International Journal of Biodiversity Science & Management Vol. 5, No. 3, September 2009, 132–154 Diversity, indigenous uses and conservation prioritization of medicinal plants in Lahaul valley, proposed Cold Desert Biosphere Reserve, India Ashok Singh, Manohar Lal and S.S. Samant* G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development, Himachal Unit, Mohal-Kullu-175 126, Himachal Pradesh, India The Cold Desert of India is known for specific topography, severe climate and unique vegetation. The Lahaul valley in Himachal Pradesh, part of a proposed Cold Desert Biosphere Reserve, is rich in medicinal plants, and local people practice the Tibetan System of Medicine. A few studies are available on medicinal plants there are no integrated studies. A total of 354 medicinal plants, belonging to 208 genera and 76 families were recorded. The area ranges in altitude between 2801–3800 m, and shady moist and forested habitats were identified as having the most medicinal plant species. The occurrence of near endemic, endemic, critically endangered, endangered, vulnerable and near threatened species indicates high anthropogenic pressure and that the area has high conservation value. Most of these species are commercially viable. An assessment of populations of threatened species using standard ecological methods, and notification of key areas as medicinal plants conservation areas is suggested. Also, mass reproduction for ex situ conservation and to ensure availability of quality planting material for cultivation, together with education and awareness programmes for large-scale cultivation are suggested. Keywords: medicinal plants; diversity; native; endemic; threat categorization; conservation; prioritization; Cold Desert Biosphere Reserve Introduction The Himalayan region has been identified as a biodiversity hot spot (Myers et al. 2000). The use of plants as medicines for treatment of various diseases has occurred since time immemorial. Among the biogeographic provinces of India, the Indian Himalayan Region (IHR) is well known for its diversity of medicinal plants. There are 1748 medicinal plants that have traditional and modern therapeutic uses (Samant et al. 1998). The region is mostly inhabited by rural and native communities. Tribal cultures hold much ethnobotanical information, and rural and native communities regularly use medicinal plants for treatment of diseases, wounds, fractures and other ailments (Samant et al. 1998; Samant and Palni 2000). People living in the harsh environmental conditions of cold deserts in the IHR have evolved unique traditions and customs that include ethnobotanical dependence. The Larjee/Amchi people of the area usually practice the Tibetan System of Medicine for treatment of various ailments. A large number of studies have been carried out on medicinal plants of the IHR (Jain 1991; Samant et al. 1998, 2001, 2007b; Rai et al. 2000; Samant and Pal 2003; Kala 2006). However, in Himachal Pradesh studies of medicinal plants are fragmentary and mainly focus on inventory (Bhattacharya and Uniyal 1982; Chauhan 1988, 1999; Kapahi 1990; Badola 2001; Sood et al. 2001; Badola and Pal 2003; Kala 2003, 2006), although a few studies have addressed diversity, distribution patterns, nativity, endemism, rarity and conservation prioritization of medicinal plants (Samant et al. 2007a, b). Himachal Pradesh has 643 medicinal plants, out of which 269 are native, 374 non-native, 17 endemic, 131 near endemic, 12 critically endangered, 21 endangered, 27 vulnerable, two near threatened and three data deficient (Samant et al. 2007a). The Cold Desert Biosphere Reserve is a proposed reserve in the IHR, with an approximate area of 74,809 km2. It includes parts of Ladakh district in Jammu and Kashmir, and Lahaul and Spiti districts in Himachal Pradesh. The cold desert covers 35% of the area of Himachal Pradesh. A review of the literature indicates very few studies on ethnobotany and medicinal plants from the Lahaul valley of the proposed Cold Desert Biosphere Reserve (Aswal and Mehrotra 1987; Chauhan 1999; Sood et al. 2001; Bahar 2002; Kala 2003, 2006). To date, there have been no studies integrating (i) diversity and distribution patterns of medicinal plants; (ii) indigenous uses; (iii) status and distribution patterns of native and endemic medicinal plants; (iv) threat assessment to the diversity of medicinal plants; and (v) prioritization of medicinal plants for conservation. This paper seeks to remedy these deficiencies. Study area The Lahaul valley (31 44’ 57’’–32 59’ 57’’N, 76 46’ 29’’– 78 41’ 34’’E; total area: 6244 km2) is part of the proposed Cold Desert Biosphere Reserve. The altitude ranges from 2400 to 6517 m, asl. The mountains are largely composed of ancient Lurian rocks, chiefly schists, slate, shale, Balaini conglomerates and sandstone (Singh et al. 1995). The area is divided into four valleys: Mayar, Chandra, Bhaga and Chandra-Bhaga. Climate varies from dry temperate to alpine. The area receives heavy snowfall *Corresponding author. Emails: samantss2@rediffmail.com; samant62@yahoo.com ISSN 1745-1590 print/ISSN 1745-1604 online # 2009 Taylor & Francis DOI: 10.1080/17451590903230249 http://www.informaworld.com International Journal of Biodiversity Science & Management (120–400 cm year-1) during winter and limited rainfall (10–300 mm year-1) in summer. Temperature ranges from -19 C to 32 C (Sinha and Samant 2006). The vegetation is mainly of temperate, sub-alpine and alpine types. The valley is surrounded by high mountains with an average height of 5480 m: the highest peak, Mulkila, reaches 6517 m, and the lowest point (2400 m) lies at the entrance to Chenab in the Pangi valley. The inhabitants of the area are Hindu, Buddhist or mixture of the two. They are largely dependent on local biodiversity for their subsistence. Methods Surveys, sampling, data collection and analysis The inhabitants of 66 villages in Mayar, Chandra, Bhaga and Chandra-Bhaga valleys were selected and sampled from 2004 to 2008 to generate information on indigenous uses of medicinal plants by the inhabitants (Map 1). Information on medicinal plants was collected through a participatory rural appraisal (PRA) (Samant et al. 2003). Before PRA, the villages were visited two or three times to confirm that they were willing to exchange information. After these interactions, a meeting was convened and inhabitants were interviewed with regard to their utilization of medicinal plants. They were asked about the indigenous uses of medicinal plants, modes of administration and occurrence in the area. Local dialects as well as Hindi were used for effective conversations. 133 The age of respondents ranged from 25 to 65 years. Those older than 50 years had a rich knowledge base. Among the inhabitants, one person was hired for the survey and collection of medicinal plants from the natural habitat(s) and to provide information on local names, altitudinal range, life forms, habitat(s), part(s) used and use values, including indigenous knowledge and practices. Habitats were identified based on physical features. While most of the species were identified on site, samples of a few species were brought to the G.B. Pant Institute and identified with the help of floras (Polunin and Stainton 1984; Aswal and Mehrotra 1994; Dhaliwal and Sharma 1999; Murti 2001). Species known to have medicinal value from the literature, but not currently utilized by the tribal communities were also listed (Jain 1991; Aswal and Mehrotra 1994; Samant et al. 1998, 2001). The information was compiled and analysed with respect to utilization patterns following Samant et al. (2002): for external use, the plant part is crushed and converted into a paste, which is applied to the affected part; for internal use, the plant part is eaten raw, made into a paste and eaten, or prepared as a decoction (half glass or full glass with water depending upon the condition of patient) and given to the patient. Identification of nativity, endemism, threat category and prioritization for conservation The nativity of species denotes the first record or origin, following Anonymous (1883–1970) and Samant et al. Map 1. Description of study area in Lahaul valley (sites marked from Google Earth, # 2008 Google). Abbreviations used: 1 = Bihadi; 2 = Darcha; 3 = Darcha-Sumdo; 4 = Gemur; 5 = Hinsa; 6 = Jagmurthi; 7 = Jahalma; 8 = Jispa; 9 = Kamring; 10 = Keylong; 11 = Khangsar; 12 = Khoksar; 13 = Khorpani; 14 = Launi; 15 = Madgran; 16 = Meh; 17 = Mooling; 18 = Nukar; 19 = Raoli; 20 = Rarik; 21 = Ratoli; 22 = Rohtang; 23 = Salpat; 24 = Shashen; 25 = Sissu; 26 = Stingri; 27 = Tholang; 28 = Tindi; 29 = Tingret; 30 = Trilokinath; 31 = Udiapur; 32 = Yocha; 33 = Yurnath; 34 = Zingzingbar; 35 = Kwaring; 36 = Kardang; 37 = Namchi; 38 = Lapchang; 39 = Kirting; 40 = Rapring; 41 = Gorma; 42 = Rashil; 43 = Rape; 44 = Thirot; 45 = Jhooling; 46 = Barring; 47 = Nalda; 48 = Junda; 49 = Goundhala; 50 = Goushal; 51 = Gramphu; 52 = Gupha-hotel; 53 = Bada-dara; 54 = Bada-dorne; 55 = Baralacha-pass; 56 = Batal; 57 = Chandertaal; 58 = Chhatru; 59 = Dorne-mode; 60 = Kulti-nallah; 61 = Kunjam-pass; 62 = Siti-nallah; 63 = Lote; 64 = Kishori; 65 = Bargul; 66 = Thorang. 