Plant Ecology and Evolution 153 (1): 132–142, 2020
https://doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.2020.1625
REGULAR PAPER
New records for the flora of Angola:
observations from Uíge and Cuanza Norte
Thea Lautenschläger1,*, Christoph Neinhuis1, Christin Heinze1, Anne Göhre2, Mawunu Monizi3,
Macuntima Pedro3, José L. Mandombe3, Makaya F. Bránquima3 & Barbara Ditsch2
1
Department of Biology, Institute of Botany, Faculty of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
Botanical Garden, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
3
University of Kimpa Vita, Province of Uíge, Rua Henrique Freitas No. 1, Bairro Popular, Uíge, Angola
*Corresponding author: thea.lautenschlaeger@tu-dresden.de
2
Background and aims – Located in the transition zone of Guineo-Congolian and Zambezian phytochoria,
the Angolan provinces of Uíge and Cuanza Norte are of particular interest for floristic studies and high
biodiversity is expected. Nevertheless, explorations of the vegetation are relatively rare. Our study aims to
supplement a recent checklist of vascular plants of Angola.
Methods – Data were collected during 17 field trips between 2013 and 2018, during which herbarium
specimens were prepared for later identification of plant species. The results were compared with the
current checklist as well as with other floristic works, herbarium collections and online databases relevant
for the region.
Key results – We document 20 new records of indigenous vascular plant species for the flora of Angola (19
species and one subspecies), including four new generic records. Furthermore, nine alien species are added
to the checklist of the flora of Angola.
Conclusion – Our results confirm that the flora of northern Angola is composed by elements of various
adjacent areas. However, not all species present are known yet. Further botanical investigation is needed to
complete our floristic knowledge of the region.
Keywords – Northern Angola; checklist; distribution; native flora; alien species; new records.
INTRODUCTION
Explorations of the vegetation of Angola are relatively rare
(Dauby et al. 2016). First scattered collections date back to
the 17th century (Goyder & Gonçalves 2019). Subsequently,
several explorers studied the flora of the coastal plain and
some interior parts of the country. Among them the Austrian
Friedrich Welwitsch (1806–1872), the German Hugo Baum
(1867–1950), and the Swiss Johannes Gossweiler (1873–
1952) rank as the most important. Further valuable collections were made from the late 1950s to 1974, by Portuguese
collectors such as Eduardo José Santos Moreira Mendes
(1924–2011), Joaquim Martinho Lopes de Brito Teixeira
(1917–1969) and Luis A. Grandvaux Barbosa (1914–1983).
António Rodrigues Fonseca Raimundo (1926–2014) actively
collected plants in Uíge. Notwithstanding their extensive surveys, the north of Angola is still underrepresented in herbarium collections, not least because of wars lasting forty years
and preventing any continuous botanical or ethnobotanical
investigations (Figueiredo & Smith 2008; Sosef et al. 2017).
Following Brummitt (2001), Angola is part of South
Tropical Africa. The Northern Province of Uíge borders the
Democratic Republic of the Congo (further D.R. Congo) in
© 2020 Thea Lautenschläger, Christoph Neinhuis, Christin Heinze, Anne Göhre, Mawunu Monizi, Macuntima Pedro, José L. Mandombe,
Makaya F. Bránquima, Barbara Ditsch.
This article is published and distributed in Open Access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which
permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work (author and source) is properly cited.
Plant Ecology and Evolution is published by Meise Botanic Garden and Royal Botanical Society of Belgium
ISSN: 2032-3913 (print) – 2032-3921 (online)
Lautenschläger et al., Angola new records
the north and east, the Angolan provinces of Malanje, Cuanza Norte and Bengo in the south, and the Zaire province in
the west. While most of the country is characterized by different savannah types, Uíge as well as parts of Cuanza Norte
belong to the ecoregion called Western Congolian Forest-Savannah Mosaic (Olson et al. 2001). White (1983) concretised
that elements of both the Guineo-Congolian and the Zambezian Regions are forming a Regional Transition Zone of high
complexity. Even some pure Congolian forest patches exist
along the big rivers such as the Cuango (Goyder & Gonçalves 2019). However, White (1983) depicted this area as
grassland and wooded grassland secondarily formed following the destruction of the original vegetation.
Recent studies provide a more detailed picture of the
area. During field trips in Uíge and Cuanza Norte we collected and identified 820 species of mosses (Müller 2015; Müller et al. 2019), ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms being
stored now in the Herbarium Dresdense (DR). In the mountain chain of Serra Pingano, an unknown Impatiens species
was found and described as Impatiens pinganoensis Abrah.
et al. (Abrahamczyk et al. 2016). Furthermore, ethnobotanical surveys from the region were published during the last
years (Göhre et al. 2016; Heinze et al. 2017; Lautenschläger
et al. 2018).
