Ukrainian Journal of Ecology
Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 2020, 10(6), 137-144, doi: 10. 15421/ 2020_273
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Endemic and relic species plants of Badakhshsan (Pamirs)
and new approach to their conservation
M. Olonova1,5*
1
2
, P. Gudkova2
, D. Navruzshoev3, M. Barkworth4
Tomsk State University, Biological Institute, 36 Lenin av., 634050, Tomsk, Russia,
Tomsk State University, Biological Institute, 36 Lenin av., 634050, Tomsk, Russia,
3
NGO “The Nature of Pamir", Khorog, 736000, Tajikistan
4
Utah State University, 84322-5305, Logan, USA,
*Corresponding author e-mail: olonova@list.ru
Received: 22.10.2020. Accepted: 26.11.2020
Badakhshan, situated in Pamir is one of Eurasia’s biodiversity hotspots. Research shows that Badakhshan has 95 narrowly
endemic species that are not found in other areas of Tajikistan and Afghanistan. Of these, 50 species grow only in the Tajik part,
36 species - only in the Afghan part, and 9 are found in both parts of Badakhshan. There are 52 preglacial relicts restricted to
the Tajik part and 24 – to the Afghan part as well. We proposed to add 39 of the relict species in the Tajik part to the Red Data
Book of Republic of Tajikistan and all 24 relict species in the Afghan part to add to the Afghanistan National Red List. The areas
of special protected – Important Plant Area (IPA), are the base for supporting natural plant biodiversity. We also suggested to
include 75 additional species in the national lists of vulnerable species (73 species in Tajikistan, and 65 species in Afghanistan).
Keywords: conservation, Important Plant Areas, endemics, Pamirs
Introduction
The problem of biological diversity and its conservation for future generations has now become a global issue. It has become
obvious that the extinction of any species or distinctive plant communities, even in remote area, whatever its cause, reduces
the biological diversity of a given territory and disrupts the ecological balance of the landscape. This in turn it affects the overall
genetic resources and the ecological balance of the earth’s biosphere (McNeely et al., 1990; Raven, Wilson, 1992). The
conservation of biological diversity is one of the most important conditions for the sustainable development of any area
(Pavlov et al., 2009), so the issues of studying and preserving the gene pool, and in particular the plant genetic of any biota
(local, regional and global), are priorities in the environmental policy of many countries.
Badakhshan is a historical region located within the Pamir. It includes the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous region (GBAR) of
Tajikistan and Badakhshan province in North-Eastern Afghanistan (Fig. 1).
The territory of Badakhshan on the both sides of the border river Pyanj is one of the most elevated mountain systems of the
continent. Due to its location in the central part of the continent, this territory has a peculiar climate with a dry summer and
precipitation during the autumn-winter-spring period (Navruzshoev, 1996; Breckle et al., 2013). Mountainous regions, because
of the heterogeneity of the environment, heterogeneity that arises from the diversity of their terrain, soils, and climate, offer a
wide range of ecological conditions. As result, they have a wide range of plant species and vegetation types (Shengji, 1996;
Orme et al., 2005).
The mountainous territories of Central Asia are known as hotspots of global importance (Myers et al., 2000). The position of
Badakhshan at the junction of the Near-Asian and Sahara-Gobi floristic regions of the Ancient Mediterranean subkingdom and
in the immediate vicinity of the Sino-Himalayan region of the East Asian subkingdom (Kamelin, 1973, 2017) caused its special
floristic richness. At the same time, its position at the junction of the Western Asian and Sahara-Gobi floristic regions of the
Ancient-Mediterranean subkingdom and at the close proximity to the Sino-Himalayan region of the East Asian subkingdom
(Kamelin, 2017) has resulted in an exceptional floral richness as has been noted by many researchers (e.g., Agakhanyants, 1958;
Ikonnikov, 1963, 1979; Podlech, 2012; Breckle et al., 2013; Navruzshoev, 1996; Saboiev, 2002). M. Nobis and his colleagues
(Novak et al., 2020) undertook detailed research of endemic species in Tajikistan and their distribution within mountain belts.
