomiasis, a vector-borne water-based disease caused by Schistosoma blood flukes, is one of the most devastating parasitic diseases in tropical and subtropical regions (Walz et al. 2015). It is regarded by World Health Organization (WHO) as the third most common tropical disease, following malaria and intestinal helminthiasis (Murungi et al. 2021). It is also recognized as one of the neglected tropical diseases with high morbidity and mortality rates, affecting a billion of the world’s poorest people, mainly in the developing countries (Pereira et al. 2011). The disease is an underappreciated global burden and linked geographically to poverty, and poor health services (Payne and Fitchett 2010). It mostly affects young adults in their productive years, and children younger than 10 years. Untreated infections in young people impair their immunity, increasing their vulnerability to growth retardation, malnutrition and cognitive disorders (Dabo et al. 2011). More than 500,000 people die every year from this parasitic disease (Botelho et al. 2009). Schistosoma has a complex lifecycle, alternately infecting mammalian hosts and snails especially S. japonicum which spreads via all kinds of mammals (Nelwan 2019). One in 30 of the total human N. F. Attia Gas Analysis and Fire Safety Laboratory, Chemistry Division, National Institute of Standards, 136, Giza 12211, Egypt B. Xu Programme of Food Science and Technology, BNUHKBU United International College, Zhuhai, China A. R. AbdElhafez Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom 32512, Egypt M. H. Boskabady Deartment of Physiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad 9177948564, Iran S. Elseedy Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11591, Egypt Phytochem Rev population surveyed in endemic areas were apparently infected by Schistosoma flukes via contaminated water or direct contact with mammals hosting the parasite (Sheir et al. 2001). Molluscicides have a long history of both failures and successes in the control of schistosomiasis (Fenwick et al. 2006). Their application is now considered a key element that has significantly contributed to the decline in schistosomiasis infection and morbidity rates in a number of African countries during the last decades (Brackenbury and Appleton 1997). Chemotherapy and chemoprophylaxis with, praziquantel (PZQ), currently play a crucial role in curing, controlling and preventing the disease (Yousif et al. 2007). PZQ is highly valuable, due to its broad activity spectrum, for instance, it has a potent effect against S. mansoni especially at 6–7 weeks old infections. PZQ is thought to target the b subunits of voltage-gated Ca2? channels in Schistosoma (Doenhoff et al. 2008). Despite the success, resistance to PZQ is apparently emerging and exacerbating challenges in the management of schistosomiasis globally (Melman et al. 2009). PintoAlmeida and his colleagues analyze the proteome of S. mansoni PZQ-resistant adult worms and compare it with its parental fully PZQ-susceptible strain, using a high throughput LC–MS/MS identification. The results revealed that different proteins of the S. mansoni proteome in worms, were downregulated after the exposure to PZQ (Pinto-Almeida et al. 2018). Cotton and Doyle recently identified a gene responsible for PZQ resistance in experimentally selected resistant S. mansoni. This study shows that variation at or near Sm. (S. mansoni) TRPMPZQ is associated with the resistance (Cotton and Doyle 2022). Nature has always been a valuable source of drugs and continues to deliver important drug leads (Tulp and Bohlin 2004). WHO estimates that 65–80% of the developing world’s population relies on traditional medicine to meet primary health care needs (Kumar et al. 2021) and traditional medicinal plants have T. Efferth Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany R. Verpoorte Natural Products Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Box 955, 2300RA Leiden, The Netherlands supplied numerous pharmacologically active compounds (Yousif et al. 2007). Thus, considerable efforts have been made to identify plants products that are environmentally safe, non-toxic and selectively active for the integrated control of schistosomiasis, and several of them have shown promising results. For example, we have recently shown that the Egyptian medicinal plant Asparagus stipularis Forssk. has antischistosomal activity (El-Seedi et al. 2012). Recent reports documented the potential of some natural products such as Pulsatilla chinensis (Bunge) Regel extracts (Table 1) and its molluscicidal activity against O. hupensis. They are less harmful to non-target aquatic organisms than the reference molluscicide niclosamide (Chen et al. 2012). In addition, Agave attenuata Salm-Dyck is toxic to the target snail Bulinus africanus but has fewer (or no) adverse effects on fish and mammals (Brackenbury and Appleton 1997). Both synthetic molluscicides and molluscicides derived from plants have made progress in the field of host snails eradication. The rising expense and toxicity to non-target organisms of synthetic molluscicides has rekindled interest in plant-based molluscicides (Clark et al. 1997; Zheng et al. 2021). This review highlights the use of medicinal plants as new alternatives that could either complement or replace conventional control approaches. Potential molluscicidal plant species and their bioactive constituent based on traditional uses (Tables 2 and 3), are listed, in accordance to the literature survey done on the biological control of Schistosoma in the field using natural products, at all life stages. Life cycle of Schistosoma species There are three main species of human helminth parasites of the genus Schistosoma: S. haematobium, found in Africa and Asia; S. mansoni, present in Africa, the Middle-East and South America; and S. japonicum, endemic in China and Southwest Asia (Colley et al. 2014). There are also two minor species, S. intercalatum and S. mekongi, found in West and central Africa (Colley et al. 2014). The adult worms are live in mesenteric vessels (S. mansoni and S. japonicum) or the vessels surrounding the bladder (S. haematobium). The females produce large numbers of 123 123 Table 1 Bioactive plant extracts reported to have mollusicidal activity against intermediate vector snails Species-part Vernacular or English name Extract type Class of compounds Results Activity References Bear’s Breeches Petroleum ether ND LC50 = 6.92 lg/ml ??? LC90 = 15.5 lg/ml ?? Ahmed and Rifaat (2004) Acanthaceae Acanthus mollis L.leaves after 24 h (B. alexandrina) Acanthaceae ? Iridaceae Binary combination (1:1) of A. mollis L. ? Iris pseudacorus L. Bear’s Breeches ? Yellow iris Petroleum ether ND ??? Ahmed and Rifaat (2004) LC50 = 5.1 lg/ml ??? LC90 = 10.3 lg/ml ?? Ahmed and Rifaat (2004) LC50 = 3.8 lg/ml after 24 h (B. alexandrina) Acanthaceae ? Solanaceae Binary combination (1:1) of A. mollis L. ? Solanum nigrum L. Bear’s Breeches ? Black nightshade Petroleum ether ND after 24 h (B. alexandrina) Agavaceae Agave filifera Salm-Dyckwhole plant Thread-leaf Agave, Thread Agave Aqueoussuspension Saponins, catechins, tannins and carbohydrates LC50 = 42.3 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 85.6 lg/ml ?? Rawi et al. (2011) after 24 h (B. alexandrina) Cold-aqueous Saponins, catechins, tannins and carbohydrates LC50 = 463.0 lg/ml ? LC90 = 692.7 lg/ml ? after 24 h (B. alexandrina) Boiled-aqueous Saponins, catechins, tannins and carbohydrates LC50 = 257.0 lg/ml ? LC90 = 328.9 lg/ml ? after 24 h (B. alexandrina) Phytochem Rev Species-part Vernacular or English name Extract type Class of compounds Results Activity References Crinum Lily Aqueous Steroids, alkaloids, catechic tannins, flavonoids, albuminoids, phenols, lipoids, aldehydes, mucilages and terpenoids LC0 = 10 mg/ml - LC50 = 50 mg/ml - Chifundera et al. (1993) LC100 = 100 mg/ml - (B. pfeifferi) - after 24 h - Amaryllidaceae Crinum zeylanicum L.-whole parts Ethanol Steroids, alkaloids, catechic tannins, flavonoids, albuminoids, phenols, lipoids, aldehydes, mucilages and terpenoids LC0 = 5 mg/ml - LC50 = 50 mg/ml - LC100 = 100 lg/ml - (B. pfeifferi) ? after 24 h - Annonaceae Annona crassiflora Mart.-pulps and seeds Araticum Ethanol Acetogenins & marolo LC10 = 0.2 lg/ml ??? LC50 = 1.67 lg/ml ??? LC90 = 13.2 lg/ml ?? (B. glabrata-adult) ??? LC10 = 1.0 lg/ml ??? LC50 = 1.0 lg/ml ??? dos Santos and Sant’Ana (2001) LC90 = 1.0 lg/ml (B. glabrata-egg) after 24 h A. crassiflora Mart.-stems Araticum & marolo Ethanol Acetogenins LC10 = 0.4 lg/ml ??? LC50 = 1.0 lg/ml ??? LC90 = 2.3 lg/ml ??? (B. glabrata-adult) ??? LC10 = 1.0 lg/ml LC50 = 1.0 lg/ml ??? ??? LC90 = 1.0 lg/ml 123 (B. glabrata-egg) after 24 h dos Santos and Sant’Ana (2001) Phytochem Rev Table 1 continued 123 Table 1 continued Species-part Vernacular or English name Extract type Class of compounds Results Activity References A. crassiflora Mart.-roots wood Araticum Ethanol Acetogenins LC10 = 8.3 lg/ml ?? LC50 = 16.9 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 34.5 lg/ml (B. glabrata-adult) ?? dos Santos and Sant’Ana (2001) LC10 = 1.0 lg/ml ??? LC50 = 1.0 lg/ml ??? & marolo ??? LC90 = 1.0 lg/ml (B. glabrata-egg) after 24 h A. crassiflora Mart.-roots bark Araticum & marolo Ethanol Acetogenins LC10 = 0.3 lg/ml LC50 = 1.0 lg/ml ??? ??? LC90 = 3.8 lg/ml ??? (B. glabrata-adult) ??? LC10 = 1.0 lg/ml ??? LC50 = 1.0 lg/ml ??? dos Santos and Sant’Ana (2001) LC90 = 1.0 lg/ml (B. glabrata-egg) after 24 h Annona glabra L.seeds Pond-apple Ethanol Acetogenins LC10 = 5.0 lg/ml ?? LC50 = 9.2 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 17.0 lg/ml ?? (B. glabrata-adult) ??? LC10 = 1.0 lg/ml ??? LC50 = 1.0 lg/ml ??? dos Santos and Sant’Ana (2001) LC90 = 1.0 lg/ml (B. glabrata-egg) after 24 h Phytochem Rev Species-part Vernacular or English name Extract type Class of compounds Results Activity References A. glabra L.-leaves Pond-apple Ethanol Acetogenins LC10 = 61.7 lg/ml ?? LC50 = 1.0 lg/ml ??? LC90 = 3.8 lg/ml ??? dos Santos and Sant’Ana (2001) (B. glabrata-adult) ??? LC10 = 1.0 lg/ml ??? LC50 = 1.0 lg/ml ??? LC90 = 1.0 lg/ml (B. glabrata-egg) after 24 h Annona muricata L. Graviola,soursop and gunbanana Ethanol Acetogenins .-leaves LC10 = 0.3 lg/ml ??? LC50 = 1.6 lg/ml ??? LC90 = 8.8 lg/ml ?? (B. glabrata-adult) LC10 = 9.2 lg/ml ?? ?? LC50 = 20.3 lg/ml ?? dos Santos and Sant’Ana (2001) LC90 = 44.8 lg/ml (B. glabrata-egg) after 24 h Ethanol A. muricata L.stems bark Graviola,soursop and gunbanana Ethanol Flavonoids, LC80 C 100 lg/ml xanthones and steroids (B. glabrata) Acetogenins ? de S. Luna et al. (2005) LC10 = 0.25 lg/ml ??? LC50 = 0.97 lg/ml ??? LC90 = 3.8 lg/ml ??? dos Santos and Sant’Ana (2001) (B. glabrata-adult) ??? LC10 = 1 lg/ml ??? LC50 = 1 lg/ml ??? LC90 = 1 lg/ml (B. glabrata-egg) after 24 h Phytochem Rev Table 1 continued 123 123 Table 1 continued Species-part Vernacular or English name Extract type Class of compounds Results Activity References Annona montana Macfad Mart.leaves Sinini Ethanol Acetogenins LC10 = 22.6 lg/ml ?? LC50 = 62.7 lg/ml ?? dos Santos and Sant’Ana (2001) LC90 = 173.9 lg/ml ? (B. glabrata-adult) ?? LC10 = 61.6 lg/ml ?? LC50 = 91.6 lg/ml ? LC90 = 136.2 lg/ml (B. glabrata-egg) after 24 h A. montana.-stems bark Sinini Ethanol Acetogenins LC10 = 0.55 lg/ml ??? LC50 = 1.9 lg/ml ??? LC90 = 6.2 lg/ml ?? (B. glabrata-adult) LC10 = 1 lg/ml ??? ??? LC50 = 1 lg/ml ??? dos Santos and Sant’Ana (2001) LC90 = 1 lg/ml (B. glabrata-egg) after 24 h Annona salzmannii A.DC.-leaves Araticum-da-mata’’ and ‘‘araticumapé Ethanol Acetogenins LC10 = 0.66 lg/ml ??? LC50 = 0.95 lg/ml ??? LC90 = 1.37 lg/ml ??? (B. glabrata-adult) ??? LC10 = 1 lg/ml ??? LC50 = 1 lg/ml ??? dos Santos and Sant’Ana (2001) LC90 = 1 lg/ml (B. glabrata-egg) after 24 h Phytochem Rev Species-part Vernacular or English name Extract type Class of compounds Results Activity References Annona Custard apple Ethanol Acetogenins LC10 = 0.3 lg/ml ??? LC50 = 7.5 lg/ml ?? dos Santos and Sant’Ana (2001) squamosa L.-seeds LC90 = 164.02 lg/ml ? (B. glabrata-adult) ??? LC10 = 1 lg/ml ??? LC50 = 1 lg/ml ??? LC90 = 1 lg/ml (B. glabrata-egg) after 24 h A. squamosa L.stems bark Custard apple Ethanol Acetogenins LC10 = 5.8 lg/ml ?? LC50 = 14.0 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 34.4 lg/ml ?? (B. glabrata-adult) LC10 = 26.4 lg/ml ?? ?? LC50 = 51.7 lg/ml ? dos Santos and Sant’Ana (2001) LC90 = 101.4 lg/ml (B. glabrata-egg) after 24 h A. squamosa L.roots Custard apple Ethanol Acetogenins LC10 = 1.7 lg/ml ??? LC50 = 3.8 lg/ml ??? LC90 = 8.55 lg/ml ?? (B. glabrata-adult) ?? LC10 = 16.8 lg/ml ?? LC50 = 28.8 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 49.2 lg/ml (B. glabrata-egg) after 24 h dos Santos and Sant’Ana (2001) Phytochem Rev Table 1 continued 123 123 Table 1 continued Species-part Vernacular or English name Extract type Class of compounds Results Activity References A. squamosa L.leaves Custard apple Ethanol Acetogenins LC10 = 5.4 lg/ml ?? LC50 = 44.6 lg/ml ?? dos Santos and Sant’Ana (2001) LC90 = 368.0 lg/ml ? (B. glabrata-adult) ??? LC10 = 1 lg/ml ??? LC50 = 1 lg/ml ??? LC90 = 1 lg/ml (B. glabrata-egg) after 24 h Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) Ammi majus L.flowers Khella shytani or bullwort Aqueoussuspension Saponins, catechins, tannins and carbohydrates LC50 = 747.7 lg/ml LC90 = 1370.3 lg/ml ? - Rawi et al. (2011) after 24 h (B. alexandrina) Cold-aqueous Saponins, catechins, tannins and carbohydrates LC50 = 2126.5 lg/ml - LC90 = 6775.2 pm - Rawi et al. (2011) after 24 h (B. alexandrina) Boiled-aqueous Saponins, catechins, tannins and carbohydrates LC50 = 944.9 lg/ml - LC90 = 1394. lg/ml - Rawi et al. (2011) after 24 h (B. alexandrina) A. majus L.-leaves Khella shytani or bullwort Aqueoussuspension Saponins, catechins, tannins and carbohydrates LC50 = 738.3 lg/ml - LC90 = 1157.2 lg/ml - Rawi et al. (2011) after 24 h (B. alexandrina) Cold-aqueous Saponins, catechins, tannins and carbohydrates LC50 = 4731.7 lg/ml - LC90 = 10,377.1 lg/ ml - (B. alexandrina) Phytochem Rev after 24 h Rawi et al. (2011) Species-part Vernacular or English name Extract type Boiled-aqueous Class of compounds Saponins, catechins, tannins and carbohydrates Results LC50 = 1364.9 lg/ml Activity - LC90 = 2537.3 lg/ml - References Rawi et al. (2011) - Rawi et al. (1996) after 24 h (B. alexandrina) Aqueous Saponins LC50 ml = 11.100 mg/ (N) (B. alexandrina) - LC50 ml - = 6.700 mg/ (N) (Bu. truncatus) LC50 ml (T) = 2.650 mg/ (B. alexandrina) LC50 ml (T) = 2.830 mg/ (Bu. truncatus) after 4 w A. majus L.-stems Khella shytani or bullwort Aqueous Saponins LC50 ml = 17.500 mg/ (N) - (B. alexandrina) LC50 (N) = 10.000 mg/ ml (Bu. truncatus) LC50 ml (T) = 4.000 mg/ (B. alexandrina) LC50 ml - (T) = 3.450 mg/ (Bu. truncatus) after 4 w - Rawi et al. (1996) Phytochem Rev Table 1 continued 123 123 Table 1 continued Species-part Vernacular or English name Extract type Class of compounds Results A. majus L.-roots Khella shytani or bullwort Aqueous Saponins LC50 ml = 22.500 mg/ (N) Activity References - Rawi et al. (1996) - (B. alexandrina) - LC50 ml - = 8.400 mg/ (N) (Bu. truncatus) LC50 ml (T) = 10.600 mg/ (B. alexandrina) LC50 ml (T) = 5.900 mg/ (Bu. truncatus) after 4 w A. majus L.-flowers Khella shytani or bullwort Aqueous Saponins LC50 (N) = 1 mg/ml ? (B. alexandrina) ? LC50 (N) = 720 lg/ml (Bu. truncatus) ? ? LC50 (T) Rawi et al. (1996) = 815 lg/ml (B. alexandrina) LC50 (T) = 390 lg/ml (Bu. truncatus) afer 4 w Apocynaceae Carissa carandas L.-leaves Karonda Dry leaves ND LC50 [ 500 lg/ml ? after 24 h Mahmoud et al. (2011) (B. alexandrina-adult) Rauvolfia caffra Sond.-leaves Quinine tree Aqueous ND LC50 = 19.45.2 mg/ml - LC90 = 7.706 mg/ml - after 24 h Phytochem Rev (Bu. africanus) Clark and Appleton (1997) Species-part Vernacular or English name Extract type Class of compounds Results Activity References Betel nut Ethanol Alkaloids LC50 = 17.2 lg/ml ?? after 24 h ?? Jaiswal and Singh (2008) LC50 = 14.1 lg/ml ?? after 48 h ?? Arecaceae Areca catechu L.seeds LC50 = 11.3 lg/ml after 72 h LC50 = 8.1 lg/ml after 96 h (Lymnaea acuminata) Powder Alkaloids LC50 = 27.2 lg/ml ?? after 24 h ?? LC50 = 23.3 lg/ml after 48 h ?? ?? Jaiswal and Singh (2008) LC50 = 17.5 lg/ml after 72 h LC50 = 12.3 lg/ml after 96 h (L. acuminata) Chloroform Alkaloids LC50 = 37.2 lg/ml ?? after 24 h ?? LC50 = 28.5 lg/ml ?? after 48 h ?? LC50 = 25.5 lg/ml after 72 h LC50 = 14.7 lg/ml after 96 h (L. acuminata) Jaiswal and Singh (2008) Phytochem Rev Table 1 continued 123 123 Table 1 continued Species-part Vernacular or English name Extract type Ether Class of compounds Alkaloids Results LC50 = 17.7 lg/ml Activity ?? after 24 h ?? LC50 = 15.9 lg/ml ?? after 48 h ?? References Jaiswal and Singh (2008) LC50 = 13.6 lg/ml after 72 h LC50 = 11 lg/ml after 96 h (L. acuminata) Acetone Alkaloids LC50 = 36 lg/ml ?? after 24 h ?? LC50 = 28 lg/ml ?? after 48 h ?? Jaiswal and Singh (2008) LC50 = 20.3 lg/ml after 72 h LC50 = 13 lg/ml after 96 h (L. acuminata) Column purified Alkaloids LC50 = 11.3 lg/ml ?? after 24 h ?? LC50 = 8.4 lg/ml after 48 h ?? ??? Jaiswal and Singh (2008) LC50 = 6.7 lg/ml after 72 h LC50 = 4 lg/ml after 96 h (L. acuminata) Asclepiadaceae woods bark Cipó-Seda Ethanol Flavonoids, flavonones, flavones, LC80 C 100 lg/ml xanthones, pentacyclic (B. glabrata-adult) triterpenes and leucoanthocyni-dins ? de S. Luna et al. (2005) Phytochem Rev Marsdenia altissima (Jacq.) Dugand- Species-part Vernacular or English name Extract type Class of compounds Calotropis procera -Dry and-whole overground parts Apple of Sodom Cold-aqueous suspension ND Results Activity References Bakry (2009) LC0 = 24.3 lg/ml ?? LC10 = 98 lg/ml ?? LC25 = 134 lg/ml ? LC50 = 243 lg/ml ? LC90 = 360 lg/ml ? after 24 h (B. alexandrina) Asparagaceae Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge-rhizomes Anemarrhena rhizome, Zhi mu Cratylia floribunda Benth.-seeds Cratylia n-Butanol Saponins and steroidal saponins LD98 = 5 lg/ml ??? Cui et al. (1999) LC10 = 12.9 lg/ml ?? LC50 = 25.5 lg/ml LC90 = 50.30 lg/ml ?? ?? dos Santos et al. (2010) after 72 h (O. hupensis) n-Hexane Lectins (B. glabrata) Dioclea guianensis Benth.-seeds n-Hexane Lectins LC10 = 13 lg/ml ?? LC50 = 23.1 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 41 lg/ml ?? dos Santos et al. (2010) (B. glabrata) Aspidiaceae Elaphoglossum piloselloides (C. Presl) T. Moorerhizomes, roots and sterile fronds – Diethyl ether Bicyclic phloroglucinols LC50 = 19.6 lg/ml ? LC100 B 50.0 lg/ml ? Socolsky et al. (2009) (B. peregrine) Asteraceae (Compositae) 123 Achyrocline satureioides (Lam.) DC.-aerial parts Macela or marcela Ethanol Terpenoids, phenylpropanoids, flavonoids LC90 = 43 lg/ml after 24 h (B. glabrata) ?? Mendes et al. (1999) Actinoseris angustifolia (Gardner) Cabrera-aerial parts – Ethanol ND LC90 = 33 lg/ml after 24 h ?? Mendes et al. (1999) (B. glabrata) Phytochem Rev Table 1 continued 123 Table 1 continued Species-part Vernacular or English name Extract type Class of compounds Results Activity References Alomia myriadenia Sch.Bip. ex Baker-aerial parts – Ethanol ND LC90 = 33 lg/ml after 24 h ?? Mendes et al. (1999) Ambrosia maritima L.