Flora of Kailash Sacred Landscape Nepal: an Annotated Checklist, Volume 1

Shanta Budha-Magar; Suresh K Ghimire

The Kailash Sacred Landscape (KSL) is a transboundary landscape, which spreads across an area of over 31,000 km2 and includes southwestern part of Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) of China, northwestern part of Nepal, and northeastern part of Uttarakhand State in India. The Nepalese part of the KSL (known as KSL Nepal) includes three districts (Baitadi, Bajhang and Darchula) of Sudurpashchim Province and Humla District of Karnali Province. The landscape comprises rich natural resources, and cultural heritage including ethnic diversity. The diverse habitat types in the landscape extending from tropical forests to alpine pastures in the monsoon-dominated slopes and dry alpine meadows and scrubs in the trans-Himalayan valleys support high plant diversity. The present work is an attempt to document all the known gymnosperm and angiosperm flora of KSL Nepal in the form of a comprehensive checklist. The entire checklist will form three volumes, of which the present book represents the first. It is primarly based on the study of herbarium specimens, investigation of the relevant floristic literature, online catalogue and databases, and direct field surveys. The first part of this volume introduces KSL Nepal, its biodiversity and vegetation pattern, trade and conservation status of plant biodiversity, and provides a brief account of the botanical explorations carried out in the landscape. The second part provides a comprehensive checklist featuring 661 accepted taxa, belonging to 231 genera in 42 families, each with information about nomenclature, vernacular name(s), growth characteristics, habitat, distribution, ethnobotanical uses and threat status. All gymnosperms recorded from KSL Nepal are included, comprising 15 species belonging to 9 genera in 4 families. Angiosperms covered in this volume represent 627 species, 8 subspecies and 11 varieties belonging to 222 genera in 38 families (Schisandraceae – Buxaceae). The checklist further features 1515 botanical synonyms of the taxa covered in this volume, and lists about 935 vernacular plant names with more than 300 names from the KSL region. It also documents ethnobotanical uses of 133 taxa.

Flora of Kailash Sacred Landscape Nepal An annotated CHECKLIST - volume 1 (Gymnosperms and Angiosperms: Ephedraceae – Buxaceae) Flora of Kailash Sacred Landscape Nepal An Annotated CHECKLIST - volume 1 (Gymnosperms and Angiosperms: Ephedraceae – Buxaceae) Lead Authors Suresh Kumar Ghimire, Chandra Kanta Subedi, Shanta Budha-Magar, Minu Adhikari, Tirtha Raj Pandey Contributing Authors Bandana Awasthi, Santosh Thapa Magar, Mukti Ram Paudeyal, Kamal Mohan Ghimire, Bharat Babu Shrestha, Ganga Datt Bhatt, Laxmi Raj Joshi, Asha Paudel, Deep Jyoti Chapagain, Janita Gurung Editor Ram Prasad Chaudhary April 2021 Published by: Research Centre for Applied Science and Technology (RECAST), Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal Copyright © publisher (except where individually credited), 2021 ISBN: 978-9937-0-9057-5 All rights reserved First published: 15 April 2021 The views and interpretations in this publication are those of the authors. They are not attributable to RECAST and do not imply the expression of any opinion concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries, or the endorsement of any product. Citation: Ghimire S.K., Subedi C.K., Budha-Magar S., Adhikari M., Pandey T.R., Awasthi B., ThapaMagar S., Paudeyal M.R., Ghimire K.M., Shrestha B.B., Bhatt G.D., Joshi L.R., Paudel A., Chapagain D.J. and Gurung J. 2021. Flora of Kailash Sacred Landscape Nepal: An Annotated Checklist. Volume 1 (Gymnosperms and Angiosperms: Ephedraceae – Buxaceae). Research Centre for Applied Science and Technology (RECAST), Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal. Front cover: Cypripedium himalaicum, Mt. Api (7132 m) in the background; back cover: Cypripedium elegans. Photo ©: Suresh Kumar Ghimire, all photos except where individually credited Cover page, text and photo plate design by S.K. Ghimire Printed at: TU Press, University Campus, Kirtipur Phone : 977-1- 4331320, 4331321 Fax : 977-1- 4331964 Email: tupresskirtipur@gmail.com Contents Foreword vii Preface ix Abbreviations and Acronyms xi Introduction xiii Kailash Sacred Landscape (KSL) Nepal xiii Biodiversity xv Vegetation Pattern xvi Trade and Conservation Status of Plant Biodiversity xxiii Botanical Exploration xxiii Published Accounts on Flora of Nepal and Rationale of the Present Work xxxiii Scope, Format and Sources of Information xxxv Floristic Synopsis xxxvii Checklist Gymnosperms 1 Ephedraceae 1 Pinaceae 2 Cupressaceae 7 Taxaceae 10 Angiosperms 11 Schisandraceae 11 Saururaceae 12 Piperaceae 12 Aristolochiaceae 13 Magnoliaceae 14 Annonaceae 14 Lauraceae 15 Acoraceae 20 Araceae 20 Alismataceae 27 Juncaginaceae 28 v Potamogetonaceae 29 Nartheciaceae 30 Dioscoreaceae 31 Melanthiaceae 35 Colchicaceae 36 Smilacaceae 38 Liliaceae 40 Orchidaceae 46 Hypoxidaceae 81 Iridaceae 82 Amaryllidaceae 83 Asparagaceae 87 Arecaceae 95 Commelinaceae 96 Pontederiaceae 100 Zingiberaceae 100 Eriocaulaceae 104 Juncaceae 105 Cyperaceae 111 Poaceae 142 Papaveraceae 212 Lardizabalaceae 224 Menispermaceae 225 Berberidaceae 228 Ranunculaceae 234 Sabiaceae 269 Buxaceae 270 References 272 Appendix 1: Online Catalogues, Herbarium Datasets and Plant Databases Consulted (Accessed from 2019 to 2021) 284 Colour Plates 287 Index Index to Scientific Names 319 Index to Vernacular Names 338 About the Authors and Editor vi 349 Foreword Floral diversity, the number of plant species including endemic, rare, and threatened species of a region, will enable conservation efforts to be more effectively targeted. To promote the biodiversity conservation and ecosystem management in the Himalayas, six transboundary landscapes in the Himalayan range have been designated, among which Kailash Sacred Landscape (KSL), located across the borders of NE Uttarakhand region of India, Far-west Nepal, and Tibetan Autonomous Region of China, is one of the largest landscapes. In terms of cultural, ecological and biological diversity, KSL Nepal is home to numerous cultural heritage sites, protected areas/wildlife sanctuaries, watersheds and diverse ecological landscapes, as well as rich flora and