The checklist of vascular plants of Angola (Figueiredo
& Smith 2008) comprises 6735 native and 226 non-native
species (Figueiredo et al. 2009; Smith & Figueiredo 2017).
Here, we present new records of another 19 species and one
subspecies as well as of nine alien species.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The data were collected during 17 field trips from 2013 to
2018. Data sampling was carried out between 5°58′59.2″S
and 9°40′60.5″S and between 14°10′37.0″E and
16°17′04.5″E (fig. 1). All the surveys were permitted and accompanied by the local authorities. The Ministry of the Environment, Republic of Angola, and the Province Government
of Uíge issued the required collection and export permits.
For documentation, plant voucher specimens, complemented by photographs, were collected, dried and stored at the
Herbarium Dresdense (DR), Technische Universität Dresden, Germany. Voucher specimen numbers are given in the
checklist below. All sample data are available at Virtual Herbaria JACQ (https://herbarium.univie.ac.at/database/). Due
to CITES trade regulations one orchid species is documented
by photo voucher only. In a Memorandum of Understanding
signed in 2014, the Instituto Nacional da Biodiversidade e
Áreas de Conservação (INBAC), Angola, and the Technische
Universität Dresden, Germany, agreed upon that duplicates
of herbarium vouchers will be returned to Angola as soon as
appropriate conditions to store them are established. Identification of collected plant specimens and data analysis were
completed in Dresden. For identification, relevant floristic
works were used and listed in the particular species description.
Furthermore, for some plant groups, specialists were consulted. Plant families are treated alphabetically.
RESULTS
Based on the checklist of the vascular plants of Angola
(Figueiredo & Smith 2008), we present records of 20 native
species new to the flora of Angola including three new genera (Epithema, Mendoncia, Newbouldia), and 9 neophytes
(three new genera: Eleutherine, Eryngium, Leptaspis).
Figure 1 – Study area. A. Location of Angola in Africa. B. Location of the provinces Cuanza Norte (south) and Uíge (north) in Angola. C.
Vegetation zones in the study area according to Barbosa (2009), collection sites marked by a black dot.
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Native species
Araceae
Acanthaceae
Anubias gilletii De Wild. & T.Durand
Distribution – West Tropical Africa, West Central Tropical
Africa.
Habitat – Submersed and emersed in river.
Notes –The species was identified from a living specimen
collected at the locality given below and flowering later as a
cultivated plant in the Botanical Garden of Dresden. It differs
from the narrowly allied Anubias hastifolia Engl. by the position of the thecae (at the edge instead of partly or completely on top of the synandria), the form and size of the spathe
and by the spathe in anthesis being reflexed (fig. 2A).
Specimen examined – Angola: Uíge: [Kivelu] 6°01′00.0″S,
15°24′49.1″E, 803 m alt., 25 Feb. 2017, T. Lautenschläger
2017_143 (DR, barcode 049160).
Reference – Crusio (1979).
Asystasia vogeliana Benth.
Distribution – West Tropical Africa, West Central Tropical
Africa, Northeast Tropical Africa, East Tropical Africa.
Habitat – Rain forest.
Notes – The light mauve flowers are comparatively large
with a corolla up to 5 cm. It keys out next to Asystasia scandens (Lindl.) Hook. from which it differs by its inflorescence
being longer and less dense. Additionally, its corolla tube
is much longer and not suddenly widened to become bellshaped in the upper two thirds, like in A. scandens.
Specimens examined – Angola: Uíge: [Serra Pingano]
7°40′56.6″S, 14°56′03.8″E, 647 m alt., former coffee plantation, near waterfall, 24 Jul. 2014, T. Lautenschläger
2014_7_23 (DR, barcode 042826); [Serra Uíge, Kilomosso]
7°39′35.1″S 14°58′56.3″E, 652 m alt., 17 Jul. 2015, A. Göhre
2015-07a (DR, barcode 050877).
References – Burkill & Clarke (1899); Heine (1963a); Darbyshire et al. (2010).
Mendoncia phytocrenoides (Gilg ex Lindau) Benoist
Distribution – West Tropical Africa, West Central Tropical
Africa.
Habitat – Rain forest.
Notes – The specimen is characterized by a long indumentum along the stem, the petioles and veins. The bracteoles
are predominantly hispidly hairy, the pedicel is shorter than
15 mm (fig. 2E). The species is otherwise known from Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon and highly disjunct from
eastern Congo (Kinshasa). This is the first record of the genus Mendoncia in Angola.
Specimen examined – Angola: Uíge: [Serra Pingano]
7°40′22.7″S, 14°56′17.7″E, 615 m alt., rain forest, 2 Sept.