- Damasissa or sea ragweed Chloroform Sesquiterpene lactone LC90 = 3.000 mg/ml (B. glabrata) (L. cailliaudi) aerial parts LC100 = ? - 200 lg/ml Slacanin et al. (1988), Abou Basha et al. (1994) (B. glabrata) Artemisia herbaalba Asso-aerial parts Shih or desert wormwood Petrol n-Hexane Phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, sterols, terpenoids and essential oils Phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, sterols, terpenoids and essential oils LC50 = 62.9 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 92 lg/ml ?? Hmamouchi et al. (2000) after 24 h (Bu. truncatus) LC50 = 106.7 lg/ml ? LC90 = 140 lg/ml ? Hmamouchi et al. (2000) after 24 h (Bu. truncatus) Dichloromethane Phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, sterols, terpenoids and essential oils LC50 = 106.7 lg/ml ? LC90 = 140 lg/ml ? Phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, sterols, terpenoids and essential oils LC50 = 62.9 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 92 lg/ml ?? Phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, sterols, terpenoids and essential oils LC50 = 106.7 lg/ml ? LC90 = 140 lg/ml after 24 h ? Phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, sterols, terpenoids and essential oils LC50 = 2.598 mg/ml - LC90 = 2.922 mg/ml - Hmamouchi et al. (2000) after 24 h (Bu. truncatus) Ethyl acetate Hmamouchi et al. (2000) after 24 h (Bu. truncatus) Methanol Hmamouchi et al. (2000) (Bu. truncatus) Aqueous (Bu. truncatus) Phytochem Rev after 24 h Hmamouchi et al. (2000) Species-part Vernacular or English name Extract type Class of compounds Results Calendula officinalis L.flowers African Marigold, Calendula, Common Marigold, Garden Marigold, Marigold, Pot Marigold, Zergul in India, Butterblume in Germany, Chin Chan Ts’ao in China, Galbinele in Romania, and Ringblomma in Sweden Aqueous ND LC50 = 98 lg/ml (N) Activity References ?? Rawi et al. (1996) (B. alexandrina) ?? LC50 ?? = 81 lg/ml (N) (Bu. truncatus) LC50 (T) ?? = 50 lg/ml (B. alexandrina) LC50 (T) = 18 lg/ml (Bu. truncatus) after 4 w C. officinalis L.leaves Aqueous ND LC50 = 10 lg/ml (N) (B. alexandrina) ??? ?? = 81 lg/ml ?? (Bu. truncatus) LC50 (T) = 67 lg/ml ?? LC50 (N) Rawi et al. (1996) (B. alexandrina) LC50 (T) = 40 lg/ml (Bu. truncatus) after 4 w C. officinalis L.roots Aqueous ND LC50 = 205 lg/ml (N) ? (B. alexandrina) ? LC50 ? = 183 lg/ml (N) (Bu. truncatus) LC50 (T) Rawi et al. (1996) ? = 137 lg/ml (B. alexandrina) LC50 (T) = 109 lg/ml (Bu. truncatus) after 4 w C. officinalis L.stems Aqueous ND LC50 (N) = 250 lg/ml (B. alexandrina) ? ? LC50 ?? (N) = 210 lg/ml 123 (Bu. truncatus) LC50 (T) = 98 lg/ml (B. alexandrina) ?? Rawi et al. (1996) Phytochem Rev Table 1 continued 123 Table 1 continued Species-part Vernacular or English name Extract type Class of compounds Results LC50 (T) = 86 lg/ml Activity References ?? Benson (2012) (Bu. truncatus) after 4 w Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob.-leaves Siam weed, devil weed, French weed, communist weed, hagonoy, co ho Ethanol ND LC50 = 44 lg/ml LC90 = 119.3 lg/ml after 24 h ? (B. pfeifferi) Aqueous ND LC50 = 65.8 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 139.5 lg/ml ? Benson (2012) after 24 h (B. pfeifferi) Chrysanthemum viscidehirtum (Schott) Thell.aerial parts Uqhuwan Petrol Flavonoids andterpenoids LC50 = 4.4 lg/ml ??? LC90 = 8.4 lg/ml ?? Hmamouchi et al. (2000) after 24 h (Bu. truncatus) n-Hexane Flavonoids and terpenoids LC50 = 14.1 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 28 lg/ml ?? Hmamouchi et al. (2000) after 24 h (Bu. truncatus) Dichloromethane Flavonoids and terpenoids LC50 = 5.9 lg/ml ??? LC90 = 14.1 lg/ml after 24 h ?? Hmamouchi et al. (2000) (Bu. truncatus) Aqueous Flavonoids and terpenoids LC50 = 891 lg/ml - Hmamouchi et al. (2000) LC0 = 300 lg/ml ? Bakry (2009) LC90 = 1342 lg/ml ? after 24 h (Bu. truncatus) Conyza Cold-aqueous suspension ND LC10 = 2.300 mg/ml - LC25 = 2.600 mg/ml - LC50 = 3.000 lg/ml - LC90 = 4100 mg/ml - after 24 h (B. alexandrina) Phytochem Rev dioscoridis (L.) Desf.-whole overground parts – Species-part Vernacular or English name Extract type Class of compounds Results Activity References Echinops ellenbeckii O. Hoffm.-roots Kebercho Methanol Polyphenols and carotenoids LC100 = 20.25 lg/ml ?? Hymete et al. (2005) Echinops longisetus A. Rich.-roots - ??? Hymete et al. (2005) Piptocarpha rotundifolia (Less.) Bakeraerial parts Ashdaisy ?? Mendes et al. (1999) Vanillosmopsis erythropappa (DC.) Sch.Bip.aerial parts Candeia ?? Mendes et al. (1999), Silvério et al. (2013) Verbesina clausseni Sch.Bip. ex Baker-aerial parts – ?? Mendes et al. (1999) LC50 = 39.9 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 59.3 lg/ml ?? Han et al. (2010) after 24 h (B. pfeifferi) Methanol Alkaloids, saponins, phytosterols, polyphenols and carotenoids LC100 = 4 lg/ml after 24 h (B. pfeifferi) Ethanol ND LC90 = 99 lg/ml after 24 h (B. glabrata) Ethanol ND LC90 = 99 lg/ml after 24 h (B. glabrata) Ethanol ND LC90 = 78 lg/ml after 24 h (B. glabrata) Buddlejaceae Buddleja lindleyana Fortune- – Ethanol ND after 48 h Leaves (O. hupensis) Burseraceae Commiphora molmol (Engl.) Engl. ex Tschirch-stems Myrrh Oil Essential oil LC50 = 5 lg/ml ?? (L. natalensis) ?? LC50 = 15 lg/ml ?? (B. alexandrina) ??? 123 LC50 = 8.5 lg/ml ?? (Bu. truncatus) ?? after 24 h LC50 = 4 lg/ml ??? ??? (L. natalensis) ?? LC50 = 6 lg/ml (B. alexandrina) Masoud et al. (2000) Phytochem Rev Table 1 continued 123 Table 1 continued Species-part Vernacular or English name Extract type Class of compounds Results LC50 = 7 lg/ml Activity References LC50 = 7.6001 mg/ml - LC90 = 13.891 mg/ml - Rawi et al. (2011) (Bu. truncatus) after 48 h LC50 = 3 lg/ml (L. natalensis) LC50 = 3.5 lg/ml (B. alexandrina) LC50 = 6 lg/ml (Bu. truncatus) after 96 h Cannaceae Canna indica L.flowers Indian shot, African arrowroot, Aqueoussuspension Saponins, catechins, tannins and carbohydrates after 24 h (B. alexandrina) Cold-aqueous - Rawi et al. (2011) LC50 = 4.172 mg/ml - LC90 = 5.160 lg/ml - Rawi et al. (2011) Saponins, catechins, tannins and carbohydrates LC50 [ 10,000 lg/ml Saponins, catechins, tannins and carbohydrates after 24 h (B. alexandrina) Boiled-aqueous after 24 h (B. alexandrina) C. indica L.-leaves Indian shot, African arrowroot Aqueoussuspension Saponins, catechins, tannins and carbohydrates LC50 = 7.220 mg/ml - LC90 = 14.105 g/ml - Rawi et al. (2011) after 24 h (B. alexandrina) Cold-aqueous Saponins, catechins, tannins and carbohydrates LC50 [ 10 mg/ml - Rawi et al. (2011) Saponins, catechins, tannins and carbohydrates LC50 = 7.435 mg/ml - LC90 = 9.072 mg/ml - Rawi et al. (2011) after 24 h (B. alexandrina) after 24 h (B. alexandrina) Phytochem Rev Boiled-aqueous Species-part Vernacular or English name Extract type Class of compounds Results Activity References Pepper-bark tree Aqueous ND LC50 = 2.486 mg/ml - LC90 = 17.370 mg/ml - Clark and Appleton (1997) Cannellaceae Warburgia salutaris (G.Bertol.) Chiov.-leaves after 24 h (Bu. africanus) Caricaceae Carica papaya L.seeds and latex Pappali or papaw or pawpaw Ethanol Proteins LC50 = 53.4 mg/ml ?? after 24 h ?? LC50 = 43 lg/ml ?? after 48 h ?? Jaiswal and Singh (2008) LC50 = 23 lg/ml after 72 h LC50 = 15.9 lg/ml after 96 h (L. acuminata) Seed powder Proteins LC50 = 127.3 lg/ml ? after 24 h ? LC50 = 102.9 lg/ml ?? after 48 h ?? Jaiswal and Singh (2008) LC50 = 80.9 lg/ml after 72 h LC50 = 61.6 lg/ml after 96 h (L. acuminata) Chloroform Proteins LC50 = 111.9 lg/ml after 24 h ? ? LC50 = 103.9 lg/ml ?? after 48 h LC50 = 65.7 lg/ml ?? after 72 h 123 LC50 = 41.2 lg/ml after 96 h Jaiswal and Singh (2008) Phytochem Rev Table 1 continued 123 Table 1 continued Species-part Vernacular or English name Extract type Class of compounds Results (L. acuminata) Activity References Carbon tetrachloride Proteins LC50 = 81.2 lg/ml ?? after 24 h ?? Jaiswal and Singh (2008) LC50 = 58.6 lg/ml ?? after 48 h LC50 = 42.2 lg/ml ?? after 72 h LC50 = 30.8 lg/ml after 96 h (L. acuminata) Ether Proteins LC50 = 111.9 lg/ml ? after 24 h ?? LC50 = 93.5 lg/ml ?? after 48 h ?? Jaiswal and Singh (2008) LC50 = 67.6 lg/ml after 72 h LC50 = 13.1 lg/ml after 96 h (L. acuminata) Acetone Proteins LC50 = 97.8 lg/ml ?? after 24 h LC50 = 66.3 lg/ml ?? ?? after 48 h ?? Jaiswal and Singh (2008) LC50 = 41.8 lg/ml after 72 h LC50 = 31.7 lg/ml after 96 h (L. acuminata) Column purified Proteins ?? after 24 h ?? LC50 = 20.1 lg/ml ?? after 48 h ?? LC50 = 12.5 lg/ml Jaiswal and Singh (2008) Phytochem Rev LC50 = 27.3 lg/ml Species-part Vernacular or English name Extract type Class of compounds Results after 72 h Activity References LC50 = 19.9 lg/ml after 24 h ?? ?? Jaiswal and Singh 2008) LC50 = 16.5 lg/ml ?? after 48 h ?? LC50 = 7.1 lg/ml after 96 h (L. acuminata) Lyophilized latex powder Proteins LC50 = 11.9 lg/ml after 72 h LC50 = 8.4 lg/ml after 96 h (L. acuminata) C. papaya L.- Pappali or papaw or pawpaw Ethanol Leaves Polysaccharides, minerals, vitamins, proteins, enzymes, alkaloids, glycosides, fats, oils, lectins, saponins, flavonoids and sterols LC50 = 2716.3 lg/ml - LC90 = 4.516 mg/ml - (B. pfeifferi-adult) - LC50 = 619.1 lg/ml - Adetunji and Salawu (2010) LC90 = 1.181 mg/ml (Bu. globosus-adult) after 24 h Olea europaea L waste Mission olive mill n-hexane Biophenols LC50 = 424 lg/ml n-hexane Biophenols LC50 = 541 lg/ml ? Obied et al. (2007) ? Obied et al. (2007) LC50 = 20 lg/ml ?? LC100 = 90 lg/ml ?? Bezerra et al. (2002) (Isidorella newcombi) Frantoio olive mill waste (I. newcombi) Caryocaraceae Caryocar brasiliense A.St.Hil.-leaves Pequi, souari nut C. brasiliense A.St.-Hil.-barks Pequi, souari nut Ethanol Tannins, flavanoids and terpenoids after 48 h (B. glabrata) Ethanol Tannins, hydrolysable tannins and flavanoids 123 LC50 = 10 lg/ml ?? LC100 = 90 lg/ml ?? after 48 h (B. glabrata) Bezerra et al. (2002) Phytochem Rev Table 1 continued 123 Table 1 continued Species-part Vernacular or English name Extract type Class of compounds Results Activity References Flinders rose or caper bush Petrol Coumarins, alkaloids, sterols and essential oils LC50 = 70.6 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 122 lg/ml ? Hmamouchi et al. (2000) Capparidaceae Capparis spinosa L.aerial parts after 24 h (Bu. truncatus) n-Hexane Coumarins, alkaloids, sterols and essential oils LC50 = 62.9 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 135.5 lg/ml ? Hmamouchi et al. (2000) after 24 h (Bu. truncatus) Dichloromethane Coumarins, alkaloids, sterols and essential oils LC50 = 106.7 lg/ml ? LC90 = 140 lg/ml ? Hmamouchi et al. (2000) after 24 h Ethyl acetate Coumarins, alkaloids, sterols and essential oil (Bu. truncatus) LC50 = 79.2 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 135.5 lg/ml ? Hmamouchi et al. (2000) after 24 h (Bu. truncatus) Methanol Coumarins, alkaloids, sterols and essential oils LC50 = 170.6 lg/ml ? LC90 = 194 lg/ml ? Hmamouchi et al. (2000) after 24 h (Bu. truncatus) Aqueous Coumarins, alkaloids, sterols and essential oils LC50 = 2.236 mg/ml - LC90 = 2.846 mg/ml - Hmamouchi et al. (2000) after 24 h (Bu. Truncates) Phytochem Rev Species-part Vernacular or English name Extract type Class of compounds Results Activity References Atriplex Methanol ND LC0 = 3.1 lg/ml ??? Bakry (2009) LC10 = 14 lg/ml ?? LC25 = 21 lg/ml ?? LC50 = 31 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 54 lg/ml ?? Chenopodiaceae Atriplex stylosa Viv.-whole overground parts after 24 h (B. alexandrina) Cold-aqueous ND LC0 = 5.3 lg/ml ??? LC10 = 32 lg/ml ?? LC25 = 39 lg/ml ?? LC50 = 53 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 88 lg/ml after 24 h ?? Bakry (2009) (B. alexandrina) Cold-aqueous suspension ND LC0 = 9.2 lg/ml ??? LC10 = 38 lg/ml ?? LC25 = 46 lg/ml ?? LC50 = 94 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 180 lg/ml ? Bakry (2009) after 24 h (B. alexandrina) Boiled-aqueous ND LC0 = 4.2 lg/ml ??? LC10 = 22 lg/ml ?? LC25 = 30 lg/ml ?? LC50 = 42 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 56 lg/ml ?? Bakry (2009) after 24 h (B. alexandrina) Ethanol ND 123 LC0 = 9.8 lg/ml ?? LC10 = 42 lg/ml ?? LC25 = 49 lg/ml ?? LC50 = 62 lg/ml ?? Bakry (2009) Phytochem Rev Table 1 continued 123 Table 1 continued Species-part Vernacular or English name Extract type Class of compounds Results LC90 = 98 lg/ml Activity ?? References Bakry (2009) after 24 h (B. alexandrina) Acetone ND LC0 = 6.6 lg/ml ?? LC10 = 42 lg/ml LC25 = 53 lg/ml ?? ?? LC50 = 66 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 110 lg/ml ? after 24 h (B. alexandrina) chloroform ND LC0 = 7.4 lg/ml ?? LC10 = 54 lg/ml ?? LC25 = 62 lg/ml ?? LC50 = 74 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 130 lg/ml ? Bakry (2009) after 24 h (B. alexandrina) Chenopodium ambrosioides L.leaves Mexican tea Ethanol Caryophyllene oxide LC10 = 1.99 lg/ml ??? LC50 = 13.51 lg/ml ?? LC50 = 91.57 pm ?? dos Santos et al. (2012) after 96 h (B. glabrata) C. ambrosioides L.-aerial parts Mexican tea Petrol Flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids and essential oils LC50 = 7.7 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 14.1 lg/ml ?? Hmamouchi et al. (2000) after 24 h (Bu. truncatus) Hexane Flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids and essential oils LC50 = 1.4 lg/ml ??? LC90 = 2.2 lg/ml ??? Hmamouchi et al. (2000) after 24 h Flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids and essential oils LC50 = 6.5 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 9.2 lg/ml ?? after 24 h Hmamouchi et al. (2000) Phytochem Rev (Bu. truncatus) Dichloromethane Species-part Vernacular or English name Extract type Class of compounds Results (Bu. truncatus) Activity References Ethyl acetate Flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids and essential oils LC50 = 14.1 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 28.0 lg/ml ?? Hmamouchi et al. (2000) after 24 h Methanol Flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids and essential oils (Bu. truncatus) LC50 = 6.9 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 16.8 lg/ml ?? Hmamouchi et al. (2000) Bakry (2009) after 24 h (Bu. truncatus) C. murale L.-whole overground parts Nettle-leaved goosefoot Cold-aqueous suspension ND LC25 = 1100 lg/ml - LC50 = 2450 lg/ml - LC90 = 5200 lg/ml - after 24 h (B. alexandrina) C. ugandae (Aellen) Aellenwhole parts – Ethanol Terpenoids, lipoids, alkaloids, glucides-glycosides, flavonoids, albuminoids, saponins and essential oils LC0 = 1 mg/ml ? LC50 = 5 mg/ml - LC100 = 10 mg/ml - (B. pfeifferi) - LC0 = 1 mg/ml - LC50 = 5 m/ml - Chifundera et al. (1993) LC100 = 10 m/ml (L. natalensis) after 24 h Aqueous Terpenoids, lipoids, alkaloids, glucides-glycosides, flavonoids, albuminoids, saponins and essential oils LC0 = 1 mg/ml ? LC50 = 5 mg/ml - LC100 = 10 mg/ml - (B. pfeifferi) - LC0 = 1 mg/ml 3 LC50 = 5 9 10 mg/ ml 123 LC100 = 10 9103 mg/ ml (L. natalensis) after 24 h - Chifundera et al. (1993) Phytochem Rev Table 1 continued 123 Table 1 continued Species-part Vernacular or English name Extract type Class of compounds Results Activity References – Methanol Catechins, flavonoid glycosides and sugars LC50 = 25 lg/ml ?? LC100 = 400 lg/ml ? Bilia et al. (2000a) Chrysobalanaceae Licania cariae Cardozo-leaves after 24 h (B. glabrata) L. densiflora Kleinh.-leaves – Methanol Catechins, flavonoids, flavonoid glycosides, sugars and tannins LC0 = 200 lg/ml ? LC100 = 400 lg/ml ? Bilia et al. (2000a) after 24 h (B. glabrata) L. heteromorpha Benth.-leaves – Methanol Catechins, flavonoids, flavonoid glycosides, sugars and tannins LC0 = 100 lg/ml - LC100 = 400 lg/ml ? Bilia et al. (2000a) after 24 h L. licaniiflora (Sagot) S.F.Blake-leaves – L. pittieri Pranceleaves – Methanol Methanol Flavonoids, flavonoid glycosides Triterpenes and triterpene glycosides Catechins, flavonoids and flavonoid glycosides (B. glabrata) LC0 = 400 lg/ml - Bilia et al. (2000a) LC50 = 25 lg/ml ?? LC100 = 400 lg/ml ? Bilia et al. (2000a) after 24 h (B. glabrata) after 24 h (B. glabrata) L. pyrifolia Griseb.-leaves Merecure Methanol Catechins, flavonoids, flavonoid glycosides and carbohydrates LC50 = 25 lg/ml ?? LC100 = 400 lg/ml ? Bilia et al. (2000a) after 24 h (B. glabrata) Chloroform/ Methanol Triterpenes, triterpene glycosides, catechins, flavonoids and flavonoid glycosides LC0 = 50 lg/ml ?? LC50 = 100 lg/ml ? LC100 = 400 lg/ml ? Phytochem Rev after 24 h (B. glabrata) Bilia et al. (2000a) Species-part Vernacular or English name Extract type Class of compounds Results Activity Myrrh Emulsified oil Terpenes LC50 = 155 lg/ml ? LC90 = 195 lg/ml ? References Combretaceae Commiphora molmol (Engl.) Engl. ex Tschirch (B. alexandrina) ?? LC50 = 50 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 95 lg/ml ?? (B. truncates) ?? Allam et al. (2001) LC50 = 50 lg/ml LC90 = 85 lg/ml (L. cailliaudi) after 24 h Meryta denhamii Seem.-flowers Pacific puka Methanol ND LC50 = 72.4 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 125 lg/ml (L. cailliaudi) ? ?? LC50 = 85 lg/ml ? Hassan et al. (2010) LC90 = 155 lg/ml (B. alexandrina) Butanol ND LC50 = 26.4 lg/ml LC90 = 70.8 lg/ml ?? (L. cailliaudi) ?? LC50 = 39.8 lg/ml ?? ?? Hassan et al. (2010) LC90 = 79.4 lg/ml (B. alexandrina) Chloroform Petroleum ether ND ND LC50 = 306 lg/ml ? LC90 = 125.8 lg/ml (L. cailliaudi) ? LC50 = 236.7 lg/ml ? LC90 = 931.8 lg/ml ? (L. cailliaudi) Hassan et al. (2010) Hassan et al. (2010) Phytochem Rev Table 1 continued 123 123 Table 1 continued Species-part Vernacular or English name Extract type Class of compounds Results Activity References M. denhamii Seem.-fruits Pacific puka Methanol ND LC50 = 100 lg/ml ? LC90 = 165 lg/ml ? Hassan et al. (2010) (L. cailliaudi) ?? LC50 = 85 lg/ml ? LC90 = 138 lg/ml (B. alexandrina) Terminalia catappa L.-leaves Indian-almond Ethanol ND LC50 = 864.1 lg/ml ? LC90 = 1222.8 lg/ml - (B. pfeifferi-adult) - LC50 = 1095.7 lg/ml - Adetunji and Salawu (2010) LC90 = 1874.9 lg/ml (Bu. globosus-adult) after 24 h Cucurbitaceae Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad.- Handal Petrol Sterols and terpenoids LC50 = 6.5 lg/ml ??? LC90 = 9.2 lg/ml ??? Hmamouchi et al. (2000) after 24 h fruits and seeds (Bu. truncatus) n-Hexane Sterols and terpenoids LC50 = 4.4 lg/ml ??? LC90 = 8.4 lg/ml ??? Hmamouchi et al. (2000) after 24 h (Bu. truncatus) Dichloromethane Sterols and terpenoids LC50 = 13.0 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 18.3 lg/ml ?? Hmamouchi et al. (2000) after 24 h (Bu. truncatus) Ethyl acetate Sterols and terpenoids ? LC90 = 186 lg/ml after 24 h ? Hmamouchi et al. (2000) (Bu. truncatus) Methanol Sterols and terpenoids LC50 = 70.6 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 122 lg/ml ? after 24 h (Bu. truncatus) Hmamouchi et al. (2000) Phytochem Rev LC50 = 135.5 lg/ml Species-part Vernacular or English name Extract type Class of compounds Results Activity References Yams n-Butanol Saponins and steroidalsaponins LC98 = 5 lg/ml ??? Cui et al. (1999) ??? Pasi et al. (2009) LC50 = 30 lg/ml ?? after 24 h ?? Sharma et al. (2009) Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea zingiberensis C.H.Wrightrhizomes after 72 h (O. hupensis) Dipsacaceae Cephalaria ambrosioides (Sm.) Roem. & Schult.- Mexican tea Acetone/ Terpenoids and saponins LC100 [ 50 lg/ml after 24 h Methanol (B. glabrata) roots Euphorbiaceae Acalypha indica L.