134 A. Singh et al. Table 1. Threat assessment of the medicinal plant diversity using different criteria. Habitat Distribution Population (Ind/Location) Use pattern Extraction Native and endemic Score 1 2 3 Single 2–3 .3 ,500 500–1000 .1000 ,250 Ind/ upto 2 locality 250–1000 Ind/ 3–5 locality .1000 Ind/ . 5 locality 4 & .4 2–3 Single Commercial Self use No use Native & Endemic Native or Endemic Non-native 10 6 2 Results Diversity and distribution patterns In total, 354 species of medicinal plants belonging to 208 genera and 76 families were recorded. Of these, 27 species were trees, 40 shrubs, 284 herbs and 3 ferns. The families Asteraceae (54 spp.), Polygonaceae (21 spp.), Rosaceae and Lamiaceae (20 spp. each), Fabaceae (19 spp.), Ranunculaceae (18 spp.) and Apiaceae (16 spp.) (Figure 1); and genera Artemisia (11), Polygonum (10), Astragalus and Nepeta (7 each) and Saussurea and Thalictrum (6 each), were rich in medicinal plants (Figure 2). A total of 31 families were monotypic (Table 2). In terms of altitudinal distribution, the greatest number (337 spp.) of medicinal plants was recorded from 2801–3800 m, followed by the 2400–2800 m zone (176 spp.), Species richness 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 e ae ce a er t As o lyg Po Figure 1. CDBR. ae e ea c na ea Ro c sa m La e ce ia ea Fa c ba n nu Ra ae ae l cu A ca ia ar ul ph o cr e e ae ce a pi S Families gi ra Bo ea c na s as Br e ce a yll h op y ar C ae e ea c ica ea c na tia en G Medicinal plant-rich families of the Lahaul valley in 12 10 8 6 4 2 te Po ly m is go ia As nu tra m ga lu N s e Sa pe u s ta s Th ure a al ic tru m Al liu m C he Si no len po e d Ju ium Po nip ly eru go s C na ot o n tu m ea st er Pe S di alix cu la ris 0 Ar (1998). Endemism of a species was identified based on distribution range of the species and following Dhar and Samant (1993) and Samant et al. (1998). Species restricted to the IHR were considered as endemic, and those with a distribution extending to neighbouring countries (Himalayan regions of Afghanistan, Pakistan, Tibet, Nepal, Bhutan and adjacent states of the IHR) were considered as near endemics. The threat category of a species was identified using six attributes (i.e. habitat preference, distribution range, population size, use pattern, extraction trend, native and endemic species) and following Samant et al. (1998) and Ved et al. (2003). Species with a combination of these criteria (serial number 1, 2 and 3) were given marks accordingly. Species with scores .60 were identified as critically endangered; 56–60 as endangered; 51–55 as vulnerable; 46–50 as near threatened; and ,46 as of least concern (Table 1). Species richness Serial No. Genus Figure 2. Medicinal plant-rich genera of the Lahaul valley in CDBR. with the lowest number (90 spp.) in the .3801 m altitudinal zone. The habitat-wise distribution showed maximum diversity of medicinal plants (144 spp.) in shady moist habitats, followed by forest (141 spp.), grassland (108 spp.), dry (96 spp.) and rocky (56 spp.) habitats (Figure 3). Utilization pattern Different parts of plants – leaves (107 spp.), aerial part (97 spp.), whole plants (96 spp.), roots (93 spp.), inflorescences (48 spp.), fruits (33 spp.), seeds (29 spp.), twigs (16 spp.), bark (9 spp.), tubers (6 spp.), rhizomes, bulbs, gum/latex (4 spp., each), fronds (2 spp.), ash from twigs (1 spp.) – were used by the tribal communities for their own use or in trade (Table 2). Of the 354 species of medicinal plant recorded, indigenous uses of 230 species were recorded from information collected from tribal communities and documented for the first time. The indigenous uses of 124 species were based on secondary information. A total of 196 common species was reported. Amongst the medicinal plants, Aconitum heterophyllum, A. violaceum, Angelica glauca, Allium carolianum, A. victorialis, Arnebia euchroma, Betula utilis, Bergenia stracheyi, Bunium persicum, Carum carvi, Corylus jacquemontii, Dactylorhiza hatagirea, Dioscorea deltoidea, Ephedra gerardiana, Gentianella moorcroftiana, Hippophae rhamnoides, H. salicifolia, Hypericum perforatum, Hyssopus officinalis, Hyoscyamus niger, Inula racemosa, Juglans regia, Juniperus polycarpos, Jurinella macrocephala, Podophyllum hexandrum, Picrorhiza kurrooa, Rheum australe, R. webbianum, Rhododendron anthopogon, Saussurea costus, S. gossypiphora and Taraxacum officinale were most preferred for indigenous use and trade purposes. Table 2. Diversity, distribution and indigenous uses of medicinal plants of Lahaul valley of the proposed CDBR. Family/Species Local name Aceraceae Acer acuminatum Wall. ex D. Don**(Sec) Adiantaceae Adiantum capillus-veneris L.(Pri) Altitudinal range (m) Locality LF Nativity Part(s) used Indigenous uses 2490–3000 A, B T Reg Himal AP, Lf, St Abortifacient Hansraj 2640–2930 B, F F South Europe Frond A. venustum Don(Sec) Apiaceae Angelica glauca Edgew. *(Pri) Raj 2510–3600 B, S F Afghan India Border Frond Bronchitis, cold, cough, fever, menstrual complaints, throat disease Fever, skin eruption Chaura, Chonra 2700–3510 E, F, S H Reg Himal Rt, Sd Bunium persicum B. Fedtsch(Pri) Jeera, Kalagira 2760–3700 J, P, Q, R, S H 3010–3855 Q, R, S H H Ampang, Shakrag Bupleurum falcatum L.**(Sec) Carum carvi L.**(Pri) Chaerophyllum aromaticum L.**(Pri) C. reflexum Lindl.(Pri) C. villosum Wall. ex DC. **(Pri) (Sec) Shakkara, Nyo, Methapatees Cortia depressa DC.** Ferula jaeschkeana (L.)Vatke(Sec) Bakhyot, Kalyash Heracleum thomsonii Cl.*(Pri) Dundu H. candicans Wall. ex DC.(Pri) Dundu, Raswal Pimpinella diversifolia DC.(Sec) Pleurospermum candollii (DC.) Benth. ex Cl.(Pri) Selinum coniifolium (Wall. ex DC.) Chatra, Bodangar, Chonra Benth. & Hk.**(Pri) S. elatum Edgew. **(Sec) S. vaginatum (Edgew.) Cl.(Pri) Matosal Araliacaeae Aralia cachemirica Decaisne**(Sec) Hedera nepalensis K.Koch(Sec) H H Reg Himal AP, Rt Indigestion H Reg Himal WP Indigestion 3400–4000 B, R 2600–3400 B H H 2700–3520 B, H, J, P, Q, R, S 2690–3660 F, P, R, S, X H Reg Himal WP Himalaya Border Occ Rt, St Turkest Reg Himal AP, WP Rheumatism, sedative, stomach ache Pain in chest or back, despondency, fatigue, rheumatism, poultice Oxytoxic H 2700–3430 D, J, S, X 3500–4000 B, H H H Reg Himal Ind Or As Trop Reg Himal China Reg Himal WP Rt Eczema, ringworm infection, leucoderma, menstrual disorders Carminative, stomach disorders, cold, cough Fever 3200–3540 S, R, X H Reg Himal Rt, Lf 3270–3420 R 2710–3630 B, J, S H H Reg Himal Reg Himal Rt Rh, AP 2600–2800 A, B, F H Reg Himal Rt, AP Stomach disorders 2500 Sh Europe Afr Bor AsTemp AP, Fr Stimulant, diaphoretic, cathartic, rheumatism, stimulant, emmenagogue, ulcers, dyspepsia A AP, St, Rt Cough, asthma, hysteria, nervous tonic, sedative, incense, spice, local liquor, antibacterial, analgesic Nervine sedative Nervine sedative, hysteria, dysmenorrhea, liquor, skin disease (Continued ) 135 2500–3670 A, B, D, E, F, P, R 2600–3600 B, Q International Journal of Biodiversity Science & Management Gonyorog, Gonyod, 2700–3650 J, P, Q, R Shingu Jeera, Gsyon Shakkara 3000–3400 S Dysentery, gastric complaints, menorrhoea, stomach disorders, vomiting, bronchitis Persia Fr, AP, WP, Abdominal pain, cold, cough, fever, loss of appetite, back Sd pain, liver problems, dysentery in domestic animals Europe Oriental Asia, Rt Abdominal inflammation, fever, liver complaints Border Reg Himal Europe Oriental Asia WP, Sd Carminative, cold, cough, dyspepsia, fever, rheumatism, Border liver disease, stomach disease, back pain, nose pain, gastric disorders in animals Europe WP, Rt, Lf Indigestion 136 Table 2. (Continued). Asclepiadaceae Vincetoxicum hirundinaria Medik.(Sec) Asteraceae Achillea millefolium L.(Pri) Local name Altitudinal range (m) Locality 2480–3500 F Chabu, Shugumentog LF H Part(s) used Indigenous uses Europe Reg Caucas WP Poisonous to livestock, antitoxic against snake and scorpion bite, emetic Europe As Am Fl, WP Anaphalis busua (Buch. -Ham. ex Don) DC.(Pri) A. contorta (D.Don ) Hk.(Pri) A. nepalensis (Spreng.) Hand.(Sec) Arctium lappa L.(Pri) Artemisia biennis Willd.(Pri) 2710–3600 B, F, G, H, J, R, S, X Telgang 2700–4000 F, J, L, Q, R, S Tawa 3300–3520 S Pichawag 3200–3420 R Karkatang, Khampa 2510–3950 A, Q, R, S H Reg Himal Fl, Lf Carminative, tonic, stimulant, toothache, cough, cold, insect repellent, aromatic, diaphoretic Antibacterial, checks bleeding H H H H WP WP Rt, Inf AP, Lf Cold, cough, insect repellent Spermatorrhoea Gastric, burns Anti-obesity A. dracunculus L.