BIODIVERSITAS Volume 23, Number 2, February 2022 Pages: 937-946 ISSN: 1412-033X E-ISSN: 2085-4722 DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d230236 Baccaurea Lour. (Phyllanthaceae Martinov-Malpighiales), underutilized plant from Riau, Indonesia and its phytochemical study NERY SOFIYANTI1,, FITMAWATI1, MAYTA NOVALIZA ISDA1, ASIH RAHAYU AJENG AGESTI1, MAYA SARI1, SYAFRONI PRANATA2 1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematic and Natural Sciences, Universitas Riau. Jl. Subrantas Km 12.5, Pekanbaru 28293, Riau, Indonesia. Tel.: +62-761-63273, email: nery.sofiyanti@lecturer.unri.ac.id 2 Ecology Division, Generasi Biologi Indonesia (Genbinesia) Foundation. Jl. Swadaya Barat No. 4, Gresik 61171, East Java, Indonesia Manuscript received: 21 October 2021. Revision accepted: 25 January 2022. Abstract. Sofiyanti N, Fitmawati, Isda MN, Agesti ARA, Sari M, Pranata S. 2022. Baccaurea Lour. (Phyllanthaceae MartinovMalpighiales), underutilized plant from Riau, Indonesia and its phytochemical study. Biodiversitas 23: 937-946. Baccaurea (Phyllantaceae) is one of underutilized plants in Riau Province, Indonesia. Our finding in some districts shows the variation of morphological characters of Baccaurea members. However, there is no detailed morphological study of these genera reported from this province. This study aimed to identify Baccaurea species from Riau and characterized their morphology, as well as, phytochemical contents. The specimens were collected from the field, documented and observed in detail their morphological characters. Phytochemical screening had been conducted using qualitative tests of a total of six secondary metabolites (alkaloid, terpenoid, steroid, tannin, flavonoid and saponin). A total of seven Baccaurea species were identified in this study. The main characteristic that can be used to distinguish each species are leaf characteristics (venation, size and shape), floral pattern and fruit characters. The phytochemical contents vary among the examined Baccaurea. Steroid and tannin are absent from all of examined specimens. Terpenoid is commonly found in all fruit parts of all specimens. The result of this study provides the first detailed morphological record as well as phytochemical data of Baccaurea from Riau. Keywords: Baccaurea, morphology, phytochemistry, rambai, tampui INTRODUCTION Baccaurea Lour. is a genus in Phyllantaceae. This family is a segregate of Euphorbiaceae sensu lato, together with four other families, i.e. Euphorbiaceae sensu stricto, Pandaceae, Picrodendraceae and Putranjivaceae (Hoffman et al. 2006). The terminology of Baccaurea genus was based on fruit characteristic (bacca – Italian word that means berry, a simple fruit that produced from single ovary). Baccaurea was firstly placed in Euphorbiaceae (Lour 1790). The members of this genus are characterized by having tree habit, cauliflorous flower (Gunawan et al. 2021) borne mainly as clustered spike (or racemes), subrounded to rounded fruit with sour to sweet juicy arillode (Sivadasan et al. 2020). A total of 173 Baccaurea species had been published (Summarized from Lour 1790; Shu et al. 2008; Gunawan et al. 2016; Khoo et al. 2016; Erwin et al. 2018; Gunawan et al. 2018; Nanik et al. 2019; Sivadasan et al. 2020; Charu et al. 2021). However, 87 out of 173 species are considered as synonyms (GBIF, POWO, theplantlist.org). The members of Baccaurea are distributed in southeast Asia, India (Sivadasan et al. 2020; Charu et al. 2021), Bhutan, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, China, Vietnam; Pacific islands, China, New Guinea (Shu et al. 2008), Thailand (Manik et al. 2019; Prodhan et al. 2021), Malaysia (Bakar et al. 2014; Kho et al. 2016; Khadijah et al. 2018ab), Indonesia (Akhmadi and Sumarmiyati 2015; Gunawan et al. 2016, 2018; Erwin et al. 2018; Gunawan et al. 2021ab). Some of species of this genus are listed in IUCN red list, as vulnerable (B. costulata B. glabrifolia, B. odoratissima, B. purpurea) and endangered (B. carinata). However, many of Baccaurea species are wild and considered as indigenous and underutilized species (Khadijah et al. 2018b; Halim et al. 2019). Therefore, the information of their biological aspect as well as their potencies are lack and little known. The literature review on Baccaurea, revealed that some species of this genus had been used traditionally by local people to treat various diseases in South Asia (Charu et al. 2021) due to their pharmacological properties. The studies by Falah and Hadiwibowo (2017), Zamzani and