- Indian Nettle Ethanol Glycosides, steroids and terpenoids Leaves LC50 = 26 lg/ml after 48 h (L. acuminata) Distilled water Glycosides, steroids and terpenoids LC50 = 50 lg/ml ?? after 24 h ?? Sharma et al. (2009) LC50 = 45 lg/ml after 48 h (L. acuminata) Chlorinated water Glycosides, steroids and terpenoids LC50 = 80 lg/ml ?? after 24 h ?? Sharma et al. (2009) LC50 = 70 lg/ml after 48 h (L. acuminata) Tap water Glycosides, steroids and terpenoids LC50 = 80 lg/ml ?? after 24 h ?? LC50 = 70 lg/ml after 48 h 123 (L. acuminata) Sharma et al. (2009) Phytochem Rev Table 1 continued 123 Table 1 continued Species-part Vernacular or English name Extract type Class of compounds Results Activity References Euphorbia aphylla Brouss. ex Willd.-aerial parts Leafless Spurge Ethanol ND LC50 = 0.66 lg/ml ??? LC90 = 0.88 lg/ml ??? Hassan et al. (2012) (L. cailliaudi) ?? LC50 = 87.6 lg/ml ? LC90 = 142.5 lg/ml (B. alexandrina) after 24 h Euphorbia Sun spurge Cold-aqueous ND helioscopia L.fresh leaves LC50 = 80 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 109.6 lg/ml ? Al-Zanbagi (2005) after 24 h (Bu. wrighti) Hot-aqueous ND LC50 = 96.6 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 117.7 lg/ml ? Al-Zanbagi (2005) after 24 h (Bu. wrighti) Methanol ND LC50 = 11.3 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 18.3 lg/ml ?? Al-Zanbagi (2005) after 24 h (Bu. wrighti) Chloroform ND LC50 = 80.5 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 173.4 lg/ml ? Al-Zanbagi (2005) after 24 h (Bu. wrighti) Acetone ND LC50 = 8.9 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 17.5 lg/ml after 24 h ?? Al-Zanbagi (2005) (Bu. wrighti) n-Hexane ND LC50 = 99.0 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 127.7 lg/ml ? Al-Zanbagi (2005) (Bu. wrighti) Methanol ND LC50 = 44.3 lg/ml ?? ?? Al-Zanbagi et al. (2000) Phytochem Rev after 24 h Species-part Vernacular or English name Extract type Class of compounds Results LC90 = 65.5 lg/ml after 24 h (B. pfeifferi) Activity References Chloroform ND LC50 = 76.9 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 114.6 lg/ml ? Al-Zanbagi et al. (2000) after 24 h (B. pfeifferi) Acetone ND LC50 = 91 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 110 lg/ml ? Al-Zanbagi et al. (2000) after 24 h (B. pfeifferi) Euphorbia helioscopia L.dry leaves Sun spurge Methanol ND LC50 = 50.8 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 68.2 lg/ml ?? Al-Zanbagi et al. (2000) after 24 h (B. pfeifferi) Acetone ND LC50 = 85.3 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 101.4 lg/ml ? Al-Zanbagi et al. (2000) after 24 h (B. pfeifferi) Euphorbia helioscopia L.fresh stems Sun spurge Methanol ND LC50 = 95 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 111.7 lg/ml after 24 h ? Al-Zanbagi et al. (2000) (B. pfeifferi) Chloroform ND LC50 = 55.9 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 73 lg/ml ?? Al-Zanbagi et al. (2000) after 24 h (B. pfeifferi) Acetone ND LC50 = 50 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 57.4 lg/ml ?? Al-Zanbagi et al. (2000) after 24 h (B. pfeifferi) 123 n-Hexane ND LC50 = 23 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 31.7 lg/ml ?? after 24 h Al-Zanbagi et al. (2000) Phytochem Rev Table 1 continued 123 Table 1 continued Species-part Vernacular or English name Extract type Class of compounds Results (B. pfeifferi) Activity References Euphorbia helioscopia L.dry stems Sun spurge Chloroform ND LC50 = 75 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 102 lg/ml after 24 h ? Al-Zanbagi et al. (2000) (B. pfeifferi) Acetone ND LC50 = 69.3 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 81.1 lg/ml ?? Al-Zanbagi et al. (2000) after 24 h (B. pfeifferi) Euphorbia hirta L.leaves Ammampachcharisi Ethanol Glycosides, steroids and terpenoids Garden Spurge LC50 = 20 lg/ml ?? after 24 h ?? Sharma et al. (2009) LC50 = 17 lg/ml after 48 h (L. acuminata) Distilled water Glycosides, steroids and terpenoids LC50 = 40 lg/ml ?? after 24 h ?? Sharma et al. (2009) LC50 = 35 lg/ml after 48 h (L. acuminata) Chlorinated water Glycosides, steroids and terpenoids LC50 = 60 lg/ml ?? after 24 h ?? Sharma et al. (2009) LC50 = 55 lg/ml after 48 h (L. acuminata) Tap water Glycosides, steroids and terpenoids LC50 = 70 lg/ml ?? after 24 h ?? Sharma et al. (2009) LC50 = 60 lg/ml after 48 h (L. acuminata) Phytochem Rev Species-part E. hirta L.-latex Vernacular or English name Extract type Class of compounds Results Activity References Ammampachcharisi Powder ND LC50 = 7.3 lg/ml ??? after 24 h ??? Yadav and Singh (2011) LC50 = 5.5 lg/ml ??? after 48 h ??? Garden Spurge LC50 = 4.9 lg/ml after 72 h LC50 = 3.9 lg/ml after 96 h (L. acuminata) Euphorbia Christplant ND ND milii Des Moul LC50 = 19 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 38 lg/ml ?? Bakry and Mohamed (2011) ?? ? Al-Zanbagi (2005) LC50 = 81.8 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 106 lg/ml ? Al-Zanbagi (2005) (B. alexandrina) Euphorbia schimperiana Scheele-fresh leaves – Hot-aqueous ND LC50 = 72.8 lg/ml LC90 = 140.6 lg/ml after 24 h (Bu. wrighti) Cold-aqueous ND after 24 h (Bu. wrighti) Methanol ND LC50 = 2.3 lg/ml LC90 = 6.9 lg/ml after 24 h ??? ?? Al-Zanbagi (2005) (Bu. wrighti) Chloroform ND LC50 = 3 lg/ml ??? LC90 = 7.7 lg/ml ?? Al-Zanbagi (2005) after 24 h (Bu. wrighti) Acetone ND LC50 = 10.1 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 13.99 pm ?? 123 after 24 h (Bu. wrighti) Al-Zanbagi (2005) Phytochem Rev Table 1 continued 123 Table 1 continued Species-part Vernacular or English name Extract type n-Hexane Class of compounds ND Results LC50 = 18 lg/ml Activity ?? LC90 = 38.6 lg/ml ?? References Al-Zanbagi (2005) ?? ?? Al-Zanbagi et al. (2000) Al-Zanbagi et al. (2000) after 24 h (Bu. wrighti) Methanol ND LC50 = 18.6 lg/ml LC90 = 23.8 lg/ml after 24 h Chloroform ND LC50 = 2.2 lg/ml ??? LC90 = 5.6 lg/ml ??? (B. pfeifferi) after 24 h (B. pfeifferi) Acetone ND LC50 = 17.7 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 24.4 lg/ml ?? Al-Zanbagi et al. (2000) after 24 h (B. pfeifferi) n-Hexane ND LC50 = 11.2 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 20.8 lg/ml after 24 h ?? Al-Zanbagi et al. (2000) (B. pfeifferi) E. schimperiana Scheele-dry leaves – Methanol ND LC50 = 73.3 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 95.9 lg/ml ?? Al-Zanbagi et al. (2000) after 24 h (B. pfeifferi) Chloroform ND LC50 = 34.8 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 56.9 lg/ml ?? Al-Zanbagi et al. (2000) after 24 h (B. pfeifferi) Acetone ND ?? ?? after 24 h (B. pfeifferi) Al-Zanbagi et al. (2000) Phytochem Rev LC50 = 73.6 lg/ml LC90 = 79.9 lg/ml Species-part Vernacular or English name Extract type n-Hexane Class of compounds ND Results LC50 = 49.0 lg/ml Activity ?? LC90 = 71.6 lg/ml ?? References Al-Zanbagi et al. (2000) ?? ?? Al-Zanbagi et al. (2000) LC50 = 53.8 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 86 lg/ml ?? Al-Zanbagi et al. (2000) after 24 h (B. pfeifferi) Acetone E. schimperiana Scheele-fresh stems ND LC50 = 19.5 lg/ml LC90 = 26 lg/ml after 24 h (B. pfeifferi) Methanol ND after 24 h (B. pfeifferi) Chloroform ND LC50 = 10.5 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 19.2 lg/ml ?? Al-Zanbagi et al. (2000) after 24 h (B. pfeifferi) n-Hexane ND LC50 = 15 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 28.4 lg/ml ?? Al-Zanbagi et al. (2000) ??? ?? Al-Zanbagi et al. (2000) LC50 = 40.5 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 47.5 lg/ml ?? Al-Zanbagi et al. (2000) after 24 h (B. pfeifferi) E. schimperiana Scheele-dry stems = Methanol ND LC50 = 7.6 lg/ml LC90 = 11.8 lg/ml after 24 h (B. pfeifferi) Chloroform ND after 24 h (B. pfeifferi) Acetone ND LC50 = 20.9 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 33.3 lg/ml ?? 123 after 24 h (B. pfeifferi) Al-Zanbagi et al. (2000) Phytochem Rev Table 1 continued 123 Table 1 continued Species-part Vernacular or English name Extract type n-Hexane Class of compounds ND Results LC50 = 27 lg/ml Activity ?? LC90 = 38.8 lg/ml ?? References Al-Zanbagi et al. (2000) after 24 h (B. pfeifferi) E. splendens Bojer ex Hook.-whole overground parts – Cold-aqueous suspension ND LC0 = 4 lg/ml LC10 = 22 lg/ml ??? ?? LC25 = 29 lg/ml ?? LC50 = 40 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 73 lg/ml ?? Bakry (2009) after 24 h (B. alexandrina) Cold-aqueous ND LC0 = 3.2 lg/ml ??? LC10 = 13 lg/ml ?? LC25 = 21 lg/ml ?? LC50 = 32 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 54 lg/ml ?? Bakry (2009) after 24 h (B. alexandrina) Boiled-aqueous ND LC0 = 2.1 lg/ml ??? LC10 = 11 lg/ml ?? LC25 = 15 lg/ml LC50 = 21 lg/ml ?? ?? LC90 = 28 lg/ml ?? Bakry (2009) after 24 h (B. alexandrina) Methanol ND ??? LC10 = 6.2 lg/ml ?? LC25 = 8.4 lg/ml ?? LC50 = 11 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 27 lg/ml ?? after 24 h (B. alexandrina) Bakry (2009) Phytochem Rev LC0 = 1.1 lg/ml Species-part Vernacular or English name Extract type Ethanol Class of compounds ND Results LC0 = 3 lg/ml Activity ??? LC10 = 18 lg/ml ?? LC25 = 23 lg/ml ?? LC50 = 30 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 48 lg/ml after 24 h ?? References Bakry (2009) (B. alexandrina) Acetone ND LC0 = 4.4 lg/ml ??? LC10 = 22 lg/ml ?? LC25 = 31 lg/ml ?? LC50 = 44 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 62 lg/ml ?? Bakry (2009) after 24 h (B. alexandrina) Chloroform ND LC0 = 5.2 lg/ml ?? LC10 = 30 lg/ml ?? LC25 = 41 lg/ml ?? LC50 = 52 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 78 lg/ml ?? Bakry (2009) after 24 h Euphorbia splendens Bojer ex Hook.-latex – Aqueous ND (B. alexandrina) LC90 (S.) = 1.5 lg/ml ??? LC90 (Su.) = 0.55 lg/ ml ??? LC90 (F.) = 0.7 lg/ml ??? ??? de Vasconcellos and de Amorim (2003) LC90 (W.) = 0.9 lg/ml after 24 h (L. columella) Jatropha curcas L.Latex Physic nut Acetonitrile ND LC50 = 6 lg/ml ??? LC90 = 10 lg/ml ??? 123 after 24 h (B. alexandrina) Abdel-Hamid (2003) Phytochem Rev Table 1 continued 123 Table 1 continued Species-part Vernacular or English name Extract type Class of compounds Results Activity References J. curcas L.-seeds Physic nut Methanol Phorbol esters LC50 = 5 lg/ml ??? LC100 = 25 lg/ml ?? Rug and Ruppel (2000) after 24 h (B. glabrata) Aqueous Phorbol esters - Rug and Ruppel (2000) LC50 = 50 lg/ml ?? LC100 = 100 lg/ml ? Rug and Ruppel (2000) LC50 = 5.000 mg/ml after 24 h (B. glabrata) Crude oil Phorbol esters after 24 h (B. glabrata) Methanol Phorbol esters LC50 = 0.2 lg/ml ??? (Bu. truncatus) LC100 = 1 lg/ml ??? Rug and Ruppel (2000) (Bu. natalensis) after 24 h Jatropha glauca Vahl-dry leaves Cold-aqueous ND LC50 = 73.3 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 118.8 lg/ml ? Al-Zanbagi et al. (2000) after 24 h (B. pfeifferi) Methanol ND LC50 = 84.9 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 160.7 lg/ml ? Al-Zanbagi et al. (2000) after 24 h (B. pfeifferi) Chloroform ND LC50 = 16.5 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 46.8 lg/ml ?? Al-Zanbagi et al. (2000) after 24 h ND (B. pfeifferi) LC50 = 102.6 lg/ml ? LC90 = 129 lg/ml ? after 24 h (B. pfeifferi) Al-Zanbagi et al. (2000) Phytochem Rev Acetone Species-part Vernacular or English name Extract type n-Hexane Class of compounds ND Results LC50 = 96 lg/ml Activity ?? LC90 = 118 lg/ml ? References Al-Zanbagi et al. (2000) ??? ?? Al-Zanbagi et al. (2000) LC50 = 21.7 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 29.8 lg/ml ?? Al-Zanbagi et al. (2000) after 24 h (B. pfeifferi) J. glauca Vahlfresh leaves – Acetone ND LC50 = 6.8 lg/ml LC90 = 12.5 lg/ml after 24 h (B. pfeifferi) Methanol ND after 24 h (B. pfeifferi) J. mollissima (Pohl) Baill.stems Pinhão-branco Ethanol LC10 = 20 lg/ml ?? LC50 = 33.6 lg/ml ?? LC50 = 56.3 lg/ml ?? dos Santos et al. (2012) after 96 h (B. glabrata) Phyllanthus nummulariifolius Poir.-whole plants – Ethanol Saponins, alkaloids, carotenoids, catechic tannins, glucidesglycosides, flavonoids, albuminoids, steroids, terpenoids, lipoids, anthocyanins, starch and phenols LC0 = 1 mg/ml - LC50 = 10 mg/ml - LC100 = 100 mg/ml - (B. pfeifferi) LC0 = 1 mg/ml - LC50 = 10 mg/ml - Chifundera et al. (1993) LC100 = 100 mg/ml (L. natalensis) after 24 h Aqueous 123 Saponins, alkaloids, carotenoids, catechic tannins, glucidesglycosides, flavonoids, albuminoids, steroids, terpenoids, lipoids, anthocyanins, starch and phenols LC0 = 10 mg/ml - LC50 = 50 9 103 lg/ ml - LC100 = 100 mg/ml - (B. pfeifferi) - LC0 = 10 mg/ml - LC50 = 50 mg/ml LC100 = 100 mg/ml - Chifundera et al. (1993) Phytochem Rev Table 1 continued 123 Table 1 continued Species-part Vernacular or English name Extract type Class of compounds Ricinus communis L.- Castor oil Ethanol Glycosides, steroids and terpenoids Leaves Results (L. natalensis) after 24 h LC50 = 12 lg/ml Activity References ?? after 24 h ?? Sharma et al. (2009) LC50 = 10 lg/ml after 48 h (L. acuminata) Distilled water Glycosides, steroids and terpenoids LC50 = 60 lg/ml ?? after 24 h ?? Sharma et al. (2009) LC50 = 50 lg/ml after 48 h (L. acuminata) Chlorinated water Glycosides, steroids and terpenoids LC50 = 80 lg/ml ?? after 24 h ?? Sharma et al. (2009) ?? ?? Sharma et al. (2009) LC50 = 3616.1 lg/ml - LC90 = 15,587.8 lg/ ml - Clark and Appleton (1997) LC50 = 70 lg/ml after 48 h (L. acuminata) Tap water Glycosides, steroids and terpenoids LC50 = 90 lg/ml after 24 h LC50 = 85 lg/ml after 48 h (L. acuminata) Fabaceae (Leguminosae) Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile-leaves Gum arabic tree Aqueous ND after 24 h (Bu. africanus) Phytochem Rev Species-part Vernacular or English name Extract type Class of compounds Results Activity References Bauhinia variegate L.-leaves Mountain ebony Powder Saponins and quercetins LC50 = 244.7 lg/ml ? after 24 h ? Singh et al. (2012) LC50 = 203.5 lg/ml ? after 48 h ? LC50 = 155.9 lg/ml after 72 h LC50 = 126.7 lg/ml after 96 h (L. acuminata) Ethanol Saponins and quercetins LC50 = 38.4 lg/ml ?? after 24 h ?? LC50 = 28.7 lg/ml ?? after 48 h LC50 = 20.9 lg/ml ?? Singh et al. (2012) after 72 h LC50 = 14.4 lg/ml after 96 h (L. acuminata) Ether Saponins and quercetins LC50 = 57.2 lg/ml ?? after 24 h ?? LC50 = 34.8 lg/ml ?? after 48 h ?? Singh et al. (2012) LC50 = 20.7 lg/ml after 72 h LC50 = 15.03 lg/ml after 96 h (L. acuminata) Acetone Saponins and quercetins 123 LC50 = 38.6 lg/ml after 24 h ?? ?? LC50 = 30.1 lg/ml ?? after 48 h ?? Singh et al. (2012) Phytochem Rev Table 1 continued 123 Table 1 continued Species-part Vernacular or English name Extract type Class of compounds Results Activity References LC50 = 43.3 lg/ml ?? after 24 h ?? Singh et al. (2012) LC50 = 35.4 lg/ml ?? after 48 h ?? LC50 = 21.5 lg/ml after 72 h LC50 = 15.5 lg/ml after 96 h (L. acuminata) Chloroform Saponins and quercetins LC50 = 22.5 lg/ml after 72 h LC50 = 15.2 lg/ml after 96 h (L. acuminata) Mimosa tenuiflora Benth.-stems Jurema preta Ethanol Flavonoids LC10 = 6.6 lg/ml ??? LC50 = 20.2 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 62.1 lg/ml after 96 h ?? dos Santos et al. (2012) (B. glabrata) Poincianella pyramidalis (Tul.) L.P.Queirozleaves Catingueira, Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr.-leaves Egyptian sesban Ethanol Flavonoids pau-de-rato, catinga-deporco,catingueira LC10 = 0.04 lg/ml ??? LC50 = 0.94 lg/ml ??? LC90 = 20.03 lg/ml ?? dos Santos et al. (2012) after 96 h (B. glabrata) Methanol ND LC0 = 1.8 lg/ml ??? LC10 = 8 lg/ml ??? LC25 = 14 lg/ml ?? LC50 = 18.0 lg/ml ?? Hasheesh et al. (2011) Phytochem Rev Phytochem Rev Table 1 continued Species-part Vernacular or English name Extract type Class of compounds Results LC90 = 31.0 lg/ml Activity ?? References LC0 = 5.1 lg/ml ??? LC10 = 39.5 lg/ml LC25 = 44.9 lg/ml ?? ?? Mahmoud et al. (2011) LC50 = 51.0 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 62.4 lg/ml ?? after 24 h (Bu. truncatus) S. sesban (L.) Merr.-leaves Egyptian sesban Dry powder ND after 24 h (B. alexandrina-adult) Ginkoaceae Ginkgo biloba L.leaves Ginkgo Petroleum ether Ethyl acetate Ethanol Terpene trilactones, flavonol glycosides, alkylphenols, LC50 = 7.8 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 32.7 lg/ml ?? phenolic acids, polysacaharides and amino acids after 24 h Terpene trilactones, flavonol glycosides, alkylphenols, LC50 = 27.3 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 54.9 lg/ml ?? phenolic acids, polysacaharides and amino acids after 24 h Terpene trilactones, flavonol glycosides, alkylphenols, LC50 = 64.1 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 170.1 lg/ml after 24 h ? phenolic acids, polysacaharides and amino acids Yang et al. (2008) (O. hupensis) Yang et al. (2008) (O. hupensis) Yang et al. (2008) (O. hupensis) eggs 123 123 Table 1 continued Species-part Vernacular or English name Extract type Class of compounds Results Activity References Ginkgo sarcotestas L. – Petroleum ether Ginkgolic acids LD50 = 13.4 lg/ml ?? Yang et al. (2006) LC50 = 1252.4 lg/ml - LC90 = 3407.9 lg/ml - Clark and Appleton (1997) after 24 h Icacinaceae Apodytes dimidiate E.Mey. ex Arn.leaves White pear Aqueous ND after 24 h (Bu. africanus) Lamiaceae Caryopteris clandonensis auct.-roots bark Bluebeard, blue spirea or blue mist Hyptis pectinate (L.) Poit.-leaves Comb bushmint Chloroform ND LC100 \ 5 lg/ml ??? Hannedouche et al. (2002) LC10 = 8.5 lg/ml ??? LC50 = 25.3 lg/ml LC50 = 75.7 lg/ml ?? ?? dos Santos et al. (2012) after 24 h (Bu. truncatus) Ethanol ND after 96 h (B. glabrata) Lavandula stoechas L.-aerial parts Spanish lavender, French lavender Petrol Phenols, flavonoids, saponins, sterols, terpenoids and essential oils LC50 = 106.7 lg/ml ? LC90 = 140 lg/ml ? Phenols, flavonoids, saponins, sterols, terpenoids and essential oils LC50 = 116.4 lg/ml ? LC90 = 143.0 lg/ml ? Phenols, flavonoids, saponins, sterols, terpenoids and essential oils LC50 = 122.5 lg/ml ? LC90 = 144 lg/ml ? Hmamouchi et al. (2000) after 24 h (Bu. truncatus) n-Hexane Hmamouchi et al. (2000) after 24 h (Bu. truncatus) Dichloromethane Phenols, flavonoids, saponins, sterols, terpenoids and essential oils after 24 h (Bu. truncatus) LC50 = 106.7 lg/ml ? LC90 = 140 lg/ml ? after 24 h (Bu. truncatus) Hmamouchi et al. (2000) Phytochem Rev Ethyl acetate Hmamouchi et al. (2000) Species-part Vernacular or English name Extract type Methanol Class of compounds Phenols, flavonoids, saponins, sterols, terpenoids and essential oils Results LC50 = 116.4 lg/ml Activity ? LC90 = 143 lg/ml ? References Hmamouchi et al. (2000) Phenols, flavonoids, saponins, sterols, terpenoids and essential oils LC50 = 1682 lg/ml LC90 = 259 lg/ml - Hmamouchi et al. (2000) Terpenoids LC50 = 50 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 100 lg/ml ? Salama et al. (2012) after 3 h ? after 24 h (Bu. truncatus) Aqueous after 24 h (Bu. truncatus) Marrubium vulgare L.-aerial parts White horehound Essential oil (B. alexandrina-adult) LC100 = 200 lg/ml after 24 h (B. alexandrina-egg) Origanum compactum Benth.