International Research Journal of Pure & Applied Chemistry
21(17): 49-58, 2020; Article no.IRJPAC.61402
ISSN: 2231-3443, NLM ID: 101647669
Urtica dioica (Stinging Nettle): A Pharmacologically
Important Medicinal Plant Species of
Himalayan Region
Geeta Rawat1*, Alka Bameta1 and A. K. Gaur1
1
Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, India.
Authors’ contributions
This work was carried out in collaboration among all authors. Author GR designed the study, wrote
the whole draft of the manuscript. Authors AB and AKG managed the analyses of the study and done
the correction of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Article Information
DOI: 10.9734/IRJPAC/2020/v21i1730265
Editor(s):
(1) Dr. Richard Sawadogo, Research Institute for Health Sciences Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
Reviewers:
(1) Dr. Jackson Godwin, Niger Delta University, Nigeria.
(2) Muhammed Mizher Radhi, Middle Technical University, Iraq.
Complete Peer review History: http://www.sdiarticle4.com/review-history/61402
Review Article
Received 19 July 2020
Accepted 23 September 2020
Published 07 October 2020
ABSTRACT
Urtica dioica (Stinging nettle) belonging to the family Urticaceae is a medicinal plantfound in the
Himalayas region from Kashmir to Kumaon region (Uttarakhand.). In Himalayan region, this plant is
used for the daily purpose as food as well as to serve animals. It contains various phytochemicals
like phenolic acid, coumarins, flavanols, bioflavonoids, Flavan-3-ols etc which is used to cure many
diseases like arthritis, constipation, Pulmonary, Liver, Intestine, Kidney, Diabetes, Fungal infections,
anti-inflammatory, internal injury and wounds. It also has hepatoprotective activity,
antihyperlipidemic activity, diuretic activity, antimicrobial activity, anticancer activity. Researchers
have reported about 30 species with 47 genera and 1,300 species worldwide used to treat different
diseases. Medicinal plants have proved to be the “backbone” of traditional medical system which
signifies that developing countries depend upon medicinal plants for therapeutic use.
Keywords: Diseases; medicinal plants; phytochemicals; therapeutic; traditional medical system.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
*Corresponding author: E-mail: mgeetarawat@gmail.com;
Rawat et al.; IRJPAC, 21(17): 49-58, 2020; Article no.IRJPAC.61402
TAXONOMY
histamine,
5-HT
(serotonin),
moroidin,
leukotrienes and formic acid [4,5]. Both leaves
and stem of this plant are covered with hairs
which contain formic acid and histamine which
causes unpleasant effects. The sting present on
this plant causes redness, itching, bumps and
irritation to the skin. Free radical-scavenging
action and wound healing process are reported
by many researchers [6].
Kingdom: Plantae; Phylum: Spermatophyta;
Subphylum: Angiosperm; Class: Dicotyledonae;
Order: Urticales; Family: Urticaceae; Genus:
Urtica; Species: Urtica dioica.
1. INTRODUCTION
Medicinal plants play an important role in
healthcare. Nowadays, they have become a
source of income for many people. They reflect a
rich resource of ingredients used for drug
development and synthesis, pharmaceuticals,
medicines, nutraceuticals throughout global
population.Medicinal plants are used as raw
materials for extraction of active ingredients
which may be used in the synthesis of different
drugs.
Innovative
properties
of
natural
substances are generally herbal in origin.
Extracts of this plant can be used for the curing
of several diseases caused due to the variations
in different factors like environment, life style,
gene level etc. Researchers have focused on
natural products, derived from different parts of
plants under different environmental conditions.
2. BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
Genus Urtica dioicais an erect dioecious
herbaceous perennial herb, which reproduces
through seed and creeping underground
rhizomes. Urtica dioica is an aggressive weed
usually found in moist soils throughout the
Europe and USA [7]. Flowering and fruiting time
are from June to October. Rhizomes are
cylindrical and tapering, occasionally branched,
about 6 mm thick at upper end. Root is grayish
brown, irregularly twisted, about 5 mm thick,
hollow crossed section, fibrous and tough.