Triasditi (2019), Shivadasan et al. (2020) and Charu et al. (2021), reported that the pharmacological properties of plant are caused by the presence of phytochemical contents. These contents are secondary metabolites produced by plant, e.g. alkaloid, triterpenoid, steroid, saponin and tannin. The studies on phytochemical contents of Baccaurea had been reported on B. macrocarpa (Bakar et al. 2014; Erwin et al. 2018; Salusu et al. 2020; Charu et al. 2021), B. motleyana (Halim et al. 2019), B. lanceolata (Bakar et al. 2014; Salusu et al. 2020; Charu et al. 2021), B. courtallensis, B. ramiflora, and B. angulata (Charu et al. 2021). In their studies, bark and leaves were the common part that had been used than fruit. The members of Baccaurea in Indonesia had been recorded from Sumatera, Kalimantan, Java, Bali, Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara and Papua Island. However, the highest number of Baccaurea species is found in Kalimantan. 938 B I O D I V E R S I T A S 23 (2): 937-946, February 2022 Therefore, the studies on this genus were mostly reported from this area (Akhmadi and Sumarmiyati 2015; Gunawan et al. 2016; Erwin et al. 2018; Gunawan et al. 2018; Nanik et al. 2019; Salusu et al. 2020; Sumarni et al. 2020; Gunawan et al. 2021). The occurrence of Baccaurea species in Sumatera had been recorded from Aceh (Yusuf 2011), West Sumatera (Hariyanto and Bismark 2014; Ramayani et al. 2017), Jambi (Nuraida and Sari 2019), Bengkalis Island (Riau) (Ramayani and Fitmawati 2020). However, only little known study on biological aspect of Baccaurea from Sumatera Island, Indonesia especially in Riau Province. The only study on Baccaurea from Riau was reported by Ramayani and Fitmawati (2020), which examined the morphological diversity of B. montleyana (Rambai). Our survey on 2020 in Riau, indicated the interesting finding on the morphological variation of Baccaurea. This study aims to provide the first record of this underutilized Baccaurea species from Riau. Furthermore, the phytochemical study of Baccaurea fruit parts were also examined to screen the secondary metabolite. MATERIALS AND METHODS Study area This study had been conducted from March to September 2021. The specimens were collected in the field, with the assistance of local guide. Figure 1 shows the study site of this study. Sample collection Samples were collected from the field using purposive sampling method. The sample locations were informed by local guide or local fruit sellers. The vegetative and generative parts were photographed and labeled based on the location and name of species. The herbarium specimens were deposited in Herbarium Riauensis. Morphological characterization and brix level All of the collected specimens were examined in detail to provide morphological character descriptions. The Brix level of aril was measured using Brix Refractometer to examine the level of sugar content. Identification of the species The identification was carried out based on the morphological characters of collected specimens. The herbarium specimens from virtual herbarium were also examined for the related taxa. We also use online identification by using this following website: www.gbif.org, www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/, www.worldfloraonline.org/, identify.plantnet.org/. Phytochemical study The phytochemical study had been carried out on three different part of Baccaurea fruit, i.e. pericarp, aril and seed. Each fruit parts were separated manually and were then ground using herbal Grinder to prepare fresh extract. The methods to investigate six secondary metabolites are presented below (based on Sangi et al. 2008; Deepa et al. 2014; Raman et al. 2018; Sofiyanti et al. 2021). Figure 1. Location of specimens collected from Riau Province, Indonesia (indicated by red dot) (map source : petatematikindo) SOFIYANTI et al. – Baccaurea from Riau, Indonesia Alkaloids A total of 4 g of ground sample, chloroform, and 10 mL ammoniac-chloroform were mixed and filtered. As many as 10 filtrate drops were mixed with H2SO4 2N, mix well. 3 drops of upper layer were then mixed with Dragendorff solution. The presence of alkaloid is indicated by red to orange precipitation. Steroids and terpenoids These secondary metabolites were tested together by making a mixture of 50 mg of ground sample and AAG. Incubate the mixture for 15 min. Add 3 drops H2SO4. The presence of steroid was indicated by green to blue coloration, while triterpenoid was indicated by orange to purple coloration. Flavonoids Mix well