-aerial parts Oregano Petrol Phenols, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids and essential oils LC50 = 85.2 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 135.5 lg/ml ? Hmamouchi et al. (2000) after 24 h (Bu. truncatus) n-Hexane Phenols, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids and essential oils LC50 = 17.8 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 33.6 lg/ml after 24 h ?? Hmamouchi et al. (2000) (Bu. truncatus) Dichloromethane Phenols, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids and essential oils LC50 = 8.2 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 16.8 lg/ml ?? Hmamouchi et al. (2000) after 24 h (Bu. truncatus) Ethyl acetate Phenols, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids and essential oils LC50 = 1.0 lg/ml ??? LC90 = 2.0 lg/ml ??? after 24 h 123 (Bu. truncatus) Hmamouchi et al. (2000) Phytochem Rev Table 1 continued 123 Table 1 continued Species-part Vernacular or English name Extract type Methanol Class of compounds Phenols, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids and essential oils Results LC50 = 33.5 lg/ml Activity ?? LC90 = 67.0 lg/ml ?? References Hmamouchi et al. (2000) ? ? Salama et al. (2012) LC0 = 1 mg/ml - 3 Chifundera et al. (1993) after 24 h (Bu. truncatus) Thymus capitatus Hoff. et Link.- – Essential oil Terpenoids aerial parts LC50 = 200 lg/ml LC90 = 400 lg/ml LC100 = no effect after 3 h (B. alexandrina-adult) Liliaceae Asparagus racemosus Willd.-whole parts Satawar, Satamuli, Satavari Ethanol Steroids, alkaloids, carotenoids, catechic tannins, glucosidesglycosides, albuminoids, coumarins, phenols, aldehydes, lipoids, saponins and flavonoids LC50 = 5 9 10 lg/ml - LC100 = 10 mg/ml - (B. pfeifferi) - LC0 = 0.1 mg/ml - LC50 = 1 mg/ml - LC100 = 10 mg/ml (L. natalensis) after 24 h Aqueous Steroids, alkaloids, carotenoids, catechic tannins, glucosidesglycosides, albuminoids, coumarins, phenols, aldehydes, lipoids, saponins and flavonoids LC0 = 5 mg/ml - LC50 = 7.5 mg/ml - LC100 = 10 mg/ml - (B. pfeifferi) - LC0 = 5 mg/ml - LC50 = 1 mg/ml - Chifundera et al. (1993) LC100 = 10 mg/ml (L. natalensis) after 24 h Meliaceae Lilyturf n-Butanol Saponins and steroidal saponins LC98 = 5 lg/ml after 72 h (O. hupensis) ??? Cui et al. (1999) Phytochem Rev Liriope graminifolia (L.) Baker-flowers Species-part Vernacular or English name Extract type Class of compounds Results Activity References Melia azedarach L.- Mallayvembu Hexane Flavans, flavonoids and alkaloids LC50 = 4.44 lg/ml ??? LC90 = 14.14 lg/ml ??? Hmamouchi et al. (2000) fruits after 24 h (Bu. truncatus) Petrol Flavans, flavonoids, terpenoids and alkaloids LC50 = 5.93 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 14.14 lg/ml ?? Hmamouchi et al. (2000) after 24 h (Bu. truncatus) Dichloromethane Flavans, flavonoids, terpenoids and alkaloids LC50 = 11.11 lg/ml ??? LC90 = 17.77 lg/ml ?? Hmamouchi et al. (2000) ? ? Hmamouchi et al. (2000) LC50 = 164.6 lg/ml ? LC90 = 193 lg/ml ? Hmamouchi et al. (2000) after 24 h (Bu. truncatus) Ethyl acetate Flavans, flavonoids, terpenoids and alkaloids LC50 = 122.4 lg/ml LC90 = 144 lg/ml after 24 h (Bu. truncatus) Methanol Flavans, flavonoids, terpenoids and alkaloids after 24 h (Bu. truncatus) Mimosoideae Dimorphandra mollis Benth.barks Fava-d’anta Stryphnodendron polyphyllum Mart.-barks Barbatimão Ethanol Tannins, coumarins and flavanoids LC100 = 10 lg/ml ?? Bezerra et al. (2002) LC20 = 40 lg/ml ?? LC50 = 70 lg/ml ?? Bezerra et al. (2002) LC100 = 100 lg/ml ? after 48 h (B. glabrata) Ethanol Tannins after 48 h (B. glabrata) Phytochem Rev Table 1 continued 123 123 Table 1 continued Species-part Vernacular or English name Extract type Class of compounds Results Activity References S. polyphyllum Mart.-leaves Barbatimão Ethanol Tannins and flavanoids LC20 = 10 lg/ml ??? LC50 = 70 lg/ml ?? Bezerra et al. (2002) LC100 = 100 lg/ml ?? after 48 h (B. glabrata) S. adstringens (Mart.) Covilleleaves Barbatimão Ethanol Tannins and flavanoids LC20 = 10 lg/ml ??? LC50 = 90 lg/ml ?? LC100 = 100 lg/ml ? Bezerra et al. (2002) after 48 h (B. glabrata) S. adstringens (Mart.) Covillebarks Barbatimão Ethanol Tannins LC50 = 60 lg/ml ?? LC100 = 100 lg/ml ?? Bezerra et al. (2002) after 48 h (B. glabrata) Myrisinaceae Maesa lanceolata Forssk.-whole parts False assegai Ethanol Saponins, alkaloids, carotenoids, catechic tannins, glucosides, flavonoids, albuminoids, phenols, terpenoids, lipoids and anthocyanins LC0 = 10 lg/ml ?? LC50 = 100 mg/ml ?? LC100 = 10 mg/ml ? (B. pfeifferi) ? LC0 = 100 lg/ml ? LC50 = 0. 500 mg/ml ? Chifundera et al. (1993) LC100 = 1 mg/ml (L. natalensis) after 24 h Aqueous Saponins, alkaloids, carotenoids, catechic tannins, glycosides, flavonoids, albuminoids, phenols, terpenoids, lipoids and anthocyanins ? LC50 = 1 mg/ml ? LC100 = 10 mg/ml - (B. pfeifferi) LC00 = 0.5 mg/ml ? ? LC50 = 1 mg/ml - LC100 = 10 mg/ml (L. natalensis) after 24 h Chifundera et al. (1993) Phytochem Rev LC0 = 0.5 mg/ml Species-part Vernacular or English name Extract type Class of compounds Results Activity References Cagaiteira Ethanol Tannins and flavonoids LC50 = 10 lg/ml ?? LC100 = 100 lg/ml ? Bezerra et al. (2002) Myrtaceae Eugenia dysenterica DC.leaves after 48 h (B. glabrata) Piperaceae Piper aduncum L.stems Pimenta-de-macaco Dichloromethane: Methanol (2:1) ND LC90 = 6.4 lg/ ml after 24 h (B. glabrataadult) ??? Rapado et al. (2011) Piper crassinervium Kunth- Jaborandi Stems LC90 = 38.2 lg/ml ?? after 24 h Dichloromethane: Methanol (2:1) ND Dichloromethane: Methanol (2:1) ND Dichloromethane: Methanol (2:1) ND Dichloromethane: Methanol (2:1) ND Rapado et al. (2011) (B. glabrata-adult) Piper cuyabanum C. DC.-stems Pimenta do mato LC90 = 12.9 lg/ml ?? after 24 h Rapado et al. (2011) (B. glabrata-adult) Piper diospyrifolium Kunth-stems – LC90 = 23.3 lg/ml ?? after 24 h Rapado et al. (2011) (B. glabrata-adult) 123 Piper hostmannianum (Miq.) C.DC.stems – LC90 = 34.3 lg/ml ?? Phytochem Rev Table 1 continued 123 Table 1 continued Species-part after 24 h Vernacular or English name Extract type Rapado et al. (2011) Class of compounds Results Activity References Soap berry endod Aqueous Saponins LC50 = 8.0 lg/ml ??? Thiilborg et al. (1994) LC50 = 28.2 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 67 lg/ml ?? Hmamouchi et al. (2000) (B. glabrata-adult) Phytolaccaceae Phytolacca dodecandra L’Hér.- (B. glabrata) Berries Ranunculaceae Delphinium staphisagria L.seeds Stavesacre Petrol Alkaloids and sterols after 24 h (Bu. truncatus) n-Hexane Alkaloids and sterols LC50 = 3.5 lg/ml ??? LC90 = 8.4 lg/ml after 24 h ?? Hmamouchi et al. (2000) (Bu. truncatus) Dichloromethane Alkaloids and sterols LC50 = 46.1 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 85.2 lg/ml ?? Hmamouchi et al. (2000) after 24 h (Bu. truncatus) Ethyl acetate Alkaloids and sterols LC50 = 17.8 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 33.6 lg/ml ?? Hmamouchi et al. (2000) after 24 h (Bu. truncatus) Methanol Alkaloids and sterols LC50 = 8.9 lg/ml ??? LC90 = 28.2 lg/ml ?? Hmamouchi et al. (2000) after 24 h (Bu. truncatus) Nigella sativa L.aerial parts Habbet elbarakah or black cumin Petrol LC50 = 106.7 lg/ml ? LC90 = 140 lg/ml after 24 h ? Hmamouchi et al. (2000) (Bu. truncatus) n-Hexane LC50 = 122.45 lg/ml ? LC90 = 144 lg/ml ? Hmamouchi et al. (2000) Phytochem Rev Coumarins, alkaloids, saponins, sterols, terpenoids and essential oils Species-part Vernacular or English name Extract type Dichloromethane Class of compounds Coumarins, alkaloids, saponins, sterols, terpenoids and essential oils Results after 24 h Activity References Coumarins, alkaloids, saponins, sterols, terpenoids and essential oils LC50 = 128.8 lg/ml ? LC90 = 173 lg/ml ? Hmamouchi et al. (2000) Coumarins, alkaloids, saponins, sterols, terpenoids and essential oils LC50 = 122.5 lg/ml ? LC90 = 144 lg/ml ? Coumarins, alkaloids, saponins, sterols, terpenoids and essential oils LC50 = 128.8 lg/ml ? LC90 = 173 lg/ml ? Coumarins, alkaloids, saponins, sterols, terpenoids and essential oils LC50 = 433 lg/ml ? LC90 = 600 lg/ml ? (Bu. truncatus) after 24 h (Bu. truncatus) Ethyl acetate Hmamouchi et al. (2000) after 24 h (Bu. truncatus) Methanol Aqueous Hmamouchi et al. (2000) after 24 h (Bu. truncatus) Hmamouchi et al. (2000) after 24 h (Bu. truncatus) Pulsatilla chinensis (Bunge) Regel Baitouweng or white-haired old man Alcohol Triterpenoidal saponins LC50 = 0.48 lg/ml ??? LC90 = 2.6 lg/ml ??? Chen et al. (2012) after 24 h (O. hupensis) Ziziphus Pulsatillae radix, Baitouweng Ethanol ND spina-christi (L.) Desf.-aerial parts LC50 = 311 lg/ml ? LC90 = 500 lg/ml ? Hassan et al. (2012) after 24 h (L. cailliaudi) Ziziphus vulgaris Lamk.- Chinesedate Petrol leaves 123 Dichloromethane Phenols, flavans, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, sterols and terpenoids LC50 = 11.2 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 17.8 lg/ml ?? Phenols, flavans, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, sterols and terpenoids LC50 = 8.2 lg/ml ??? LC90 = 16.8 lg/ml ?? Hmamouchi et al. (2000) after 24 h (Bu. truncatus) after 24 h Hmamouchi et al. (2000) Phytochem Rev Table 1 continued 123 Table 1 continued Species-part Vernacular or English name Extract type Class of compounds Results (Bu. truncatus) Activity References Ethyl acetate Phenols, flavans, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, sterols and terpenoids LC50 = 23.8 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 56.3 lg/ml ?? Hmamouchi et al. (2000) Methanol Phenols, flavans, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, sterols and terpenoids after 24 h (Bu. truncatus) LC50 = 4.1 lg/ml ??? LC90 = 8.4 lg/ml ?? Hmamouchi et al. (2000) after 24 h (Bu. truncatus) Aqueous Phenols, flavans, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, sterols and terpenoids LC50 = 424 lg/ml ? LC90 = 548 lg/ml ? Hmamouchi et al. (2000) after 24 h (Bu. truncatus) Rosaceae Agrimonia eupatoria auct. fl. amer.- Agrimony Chloroform Triterpenes, sterols and sesquiterpenes LC0 = 100 lg/ml ? LC100 = 500 lg/ml ? Bilia et al. (2000b) after 24 h aerial parts (B. glabrata) Methanol Triterpene glycosides, flavonoid glycosides and tannins LC0 = 50.0 lg/ml ?? LC100 = 500.0 lg/ml ? Bilia et al. (2000b) after 24 h (B. glabrata) Cotoneaster nebrodensis (Guss.) K.Kochstems and leaves - Prunus africana (Hook.f.) Kalkman-stem barks African cherry, pygeum Prunus prostrata Labill.-aerial parts Rock cherry, Mountain cherry, Prostrate cherry Methanol Flavonoid glycosides, tannins and sugars LC0 = 50 lg/ml ?? LC100 = 500 lg/ml ? Bilia et al. (2000b) after 24 h (B. glabrata) Methanol Catechins, sugars, A-type and B-type proanthocyanidins, lignans and aromatic derivatives LC0 = 50 lg/ml ?? LC100 = 500 lg/ml ? Coumarin glycosides, flavanoid glycosides, sugars and A-type and B-type proanthocyan-idins LC0 = 50 lg/ml ?? LC100 = 500 lg/ml ? Bilia et al. (2000b) after 24 h after 24 h (B. glabrata) Bilia et al. (2000b) Phytochem Rev (B. glabrata) Methanol Species-part Vernacular or English name Extract type Class of compounds Results Activity References Potentilla montana Brot.-ipogeal parts – Methanol Catechin glycosides, A-type and B-type proanthocyanidins and sugars LC0 = 100 lg/ml ? LC50 = 250 lg/ml ? Bilia et al. (2000b) LC100 = 500 lg/ml ? after 24 h (B. glabrata) Potentilla tormentilla Stokes-aerial parts Tormentil Methanol Triterpene glycosides, sugars and tannins LC0 = 100 lg/ml ? LC50 = 250 lg/ml ? LC100 = 500 lg/ml ? Bilia et al. (2000b) after 24 h (B. glabrata) Pyracantha coccinea M.Roem.-roots Scarlet firethorn P. coccinea M.Roem.-leaves Scarlet firethorn Methanol Methanol Flavonoid glycosides, sugars and aromatic derivatives glycosides and lignin glycosides Flavonoid, glycosides and sugars LC100 = 500 lg/ml ? Bilia et al. (2000b) (B. glabrata) LC0 = 100 lg/ml ? LC100 = 500 lg/ml ? Bilia et al. (2000b) after 24 h after 24 h (B. glabrata) Pyrus bourgaeanea Decne.-leaves and stems Iberian pears Methanol Triterpene glycosides, flavonoid glycosides and aromatic derivatives glycosides LC0 = 100 lg/ml ? LC100 = 500 lg/ml ? Coumarins, aromatic derivative glycosides and flavonoid glycosides LC0 = 100 lg/ml ? LC50 = 250 lg/ml ? LC100 = 500 lg/ml ? Bilia et al. (2000b) after 24 h (B. glabrata) Chloroform/ Methanol Bilia et al. (2000b) after 24 h (B. glabrata) 123 Quillaja saponaria Molina-leaves Soapbark Q. saponaria Molina-bark Soapbark Aqueous ND LC100 = 2 mg/ml - Bilia et al. (2000b) - Bilia et al. (2000b) after 24 h (B. glabrata) Aqueous ND LC100 = 7.5 mg/ml after 24 h (B. glabrata) Phytochem Rev Table 1 continued 123 Table 1 continued Species-part Vernacular or English name Extract type Class of compounds Results Activity References Q. saponaria Molina-stems Soapbark Aqueous ND LC50 = 10 mg/ml - Bilia et al. (2000b) Rosa sempervirens L.-aerial parts Evergreen rose LC0 = 100 lg/ml ? LC50 = 250 lg/ml ? Bilia et al. (2000b) LC100 = 500 lg/ml ? after 24 h (B. glabrata) Methanol Flavonoid glycosides and sugars after 24 h (B. glabrata) Rubiaceae Gardenia thunbergia Thunb.-leaves Forest gardenia Aqueous ND LC50 = 57.2 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 196.2 lg/ml ? after 24 h Clark and Appleton (1997) (Bu. africanus) Rutaceae Citrus bigaradia Duhamel-leaves Bittersweet orange Petrol Phenols, coumarins, flavonoids, alkaloids, sterols, terpenoids and essential oils LC50 = 4.1 lg/ml ??? LC90 = 8.4 lg/ml ??? Phenols, coumarins, flavonoids, alkaloids, sterols, terpenoids and essential oils LC50 = 2.7 lg/ml ??? LC90 = 4.4 lg/ml ??? Hmamouchi et al. (2000) after 24 h (Bu. truncatus) n-Hexane Hmamouchi et al. (2000) after 24 h (Bu. truncatus) Dichloromethane Phenols, coumarins, flavonoids, alkaloids, sterols, terpenoids and essential oils LC50 = 3.5 lg/ml ??? LC90 = 7.1 lg/ml ?? Phenols, coumarins, flavonoids, alkaloids, sterols, terpenoids and essential oils LC50 = 106.7 lg/ml ? LC90 = 140 lg/ml after 24 h ? Hmamouchi et al. (2000) after 24 h (Bu. truncatus) Ethyl acetate Hmamouchi et al. (2000) Phenols, coumarins, flavonoids, alkaloids, sterols, terpenoids and essential oils LC50 = 170.6 lg/ml after 24 h (Bu. truncatus) ? Hmamouchi et al. (2000) Phytochem Rev (Bu. truncatus) Methanol Species-part Vernacular or English name Extract type Class of compounds Results Activity References C. bigaradia Duhamel-fruits Bittersweet orange Petrol Phenols, coumarins, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, terpenoids and essential oils LC50 = 106.7 lg/ml ? LC90 = 140 lg/ml ? Hmamouchi et al. (2000) Phenols, coumarins, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, terpenoids and essential oils LC50 = 3.5 lg/ml ??? LC90 = 7.1 lg/ml ??? Phenols, coumarins, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, terpenoids and essential oils LC50 = 2.1 lg/ml ??? LC90 = 4.2 lg/ml ??? Hmamouchi et al. (2000) Phenols, coumarins, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, terpenoids and essential oils LC50 = 4.1 lg/ml LC90 = 8.4 lg/ml ??? ??? Hmamouchi et al. (2000) LC50 = 128.8 lg/ml ? LC90 = 173 lg/ml ? Hmamouchi et al. (2000) after 24 h (Bu. truncatus) n-Hexane Hmamouchi et al. (2000) after 24 h (Bu. truncatus) Dichloromethane after 24 h (Bu. truncatus) Ethyl acetate after 24 h (Bu. truncatus) Methanol Phenols, coumarins, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, terpenoids and essential oils after 24 h (Bu. truncatus) Ruta chalepensis L.-aerial parts Fringed rue Petrol Phenols, coumarins, flavonoids, alkaloids, sterols and essential oils LC50 = 2.1 lg/ml ??? LC90 = 4.2 lg/ml ??? Hmamouchi et al. (2000) after 24 h (Bu. truncatus) n-Hexane Phenols, coumarins, flavonoids, alkaloids, sterols and essential oils LC50 = 1.4 lg/ml ??? LC90 = 2.2 lg/ml ??? Hmamouchi et al. (2000) after 24 h Dichloromethane Phenols, coumarins, flavonoids, alkaloids, sterols and essential oils (Bu. truncatus) LC50 = 1.6 lg/ml ??? LC90 = 3.5 lg/ml ??? 123 after 24 h (Bu. truncatus) Hmamouchi et al. (2000) Phytochem Rev Table 1 continued 123 Table 1 continued Species-part Vernacular or English name Extract type Ethyl acetate Class of compounds Phenols, coumarins, flavonoids, alkaloids, sterols and essential oils Results LC50 = 70.6 lg/ml Activity ?? LC90 = 122 lg/ml ? References Hmamouchi et al. (2000) ? ? Hmamouchi et al. (2000) LC50 = 1092 lg/ml - LC90 = 1556 lg/ml - Hmamouchi et al. (2000) after 24 h (Bu. truncatus) Methanol Phenols, coumarins, flavonoids, alkaloids, sterols and essential oils LC50 = 154.8 lg/ml LC90 = 190 lg/ml after 24 h (Bu. truncatus) Aqueous Phenols, coumarins, flavonoids, alkaloids, sterols and essential oils after 24 h (Bu. truncatus) Sapotaceae Mimusops elengi L.- Spanish cherry Powder Saponins and quercetins barks LC50 = 91.2 lg/ml after 24 h ?? LC50 = 69.7 lg/ml ?? after 48 h ?? ?? Singh et al. (2012) LC50 = 47.2 lg/ml after 72 h LC50 = 36.4 lg/ml after 96 h (L. acuminata) Ethanol Saponins and quercetins LC50 = 44.6 lg/ml ?? after 24 h ?? LC50 = 31.4 lg/ml ?? after 48 h ?? Singh et al. (2012) LC50 = 21.7 lg/ml after 72 h LC50 = 15.1 lg/ml (L. acuminata) Phytochem Rev after 96 h Species-part Vernacular or English name Extract type Ether Class of compounds Saponins and quercetins Results LC50 = 45.1 lg/ml Activity ?? after 24 h ?? LC50 = 36.9 lg/ml ?? after 48 h ?? References Singh et al. (2012) LC50 = 29.4 lg/ml after 72 h LC50 = 23.5 lg/ml after 96 h (L. acuminata) Acetone Saponins and quercetins LC50 = 58.3 lg/ml ?? after 24 h ?? LC50 = 46.3 lg/ml ?? after 48 h ?? Singh et al. (2012) LC50 = 34.1 lg/ml after 72 h LC50 = 25.8 lg/ml after 96 h (L. acuminata) Chloroform Saponins and quercetin LC50 = 52.8 lg/ml ?? after 24 h ?? LC50 = 46.5 lg/ml after 48 h ?? ?? LC50 = 34.25 lg/ml after 72 h LC50 = 26.02 lg/ml after 96 h (L. acuminata) Singh et al. (2012) Phytochem Rev Table 1 continued 123 123 Table 1 continued Species-part Vernacular or English name Extract type Class of compounds Results Activity References Willow-leaved jessamine, green cestrum, palqui Cold-aqueous suspension ND LC0 = 86 lg/ml ?? Bakry (2009) LC10 = 422 lg/ml ? LC25 = 620 lg/ml ? LC50 = 860 lg/ml ? LC90 = 1.600 mg/ml - Solanaceae Cestrum parqui (Lam.) L’Hér.whole overground parts after 24 h (B. alexandrina) Cestrum diurnum L.-leaves Day-blooming jasmine Dry powder ND LC0 = 189.3 lg/ml ? LC10 = 207.3 lg/ml ? LC25 = 217.7 lg/ml ? LC50 = 229.3 lg/ml ? LC90 = 251.4 lg/ml after 24 h ? Mahmoud et al. (2011) (B. alexandrina-adult) Datura stramonium L.-leaves Thorn-apple, Jamestown Dry powder ND LC0 = 2.5 lg/ml ??? LC10 = 11.3 lg/ml ?? LC25 = 18.2 lg/ml ?? LC50 = 25.8 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 40.4 lg/ml ?? Mahmoud et al. (2011) after 24 h (B. alexandrina-adult) Physalis angulate L.-whole plant Angular winter cherry, balloon cherry, camapu, cutleaf groundcherry Acetone ND LC50 = 178.2 lg/ml ? LC90 = 321.3 lg/ml ? dos Santos et al. (2003) (B. tenagophila) Ethyl acetate ND LC50 = 55.3 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 139.4 lg/ml ? dos Santos et al. (2003) (B. tenagophila) Phytochem Rev Species-part Vernacular or English name Extract type Solanum aculeastrum Dunal-berries Soda apple, goat bitter apple or poison apple Methanol Class of compounds Results Activity References ?? Wanyonyi et al. (2002, 2003) ?? Wanyonyi et al. (2002, 2003) LC30 = 13 lg/ml ??? LC50 = 37 lg/ml ?? Wanyonyi et al. (2003) LC100 = 53 lg/ml ?? after 24 h ?? Steroidal glucosaponins LC100 = 50 lg/ml and steroidal glucoalkaloids after 24 h Steroidal glucosaponins LC100 = 20.0 lg/ml and steroidal glucoalkaloids after 24 h (B. pfeifferi) DCCC fractions (B. pfeifferi) S. aculeastrum Dunal-root barks Soda apple, goat bitter apple or poison apple Methanol ND (B. pfeifferi) Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav.-berries Silverleaf nightshade S. elaeagnifolium Cav.-roots Silverleaf nightshade Methanol Glycoalkaloids LC50 = 9.5 lg/ml ??? LC90 = 13 lg/ml after 24 h ?? Bekkouche et al. (2000) (Bu. truncatus) Aqueous Alkaloids, tannins and saponins LC50 = 79.9 lg/ml ?? Larhsini et al. (2010) ?? Larhsini et al. (2010) ??? Larhsini et al. (2010) ?? Larhsini et al. (2010) after 24 h (Bu. truncatus) n-Butanol Alkaloids, tannins and saponins LC50 = 12.2 lg/ml after 24 h (Bu. truncatus) S. elaeagnifolium Cav.-fruits Silverleaf nightshade Glycoalkaloids extract Alkaloids, tannins and saponins Aqueous Alkaloids, tannins and saponins LC50 = 9.5 lg/ml after 24 h (Bu. truncatus) LC50 = 81.1 lg/ml after 24 h (Bu. truncatus) Phytochem Rev Table 1 continued 123 123 Table 1 continued Species-part Vernacular or English name Extract type Class of compounds Results Solanum nigrum L.- Black nightshade Aqueous ND LC50 = 18.6 lg/ml Activity Ahmed and Ramzy (1997) LC90 = 37.7 lg/ml Leaves References (B. alexandrina) LC50 = 14.5 lg/ml LC90 = 32.2 lg/ml (Bu. truncatus) LC50 = 17.7 lg/ml LC90 = 34.7 lg/ml after 24 h (L. natalensis) Ethanol ND LC50 = 2.98 lg/ml ??? LC90 = 5.95 lg/ml ?? El-Sherbini et al. (2009) after 24 h (B. alexandrina) Methanol ND LC50 = 6.9 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 16.2 lg/ml ?? El-Sherbini et al. (2009) after 24 h (B. alexandrina) Acetone ND LC50 = 6.6 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 11.7 lg/ml ?? El-Sherbini et al. (2009) after 24 h (B. alexandrina) Chloroform ND LC50 = 70.8 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 142.7 lg/ml ? El-Sherbini et al. (2009) after 24 h (B. alexandrina) Petroleum ether ND ??? LC90 = 8.6 lg/ml after 24 h ??? (B. alexandrina) El-Sherbini et al. (2009) Phytochem Rev LC50 = 4.2 lg/ml Species-part Vernacular or English name Extract type Class of compounds Results Activity References Solanum sinaicum Boiss.-leaves – Ethanol ND LC50 = 3.2 lg/ml ??? LC90 = 6.04 lg/ml ??? El-Sherbini et al. (2009) after 24 h (B. alexandrina) Methanol ND LC50 = 7.8 lg/ml ??? LC90 = 17.5 lg/ml ?? El-Sherbini et al. (2009) after 24 h (B. alexandrina) Acetone ND LC50 = 8.7 lg/ml ??? LC90 = 11.2 lg/ml ?? El-Sherbini et al. (2009) ?? ? El-Sherbini et al. (2009) LC50 = 5.8 lg/ml ??? LC90 = 9.9 lg/ml ??? El-Sherbini et al. (2009) after 24 (B. alexandrina) Chloroform ND LC50 = 82.5 lg/ml LC90 = 164.7 lg/ml after 24 h (B. alexandrina) Petroleum ether ND after 24 h (B. alexandrina) Solanum sodomaeum Dunal-leaves Dead sea apple S. sodomaeum Dunal-seeds Dead sea apple Methanol Glycoalkaloids LC50 = 14.5 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 21 lg/ml ?? Bekkouche et al. (2000) after 24 h (Bu. truncatus) Methanol Glycoalkaloids LC50 = 15.5 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 27 lg/ml ?? after 24 h (Bu. truncatus) Bekkouche et al. (2000) Phytochem Rev Table 1 continued 123 123 Table 1 continued Species-part Vernacular or English name Extract type Class of compounds Results Activity References Solanum villosum Mill.-leaves Inab al-deeb or red-fruit nightshade, hairy nightshade, Red nightshade Ethanol ND LC50 = 4.88 lg/ml ??? LC90 = 8.95 lg/ml ??? El-Sherbini et al. (2009) after 24 h (B. alexandrina) Methanol ND LC50 = 8.4 lg/ml ??? LC90 = 18.3 lg/ml ?? El-Sherbini et al. (2009) after 24 h (B. alexandrina) Acetone ND LC50 = 9.67 lg/ml ??? LC90 = 12.9 lg/ml ?? El-Sherbini et al. (2009) ?? ? El-Sherbini et al. (2009) LC50 = 6.3 lg/ml ??? LC90 = 11.02 lg/ml ?? El-Sherbini et al. (2009) after 24 h (B. alexandrina) Chloroform ND LC50 = 90 lg/ml LC90 = 175.7 lg/ml after 24 h (B. alexandrina) Petroleum ether ND after 24 h (B. alexandrina) Solanum asperum Rich.-fruits ‘jussara’ or ‘coça-coça’ Methanol Glycoalkaloid LC10 = 7 lg/ml ??? LC50 = 25.1 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 44.1 lg/ml ?? Silva et al. (2008) after 24 h (B. glabrata) Alkaloidal fraction Glycoalkaloid ??? LC50 = 9.7 lg/ml ??? LC90 = 17.3 lg/ml after 24 h ?? (B. glabrata) Silva et al. (2008) Phytochem Rev LC10 = 2.9 lg/ml Species-part Vernacular or English name Extract type Class of compounds Results Activity References S. jabrense Agra & M. Nee-aerial parts – Methanol Alkaloids LC50 = 56 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 80.3 lg/ml ?? Silva et al. (2006) after 24 h (B. glabrata) Ethanol Alkaloids LC50 = 22.8 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 39.8 lg/ml ?? Silva et al. (2006) after 24 h (B. glabrata) n-Butanol Alkaloids LC50 = 30.5 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 46.3 lg/ml ?? Silva et al. (2006) ?? ?? Silva et al. (2006) ?? Larhsini et al. (2010) LC0 = 123 lg/ml ?? Bakry (2009) LC10 = 520 lg/ml ?? after 24 h (B. glabrata) Solanum stipulaceum Roem. & Schult.stems – Alkaloids extract Alkaloids LC50 = 45.2 lg/ml LC90 = 56 lg/ml after 24 h (B. glabrata) Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal-leaves Ashwagandha or winter cherry Dichloromethane Alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenes/ sterols, tannins and saponins LC50 = 94 lg/ml after 24 h (Bu. truncatus) Verbenaceae Lantana camara L.-whole overground parts Lantana Cold-aqueous suspension ND = 820 lg/ml ?? LC50 = 1230 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 2400 lg/ml ?? LC2 5 after 24 h (B. alexandrina) Phytochem Rev Table 1 continued 123 123 Table 1 continued Species-part Vernacular or English name Extract type Class of compounds Results Activity References Roughbark lignum-vitae Methanol ND LC0 = 3.5 lg/ml ??? Bakry (2009) LC10 = 17 lg/ml ?? LC25 = 24 lg/ml ?? LC50 = 35 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 62 lg/ml ?? Zygophyllaceae Guayacum officinalis-whole overground parts after 24 h (B. alexandrina) Cold-aqueous suspension ND LC0 = 15 lg/ml ?? LC10 = 62 lg/ml ?? LC25 = 97 lg/ml ?? LC50 = 120 lg/ml ? LC90 = 210 lg/ml after 24 h ? Bakry (2009) (B. alexandrina) Cold-aqueous ND LC0 = 11 lg/ml ?? LC10 = 78 lg/ml ?? LC25 = 88 lg/ml ?? LC50 = 110 lg/ml ? LC90 = 230 lg/ml ? Bakry (2009) after 24 h (B. alexandrina) Boiled-aqueous ND LC0 = 9 lg/ml ?? LC10 = 48 lg/ml ?? LC25 = 62 lg/ml ?? LC LC 50 = 90 lg/ml ?? 90 = 140 lg/ml ? Phytochem Rev after 24 h (B. alexandrina) Bakry (2009) Species-part Vernacular or English name Extract type Ethanol Class of compounds ND Results LC0 = 7.8 lg/ml Activity ??? LC10 = 42 lg/ml ?? LC25 = 57 lg/ml ?? LC50 = 78 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 120 lg/ml after 24 h ? References Bakry (2009) (B. alexandrina) Acetone ND LC0 = 14 lg/ml ?? LC10 = 52 lg/ml ?? LC25 = 61 lg/ml ?? LC50 = 84 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 140 lg/ml ? Bakry (2009) after 24 h (B. alexandrina) Chloroform ND LC0 = 10 lg/ml ??? LC10 = 52 lg/ml ?? LC25 = 65 lg/ml ?? LC50 = 100 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 180 lg/ml ? Bakry (2009) after 24 h Zygophyllum gaetulum Emb. Maire-aerial parts – Petrol Flavonoids, terpenoids and saponins (B. alexandrina) LC50 = 8.7 lg/ml ??? LC90 = 16.8 lg/ml ?? Hmamouchi et al. (2000) after 24 h (Bu. truncatus) n-Hexane Flavonoids, terpenoids and saponins LC50 = 13 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 18.3 lg/ml ?? Hmamouchi et al. (2000) after 24 h (Bu. truncatus) Dichloromethane Flavonoids, terpenoids and saponins 123 LC50 = 28.2 lg/ml ?? LC90 = 67 lg/ml ?? after 24 h (Bu. truncatus) Hmamouchi et al. (2000) Phytochem Rev Table 1 continued 123 (Bu. truncatus) after 24 h (? ? ?) means strong activity \ 5 lg/mL; (? ?) means moderate activity \ 100 lg/mL; (?) means weak activity 100–1000 lg/mL; (-) means very weak activity [ 1000 lg/mL Hmamouchi et al. (2000) ? ? (Bu. truncatus) LC50 = 372 lg/ml LC90 = 437 lg/ml Flavonoids, terpenoids and saponins Aqueous ? LC90 = 186 lg/ml after 24 h Activity ? Class of compounds Flavonoids, terpenoids and saponins Species-part Table 1 continued Vernacular or English name Extract type Ethyl acetate Results LC50 = 122.4 lg/ml References Hmamouchi et al. (2000) Phytochem Rev that migrate through the blood vessel wall or are excreted with urine or feces (Nation et al. 2020). The lifecycles of all Schistosoma species are quite similar, requiring freshwater snails as intermediate hosts, and mammalian hosts infected via water-borne contact with the free-swimming larvae released from the snails, as illustrated in Fig. 1. (Selbach et al. 2016). The lifecycle involves sexual maturation of adult schistosomes in man and an asexual multiplicative stage in the molluscan host (Nanes Sarfati et al. 2021). Differences between the species lie mainly in the type of intermediate host snails and the infective sites in the mammalian host, although there are also differences (inter alia) in egg morphology, and rates of both egg production and infection of mammalian hosts (Salvador-Recatalà and Greenberg 2012). Once eggs reach fresh water they hatch and release swimming miracidia (larvae) that infect specific aquatic snails. The genera Biomphalaria, Oncomelania and Bullinus host S. mansoni, S. japonicum, and S. haematobium, respectively (Fig. 1) (Ross et al. 2002). In the snails, the miracidia asexually multiply after a few weeks and form thousands of cercariae that leave the snail and penetrate the skin of humans (e.g. children, fishermen, farmers, and women doing daily domestic tasks in infected water) or other mammals. If the cercariae penetrate the human body, they develop into schistosomules, then mate and migrate to the perivascular or mesenteric veins (S. mansoni and S. japonicum) or urinary bladder plexus (S. haematobium), where they produce eggs and the cycle starts again (Fig. 1) (Gryseels et al. 2006). Schistosoma often live 5–10 years, and even lifespans up to 40 years have been reported (Hokke and Deelder 2001). History of schistosomiasis Schistosomiasis has a history in Egypt of more than 5000 years (Barakat 2013; Abou-El-Naga 2018), with reports of S. haematobium eggs in ancient mummies (Barakat 2013). The disease was described by the ancient Egyptians on medical papyri as ‘‘â-a-â’’ (Abou-El-Naga 2018) and Avicenna (Ibn-Sina) in his famous book ‘‘The Canon of Medicine’’ (Othman and Soliman 2015), Key scientific discoveries regarding the disease have also been made in Egypt. Theodor Bilharz, a German surgeon who became Chief of the Chemical name-class Species-part Separation tools Spectral analysis Results Agavaceae 3-O-b-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 ? 3)-b-Dglucopyranosyl-(1 ? 3)-b-D-xylopyranoside gloriogenin- Furcraea selloa K.Koch- leaves SiO2 CC, Sephadex LH-20 CC, PreTLC MP, UV, IR, (EI & D/CI) MS, 1H- &13C-NMR LC90 Yucca aloifolia L.infloreacences SiO2 (CC & TLC) FAB-MS, 1H- &13C-NMR Plumericin- Plumeria rubra L.- SiO2 (CC & TLC) iridoid (60) heartwood Isoplumericin- P. rubra L.- iridoid (56) heart wood 6 lg/ml after 24 h El-Nahas et al. (2005) (B. alexandrina) Steroidal saponin (77) 3-O-[a-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1 ? 3)-a-Larabinopyranosyl (1 ? 3)-b- D—xylopyranosyl (1 ? 3)-b- D glucopyranosyl]-25R,5a-spirostan-2a,3b-diol- = References LC100 = 10 lg/ml (B. glabrata) Kishor and Sati (1990) Spirostanol glycoside (36) Apocynaceae SiO2 (CC & TLC) MP, UV, IR, (EI & D/CI) MS, 1H- &13C-NMR (1D, 2D) LC100 = 6.3 lg/ml MP, UV, IR, (EI & D/CI) MS, 1H- &13C-NMR (1D, 2D) LC100 = 6.3 lg/ml (B. glabrata) Hamburger et al. (1991) Gopalsamy et al. (1990) (B. glabrata) Hamburger et al. (1991) Araliaceae SiO2 CC, TLC, Sephadex LH-20 D/CIMS, 1H- &13C-NMR Triterpenoid saponin (6) Polyscias dichrostachya Bakerleaves Active at less than 10 lg/ml after 24 h 3-O-[a-L-rhamnopyranosyl -(1 ? 2)-a-Larabinopyranosyl]-hederagenin- P. dichrostachya Baker-leaves SiO2 CC, TLC, Sephadex LH-20 D/CIMS, 1H- &13C-NMR, Active at less than10 lg/ml after 24 h P. dichrostachya Baker-leaves SiO2 CC, TLC, Sephadex LH-20 D/CIMS, 1H- &13C-NMR Active at less than10 lg/ml after 24 h 3-O-[a-L-arabinopyranosyl]-hederagenin- (B. glabrata) (B. glabrata) triterpenoid saponin (8) 3-O-[b- D -glucopyranosyl-(1 ? 2)-a-Larabinopyranosyl] Gopalsamy et al. (1990) Gopalsamy et al. (1990) (B. glabrata) hederagenintriterpenoid saponin (9) Asteraceae 7a-hydroxy-3-desoxyzaluzanin Csesquiterpene lactone (5) Podachaenium eminens (Lag.) Sch.Bip. ex Sch.Bip SiO2 CC 1 H- &13C- NMR and X-ray diffraction LC100 = 1 lg/ml after 24 h (B. glabrata) Fronczek et al. (1984) Phytochem Rev Table 2 Screening of isolated mollusicicidal bioactive compounds 123 123 Table 2 continued Chemical name-class Species-part Separation tools Spectral analysis Results References 2-n-pentylquinoline- Galipea bracteate (Nees & Mart.) Schult.- SiO2 CC IR, EI-MS 1H- &13C-NMR Active at 20 lg/ml Vieira and Kubo (1990) quinoline alkaloid (40) (B. glabrata) stems SiO2 CC quinoline alkaloid (39) G. bracteate (Nees & Mart.) Schult.-stems 2-(3’, 4’-methylene- dioxyphenylethyl)quinoline- G. bracteate (Nees & Mart.) Schult.-stems SiO2 CC Calendula officinalis L.- flowers CC, TLC 2-(1’-pentenyl)-quinoline- IR, EI-MS 1H- &13C-NMR Active at 10 lg/ml (B. glabrata) Vieira and Kubo (1990) IR, EI-MS 1H- &13C-NMR Active at 5 lg/ml (B. glabrata) Vieira and Kubo (1990) IR, MS and 1H- NMR LC50 = 27.2 lg/ml El-Sheikh et al. (2012) quinoline alkaloid (37) Rutin (78) after 72 h (B.alexandrina) LC50 = 34.7 lg/ml after 72 h (B. truncatus) Asidiaceae Elaphopilosin-A 2-{[2,4-dihydroxy-6 methoxy-3-(1oxobutyl)phenyl]methyl}-3,5-dihydroxy-4methyl-4-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-6-(1oxobutyl)-2,5-cyclohexa-dien-1-one- Elaphoglossum piloselloides (C. Presl) T. Moorerhizomes, roots and sterile fronds SiO2 CC, RPHPLC E. piloselloides (C. Presl) T. Moorerhizomes, roots and sterile fronds SiO2 CC, RPHPLC E. piloselloides (C. Presl) T. Moorerhizomes, roots and sterile fronds SiO2 CC, HPLC IR, HREIMS, 1H- &13CNMR LC50 = 2.9 lg/ml LC90 = 4.5 lg/ml Socolsky et al. (2009) after 24 h (B. peregrine-adult) bicyclic phloroglucinol (30) Elaphopilosin-B 2-{[2,4-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-3-(1-oxohexyl)phenyl]methyl}-3,5-dihy-droxy-4-methyl-4(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-6-(1-oxobutyl)-2,5cyclohexa-dien-1-one- IR, HREIMS, 1H- &13CNMR LC50 = 0.9 lg/ml LC90 = 1.37 lg/ml Socolsky et al. (2009) after 24 h (B. peregrine-adult) bicyclic phloroglucinol (32) Acetylation of elaphopilosin-A (62) IR, FABMS, 1H- &13CNMR LC50 = 10.6 lg/ml LC90 = 14.7 lg/ml Phytochem Rev after 24 h (B. peregrine-adult) Socolsky et al. (2009) Chemical name-class Species-part Separation tools Spectral analysis Results References Acetylation of elaphopilosin-B (54) E. piloselloides (C. Presl) T. Moorerhizomes, roots and sterile fronds SiO2 CC, HPLC IR, HRFABMS, 1H- &13CNMR, COSY, HSQC, HMBC, NOESY LC50 = 30 lg/ml Socolsky et al. (2009) Ambrosin- Ambrosia maritima L.- CC, HPLC sesquiterpene lactone (71) aerial parts Damsin- A. maritima L.-aerial parts CC, HPLC Cephalaria ambrosioides (Sm.) Roem. & Schult.roots SiO2 CC, TLC, MPLC C. ambrosioides (Sm.) Roem. & Schult.roots LC90 = 43.1 lg/ml after 24 h (B. peregrine-adult) Compositae sesquiterpene lactone (72) UV Molluscicidal (B. glabrata) UV Molluscicidal (B. glabrata) Slacanin et al. (1988) Slacanin et al. (1988) Dipsacaceae 6a-hydroxyhederagenic acidTerpenoid (52) Hederagenic acid- terpenoid (51) Leontoside A (akeboside Stb) -saponin (50) Kalopanax saponin A (a-hederin)saponin (75) Saponin PG (sapindoside B)saponin (47) (HR-FAB & FAB) MS, 1H&13C-NMR, COSY, HMQC, HMBC, NOESY LC100 [ 50 lg/ml after 24 h SiO2 CC, TLC, MPLC (HR-FAB & FAB) MS, 1H&13C-NMR, COSY, HMQC, HMBC, NOESY LC100 [ 50 lg/ml C. ambrosioides (Sm.) Roem. & Schult.roots SiO2 CC, TLC, MPLC (HR-FAB & FAB) MS, 1H&13C-NMR, COSY, HMQC, HMBC, NOESY LC100 = 5.4 lg/ml C. ambrosioides (Sm.) Roem. & Schult.roots SiO2 CC, TLC, MPLC (HR-FAB & FAB) MS, 1H&13C-NMR, COSY, HMQC, HMBC, NOESY LC100 = 6.2 lg/ml after 24 h C. ambrosioides (Sm.) Roem. & Schult.roots SiO2 CC, TLC, MPLC (HR-FAB & FAB) MS, 1H&13C-NMR, COSY, HMQC, HMBC, NOESY LC100 = 12.8 C. ambrosioides (Sm.) Roem. & Schult.roots SiO2 CC, TLC, MPLC (HR-FAB & FAB) MS, 1H&13C-NMR, COSY, HMQC, HMBC, NOESY LC100 [ 50 lg/ml Pasi et al. (2009) (B. glabrata) Pasi et al. (2009) after 24 h (B. glabrata) Pasi et al. (2009) after 24 h (B. glabrata) Pasi et al. (2009) (B. glabrata) Pasi et al. (2009) ± 0.3 lg/ml after 24 h (B. glabrata) Dipsacoside Bsaponin (64) Euphorbiaceae after 24 h (B. glabrata) Pasi et al. (2009) Phytochem Rev Table 2 continued 123 123 Table 2 continued Chemical name-class Species-part Separation tools Spectral analysis Results (2S,3S,4R,5R,6R,11S,13R, 14S,15R,17R)5,6,11,14,17-pentaacetoxy-3-benzoyloxy-15hydroxy-9-oxo-seget-8(12)-ene Euphorbia paralias L.aerial parts SiO2 CC, TLC, HPLC 1 LC50 E. paralias L.- aerial parts SiO2 CC, TLC, HPLC 1 E. paralias L.-aerial parts SiO2 CC, TLC, HPLC 1 H- &13C-NMR, COSY, NOSEY = References 40 lg/ml after 24 h (B. alexandrina) Abdelgaleil et al. (2002) diterpene (22) (2S,3S,4R,6R,8R,11S,12S,13R, 14R,15R)5,6,11,14,17-pentaacetoxy-3-benzoyloxy-15hydroxy-9-oxo-segetane- H- &13C-NMR, COSY, NOSEY LC50 = 60 lg/ml after 24 h (B. alexandrina) Abdelgaleil et al. (2002) diterpene (23) (2S,3S,4R,5R,6R,8R,11S,12S,13R,14R,15R)6,11,14,17-tetraacetoxy-5-(2-acetoxyacetoxy)3-benzoyloxy-15-hydroxy-9-oxo H- &13C-NMR, COSY, NOESY Abdelgaleil et al. (2002) (B. alexandrina) diterpene (21) E. paralias L.-aerial parts SiO2 CC, TLC, HPLC 1 H- &13C-NMR, COSY, NOESY LC100 = 10 lg/ml after 24 h Abdelgaleil et al. (2002) (B. alexandrina) diterpene (15) (2R,3R,4S,5R,7S,8R,13R,15R)-2,3,5,7,15pentaacetoxy-8-iso-butyroyloxy-9,14dioxojatropha-6(17),11E-diene- diterpene (18) LC50 = 100 lg/ml after 24 h segetane(2S,3S,4R,5R,6R,8R,11S,12S,13R,14R,15R)6,14,17-triacetoxy-5-(2-hydroxyacetoxy)-3benzoyloxy-15-hydroxy-9-oxo-segetane- LC25 = 40 lg/ml E. paralias L.-aerial parts SiO2 CC, TLC, HPLC 1 H- &13C-NMR, COSY, NOESY LC15 = 20 lg/ml LC25 = 60 lg/ml LC50 = 100 lg/ml Abdelgaleil et al. (2002) LC100 = 100 lg/ml after 24 h (B.alexandrina) (2R,3R,4S,5R,7S,8R,13R,15R)-2,3,5,7,15pentaacetoxy-8-angeloyloxy-9,14-dioxojatropha-6(17),11E-diene-diterpene (24) E. paralias L.-aerial parts (2R,3R,4S,5R,7S,8R,13R,15R)-3,5,7,15tetraacetoxy-8-isobutyroyloxy-9,14-dioxojatropha-6(17),11E-diene-diterpene (29) E. paralias L.-aerial parts SiO2 CC, TLC, HPLC 1 H- &13C-NMR, COSY, NOESY LC25 = 40 lg/ml LC50 = 100 lg/ml Abdelgaleil et al. (2002) after 24 h (B.alexandrina) SiO2 CC, TLC, HPLC 1 H- &13C-NMR, COSY, NOESY LC25 = 60 lg/ml LC50 = 60 lg/ml Abdelgaleil et al. (2002) after 24 h Phytochem Rev (B. alexandrina) Chemical name-class Species-part Separation tools Spectral analysis Results References (2S,3S,4R,5R,6R,8R,12S,13S,14R,15R)1,5,8,14-tetraacetoxy-3-benzoyloxy-15hydroxy-9-oxo-paraliane- E. paralias L.-aerial parts SiO2 CC, TLC, HPLC 1 LC15 = 20 lg/ml Abdelgaleil et al. (2002) H- &13C-NMR, COSY, NOESY LC25 = 80 lg/ml LC50 = 80 lg/ml diterpene (25) LC100 = 100 lg/ml after 24 h (B. alexandrina) (2S,3S,4R,5R,6R,8R,12S,13S,14R,15R)-5,8,14triacetoxy-3-benzoyloxy-15-hydroxy-9-oxoparaliane- E. paralias L.-aerial parts SiO2 CC, TLC, HPLC 1 H- &13C-NMR, COSY, NOESY LC10 = 30 lg/ml LC15 = 100 lg/ml Abdelgaleil et al. (2002) LC25 = 100 lg/ml diterpene (26) LC50 = 100 lg/ml after 24 h (B. alexandrina) Velamone (ent-15,16-epoxy-2-oxo-3,13(16),14clerodatrien)-terpene (46) Croton campestris A.St.