(Pri) Chamary, Burtse H WP A. gmelinii Web. ex Stechm.(Pri) Nurcha, Karkatang Reg Himal Reg Himal Europe Am Bor Sibir Reg Himal Europe Or Oriens Reg Himal USSR (Sibir) Carminative for animals, throat infection, toothache, menstrual cycle Carminative, vermifuge Lf AP, Lf Lf, Fl H H Reg Himal Sibir Afghan Tibet As Centr Europe Reg Caucas Sibir Reg Himal (Tibet) Reg Temp Bor 3230–3600 H, P, Q H Ind Or Burma Lf, Fl, Sd 2730–3460 F, H, R H AP 2720–3100 B H Reg Caucas Tibet Sibir Corea Lf, Fl, Rt Aster falconeri (Cl.)Hutch.**(Pri) Ba-sha-ka Lugmig Chunwa A. flaccidus Bunge(Sec) A. indamellus Grierson **(Pri) Chrysanthemum pyrethroides (Kar & Kir.)B. Fedtsch.(Pri) Cichorium intybus L.(Pri) 3300–3820 3200–4000 2760–3310 3430–3750 H, S B, J J S H H H H Ind Or Sibir Ind Or Soongar Tibet Occ Lf Lf, Fl Rt Fl, WP 2710 F H Europe Oriens Sd Cirsium verutum (D.Don.) Spreng. **(Pri) C. wallichii DC. var. glabratum (Hk.)Wendelbo **(Pri) Khibsha 2990–3570 L, P, R H Reg Himal Ft, Rt Fever, headache, vomiting, diarrhoea, joint pain, blood purifier Constipation, dyspepsia, skin ailments, chest pain, tonic Chawag 2810–3430 B, L, R, S H Reg Himal St, Lf Dysentery, chest pain, quench thirst Bintso A. laciniata Willd.(Pri) A. macrocephala Jacq. ex Bess.(Pri) Khampa A. maritima L.(Pri) Seski, Nyurcha, Garpeg, Sensi A. minor Jacq. ex Bess.(Pri) Seski, Phurang A. nilagarica (Cl.) Pamp.(Pri) Chirmara A. parviflora Buch. -Ham. ex D. Don(Pri) A. salsoloides Willd.(Sec) Garprek, Nireha A. sieversiana Ehrh. ex Willd.(Pri) Khamchu 2700–3600 B, E, P, R, S, X H Nativity 2500–4000 A, B, F, H, L, Q, R, S, X 2510–4000 A, B, F, H, J, L, P, Q, R, S 2510–3450 A, F, H, L, R, S 2700–3520 B, S 2600–3800 B, F, H, J, L, P, R, S 3000–3500 L 2990–3490 L H H H H Lf AP, Lf WP Cuts, wounds, antiseptic cure foot infections of livestock Rheumatism, joint pain, skin eruption, aromatic Tonic, abdominal parasites, antiseptic, blood purifier, gastric disorders Indigestion, dermatitis, appetizer Abscess, analgesic, anthelmintic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, asthma, ear complaints, epilepsy, haemostat, headache, menstrual complaints, nervous disease, peptic ulcer, skin disease, sores, stomach ache, tonic, wounds Carminative, vermifuge, throat infection, insecticide, aromatic Intestinal problems Intestinal worms, bronchitis, aphrodisiac, jaundice, joint pain, antiseptic Anemia Pulmonary infection, malaria Cough Rheumatism, poultice for boils, fever, arthritis, antiseptic A. Singh et al. Family/Species Cousinia thomsonii Cl.(Pri) Reg Himal WP, Ft Body pain, swelling due to sprain, diuretic H Reg Himal Fl Peptic ulcer, dysentery, liver disease Rhend Chawag 2900–3800 L, S H 2520–3500 A, F, H, L, R, S H Reg Himal Ind Or AP WP Erigeron alpinus L.**(Pri) E. bellidioides (D. Don) Benth. ex Cl. **(Pri) E. canadensis L.(Pri) Bashakar Pa-sa-ka 3370–3850 B, H, G, R, S 2790–3580 J, X Reg Bor et Arct Reg Himal AP WP Body pain Cold, cough, promote teeth of infants, fever, urinary trouble, tonic, septic, food poisoning Cough, cold Blood purifier Patil Amphig AP Diarrhoea, dysentery E. multiradiatus (DC.) Benth. ex Cl.(Pri) Galinsoga parviflora Ruiz & Pav.(Sec) Inula grandiflora Willd.**(Pri) I. racemosa Hk.**(Pri) Shipuk 2700–3650 B, E, F, L, P, R, H S 2730–3760 F, S H China AP Stomach pain 2720–3565 B, D, F, S H Am Austr WP Antidote to snake poison and nettle stings, checks bleeding 3300–3520 S, X 2600–3655 B H H Reg Himal et Caucas Reg Himal WP Rt Above B, S 3630 2740–3510 J, S H Reg Himal Rt H Reg Himal Malaya AP Medicinal Asthma, blood purifier, stomach disease, rheumatism, liver complaint, fever, headache, aromatic Antiseptic, colic, fever during childbirth, laxative, skin eruptions Renal colic 3200–3710 J, L, P, Q, R, S H Kumochanu 2500–3300 S, B H Europe As Temp Austr AP N Zel Reg Himal WP Poultice, sores, wounds Bacha-Shang, Drapada, Prabachi Kuth 2810–3320 E, P, R H Reg Himal Lf Spasmolytic, bronchitis, skin eruption 2600–3450 A, B, D, E, F, G, H, J, L H Reg Himal Rt 2800–4000 D, L, S H Reg Himal WP Asthma, blood purifier, headache, stomach pain, bronchitis, dysentery, skin disease, ulcers, toothache, pain, rheumatism, insect repellent, laxative Kidney problems, cough, cold 3800–4300 3600–3700 3450–4000 3570–3800 3210–3860 X Y S P B, Q, R, S H H H H H Reg Himal Reg Himal Reg Himal China Mongol Reg Himal WP WP WP AP WP 2920–3690 3190–3340 2800–3580 2640–3830 J, L, P, R, S S D, H, J B, H, Q, R, S H H H H Reg Himal Reg Himal Reg Bor Temp Cosmop Disc floret WP Lf Fl, AP, Lf, Latex Jurinella macrocephala (Royle) Aswal**(Pri) Lactuca lessertiana (DC.) Cl.**(Sec) Picris hieracioides L.(Sec) Prenanthes brunoniana Wall. ex DC.**(Sec) Saussurea albescens (DC.) Sch.-Bip.**(Sec) S. costus (Decne.) Sch.- Bip.*(Pri) S. gnaphalodes (Royle) Sch.- Bip.(Pri) S. gossypiphora D.Don.(Pri) S. obvallata DC. Edgew(Sec) S. taraxacifolia Wall. ex DC.(Pri) Scorzonera virgata (L.) DC.(Pri) Senecio graciliflorus (L.) DC.**(Pri) S. krascheninnikovii Schisch.(Sec) S. laetus Edgew.(Pri) Solidago virga-aurea L.(Sec) Sonchus oleraceus L.(Pri) Mano, Kuth Manurucha Dhoop Bramkamal Thunbu Zerjum Parpat, Sangebala Panu Aag H H Purgative Tibetan medicine Paralysis of the limbs, cerebral ischaemia Ulcers, cold, headache Constipation Antidote to insect bite, ringworm, ear infection, poisonous to cattle Antiseptic Fever, abdominal pain, inflammation of mouth, sore throat Antiseptic, diuretic Febrifuge, jaundice, galactagogue, liver complaints, tonic 137 (Continued ) International Journal of Biodiversity Science & Management H Cremanthodium arnicoides Good(Sec) C. decaisnei Cl.(Sec) Echinops cornigerus DC.**(Pri) Changchher, Bacha, 2720–4000 F, L, Q, R, S Chawag, Khibsha Rekonpa 2600–3750 A, B, S, X 138 Table 2. (Continued). Local name (Pri) S. wightianus DC. Tanacetum dolichophyllum Kitam.(Pri) Taraxacum officinale Wigg.(Pri) Khampa Betulaceae Betula utilis D.Don(Pri) Boraginaceae Arnebia euchroma Royle ex Benth.(Pri) Cynoglossum lanceolatum Forssk.(Pri) C. wallichii G. Don var. glochidiatum Wallich ex Benth.**(Sec) Eritrichium canum (Benth.) Kitamura**(Pri) E. canum (Vill.) Schrad. ssp.villosum (Ledeb.) Brand **(Pri) Hackelia uncinata (Royle ex Benth.)Fischer(Sec) Lappula barbata (M. Bieb.) Gurcke(Sec) Locality Karpa Pakkad LF 2580–3740 B, L, P, Q, R, S H 3400–4000 B, S H Nativity Part(s) used Indigenous uses Europe As bor Mexico Lf, Latex, Rt Cough, bronchitis, asthma, jaundice WP Nasal drops, headache, body ache, incense, insecticide H Reg Temp Bor et Austr WP H Reg Himal As Bor Lf, Fl Cuts, headache, fever, kidney, chronic digestive disease, jaundice, loss of appetite, food poisoning, antibiotic, tonic, blood purifier, hepatitis, migraine Jaundice 2500–3510 A, H, J H As Centr Lf, Sd Dye 2500–3510 A, L 3100–3620 S H H Reg Himal Reg Himal Fl, Sd Sd Cooling, tonic, dye Urticaria, eczema, pimples, abortifacient Above P 3000 2500–3640 A, P 2600–3630 B, F, L, P, Q, R, S Sh Reg Himal Rt, Ft Sh Sh Europe As Temp Ind Or Ft, Rt Ft, Rt, Lf Eye trouble, fever, stomach disorders, skin diseases, blood purifier, astringent, diuretic, jaundice, menorrhea Stomach trouble, fever, dye Intestinal disorders, eye trouble, oxytocic, throat ache Paranbala, Quanti, 2710–3800 A, E, H, L, P, Q, R, S Sarkhen Mentok, Dudhi 3200–3600 B, P, S, Youngia tenuifolia (Willd.)Babcock & Stebbins(Pri) Balsaminaceae Impatiens brachycentra Kar & Kir.(Pri) I. glandulifera Royle**(Pri) Mewa I. sulcata Wall.**(Pri) Berberidaceae Kaymali Berberis jaeschkeana L.**(Pri) B. pachyacantha Koehne(Pri) B. pseudumbellata Parker*(Pri) Altitudinal range (m) Bhojpatra, Shag, Bhuj 3050–4000 A, B, F, H, S, X T Reg Himal Japon St, Br, Bk, Lf Eye redness, antiseptic, burns, cuts, contraceptive, ear complaints, hysteria, jaundice, spermicide Ratanjot, Khomig 2650–4000 B, S H Reg Himal Turkest Rt Abortifacient, hair tonic, blood pressure, backache, headache 2600–3520 L, Q, R H Arabia WP Aphrodisiac, cold, cough, wounds Kochi Shuwer 2700–3740 F, R, S H Ind Or Burma Rt Dyspepsia, digestive disorders Changser, Tukse 3420–3460 S H Chili Ind Or WP Hasten child birth 2820–3650 J, S H Ind Or WP Facilitates children birth 2600–3450 Q, A H Reg Himal Rt Piles 3010–3450 H H Marocco Oriens Sibir Rt Fever A. Singh et al. Family/Species Lindelofia longiflora (Royle ex Benth.)Baill. var. falconneri (Cl.) Brand **(Pri) Onosma hispidum Wallich ex G. Don(Pri) Brassicaceae Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh.(Pri) Barbarea intermedia Boreau.(Sec) Capsella bursa-pastoris L.