2019, T. Lautenschläger 2018_10_13b (DR, barcode
056368).
Reference – Breteler & Wieringa (2018).
Annonaceae
Monanthotaxis gilletii (De Wild.) Verdc.
Distribution – West Tropical Africa, East Tropical Africa.
Habitat – Rain forest.
Notes – This species is easily recognized by the large leafy
bract on the peduncle in combination with large erect hairs
on the branches. Other species with large leafy bracts have
appressed hairs.
Specimen examined – Angola: Uíge: [Serra Uíge]
7°37′56″S, 14°58′39″E, 774 m alt., rain forest, 23 Aug. 2014,
T. Lautenschläger 2014-58 (DR, barcode 055033).
References – Boutique (1951): under the synonym Popowia
gilletii De Wild.; Verdcourt (1971).
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Balsaminaceae
Impatiens burtonii Hook.f. var. burtonii
Distribution – West Central Tropical Africa, East Tropical
Africa.
Habitat – Understory of cloud forest.
Notes – A number of African Impatiens species is characterized by spirally arranged leaves with petioles at least 1 cm
long and up to 10 lateral veins, a much-reduced peduncle
and a navicular lower sepal being abruptly constricted into a
short filiform spur. Within this group, I. burtonii keys out by
usually pubescent, 3–4 mm long lateral sepals without glandular teeth, petioles which are not fimbriate-glandular, lateral
united petals without a filiform appendage extending into
the spur and a relatively large flower size (fig. 2D). Three
varieties can be distinguished on spur length (being 16–23
mm long in var. angusticalcarata (De Wild.) R.Wilczek &
G.M.Schulze while only 5–9 mm long in I. burtonii var. wittei (G.M.Schulze) Grey-Wilson and var. burtonii) combined
with leaf lamina size (shorter than 20 mm with 3–6 pairs of
lateral veins in var. wittei while 25–160 mm long with 6 to
11 pairs of lateral veins in var. burtonii).
Specimen examined – Angola: Uíge: [Pambu] 7°25′56.0″S,
15°10′28.0″E, 1252 m alt., 17 Feb. 2015, B. Ditsch BD 742
(DR, barcode 050799).
Reference – Grey-Wilson (1980).
Begoniaceae
Begonia johnstonii Oliv. ex Hook.f.
Distribution – East Tropical Africa.
Habitat – On rocks.
Notes – Determination of Begonia johnstonii was carried out
by a specialist (M. Hughes, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew,
UK, pers. comm. 2018). Up to now, this species was only
known from Kenya and Tanzania. Taking into account the
dust-like seeds freely floating in the air, some anemochorous
long distance dispersal may have spread the seeds from eastern Africa to Angola, where again suitable habitats on rocks
Lautenschläger et al., Angola new records
within the forest may have facilitated successful establishment. According to Plana et al. (2004) the present distribution of Begonia johnstonii, B. engleri Gilg and B. annobonensis A.DC. could be the result of a climate change during
the early Pliocene leading to rainforest expansion and isolating the populations of the three Begonia species which they
described as functionally annual and well adapted to more
seasonal conditions. In this case, the Angolan Begonia johnstonii might as well represent another relict population (fig.
2B).
Specimen examined – Angola: Uíge: [Bombo] 7°31′11.0″S,
14°34′16.0″E, 446 m alt., 12 Oct. 2016, T. Lautenschläger
2016-54 (DR, barcode 051995).
References – de Wilde (2002); Hughes et al. (2015).
Bignoniaceae
Newbouldia laevis (P.Beauv.) Seem. ex Bureau
Distribution – West Tropical Africa, West Central Tropical
Africa.
Habitat – In village.
Notes – This species is frequently grown as boundary in
the north of the province Uíge, but also found roadside. The
same was recorded in the neighbouring province Kongo Central of the D.R. Congo (Latham & Konda ku Mbuta 2014).
This is the first record of the monotypic genus Newbouldia in
Angola (fig. 2G).
Specimen examined – Angola: Uíge: [Kivala] 5°58′59.2″S,
15°11′15.4″E, 977 m alt., 25 Nov. 2015, A. Kempe TL 80
(DR, barcode 043913).
Reference – Heine (1963b).
Commelinaceae
Polyspatha hirsuta Mildbr.
Distribution – West Tropical Africa, West Central Tropical
Africa, East Tropical Africa.
Habitat – Rain forest.
Notes – While the inflorescence-axis bearing spathes is comparatively longer in the related P. paniculata Benth., here it
does not exceed 4 cm.
Specimen examined – Angola: Uíge: [Serra Pingano]
7°40′56.0″S, 14°56′05.0″E, 687 m alt., rain forest near waterfall, 18 Jul. 2015, T. Lautenschläger 2015-23a (DR, barcode 050882).