fauna. Since the late 19th century, botanical explorations in this region have been carried out, but further explorations and compilation of baseline floristic data of gymnosperms and angiosperms have been extended during the last couple of decades. The present book ‘Flora of Kailash Sacred Landscape Nepal’ is obviously an exemplary outcome of the series of explorations by the foreign and Nepalese botanists, including the authors and editor of this book. In fact, the responsibility of plant collection and compiling plant resource information, from one of the remotest areas of Nepal, is a difficult and challenging task. In this context, publication of this book is one of the remarkable steps in plant biodiversity documentation of FarWest Nepal. The Flora of Kailash Sacred Landscape Nepal: An Annotated Checklist – Vol. 1 comprises 642 species belonging to 231 genera and 42 families of gymnosperms and angiosperms (Ephedraceae – Buxaceae), contributed by the lead authors, contributing authors and Editor; and published by the Research Centre for Applied Science and Technology (RECAST), Tribhuvan University. This book provides a wide variety of comprehensive information on the introduction of Kailash Sacred Landscape (KSL) Nepal, with synopsis of biodiversity, vegetation pattern, and itineraries of botanical explorations in KSL Nepal (1876-2019) by foreign and Nepali explorers. Furthermore, the checklist format and floristic synopsis, including status of endemic species and threatened species in KSL Nepal are also comprehensively presented. The arrangement of families in gymnosperms and angiosperms follow Christenhusz et al. (2011) and APG IV (2016) respectively; and accepted Latin names and synonyms based on online global databases (Catalogue of Life, Plants of the World and TROPICOS) are commendable, providing latest nomenclatural status of each species. The annotated checklist of species encompasses accepted names with author and protologue citations, including major reference citations related to Flora of Nepal; common synonyms, vernacular names in Nepali and local names (with Devanagari script), as well as English and Tibetan names; brief characteristic features with habitat, distribution in KSL Nepal and Nepal (with elevation ranges) and general distribution highlight user-friendly information of each species. Furthermore, information on representative herbarium specimens reported from KSL Nepal (arranged districtvii wise), deposited in national and foreign herbaria (with Herbarium Code); conservation status (IUCN Red List Categories, and local assessment) of the selective taxa occur in KSL Nepal provides additional valuable information for the researchers and policy makers. In addition, the book comprises necessary components of the local ethnobotanical uses of plant species, especially the ethnomedicinal value, based on the field works carried out by the researchers; which may contribute to the management and entrepreneurship development of medicinal and aromatic plants in KSL Nepal. The authors also justified their contribution by providing up-to-date references, appendices (online catalogues, herbarium datasets, online plant databases), and userfriendly index to the scientific names and vernacular names. Based on this baseline information, this book may be considered as an esteemed reference book on flora of Nepal, especially the flora of Farwest Nepal. Obviously, this book provides a valuable window for further explorations and compilation of biodiversity data (flora and fauna) ranging from non-flowering plants to flowering plants, and invertebrate to vertebrate animals; including ethnobiological information, and their conservation status. The authors have tried their best to compile useful information on the local plant resources of KSL Nepal for the use of local communities, students, researchers, botanical professionals, conservationists and planners working in field of biodiversity management. It gives me an immense pleasure to extend my appreciation to the local people for their cooperation in sharing the local information; the authors and editor for their significant efforts in preparing this valuable resource book, and the publishers for bringing out this important publication ‘Flora of KSL Nepal’ Volume 1. I am optimistic that the remaining volumes of the book, encompassing remaining species of flowering plants, will be compiled and published soon. Finally, I hope the book will be useful and relevant in future biodiversity research, planning process, resource management and biodiversity conservation in KSL Nepal, as well as other landscapes of the Himalayas. I fully believe that publication of the book would enhance transboundary collaboration in sustainable use of biodiversity among the peoples of China, India and Nepal in the days to come. Krishna Kumar Shrestha, Ph.D. Professor and Former Head Central Department of Botany, Tribhuvan University Editor, Flora of Nepal March 31, 2021 viii Preface Floristic works provide information about the diversity of a given group of plants growing in specific geographic areas. Plant nomenclature, taxonomic description, distribution and other details including local or vernacular name, utility of species and threat status covered in such works are useful not only for species identification but also in biodiversity assessment and management. The present work is an attempt to provide a consolidated account of gymnosperm and angiosperm flora of Kailash Sacred Landscape (KSL) in north-west Nepal. The Kailash Sacred Landscape (KSL) is a transboundary landscape which spreads across an area of over 31,000 km2 and includes southwestern part of Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) of China, northwestern part of Nepal, and northeastern part of Uttarakhand State in India. The KSL part in Nepal (known as KSL Nepal) includes three districts (Baitadi, Bajhang and Darchula) of Sudurpashchim Province and Humla District of Karnali Province. The landscape is rich in biological diversity and encompasses areas with diverse cultures and ethnicities. The diverse habitat types in the landscape extending from tropical forests to alpine pastures in the monsoon-dominated areas and dry alpine meadows and scrubs in the trans-Himalayan valleys support high plant diversity. The earliest plant explorations in the landscape were made