a total of 200 g ground sample with 5 mL 70% ethanol and heat for 5 min before adding 3 drops of absolute HCl and 0.2 mg powder. The presence of yellow, orange to dark red or magenta coloration indicated the positive content of flavonoid. Saponin Mix 2 g of ground sample with aquades, boiled 2-3 min, then shake the mixture strongly. Saponin was indicated by the presence of soapy foaming substance. Tannin Mix 20 mg thin cut sample with 70% ethanol. Take 1 mL mixture and add 2 drops of 1% FeCl3. The bluish dark green coloration indicated the positive content of tannin. Data analysis The result of phytochemical study was presented using symbol + (positive) and – (negative). The data were then tabulated and descriptively analyzed. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The species In this study, we examined a total of 31 individuals of Baccaurea that belong to seven Baccaurea species. Table 2 shows the list of examined Baccaurea species from Riau Province, Indonesia. Figure 2 presents the morphology of Baccaurea identified in this study, while Figure 3 present the quantitative data of Baccaurea fruits and their brix level. Species enumeration Baccaurea deflexa Müll.Arg, Prodr. 15, 2 (1866) 462 Description: Tree. Leaves: petiole 55-65 mm long, hairy; lamina papery, ovate, 20-23 cm long by 7.2-9.3 cm wide, ratio of length and wide 1.9-2.5, base acute, margin entire, apex acuminate (8-11 long), upper surface glabrous; secondary veins ca. 12 pairs, alternate, tip connected with upper secondary vein. Fruit globose, 32-35 mm long by 3234 mm wide, rounded at the base, tip almost acute; pericarp densely hairy outside, other part of pericarp reddish dark 939 brown at maturity, inner part reddish-brown; 3-(or 4)seeded fleshy capsule, aril glossy, orangish-red, placenta whitish light brown; seed globose, laterally flattened, 9-11 x 8-10 mm. Synonym: none. Vernacular name: Tungau , Tampui Merah (Riau) Examined specimens: BATUNG1, BATUNG2, Kampar, Riau Province, collector Maya. Other examined specimens (virtual herbarium or online specimen in GBIF): B. deflexa, Herbarium of The Forest Department Sandakan, SAN 141026; B. deflexa, Herbarium Leiden, L 0050885, L 0162723; B. deflexa, Herbier Museum Paris, P 05472261; B. deflexa, Herbarium UNAND, ANDA 00035311, ANDA 00035312; B. deflexa, New York Botanical Garden, NY Barcode: 03932932, 39329333, 932934, 3932935, 3932936, 3932938, 3932939 Uses: arillode edible, sour to sweet. Distribution: Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo. Note: B. deflexa is rarely found in Riau. The fruit is sold in local market or roadside in Kampar District, in a bundle, the fruit price ranges from Rp. 20.000 to 25.000 per kg. The local name “Tungau” represents red mite, while “ Tampoi Merah” due to its reddish dark brown pericarp and reddish brown aril (Merah is red in Indonesian language). Figure 3 presents the histogram of weight of fruit, pericarp and aril, as well as brix level of aril. Based on this figure, B. deflexa shows the second lighter fruit and pericarp after B. motleyana. However, its aril weight (7.63 g) is heavier than B. motleyana, Baccaurea sp.2 and Baccaurea sp.3. In this study, we examined the Brix level of aril (Figure 3), which had been developed by Adolf Brix in the mid 1880s (Kleinhenz and Bumgarner 2012). Usually, the measurement of Brix level (Degree Brix) is used to know the quality of fruit that correlated to the number of soluble solids (Harril 1998), and the most abundant soluble solid in fruit juice is sugar (Kleinhenz and Bumgarner 2012). The degree Brix (ºBrix) 50 means that in 100 ml fruit juice contains 50 g of sugar and other soluble solids. Therefore, it is also presented as total soluble solid (TSS) (as reported by Khadijah et al. 2018). In this study, the mean of the Brix level of B. deflexa is 25.20º Brix (Figure 3) (or 25.20 % TSS). Baccaurea edulis Merr. Calif. Publ. Bot. 15 (1929) 149 Description: Tree. Leaves: petiole 65-75 mm long, hairy; lamina papery, ovate, 17-29 cm long by 7-12 cm wide, ratio of length and wide 1.7-2.8, base acute, margin entire, apex acuminate (4-6 long), upper surface glabrous; secondary veins ca. 17, alternate, curve upward and ending close at the margin. Fruit globose, rounded at the base, apex shortly acute, 45-62 mm by 43-61 mm, loculicidal, clearly grooved toward base; groove 3; pericarp glabrous outside, reddish brown at maturity, ca. 8-11 mm thick; 3(or 4)-seeded fleshy capsule, arillode bright yellow, sweet, glossy and smooth to wavy, placenta white; seed