Flowers are generally green that blooms from
summer into late fall present clusters on strands
(Fig. 1). Male and female flowers on separate
plants [8]. Panicle inflorescence present, each
28 cm long [9,10]. Various plant parts of this
plant are described in Table 1. Stinging hairs
cover the stem and leaves of the plant. When
touched, it injects several chemicals including
acetylcholine, histamine, 5- hydroxytryptamine
(serotonin), leukotrienes which cause skin
irritation and pain [3,4]. Stinging hairs can be
destroyed by cooking prior to ingestion. Seeds of
this plant reveal physiological dormancy, require
a prolonged stratification time to become softer
the hard seed coats and break the physiological
dormancy [11]. This plant grows in waste places,
roadsides,
stream
banks
and
ditches,
predominantly
in
nitrogen
rich
soil.
Urtica dioica (Stinging nettle) belongs to the
family Urticaceae, reported as tetraploid 2n=56
by [1] whereas subsp. dioica reported by [2]
tetraploid having 2n=48 or 52. U. dioica is found
in many cooler temperate and tropical parts of
the world like in Africa, the Americas, Asia,
Australia and Europe. It is basically found in the
Himalayas from Kashmir to Kumaon at altitudes
of 2,100-3,200 m [3]. In Himalayan region, this
plant is used for the daily purpose as vegetable
as well as to serve animals. In Kumaon folk
language it is called Shisuun. The leaves and
stems of this plant contain needle that injects
several chemicals including acetylcholine,
Chart 1. Description of plant parts
S.No.
1.
Plant parts
Leaf
2.
Stem
3.
Rhizome
4.
5.
Root
Flowers
Description
Opposite, cordate, pointed leaves, covered with stinging trichomes,
leaves are bright green color.
Stem is erect, hollow to solid, fibrous and tough, mostly simple or
branched containing stinging hairs approx 1 mm long
Rhizomes are cylindrical and surface is yellowishbrown, Numerous
in number
Root is brown, irregularly, fibrous and tough
Monoecious, both sexes are present on the plant, Inflorescence is
four per node
50
Rawat et al.; IRJPAC, 21(17): 49-58,
58, 2020
2020; Article no.IRJPAC.61402
Fig. 1. Plant parts of Urtica dioica(a)
dioica(a) whole plant (b) stem with sting hairs (c) leaf (d) roots (e)
flowers
3. SPECIES
and used against various diseases. Many
surveys regarding various species of Urtica
hat the genus is medicinally very
reflect that
important due to bioactive compounds. The
species of Urtica were employed for the
treatment
of
various
ailments
like
Anti-hyperlipidemic
Hepatoprotective Activity, Anti
Activity, Diuretic Activity, Antimicrobial Activity,
Anticancer Activity allergy, rheumatoid arthritis,
cough etc by the local people.
Researchers reported that there are a number of
species belonging to Urtica dioica. Many groups
of researchers have reported about 30 species
with 47 genera and 1,300 species worldwide
]. These species are
given in Table 1 [12,2, 13].
widely distributed throughout the world. These
species are medicinally well known throughout
the world and locally used for consuming as food
Table 1. Various species of Urtica
S.NO.
1
Species of Urtica
Urtica dioica
2
3
Urtica incaica
Urtica deltoidea
4
Urtica atrichocaulis
Diseases
Arthritis, constipation, pulmonary, liver, intestine,
kidney, diabetes, fungal infection, anti-inflammatory,
inflammatory,
internal injury, wounds, Hepatoprotective Activity,
Antihyperlipidemic Activity, Diuretic Activity,
Antimicrobial Activity, Anticancer Activity
Arthritis, antiinflammatory
Arthritis, antioxidant, anti-ulcer, anti-inflammatory,
inflammatory,
anticancer, antimicrobial, cardiovascular, and hepatic
protective
Rheumatoid arthritis, anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic,
arthritic,
antioxidant and immunomodulatory
51
References
[2],[14],
[15], [16]
[2], [15]
[15], [17]
[2], [18]
Rawat et al.; IRJPAC, 21(17): 49-58, 2020; Article no.IRJPAC.61402
S.NO.