independently by two British scholars, namely John Scully and John Firminger Duthie in 1870s and 1880s, respectively. However, extensive explorations for scientific plant collections started in the landscape only after 1952 when Oleg Vladimir Polunin and his team first visited Humla-Jumla area. Between 1952 and 2019, at least 53 botanical expeditions for collecting plant specimens and documenting vegetation and flora of the landscape were made mainly by British, French, Japanese and Nepali botanists and naturalists. Botanical explorations and survey of vegetation in KSL Nepal intensified after the implementation in 2011 of Kailash Sacred Landscape Conservation and Development Initiative (KSLCDI), a collaborative effort of ICIMOD and governments of China, India and Nepal. The plant specimens collected from the landscape are in various herbaria distributed globally, but majority of which are found in BM, DD, E, G, K, KATH, P, PE, TI, TUCH, and ZT. This is the first volume of the three-volume book, documenting the gymnosperm and angiosperm flora of KSL Nepal. It is primarly based on the study of herbarium specimens from the landscape, investigation of the relevant floristic literature, online catalogue and databases, and direct field surveys. The first part of the present volume introduces KSL Nepal, its biodiversity and vegetation pattern, trade and conservation status of plant biodiversity, and provides a brief account of the botanical explorations carried out by different explorers in the landscape. The second part provides a comprehensive checklist of the gymnosperm and angiosperm flora with information about nomenclature, vernacular name(s), growth characteristics, habitat, global distribution, distribution within the landscape and neighbouring districts in Nepal and KSL India and China of the transboundary landscape, ethnobotanical uses and threat status. It covers 642 species and 19 subordinate taxa belonging to 231 genera in 42 families. Gymnosperms comprise 15 species ix belonging 9 genera in 4 families. Angiosperms covered in this volume represent 627 species, 8 subspecies and 11 varieties under 222 genera in 38 families (only families Schisandraceae – Buxaceae are included). The remaining species of angiosperms (family Dilleniaceae – Apiaceae) will be covered in the subsequent volumes. Various organizations and individuals helped us to bring out this publication in the present form. The authors would like to express their sincere thanks to the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) for providing financial support for its publication. We also thank the Research Centre for Applied Science and Technology (RECAST), Tribhuvan University for publishing the volume. We are thankful to the Department of Forests and Soil Conservation and the Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation (DNPWC) of the Ministry of Forests and Environment (MoFE), Government of Nepal for granting us permission to carry out research and collect herbarium specimens from the landscape. Thanks are also due to the officials of District Forest Office (now Division Forest Office) at Baitadi, Bajhang, Darchula and Humla, and Api Nampa Conservation Area (ANCA), Darchula for permission and kind help to document plant species in the respective district and within the conservation area. We would like to thank the authorities of KATH and TUCH for their kind help to study the herbarium specimens collected from KSL Nepal. Our special thanks goes to Prof. Dr. Ram Prasad Chaudhary, Professor Emeritus, Tribhuvan University for kindly editing the volume; and to Prof. Dr. Krishna Kumar Shrestha for writing the foreword. We thank Prof. Dr. Ram Kailash P. Yadav, Dr. Keshab Rajbhandari and Prof. Dr. Sangeeta Rajbhandary for their suggestions and encouragement. We also thank Mr. Ashok Ram, Mr. Shankar Badal, Dr. Yadav Uprety and Mr. Bijaya Subedi for their support. We thank Salikram Sigdel for preparing climatic graphs of different districts of KSL Nepal, and Sunil Thapa for preparing map of the study area. We are grateful to the local people living in Bajhang, Baitadi, Darchula and Humla for sharing their invaluable knowledge about plants with us. We are profoundly indebted to Mr. Amar Shing Bista, Mr. Ramesh Bista, Mr. Rabi Rokaya, Mr. Raghubir Shing Dhami and Mr. Shyamjor Lama for their generous help during our field works. Thanks are also due to forest users and committee members of Paripatal Women’s Community Forest and Kirmade Sinnedi Community Forest, Darchula District, and Kailash Kachaharikot Women’s Community Forest, Bajhang District for providing information on forest/vegetation types and management of community forests. Finally, we are grateful to various individuals and researchers, including Anil Koirala, Bikram Jnawali, Chhabi Thapa, Khadak Rokaya, Kuber Bhatta, Mahesh Limbu, Mandhata Acharya, Mohan Pandey, Nabin Bhattarai, Neha Bist, Prabin Bhandari, Prakash Bhattarai, Prem Subedi, Prerana Misra, Raj Kumar Gautam, Rajesh Sharma, Shristhi Nepal and Smriti Lo, who supported us during our field work and helped us in collecting and drying of plant specimens. The Authors x Abbreviations and Acronyms General APG CAMP CDB CITES DPR GoN ICIMOD IUCN KSL KSLCDI MAP MoFE NTFP RECAST Angiosperm Phylogeny Group Conservation Assessment Management Plan Central Department of Botany Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species and Wild Fauna and Flora Department of Plant Resources Government of Nepal International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development International Union for Conservation of Nature Kailash Sacred Landscape Kailash Sacred Landscape Conservation and Development Initiative Medicinal and aromatic plant Ministry of Forests and Environment Non-timber forest product Research Centre for Applied Science and Technology Plant distribution C E N NE NW S SC SE SW W central east, eastern north, northern northeast, north-eastern northwest, north-western south, southern south-central southeast, south-eastern southwest, south-western west, western Vernacular names DOZ ENG HIN HIN-L KER LIM NEP NEP-L Dozam, Humla English Hindi Local Indian dialects Kermi, Humla Limi, Humla Nepali Local Nepali dialects SAN TIB TRD Sanskrit Tibetan Trade name Other c., ca. cm Consv. status Ethnobt. use GLB. LOC. Local abund. m mm NAT. nom. illeg. nom. inval. nom. nud. nom. superfl. circa – approximately centimetre conservation status ethnobotanical use global status local status local abundance metre millimetre national status nomen illegitimum (illegitimate name) nomen invalidum (invalid name) nomen nudum (“naked name”) nomen superfluum (superfluous name) xi Pl. subsp. plate (referring to the photo plate) subspecies (infraspecific taxon) syn. var. > < synonym variety (infraspecific taxon) greater than less than Herbaria (Thiers 2018) A AMES B BM BR BSD CAL DD E FR G GH GOET GR GUH K KATH KYO L LE MICH MSB NCSC NY P PE TUCH TI U US W WU Z xii Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University, Cambridge, USA Oakes Ames Orchid Herbarium, Harvard University, Cambridge, USA Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem, Berlin, Germany Natural History Museum, London, UK Meise Botanic Garden, Meise, Belgium Botanical Survey of India, Northern Regional Centre, Dehra Dun, India Central National Herbarium, Botanical Survey of India, West Bengal, India Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun, India Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung: Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum, Frankfurt, Germany Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève, Genève, Switzerland Gray Herbarium, Harvard University, Cambridge, USA Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France HNB Garhwal University, Srinagar, Uttaranchal, India Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England, UK National Herbarium and Plant Laboratories, Lalitpur, Nepal Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan Naturalis, Leiden, Netherlands Komarov Botanical Institute of RAS, Saint Petersburg, Russia University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Germany North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA The New York Botanical Garden, New York, USA Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China Tribhuvan University Central Herbarium, Kathmandu, Nepal University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Naturalis, Leiden, Netherlands Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, USA Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria Universität Wien, Wien, Austria Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland Introduction Kailash Sacred Landscape (KSL) Nepal The Kailash Sacred Landscape (KSL) is a transboundary landscape extending across an area of over 31,000 km2 and encompassing the southwestern part of Tibet Autonomous Region of China, four northwestern districts of Nepal, and the northeastern part of Uttarakhand State in India (Figure 1). The landscape is named after Mount Kailash, one of the most sacred mountains of Asia and an important pilgrimage site. Mt Kailash is also a source of Asia's important rivers: Indus, Sutlej, Brahmaputra and Karnali. The Landscape is characterized by rich culture and tradition, diverse ecology and fragile geology (CDB 2010; Zomer & Oli 2011). The Nepalese part of the KSL, known as KSL Nepal, comprises three districts (Baitadi, Bajhang and Darchula) of Sudurpashchim Province (hereinafter ‘Far West’) and Humla District of Karnali Province (Figure 1). The altitude within KSL Nepal ranges from 390 m asl (meters above sea level) in Baitadi to 7336 m of Mt. Nalakankad in Humla District. Humla Karnali, Mahakali, Chameliya (Chaulani) and Seti are the major river systems of the landscape. There are altogether 426 wetlands (MFSC 2016). Chhubhu Tal and Surma Tal in Bajhang District and Kalidhunga Tal in Darchula District are the major lakes in the landscape. Mt. Nalakankad (7336 m) is the highest mountain, followed by Api (7132 m), Saipal (7031 m), and Nampa (6757 m). Altitudinal and topographical variations in the landscape bring variation in climate from subtropical to alpine type. The climate is subtropical in the southern monsoon-dominated part of the landscape. The hills are characterized by temperate climate, and the northern belt which is mostly covered with snow represents alpine climate. The northernmost trans-Himalayan part is relatively dry. The average annual maximum and minimum temperatures recorded in the landscape between 1978 and 2014 were 17.25°C and 6.15°C, respectively, and the average annual precipitation was 1214 mm (DHM 2017). Baitadi, Darchula and Bajhang are characterized by relatively high annual precipitation, the average value of which has been reported to be 1472, 1403 and 1324 mm in the three districts, respectively (DHM 2017). The average annual precipitation recorded in Humla was quite low (656 mm; DHM 2017). The climatic (precipitation and temperature) data of the last ten years (2010–2019) measured at the headquarters of KSL districts in Nepal are presented in Figure 2. Geologically, the northernmost part of KSL Nepal is dominated by Tibetan sediments; high Himalayan zone consists of gneiss, schist, limestone, sediments, granite and pegmatite; middle mountain zone consists of phyllite, quartzite, gneiss, granite and schist (CDB 2010). Total human population of the KSL area in Nepal is 630,189, of which 47.5% are male and 52.5% are female, comprising a total of 113,074 households (CBS 2017). KSL Nepal is inhabited by such major ethnic/caste groups as Chhetri, Brahman, Thakuri, Dalit (Kami, Damai and Sarki), Byasi/Sauka, Sanyasi/Dashnami, Tamang, and Magar (CBS 2011). xiii Figure 1: Map of Kailash Sacred Landscape Nepal (source: ICIMOD 2020). xiv Figure 2: Precipitation and mean temperature (T-mean) recorded at district headquarters of KSL Nepal (based on last ten years’ climatic data: 2010–2019; source: DHM 2020). Biodiversity KSL Nepal is characterized by different bioclimatic zones and ecosystems that harbor rich biodiversity (Zomer & Oli 2011). The landscape lies at the interjunction of three major floristic regions: western Himalayan, eastern Himalayan and central Asiatic. It is a part of the Himalaya Biodiversity Hotspot (Mittermeier et al. 2004) and comprises of five major ecoregions, namely Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forest, Himalayan subtropical pine forest, western Himalayan broadleaf forest, western Himalayan subalpine conifer forest and western Himalaya alpine shrub and meadows (Olson et al. 2001). Out of 35 forest types of Nepal (Stainton 1972), at least 20 forest types, including sal forest of lowland to upper alpine