globose, laterally flattened 11-13 by 9-27 mm. Synonim: None Vernacular name: Tampui, Tampui Kuning (Riau) 940 B I O D I V E R S I T A S 23 (2): 937-946, February 2022 Examined specimens: BAKUN1, BA KUN2, Kampar, Riau Province, collector Maya; BAKUN3 Rumbio, Kampar, Riau Province, Collector Nery. Other examined specimens (virtual herbarium or online specimen in GBIF): B. edulis (Type), Sweden’s Virtual Herbarium, Cat. S07-14710; B. edulis, Kew Herbarium, K001056495; B. edulis, Herbarium of The Forest Department Sandakan, SAN 142722, SAN 134904; B. edulis, United State National Herbarium, 3140492; B. edulis, Rijksherbarium Leiden, L 162691; B. edulis, Herbarium Monacense, M 0233640 (Isotypus). Uses: arillode edible, sweet. Distribution: Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo. Note: B. edulis is rarely found in Riau. We only found it in Rumbio and Kuansing district. The fruit of this species is sold in local market and road site. However, the seller usually mixed with the fruit of B. macrocarpa, and sold in the same bundle because they consider these species is the same Tampui. The fruit price is range from Rp. 20.000 to 35.000 per kg. B. edulis is locally known as tampui or Tampui Kuning (Kuning is Indonesian word, means yellow), due to its yellow aril. We observed two different fruit characteristics of this species, especially in fruit tip and aril characteristics. However, the mean of degree Brix of aril is similar (ca. 27.20 ºBrix) (Figure 3). Baccaurea macrocarpa (Miq.) Müll.Arg. Prodr. 15, 2 (1866) 457 Description: Tree. Leaves: petiole 80-95 mm long, hairy; lamina papery, ecliptic to obovate, 19-37 cm by 9.518 cm, ratio of length and wide 2.0-3.5, base acute almost rounded, margin entire, apex acuminate (10-15 long), upper surface glabrous; secondary veins ca. 6 pairs, alternate, ending open at margin. Fruit almost globose, 4-6.5 cm by 5-8.1 cm, rounded at the base, narrower toward apex, locucidally, clearly grooved toward base; groove 3; pericarp (sub) glabrous outside, light brown at maturity, ca. 12-16 mm thick, light brown; pedicle 15-2 mm long, thickened at abscission zone; 6-seeded fleshy capsule, arillode glossy white, milky white to yellowish white, placenta white and clearly present at the upper part of aril; seed 10-13 x 12-15 mm, light brown, ecliptic shape, laterally flattened. Synonym: Baccaurea borneensis (Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg.; Baccaurea griffithii Hook.f.; Mappa borneensis Müll.Arg.; Pierardia macrocarpa Miq. Vernacular name: Tampui, Tampui Premium (Riau) Examined specimens: BATA1, BATA2, Kampar Kiri, Collector Maya; BATA3, Kuntu, collector Rony; BATA4, BATA5, BATA6, Rimbau Panjang, Bangkinang, Kampar, Riau Province, collector Nery. Table 2. List of examined Baccaurea from Riau, Indonesia Species Vernacular name in Riau Sample code Baccaurea deflexa Müll.Arg Baccaurea deflexa Müll.Arg Baccaurea edulis Merr. Baccaurea edulis Merr. Baccaurea edulis Merr. Baccaurea macrocarpa (Miq.) Müll.Arg. Baccaurea macrocarpa (Miq.) Müll.Arg. Baccaurea macrocarpa (Miq.) Müll.Arg. Baccaurea macrocarpa (Miq.) Müll.Arg. Baccaurea macrocarpa (Miq.) Müll.Arg. Baccaurea macrocarpa (Miq.) Müll.Arg. Baccaurea macrocarpa (Miq.) Müll.Arg. Baccaurea macrocarpa (Miq.) Müll.Arg. Baccaurea macrocarpa (Miq.) Müll.Arg. Baccaurea motleyana (Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg Baccaurea motleyana (Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg Baccaurea motleyana (Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg Baccaurea motleyana (Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg Baccaurea motleyana (Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg Baccaurea motleyana (Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg Baccaurea motleyana (Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg Baccaurea sp.1. Baccaurea sp.1. Baccaurea sp.1. Baccaurea sp.2. Baccaurea sp.2. Baccaurea sp.2. Baccaurea sp.3 Baccaurea sp.3 Baccaurea sp.3 Note: *samples for phytochemical study and Brix level test Tungau, Tampui Merah Tungau, Tampui Merah Tampui, Tampui Kuning Tampui Kuning Tampui Kuning Tampui Tampui Tampui Tampui Tampui Tampui Tampui Tampui Premium Tampui Premium Rambai Rambai Rambai Rambai Rambai Rambai Rambai Tampui Kecil Tampui Kecil Tampui Kecil Tampui Merah Tampui Merah Tampui Merah Onggang Onggang Onggang BATUNG1* BATUNG2* BAKUN1* BAKUN2* BAKUN3 BATA1* BATA2* BATA3* BATA4 BATA5 BATA6 BATA7 BAPRE1* BAPRE2 BARAM1* BARAM2* BARAM3* BARAM4 BARAM5 BARAM6 BARAM3 BATAM1* BATAM2* BATAM3 BAME1* BAME2* BAME3 