(Pri) H Reg Himal Lf Poultice remedy for diarrhoea 3410–3550 S H Himal Occ Rt, Lf Stimulant, blood purifier, cuts, swelling, ulcers 2700–3600 F, H, S H Reg Bor Temp WP Sores in mouth 2600–3340 B 2550–3855 B, F, L, R, Q H H Quebec (Canada) Reg Temp Lf WP Cardamine impatiens L.(Pri) 2830–3540 H, L, Q H WP Eruca sativa Mill.(Sec) Erophila verna L.(Sec) Lepidium latifolium L.(Pri) Sisymbrium brassicaeforme C.A. Mey.(Sec) Thlaspi arvense L.(Pri) 2900–3400 3205–3510 3210–3430 2500 H H H H Europe As Bor Reg Himal Reg Mediterr As Occ Europe Oriens Europe As Bor Oriens Sibir Stomach pain Blood purifier, diarrhoea, dropsy, gonorrhea, urinary trouble, cuts, fever, wounds Stimulant, diuretic, fever WP, Sd, AP Lf, Fl AP WP Aphrodisiac Mouth sores Rheumatic pain Diuretic 3200–3400 H H Europe As Bor WP Backache, pulmonary, renal disease, gonorrhea, swollen testicles, cuts, rheumatism 2490–2730 B T Europe Oriens As Temp Bk Fever 2990–3440 S 3390–3670 R H H Reg Himal Ind Or Afghan AP AP Medicinal Wounds 2800–3530 D, R, S H Reg Himal Sd, Fl Rheumatism, swelling due to sprain, skin disease 3420–3630 Q, R 3200–3400 S H H Reg Himal Reg Himal Lf Rt Oxytoxic, wounds Poultice to stop eruption 2600–3500 A, B, F, H, J, L, H P, Q, R, S, X As Centr Himal Bor Occ Sd, Bk, St Anthelmintic, appetite, bowel complaints, bronchitis, cuts, dyspepsia, ear & eye complaints, gonorrhea, narcotic, piles, skin disorder, cold, cough, cramp, epilepsy, laxative, stimulant, paralysis of tongue, tetanus 2500–3200 B Sh Reg Himal Fr Gastric troubles 3320–3510 H Sh Reg Himal Br, Bk Animal wound caused by rats Bhakhru 2700–3100 B Sh Reg Himal AP, St Asthma, headache Ganja Bhutni Kimota, Khimata 2500–2710 B, A 2680–3850 E, F, H, S H Sh Reg Himal Reg Himal WP Bk, Fr Poisonous Hepatic, digestive trouble, urinogenital troubles Buxaceae Buxus wallichiana Baill. Monog.**(Sec) Campanulaceae Campanula aristata Wall. **(Pri) C. pallida Wall. var. tibetica (Hk. & Th.) Hara(Pri) Codonopsis clematidea (Schrenk) Cl. *(Pri) C. ovata Benth. **(Pri) C. rotundifolia Benth. **(Pri) Cannabaceae Cannabis sativa L.(Pri) Caprifoliaceae Lonicera angustifolia Wall. ex DC.**(Sec) L. heterophylla (Decne) Hk. & Th.(Pri) L. spinosa (Jacq. ex Decne) Walp.**(Sec) Sambucus adnata Wall.(Pri) Viburnum cotinifolium D. Don**(Sec) Kaume Marchhalam Maslam Shangshu, Tharag Treka, Bulbuli Golchokpa Bhang, bang L P, Q, R S A 139 (Continued ) International Journal of Biodiversity Science & Management 2960–3980 L, Q, S Family/Species Altitudinal range (m) Locality LF Nativity Part(s) used Indigenous uses 3060–3420 S H Reg Bor Temp et Arct WP Backache, headache, renal pain, cough 3000–3410 P H Reg Himal WP Boils, wounds 3300–3600 P H 2500–4000 B, H, J, L, Q, R, H S, X 3300–4000 B, S H Reg Bor et Arct Reg Himal WP AP, Lf Headache Eye infection Turkest AP Rheumatic pain, soap 3310–4000 P, S, X 3300–3830 R H H Reg Himal (Nepal) Reg Himal Rt, AP AP Dysentery Fever, dysmenorrhoea, pueroerial infection Gandoli 2950–3400 R, S H In Bronchitis, asthma Stellaria media L.(Sec) Shichi 2600–3450 B, H, S H Europe Afr Bor Reg Himal Louisiana (South Eastern USA Northern America) WP Burns, boils, bone fracture, wounds Chenopodiaceae Chenopodium album L.(Pri) Em, Ear, Ayar H Reg Temp et Trop Lf, Br Indigestion H Reg Bor Sd, Lf, Fl Constipation Kanganchoo Gandoli Sukpa C. album L. var. opulifolium (Schrad.) Aswal(Pri) C. botrys L.(Pri) Am, Ayar 2610–3855 F, H, J, L, P, R, S 2610–3460 B, J, Q, R, S Sokann, Sanyek 2510–3550 A, F, J, Q, S H Reg Bor Lf, Fl C. foliolosum (Moench) Aschers.(Sec) C. hybridum L.(Pri) Convolvulaceae Convolvulus arvensis L.(Sec) Ipomoea eriocarpa R. Br.(Pri) I. purpurea Roth(Sec) Corylaceae Corylus jacquemontii L.**(Pri) Khupalda, Sanyek 2890–3650 P, S, J, F H Iran Lf, Fl Gastric disorder, headache due to gall bladder, liver disease, anthelmintic, diuretic, laxative Indigestion Sukna 3120–3450 J, P, R, S H Reg Temp Bor Lf, AP Indigestion Grachi Martunga 2730–3720 F, J, L, P, Q, R 3020 L 3230 L H H H Geront Temp Geront Temp Am Calid WP AP Sd, WP Laxative, purgative, burns, bruises Rheumatic pain, cuts, wounds, poison Purgative Thangi, Tilyanj 2490–2900 A, B T Europe Or As Min Himal WP Tonic 2930–4000 J, R H Reg Himal AP Cough, lung infection 2600–4000 B, Q, R, S H Reg Himal Sibir Altaic Lf, St Toothache, appetite, soothing 3400–3720 P H Ind Or Diabetes Crassulaceae Rhodiola heterodonta (Hk. & Th.) Churupa A. Boriss.**(Pri) Sedum ewersii H. Ohba(Pri) Shrollo Cucurbitaceae Diplocyclos palmatus (L.) Jeffrey(Pri) Cupressaceae Juniperus communis L.(Pri) Petada, Shukpa, Dhup 2500–4000 A, B, E, F, H, J, Sh L, Q, R, S, X Sd Reg Bor Temp et Arct WP, St, Fr Kidney, liver, bladder, heart disease, nervous disorder, dropsy mucous discharge, antibiotic for animals, insect repellent A. Singh et al. Caryophyllaceae Cerastium cerastoides (L.) Britton Mem.**(Pri) Gypsophila cerastioides D.Don.**(Sec) Sagina saginoides (L.) Karsten(Sec) Silene edgeworthii Bocquet(Pri) S. gonosperma (Rupr.) Bocquet**(Sec) S. indica Roxb. ex Otth**(Sec) S. moorcroftiana Wall. ex Benth.**(Sec) S. vulgaris (Moench) Garcke(Pri) Local name 140 Table 2. (Continued). Dhoop 3300–4000 H, X J. polycarpos Boiss.(Pri) Shur, Leyur J. recurva Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don(Pri) Cuscutaceae Cuscuta approximata Babington(Sec) Cyperaceae Carex obscura Nees **(Sec) Datiscaceae Datisca cannabina L.(Pri) Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea deltoidea Wall. ex Kunth(Sec) Dipsacaceae Dipsacus mitis D.Don(Pri) Elaeagnaceae Elaeagnus parvifolia Wall. ex Royle(Pri) Hippophae rhamnoides L.(Pri) Shurr 2500–4000 F, H, J, L, P, Q, T R, S 3500–4000 B Sh Reg Himal WP, AP, Fr Asthma, bronchitis, aphrodisiac, anthelmintic, abdominal pain, tumors, piles Lf, WP, Fr Asthma, antibiotic for animals, insect repellent, nervous disorder, stomach cramp Rt, WP, Br Kidney trouble 2800–3200 E H Ind Or WP Swellings of testicles, headache, warts 3300–3640 H Sg Reg Himal AP Antiviral 3200–3500 H H Oriens Reg Himal Rt, AP Fever, gastric 2490–3000 A, B H Ind Or Tb Oral contraceptive 2730–2900 B H Reg Himal AP Indigestion 2490–2700 A Sh Japon Cough, bronchitis, febrifuge, expectorant H. salicifolia D. Don**(Pri) Ephedraceae Ephedra gerardiana Wall. ex Stapf**(Pri) Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia pilosa L.(Sec) E. stracheyi Boiss.(Sec) Equisetaceae Equisetum arvense L.(Sec) Ericaceae Cassiope fastigiata (Wall.) D.Don**(Pri) Rhododendron anthopogon D. Don**(Pri) R. campanulatum D.Don**(Pri) Kinsh, Singlimingli Sh Soongar Reg Himal Persia Reg Himal 2800–3650 H, L, P, Q, R, S Sh Europe As Temp Fr, AP, Lf, Sd WP 3100–3640 P, Q T Reg Himal (Nepal) Fr, Br Kiok, Buchchur, Chhe, Somlata 2500–3900 B, J, R, S Sh China WP, Fr Asthma, blood purifier, cardiac ailments, cough, bronchitis, headache, hepatic disease, pneumonia fever, rheumatism Dudawaj 2630–3000 B 2700–2800 F H H Europe As Bor Reg Himal WP AP, Latex Constipation, emetic, wounds Boils, rheumatism Khin 2800–3560 P, S F Alaska (Sub Arctic Am Northern Am) Ashes of plants Diuretic haemostatic, kidney disease, dropsy, dyspepsia Salu 3410–4000 B, H, X Sh Reg Himal WP Itching Balu 3410–4000 B, H, S, X Sh As Bor Reg Himal Lf Radukpa 3400–4000 H, S, X Sh Reg Himal Rt, Inf, Lf, Fl Aromatic, bronchitis, cold, cough, gonorrhea, stomach ailment, tea, reduce birth pains, delivery Dysentery, fever, headache, boils, piles, bone fracture of animals 3010–3450 D, X H Reg Himal AP Tonic, febrifuge, tuberculosis 2720–3120 J Sh Reg Himal Rt, Lf Skin disease Gartsak, Tirkug, Chharma, Sarla Sarla Fabaceae Astragalus chlorostachys Royle ex Benth.**(Pri) Rangchawag A. grahamianus Royle ex Benth.(Sec) Aphrodisiac, lung disease, indigestion, oxytoxic, blood pressure, wounds, cough, antibacterial Cuts, ulcers, wounds, cough, fever, dandruff, skin disease 141 (Continued ) International Journal of Biodiversity Science & Management J. indica Bertol.(Pri) 142 Table 2. (Continued). Local name A. himalayanus Klotzsch **(Sec) A. ladakensis Balak.(Pri) A. nivalis Kar & Kir.(Sec) A. rhizanthus Royle ex Benth.**(Pri) A. subuliformis DC.(Sec) Kayaba Chhutup Serpang Caragana versicolor (Wall.) Benth(Sec) Cicer microphyllum Benth.(Pri) Indigofera heterantha Wall. ex Brand.(Sec) Lathyrus sativus L.(Sec) Lespedeza juncea (L. f.) Pers.(Sec) Lotus corniculatus L.(Pri) Medicago lupulina L.(Pri) Oxytropis lapponica (Wahl). Gay.(Pri) O. tatarica Camb. ex Bunge(Sec) Trifolium pratense L.**(Sec) T. repens L.(Sec) Trigonella emodi Benth.