Reference – Brenan (1968).
Fabaceae
Baphia chrysophylla Taub.
Distribution –West Central Tropical Africa.
Habitat – Savannah.
Notes – The 8–9 mm long calyx spathaceously dividing by
only one longitudinal fissure as well as the ratio of leaf lamina length and width clearly determine the species.
Specimen examined – Angola: Uíge: [Kibokolo]
6°36′55.2″S, 16°12′12.6″E, 861 m alt., 18 Feb. 2015, B.
Ditsch BD 762 (DR, barcode 046846).
References – Soladoye (1985); Goncharov et al. (2011).
Gesneriaceae
Epithema tenue C.B.Clarke
Distribution –West Tropical Africa, West Central Tropical
Africa, Northeast Tropical Africa, East Tropical Africa.
Habitat – Secondary forest, on wet rocks (fig. 2C).
Notes – This is the first record of the genus Epithema in Angola.
Specimens examined – Angola: Uíge: [Serra Pingano] 7°40′22.1″S, 14°56′17.2″E, 615 m alt., 16 Feb.
2015, B. Ditsch BD 735 (DR, barcode 050939); [Bombo]
7°31′09.5″S, 14°33′53.7″E, 446 m alt., 12 Oct. 2016, A. Kempe 2016_40 (DR, barcode 044456); [Quijoao] 7°43′08.0″S,
14°44′45.0″E, 600 m alt., 19 Feb. 2017, T. Lautenschläger
2017-95 (DR, barcode 050787).
Reference – Darbyshire (2006).
Marattiaceae
Ptisana salicifolia (Schrad.) Senterre & Rouhan
Distribution – South Tropical Africa, Southern Africa, West
Tropical Africa, West Central Tropical Africa, Northeast
Tropical Africa, East Tropical Africa, Western Indian Ocean.
Habitat – Rain forest.
Notes – According to M. Lehnert (Martin-Luther-Universität
Halle-Wittenberg, Germany, pers. comm. 28 Aug. 2019),
two herbarium specimens of P. salicifolia from Angola were
filed as Ptisana fraxinea (Sm.) Murdock: US Catalog No.:
3001336 (barcode 01403971) and US Catalog No.: 3001339
(barcode 01403957). However, the locations indicated are
certainly located in D.R. Congo. The French labelling also
supports this assumption.
Specimens examined – Angola: Uíge: [Serra Pingano]
7°40′22.7″S, 14°56′17.7″E, 615 m alt., 18 Jul. 2015, T.
Lautenschläger 21 (DR, barcode 052154); [Serra Uíge]
7°37′03.0″S, 14°57′11.0″E, 872 m alt., 28 Oct. 2013, B.
Ditsch BD 505 (DR, barcode 050952).
Reference – Schelpe (1970).
Melastomataceae
Calvoa orientalis Taub.
Distribution – West Central Tropical Africa.
Habitat – Forest edge.
Notes – Glabrous herb, leaf lamina with the base rounded
and more than 1.5 cm wide. The capsules of the specimen
exhibit a 5-lobed crown that is exserted for 3 mm and winged
with bright lobes.
Specimen examined – Angola: Uíge: [Murro] 6°46′54.5″S,
16°12′30.7″E, 1056 m alt., edge of rain forest; 22 Jul. 2015,
A. Göhre 148 (DR, barcode 043332).
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Pl. Ecol. Evol. 153 (1), 2020
Figure 2 – Selected species. A. Anubias gilletii. B. Begonia johnstonii. C. Epithema tenue. D. Impatiens burtonii var. burtonii. E. Mendoncia
phytocrenoides. F. Microcoelia macrorhynchia. G. Newbouldia laevis. H. Uncaria africana subsp. africana. A, D, F, H photographed by
Barbara Ditsch; B, C, E, G photographed by Thea Lautenschläger.
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Lautenschläger et al., Angola new records
Reference – Figueiredo (2001).
Phyllanthaceae
Calvoa seretii De Wild. subsp. seretii
Distribution – West Central Tropical Africa.
Habitat – Swampy forest.
Notes – Glabrous herb, leaf lamina longer than 3 cm, attenuate at base, apex acute. The capsules of the specimen exhibit
a 5-lobed crown, exserted for only 1.5 mm. The petal lobes
are reddish.
Specimens examined – Angola: Uíge: [Mucaba]
7°12′53.0″S, 15°05′52.0″E, 1182 m alt., swampy forest;
25 Jul. 2014, T. Lautenschläger 2014_7_25 (DR, barcode
054210); [Mucaba] 7°12′53.0″S, 15°05′52.0″E, 1182 m alt.,
swampy forest; 16 Oct. 2016, T. Lautenschläger 2017_132
(DR, barcode 045050).