BAONG1* BAONG2* BAONG3 SOFIYANTI et al. – Baccaurea from Riau, Indonesia Other examined specimens (virtual herbarium or online specimen in GBIF): B. macrocarpa, Kew Herbarium: 64440.000, K001056444, K001056443 and K001056445; B. macrocarpa, New York Botanical Garden, NY Barcode: 44458, 03932965, 3932967, 3932968, 3932969, 3932970, 3932971; B. macrocarpa, Herbarium Universitas Andalas, ANDA 00035315; B. macrocarpa, Rijksherbarium Leiden, L 2188785, L 0163693, L 0447331. Uses: arillode edible, sweet. Distribution: India, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo. Note: the local name of B. macrocarpa varies among the provinces of Indonesia, such as Tampui Rimba in Jambi Province (Nuraida and Sari, 2021), Tampoi in Kalimantan (Tirtania et al. 2013) or Aceh (Navia et al. 2019), Kapul in Kalimantan (Norhayati et al. 2019) and South Sumatera Province (Salusu et al. 2020), Kapul Putih (Madiyawati et al. 2017) in Kalimantan. During the fruit season, B. macrocarpa fruit is more commonly found than other wild Baccaurea species in Riau. Usually, the fruits are sold in a bundle or pile (Rp. 25. 000-35.000 per kg). In this study we observed two different fruit size, and local fruit sellers distinguished them as Tampui and Tampui Premium. Tampui is the local name for the smaller fruit (ca. 5,0 cm in diameter, with fruit weight ca. 53.5 g). While Tampui Premium has bigger fruit (ca. 8.1 cm in diameter) and the heaviest fruit among the Baccaurea in this study (ca. 103.20 g). The degree Brix is almost similar, 26.90ºBrix for Tampui and 27.40ºBrix for Tampui Premium. Both fruits have sweet aril taste. Baccaurea motleyana (Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg Description: Tree. Leaves: petiole 45-60 mm long, hairy; lamina papery, ecliptic to obovate, 26-36 cm by 1215 cm, ratio of length and wide 2.0-2.5, almost rounded at the base, margin entire, apex acuminate (13-17 mm long), upper surface glabrous; secondary veins ca. 14 pairs, alternate, ending open at margin. Fruit ellipsoid, 25-40 x 18-24 mm, rounded at the base, narrower toward apex; pericarp hairy outside, light brown at maturity, ca. 1-2 mm thick, light brown; 3-seeded fleshy capsule, arillode translucent white to white, placenta white; seed 8-10 x 5-7 mm, light brown, ecliptic shape, laterally flattened. Pedicle 15-20 mm long, thickened at abscission zone. Synonim: Baccaurea pubescens Pax & K.Hoffm.; Pierardia motleyana Müll.Arg. Vernacular name: Rambai (Riau) Examined specimens: BARAM1, BARAM2, Bengkalis Island, Riau Province; BARAM3, BARAM4, BARAM5, BARAM6, Bangkinang, Kampar, Riau Province, collector Nery. Other examined specimens (virtual herbarium or online specimen in GBIF): B. motleyana, Kew Herbarium, K001056522 (Holo), K001056529; B. motleyana, New York Botanical Garden, NY Barcode: 03932977, 03932898; Herbarium Universitas Andalas, ANDA 10339, ANDA 10331. ANDA 10333, ANDA 10335; B. motleyana, Rijksherbarium Leiden L 219673. Uses: arillode edible, sour to sweet. 941 Distribution: Indonesia (Sumatera, Borneo and Halmahera); Malaysia (Sivadasan et al. 2020) Note: B. motleyana is also well known as Rambai in Malaysia (Sivadasan et al. 2020). However, this local name is also used B. lanceolata in East Kalimantan (Falah and Hadiwiboyo 2017). In Riau, B. motleyana is commonly cultivated by local people in home garden than other Baccauera species. However, many of these trees are still found as wild fruit tree in the forest. During the fruit season, the fruits are sold in local market the price is Rp. 15.000-20.000 per kg. Figure 3 shows that quantitative data of B. motleyana fruit is the lowest the other species in this study, as well as brix level of aril (19.8 ºBrix). Baccaurea sp1 Description: Tree. Leaves: petiole 45-50 mm long, hairy; lamina papery, ecliptic to obovate, 9-11 cm by 4-6 cm, ratio of length and wide 2.0-2.5, almost rounded at the base, margin entire, apex acuminate (ca. 2-3 mm long), upper surface glabrous; secondary veins ca. 7 pairs, alternate, tip open at the margin at the base, close toward apex. Fruit globose, 45-50 x 42-46 mm, rounded at the base, apex almost flat; pedicle 8-9 mm long, thickened at abscission zone; pericarp glabrous outside, dull redish brown at maturity, ca. 6-7 mm thick, translucent light brown; 4-seeded fleshy capsule, arillode translucent white, placenta white; seed 11-12 x 10-11 mm, light brown, globose, laterally flattened. Vernacular name: Tampui Kecil (Riau) Examined specimens: BATAM1, BATAM2, BATAM3, Bangkinang, Kampar, Riau Province, collector