(Pri) Locality Nativity Part(s) used Indigenous uses Zomoshing Zomoshing 3320–3650 L H Bramswak, Zomoshing Banyarts, Vananyarcha, Chiri 2900–4000 F, P, Q, R, S Sh 2600–3800 D, H, R, S H 2500–3220 A, B, J Sh Soongar Reg Himal Bor Occ Reg Himal 3050–3240 2700–3500 2700–3650 2980–3600 3200–3400 D E, F, L F, L, Q, S L, Q, R, S Q H Ush H H H Europe Oriens Reg Himal As Bor Europe Geront Bor Temp Europe As Bor Sd, AP WP AP AP AP Narcotic Oxytoxic Anti-inflammatory Liver & lung disease, kidney disorder, pneumonia Joint pain 2700–3200 2990–3650 2500–3400 3250–3400 B, J L, Q, R, S A, H, S P H H H H Reg Himal Turkest Europe As Temp Geront Bor Temp Reg Himal AP AP AP AP, In Diuretic Cough, bronchitis, venereal disease Astringent Aromatic, pest repellants especially wood borer, poison 2700–2900 F 2710–3650 B, Q, X H H Reg Himal Reg Himal Rt WP 3300–3630 S H Reg Himal AP Swelling, inflammation, fever Antipyretic, diuretic, eye disease, gastric disease, liver, muscle pain, skin disease, syphilis, tonic, leprosy, rheumatism Eye complaints Pungen karpo 3300–3900 H, X H Reg Himal China Lf, Fl Sore throat Ziang 3300–4000 B 3200–3500 H, S 3450–3710 S H H H Reg Himal Reg Himal Reg Himal Rt Rt AP Stomach pain, febrifuge Appetite, stomachic, fever, urinary complaints, cough Febrifuge, blood purifier, fever, cough, rheumatism, gastric 3500–3900 B H Reg Bor et Arct WP Tibetan medicine Gunyok Tuljima, Kuchona, Buksup, Ampang Ticta H, Q, S H L, R P, Q, R, S LF 2650–3800 3200–3450 2990–3500 3000–3800 Fumariaceae Corydalis cornuta Royle(Pri) C. govaniana Wall.**(Pri) C. vaginans Royle*(Sec) Gentianaceae Gentiana argentea (D.Don) Griseb.**(Pri) G. coronata Royle**(Pri) G. kurroo Royle**(Sec) Gentianella moorcroftiana (Wall.ex G.Don) Airy Shaw **(Pri) G. tenella (Rottb.)Borner**(Pri) Altitudinal range (m) H H H H Reg Himal Reg Himal Tibet Occ Soongar Reg Himal Sd, Fl AP Rt Rt Colic, leprosy, stangury Diuretic Blood purifier Heart stimulant, skin disease Reg Caucas Tibet Afghan Sibir Reg Himal As Bor Gum Diuretic Rt Dysmenorrhea Fr, Lf, Sd, AP Lf, St, Br Sore mouth in cattle, tongue infection, jaundice Diarrhoea, dysentery, cough, wounds A. Singh et al. Family/Species Jaeschkea oligosperma (Griseb.) Knobl.**(Pri) Swertia ciliata (G.Don) Burtt**(Sec) S. cordata (G.Don) Cl.(Pri) Ticta 3500–4000 B H Reg Himal WP, AP Febrifuge, blood purifier 2710–3600 B, E, Q, S H Reg Himal AP, Lf Malaria 2740–3620 D, E, J, L, R H Reg Himal WP Anthelmintic, appetite, laxative, stomachic, blood disease, febrifuge Tonic, liver S. petiolata Royle ex D. Don**(Pri) Geraniaceae Geranium himalayense Klotz.(Sec) Porlo G. nepalense Sw.(Pri) Laljari, Gajaljhar 3300–4000 H, S H Reg Himal AP 3020–3670 S 2900–4000 H, L, S H H Europe As Bor Ind Or China Rt, Fl Rt G. pratense L.(Pri) Porlo 2800–4000 B, F, R, S H Europe As Bor AP Nyangada 3400–3800 R Sh Oriens Reg Himal Lf, Fr Diuretic Basant 2500–2900 B, F H Europe Pratis WP Cuts, immunity, malaria, antidepressant, anti- tumour, anticancer, anti-viral 2490–2860 A Sh Reg Himal AP, Lf Diuretic 3000–3900 L, P, Q, S, X H Reg Himal Rt, Lf, Sd Epilepsy, fever, toothache Akhrot, Ka, Kaboot 2500–3000 A, B, F, L T As Occ Reg Himal Br, Lf, Fr Tooth cleaning, skin disease, anthelmintic, astringent, toothache, fungicide, insecticide Karku, Neelkanthi 2600–3200 H H Afr Trop Ind Or As Or Lf, WP Malaria, tonic, astringent, febrifuge 2630–3500 J, R, S, X 2540–3420 A, B, S H H AP Fl Astringent, carminative, heart tonic Skin disease Ruli Jip-Chi, Chibu 3100–3800 Q 2720–3410 F, J, L, H H Europe Canada Japon (Eastern As, As Temp) Reg Himal Europe As Temp Fl, Inf WP Takchi, Marini, Madaen 2710–3560 B, F, Q, R, S H Reg Bor Temp WP Bruises, internal burns, wounds Stimulant, carminative, nervous disorders, toothache, digestive, urterine, vermifuge, wounds, sprains, rheumatism Antiseptic, carminative, digestive, kill maggots 3010–3850 2700–3805 2700–3655 3310–3855 2760–4000 3300–3520 2720–3790 2700–3600 H H H H H H H H Reg Himal Reg Himal Reg Himal Reg Himal Reg Himal Reg Himal Afghan Europe As et Afr Bor WP WP Fl, Lf WP AP Lf Rt, St Lf, AP Eyes, diuretic Eyes injury & infection, cold, cough Blood purifier, fever, cold Diarrhoea, pneumonia, fever Liver disorder, stomach ache, indigestion Malaria Kidney complaints Antiseptic, bronchitis, colic, diarrhoea, childbirth Grossulariaceae Ribes orientale Desf.(Sec) Hypericaceae Hypericum perforatum L.(Pri) Lamiaceae Ajuga bracteosa Wall. ex Benth.(Pri) Clinopodium vulgare L.(Pri) Elsholtzia ciliata (Thunb.) Hyland.(Sec) E. strobilifera Benth.(Sec) Hyssopus officinalis L.(Pri) Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds.(Pri) Nepeta eriostachya Benth. **(Pri) N. discolor Royle ex Benth.(Pri) N. floccosa Benth.**(Pri) N. glutinosa Benth. **(Pri) N. longibracteata Benth.(Pri) N. leucophylla Benth. **(Sec) N. podostachys Benth.(Sec) Origanum vulgare L.(Pri) Praynal 143 Lamay masha, Massow L, R, S B, L B, L, S R H, J R B, P, Q, R B, F, P, R, S International Journal of Biodiversity Science & Management Hydrangeaceae Deutzia staminea R. Br. e x Wall.**(Sec) Iridaceae Iris kemaonensis D. Don ex Royle(Pri) Juglandaceae Juglans regia L.**(Pri) Bruises, stomache Cuts, jaundice, toothache, ulcers, wounds, stomach complaints Black dye, poultice to bruises, cough, jaundice, gastric disorder, headache (Continued ) 144 Table 2. (Continued). Phlomis bracteosa Royle ex Benth.**(Pri) Plectranthus rugosus Wall. ex Benth.(Sec) Salvia hians Royle ex Benth.**(Sec) S. nubicola Wall. ex Sw.**(Sec) Local name Altitudinal range (m) Locality LF Nativity Part(s) used Indigenous uses 3240–3820 P, Q, S, X H Reg Himal Fl, AP Eye tonic, common household remedy 2500–3030 B, H Sh Reg Himal Lf Abdominal pain, fever, worms, gastric 2400–3000 B H Reg Himal Lf Swelling, arthritic pain, eczema 2730–3150 B H Lf, Rt Wounds, cough, cold 3310–3640 Q H Europe Austr Oriens Reg Himal Reg Himal AP Fever, jaundice, nerve tonic Kochi masha 2730–3800 B, F, J, P, Q, R, S H Pakistan WP Antifungal, antibacterial, pain during childbirth, whooping cough, epilepsy, skin eruption, excessive bile secretion, alopecia, phlegm, spasmodic pain, stomachic, cold, toothache, hookworms, liver compliant, heating effect Keor, Lo-adh, Jimboo Forn, Jangli Pyaz Gokpa 3300–4000 A, B H Carolina USA Lf, Bb Stimulant, diuretic, given with milk after delivery 3500–4000 B 3400–3800 S H H Lf, Bb Lf, Bb Indigestion Anti-diarrhoea A. wallichii Kunth.(Sec) Asparagus filicinus Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don(Sec) Lilium polyphyllum D.Don **(Sec) 3300–3500 H 2490–2600 B H Sh India Or Europe Caucasus Siberia Reg Himal Reg Himal Burma Bb, Lf Rt Flatulence, bile complaints Diabetes, diarrhoea, dysentery 2900–3200 D H Reg Himal AP, Rt Polygonatum cirrhifolium (Wall.) Royle(Sec) P. geminiflorum Decne(Pri) P. multiflorum L.(Pri) 3050–3120 S H Reg Himal As Bor Tb, Rt, Lf Galactagogue, expectorant, aphrodisiac, diuretic, antipyretic, tonic, cough, bronchitis, strangury, hyperdipsia, fever, rheumatism Aphrodisiac, appetite, blood purifier, nervine tonic, fever 3200–3600 S, X 2590–3610 B, H, S H H Rt, WP Tb, AP Tonic, washing of wool Tonic, urogenital disorders P. verticillatum L.(Pri) 2500–3650 A, B, D, E, H, S, X H Reg Himal Europe As Bor Afghan Europe As Bor Rhm, Tb Appetite, nervine tonic, kidney trouble, wounds Sotsal Sotsal Mikanchi 3100–3350 R, S, X 3100–3600 P, Q 2700–2990 F H H H Europe Hungary Europe As et Afr Bor AP Fl Sd, Lf, Rt Malaria, bladder, kidney disorder, laxative Stomach cramp, whooping cough Whooping cough, bladder & kidney disorders, emetic Dayela, Chawag Sibsha 2960–3455 R 3210–3650 P, R H H Reg Himal Reg Himal Fl, Rt, WP Rt Eye complaints Boils, wounds, unconsciousness Shunu Thrung, Sanjal, Shunu 2500–2810 A, B 2500–3210 A, B, F, H, J T T N Mexic Reg Himal St, Lf, Br Bk, St Fever, dysentery Vetinary medicine Scutellaria prostrata Jacq. ex Benth.**(Sec) Thymus linearis Benth.(Pri) Liliaceae Allium carolinianum DC.(Pri) A. humile Kunth.**(Pri) A. victorialis L.(Pri) Malvaceae Malva neglecta Wall.(Pri) M. sylvestris L.(Pri) M. verticillata L.(Pri) Morinaceae Morina coulteriana Royle**(Pri) M. longifolia Wall.**(Pri) Oleaceae Fraxinus micrantha Ling.**(Sec) F. xanthoxyloides (G.Don) DC. **(Pri) Sees A. Singh et al. Family/Species Jasminum humile L.(Pri) 2510–3300 A, B, H, J H As Trop Syringa emodi Wall. ex Royle**(Pri) Onagraceae Epilobium hirsutum L.(Pri) E. royleanum Hausskn.(Pri) Orchidaceae Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D.Don.) Soo **(Pri) Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz(Pri) Herminium monorchis (L.) R. Br.(Sec) Malaxis muscifera (Lindl.) Ktze.(Sec) Oxalidaceae Oxalis corniculata L.(Pri) 2500–3430 A, S Sh 3200–3450 R, S 2720–2830 E Chharbongcha, Chharmen Phytolaccaceae Phytolacca acinosa Roxb.(Sec) Pinaceae Abies pindrow Royle**(Sec) Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex D.Don) G.Don**(Sec) Picea smithiana (Wall.) Boiss.**(Sec) Pinus wallichiana A.B. Jack.