Navruzshoev (2008) stated that the Tajik portion of mountains of Badakhshan region has 1650 species, 515 genera, and 97
families of vascular plants. He noted that the Afghan portion of the area (Vakhan) was much more poorly known. However,
Podlech and Anders (1977) listed 672 vascular plant species for the territory of Wakhan alone (Afghanistan), supporting
Navruzshoev’s statement. The year after publication of Navruzshoev’s paper, Breckle et al. (2013) listed 888 species for the
province of Badakhshan. This is 18.20% of all vascular plants known from Afghanistan. These lists are based on extensive field
work, but their authors acknowledge that there are many unexplored areas within the region. Moreover, the status of some of
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the names has been questioned by authors of the World Flora Online (WFO, 2020). It is essential to continue taxonomic research
in the area, exploring the parts that so far have escaped to develop better knowledge of the species present and their
prevalence. At present, many species that are known from only a few collections are not protected because there too few data
to evaluate their status.
Fig. 1. Position of Badakhshan within Tajikistan and Afghanistan.
Plants of Badakhshan, even those on the high mountain ranges, are under severe grazing pressure from grazing load (Ikonnikov,
1963; Aknazarov, 2012) because raising the livestock is almost the only possible form of economic activity in this area. The area
also has an enormous recreational potential, but this too can be a serious threat to its phytodiversity as roads and trails are
built, leading to expanded settlements and travel. The combination of increased recreation, grazing, and ongoing climate
change will cause many plants to disappear before their conservation status is known and, in some instances, before their
species has been described.
According to the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation 2011–2020 (GSPC, online), species should be preserved both in situ and
ex situ, in accessible collections, but preference should be given to the first form (Glowka et al., 1994). The strategy recommends
that identification of special protected areas, also known as Important Plant Areas (IPA), should become the base for supporting
natural plant biodiversity and for sustainable use of plant resources. Such areas should be identified at the national level using
standard criteria and become, it is hoped, the basis for maintaining natural biodiversity and sustainable use of plant resources
(Anderson, 2002). IPAs are identified using three basic criteria. Criterion A draws on the number of threatened and/or endemic
species in area; criterion B is based on assessment of the botanical richness of an area; and criterion C on presence of
threatened habitats (Darbyshire et al., 2017). Each criterion includes subcategories, primarily reflecting the size of the area
considered in determining the status of the species, botanical richness or habitat uniqueness. For criterion A, three
subcategories are distinguished: A(i) globally threatened species; A(ii) regionally threatened species; A(iii) highly restricted
endemic species.
Currently, the governments and scientists of both Tajikistan and Afghanistan are working hard to reveal and preserve their
plant diversity: (e.g., Natsionalnaya strategiya …, 2003; Biol. Profile..., 2008; Convention on biodiversity..., 2014; Islamic Republic
of Afghanistan. Fifth national report..., 2014). Tajikstan has had the greatest success in this regard, having published two editions
of its Red Data Book (Krasnaya kniga..,1988; Kitobi Surkhi …, 2015). These reflect the intensive research on the region’s rare and
endangered plants conducted by scientists at the Biological Institute and the Botanical Garden in Khorog, including examination
of species transplanted there for ex situ conservation (e.g., Dengubenko and Navruzshoev, 1993; Navruzshoev and
Beknazarova, 2016; Beknazarova, 2019).
Identification of key botanical territories will contribute to the successful completion of effective conservation plans for the
Badakhshan, but there are some difficulties in using the proposed criteria in different areas. As noted by Tojibaev et al. (2019),
for the CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States) countries, in which part of Badakhshan is included, criterion A has to be the
main criterion for identifying IPAs, because there are insufficient data for applying the other two criteria. This makes
determination of the threatened and endemic species in Badakhshan, plus the evaluation of the subcategory of each species,
the essential first step in determining whether the area should be recommended as an IPA and for developing effective, scienceUkrainian Journal of Ecology, 10(6), 2020
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Endemic and relic species plants of Badakhshsan (Pamirs)
based environmental protection activities that will promote conservation of its biodiversity. Ikonnikov’s (1963, 1979) research
is a critical resource in this regard but, since his findings were published, new species have been described, the taxonomic
treatment of other species had been changed, and significantly more distribution data have become available. This paper
presents an updated list of the endemic and relict plant species of Badakhshan and evaluates them in terms of criterion A for
the designation of IPAs.