Nery. Uses: arillode edible, sour to sweet Note: This species is locally called Tampui Kecil due to its smaller fruit size than Tampui (B. macrocarpa). However, the fruit of species has no clear grove at the base, as we observed on B. macrocarpa. Furthermore, Baccaurea sp1. is characterized by having open tip of secondary vein, glossy outer pericarp and flattened to slightly curved fruit tip, with unclear placenta at the top of aril. These characters are very different of those in fruits of B. macrocarpa. Further study is needed to determine the taxonomic status of Baccaurea sp. Baccaurea sp2 Description: Tree. Leaves: petiole 45-60 mm long, hairy; lamina papery, ecliptic to obovate, 11-15 cm by 4.58 cm, ratio of length and wide 2.0-2.5, base almost rounded, margin entire, apex acuminate (13-17 long), upper surface glabrous; secondary veins ca. 14 pairs, alternate, ending open at margin. Fruit almost globose, 35-40 x 30-34 mm, almost flat at the base, narrower toward apex; pericarp (sub) glabrouse outside, dull red, ca. 6-9 mm thick, light brown; 3 – (to 6) seeded fleshy capsule, arillode translucent white to white, placenta white; seed 10-11 x 5-6 mm, light brown, oblong, laterally flattened. Pedicle 9-10 mm long, thickened at abscission zone. Vernacular name: Tampui Merah (Riau) Examined specimens: BAME1, KAMPAR, Riau Province, Collector Maya and Nery; BAME2, BAME3, 942 B I O D I V E R S I T A S 23 (2): 937-946, February 2022 BAME4, Bangkinang, Kampar, Riau Province, collector Nery. Uses: arillode edible, sweet. Note: This species is wellknown as Tampui Merah due to its dull red outer pericarp. The vernacular name “Tampui Merah” is sometimes misidentified with B. deflexa, which has red aril. The fruits of Baccaurea sp2. are the smallest among other Tampui fruit in this province (please see the quantitative data presented in Figure 3). However, the brix level of aril of this species is the highest (28.00) among other examined species. Therefore, Baccaurea sp2. has the sweetest aril taste. Figure 2. Morphology of Baccaurea from Riau Province, Indonesia. A and C. B. macrocarpa (A. Tampui Premium, C. Tampui), B. B. edulis, D. Baccaurea sp1, E. Baccaurea sp2., F. Baccaurea sp3., G. B. deflexa, H. B. montleyana, I-M. B. deflexa (I. leaves, J-K. fruits, L. Cross section of fruit showing 3-seeded part, N-R. Baccaurea sp3., (O. Fruit, P. Fruit base, Q. Vertical section of fruit showing white aril, R. aril), S-W. B. macro carpa (S. Habit, T. fruit base, U-V. Open pericarp showing milky white arillode, W. 6-seeded capsule) , XBB. B. montleyana (X. Fruit parts, Y. Fruit in lateral view, Z. Fruit base, AA. Cross section of fruit showing 3-seeded capsule, BB. Aril) SOFIYANTI et al. – Baccaurea from Riau, Indonesia Baccaurea sp3 Description: Tree. Leaves: petiole ca. 10 mm long, hairy; lamina papery, ecliptic to obovate, 9-11 x 3.8-13 cm, ratio of length and wide 2.2-2.4, acute at the base, margin entire, apex acuminate, upper surface glabrous; secondary veins ca. 7 pairs, alternate, ending closed at margin. Fruit almost (sub) globose, wider in the middle, 35-40 x 37-42 mm, apex almost flat; pericarp hairy outside, dull brown at maturity, ca. 6-8 mm thick; 3-seeded fleshy capsule, arillode translucent white to glossy white, placenta white; seed 8-9 x 7-8 mm, light brown, ecliptic shape, laterally flattened. Pedicle 3-4 mm long, thickened at abscission zone. Vernacular name: Onggang (Riau) Examined specimens: BAONG1, BAONG2, Kuntu, Kampar, Riau Province, collector Rony. Uses: arillode edible, sour to sweet. Note: This species is locally known as Onggang. The main characteristic of fruit of Baccaurea sp3 is its densely hairy pericarp (Figure 1F and O) especially in immature fruit. The grove is not clearly seen at the fruit base and the fruit tip is flat fruit tip. These characteristics are different from other Baccaurea species in this study. The brix level of Baccaurea sp3 (24.80) is close to B. deflexa (Figure 3D). In Riau, Baccaurea members are commonly found as wild species and considered as underutilized fruit trees. Most Baccaurea members have tree, treelet or shrub habit (Shu et al. 2008). The leaves are arranged in alternate 943 pattern and clustered apically. All Baccaurea species identified in this study have similar type of leaf, i.e. simple leaf blade, in which a petiole only bears one blade (laminae). However, the variations can be observed on leaf size, shape of leaf base and apex, as well as venation. B. macrocarpa (Tampui Premium) has the longest leaf length (up