-Hil.-roots bark Velamolone acetate (ent- 15,16-epoxy-20acetoxy-2-oxo-3,13(16),14-clerodatrien)terpene (48) C. campestris A.St.Hil.-roots bark Velamolone ((ent-15,16-epoxy-20-hydroxy-2oxo-3,13(16),4-clerodatrien) - terpene (49) C. campestris A.St.Hil.-roots bark Milliamine L- E. milii Des Moul.latex terpene (79) Milliamine Mterpene (28) E. milii Des Moul.latex UV, IR, CI-MS, 1H- &13CNMR, COSY, HMQC, HMBC, NOESY LC100 = 3 lg/ml after 24 h UV, IR, CI-MS, 1H- &13CNMR, COSY, HMQC, HMBC, NOESY LC100 = 6 lg/ml after 24 h UV, IR, CI-MS, 1H- &13CNMR, COSY, HMQC, HMBC, NOESY LC100 = 20 lg/ml Sephadex LH-20, LPLC, HPTLC, MPLC, semi prep HPLC UV, IR, (D/CI & EI) MS, 1 H- &13C-NMR, COSY LC100 = 2.5 9 103 lg/ ml Sephadex LH-20, LPLC, HPTLC, MPLC, semi prep HPLC UV, IR, (D/CI & EI) MS, 1 H- &13C-NMR, COSY SiO2 CC, Prep TLC SiO2 CC, Prep TLC SiO2 CC, Prep TLC (Bu. truncatus) (Bu. truncatus) after 24 h (Bu. truncatus) El Babili et al. (1998), El Babili et al. (2006) EL Babili et al. (1998), El Babili et al. (2006) EL Babili et al. (1998), El Babili et al. (2006) Zani et al. (1993) after 24 h (B. glabrata) LC100 = 10 9 103 lg/ ml after 24 h (B. glabrata) Zani et al. (1993) Phytochem Rev Table 2 continued 123 123 Table 2 continued Chemical name-class Species-part Separation tools Spectral analysis Results References Milliamine D- E. milii Des Moul.latex Sephadex LH-20, LPLC, HPTLC, MPLC, semi prep HPLC UV, IR, (D/CI & EI) MS, 1 H- &13C-NMR, COSY LC100 = 100 9 103 lg/ ml Zani et al. (1993) CC, TLC ND terpene (27) after 24 h (B. glabrata) Fabaceae Quercetin (3,3,4,5,7–penta hydroxyflavone) (33) Bauhinia variegate L.- LC50 = 12.1 lg/ml Leaves Singh et al. (2012) after 24 h LC50 = 9.9 lg/ml after 48 h LC50 = 6.8 lg/ml after 72 h LC50 = 5.4 lg/ml after 96 h (L. acuminata) Ginkoaceae Ginkgolic acid C13:0 (80) Ginkgo biloba L.sarcotesta granules SiO2 CC, HPLC LC–MS-ESI, 1H- & NMR, 13 C- LC50 = 3.95 lg/ml Yang et al. (2008) LC90 = 5.9 lg/ml after 24 h LC50 = 2.7 lg/ml LC90 = 3.6 lg/ml after 48 h (O. hupensis) Ginkgolic acid C15:1 (81) G. biloba L.-sarcotesta granules SiO2 CC, HPLC LC–MS-ESI, 1H- & NMR 13 C- LC50 = 1.5 lg/ml Yang et al. (2008) LC90 = 4.7 lg/ml after 24 h LC50 = 0.8 lg/ml LC90 = 2.2 lg/ml after 48 h (O. hupensis) CC, HPLC LC–MS-ESI, H- & NMR 13 C- LD50 = 13.4 lg/ml after 24 h Yang et al. (2006) Phytochem Rev G. sarcotestas 1 Chemical name-class Species-part Separation tools Spectral analysis Ginkgolic acid C17:1 (82) G. biloba L.-sarcotesta granules SiO2 CC, HPLC LC–MS-ESI, 1H- & NMR, 13 C- Results References LC50 = 11.4 lg/ml Yang et al. (2008) LC90 = 17.8 lg/ml after 24 h LC50 = 6.25 lg/ml LC90 = 10.01 lg/ml after 48 h (O. hupensis) Icacinaceae Genipin- iridoid (35) Apodytes dimidiate E.Mey. ex Arn.- SiO2 CC, CC, SiO2 TLC (HR & EI) MS, 1H- &13CNMR LC50 = 25.3 lg/ml SiO2 CC, CC, SiO2 TLC (HR & EI) MS, 1H- &13CNMR LC50 = 21.7 lg/ml barks Genipin 10-acetate-iridoid (34) A. dimidiata E.Mey. ex Arn.- barks LC90 = 32.6 lg/ml Drewes et al. (1996) (Bu. africanus) LC90 = 39.4 lg/ml Drewes et al. (1996) (Bu. africanus) Lamiaceae 15-deoxyfuerstione (10) Fuerstione (13) Caryopteris clandonensis auct.roots bark ND C. clandonensis auct.roots bark ND C. clandonensis auct.roots bark ND ND LD100 = 3- 4 lg/ml after 24 h Hannedouche et al. (2002) (Bu. truncatus) ND LD100 = 3- 4 lg/ml after 24 h Hannedouche et al. (2002) (Bu. truncatus) a-caryopterone (42) ND LD100 = 1- 2 lg/ml after 24 h Hannedouche et al. (2002) (Bu. truncatus) Leguminosae 20 -hydroxy 3,7,8,40 ,50 -pentamethoxy flavones (58) Parkia clappertoniana Keay- leaves TLC, CC Pachyelaside A- Pachyelasma tessmannii (Harms) Harms- roots bark CC, HPLC triterpene saponin (57) UV, IR, EIMS, 1H- &13CNMR, NOE 123 IR, MALDI-TOF–MS 1H&13C-NMR, DEPT, DQF-COSY, HSQC, HMBC, HOHAHA, NOE, NOESY LC80 = 25 lg/ml (B. glabrata) Lemmich et al. (1996) LC50 = 2 lg/ml Nihei et al. (2005) after 24 h (B. glabrata) Phytochem Rev Table 2 continued 123 Table 2 continued Chemical name-class Species-part Separation tools Spectral analysis Pachyelaside B- P. tessmannii (Harms) Harms- roots bark CC, HPLC IR, MALDI-TOF–MS 1H&13C-NMR, DEPT, DQF-COSY, HSQC, HMBC, HOHAHA, NOE, NOESY triterpene saponin (55) Pachyelaside Ctriterpene saponin (61) Pachyelaside Dtriterpene saponin (63) P. tessmannii (Harms) Harms- roots bark P. tessmanii (Harms) Harms-roots bark CC, HPLC CC, HPLC IR, MALDI-TOF–MS, 1H&13C-NMR, DEPT, DQF-COSY, HSQC, HMBC, HOHAHA, NOE, NOESY IR, MALDI-TOF–MS 1H&13C-NMR, DEPT, DQF-COSY, HSQC, HMBC, Results References LC50 = 2 lg/ml Nihei et al. (2005) after 24 h (B. glabrata) LC50 = 2 lg/ml after 24 h Nihei et al. (2005) (B. glabrata) LC50 = 8 lg/ml Nihei et al. (2005) after 24 h (B. glabrata) HOHAHA, NOE, NOESY Myrsinaceae Maesasaponin VI2 Comparison with reported data LC50 = 0.5 lg/ml (B. glabrata) Apers et al. (2001) ND LC50 = 0.59 lg/ml Ming et al. (2011) Maesa lanceolata Forssk.- leaves Semi-prep HPLC Sanguinarine- Macleaya SiO2 CC, HPLC alkaloid (BSA) (70) cordata (Willd.) R.Br.- LC90 = 1.38 lg/ml fruits after 48 h 3-b-O-[[a-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 ? 2)-b-Dgalactopyranosyl-(1 ? 3)]-[b-Dgalactopyranosyl-(1 ? 2)]-b-D glucopyranuronyl]-21b,22a-diangeloyloxy-13 b,28-epoxyolean-16a,28a-dioltriterpenoid saponin (76) Papaveraceae LC50 = 0.19 lg/ml LC90 = 0.54 lg/ml after 72 h (O. hupensis) Phytochem Rev Chemical name-class Species-part Separation tools Spectral analysis Results References Chelerythrine- M. cordata (Willd.) R.Br.- SiO2 CC, HPLC ND LC50 = 2.7 lg/ml Ming et al. (2011) alkaloid (BCHE) (73) LC90 = 5.2 lg/ml fruits after 48 h LC50 = 2.01 lg/ml LC90 = 4.86 lg/ml after 72 h (O. hupensis) Primulaceae Anagalloside B- oleanane saponin (74) Anagallis arvensis L SiO2 CC, prep HPLC HRFABMS, 1H- &13CNMR, LC100 = 5.0 lg/ml (B. glabrata) Abdel-Gawad et al. (2000) LC100 = 2.5 lg/ml (O. quadrasi) Desglucoanagalloside B A. arvensis L oleanane saponin (69) SiO2 CC, prep HPLC HRFABMS, 1H- &13CNMR, LC100 = 2.5 lg/ml (B. glabrata) Abdel-Gawad et al. (2000) LC100 = 1.25 lg/ml (O. quadrasi) Phytolaccaceae 3-O-[3’-(O-b-D galactopyranosyl)-b-Dglucopyranosyl] Phytolacca dodecandra L’Hér.-berries SiO2 CC, TLC, HPLC (B. glabrata) Thiilborg et al. (1993, 1994) HETCOR, NOESY oleanane saponin (66) 3-O-[O-b-D-galactopyranosyl-(l ? 3)-O-[b-Dglucopyranosyl-(1 ? 4)]-b-glucopyranosyl] LC50 = 5- 10 lg/ml TOCSY, 2b-hydroxyoleanolic acidMixture (1:1) of LSIMS, 1H- &13C-NMR, COSY, P. dodecandra L’Hér.berries SiO2 CC, TLC, HPLC FABMS, 1H- &13C-NMR, COSY, LC50 = 10–20 lg/ml (B. glabrata) Thiilborg et al. (1993, 1994) LC100 = 3.1 lg/ml after 24 h Treyvaud et al. (2000) TOCSY, bayogenin- saponin (65) ? 3-O-[2’,4’-di-O-(bD-glucopyranosyl)-b-D-glucopyranosyl] hederagenin- HETCOR, NOESY oleanane saponin 3-O-b-D-glucopyranosylserjanic acidsaponin (14) P. icosandra L.-berries 123 SiO2 CC, Sephadex LH-20 SiO2, LPLC on Lobar RP-18 C, CPC, HPLC ESMS, 1H- &13C-NMR, COSY, HSQC, HMBC (B. glabrata) Phytochem Rev Table 2 continued 123 Table 2 continued Chemical name-class Species-part Separation tools Spectral analysis Results References 3-O-(b-D-galactopyranosyl-(1 ? 3)-b-Dglucopyranosyl) serjanic acid- saponin (16) P. icosandra L.-berries SiO2 CC, Sephadex LH-20 SiO2, LPLC on Lobar RP-18 C, CPC, HPLC ESMS, 1H- &13C-NMR, COSY, HSQC, HMBC LC100 = 3.1 lg/ml after 24 h Treyvaud et al. (2000) SiO2 CC, Sephadex LH-20 SiO2, LPLC on Lobar RP-18 C, CPC, HPLC ESMS, 1H- &13C-NMR, COSY, HSQC, HMBC SiO2 CC, Sephadex LH-20 SiO2, LPLC on Lobar RP-18 C, CPC, HPLC ESMS, 1H- &13C-NMR, COSY, HSQC, HMBC SiO2 CC, Sephadex LH-20 SiO2, LPLC on Lobar RP-18 C, CPC, HPLC ESMS, 1H- &13C-NMR, COSY, HSQC, HMBC SiO2 CC, Sephadex LH-20 SiO2, LPLC on Lobar RP-18 C, CPC, HPLC ESMS, 1H- &13C-NMR, COSY, HSQC, HMBC SiO2 CC, Sephadex LH-20 SiO2, LPLC on Lobar RP-18 C, CPC, HPLC SiO2 CC, Sephadex LH-20 SiO2, LPLC on Lobar RP-18 C, CPC, HPLC ESMS, 1H- &13C-NMR, COSY, HSQC, HMBC, chemical transformation LC100 [ 50 lg/ml ESMS, 1H- &13C-NMR, COSY, HSQC, HMBC, chemical transformation LC100 [ 50 lg/ml 3-O-(b-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 ? 2)-b-Dglucopyranosyl) serjanic acid-saponin (17) P. icosandra L.-berries 3-O-(b-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 ? 3)-b-Dglucopyranosyl-(1 ? 3)-b-D-glucopyranosyl) serjanic acid- saponin (19) P. icosandra L.-berries 3-O-(a-L-rhamnopyranosyl-( ?)-b-Dglucopyranosyl-(1 ? 2)-b-D-glucopyranosyl) serjanic acid- saponin (20) P. icosandra L.-berries 3-O-(a-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 ? 2)-b-Dglucopyranosyl-(1 ? 2)- b-D-glucopyranosyl) spergulagenic acid-saponin (83) P. icosandra L.-berries 3-O-(b-D-galactopyranosyl-(1 ? 3)-b-Dglucopyranosyl) serjanic acid 28-O-b-Dglucopyranoside -saponin (7) P. icosandra L.-berries 3-O-(b-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 ? 2)-b-Dglucopyranosyl) serjanic acid 28-O-b-Dglucopyranoside -Saponin (12) P. icosandra L.-berries (B. glabrata) LC100 = 10 lg/ml after 24 h Treyvaud et al. (2000) (B. glabrata) LC100 = 12.5 lg/ml after 24 h Treyvaud et al. (2000) (B. glabrata) LC100 = 50 lg/ml after 24 h Treyvaud et al. (2000) (B. glabrata) LC100 [ 50 lg/ml after 24 h Treyvaud et al. (2000) (B. glabrata) after 24 h (B. glabrata) after 24 h Treyvaud et al. (2000) Treyvaud et al. (2000) (B. glabrata) Phytochem Rev Chemical name-class Species-part Separation tools Spectral analysis Results References 3-O-(a-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 ? 2)-b-D- P. icosandra L.-berries SiO2 CC, Sephadex LH-20 SiO2, LPLC on Lobar RP-18 C, CPC, HPLC ESMS, 1H- &13C-NMR, COSY, HSQC, HMBC, chemical transformation LC100 [ 50 lg/ml Treyvaud et al. (2000) Catunaregam nilotica (Stapf) Tirveng.fruits SiO2 CC, TLC FABMS, 1H- &13C-NMR, COSY, HETCOR, NOESY (B. alexandrina) C. nilotica (Stapf) Tirveng.-fruits SiO2 CC, TLC FABMS, 1H- &13C-NMR, COSY, HETCOR, NOESY (B. alexandrina) C. nilotica (Stapf) Tirveng.-fruits SiO2 CC, TLC FABMS, 1H- &13C-NMR, COSY, HETCOR, NOESY (B. alexandrina) C. nilotica (Stapf) Tirveng.-fruits SiO2 CC, TLC FABMS, 1H- &13C-NMR, COSY, HETCOR, NOESY (B. alexandrina) Angostura paniculata (Engl.) T.S.Eliasleaves SiO2 CC A. paniculata (Engl.) T.S.Elias -leaves Serjania salzmanniana Schltdl.-stems glucopyranosyl-(1 ? 2)-b-D-glucopyranosyl) serjanic acid 28-O-b-D-glucopyranoside – saponin (11) after 24 h (B. glabrata) Rubiaceae 3-O-{O-a-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 ? 3)-O-[O-bD-glucopyranosyl-(1 ? 3)]-b-Dglucopyranosyl}oleanolic acid oleanane saponin (85) 28-O-b-D- glucopyranosyl- 3- O-{O-a-Lrhamnopyranosyl-(1 ? 3)-O-[O-b-Dglucopyranosyl-(1 ? 3)]-b- Dglucopyranosyl} oleanolate -oleanane saponin (87) 3-O-[2’,3’-di- O-(b-D-glucopyranosyl)-b-Dglucopyranosyl]oleanolic acidoleanane saponin (86) 3-O-[O-b-D-glucopyranosyl(1 ? 3)-b-Dglucopyranosyl] oleanolic acidoleanane saponin (84) Rutaceae Cuspanine (1-hydroxy-2,3,5,6-tetramethoxy-9-acridone) alkaloid (59) Cusculine (1,2,3,5,6-pentamethoxy-9-acridone) - LC50 = 3 lg/ml LC50 = 3 lg/ml LC50 = 26 lg/ml LC50 = 3 lg/ml Lemmich et al. (1995) Lemmich et al. (1995) Lemmich et al. (1995) Lemmich et al. (1995) UV, IR, 1H- &13C-NMR, NOESY, X-ray (B. glabrata) Vieira et al. (1992) SiO2 CC UV, IR, 1H- &13C-NMR, NOESY, X-ray LC50 = 20 lg/ml (B. glabrata) Vieira et al. (1992) CC, Prep TLC, SiO2 TLC HRFAB-MS, 1H- &13CNMR, COSY, HETCOR, NOESY LC10 = 90 lg/ml Ekabo et al. (1996) LC50 = 5 lg/ml alkaloid (88) Sapindaceae Pulsatilla saponin D (3-O-[[b- D -glucopyranosyl-(1 ? 4)]-[a-Lrhamnopyranosyl-(1 ? 2)]-a-Larabinopyranosyl] hederagenin)- 123 saponin (31) LC20 = 100 lg/ml after 48 h (B. alexandrina) Phytochem Rev Table 2 continued 123 Table 2 continued Chemical name-class Species-part Separation tools Spectral analysis Results References 3-O-[[b- D -gluopyranosyl-(1 ? 4)]-[a-Lrhamnopyranosyl-(1 ? 2)]-a-Larabinopyranosyl] oleanolic acid- S. salzmanniana Schltdl.-stems CC, Prep TLC, SiO2 TLC LR-FAB-MS, 1H- &13CNMR, COSY, HETCOR, NOESY LC10 = 100 lg/ml Ekabo et al. (1996) saponin (44) Salzmannianoside A (3-O-[[b- D -glucopyranosyl-(1 ? 4)]-[a-Lrhamnopyranosyl-(1 ? 2)]- a-L arabinopyranosyl] LC20 = 100 lg/ml after 48 h (B. alexandrina) S. salzmanniana Schltdl.-stems Prep TLC, SiO2 TLC and CC 1 13 HRFAB-MS, H- & CNMR, COSY, HETCOR, NOESY LC20 = 100 lg/ml (HRFAB & CI) MS, 1H&13C-NMR, COSY, HETCOR, HOHAHA, NOESY LC10 = 100 lg/ml after 48 h Ekabo et al. (1996) (B. alexandrina) gypsogenin)saponin (45) Salzmannianoside B (3-O-[[b- D glucopyranosyl-(1 ? 4)]-[a-Larabinopyranosyl-(1 ? 3)-arhamnopyranosyl (1 ? 2)]-a-L arabinopyranosyl] hederagenin)- S. salzmanniana Schltdl.-stems CC, Prep TLC, SiO2 TLC LC20 = 70 lg/ml Ekabo et al. (1996) after 48 h (B. alexandrina) saponin (53) Sapotaceae Sapogenin-saponin (43) Mimusops elengi L.barks TLC, CC ND LC50 = 15.6 lg/ml Singh et al. (2012) after 24 h LC50 = 13.9 lg/ml after 48 h LC50 = 4.3 lg/ml after 72 h LC50 = 1.3 lg/ml after 96 h (L. acuminata) Solanaceae mixture of solamargine ? solasonineglucoalkaloid (2) ? (68) Solanum mammosum L.-fruits SiO2 TLC 1 H- &13C-NMR, COSY, DQF-COSY, TOCSY, HMQC, NOESY LC100 = 25.0 lg/ml (B. glabrata) Phytochem Rev Mahato et al. (1980), Alzérreca and Hart (1982), Puri et al. (1994) Chemical name-class Species-part Separation tools Spectral analysis Results References Tomatine- S. mammosum L.-fruits SiO2 CC Comparison with reported data LD100 = 25 lg/ml (L. cubensis) Alzérreca and Hart (1982) glucoalkaloid (89) LD80 = 25 lg/ml (B. glabrata) Solanandaine- S. asperum Rich.-fruits alkaloid (67) TLC, Sephadex LH20 1 IR, HREIMS, LC–MS, H&13C-NMR, HBBD, DEPT, COSY, HSQC, HMBC TOCSY, NOESY LC10 = 46.4 lg/ml Silva et al. (2008) LC50 = 73.1 lg/ml LC90 = 99.7 lg/ml after 24 h (B. glabrata) Solasonine-alkaloid (68) S. asperum Rich.- fruits TLC, Sephadex LH20 1 IR, HREIMS, LC–MS, H&13C- NMR, HBBD, DEPT, COSY, HSQC, HMBC TOCSY, NOESY LC10 = 22 lg/ml Silva et al. (2008) LC50 = 47 lg/ml LC90 = 72 lg/ml after 24 h SolamargineAlkaloid (2) S. asperum Rich.- fruits TLC, Sephadex LH20 IR, HREIMS, LC–MS, 1H&13C- NMR, HBBD, DEPT, COSY, HSQC, HMBC, TOCSY,NOESY (B. glabrata) LC10 = 8.1 lg/ml Silva et al. (2008) LC50 = 26.3 lg/ml LC90 = 63.6 lg/ml after 24 h (B. glabrata) HPLC high performance liquid chromatography, TLC thin layer chromatography, CC column chromatography, SiO2 silica gel, CPC centrifugal partition chromatography, LPLC low pressure liquid chromatography, MPLC medium pressure liquid chromatography, Prep TLC preparative thin layer chromatography, DCCC droplet counter-current chromatography, NOESY nuclear over hauser effect spectroscopy, COSY homonuclear correlated spectroscopy, TOCSY total correlation spectroscopy, HMBC heteronuclear multiple bond connectivity, EI-MS electron ionization mass spectrometery, TOF MS time-of-flight mass spectrometry, MALDI matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization, NMR nuclear magnetic resonance, HETCOR heteronuclear correlation spectroscopy, UV ultraviolet, IR infrared, MP melting point Phytochem Rev Table 2 continued 123 123 Table 3 Plants species (and their localitis) used to cure schistosomiasis in patients based on traditional uses Species Common name/English Name Used part Locality Activity in lab References Acanthaceae Peristrophe bicalyculata (Retz.) Nees Panicled Foldwing Aerial parts Mali ND Bah et al. (2006), Gaudani et al. (2010) – Leaves Zimbabwe At 33.8 mg/ml Mølgaard et al. (2001) Anacardiaceae Ozoroa insignis Delile all schistosomules died (Schistosoma mansoni) Roots bark Zimbabwe Twigs Africa At 25.3 mg/ml all schistosomules died Mølgaard et al. (2001) (S. mansoni) ND (He et al. 2002) Lannea bicolor Dikbas Roots South Africa ND Sparg et al. (2000) Sclerocarya birrea (A.Rich.) Hochst Jelly plum Roots South Africa ND Sparg et al. (2000) Rhus geinzii – Roots South Africa ND Sparg et al. (2000) Annona senegalensis Pers. Wild Custard Apple and Wild Soursop Roots Mali ND Bah et al. (2006) A. muricata L. Graviola, Soursop and Gunbanana Leaves Brazil See Table 1 dos Santos and Sant’Ana (2001) Carrisa edulis (Forssk.) Vahl. Climbing num-num, simple-spined numnum Roots South Africa ND Sparg et al. (2000) Landolphia kirkii Dyer Sand apricot-vine, rubber vine Roots South Africa ND Sparg et al. (2000) Saba senegalensis (A.DC.) Pichon Weda Leaves Mali ND Bah et al. (2006) Calotropis procera (Aiton) Dryand Asparagaceae Apple of Sodom Roots Mali See Table 1 Bah et al. (2006) Agave attenuate Salm-Dyck Foxtail agave Dry leaves South Africa ND Brackenbury and Appleton (1997) Annonaceae Apocynaceae Asclepiadaceae Phytochem Rev Species Common name/English Name Used part Locality Activity in lab References Asparagus africanus Lam African asparagus Roots South Africa ND Sparg et al. (2000) Bushy bulbine Roots South Africa ND Sparg et al. (2000) Alomia myriadenia Sch.Bip. ex Baker – Aerial parts Brazil See Table 1 Mendes et al. (1999) Achyrocline satureioides (Lam.) DC Macela or marcela Aerial parts Brazil see Table 1 Mendes et al. (1999) Actinoseris – Aerial parts Brazil See Table 1 Mendes et al. (1999) – Roots South Africa ND Sparg et al. (2000) Barks, twigs and leaves South Africa Asphodelaceae Bulbine abyssinica A.Rich Asteraceae (Compositae) angustifolia (Gardner) Cabrera Berkheya speciosa (DC.) O.Hoffm Ojewole (2004) Piptocarpha rotundifolia (Less.) Baker Vanillosmopsis erythropappa (DC.) Sch.Bip Ashdaisy Aerial parts Brazil See Table 1 Mendes et al. (1999) Candeia tree Aerial parts Brazil See Table 1 Mendes et al. (1999) Verbesina clausseni Sch.Bip. ex Baker – Aerial parts Brazil See Table 1 Mendes et al. (1999) Balanites maughamii Sprague - Fruits, leaves and barks South Africa Ojewole (2004) B. aegyptica (L.) Delile Desert date Fruits, leaves and barks South Africa Ojewole (2004) Or Haglig Chocolate bells Tubers South Africa ND Sparg et al. (2000) Pod Mahogany Roots South Africa ND Sparg et al. (2000) Balanitaceae Boraginaceae Trichodesma physaloides (Fenzl) A. DC Caesalpiniaceae 123 Afzelia quanzensis Welw Cannellaceae Phytochem Rev Table 3 continued 123 Table 3 continued Species Common name/English Name Used part Locality Activity in lab References Warburgia ugandensis Sprague Green heart Fruits, twigs and leaves South Africa Ojewole (2004) Warburgia salutaris (G.Bertol.) Chiov Pepper-bark tree Fruits, twigs and leaves South Africa Ojewole (2004) Cadaba farinosa Forssk Indian Cadaba Leaves Mali ND Bah et al. (2006) Capparis tomentosa Lam Celastraceae Woolly caper bush Leaves and roots Mali ND Bah et al. (2006) Maytenus senegalensis (Lam.) Exell Spike thorn Roots South Africa ND Sparg et al. (2000) Roots brak Zimbabwe At 100 mg/ml some of the schistosomules died Mølgaard et al. (2001) Capparidaceae (S. mansoni) Chrysobalanaceae Licania tomentosa (Benth.) Fritsch – Leaves Venezuela Bilia et al. (2000a) – Leaves Mali ND Bah et al. (2006) ND Bah et al. (2006) Cochlospermaceae Cochlospermum tinctorium Perrier ex A.Rich Combretaceae Anogeissus leiocarpa (DC.) Guill. & Perr Combretum imberbe Wawra African birch Leaves Mali Leadwood tree Bark, twigs and leaves South Africa Ojewole (2004) Combretum Velvet bushwillow Bark, twigs and leaves South Africa Ojewole (2004) Guinean kinkeliba Leaves Mali ND Bah et al. (2006) Leadwood tree Roots South Africa ND Sparg et al. (2000) Euclea divinorum Hiern Magic