Materials and methods
The list of species endemic to Badakhshan was determined by combining information from existing literature, evaluating
herbarium specimens in several herbaria, consulting records in the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF, online), and
our own fieldwork. The initial list of endemic species and their distribution was compiled from the following publications:
Ikonnikov (1963, 1979), Dengubenko (1984), Podlech with colleague (Podlech, Anders, 1977; Podlech, 2012), Red Data Books of
Tajikistan (Krasnaya kniga..,1988; Kitobi Surkhi …, 2015), List of Protected Species, Afghanistan (2007), Biodiversity profile of
Afghanistan (2008), Breckle et al. (2013), Navruzshoev (1996, 2018), and Khisoriev et al. (2011). In addition, the following floras
were consulted: Flora of Tajikistan; Flora of Iran; Flora of Pakistan; Flora of Сhina; Flora of Xinjiang. Specimens in the following
herbaria were examined: CDBI, E, K, KHOR, KUN, LE, M, MSB, PE, SZ, TAD, TASH, XJA, XJBI (Holmgren et al., 1997). In searching
GBIF, the search terms were: scientific name = Tracheophyta combined with both country = Tajikistan and country =
Afghanistan. The records found came from seven additional herbaria: MW, P, MSB, E, TASH, K, and W.
Relict species are species now represented by outlying populations in an area such as Badakhshan, but with their primary
distribution being farther north. The Badakhshan populations are considered relicts from preglacial times, during which the
species concerned extended farther south than they do now. The populations in Badakhshan are considered to be at their
ecological limits and consequently, particularly threatened by environmental change such as a change in temperature or
precipitation. Badakhshan’s relict species were identified using a similar approach and the same resources as for determining
its endemic species.
Because the resources consulted used different taxonomic treatments, the names were standardized using the treatment
adopted by the World Flora Online (WFO 2020) and Plant List (on line). Taxa identified by names considered ambiguous,
illegitimate, or invalid in that resource were excluded from our lists of endemic and/or relict species.
Result and discussion
Using the criteria described, Badakhshan has 95 globally endemic plant species (Appendix, Table 1). Because the area of
Badakhshan is relatively small, all these species meet the criteria for being considered narrow endemics and hence globally
threatened, i.e., to meet criterion Aiii. Protection of such species is of particular importance. The number represents a
conservative assessment because taxa that were incompletely identified, for example by adding a qualifier such as “aff.” or “cf.”
to the name cited, as well as those with names that did not meet the criteria described in the in the previous section, were
excluded. Use of a qualifier was most common for species in large, taxonomically difficult genera such as Astragalus, Oxytropis,
Rosa, Pedicularis. Genera with the largest number of endemic species were Astragalus (9), Oxytropis, and Cousinia (7).
Biodiversity protection inevitably requires legislative action. For this reason, we determined how many of the endemics were
located each of the two countries involved, Tajikistan and Afghanistan. The data show that nine of the endemic species grow in
both the Tajik and Afghan portions of Badakhshan, an additional 50 species are known only from the Tajik portion and a further
36 only from the Afghan portion.
Other species previously listed as endemic to Badakhshan have been excluded from Table 1, because they are now known to
grow outside the region. Among such species are Pulsatilla kostyczevii (Korsh.) Juz., Tulipa anisophylla Vved., Iris hoogiana
Dykes, and Chaetolimon sogdiana Lincz. Saxifraga albertii Regel et Schamlh., Seseli sclerophyllum Korovin, Rochelia pamirica
Dengub.), listed as endemic by (Ikonnikov, 1963, 1979) were excluded because WFO (2020) considers their taxonomic status
ambiguous.