**(Sec) Fever, stomach disorder H H Europe As Bor Reg Himal AP Lf, Rt Poisonous to cattle Cattle warts, ringworm, poisonous to livestock 3000–3400 H, S H 2500–3640 A, B, Q, R, X H Europe Afr Bor Oriens Tb Reg Himal Europe As Bor Lf, Rh Antibiotic, wounds, fractures, cough, cold, cuts, sexual disability, rheumatism, blood purifier, tonic, expectorant Fever, blood purification, aphrodisiac 2400–2900 B H Europe As Bor Tb Antiseptic, kidney complaints 3000–3200 X H Europe Rt General tonic 3000–3300 X H Amphig Temp et Trop WP Appetite, corns, cuts, dysentery, fever, jaundice, rickets, scurvey, stomach ache, swelling, warts, cataracts, conjunctivitis 3200–4000 A, H, S, X H Reg Himal WP Backache, colic, renal pain, tonic 2500 H Reg Himal China Lf, Rt Stomach cramps, dysentery, wounds, cattle pneumonia, local beverages A Sinus, skin disorder, blood, heart disease, diabetes Rai Deyor 2500–3890 A, B, H 2550–3200 B, D, F T T Reg Himal Ind Or AP, St, WP Fever, asthma, bronchitis WP, St Skin disease, anthelmintic, rheumatism, ulcers Tosh, Rai 2550–3600 B, D, F, H, J T Reg Himal WP Lem, Kail 2500–4000 B, F, H, S T Reg Himal WP, St, Sd, Abscess, dislocation, rheumatism, ulcers, unconsciousness Lf Plantaginaceae Plantago depressa Willd.(Pri) P. himalaica Pilger **(Pri) Maran 2610–3410 B, S 2710–3420 F, H, R H H Sibir Reg Himal WP WP P. major L.(Pri) Karecha 2600–3450 S, H, B H Europe naturalized in Cuba Sd, Lf Poaceae Avena fatua L.(Sec) Eragrostis minor Host.(Pri) Kasam, Gwajung 2680–4000 F, L, P, R, Q, S H 2500–4000 A, B, H, J, L, Q, H R, S, X Europe Oriens As Bor AP Reg Trop et Temp Rt, AP Cuts, sores, body pain Dysentery, wounds, piles, infant health Diarrhoea, dysentery, sedative, headache, renal colic, backache Fever, cough, gastric disorders, wounds Wounds Stomach complaints 145 (Continued ) International Journal of Biodiversity Science & Management Papaveraceae Meconopsis aculeata Royle**(Pri) Salampanja, Hathpanja Reg Himal Br, Rt, Fl, Lf Sd, Fl, Br 146 Table 2. (Continued). Local name Altitudinal range (m) Locality Phacelurus speciosus (Steud.) C.E. 3200–3520 Q Hubb.(Pri) Podophyllaceae Podophyllum hexandrum Bankakri, Omo2500–3700 A, B, H, S, X Royle(Pri) shey, Braburchoi, Pindiyali LF Nativity Part(s) used Indigenous uses H Ind Or AP Anthelmintic H Ind Or As Trop WP Cough, purgative, chronic constipation, tuberculosis, hepatic, stimulant, vermifuge, gynecological disorder, warts, tumors, cancer, childbirth, cuts, wounds, diarrhea, gastric ulcer, hepatic disease 2700–4000 F, H, Q, R, S 2500 A 2490–3700 A, B, E, F, G, H, J, L, P, Q, R, S, X 2490–3700 A, B, E, F, G, H, J, L, P, Q, R, S, X 2960–3855 R, S 3010–3650 P, Q, R, S 2600–3855 B, G, J, S, X H H H Reg Himal Reg Himal China Europe As Bor AP, Rt, Sd Rt, Lf Lf, Fr Cold, diarrhoea, flatulence, dysentery Antibiotic Sunburn, protects skin, colic, abdominal complaints H Europe As Bor Lf, Fr Colic, sunburn, protect skin H H H Reg Bor Alp et Arct Europe Austr As Bor Reg Himal WP St Rt, Lf P. hydropiper L.(Pri) 2500–3020 A H Lf Appetite, fever, laxative Rheumatic pain Cough, dysentery, haemostasis, tonic, abortion, wounds, heart burn Tongue infection in cattle P. paronychioides C. A. Mey.(Sec) P. plebium R.Br.(Sec) P. polystachyum Wall. ex Meissn.(Pri) 3530–3700 Q H 2700–3810 F, J, L, P Q, R, S H 3030–3525 R, S, X H WP AP, Rt AP Diarrhoea, dysentery Baldness, lung disease, diarrhoea, dysentery Acidity, indigestion AP Lf, Rt, Fl Skin disease, blood purifier, carbuncle, healing Abscess, antidote to aconite, thirst, diarrhoea, giddiness, headache, deodorizer Blood purifier Tuberculosis Polygonaceae Bistorta affinis Greene **(Pri) Fagopyrum dibotrys Meisn.(Sec) F. esculentum Moench(Pri) Chunru, Kapad Brafo F. tataricum (L.) Gaertn.(Pri) Brafo Oxyria digyna (L.) Hill(Pri) Polygonum alpinum All.(Pri) P. amplexicaule D. Don(Pri) Surjilap Alipap P. recumbens Royle ex Bab.**(Pri) P. somdevae Aswal et Mehrotra**(Pri) P. tortuosum D. Don(Sec) P. vaccinifolium Wall. ex Meissn. **(Sec) Rheum australe Spreng.**(Pri) R. moorcroftiana Royle**(Pri) R. webbianum Royle**(Pri) Rumex acetosa. L.(Pri) R. hastatus D. Don(Sec) R. nepalensis Spreng.(Pri) 2500–3300 F 2640–4000 A, B, L, S H H Reg Temp Bor et Austr Reg Caucas et Himal Geront Trop et Temp Ind Or (Indian Subcontinent, As Trop) Reg Himal Reg Himal Nyolo 3460–3750 H 3000–4000 B, Q, R H H Reg Himal Reg Himal AP, Rt Rt, Lf Archo 3015–3910 Q, R, S H Austr St, Lf, AP Revenchini, Rhubarb Archo Surjilove 3520–4000 R H Reg Himal Rt 3350–3600 2900–3470 3220–3630 2500–3680 H H H H Reg Himal Europe As Bor Reg Himal As Occ Ind Or Malaya Afr Austr Rt, Lf Lf, AP, Fr Lf Lf, Rt, Tw Nyello Napchati X E, L, P, Q Q, R A, B, F, H, S Abdominal pain, appetite, asthma, bronchitis, fever, cuts, dysentery, laxative, eye disorder, sprain, swelling, ulcers, wounds Internal injury Abdominal disorder, boils, astringent, purgative, wounds Appetizer, laxative, stomach disease Cuts, wounds, nettle sting Boils, colic, cooling, diuretic, dymenorrhoea, purgative, scurvy, swelling of muscle, stomach ache A. Singh et al. Family/Species Primulaceae Androsace rotundifolia Hardw.**(Sec) Primula denticulata Sm.(Pri) P. rosea Royle(Sec) Ranunculaceae Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. ex Royle **(Pri) A. violaceum Jacq. ex Stapf**(Pri) Anemone obtusiloba D. Don(Pri) A. rivularis Buch.-Ham.(Pri) 2730–3400 E, F, J, S H Reg Himal China AP Stomach ache 3100–3840 S, X H Reg Himal AP, Fl, Rt 3510–4000 B H Reg Himal Rt Diabetes, headache, appetizer, liver problem, giddiness, pulmonary disease, urinary ailments, kill lice Muscular pain Bonga, Atees, Boa 2900–3600 S, X H Reg Himal Rt Dudatees, Jhimba 3600–4000 B 2800–3760 B, H, S, X 3100–3560 B, H H H H Reg Himal Reg Himal Ind Or Rt Rt, Sd WP Mangaltukshi Zadul-dorje Horgul, Shomalap 3100–3800 2790–3520 3210–3450 3000–3100 2600–2900 H H H Sh Sh Reg Himal Reg Himal Reg Bor Temp et Arct Reg Himal Reg Himal Oriens AP Fl Rt, Lf Rt, Lf Fl, Lf Kasturi-chey, Nakamogoma, Panzi-la 3000–4000 S H Reg Himal WP, Fl, Lf 2600–3000 A, B 2750–3500 B, H H H Reg Himal Reg Himal Rt AP Ascites, abdominal pain, cough, cold, fever, dropsy, dyspepsia, headache, renal pain, swelling, stomachic, cuts, wounds Stimulant, high fever, toothache, snake poison Counter-irritant, anthelmintic, cooling, emollient, wounds 3020–3630 2600–3420 2700–3200 3210–3400 3010–3320 2600–3600 H H H H H H Reg Bor et Arct Reg Himal Europe Sibir Europe As et Afr Bor Reg Himal Am Bor Rt, Lf AP, Rt Fl, Rt, Lf AP, Rt Rt AP, Rt Fever Urinary infection Fever, eye disorder Eye disease, fever Cataract Diuretic, eye disorder, tonic 3400–3620 H H Ind Or As Bor St, Fr, Br Emetic, purgative, eczema, ringworm, spleen 3420–3700 R Sh Afghan WP Medicinal 2500–2900 3200–3600 2600–4000 2700–3300 2500–4000 3300–4000 Sh Sh Sh T H H Reg Himal Reg Himal Ind Or (Punjab) Europe As Temp Europe California Reg Himal Lf, St Fr, Lf, Rt WP Fr, AP Fr, Inf Rt With cow urine for scabies, arthritis Astringent, diarrhoea, cuts, wounds Oxytoxic Indigestion Earache Astringent, dysentery, diarrhoea T Reg Himal As Bor Ft Dysentery Chutrak D. denudatum Wall. ex Hk.**(Pri) Ranunculus hirtellus D. Don**(Pri) Chepchamendok, Goodi, Seripetali Thalictrum alpinum L.(Sec) T. cultratum Wall.(Pri) T. foetidum L.(Sec) T. minus L. **(Pri) Mobje-dung T. reniforme Wall.**(Pri) T. secundum Edgew.**(Pri) Rhamnaceae Rhamnus virgatus Roxb.(Sec) Rosaceae Cotoneaster aitchisonii C.K. Rogthali Schneid.**(Sec) C. bacillaris Wall. ex Lindl.**(Pri) Reun, Binde C. microphyllus Wall. ex Lindl.(Pri) C. obovatus Wall. ex Dunn.(Sec) Crataegus songarica G. Koch(Pri) Ramjag Fragaria vesca var. nubicola L.(Pri) Palla Geum elatum Wall. ex G. Don**(Pri) Malus baccata L.(Pri) Leejo B, P, S B, E, S, X L S B S B, E, G, R, S J, L P S, P A, B, F, J, S, X A, B R, S B, F, H, L, S F, H A, B, E, H, S H, X 2700–3000 E, L Anthelmintic, cold, cough, diarrhoea, dyspepsia, fever, gall bladder, abdominal pain, piles, vomiting Cough, gastrointestinal complaints, rheumatism Contusions, menorrhoea, rheumatism, purgative, cooling Ear complaints, appetizer, gastric, headache, wounds, sores, animal fractures Diuretic Headache Gonorrhea, cattle wound, hand cleaning Itching, skin disorders Fever International Journal of Biodiversity Science & Management A. rupicola Camb.(Sec) Aquilegia fragrans Benth.(Pri) Caltha palustris L. **(Pri) Clematis barbellata Edgew.**(Sec) C. orientalis L. var. acutifolia Hk. f.(Sec) Delphinium cashmerianum Royle**(Pri) Zigsolo marpo (Continued ) 147 148 Table 2. (Continued). Potentilla argyrophylla Wall. ex Lehm.**(Pri) Prunus armeniaca L.(Pri) P. cerasoides D.Don(Pri) P. cornuta (Wall. ex Royle) Steud.(Pri) Pyrus pashia Buch.-Ham. D.Don**(Sec) Rosa brunonii Lindl.(Sec) R. webbiana Wall. ex Royle(Pri) Rubus paniculatus Sm.**(Sec) Sorbaria tomentosa (Lindl.) Rehder(Pri) Sorbus aucuparia L.(Sec) S. ursina (Wenzing.) Decne(Pri) Spiraea canescens D.Don**(Pri) Rubiaceae Galium aparine L.