Reference – Figueiredo (2001).
Antidesma laciniatum Müll.Arg. subsp. membranaceum
(Müll.Arg.) J.Léonard
Distribution – West Tropical Africa, West Central Tropical
Africa, Northeast Tropical Africa, East Tropical Africa.
Habitat – Rain forest.
Notes – The species differs from other Western and Central African members of the genus by laciniate stipules. The
subspecies is characterized by a persistent ferrugineous indumentum including long candelabra-like trichomes on the
nerves of the lower leaf surface. The stipules of our samples are deeply lobed, with lobes sometimes branched. The
branchlets, petioles, midribs and stipules are covered with
long spreading hairs up to 1 mm long.
Specimens examined – Angola: Uíge: [Kikuambalembua]
6°53′59.1″S, 15°04′25.0″E, 984 m alt., 24 Feb. 2015, B.
Ditsch BD 832 (DR, barcode 043267); [Kunga Quiximba]
7°36′17.8″S, 14°57′34.5″E, 880 m, 15 Mar. 2013, B. Ditsch
BD 274 (DR, barcode 057588).
References – Keay (1958a) as A. laciniatum Müll.Arg. var.
membranaceum Müll.Arg.; Léonard (1988).
Orchidaceae
Microcoelia macrorhynchia (Schltr.) Summerh.
Distribution – South Tropical Africa, West Tropical Africa,
West Central Tropical Africa, East Tropical Africa.
Habitat – Epiphytic, rain forest.
Notes – The species is characterized by sheathing floral
bracts, and shortly pedicelled flowers; the obtuse mid-lobe
of the labellum is apically fringed and folded to give an
emarginated appearance, the apex of the curved spur shows
a conical inflation, the acute rostellum lobes are as long as or
longer than the tepals (fig. 2F).
Specimen examined – Angola: Uíge: [Kikuambalembua]
6°53′59.1″S, 15°04′25.0″E, 984 m alt., 24 Feb. 2015, B.
Ditsch PV1 (only photo voucher due to CITES trade regulations).
References – Jönsson (1981); Geerinck (1992).
Pedaliaceae
Sesamum radiatum Thonn. ex Hornem.
Distribution – West Tropical Africa, West Central Tropical
Africa, Northeast Tropical Africa.
Habitat – Near village, roadside.
Notes – The specimens exhibit heteromorphic leaves up to
9 cm long with distinct petioles up to 15 mm. The corolla is
large (3 cm) but never achieves 7 cm (Sesamum angolense
Welw.). The blades of the specimens also differ from those
of S. angolense (broad, blunt tips, more hairy). S. radiatum
was mentioned for Angola in the Flore du Gabon (Bedigian
2011), but up to now no herbarium specimen was known
from this country, according to D. Bedigian (Missouri Botanical Garden, USA, pers. comm. 24 Jul. 2019).
Specimens examined – Angola: Uíge: [Macocola]
6°46′51.5″S, 16°11′45.7″E, 1070 m alt., 15 Nov. 2014, T.
Lautenschläger 2014_11-71 (DR, barcode 042742); [Kivelu]
6°11′22.9″S, 15°25′28.3″E, 880 m alt., 26 Nov. 2015, T. Lautenschläger 101 (DR, barcode 043918).
References – Heine (1963d); Bedigian (2011).
Uapaca vanhouttei De Wild.
Distribution – West Tropical Africa, West Central Tropical
Africa.
Habitat – Swampy forest.
Notes – In contrast to other species from Guineo-Congolian
forests the stipules of this species are linear, up to 10 mm
long, and lack a distinct midrib. Several specimens were
found in proximity to known populations from D.R. Congo.
Specimen examined – Angola: Uíge: [Kibulamakatenda]
6°38′00.0″S, 16°16′56.8″E, 801 m alt., 19 Feb. 2015, B.
Ditsch BD 889 (DR, barcode 044171).
Reference – Breteler (2013).
Poaceae
Leptaspis zeylanica Nees
Distribution – South Tropical Africa, West Tropical Africa,
West Central Tropical Africa, Northeast Tropical Africa, East
Tropical Africa, Western Indian Ocean.
Habitat – Understory of rain forest.
Notes – The achenes of this forest grass are enclosed in
inflated conchiform lemmas densely covered by minute
hooked hairs which favour epizoochory. Leptaspis zeylanica
is a widespread species that also occurs in Madagascar and
further east across to the Solomon Islands (Soderstrom et
al. 1987). Nevertheless, this is the first record of the genus
Leptaspis in Angola.