Fewer relict than endemic species were identified for Badakhshan, partly because less work has been done on identifying them.
Fifty-two are known from Tajik Badakhshan (Table 1), of which 25 also grow in Afghan Badakhshan (Ikonnikov, 1963, 1979;
Kamelin, 1973; Dengubenko, 1984; Novruzshoev, 1996; Beknazarova, 2019). There are no data on relict species in Afghanistan,
so it was not possible to determine the number of such species known only from the Afghan portion of Badakhshan. Three
relict species, Allium schugnanicum, Prunus tadzhikistanica, and Iris zaprjagaevii, are also endemic to Badakhshan and are
therefore included in Table 1. Unfortunately, the unclear taxonomic interpretation of several species previously mentioned as
relicts (e.g., Lonicera simulatix, Rochelia pamirica Dengub., Scrophularia tadshikorum) resulted in their exclusion from Table 1
despite their having been mentioned as relicts by others (Ikonnikov, 1976; Dengubenko, 1984; Navruzshoev, 1996).
The latest edition of the Red Data Book of the Republic of Tajikistan (2015) includes 242 species of flowering plants. Of these,
50 are found on the territory of the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region. In addition to endemic and relict species, this Red
Book includes other species that need protection, for example, species located on the edge of their range and/or subject to
uncontrolled destruction by humans because of their value for medicine, food, decoration, and fuel). Many scientists (e.g.,
Navruzshoev, 1996; Saboiev, 2002; Ali and Akobirshoeva, 2013; Aknazarov, 2012.) include medicinal plants among those
needing protection for this reason, but often only at the generic level because, in many instances, all species of a genus will be
harvested for the same purpose. Thus gold root (Rhodiola), licorice (Glycyrrhiza), zizifora (Ziziphora), mint (Mentha), and
macrotomy (Macrotomia) have all been identified as being threatened from uncontrolled harvesting. Despite this, no species
of these genera was included in the Red Data Book of the Republic of Tajikistan (Kitobi Surkhi …, 2015).
The National Red List of Afghanistan (online) includes five species, but only one of them, Corydalis hindukushensis Wendelbo
et Gray-Wilson in Rech. f., is found in Badakhshan. Undoubtedly, more of the region’s species should be protected because
uncontrolled harvesting is a major threat to medicinal plants throughout the world.
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In accordance with the Criteria for the identification of IPA, the endemic species Cornus darvasica (Pojark.) Pilip and
Zygophyllum darvasicum Boriss., being included in the list of threatened plants of IUCN (IUCIN Red List, online) with Critic
Endangered (CR) status, were classified in Category A(i) (globally threatened species). This list also includes five relic species
(Table 1), which were mentioned in the list of threatened plants of International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).
A(ii) - regionally threatened species, listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Tajikistan (2015), not included in the list of A(i). This
list includes 29 species: 23 neoendemic, 1 paleoendemic and 5 relict species, whose range is limited by Badakhshan (Table 1).
A(iii) - includes local or national endemic species, not included in the lists of species of categories A(i) and A(ii), which are under
threat. It should be noted, that the narrow endemic species, that are revealed in this work, are obviously at risk in the territory,
which is subject to overgrazing and feel a huge recreational load and all of them (Table 1) that were not included in the lists A(i)
and A(ii), a total of 103 species, should be included in list A(iii).
There are 39 relict species, that are not endemic, and are included neither in the Red Data Book of the Republic of Tajikistan,
no in the National Red List of Afghanistan. Undoubtedly, all of them need the special protection. In order to ensure it, these
species should be additionally included in the Red Data Book of Republic Tajikistan, and 24 species, which occur in the Afghan
province of Badakhshan as well, should be included in the National Red List of Afghanistan.