vegetation, occur in the landscape. KSL Nepal also provides habitat for 83 species of mammals, 455 birds, 38 amphibians and reptiles, and 119 fish species, out of which 22 mammal, 12 bird and 1 reptile species are listed under the IUCN Red List. Forty-two endemic plant taxa (including 40 species, 1 subspecies and 1 variety) have been documented from the landscape and its immediate vicinity in Nepal (CDB 2010; Rana et al. 2018, 2021; Ghimire et al. in prep.), while eight mammal, seven bird, 22 reptile and eight fish species are endemic or with restricted range distribution (Zomer & Oli 2011). Fourteen species of plants found xv in KSL Nepal are listed in IUCN Red List as critically endangered (1 species), endangered (4), vulnerable (7) and near threatened (2) (Ghimire et al. in prep.). Thirty-five species of mammals and 73 bird species are listed in Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora (CITES) list, and 10 mammals, 4 birds and 1 reptile species are listed as legally protected by the Government of Nepal (MFSC 2016). About 8.6% of total land of the area is available for cultivation (CDB 2010), and people of KSL Nepal are highly dependent on the natural resources for their livelihoods. The forest cover of KSL Nepal decreased by 9% and cropland expanded by 12% in between 1990 and 2009 mainly due to forest dependency (Uddin et al. 2015). The indigenous peoples of this region have been interacting with the biological resources to meet their basic needs and other purposes. Traditional knowledge on the use of plants and animals for various purposes is rich, and non-timber forest products (NTFPs), including medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) are the major economic products of this region (Ghimire 2010; Chaudhary et al. 2017; Pyakurel et al. 2017, 2018; Poudeyal et al. 2019). Local knowledge on plant resources and the uses have been partially documented (Kunwar et al. 2008, 2009, 2015, 2018; Rokaya et al. 2010; Thapa et al. 2020). Kunwar et al. (2015) reported a total of 258 species of medicinal plants in Bajhang, Baitadi, Dadeldhura and Darchula for the indigenous treatment of 66 human diseases, predominantly for dysentery, diarrhea, and skin problems. Recently, Kunwar et al. (2018) listed 1434 use reports from 122 plant species from KSL Nepal, and Thapa et al. (2020) reported the use of 33 species of medicinal plants to treat 40 ailments in Dilasaini Gaunpalika of Baitadi District. Our ongoing primary research indicated the presence of over 450 ethnobotanically important plant species in KSL Nepal (Ghimire et al. in prep.), of which use reports of 133 species are documented in this volume. Vegetation Pattern Vegetation of NW Nepal including Karnali region has been partly described by Stainton (1972), Dobremez and Shrestha (1978), Shrestha (1982), and Miehe et al. (2015). Like other parts of the Himalayas, distribution of vegetation in this area is determined primarily by variation in altitude and monsoonal precipitation, though geology, soil and other biotic factors exert a considerable influence (Stainton 1972; Dobremez 1976). The northern trans-Himalayan regions, such as upper Mahakali (Byas and Tinkar area) and upper Humla-Karnali (Limi and Talung Valley), characterized by dry steppe vegetation, have drier climate than the southern monsoon-affected slopes. Vegetations in the southern slopes are diverse representing temperate, sub-alpine and alpine formations and comprised of many north temperate and western Himalayan elements. The southern slopes are chiefly characterized by distinct forest stands representing coniferous and broad-leaved taxa in various proportions. NW Nepal has been regarded as an eastern extension of the western Himalayan vegetation (Mani 1978; Shrestha 1982). The western Himalayan vegetation, in general, differs from the east in the greater representation of conifers (Kaul 1976; Mani 1978; Miehe et al. 2015). Abies pindrow, Cedrus deodara, Cupressus torulosa and Picea smithiana are the typical western Himalayan conifers found in KSL area. The succession from the southern parts closely follows with the principal difference in the presence of Pinus wallichiana, Picea smithiana, Tsuga dumosa and Cupressus torulosa xvi at elevations of about 2500–2800 m (Mani 1978). A number of western Himalayan species are known to stop their range of distribution in west Nepal (e.g., Abies pindrow and Cedrus deodara) or some reach to Kali-Gandaki (e.g., Cupressus torulosa) and Trishuli (Picea smithiana) in central Nepal (Miehe et al. 2015). The western Himalayas are also characterized by lower tree line, lower snow line, higher winter snowfall, and difference in length of daylight between summer and winter (Mani 1978). However, for NW Nepal the tree line has been reported to be at 3700–3900 m and the snow line at 4800– 5000 m (Shrestha 1982). In upper Humla and other drier valleys of NW Nepal (e.g., Dolpo), where signs of reduced rainfall occur at much lower elevation, the tree line is much higher than the southern side of the main ranges and at some places forest can be found at 4350 m (Stainton 1972). An outline vegetation classification of KSL has been developed through a consensus among different stakeholders during a regional meeting on “Vegetation type harmonization and validation for Kailash Sacred Landscape” held on 9–10 December 2015 in Dehradun, India. Approximately 48% of the total area of the landscape is covered by 14 different types of vegetation (ICIMOD 2020). The 14 broad vegetation types, their subcategories, dominant species and altitudinal ranges are presented below (revised after ICIMOD 2020; and elaborated for KSL Nepal based on primary field observation; and literature, mainly Stainton 1972, and Miehe et al. 2015): 1. Tropical broad-leaved forests It is distributed below 1000 m asl and represented by Sal forest and Khair-Sissoo riverine forest. a. Sal forest: It is dominated by Shorea robusta. The major associated species are Terminalia anogeissiana (= Anogeissus latifolia), Adina cordifolia, Dillenia pentagyna, Lagerstroemia parviflora, Mallotus philippensis and Semecarpus anacardium. b. Khair-Sissoo riverine forest: It is dominated by Acacia catechu and Dalbergia sissoo. The major associated species are Tamarix dioica, Murraya koenigii and Callicarpa macrophylla. Note: In KSL Nepal, these forests are less