guarri, diamond leaf, toothbrush tree, or diamond leaved Euclea Roots South Africa ND Sparg et al. (2000) Euclea natalensis - Barks South Africa ND Sparg et al. (2000) molle R.Br. ex G.Don Combretum micranthum G.Don Combretum imberbe Phytochem Rev Ebenaceae Species Common name/English Name Used part Locality Activity in lab References Antidesma venosum E.Mey. ex Tul Tassel-berry Roots South Africa ND Sparg et al. (2000) Euphorbia splendens Bojer ex Hook – Latex Brazil See Table 1 Schall et al. (2001) E. hirta L Ammampach charisi Whole plant Mali See Table 1 Bah et al. (2006) Ricinus communis L Castor oil Roots South Africa See Table 1 Sparg et al. (2000) Securinega virosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) Baill White berry bush, snowberry tree or simple-leaf bush weed Roots Mali ND Bah et al. (2006) Jequirity bean or rosary pea Roots South Africa Zimbabwe ND Sparg et al. (2000) At 1.5 mg/ml all schistosomules died Mølgaard et al. (2001) Euphorbiaceae Fabaceae (Leguminosae) Abrus precatorius L Stems (S. mansoni) Roots Zimbabwe At 0.6 mg/ml all schistosomules died Mølgaard et al. (2001) (S. mansoni) Mølgaard et al. (2001) Acacia karroo Hayne Sweet thorn Leaves Zimbabwe At 103 mg/ml no schistosomules died Albizia antunesiana Harms – Roots Zimbabwe At 100 mg/ml no schistosomules died (S. mansoni) Mølgaard et al. (2001) Cassia italica (Mill.) F.W.Andrews – Leaves Mali ND Bah et al. (2006) C. nigricans Vahl – Whole plant Mali ND Bah et al. (2006) Cassia sieberiana DC Dalbergia sissoo DC Drumstick tree Indian rosewood Leaves Fruits, leaves, roots and stems bark Mali Nigeria ND ND Bah et al. (2006) Adenusi and Odaibo (2009) Elephantorrhiza goetzei (Harms) Harms Goetze’s elephantorrhiza Stems bark Zimbabwe At 0.8 mg/ml all schistosomules died (S. mansoni) Mølgaard et al. (2001) Roots South Africa Mali ND Sparg et al. (2000) ND Bah et al. (2006) (S. mansoni) 123 Lonchocarpus laxiflorus Guill. & Perr – Barks Phytochem Rev Table 3 continued 123 Table 3 continued Species Common name/English Name Used part Locality Activity in lab References Peltophorum africanum Sond Weeping wattle or Afrtcanwattle Leaves ? stems Zimbabwe At 100 9 103 lg/ml no schistosomules died Mølgaard et al. (2001) Pseudarthria hookeri Wight & Arn – Leaves and roots South Africa ND Sparg et al. (2000) Pterocarpus angolensis DC Muninga, kiaat Barks and roots South Africa ND Sparg et al. (2000) Leaves Zimbabwe At 102 mg/ml no schistosomules died Mølgaard et al. (2001) Stems Zimbabwe At 117 mg/ml no schistosomules died Barks Zimbabwe (S. mansoni) (S. mansoni) (S. mansoni) At 70 mg/ml for bark some of the schistosomules died Mølgaard et al. (2001) Mølgaard et al. (2001) (S. mansoni) Fruits Africa ND Ojewole (2004) Aerial parts Mali ND Bah et al. (2006) Egyptian sesban Leaves Egypt See Table 1 Mahmoud et al. (2011) Indian Coffee Plum, Indian plum Roots South Africa ND Sparg et al. (2000) – Whole plant Mali ND Bah et al. (2006) Allium cepa L Onion Bulbs Mali See Table 4 Bah et al. (2006) Aloe buettneri A.Berger – Roots Mali ND Bah et al. (2006) – Barks South Africa ND Sparg et al. (2000) Natal mahogany Roots South Africa ND Sparg et al. (2000) Tetrapleura tetraptera (Schum. & Thonn.) Taub Aridan Stylosanthes erecta P.Beauv Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr Flacourtiaceae Flacourtia indica (Burm.f.) Merr Lamiaceae Leucas martinicensis (Jacq.) R.Br Liliaceae Loganiaceae Meliaceae Trichilia emetica Vahl Phytochem Rev Strychnos henningsii Gilg Species Common name/English Name Used part Locality Activity in lab References – Roots South Africa ND Sparg et al. (2000) ‘‘Samanéré’ Roots Mali ND Bah et al. (2006) Strangler figs Leaves Mali ND Bah et al. (2006) – Whole part Mali ND Bah et al. (2006) Menispermaceae Cissampelos mucronata A.Rich Mimosaceae Entada Africana Guill. & Perr Moraceae Ficus thonningii Blume Nympheaceae Nymphaea micrantha Guill. & Perr Olacaceae Ximenia amaricana L X. caffra Sond Yellow plum Roots Mali ND Bah et al. (2006) Roots South Africa ND Sparg et al. (2000) Large sour plum Roots and leaves South Africa ND Sparg et al. (2000) ‘‘isirigun’’ Roots South Africa ND Sparg et al. (2000) Soap berry endod Berries Ethiopia Investigated in Table 1 Esser et al. (2003) Maize Spikes Mali ND Bah et al. (2006) Violet tree, fiber tree and Rhodesian violet Roots Mali ND Bah et al. (2006) Traveler’s-joy Stems and leaves South Africa ND Sparg et al. (2000) Periplocaceae Mondia whitei (Hook.f.) Skeels. Phytolaccaceae Phytolacca dodecandra L’Hér. Poaceae Zea mays L. Polygalaceae Securidaca longepedunculata Fresen Ranunculaceae Clematis brachiate Thunb 123 Rhamnaceae Phytochem Rev Table 3 continued 123 Table 3 continued Species Common name/English Name Used part Locality Activity in lab References Ziziphus mucronate Willd Buffalo thorn Roots South Africa ND Sparg et al. (2000) Roots bark Zimbabwe At 101 mg/ml noschistosomules died (S. mansoni) Mølgaard et al. (2001) Swingle Lime; Mexican Lime Leaves and fruits Mali ND Bah et al. (2006) Shea tree Roots and leaves Mali ND Bah et al. (2006) Rutaceae Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle Sapotaceae Vitellaria paradoxa C.F.Gaertn Solanaceae Cestrum diurnum L. Day-blooming jasmine Leaves Egypt See Table 1 Mahmoud et al. (2011) Datura stramonium L. Thorn-apple, Jamestown Leaves Egypt See Table 1 Mahmoud et al. (2011) Physalis angulate L. Angular winter cherry, balloon cherry, camapu, cutleaf groundcherry Whole plant China See Table 1 dos Santos et al. (2003) Solanum nigrum L. Nightshade Leaves Egypt See Table 1 El-Sherbini et al. (2009) Solanum sinaicum Boiss. – Egypt See Table 1 El-Sherbini et al. (2009) Solanum villosum Mill. Inab al-deeb or red-fruit nightshade, hairy nightshade, Red nightshade Egypt See Table 1 El-Sherbini et al. (2009) Sterculiaceae Melochia arenosa Benth. – Aerial parts Brazil ND Truiti et al. (2005) Ampelocissus grantii (Baker) Planch – Tubercles Mali ND Bah et al. (2006) Cissus quadrangularis L. Perandai Roots, aerial parts and whole part Mali ND Bah et al. (2006) – Fruits Mali ND Bah et al. (2006) Desert date Roots Mali ND Bah et al. (2006) Vitaceae Zingiberaceae Aframomum latifolium K.Schum. Zygophyllaceae Phytochem Rev Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Delile. Phytochem Rev 123 Phytochem Rev b Fig. 1 Life cycle of Schistosoma Surgical Services in Kasr El-Ain Hospital and Medical School, Cairo, discovered Schistosoma worms in 1851. Their lifecycle was subsequently described by Robert Leiper, while working in Cairo, in 1915 (Di Bella et al. 2018). The Delta Nile was become a favorite habitat for breeding the host snails of both urinary and intestinal schistosomiasis (Malek 1975). S. japonicum eggs were discovered in two Chinese ancient bodies dating back roughly to 2180 years ago. Symptoms similar to schistosomiasis were described in the earliest Chinese ancient literature of around 4700 years ago. In the mid-1950s, the first nationwide assessment of the disease indicated that schistosomiasis was endemic in 433 cities across 12 provinces globally, affecting about 11.6 million people (Zhou et al. 2021). Distribution of schistosomiasis Schistosomiasis is endemic in 77 countries, and most prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions (Tefera et al. 2020). It is estimated that the severe cases are located in Sub-Saharan Africa; other highly endemic areas are Yemen and the Philippine Island of Mindanao. It is also still endemic, but at lower levels, in North Africa and several Middle East countries. In Asia, it is endemic in parts of the Yangtze River Basin in China, and middle reaches of the Mekong River in Laos and Cambodia (Bergquist and Tanner 2010). In China, a national survey in 2007 revealed that the infection rate among residents in the Fork Beach endemic area was 1.87% (Chen et al. 2012). At least 3 million people in Brazil are thought to be infected by Schistosoma, and around 25 million are at risk (Chitsulo et al. 2000). It is also endemic in several Venezuelan states, and several foci in Suriname (Zoni et al. 2016). Economic implications Calculating economic effects of schistosomiasis is far from straightforward, but it has been estimated to cause annual losses due to disability (complete or 123 partial) amounting to US$ 445, 16, 118, and 60 million in Africa, South-West Asia, South-East Asia and the USA, respectively (at least US$ 641 million in total). These sums do not include all costs of related public health programs, medical care or compensation for illness, which may also be substantial (Wright 1972). For instance, estimated costs for controlling schistosomiasis morbidity among school-age children by selective and mass chemotherapy are US$ 0.67 and 0.59 per infected child, respectively (Talaat and Evans 2000). Thus, reviving large-scale school-based health programs to reduce morbidity rates of school-aged children, and to improve their physical growth and cognitive development, would be very costly (Husein et al. 1996). Globally, the number of people treated for schistosomiasis rose from 12.4 million in 2006 to 33.5 million in 2010 (Carod Artal 2012). US$150 million have been spent on controlling neglected tropical diseases, including schistosomiasis, in sub-Saharan Africa (Gray et al. 2010). In 2008, a presidential initiative was announced calling for a commitment of US$ 350 million funding by the USA over five years to combat neglected tropical diseases, and an increase in the number of targeted countries (Liese and Schubert 2009). It has been estimated that 1.2 billion PZQ tablets will be needed annually to treat 400 million people in Africa for at least five years, at an annual cost of US$100 million (Utzinger et al. 2009). This sum could not be afforded easily within the endemic areas of the world without help from the developed countries. However, much less money would be required if alternative medicine(s) could be produced locally in appropriate financial and ecological frameworks. Geographical implications In many areas with high rates of schistosomiasis the local health systems are under-resourced (Amazigo et al. 2012) and subject to diverse disturbances that disrupt ecological equilibria and contexts, within which disease hosts or vectors and parasites breed, develop, and transmit the disease (Cable et al. 2017). Thus, they may strongly influence the emergence and proliferation of parasitic diseases, including schistosomiasis. It has been estimated that 97% of the infections are on the African continent (Steinmann et al. 2006), at least partly due to the lack (or paucity) Phytochem Rev of health systems, poverty and general neglect (Utzinger et al. 2011). Furthermore, 95% of all parasitic infections occur in the developing world, since it has the most conducive combinations of human behavior, anthropogenic disturbance and both climatic and physical conditions (Sattenspiel 2000). Notably, in endemic parts of the world schistosomiasis is intimately connected to the construction of infrastructure such as small, multipurpose dams and large hydroelectric dams for power production and irrigation systems (Utzinger et al. 2011). In the modern era, for example, the Aswan High Dam caused ecological changes that stimulated disease transmission (Malek 1975). Schistosomiasis remains the most important water-borne disease, and it was promoted by prevailing socio-ecological systems, since transmission is governed by unsafe human behavior (e.g. unprotected direct surface water contacts and open defecation) (Acka et al. 2010). In Egypt, recent projects have been carried out in many regions to reclaim land from the desert for agriculture using water of the Nile River. This, together with the increased human activities in the reclaimed areas, has stimulated transmission of both S. mansoni and S. haematobium, manifested by the presence of infected B. truncatus and B. alexandrina, the intermediate host snails for the respective parasitic species, in these areas. Parts of the desert utilizing Nile water has wider spread of schistosomiasis (El-Kady et al. 2000). Schistosomiasis became a national burden and emerging as a major public health problem in the Egyptian reclaimed areas unless adequate control measures are taken (Abou-El-Naga 2018). There are also cases of human infection in American and European metropolitan areas, due to immigrations (Fuertes et al. 2010; Roure et al. 2017). Medical implications Hepatitis has been detected in 70% of surveyed schistosomiasis patients, and S. mansoni is one of the two major risk factors, together with viral hepatitis, for chronic liver disease and liver cirrhosis. Thus, millions of the worlds population live under constant risk of both schistosomiasis and hepatitis (Halim et al. 1999). Similarly, clinical history of urinary schistosomiasis is associated with significantly increased risk of bladder cancer (Bedwani et al. 1998). Furthermore, schistosomiasis can infect the children in endemic populations, and disease symptoms in children include anemia, liver fibrosis, immunity impairment, and severe physical and mental disorders (El Baz et al. 2003). The free-swimming Schistosoma larvae penetrate the skin, causing rashes, erythema and itchy skin prior to fever, chills, coughm and muscle aches. As the parasite matures in the host veins (mesenteric or vesical), the symptoms change dramatically, and blood becomes visibly present in patients’ urine and stool (Kolářová et al. 2013; Nation et al. 2020). Under chronic conditions and if parasite eggs damage the organ in which they were deposited, the carrier can suffer from liver, kidney, and bladder complications. Advanced intestinal schistosomiasis is manifested with enlarged liver and spleen, fibrosis, and portal hypertension while symptoms of advanced uro-genital schistosomiasis include hydronephrosis and calcification of the bladder (Andrade 2009; Salas-Coronas et al. 2020). Social implications Advances in understanding Schistosoma epidemiology, and the greater availability of effective diagnosis and new tools have improved both current management and prospects for refining control of schistosomiasis. Nevertheless, infection and morbidity rates of the disease are still high, particularly in poor and otherwise disadvantaged populations. This disease of poverty has proved to be difficult to control for centuries (Utzinger et al. 2011). Despite prolonged mass antiparasitic drug therapy programs and other control measures, it has not been eradicated and continues to spread to new geographical areas (Siddiqui et al. 2011). Globally, WHO has estimated that about (600–779) million people are at risk of infection due to their exposure to contaminated water and 200–209 million people are infected with these parasites (Steinmann et al. 2006; WHO 2012). Schistosome infections require direct contact in water between the skin and the infective cercariae, thus sociocultural factors are strongly linked to infection rates, as illustrated in Fig. 2. In addition, recording and reporting of incidences, prevalence and death rates remain a challenge, and further efforts are needed to improve tracking the disease both nationally and 123 Phytochem Rev Fig. 2 Infection by schistosomes is strongly associated with social activities (washing clothes, bathing, etc.) in which people come into direct contact with freshwater inhabited by schistosomes’ intermediate host snails globally. Accordingly, schistosomiasis is still considered one of the major healths, socio-economic and developmental challenges facing many of the worlds poorest countries. Strategies to eliminate schistosomiasis There is an urgent need to increase global awareness and support endemic countries’ endeavors to develop appropriate methods to control the disease (Rollinson et al. 2013). As already mentioned, it is generally agreed that no single method will be sufficient to eliminate schistosomiasis; integrated approaches will be required due to its complexities (Mo et al. 2014). Application of molluscicides to reduce intermediate host snails populations is one of the most efficient methods for controlling the disease (Rapado et al. 2011). However, there are four major strategies for eradication: (1) treating infected individuals to reduce morbidity and mortality, and preventing the spread of Schistosoma parasite eggs, (2) providing communities with adequate, appropriate sanitation and accessible safe water to reduce environmental contamination and hence minimize the chances of miracidia transmission, (3) snail control to block the lifecycle of the parasite, and (4) health education (Fig. 3) (Chimbari 2012). To 123 accelerate progress, a wider application of existing interventions combined with implementation of new methods in a manner tailored to the socio-ecological setting is required. In China, a comprehensive control strategy to reduce rates of S. japonicum transmission from humans and cattle to snails was evaluated from 2005 to 2007. The strategy included removing cattle from snail-infested areas, providing farmers with mechanical equipment, improving sanitation and implementing health-education programs in the endemic areas. This integrated strategy reportedly reduced S. japonicum infection in humans to less than 1% in an endemic area (Wang et al. 2009). Medical control of schistosomiasis by treating infected humans A systematic search for chemotherapeutic drugs has been ongoing for several decades. The synthesis of PZQ in 1970 revolutionized the treatment and led to dramatic reductions in morbidity and mortality rates. PZQ is the only drug being used to treat human schistosomiasis on a large scale (Doenhoff et al. 2008; Mordvinov and Furman 2010), and is highly recommended in disease-control programs (Salvador-Recatalà and Greenberg 2012). The scope of therapeutic programs, as treatment with PZQ has largely been Phytochem Rev restricted to children attending school due to the lack of infrastructure and other logistical problems in many areas of the developing world (Siddiqui et al. 2011). Although treatment of schistosomiasis in patients worldwide relies heavily on PZQ and the drug has thoroughly recognized efficacy against schistosomes (Keiser et al. 2010), evidence is now accumulating that PZQ cannot prevent re-infection, and may sometimes even exacerbate it (Chandiwana et al. 1991; Doenhoff et al. 2008). Moreover, PZQ resistance is emerging in endemic areas due to repeated use (Wang et al. 2012). Obviously, there is a need for new alternatives for treating schistosomiasis (Cioli et al. 2014; Bergquist et al. 2017). Important potential sources are plants, and already many have been tested and some showed relevant activities, especially members of the medicinal plants. Many of them have been already tested and some showed relevant activities, especially members of the plant families Euphorbiaceae, Annonaceae, Fabaceae Asteraceae, Asphodelaceae, and Asparagaceae (Tables 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5). Strategic controls of schistosomiasis by eliminating intermediate host-snails Schistosoma parasites, like other parasitic helminths, can survive in their hosts for a long time, but the intermediate host is the weakest link in the transmission cycle. Thus, molluscicides