Specimen examined – Angola: Uíge: [Kunga Quiximba]
7°36′38.4″S, 14°57′49.2″E, 875 m alt., 13 Mar. 2013, B.
Ditsch BD 254 (DR, barcode 041877).
Reference – Clayton (1972): under the synonym Leptaspis
cochleata Thwaites.
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Rubiaceae
Atractogyne gabonii Pierre
Distribution – West Central Tropical Africa.
Habitat – Rain forest.
Notes – This liana bears fusiform fruits that reach a length
of 10 cm. The only previous known species from Angola,
Atractogyne bracteata (Wernham) Hutch. & Dalziel, is a
shrub with fruits up to 3 cm long.
Specimen examined – Angola: Uíge: [Serra Pingano]
7°40′23.0″S, 14°56′18.0″E, 615 m alt., 3 Dec. 2015, J. Lau
2015-11-197 (DR, barcode 051946).
Reference – Hepper & Keay (1963).
Uncaria africana G. Don subsp. africana
Distribution – West Tropical Africa, West Central Tropical Africa, Northeast Tropical Africa, East Tropical Africa,
Western Indian Ocean.
Habitat – Forest edge.
Notes – Another subspecies, Uncaria africana G.Don subsp.
angolensis (Havil.) Ridsdale, was previously recorded from
Uíge, based on Gossweiler 7338 (Figueiredo 2008a, 2008b).
The two subspecies can be distinguished on flowers being
pedicellate in subsp. angolensis, whereas in subsp. africana
they are subsessile (fig. 2H).
Specimen examined – Angola: Uíge: [Camancoco]
7°26′14.3″S, 15°06′04.6″E, 857 m alt., 11 Feb. 2017, T.
Lautenschläger 2017-06 (DR, barcode 045095).
References – Hepper & Keay (1963); Figueiredo (2008a,
2008b); Turner (2018).
Alien species
Apiaceae
Eryngium foetidum L.
Distribution – Central America, South America.
Habitat – Roadside.
Notes – Leaves of this short-lived species are characterized
by a strong smell similar to that of Coriandrum sativum L.
Like Coriandrum they are used as flavouring in many tropical and subtropical regions of the world (Menhglan & Watson 2005), including parts of Africa (Cannon 1958). We
found plants of different ages indicating that the species is
self-reproducing at the locality where it was found. This is
the first record of the genus Eryngium in Angola.
Specimen examined – Angola: Uíge: [Cassechi]
7°34′36.6″S, 14°57′44.3″E, 880 m alt., footpath bordering
secondary forest; 12 Mar. 2013, B. Ditsch BD 242 (DR, barcode 041882).
Reference – Cannon (1958).
Asteraceae
Acanthospermum australe (Loefl.) Kuntze
Distribution – Central America, South America.
138
Habitat – In a village, likely escaped.
Notes – In contrast to Acanthospermum hispidum DC. hitherto recorded from Angola (Figueiredo & Smith 2008) the
achenes of this species lack two large erect apical spines. The
website Invasive Species Compendium (CABI 2019) documented unintentional vector transmission by humans or animals for this species and identified it as potentially invasive.
Specimens examined – Angola: Uíge: [Mabaya Mafixa]
6°51′06.8″S, 14°55′05.8″E, 812 m alt., 15 Jul. 2015, T.
Lautenschläger 201 (DR, barcode 04336); [Kamankoko]
7°26′56″S, 15°05′39″ E, 930m, 10 Nov. 2014, T. Lautenschläger 2014-11-53 (DR, barcode 042726); [Kivala]
05°58′59″S, 15°11′15″E, 977m, 25 Nov. 2015, T. Lautenschläger 2015-11-74 (DR, barcode 050836).
References – Blake (1921); Adams (1963): under the synonym Acanthospermum brasilum Schrank; Wild (1967);
Lisowski (1991).
Galinsoga quadriradiata Ruiz & Pav.
Distribution – Central America, South America.
Habitat – In a village, likely escaped.
Notes – So far, only Galinsoga parviflora Cav. is recorded
for Angola (Bossard 1996). Compared to this species the
stems of G. quadriradiata are hispid with long spreading
hairs and long-stalked glands (not glabrous or nearly so), the
receptacle scales are simple to shortly laciniate (not trifid),
and the pappus scales are shorter than the corolla of the disc
florets (notlonger). Schulz (1981) remarked that plants without any pappus scales are documented in the species as well.
G. quadriradiata is known to occur in Cameroon and Northern Africa (e.g. Cheek M.R. 9027 (WAG), Cheek M.R. 8315
(KUPE)). CABI (2019) identified this species as potentially
invasive.