common and found in small area. 2. Subtropical broad-leaved forests The major subtypes in this category are: a. Hill Sal (Shorea robusta) forest: It is distributed from 600 to 1200 m asl and reaches up to 1500 m asl along river valleys. The major tree species in this forest are S. robusta, Terminalia anogeissiana and T. elliptica (= T. alata). The other associated species, particularly in dry slopes, are Adina cordifolia, Lagerstroemia parviflora, Mallotus philippensis and Semecarpus anacardium. b. Toona - Engelhardia riverine forest: It is distributed at 900–1700 m asl, and is characterized by the presence of Toona ciliata, Engelhardia spicata and Albizia julibrissin. The other associated species are Albizia chinensis, Dalbergia sericea, Lyonia ovalifolia and Stranvaesia nussia. xvii c. Macaranga denticulata riverine forest: Macaranga denticulata forms scattered stands with Debregeasia spp. (D. longifolia, D. saeneb), Pouzolzia rugulosa, Sapium insigne, Callicarpa macrophylla, Mallotus philippensis, Terminalia elliptica and occasional Bombax ceiba on open hillsides and riversides between 800 and 1800 m. 3. Subtropical needle-leaved forest This forest is characterized mostly by even-aged and single-storeyed Chir pine (Pinus roxburghii). It usually occurs on steep south-facing slopes between 900 and 1900 m asl. In Chir pine forest, despite good light condition, understorey vegetation rarely develops. However, some shrubs (e.g., Boehmeria spp., Duhaldea cappa, Pseudocaryopteris foetida, Spermadictyon suaveolens and Woodfordia fruticosa) and small trees (e.g., Lyonia ovalifolia) which are fire tolerant and adapted to grazing are found in areas with sufficiently open canopy or along forest margins on dry and rocky slopes. 4. Montane broad-leaved evergreen forests This category is found between 1400 and 3000 m asl and is characterized by multi-storeyed forests dominated by different species of oak (Quercus spp.) in different altitudinal ranges. The dominant species include: a. Quercus oblongata (= Q. incana Roxb. = Q. leucotrichophora), in association with Neolitsea pallens, Machilus spp. and Myrica esculenta (1200–2500 m). b. Quercus lanata (= Q. lanuginosa D. Don), in association with Rhododendron arboreum, Ilex dipyrena, Symplocos paniculata, Lindera pulcherrima, Lyonia ovalifolia (1300–2600 m). c. Quercus floribunda (= Q. dilatata Lindl. ex A. DC.), in association with Acer spp., Aesculus indica, Dodecadenia grandiflora, Ilex dipyrena, Juglans regia, Lindera pulcherrima, Machilus duthiei, Neolitsea pallens, Rhododendron arboreum and Symplocos paniculata (mainly on north-facing slopes between 2000 and 2800 m asl). d. Quercus semecarpifolia, between 2400 and 3500 m asl. Q. semecarpifolia often forms mixed stands with Abies spectabilis and Tsuga dumosa on wetter slopes, but on dry southern slopes it forms pure forest at elevation up to 3500 m asl. Along riverside and deeply shaded habitats, it is mixed with broadleaved species, like Prunus cornuta, Acer spp., Ilex dipyrena, Neolitsea pallens, Corylus jacquemontii, Rhododendron arboreum and Sorbus cuspidata. In Chameliya Valley of Darchula, Quercus semecarpifolia reaches the highest altitude of 3900 m asl (up to the treeline) on southern aspect. 5. Montane broad-leaved deciduous forests The different floristic units of this vegetation are: a. Alnus nepalensis forest: It is mostly monospecific and occurs along streams, landslide area and unstable ground from 1500 to 2500 m asl. xviii b. Aesculus – Acer forest: It is multi-storeyed forest occurring on shady slopes and along streams from 1700 to 2900 m. It is characterized by the dominance of Aesculus indica along with species of Himalayan maple, chiefly Acer caesium, A. cappadocicum and A. sterculiaceum. The other associated tree species are Alnus nepalensis, Betula alnoides, Carpinus faginea, C. viminea, Juglans regia, Prunus cornuta, Morus serrata, Toona sinensis and Ulmus wallichiana. The understorey is well developed and consists of small trees and taller shrubs (such as Corylus jacquemontii, Cornus macrophylla, Deutzia compacta, Hydrangea spp., Leycesteria formosa, Philadelphus tomentosus, Rhus spp., Staphylea emodi, Syringa emodi, Picrasma quassioides and Viburnum mullaha). c. Populus ciliata forest: It occurs along streams between 2200–3600 m. It is chiefly associated with Acer spp. 6. Montane needle-leaved forests The different floristic units of this vegetation are: a. Cedrus deodara forest (1600–2200 m). b. Cupressus torulosa forest (1800–2400 m). c. Tsuga dumosa forest (2600–3200 m). It forms pure as well as mixed stands with Abies spectabilis and Quercus semecarpifolia. The other associated tree species are Acer spp., Rhododendron arboreum and Betula utilis. d. Abies pindrow forest (2100–3000 m). It occurs in association with Picea smithiana, Acer spp., Quercus semecarpifolia and Aesculus indica. e. Pinus wallichiana forest (1800–3300 m). It occurs in association with Picea smithiana, Abies spectabilis. f. Picea smithiana forest (2400–3500 m). It is mostly associated with Pinus wallichiana and Abies spectabilis. The other associated tree species are Acer spp., Quercus semecarpifolia, Betula utilis and Abies pindrow. Note: In KSL Nepal, natural forests of Cedrus deodara and Cupressus torulosa are fragmented and very rare. In some places, these have been planted for timber, and some trees are found at the sites of shrines or sacred/religious forests. 7. Montane scrub The different units of this vegetation are: a. Euphorbia royleana scrub: It occurs on steep, south-facing rocky slopes and rock walls from 1000 to 1600 m. b. Olea scrub: It occurs on dry valley bottoms and lower slopes from 1000 to 2000 m. The major composition includes Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata, associated with Celtis australis, Cotinus coggygria, Ficus palmata and Pistacia chinensis subsp. integerrima. xix c. Shrub community forming mixed or monospecific stands: This type of community occurs on exposed dry slopes and along streams/rivers between 800–3200 m. The major components are: Searsia parviflora (800–1600 m), Woodfordia fruticosa (800–1600 m), Cocculus laurifolius (800–1900 m), Leptodermis lanceolata (1300–2500 m), Buxus wallichiana (2000–2700 m), Pyracantha crenulata (800–3000 m), and Prinsepia utilis (1700–3000 m). The barren rocky cliffs on southern aspect harbor scattered shrubs like Colquhounia coccinea (1300–2500 m), Buddleja crispa (2100–2500 m) and Isodon rugosus (1700–3200 m); and the major herbs in such habitats are Coleus barbatus, Incarvillea diffusa and Origanum vulgare. 