5
Species of Urtica
Urtica magellanica
6
Urtica longispica
7
Urtica pera
8
Urtica gracilenta
9
Urtica mairei
10
Urtica parviflora
11
Urtica ardens
12
Urtica pilulifera
13
14
Urtica fissa
Urtica dentate
15
Urtica sondenii
16
Urtica taiwaniana
17
18
Urtica triangularis
Urtica australis
19
Urtica laetevirens
20
Urtica massaica
21
Urtica ferox
Anti-hyperglycemia, antioxidant, hepatic protective,
antiviral, diuretic, hypotensive
[20], [22]
22
Urtica hyperborea
Dermatitis, eczema, diuretic
[14]
23
Urtica andicola
[2]
24
Urticaflabellata
25
Urticastachyoides
26
Urticalalibertadensis
27
Urticaatrovirens
28
29
30
Urticakioviensis
Urticaleptophylla
Urticaurens
Anti-hyperglycemia, antioxidant, hepatic protective,
antiviral, diuretic, hypotensive
Anti-hyperglycemia, antioxidant, hepatic protective,
antiviral, diuretic,hypotensive
Anti-glycemia, antioxidant, hepatic protective,
antiviral, hypotensive
Anti-hyperglycemic, antioxidant, hepatic protective,
antiviral
Anti-hyperglycemia, antioxidant, hepatic protective,
antiviral and arthritis
Hepatic protective, antiviral, arthritis
Arthritis, fungal infections and antimicrobial
Arthritis
Diseases
Eczema, gout, urticarial, allergic rhinitis and
rheumatoid arthritis
Fungal infection, antibacterial, antiviral, blood
purification, respiratory diseases.
Leucorrhoea, Haemorrhoids, obesity,
oligomenorrhoea, gastric ulcers, anti-cholesterol
Anti-inflammatory, arthritis, hyperplasia, fungal
infections
Kidney, diabeties, fungal infections, anti-inflammatory
and arthritis.
Antitumor, astringent, diuretic, inflammation and
arthritis.
Exorcism, jaundice, sprains, bones fracture,
hematuria, neck sore
Inflammation, arthritis, internal bleeding, anemia,
excessive menstruation, hemoorrhoids, rhematism,
hay fever, kidney problems, pain and skin problems,
abdominal pain, antiasthma, antitumor, antidandruff,
antihyperglycaemia
Rheumatoid arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis, kidney stones, ant lithic effects
Diabetes, fungal infections, anti-inflammatory,
arthritis
Anti-hyperglycemia, antioxidant, hepatic protective,
antiviral, diuretic, hypotensive
Fungal infections, anti-inflammation, arthritis
Diabetes, eczema, fungal infections, antiinflammatory, arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatism, eczema, allergic
rhinitis
Eczema, skin rashes, dermatitis and diuretic
52
References
[19]
[17]
[20]
[16]
[15], [16]
[21], [22]
[16], [22]
[2]
[2]
[2], [23]
[15], [16]
[24]
[23]
[15]
[2], [7]
[14], [15]
[25]
[2]
[26]
[14]
[22]
[2]
[2]
Rawat et al.; IRJPAC, 21(17): 49-58,
58, 2020
2020; Article no.IRJPAC.61402
4. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS
mitters,
histamine,
choline,
acetylcholine,
coumarin derivative, and also lignans that
improve immune responses Table 2. There are
various factors like soil, moisture, harvest time,
treatment environment etc which effect the
chemical compositions of this plant [29]
[29], [30],[31].
Mostly known chemical constituents present in
thisplantare
flavonoids,
tanins,
volatile
compounds and sterols [27], [28]. This plant also
contain starch, sugar, gum, resins, neurotransneurotrans
Table 2. Chemical constituents
S.No.
1.
2.
Constituents
Compound
Phenolic
acids
p-Hydroxybenzoic
Hydroxybenzoic
acid
Coumarins
Structure
Molecular
formula
C₇H₆O₃
Gentisic acid
C₇H₆O₄
Protocatechuic
acid
C₇H₆O₄
Vanillic acid
C8H8O4
Quinic acid
C₇H₁₂O₆
Ferulic acid
C₁₀H₁₀O₄
p-Coumaric
Coumaric acid
C₉H₈O₃
Caffeic acid
C₉H₈O₄
5-O-Caffeolylquinic
Caffeolylquinic
acid
C₁₆H₁₈O₉
Esculetin
C₉H₆O₄
53
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2020; Article no.IRJPAC.61402
Scopoletin
C₁₀H₈O₄
3.