Category A(iv) includes subendemics whose ranges extend beyond the studied region, in this case, Badakhshan. The
compilation of this list causes the greatest difficulty, since their selection is quite subjective. Badakhshan subendems can be
recognized as Badakhshan species with 2-3 locations in neighboring Pakistan and even growing in other regions of Tajikistan
or other provinces of Afghanistan (such as Corydalis fedtschenkoana Regel, an Afghan endemic growing in addition to
Badakhshan in the provinces Bamyan and Baghlan), and species, widely settled in neighboring regions of Central Asia. Given
these difficulties, we do not list sub-endemics. The formation of this list should be addressed individually for each species,
taking into account their environmental and biological characteristics and distribution, and there is not enough data for this
yet.
Сonclusions
Investigation of the flora of Badakhshan, and especially its poorly studied border territories, now is an urgent task, since the
unclear taxonomic status of many endemic and relict species prevents their inclusion in the protected list. This poses a real
threat of biodiversity loss.
A total of 95 narrowly endemic species of Badakhshan, that are not found in other areas of Tajikistan and Afghanistan, have
been revealed; 50 of these grow only on the territory of the GBAR of Tajikistan, 36 – only in the Afghan province Badakhshan;
the ranges of nine species occurs on the both parts of Badakhshan. We also registered that 52 relicts of the preglacial period
grow on the territory of the GBAR of the Republic of Tajikistan, 24 of them are grow in Afghanistan part of Badakhshan.
In accordance with the criteria for identifying IPA, within revealed endemic and relic species, 7 species are assigned to category
A (i), 29 species – to A (ii), and 103 species – to A (iii).
We proposed to include 39 in the Red Data Book of Republic of Tajikistan. The National red list of Afghanistan proposes to
include an additional 24 relict plant species. As a whole, 73 species are proposed to add to Red Data Book of Republic of
Tajikistan and 65 species – to the National red list of Afghanistan.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank the curators of CDBI, E, K, KHOR, KUN, LE, M, MSB, MW, PE, SZ, TAD, TASH, XJA, XJBI for the opportunity to
work with their collections. The studies were supported by RFBR grants No. 18-34-20112 and 19-04-00973.
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Citation:
Olonova, M., Gudkova, P., Navruzshoev, D., Barkworth, M. (2020). Endemic and relic species plants of Badakhshsan (Pamirs) and new approach
to their conservation. Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 10(6), 137-144.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0. License
APPENDIX
Table 1. Endemic and relic species of Badakhshan recommended for inclusion in the lists of protected species for the region.
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Tajikhistan
N
Taxon name
Endemic
Relic
Afghanistan
Endemic
Relic
Tajikhistan
Red Data
Book
Afghanistan
List of
Protected
species
IUCN
IPA
1
Acantholimon alexeenkoanum
1
ADD
Aiii
2
Acantholimon varivtzevae
1
1
Aii
3
Acanthophyllum schugnanicum
ADD
Aiii
4
Allium darvasicum
1
5
Allium macleanii
1
6
Allium oschaninii
1
7
Allium schugnanicum
1
8
Anaphalis darvasica
1
9
Androsace bryomorpha
1
10
Arum korolkovii
11
Astracantha alexeenkoana
12
Astragalus bahrakianus
13
Astragalus darwasicus
1
1
Aii
14
Astragalus djilgensis
1
ADD
Aiii
15
Astragalus dolichopodus
1
ADD
Aiii
16
Astragalus fursei
1
17
Astragalus innominatus
1
18
Astragalus mundulus
1
ADD
Aiii
19
Astragalus pseudotomentellus
1
ADD
Aiii
20
Astragalus schachdarinus
1
1
ADD
Aiii
21
Aulacospermum ikonnikovii
1
22
Betula murgabica
1
23
1
ADD
Aiii
1
ADD
Aiii
25
Betula pamirica
Betula procurva subsp.
schugnanica (B.Fedtsch.) Ovcz.