8. Montane grasslands The grasslands on steeper slopes and hay meadows (managed pastures) distributed up to 3300 m represent this type of vegetation. The major species of the grasslands include Agrostis pilosula, Andropogon munroi, Apluda mutica, Arundinella setosa, Cenchrus flaccidus, Chrysopogon gryllus, Cymbopogon distans, Eulalia mollis, Erioscirpus comosus, Setaria spp. and Themeda anathera. The other associated herbs comprise the species of Crotalaria, Gynura, Lilium, Rumex, Senecio and Swertia. 9. Subalpine forests The major subtypes in this category are: a. Oak-fir mixed forest (Quercus semecarpifolia – Abies spectabilis) distributed from 3000 to 3500 m asl. It is characterized by the dominance of Quercus semecarpifolia and Abies spectabilis. On north-facing slopes, Abies spectabilis (or Tsuga dumosa below 3200 m asl) being in the top canopy and Q. semecarpifolia mostly dominate the second layer. But on southern slopes, Q. semecarpifolia forms pure forests at elevation up to 3500 m asl. In Chameliya Valley of Darchula, Q. semecarpifolia reaches the highest altitude of 3900 m asl with Betula utilis, and with few scattered trees of Abies spectabilis b. Fir- (Abies spectabilis-) dominated forest, distributed from 3300 to 3700 m asl. Pure forest of Abies spectabilis is less frequent in KSL Nepal. It is often mixed with Quercus semecarpifolia and Betula utilis forming distinct mixed forest types. The other associated species are Acer acuminatum, A. caesium, A. pectinatum, Rhododendron arboreum, R. barbatum, Sorbus foliolosa, S. cuspidata and Taxus contorta. c. Birch- (Betula utilis-) dominated forest. The birch is found from 2700 m asl up to the treeline. At elevation below 3200 m asl, it occurs as an associated component of montane needle-leaved forests (chiefly Abies pindrow, Pinus wallichiana and Picea smithiana) along with other broad-leaved species, such as Acer caesium, Acer pectinatum and Prunus cornuta. At elevation between 3300 and 3700 m asl, birch forms dominant stand mostly with Rhododendron campanulatum, Abies spectabilis and Quercus semecarpifolia. The other associated species of birch forests are Euonymus frigidus, Prunus rufa, Sorbus foliolosa and S. microphylla. xx 10. Subalpine scrub This is mainly represented by krummholz vegetation formed by Rhododendron campanulatum at an altitude of 3100 to 4000 m asl. In addition, R. anthopogon and R. lepidotum together with Cotoneaster microphyllus and occasional Juniperus indica form scattered patches at 3300–4000 m. 11. Alpine moist scrub The major plant communities under this category are: a. Salix – Myricaria community (Salix denticulata, Myricaria spp.) between 3200 and 4200 m. b. Rhododendron scrub distributed from 3800 to 4500 m, mostly on northern aspect. R. anthopogon forms extensive stand of closed vegetation along with few woody perennials, like Cassiope fastigiata and Salix sclerophylla. However, in disturbed sites, it is also associated with Lonicera obovata, L. hispida, Rhododendron lepidotum, Cotoneaster microphyllus, Salix serpyllum, S. lindleyana, and many species of sedges and forbs. c. Salix – Lonicera community (Astragalus rhizanthus, Lonicera hispida, L. obovata, L. myrtillus, Salix lindleyana, S. sclerophylla) distributed from 3500 to 4700 m. d. Juniperus scrub (Juniperus indica, J. squamata and Berberis kumaonensis) on southern aspect. 12. Alpine dry scrub The major plant communities (distributed from 3500 to 5500 m asl) under this category are: a. Caragana – Lonicera scrub (Astragalus spp., Artemisia spp., Caragana versicolor, Dasiphora arbuscula, Lonicera spinosa, Myricaria wardii, Rubus sp., Rosa sericea) b. Ephedra scrub (Ephedra gerardiana) c. Juniper scrub (Juniperus squamata) d. Rhododendron scrub (R. nivale) e. Krascheninnikovia scrub (Krascheninnikovia ceratoides) f. Koenigia scrub (K. tortuosa) g. Berberis scrub (Berberis jaeschkeana, B. mucrifolia, B. thomsoniana) h. Hippophae tibetana riverine dwarf thicket. 13. Alpine moist meadows The major plant communities (distributed from 3500 to 5000 m) under this category are: a. Mixed formations of forbs, grasses, rushes and sedges (Aletris pauciflora, Allium prattii, Anaphalis spp., Anemonastrum polyanthes, Anthoxanthum laxum, Aster diplostephioides, Bistorta affinis, B. macrophylla, B. vivipara, Bromus porphyranthos, Bupleurum spp., Carex gracilenta, C. haematostoma, Erigeron multiradiatus, Euphorbia stracheyi, Geum elatum, Juncus xxi allioides, J. benghalensis, Koenigia rumicifolia, Pedicularis spp., Phleum alpinum, Poa spp., Potentilla argyrophylla var. atrosanguinea, Geranium pratense, G. wallichianum). b. Tenaxia meadows (Tenaxia cachemyriana, T. cumminsii). c. Carex (= Kobresia) meadows (mainly Carex unciniiformis). d. Marsh meadows (Blysmus compressus, Caltha palustris, Carex microglochin, Dactylorhiza hatagirea, Eleocharis uniglumis, Eriocapitella rivularis, Isolepis setacea, Juncus concinnus, J. himalensis, J. membranaceus, J. sphacelatus, Ranunculus spp., Trollius pumilus). e. Rocky/scree meadows (Bistorta vacciniifolia, Carex atrata, Carex gracilenta, Cremanthodium nepalense, C. oblongatum, Juncus benghalensis, J. membranaceus, Pedicularis odontoloma, Rhodiola spp., Rosularia alpestris subsp. marnieri, Saxifraga alpigena, S. hypostoma, Silene spp.). 