to 37 cm), followed by B. motleyana (up to 36 cm). The smallest leaf size is found in Baccaurea sp1. (Tampui Kecil) (ca. 11 cm in length). Generally, the ratio of leaf length and width ranges from 1.7-2.5. However, B. macrocarpa shows the highest ratio up to 3.5. This ratio is used to determine the leaf shape. In this study, we identified a total of three leaf shape, i.e. ecliptic, obovate and ovate. The venation of Baccaurea leaves are similar (scalariform). However, the tip of secondary vein is distinguished into two types, open or close at the ending. The secondary vein with ending open at the margin is a characteristic of B. macrocarpa and B. motleyana. The other species in this study have close ending of secondary veins, in which the ending of secondary vein is curved upward and connected to the upper one, as found in. B. deflexa, B. edulis. Baccaurea sp1, Baccaurea sp2 and Baccaurea sp3. Morphological characters are the main character in plant identification and classification. The characteristic of these characters provides the key information on plant taxa as reported by many scientists (Dorji and Yapwattanaphun 2011; Kamiya et al. 2011; Harsono et al. 2011). A B C D Figure 3. Quantitative data of Baccaurea fruits and their brix level of aril. A. Weight of fruit. B. Weight of pericarp per fruit. C. Weight of aril per fruit. D. Brix of aril B I O D I V E R S I T A S 23 (2): 937-946, February 2022 944 Identification key 1 2 3 4 a. b. a. b. a b. a b. 5 a. b. 6 a. b. Fruit (sub) globose to globose ………………………………………………………………………………… 2 Fruit ellipsoidal ……………………………………………………………………………………….B. montleyana Arillode translucent white, milky white, yellowish white …………………………………………………….. 3 Arillode orangish red or yellow ……………………………………………………………………………….. 4 Fruit without groove or slightly short grooved near the base …………………………………………………. 5 Fruit with clear groove toward base ………………………………………………………………… B. macrocarpa Fruit 32-35 mm by 32-34 mm, not locucidally; pericarp densely hairy outside, reddish dark brown at maturity, ca. 3-4 mm thick; arillode glossy, orangish red, placenta whitish light brown ……………………………B. deflexa Fruit 45-62 mm by 43-61 mm, loculicidally; pericarp glabrous outside, reddish brown at maturity, ca. 8-11 mm thick; arillode bright yellow, glossy and smooth, placenta white ……….……………………………B. edulis Fruit with narrower apex; pericarp (Sub) glabrous to glabrous, dull red or dull brown; pedicle more than 5 mm …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 6 Fruit apex almost flat; pericarp hairy outside, dull brown at maturity; arillode translucent white to white; seed ecliptic shape; Pedicle 3-4 mm long………………………………...............................................…Baccaurea sp3. Fruit narrower toward apex; pericarp (sub) glabrous outside, dull red at maturity; fleshy white capsule; seed oblong……………………..…………………………………...…………………………………….Baccaurea sp2. Fruit slightly narrower toward apex; pericarp glabrous outside, brown at maturity; capsule translucent light brown; seed ecliptic ……………………………………...…………….……………………………Baccaurea sp.1. Table 2. Phytochemical screening of Baccaurea fruits from Riau Alkaloid Terpenoid P A S P A S B. deflexa + + + + + B. edulis + + + + B. macrocarpa + + + + + B. macrocarpa* + + + + + + B. motleyana + + Baccaurea sp.1. + + + + + Baccaurea sp.2. + + + + Baccaurea sp.3. + + + + Note: * BAPRE1, P: pericarp, A: aril, S: seed Species P - Phytochemical study In this study, we investigated a total of six secondary metabolites (i.e. alkaloid, terpenoid, steroid, flavonoid, saponin and tannin) from three fruit parts (pericarp, aril and seed) of Baccaurea. A qualitative analysis was done to examine the presence of each secondary metabolite. For Alkaloid, the presence is indicated by precipitation at the bottom of mixture. While for steroid, terpenoid, flavonoid and tannin were indicated by the presence of coloration change. The presence of white soapy foaming substance at the top of mixture indicates the positive content of saponin. Table 2 shows that fruit parts of Baccaurea show the presence of alkaloid, terpenoid, flavonoid and saponin in most of the species. In contrast, steroid and tannin are absent in all fruit parts. Alkaloid is organic compound that is typically alkaline (Matsuura and Fett-Neto 2015). It is found in about 2030% of higher plants. This compound is nitrogen base compound (Gutiérrez-Grijalva et al. 2020), and contains at least one nitrogen atom (Sangi et al. 2008). The term of alkali is derived from Arabic origin (Gutiérrez-Grijalva