Specimen examined – Angola: Uíge: [Dimuca] 7°53′18.5″S,
15°30′27.2″E, 1291 m alt., 2 May 2014, A. Göhre 384 (DR,
barcode 043142).
Reference – Adams (1963): under the synonym Galinsoga
ciliata (Raf.) Blake.
Convolvulaceae
Ipomoea hederifolia L.
Distribution – Central America, South America.
Habitat – Secondary rain forest.
Notes – The salver-shaped, brightly scarlet flowers with distinctly awned sepals differ clearly from all the 48 Ipomoea
species Figueiredo & Smith (2008a) compiled for Angola.
I. hederifolia is an annual plant long known to occur as an
ornamental weed in many tropical countries including parts
of Africa (see references). In contrast to I. purpurea (L.)
Roth and I. tricolor Cav. Gossweiler (1950) did not mention
it as a subspontaneous ornamental from garden cultivation in
Angola. Lejoly & Lisowski (1992) listed herbarium specimens of I. hederifolia from various regions of the D.R. Congo. They include Angola into the area of distribution, but no
proof is given for the occurrence of the species there. CABI
(2019) identified this species as potentially invasive.
Lautenschläger et al., Angola new records
Specimen examined – Angola: Uíge: [Serra do Uige]
7°36′17.0″S, 14°57′34.0″E, 881 m alt., 15 Mar. 2015, B.
Ditsch BD 281-2 (DR, barcode 052097).
References – Baker & Rendle (1905): under the synonym
Quamoclit coccinea Moench, Heine (1963c); Gonçalves
(1987).
Euphorbiaceae
Jatropha gossypiifolia L.
Distribution – Central America, South America.
Habitat – In a village near river, likely escaped.
Notes – In contrast to other Jatropha species, leaves are
3–5-lobed and purple-tinged. Keay (1958a) classified this
species as widely distributed in the tropics. CABI (2019)
identified this species as potentially invasive.
Specimen examined – Angola: Cuanza Norte: [Mucoso] 9°40′60.5″S, 14°22′99.0″E, 39 m alt., 28 Jul. 2015, C.
Heinze 35 (DR, barcode 043966).
Reference – Keay (1958a).
Fabaceae
Erythrina poeppigiana (Walp.) O.F.Cook.
Distribution – Central America, South America.
Habitat – Forest edge.
Notes – The tall tree has got glabrous leaves with rhombic
pinnae up to 20 cm long. Conspicuous conical stipels below
the lateral leaflets (not the paired stipules at the base of the
petiole!) reach up to 4 mm. The campanulate puberulent calyx with very short teeth is about 5 mm long and may be
shortly spurred on the upper crest. All petals are orange, the
standard being up to 55 mm long and 20 mm broad, the wing
petals not much longer than the calyx, and the keel petals
up to 35 mm long. None of the other Erythrina species recorded for Africa fit this description. Hepper (1958) reported
the species for Sierra Leone and south Nigeria. It is widely
planted as shade tree for coffee e. g. in Nicaragua (Oliver
1871; Hepper 1958; Torre 1966; Mackinder 2001; Neill
2001) and probably was so during colonial period in Angola.
Now it is found naturalized in the surroundings of the villages.
Specimen examined – Angola: Uíge: [Kamancoco]
7°27′06.0″S, 15°05′40.0″E, 937 m alt., 19 Jul. 2015, T. Lautenschläger 2015-36a (DR, barcode 050869).
References – Oliver (1871); Louis (1935); Krukoff (1938);
Hepper (1958); Torre (1966); Guillarmod et al. (1979);
Mackinder (2001); Neill (2001).
Mimosa diplotricha Sauvalle var. inermis
(Adelb.) Veldkamp
Distribution – Central America, South America.
Habitat – In a village, likely escaped.
Notes – Unarmed species of Mimosa. Stems of M. diplotricha var. inermis are pubescent, leaves with up to 10 pairs of
leaflets on a long petiole (≤ 8 cm). The pinkish flowers are
arranged in globose heads with a diameter of 12 mm.
Specimens examined – Angola: Uíge: [Kunga Quiximba] 7°36′51.0″S, 14°58′59.3″E, 810 m alt., 19 Nov. 2014,
A. Göhre 124 (DR, barcode 042779); Cuanza Norte:
[N’Dalatando] 9°20′03.4″S, 14°53′55.8″E, 772 m alt., 10
Nov. 2016, C. Heinze 110 (DR, barcode 044449).
References – Keay (1958b); Brenan & Brummitt (1970):
under the synonym Mimosa invisa Mart. var. inermis Adelb.
Iridaceae
Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb.
Distribution – Central America, South America.
Habitat – In a village, likely escaped.