Biebersteinia multifida
26
Botrychium lunaria
1
27
Braya gamosepala
28
Calamagrostis korzhinskii
29
Celtis australis subsp. caucasica
30
Cephalopodum badachshanicum
31
Cercis griffithii
32
Chenopodium badachschanicum
1
33
Chesneya tadzhikistana
1
34
Clematis saresica
1
ADD
Aiii
35
Corispermum gelidum
1
ADD
Aiii
36
Cornus darvasica
1
1
37
Corydalis hindukushensis
38
Cousinia corymbosa
1
1
Aii
39
Cousinia hilariae
1
1
Aii
40
Cousinia khashensis
1
ADD
Aiii
41
Cousinia koelzii
1
ADD
Aiii
42
Cousinia pseudocirsium
1
ADD
Aiii
43
Cousinia semilacera
1
ADD
Aiii
44
Cryptogramma stelleri
ADD
Aii
45
Cuscuta pamirica
46
Delphinium brunonianum
47
Desmatodon altipes
24
1
1
1
ADD
Aiii
ADD
1
Aiii
1
ADD
ADD
1
1
ADD
Aii
ADD
ADD
Aiii
1
1
1
DD
Aii
ADD
Aiii
1
Aii
ADD
1
ADD
Aiii
ADD
Aiii
ADD
Aiii
ADD
1
1
ADD
Aiii
ADD
Aiii
1
ADD
ADD
Aiii
1
ADD
ADD
Aiii
ADD
Aiii
1
1
ADD
1
Aiii
ADD
1
LC
Aiii
DD
Aiii
1
1
1
ADD
1
ADD
ADD
Aiii
1
ADD
1
Aii
1
1
Aii
ADD
1
1
CR
1
1
1
1
ADD
1
Aiii
ADD
1
1
ADD
1
ADD
Ai
Aii
Aiii
ADD
1
Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 10(6), 2020
Aiii
Aii
143
Endemic and relic species plants of Badakhshsan (Pamirs)
48
Dianthus dilepis
1
ADD
Aiii
49
Dianthus lindbergii
Dielsiocharis bactriana (Ovcz. &
Junussov) Al-Shehbaz & Junussov
1
ADD
Aiii
50
1
1
Aii
52
Diospyros lotus
Draba odudiana
53
Dracocephalum lindbergii
54
Ephedra fedtschenkoae
1
55
Ephedra glauca
1
56
Epipactis helleborine
1
57
Eremurus bactrianus
58
Erigeron badachschanicus
1
1
Aii
59
Erigeron brachyspermus
1
ADD
Aiii
60
Eriophyton rhomboideum
61
Eritrichium pseudostrictum
1
ADD
Aiii
62
Eritrichium subjacquemontii
1
ADD
Aiii
63
1
64
Ferula koso-poljanskyi
Ficus carica
65
Fraxinus raibocarpa
66
Gagea schugnanica
1
ADD
Aiii
67
Hackelia tectimundi
1
ADD
Aiii
68
Hedysarum wakhanicum
1
ADD
Aiii
69
Hesperis kunawarensis
1
ADD
Aiii
70
Hippolytia schugnanica
71
Holosteum kobresietorum
72
Iris baldshuanica
1
1
Aii
73
Iris darwasica
1
1
Aii
74
Iris tadshikorum
1
1
Aii
75
Iris zaprjagajevii
1
1
1
Aii
76
1
ADD
Aiii
78
Ixiolirion karateginum
Juncus triglumis subsp.