(Sec) Local name LF Nativity Part(s) used Indigenous uses H Reg Bor Temp Rt, Fl Angina, toothache, gingivitis, wound as analgesic Khumani 3000–3200 L 2790–3200 L T T Reg Caucas Reg Himal Fever, body massage Psycho-medicine, swelling, contusion Krun, Khimor 2500–3300 A, B, F, L, S T Ind Or 2810–2950 F T Reg Himal Lf, Sd, AP St, Br, Lf, Fr, Fl AP, Fr, Sd, Lf, St Lf, Fr Sh Sh Oriens Reg Himal Lf, Fl, AP Fl, Fr, AP Wounds, opthalmia, diarrhoea Hepatitis, jaundice, stomach ache Kamyat 3200–3500 X 2500–3800 A, B, F, J, L, P, Q, R, S, X 2500–2700 A 2600–3000 B, F Sh Sh Reg Himal Reg Himal As Bor Lf, Fr Fr, St Diarrhoea, stomach disorder Asthma Kati, Sagal 3000–3200 L 3200–3600 H 2500–2900 A, B, H Sh Sh Sh Europe As Bor Reg Himal Reg Himal Fr Bk Br, St Cough, cold Wounds Sores, wounds 2500–3600 A, B, H, Q H Reg Bor Temp et Magell Europe As Temp Europ As Temp As Trop et Temp Afr Trop Lf, WP Astringent, skin disease WP WP Rt, St Skin disease, diuretic, urinary problems Colic, dyspepsia, jaundice Dye, tonic, astringent, antidote to snake bite, bacillary dysentery Fractures of man and animals, tonic, stimulant, blood purifier Febrifuge Febrifuge Scouring teeth Chawag 2700–3650 L, D, E, H, J, S H 2760–3470 F, G, J H 2500–3210 A, B, R, S H Salicaceae Populus ciliata Wall. ex Royle(Pri) Pak butra Salix acmophylla Boiss.(Sec) S. alba L.(Sec) S. fragilis L.(Pri) Chanker Shen-bhut B. stracheyi Hk. & Th.**(Pri) Locality 3200–4000 B, H, S G. asperifolium Wall.(Pri) G. rotundifolium L.(Sec) Rubia cordifolia L.**(Sec) S. tetrasperma Roxb.(Sec) Saxifragaceae Bergenia ligulata Haw. Sternb.**(Pri) Altitudinal range (m) 2700–3500 F, H, L, S, P, Q, R 3200–3300 S, H 3000–3500 F, L, P, R, S 2500–3800 A, B, E, F, G, H, L, P, Q R, S 3100–3600 S, L Rheumatism, wounds Eye disorder, digestive disorder T As et Am Temp T T T Oriens Ind Or Europe As Bor Europe As Bor St, Br, Inf, Lf Bk, AP WP WP T Ind or Malaya AP Fever Asthma, boils, cuts, wounds, burns, fever, liver complaints, opthalmia, piles, kidney stones, urine complaints, diarrhoea of cattle Kidney stone, poultice, stiff joints, diuretic, scurvy, astringent, fever, opthalmia, tonic, wounds Silpayi 3400–4000 S H Reg Himal Rt, Lf Silpayi 3300–4000 H, S, X H Baja California Sur (Mexico, Northern America) Rt, Lf A. Singh et al. Family/Species Saxifraga flagellaris Willd. ex Sternb. subsp. mucronulata Royle(Pri) Scrophulariaceae Euphrasia himalayica Wettst.**(Sec) Leptorhabdos parviflora (Benth.)Benth.(Sec) Pedicularis bicornuta Klotzsch ex Lugru serpo Klotzsch**(Pri) P. hoffmeisteri Klotzsch ex Klotzsch**(Pri) P. pectinata Wall.ex Benth.**(Pri) P. pycnantha Boiss.(Sec) Scrophularia calycina Benth. & Scroph.**(Sec) S. dentata Royle ex Benth.(Pri) S. himalensis Royle ex Benth.(Sec) Verbascum thapsus L.(Pri) Karu Reg Bor et Arct Lf, Fl, St Poultice, wounds, antiseptic, jaundice, hepatitis 2760–3510 B, L, Q, S, X H Reg Himal Lf Eye disorder 3320–3640 P H Reg Himal WP Anti-inflammatory 3520–3855 S H Reg Himal AP Burns, rheumatism, gout 3260–3900 H H Reg Himal Rt Cattle flatulence 3420–3855 B, Q 3550–4000 B H H WP WP Cold, cough, body ache, sedative Toxic 3410–4000 B, H, S, X H Reg Himal Turkestan Persia Reg Himal Reg Himal Rt, Rhm, Lf, St 3100–3400 S H Reg Himal AP, Lf Anaemia, arthritis, asthma, cardiotonic, cold, dyspepsia, diarrhoea, influenza, diuretic, fever, hepatoprotective, stomach, laxative, circulation, neck pain, internal wound, ascathritic Stimulate appetite H H H Reg Himal Reg Himal Europe Oriens Reg Himal Lf Lf Lf, AP, Sd Stimulate appetite Insecticide Asthma, cough, diarrhoea, dyesentry of sheep, poultice, skin disease, narcotic, fish poison, ear infection, dye 2705–4000 B, F H As et Am Bor et Arct Rt, Lf Medicinal 2900–3900 F, R, X H As et Am Bor et Arct Lf Cough, cold 2490–3200 A, B, D, E Sh Europe Oriens Ind Or Rt Diuretic, diaphoretic, arthritis 2600–3630 P, R H 3300–3530 K, Q, R H Europe As Occ Reg Himal Reg Himal WP Asthma, muscle pain, whooping cough, astringent, toothache, sedative Boils, epilepsy, liver complaints, toothache, ulcer 2700–3200 B, F H Amphig Lf, Fr 3310–3650 B, D, J 3400–3720 B Kolomasta, Jawarna 2500–3900 A, B, F, Q, R, Loudi, Tombru, S, X Tamaku Selaginaceae Lagotis cashmeriana (Royle ex Benth.) Rupr.*(Pri) L. kunawurensis (Royle ex Benth.) Rupr.**(Sec) Smilacaceae Smilax aspera L.(Sec) Solanaceae Hyoscyamus niger L.(Pri) Bazerbangh Physochlaena praealta (Walp.) Miers. **(Pri) Solanum nigrum L.(Sec) H Dhandhura, Langtang WP Liver, piles, dysentery, diarrhoea, fever, eye ailments, skin eruption, local beverage International Journal of Biodiversity Science & Management Picrorhiza kurrooa Royle ex Benth.(Pri) 3510–4000 H (Continued ) 149 150 Family/Species Tamaricaceae Myricaria germanica (L.) Desv.(Sec) Taxaceae Taxus baccata L. subsp. wallichiana (Zucc.) Pilger(Pri) Ulmaceae Celtis australis L.**(Pri) Local name Altitudinal range (m) Locality LF Nativity Part(s) used Indigenous uses Hombuk, Hombug 2700–3200 F, R, S Sh Europe Oriens As Bor St, Br Rheumatism Sangdang 2500–3000 A, B, D, G T Reg Bor Temp St, Bk, AP Anticancer, blood purifier, swelling, fever, asthma Khidak 2500–3000 B, F T WP Fracture, pimples, contusions, sprains, joint pain 2490–2790 A, B T Europe As Temp Ind Or Ind Or AP, St, Lf, Br Fracture, dislocation of joints Achoka, Ann 2950–3500 L, P, R, S H Reg Bor Temp Lf Blood purifier, jaundice, skin eruption Jatamansi 3300–4000 S H Reg Himal Rt Valeriana hardwickii Wall.(Pri) Nakhniani 2990–3210 D, E H Reg Himal Malaya Rt V. jatamansi Jones(Pri) Jatamansi 2750–3420 B, S H Reg Himal Rt Blood purifier, cooling, cough, diuretic, tonic, ulcer, snakebite Antidote to insect & scorpion sting, epilepsy, neurosis, skin disease, insecticide Aphrodisiac, mental disorder, local beverage, aromatic, insecticide Violaceae Viola biflora L.(Pri) Banaksha 3310–4000 H, X H Reg Bor Temp Lf, Fl, Sd V. canescens Wall. ex Roxb.**(Sec) Banafsha 3300–3510 H H Ind Or Malaya China Lf, Fl, Rt V. pilosa L.(Pri) 2520–3500 A, B, D H Ind Or Malaya China WP Ulmus wallichiana Planch.**(Sec) Urticaceae Urtica dioica L.(Pri) Valerianaceae Nardostachys grandiflora DC.(Pri) Banafsha Antiseptic, antispasmodic, cold, cough, diaphoretic, laxative, leucoderma, skin disease Asthma, bronchitis, cold, cough, eye disorder, malaria, emetic, demulcent, cuts, wounds Antipyretic, bilious, cold, cough, diaphoretic, fever, headache, lung disorder, purgative Abbreviations: A = Raoli; B = Tindi; D = Ratoli; E = Salpat; F = Udaipur; G = Hinsa; H = Trilokinath; J = Bihadi; L = Kamring; P = Keylong; Q = Yurnath; R = Sitingri; S = Mooling; X = Rohtang; LF = Life Form; H = Herb; T = Tree; Sh = Shrub; F = Fern; Rt = Root; AP = Arial Part; Sd = Seed; WP = Whole Plant; Lf = Leaf; Fl = Flower; Rhm = Rhizome; Fr = Fruit; Inf = Inflorescence; St = Stem; Br = Branch; Bk = Bark; Tb = Tuber; Bb = Bulb; * = Endemic; ** = Near Endemic; Reg Himal = Himalayan Region; As = Asia; et = And; Am = America; Bor = Borealis; Arct = Arctic; Min = Minor; Ind Or = Indian Oriental; Siber = Siberia; Trop = Tropical; Occ = Occidentalis; Afr = Africa; USSR = Former Soviet Union; USA = United States of America; Centr = Centre; Amphig = Amphigaea; Austr = Australia; Malaya = Malaysia; N Zel = New Zealand; Mongol = Mongolia; Cosmop = Cosmopolitan; Orient = Oriental; Japon = Japan; Turkest = Turkestan; Temp = Temperate; Mediterr = Mediterranean; Russia = Russia; Afghan = Afghanistan; Geront = Gerontia; Norveg = Norway; Mt = Mountain; Afghan = Afghanistan; N Mexic = North Mexico; Alp = Alpine; Corea = Korea; Soongar = Soongarica; Caucas = Caucasus; Ross Asiat = Russia Asiatic; Pri = Primary record; Sec = Secondary literature record. A. Singh et al. Table 2. (Continued). International Journal of Biodiversity Science & Management Figure 3. Habitat-wise distribution of medicinal plants in Lahaul valley. Nativity and endemism Of the total species recorded, 146 were native to the Himalayan region. These included 126 near-endemic species and seven species endemic to the IHR (Angelica glauca, Heracleum thomsonii, Saussurea costus, Berberis pseudumbellata, Codonopsis clematidea, Corydalis vaginans and Lagotis cashmeriana) (Table 2). The remaining 208 species were non-native, from different biogeographic domains of the world (Table 2). Threat categorization and conservation prioritization Thirteen species were identified as critically endangered, 27 as endangered, 40 as vulnerable, 81 species as near threatened and 193 as of least concern (Table 3). The species identified as critically endangered, endangered and vulnerable have been prioritized for conservation. Of these species, 68 face habitat degradation, 10 over-exploitation and 81 both habitat degradation and over-exploitation. Amongst the prioritized species for conservation, critically endangered, endangered and vulnerable categories species – Aconitum heterophyllum, A. violaceum, Angelica glauca, Allium humile, A. victorialis, Dactylorhiza hatagirea, Dioscorea deltoidea, Hippophae rhamnoides, H. salicifolia, Hypericum perforatum, Hyoscyamus niger, Jurinella macrocephala, Ephedra gerardiana, Podophyllum hexandrum, Picrorhiza kurrooa, Rheum australe, R. webbianum – and some of near threatened species – Bunium persicum, Carum carvi and the cultivated species Inula racemosa, Saussurea costus were recommended for commercial cultivation in the Lahaul valley based on their market potential (Table 3; own criteria). Discussion and conclusions The IHR is well known for its diversity of medicinal plants (Jain 1991; Samant et al. 1998, 2001, 2007a, b). 