Notes – The bulbous rootstock with a length around 5 cm
and a width of 3 cm is characteristic for E. bulbosa. The bulb
is fleshy and reddish. The white flowers are organized in
compound inflorescences. The species has its origin in Central and South America, but is widely introduced and distributed in Asia, Indochina and Africa. CABI (2019) identified
this species as potentially invasive. This is the first record of
the genus Eleutherine in Angola.
Specimen examined – Angola: Cuanza Norte: [Zavula]
9°20′04.5″S, 14°46′27.1″E, 697 m alt., 17 Nov. 2015, C.
Heinze 51 (DR, barcode 043996).
Reference – Prameela et al. (2018).
Lamiaceae
Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit.
Distribution – Central America, South America.
Habitat – In a village, likely escaped.
Notes – In contrast to other species, H. suaveolens is pubescent and the veins on the lower side of the leaf are whitetomentose. The flowers are organised in axillary cymes.
According to Morton (1963), the species is native to tropical America and now widespread in tropical Africa. CABI
(2019) identified this species as potentially invasive.
Specimen examined – Angola: Uíge: [Kunga Quiximba]
7°36′51.0″S, 14°58′59.3″E, 810 m alt., edge of village; 19
Nov. 2015, A. Göhre 99 (DR, barcode 043097).
Reference – Morton (1963).
DISCUSSION
The main objective of our investigations was to collect and
document ethnobotanical knowledge, not to carry out comprehensive floristic field studies on biodiversity. However,
the results presented indicate that new records are very likely to be documented with ongoing field work and botanical
exploration in northern Angola. According to Olson et al.
(2001) four ecoregions important for conservation of global
biodiversity are less than 1000 km away from Uíge, the centre of our present study: Congolian Coastal Forests (300 km
to the northwest), Western Congo Basin Moist Forests and
Central Congo Basin Moist Forests (700 km to the north and
northeast respectively), and the Central and Eastern Miombo
Woodlands (800 km to the east and south). Being part of a
transition zone, remnant forests, woodlands and savannahs in
139
Pl. Ecol. Evol. 153 (1), 2020
the study area provide suitable habitats for isolated populations of plants from all these ecoregions. Our knowledge of
the species richness and the composition of fauna and flora
of northern Angola is still limited (Figueiredo & Smith 2008;
Goyder & Gonçalves 2019). Further studies must prove
whether the relevance of the area in the context of global biodiversity conservation may be higher than estimated so far,
especially as Angola is one of the botanically least explored
countries in Sub-Saharan Africa (Sosef et al. 2017).
All of the nine new records of alien species presented
here originate from the Neotropics. The strong historical connection between the West coast of Africa and the New World
might explain this fact. Slaves from Angola were shipped to
Brazil, both Portuguese colonies; plants with an economic
value were transferred to Africa. But even before the peak
of slave trade was reached in the 18th century a botanical homogenization between the two continents had taken place.
The environmental historian Crosby (2003) termed the early
transatlantic trade of slaves, livestock and cultivated plants
“Columbian Exchange”. A transculturation of plant use traditions in Africa as well as America was one of its manifold
profound effects (Voeks 2013).
Eight of the nine newly recorded alien species can be
classified as weeds that were introduced to the region unwillingly. However, the distribution paths are difficult to reconstruct. Nevertheless, as five of the here listed nine species are
classified as potentially invasive (CABI 2019), strong efforts
to avoid their further distribution need to be undertaken.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The University Kimpa Vita was an essential base for our
field work and provided logistical support. The authors
would like to thank Dorothea Bedigian, Iain Darbyshire,
Friedrich Ditsch, Stefan Dressler, Mikhail Goncharov, Paul
Hoekstra, Mark Hughes, Markus Lehnert, Christian Schulz,
and Jan Wieringa for assistance in the identification of selected herbarium specimens. We are also grateful to the Herbarium LISC in Lisbon and the Herbarium COI in Coimbra,
Portugal for the assistance as well as to the Botanical Garden
of the TU Dresden for cultivating plants until essential characters for identification appeared. We thank the reviewers for
their very valuable recommendations. The fieldwork in Angola was supported by a travel fund from the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) and the program ‘Strategic Partnerships’ of the TU Dresden. These published results
were obtained in collaboration with the Instituto Nacional
da Biodiversidade e Áreas de Conservação (INBAC) of the
Ministério do Ambiente da República de Angola. Since 2012
the Universidade Kimpa Vita in Uíge, Angola and the Technische Universität Dresden, Germany, have a multifaceted
cooperation including the establishment of a Botanical Garden with the focus on the documentation of local medicinal
plants as well as biodiversity assessments.
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Communicating Editor: Elmar Robbrecht.
Submission date: 9 Apr. 2019
Acceptance date 10 Dec. 2019
Publication date: 26 Mar. 2020