et al. 2020), i.e. al-qali, meaning “from ashes”. Alkaloid is pesticide properties in plant due to its toxicity (Ruby and Steroid A - S - P + + + + + + Flavonoid A S - P + + + - Saponin A + - S + + + + + + P - Tannin A - S - Sara. 2015) and has pivotal role in plant defense (against pathogens and herbivores) (Matsuura and Fett-Neto 2015). In this study, the presence of alkaloid is indicated by the red to orange precipitation at the bottom of the mixture. According to Kumar (2014), this coloration is due to pottasium bismuth iodide reaction in Dragenroff reagent. The alkaloid test in this study shows that this compound is commonly found in pericarp (except in B. motleyana). While in aril, only three species of Baccaurea (B. deflexa, B. macrocarpa and Baccaurea sp.1.) show positive content. The presence of alkaloid in seed is only found in B. macrocarpa (Tampui Premium). Previous study on bark of Baccaurea macrocarpa also gave positif content of alkaloid (Erwin et al. 2018; Uddin et al. 2018). For B. motleyana, alkaloid test gave negative result for all fruit parts (pericarp, aril and seed). This result supports the study on B. montleyana by Sivadasan et al. (2020). Terpenoid, also well known as isoprenoid (Block et al. 2019), is the widest natural product derived from terpene (Aharoni et al. 2015; Doncan et al. 2020). Terpenoid compounds have pivotal role in plant growth and development, as well as protection in the environment due to their specialized chemical interactions (Tholl 2015), SOFIYANTI et al. – Baccaurea from Riau, Indonesia such as repelling herbivores or attracting pollinators (Bergman et al. 2019). Plant terpenoids are also reported in medicinal uses, as reported by (Malik and Ahmad 2017) on their antimicrobial and anticancer activity. In this study, the Lierman Bauchard reagen was used to test the presence of terpenoid, together with steroid (Malik and Ahmad 2017). This reagent contains anhydrate acetic acid and H2SO4, which will produce orange to purple coloration if a mixture has positive content of terpenoid, while steroid is indicated by green to blue coloration (Raman et al. 2018). The results of terpenoid test in this study show that all of the fruit parts from eight specimens indicate the presence of this compound, except in the pericarp of B. motleyana. Steroids are low molecular weight compound, group of cholesterol (Sultan and Raza 2015). This compound functions in plant protection and increase the growth hormones (Patel and Savjani 2015). In this study, steroid is absent in all tested specimens. However, the presence of steroid in bark of B. macrocarpa had been reported by Erwin et al. (2019) and B. courtallensis (Sivadasan et al. 2020). Flavonoid belongs to phenol group, a bioactive compound in plant (Panche et al. 2016) that functions to root and stem growth, support auxin hormone and also plays important role in pollination (Weston and Mathesius 2013). The reduction of HLC and magnesium in the mixture will form magenta, orange to dark red or yellow coloration that indicates the positive content of flavonoid (Robinson 1995). In this study, flavonoid is absent in aril and seed of eight examined specimens. The pericarps of two Baccaurea species, B. deflexa and B. motleyana, also give the negative result in flavonoid test. The saponin test result is indicated by the white soapy foaming substance on the top of mixture. This substance is caused by the soapy active compound from colloidal solution that formed after being strongly shaken (Faizal and Gellen 2013). In contrast with the result of alkaloid, terpenoid and flavonoid tests that are commonly present in pericarp, the saponin test indicated that this compound is more common in seed of Baccaurea in this study (Table 2). This compound is absent in pericarps and arils of examined Baccaurea. Tannin is a group of gallic acid content that produce astringent (Pizzi 2019) and bitter taste (Ashok and Uphadyaya 2012). The name of this compound comes from the compound in tanning process, that used in coloring leather, (Pizzi 2019), textile and other products (Kyund 2018). Its general appearance varies from white, colorless, glossy or red (Okuda and Ito 2011). The presence of tannin in the mixture is indicated by the presence of green or blue color. However, there were no tested specimens of Baccaurea showed positive content of tannin. The result of this study provides the first morphological record as well as phytochemical data of Baccaurea from Riau. 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