151 However, studies on medicinal plants at catchment, watershed and valley levels are not available, although these are the prerequisites for the developmental planning of such geographical entities. The present study provides a comprehensive database that provides baseline information for developing management plans for the conservation of medicinal plant diversity in Lahaul valley of the proposed Cold Desert Biosphere Reserve, in particular, and cold deserts of the IHR in general. The occurrence of 354 species of medicinal plants in the area indicates that its environmental conditions, particularly shady moist and forest habitats, are suitable for the growth and development of such species. These habitats require regular monitoring to understand the dynamics of the vegetation. The altitudinal range 2801–3800 m has the most medicinal plant species. The occurrence of 41.4% of native species, 35.7% of near endemic species and 2.0% of endemic species shows the high conservation value of the area. Habitat degradation and over-exploitation of these species may lead to their early extinction in this area. The overexploitation of both whole medicinal plants and plant parts – roots, rhizomes, tubers, inflorescences, fruits and seeds – may lead to poor regeneration and extirpation of these plants. An area-specific threat categorization of species is very important for short- or long-term management planning. The present study represents such an attempt in this area, using information on different attributes. The occurrence of critically endangered, endangered and vulnerable medicinal plants indicates high anthropogenic pressure on these species. If over-exploitation and habitat degradation of these species continues, they may disappear from the area within a few years. Population assessment of these species using standard ecological methods and notification of key areas as medicinal plants conservation areas (MPCAs) for in situ conservation, with the involvement of the Forest Department and tribal communities, are suggested. In addition, mass reproduction using conventional (vegetative and seeds) methods, establishment and maintenance of herbal gardens and medicinal plants nurseries for ex situ conservation and ensuring the availability of quality planting material for cultivation, together with education and awareness programmes for large-scale cultivation are suggested. Acknowledgement The authors thank Dr. L.M.S. Palni, Director of the Institute, for providing necessary facilities and encouragement. The inhabitants of the Lahaul valley are acknowledged for providing information during the surveys. All research scholars of the Biodiversity Conservation and Management Theme of GBPIHED, Himachal Unit, Mohal-Kullu, are acknowledged for their support. The Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India, New Delhi, is also acknowledged for financial support. 152 Status of recorded species under threat in Lahaul valley and comparison to other places. Area Lahaul Valley (Based on present study) Critically endangered Endangered Vulnerable Near threatened Abies pindrow, Anemone rupicola, Ajuga bracteosa, Arnebia euchroma, Acer acuminatum, Aconitum Aconitum violaceum, Angelica glauca, Asparagus filicinus, Arctium lappa, Berberis jaeschkeana, Bergenia heterophyllum, Allium humile, A. Bergenia ligulata, Corylus Artemisia macrocephala, A. maritima, stracheyi, Betula utilis, Buxus victorialis, A. wallichii, Aralia jacquemontii, Jurinella macrocephala, A. minor, A. sieversiana, Aster falconeri, wallichiana, Codonopsis clematidea, cachemirica, Celtis australis, Juniperus recurva, Lilium polyphyllum, Astragalus grahamianus, A. Corydalis govaniana, Dactylorhiza Dioscorea deltoidea, Fagopyrum Nardostachys grandiflora, Pyrus himalayanus, Bunium persicum, hatagirea, Datisca cannabina, dibotrys, Fraxinus micrantha, Gentiana pashia, Rheum moorcroftiana, Salvia Bupleurum falcatum, Cassiope Delphinium cashmerianum, D. kurroo, Hippophae salicifolia, Inula hians, Saussurea obvallata, Taxus fastigiata, Campanula aristata, C. denudatum, Deutzia staminea, Ephedra grandiflora, Juglans regia, Juniperus baccata subsp. wallichiana pallida var. tibetica, Cedrus deodara, gerardiana, Euphorbia pilosa, Ferula indica, Malus baccata, Onosma Codonopsis ovata, C. rotundifolia, jaeschkeana, Fraxinus xanthoxyloides, hispida, Phytolacca acinosa, Cortia depressa, Carum carvi, Gentianella moorcroftiana, Hippophae Physochlaena praealta, Polygonatum Chaerophyllum villosum, Cichorium rhamnoides, Hypericum perforatum, cirrhifolium, Rheum webbianum, intybus, Clematis barbellata, Hyoscyamus niger, Lonicera Rhododendron campanulatum, Cremanthodium decaisnei, Cerastium angustifolia, L. heterophylla, Saussurea gossypiphora, Sorbus cerastoides, Corydalis cornuta, C. Meconopsis aculeata, Podophyllum ursina, Ulmus wallichiana, Valeriana vaginans, Cotoneaster microphyllus, hexandrum, Polygonatum jatamansi, Vincetoxicum hirundinaria Cuscuta reflexa, Dipsacus mitis, geminiflorum, Picrorhiza kurrooa, Diplocyclos palmatus, Elaeagnus Prunus cerasoides, Rheum australe parviflolia, Erigeron bellidioides, Rhododendron anthopogon, Rubia Eritrichium canum, Erophila verna, cordifolia, Saussurea albescens, Epilobium royleanum, Gentiana Selinum coniifolium, Silene argentea, G. coronata, G. depressa, gonosperma, Spiraea canescens, Herminium monorchis, Heracleum Syringa emodi, Swertia petiolata, thomsonii, H. candicans, Hedera Thalictrum minus, Viburnum nepalensis, Hyssopus officinalis, cotinifolium, Viola canescens Indigofera heterantha, Jaeschkea oligosperma, Juniperus polycarpos, Lonicera spinosa, Lepidium latifolium, Malaxis muscifera, Morina coulteriana, Oxytropis tatarica, Pedicularis hoffmeisteri, P. pectinata, P. pycnantha, Picea smithiana, Pinus A. Singh et al. Table 3. International Journal of Biodiversity Science & Management Aconitum violaceum, Bergenia stracheyi, Angelica glauca, Betula utilis, Datisca Bunium persicum, Ferula jaeschkeana, cannabina, Dioscorea deltoidea, Heracleum candicans, Hypericum Ephedra gerardiana, Hyoscyamus perforatum, Hyssopus officinalis, niger, Jurinella macrocephala, Rhodiola heterodonta, Hippophae Juniperus polycarpos, Meconopsis rhamnoides, Polygonatum multiflorum, aculeata, Nardostachys grandiflora, P. verticillatum, Physochlaena praealta, Picrorhiza kurrooa, Polygonatum Rhododendron anthopogon, R. cirrhifolium, Podophyllum hexandrum, campanulatum, Rheum webbianum, Rheum australe, R. moorcroftiana, Valeriana jatamansi Taxus baccata subsp. wallichiana Aconitum heterophyllum, Gentiana kurroo, Angelica glauca, Dioscorea deltoidea, Aconitum violaceum, Rheum webbianum – Saussurea costus Meconopsis aculeata, Rheum australe Himachal Aconitum heterophyllum, Arnebia Pradesh (Ved euchroma, Dactylorhiza hatagirea, et al. 2003) Gentiana kurroo, Lilium polyphyllum Global (Ved et al. 2003) wallichiana, Polygonum hydropiper, P. vaccinifolia, Polygonatum multiflorum, P. verticillatum, Prunus cornuta, Ribes orientale, Rhodiola heterodonta, Rhamnus virgatus, Rubus paniculatus, Saussurea roylei. S. taraxacifolia, Salix tetrasperma, Salvia nubicola, Sambucus adnata, Scrophularia calycina, Smilax aspera, Solanum nigrum, Silene moorcroftiana, Sorbus aucuparia, Tanacetum dolichophyllum, Thalictrum reniforme, Valeriana hardwickii, Viola biflora Artemisia maritima, Hippophae salicifolia 153 154 A. Singh et al. References Anonymous. 1883–1970. Index Kewensis plantarum phanerogamarum Vol. 1–2 (1883–1885) and 15 Suppl. (1886–1970). Oxford: Clarendon Press. Aswal BS, Mehrotra BN. 1987. Ethnobotanical studies on the flora of Lahaul valley (North-West Himalaya). In: Sharma MR, Gupta BK, editors., Recent advances in plant sciences. Dehradun (India): Bishen Singh and Mahendra Pal Singh. p. 116–130. Aswal BS, Mehrotra BN. 1994. Flora of Lahaul-Spiti (a cold desert in North-West Himalaya). Dehradun (India): Bishen Singh and Mahendra Pal Singh. Badola HK. 2001. Medicinal plant diversity of Himachal Pradesh. In: Samant SS, Dhar U, Palni LMS, editors, . 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