Lignans
Secoisolariciresinol
C₃₂H₄₆O₁₆
4.
Flavones
Chrysoeriol
C₁₆H₁₂O₆
5.
Flavonols
Kaempferol
C₁₅H₁₀O₆
Kaempferol 3-O3
glucoside
C₂₇H₃₀O₁₅
Quercitrin
C₂₁H₂₀O₁₁
Quercitrin 3-O3
glucoside
C₁₅H₁₀O₇
54
Rawat et al.; IRJPAC, 21(17): 49-58, 2020; Article no.IRJPAC.61402
Isorhamnetin
C₁₆H₁₂O₇
6.
Biflavonoids
Amentoflavone
C₃₀H₁₈O₁₀
7.
Flavan-3-ols
Catechin
C₁₅H₁₄O₆
Table 3. Pharmacological properties
Pharmacological
properties
Antioxidant Activity
Antidiabetic Activity
Hepatoprotective
Activity
Antihyperlipidemic
Activity
Diuretic Activity
Antimicrobial Activity
Anticancer Activity
Hypotensive Effect
Effects
References
Extract of Urtica dioica have substantial antioxidant potential
and prevent damaging effect.
Role of leaf extract on heightening of insulin secretion so by
which decreasing the blood sugar level.
Report analysis shows that this plant leaves
extractsdecreasesthe level of serum alkaline phosphatase
(ALP), malonyldehyde (MDA), alanine transaminase (ALT),
aspartate aminotransferase (AST), as well as a
significant increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD) level.
[10,68]
Plant have role onanti-hyperlipidemic activity because
some reports showsblood lowering level of lipids and
lipoprotein.
Aqueous extract of U. dioica produced a significant increase
in urine flow(diuretic) and an increase in the urinary excretion
of Na+ (natriuretic effects).
Plant extract reported for antimicrobial activity against many
bacteria.
Aqueous extract of the plant roots causes inhibition of the
globulin binding to its receptor and directly inhibits cell
proliferation of HeLa cells and block binding of epidermal
growth factor to its receptor.
[34]
Aqueous extract of this plant reported that it decreases the
blood pressure.
55
[35]
[36], [37]
[38]
[39]
[40]
[41]
[96]
[42]
Rawat et al.; IRJPAC, 21(17): 49-58, 2020; Article no.IRJPAC.61402
5. PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
3.
Many reports give an idea about the
pharmacological properties of U. dioica such as
Antidiabetic Activity which maintain the sugar
level in body, Hepatoprotective Activity, Antihyperlipidemic Activity, Anticancer Activity,
antibacterial, antioxidant property which prevent
damaging effect, and antiviral activities Table 3
and also used as a remedy for the treatment of
diarrhoea, vaginal discharge, internal and
external bleeding [32]. Dried extracts of this
plantare also used to relieve asthma and similar
bronchial troubles by inhalation and therapy for
chronic hepatitis, cholangitis, cholecystitis and
habitual constipation [33].
4.
5.
6.
7.
6. CONCLUSION
The information presented in this review has
shownthe botanical description, properties of
different speciesworldwide, various chemical
constituents and pharmacological properties. U.
dioicahas rich medicinal value. Many reports
also give an idea about thepharmacological
properties of U. dioica such as antidiabetic
activity which maintain the sugar level in body,
hepatoprotective activity, antihyperlipidemic
activity,
anticancer
activity,
antibacterial,
antioxidant property which prevent damaging
effect, and antiviral activities which can be used
for
further
studies.Flavonoids,
tanins,
neurotransmitters,
histamine,
choline,
acetylcholine, coumarin derivativeare some of
the chemical constituents which found in this
plant that improves immune responses which
may have scope of future research work.Till now,
no study is available leading to pure active
components for particular disease, hence; there
is scope for research work leading to commercial
utilization of the Urtica dioica L. in near future.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
COMPETING INTERESTS
Authors have
interests exist.
declared
that
no competing
15.
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