are widely used as experimental models in programs to investigate the disease by killing the intermediate host snails (mollusks) (Wang et al. 2018), thereby disrupting the parasite’s lifecycle and stopping transmission to people in contact with water in high-risk areas (Birley 1991). Synthetic molluscicides The major synthetic molluscicides thatare currently used to control the snail vectors are metaldehyde, niclosamide, carbamate, organophosphate, and synthetic pyrethroids (Singh et al. 2010). Niclosamide is one of the most widely used synthetic molluscicides at present. However, it is highly toxic towards non-target organisms, including fish, and it is also ecologically destructive (He et al. 2017). Nevertheless, it is one of the most important molluscicides approved by WHO due to the lack of robust alternatives (He et al. 2017). It is most active against O. hupensis snails with an LC50 of 0.12 lg/ml and LC90 of 0.98 lg/ml after 24 h (Chen et al. 2007) but it kills amphibians and fish if used in effective concentrations. There are also several chemical molluscicides (e.g. copper sulfate, calcium cyanamide, chlorinated lime and carbamate derivatives). However, they are environmentally hazardous, Fig. 3 Strategies for schistosomiasis eradication 123 Phytochem Rev Table 4 Extracts with recognized larvicidal activity Specie (plant part) Vernacular name Type of the extract Results References Onion ND LC50 = 50 lg/ml (miracidia) Mantawy et al. (2012) Amaryllidaceae Allium cepa L. LC50 = 50 lg/ml (cercariae) (S. mansoni) Allium sativum L. Garlic ND LC50 = 100 lg/ml (miracidia) Mantawy et al. (2012) LC50 = 10 lg/ml (cercariae) (S. mansoni) Burseraceae Commiphora molmol (Engl.) Engl. ex Tschirch Myrrh Oil LC100 = 2.5–10 lg/ml 60–90 min (Arabian or Somali gum) Masoud et al. (2000) (cercariae) (S. haematobium) Euphorbiaceae Jatropha curcas L. (Seeds) Physic nut Methanol LC100 = 25 lg/ml (cercariae) LC50 = 5 lg/ml Rug and Ruppel (2000) (miracidia) (S. mansoni) Water LC50 = 5 mg/ml (miracidia and cercariae) Rug and Ruppel (2000) (S. mansoni) Crude oil 250 lg/ml killed all cercariae in 80 min Rug and Ruppel (2000) 100 lg/ml kills all larvae within 2 h (S. mansoni) Lamiaceae Plectranthus tenuiflorus (Vatke) Angew – Methanol LC50 = 17.39 mg/ml Aziz et al. (2011) (cercariae) (Leaves) LC50 = 24.37 mg/ml (miracidia) (S. mansoni) Solanaceae Solanum nigrum L. (Leaves) Nightshade Water LC100 = 30 lg/ml (S. haematobium) LC100 = 30 lg/ml (S. mansoni) LC100 = 40 lg/ml (F. gigantica) after 30 min (cercariae) 123 Ahmed and Ramzy (1997) Phytochem Rev Table 5 Compounds with antischistosomasis of water larvacidal activity isolated from higher plant Common name (chemical name)-/class Species (part)/family Separation tools Spectral analysis Results References 2-hydroxychrysophanol Hemerocallis fulva (L.) L. (root)/ Repeated ODS, Sephadex LH20 gel CC UV, IR, (EI & HR-EI) MS, 1H-&13C-NMR Immobilized all cercariae within 15 s at 3.1 lg/ml Cichewicz et al. (2002) Sephadex UV, IR, (EI & HR-EI) MS, 1H-&13C-NMR, DEPT, HMBC Immobilized cercariae within 12–14 min at 25 lg/ml Cichewicz et al. (2002) (1,2,8-trihydroxy 3-methylanthraquinone) Hemerocallidaceae (Anthraquinone) (38) Kwanzoquine E/ (Anthraquinone) (41) Hemerocallis fulva (L.) L. (Root)/ Hemerocallidaceae LH-20 CC, ODS preparative HPLC and snails develop resistance to them (Bilia et al. 2000b). Available molluscicides are also costly, which poses major problem for low-income countries where schistosomiasis is widely distributed. Despite all recent research and development current synthetic molluscicides also raise serious environmental concerns and threats to both human health and income (particularly in areas where fishing is a major source of food and income) due to their lack of specificity (Andrews et al. 1982; He et al. 2017). Thus, identifying or developing more selective molluscicidal herbal preparations that do not have adverse effects (or at least acceptably weak effects) in non-target aquatic organisms and are biodegradable remains a high priority (El-Sherbini et al. 2009). Plant molluscicides Several thousand synthetic compounds have been tested for their ability to control host snails but none of of them was proven to be as entirely satisfactory as yet. Therefore, natural sources of novel agents came into play an are considered now as attractive alterantives to seek for novel drug leads (Ribeiro et al. 2021; Xing et al. 2021). Primary target sources are medicinal Fig. 4 The most bioactive of natural compounds against snails based on a review of literature: Fla, flavonoids; Ter, Terpenes; Alk, alkaloids; Ste, steroids; Sap, saponins; Cat, catechine; Tan, tannins; Car, carbohydrates; Ace, acetogenine; Ess, essential oils; Pro, proteins; ND, not defined 123 Phytochem Rev More extensive efforts are warranted to isolate and identify the remaining unknown compounds from other plants, that could meet all the desirable criteria of molluscicides. Classes of compounds used as plant molluscicides Fig. 5 A novel anti-schistosomiasis triterpene glycoside (Asparagalin A) (1) plants because they are generally a rich source of renewable bioactive organic chemicals, and they may grow well in endemic areas, providing income for local farmers. Furthermore, plant derived molluscicides may have several advantages like low costs, high target specificity, water solubility, high biodegradability, and low toxicity towards normal organs in the human hots (Singh et al. 2010). Since 1982, the potential utility of more than 150 plant species for controlling freshwater snails has been tested. Numerous groups of compounds plant-derived compounds were toxic to target organisms at acceptable doses, ranging from \ 1 to 100 lg/ml (Singh et al. 2010). The molluscicidal activity of plant extracts and often their active compounds have been reported (Tables 1 and 2). Commonly identified active compounds belong to saponins, alkaloids, terpenoids and tannins (Fig. 4). The plant extracts evaluated against the intermediate host (snails and larvae of Schistosoma) are listed in Table 4. These include, for instance, methanol and aqueous extracts of Jatropha curcas L. (Euphorbiaceae) on snails transmitting S. mansoni and S. haematobium (Rug and Ruppel 2000). Different parts were traditionally used as antimicrobial agents. The plant had traditional uses as antimicrobial agents. Plant species known to be rich in bioactive molluscidal compounds are presented in Tables 2 and 5. Tannins are particularly suitable for snail control because tannin-containing plants are not only widely distributed but tannins can be also relatively easily isolated (Al-Sayed et al. 2014). The highest contents of molluscicidal agents have been found in members of Euphorbiaceae followed by Annonaceae, Mimosaceae, Polygonaceae, Verbenaceae and Caesalpinaceae families, the active compounds of a number of plants are presented in (Fig. 4). 123 Saponins Saponins comprise a structurally diverse class of triterpenes, based on triterpenoids often in the form of glycosides. They occur in plant species and have been also isolated from marine organisms (Challinor and De Voss 2013). Saponins derive their name from the soapwort plant, genus Saponaria (Caryophyllaceae). The triterpene skeletons of saponins are formed from the C30 precursor oxidosqualene. They are diverse, and decorated with different functional groups in different plant species (Challinor and De Voss 2013). They have hemolytic properties, toxic effects on most cold-blooded animals and proven molluscicidal activity (Francis et al. 2002; Sparg et al. 2004). Triterpenoids and saponins are widespread in nature. The most active molluscicidal saponin compounds have an oleanolic acid-based aglycone and trisaccharide sugar moiety (Mølgaard et al. 2000). This is consistent with our recent finding that asparagalin A (Fig. 5) (1), a triterpene saponin from the Egyptian species Asparagus stipularis Forssk., suppresses S. mansoni egg-laying. Shoots and roots of this plant used in folk medicine as diuretic for curing jaundice, liver ailments, against bilharzias (El-Seedi et al. 2012). Sometimes molluscicidal compounds are formed by an enzymatic reaction during extraction of plants, for instance if Phytolacca dodecandra L’Hér. berries are crushed with water (Parkhurst et al. 1989). The desert tree Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Delile (common name Higleeg) (Suleiman 2015) has a wellknown molluscicidal activity. It was the first plant reported for the control of schistosomiasis owing to its saponins content (Marston and Hostettmann 1985). The fruits of this plant were used as remedy to eradicate intestinal parasites. This plant species is traditionally (Table 3) used in treatment of malaria and is apparently suitable for vector control (Chothani and Vaghasiya 2011). Pulsatilla chinensis (Bunge) Regel displayed potent molluscicidal activity against O. hupensis, attributable to the presence of the active triterpenoid saponins. The plant roots are widely used in traditional Phytochem Rev Fig. 6 Structures of mollusicicidal bioactive compounds Chinese medicine as remedies for amebiasis, malaria, vaginal trichomoniasis and bacterial infections. Treatment with a sub-lethal concentration reportedly caused significant inhibition of acetyl cholinesterase (AHE), alanine transaminase (ALT), and alkaline 123 Phytochem Rev Fig. 6 continued phosphatase (ALP) activities in the liver and the cephalopodium of O. hupensis (Chen et al. 2012). 123 Extracts of Calendula officinalis L. and Ammi majus L. (common name, Khilla sheitani) have molluscicidal activity against Bullinus truncates and Phytochem Rev Fig. 6 continued B. Alexandria (less strongly). The recorded LC50 and LC90 values indicated that C. officinalis L. is more toxic to both snails where A. majus, and Bullinus. truncatus snails are more sensitive to the extracts of both plants than B. alexandrina. Prolonged exposure to sub-lethal concentrations of A. majus L. affected the egg-laying and survival of both snails. In addition, treatment with sub-lethal doses of extracts of both plants clearly inhibited transaminase activity, diminished the total protein content, and markedly increased 123 Phytochem Rev Fig. 6 continued total lipid contents in both snails hemolymph (Rawi et al. 1996). The activity of A. majus L. is thought to be due to saponins, and furocoumarins, although the 123 effect seems to be highly snail species-dependent (Marston and Hostettmann 1985; Rawi et al. 1996). Phytolacca dodecandra L’Hér. is one of the most active molluscicidal plants, and thus has been widely Phytochem Rev Fig. 6 continued studied. Its activity was initially reported by Lemma‘s group (Lemma 1965, 1970) and the presence of an active saponin named lemmatoxin was demonstrated (Parkhurst et al. 1974). Aqueous extracts of the dried berries contain up to 25% saponins (Treyvaud et al. 2000) which were stable in water for two days at room temperature (Mølgaard et al. 2000). Some isolated saponins are lethal to snails at very low concentrations. However, a major disadvantage of using saponins as molluscicides is that they are also 123 Phytochem Rev Fig. 6 continued generally lethal to fish compared to flavonoids and other phenolics that are generally less toxic to nontarget organisms (Wei et al. 2002). 123 Glycoalkaloids Several glycoalkaloids (Fig. 6) identified from Solanum species are molluscicidal. Extracts of S. elaegnifolium Cav. berries, and S. Phytochem Rev Fig. 6 continued sodomaeum Dunal leaves and seeds reveal molluscicidal activity against Bu. truncates, the intermediate host of S. haematobium (Table 2) (Bekkouche et al. 2000). In addition, S. sisymbriifolium Lam. fruits are active against the snails, the active fractions contain the steroidal alkaloids solamargine (Fig. 7) (2) and b-solamarine (Bagalwa et al. 2010), but solamargine is the most effective of these compounds, due to its specific sugar substitution (Miranda et al. 2012). Solamargine (containing a chacotriose sugar chain moiety) is also more active than solasonine, (containing a solatriose sugar chain moiety) against adult S. mansoni worms (Miranda et al. 2012). Phorbol esters Phorbol (Fig. 8) (3) was initially isolated in 1934 as a hydrolysis product of Croton tiglium L. vegetable oil (Flaschenträger, v. Wolffersdorff 1934; Abegaz and Kinfe 2020), and its structure was subsequently elucidated by Hecker and 123 Phytochem Rev Fig. 6 continued colleagues (Hecker 1967). Phorbol esters are diterpenes, which are, among others, major constituents of Jatropha curcas L. oil. They exhibit molluscicidal activity against aquatic snails (Liu et al. 1997). Some of the phorbol esters are mutagenic and 123 thus not suited as a molluscicidal medicine (Liu et al. 1997). Phorbol esters (and anthraquinone) are also the most bioactive compounds tested against miracidia and cercaria (Fig. 9). There have been few attempts to Phytochem Rev Fig. 6 continued isolate bioactive water larvicidal compounds; however, more extensive investigations are warranted. Neolignins Neolignans are a group of dimeric phenylpropanoids that are formed in Myristicaceae and other primitive plant families (e.g. Piperaceae, Eucommiaceae and Lauraceae) by oxidative coupling of allyl and phenyl propanoids (Alves et al. 2002). The biological activities of neolignan derivatives have been investigated against fungi such as Microsporum canis, M. gypseum, Tricophyton mentagrophytes, T. rubrum, and Epidermophyton floccosum (Zacchino et al. 1997), bacteria (e.g. Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) (Pessini et al. 2003), and a panel of cancer cell lines (Siripong et al. 2006). A number of these compounds displayed anti-schistosomiasis activity (Mengarda et al. 2021), Structure–activity relationships of 18 synthetic neolignan derivatives have also been studied (Alves et al. 2002). Two neolignans isolated from the leaves of Virola surinamensis (Rol. ex Rottb.) Warb., virolin 123 Phytochem Rev Fig. 6 continued (Fig. 10) (4) and surinamensin have been active against S. mansoni (Alves et al. 1998). 123 Latex with molluscicidal activity Latex from Euphorbiaceae species has strong molluscicidal activity, particularly against aquatic snails (Bah et al. Phytochem Rev Fig. 6 continued 2006). The crude latex of Euphorbia milii var. hislopii, the most powerful molluscicidal agent, has activity against the schistosomiasis-transmitting snails, B. glabrata and B. tenagophila, (Yadav and Jagannadham 2008). This could be due to the presence of triterpenes, flavonoids, macrolides, ingenol and a phorbol ester (Zani et al. 1993). The latex had stronger effects than the molluscicide niclosamide and was less less harmful to nontarget aquatic organisms (Oliveira-Filho et al. 1999; dos Santos et al. 2007). It also affects the cercaeia and larval stage of Schistosoma species (De-Carvalho et al. 1998). Latex of E. splendens Bojer ex Hook. is also a potent and specific molluscicide (LC90 \ 1.5 lg/ml) against the vector snails (Schall et al. 1998). It did not show acute toxicity or mutagenic activity towards non-target species at the concentrations of 10–12 lg/ ml (Schall et al. 1991). Attempts to identify the components responsible for the effects on snails 123 Phytochem Rev Fig. 7 Solamargine, a glucoalkaloid containing a chacotriose sugar chain moiety with molluscicidal activity (2) infections, PZQ and ARA together evoked cure rates of 83% and 78%, respectively. ARA, like PZQ, induced moderate cure rates (50% and 60%, respectively) in school children with light infection and modest cure rates (21% and 20%, respectively) in school children with high infection. Taken together, combination of PZQ and ARA might be useful for treatment of children with schistosomiasis in highendemicity regions (Barakat et al. 2015). Fig. 8 Chemical structure of phorbol (3) Conclusion showed that normal, processed, non-proteinaceous and proteinaceous fractions had molluscicidal activity, but the proteinaceous fraction containing alkaloids had the strongest physiological and lethal effects on fresh water snails (B. glabarata) (Yadav and Singh 2011). Clinical trials for uses medicinal plants against schistosomiasis 70 schistosomiasis haematobium patients both sexes (aged [ 15–60 years old) were treated with Mirazid at10 mg/Kg. The cure rate reached 91.9% after two months and 95.2% on the 3rd post-Mirazid treatment month (El Baz et al. 2003). In total, 268 school children infected with S. mansoni were divided into three groups: PZQ (87), arachidonic acid (ARA, 91), and PZQ plus ARA (90). Over the course of three weeks, and for 15 days, PZQ 40 mg/kg/day, ARA 10 mg/kg/day, or PZQ combined with ARA (40 mg/kg on the first day of treatment, then 15 doses of ARA 10 mg/kg per day for 5 doses/week) were administrated. In children with light and heavy 123 Schistosomiasis is a major neglected tropical disease with high public health impact. It is difficult to control the disease due to the complex life cycle of the parasite and its wide distribution in tropical and subtropical areas where health and sanitation services are poorly developed. Field control currently relies mostly on some synthetic compounds, which are costly, especially for the low-income regions where the disease is endemic. Since 1981 more than 150 plant species have been tested for molluscicidal activity, and more than 60 natural molluscicidal compounds have been isolated. Preliminary results are encouraging but further investigations are needed to bring more significant progress to a to a large-scale application in the field, including rigorous pharmaceutical validation, particularly to assess candidate compounds’ specificity. More screening of natural sources is also needed, with particular emphasis on structure–activity relationships and action mechanisms. Saponins, for example, specifically block homeostatic circuits. Phytochem Rev Fig. 9 Lifecycle stages of Schistosoma targeted by natural compounds, and the most active plant families financial burdens. Natural products are likely to be the strongest defense; myriads remain to be discovered. Acknowledgements The authors did not receive support from any organization for the submitted work Fig. 10 Chemical structure of virolin (4) Funding Open University. More research is also needed to discover and identify new environmentally friendly molluscicides and larvicides of plant origin that are not toxic to nontarget aquatic organisms. Establishment of a global database of the distribution of schistosomiasis vector snails is also necessary for large-scale application of plant molluscicides and optimization of control programs. The present review here shows that nature offers a plethora of possibilities for improving schistosomiasis control. Production of locally growing plants with molluscicidal and/or anti-schistosome activities would be an attractive alternative, since they could provide abundant agents to interfere with multiple stages of the parasite’s lifecycle without imposing excessive Declarations access Conflict of interest funding provided by Uppsala The authors declare no conflict of interest. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. 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