wakhanensis
Juniperus semiglobosa
79
Kudrjaschevia korshinskyi
1
80
Kudrjaschevia nadinae
1
1
Aii
81
Kudrjaschevia pojarkovae
1
ADD
Aiii
82
Lappula dubia
1
83
Ligularia thomsonii
1
1
ADD
ADD
84
Lonicera nummulariifolia
1
1
ADD
ADD
85
Lonicera stenantha
1
1
ADD
ADD
86
Malus niedzwetzkyana
1
VU
Ai
87
Malus sieversii
1
VU
Ai
88
Megacarpaea schugnanica
1
1
Aii
89
Mesostemma alexeenkoana
1
ADD
Aiii
90
Myricaria elegans
1
91
Nitraria schoberi
1
92
Oreogenia paulsenii
1
93
Oxytropis astragaloides
1
94
Oxytropis guntensis
1
ADD
Aiii
95
Oxytropis kazidanica
1
ADD
Aiii
96
Oxytropis minjanensis
1
ADD
Aiii
97
Oxytropis salicetorum
1
ADD
Aiii
51
77
1
1
1
LC
1
1
1
ADD
Aii
ADD
Aiii
ADD
Aiii
ADD
Aiii
VU
1
1
ADD
1
1
ADD
1
Aii
Ai
Aiii
ADD
Aiii
ADD
Aii
1
ADD
LC
Aii
1
ADD
LC
Aiii
1
ADD
1
ADD
1
1
Aiii
Aiii
ADD
1
1
ADD
ADD
1
ADD
Aiii
LC
Aii
ADD
1
1
Aiii
Aiii
Aiii
LC
Aiii
ADD
ADD
Aiii
Aii
LC
Aiii
ADD
Aiii
1
1
Aii
1
ADD
Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 10(6), 2020
144
Ukrainian Journal of Ecology
98
Oxytropis surculosa
1
ADD
Aiii
99
Oxytropis vakhdzhiri
1
ADD
Aiii
100
Parrya schugnana
101
Pentaphylloides dryadanthoides
ADD
Aiii
102
Phlomoides badakhanica
1
ADD
Aiii
103
Phlomoides calophyta
1
ADD
Aiii
104
Phlomoides sanglechensis
1
ADD
Aiii
105
Pinacantha porandica
ADD
Aiii
106
Piptatherum pamiralaicum
107
Pistacia vera
1
108
Platanus orientalis
1
109
Polygonum coriarium
1
110
Populus pamirica
1
111
Populus pruinosa
1
112
Potamogeton tubulatus
113
Primula chrysostoma
114
Primula flexuosa
115
Prunus brahuica
116
1
ADD
1
1
ADD
1
1
Aiii
ADD
Aiii
ADD
1
ADD
ADD
NT
Aiii
DD
Aiii
ADD
1
ADD
Aiii
ADD
ADD
1
Aiii
NT
ADD
1
Aiii
ADD
Aiii
1
Aii
1
ADD
Aiii
Prunus erythrocarpa
1
ADD
Aiii
117
Prunus sogdiana
1
ADD
Aiii
118
Prunus tadzhikistanica
119
Pyrola rotundifolia
1
120
Pyrus cajon
1
121
Ranunculus chrysocyclus
122
Rhamnus minuta
1
123
Ribes janczewskii
1
1
ADD
ADD
124
Ribes meyeri
1
1
ADD
ADD
Aiii
125
Rosa beggeriana
1
1
ADD
ADD
Aiii
126
Saussurea caprifolia
1
1
Aii
127
Scorzonera gracilis
1
ADD
Aiii
128
Scorzonera lindbergii
1
ADD
Aiii
129
Scrophularia badakhshanica
1
ADD
Aiii
130
Scutellaria amicorum
1
ADD
Aiii
131
Scutellaria lindbergii
1
ADD
Aiii
132
Seseli afghanicum
ADD
Aiii
133
Silene danielii
ADD
Aiii
134
Sorbus turkestanica
135
Stellaria winkleri
1
136
Stipa okmirii
137
Taraxacum guntense
138
Zygophyllum darvasicum
1
139
Zygophyllum heterocladum
Total:
1
Aiii
1
1
1
ADD
ADD
1
1
1
1
ADD
ADD
EN
EN
ADD
ADD
1
1
1
1
ADD
Ai
Aiii
ADD
1
Ai
Aiii
Aiii
ADD
LC
DD
Aiii
Aiii
ADD
Aiii
1
ADD
Aiii
1
ADD
Aiii
1
1
59
52
45
CR
ADD
24
29 + 73
2 + 65
Ai
Aiii
21
Criteria in accordance with IUCN Red List: EN – Endangered; VU – Vulnerable; NT – Near threatened; LC – Least concern; DD – Data deficient
Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 10(6), 2020
139