14. Alpine steppe It is found between 3600 and 5000 m asl in the arid Talung and Limi Valley of Humla; Saipal, and Surmasarovar area of Bajhang; and upper Mahakali in Darchula. The major communities in this category are: a. Stipa – Carex community (Stipa capillacea, S. krylovii, Carex spp., Ptilagrostis concinna). b. Dry alpine mixed formations (Artemisia spp., Bistorta perpusilla, Dracocephalum heterophyllum, Festuca spp., Lancea tibetica, Lepidium capitatum, Potentilla argyrophylla, P. multifida, Youngia gracilipes). c. Desert steppe (Artemisia hedinii, A. rutifolia, A. vestita, Orinus thoroldii, Sibbaldianthe bifurca, Stipa spp.). d. Alpine cushionoid community (Arenaria spp., Thylacospermum caespitosum). e. Alpine salt meadows (dominated by Blysmus compressus, Carex spp., Deschampsia caespitosa, Eleocharis quinqueflora, Juncus thomsonii, Pedicularis longiflora var. tubiformis, Primula tibetica and Triglochin spp.; the salty and drier margins are sparsely colonized by Argentina anserina, Blysmus compressus, Lancea tibetica and Sibbaldianthe bifurca). f. Shallow peaty lakes (dominated by Equisetum debile, Hippuris vulgaris and Ranunculus himalaicus). Trade and Conservation Status of Plant Biodiversity Collection and trade of NTFPs, including MAPs, provide regular cash income to the people in KSL Nepal and support their livelihood. According to a recent study (Pyakurel et al. 2018), about 56% households in Darchula District are engaged in MAP harvest with a total quantity traded from the district in the fiscal year 2014/015 being 400 tons (involving 23 species). The collection and trade of MAPs in Darchula have nearly tripled in volume, and the value has increased 17 times (Pyakurel et xxii al. 2018) when compared with the similar study that took place around two decades ago (Olsen 2005; Olsen and Helles 2009). In Baitadi District, about 15% of the total households are engaged in MAP harvest for trade (Pyakurel et al. 2017). A total of 17 species of MAPs and their products amounting to 732 tons (with a price value of USD 316,175) were traded from Baitadi in the fiscal year 2014/15. The major traded species with significant contribution to both volume and value in Darchula are Bergenia sp. (pākhanved), Cinnamomum tamala (tejpāt), Machilus odoratissima (kāulo), Ophiocordyceps sinensis (yārtsā gümbu), Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora (kutkî) and Sapindus mukorossi (rithā) (Pyakurel et al. 2018). Similarly, the major traded species from Baitadi included Bergenia sp., Cinnamomum tamala and Sapindus mukorossi (Pyakurel et al. 2017). Scientific documentation of harvest and trade of MAPs is not available for other districts. However, based on our field works, we have identified the illegal trade of such MAPs as Rheum australe (padamchāl), Swertia spp. (chirāito), Nardostachys jatamansi (jatāmasî), Daphne spp. (loktā), Aconitum spp. (nirmasî), Paris polyphylla (satuwā) and Trillium govanianum (lek satuwā) across the Nepal - China (Tibet) border. In Nepal, over 350 species of MAPs are identified as commercially important (Ghimire et al. 2015). The average annual amount of MAPs exported from Nepal is estimated to be 13.23 thousand tons for 2005–2014 (Ghimire et al. 2015, 2016). It has been estimated that two times greater number of species entered in trade network within a decade between 2006 and 2018 (Pyakurel et al. 2019). Among the species traded from Nepal, the majority are from northwestern region, including KSL area. Constrained by climatic unsuitability, species distribution and habitats of MAPs are limited towards the western as compared to eastern Nepal (Poudeyal et al. 2021). About 40–50% of total traded MAPs (and 80% of those from the alpine region) of Nepal, including KSL, are threatened with overexploitation and land use changes. Among the high-altitude MAPs, Dactylorhiza hatagirea, Fritillaria cirrhosa, Nardostachys jatamansi, Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora, Rheum australe and Trillium govanianum are highly threatened with vulnerable to endangered status in KSL Nepal. Similarly, Brachycorythis obcordata, Machilus odoratissima, Paris polyphylla and Taxus contorta are the highly threatened species from low to mid altitude. These species are most warranted for developing sustainable harvest strategies and should be given priority for conservation. Botanical Exploration Botanical exploration in Nepal began in the early 19th century when the East India Company sent Francis Buchanan (later Hamilton), a Scottish medical man to work in Nepal as a member of a political mission (from March 1802 to March 1803). He collected plant specimens from Kathmandu Valley and surrounding area. The second and third major explorations in the early 19th century were those of Edward Gardner (from 1817 to 1820) and Nathaniel Wallich (from 1820 to 1821). Gardner, the first permanent British Resident in Kathmandu, collected plants from Kathmandu Valley and later sent collectors to Gosainkunda for Wallich (Sutton 1978; Fraser-Jenkins 2006). Wallich, a medical doctor and botanist from Denmark, collected plants mainly from Kathmandu Valley and surrounding area, and he sent collectors in other places, such as Gosainkunda. Nepal remained a relatively closed country to the foreign plant collectors until 1949; however, at least 15 different explorers visited Nepal until that period for botanical collections after Hamilton, Gardner and Wallich visited the country (detailed account of the history of botanical exploration in Nepal has xxiii been presented by Rajbhandari 1976, 2016; Stearn 1978; Fraser-Jenkins 2006; plant collectors are also listed in Sutton 1978, and Shrestha et al. 2018). The early expeditions were mostly on the individual basis, but when Nepal was formally open to foreign explorers, several institutionally organized botanical expeditions took place (reviewed in Rajbhandari 1976, 2016). However, the majority of these expeditions were mainly focused in central and eastern part of Nepal. Plant exploration in NW Nepal, and particularly in the present day KSL region, started at the end of the 19th century with short excursions across the Nepal-India border by British botanists and naturalists, who were temporarily based in India on mission to the East India Company. The early explorations in the landscape were made independently by John Scully and John Firminger Duthie. John Scully, a resident surgeon in Kathmandu (between 1876 and 1877) collected plant specimens in 1876 from west Nepal in the Mahakali Valley. Scully collected plants for Sir George King (a British surgeon and botanist who worked as superintendent of the Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta from 1871). Scully’s collections are mainly found in E and K. John Firminger Duthie, a British botanist and Superintendent of Saharanpur Botanical Garden (now in Uttar Pradesh, India), visited upper Mahakali Valley through north Kumaon between 1883 and 1886 and collected plant specimens from northern region of the present day Pithoragarh District, India, and upper Darchula and Khaptad area in Nepal. In some of his expeditions, Duthie was accompanied by J.R. Reid, who was at that time the Chief Secretary of the Government of northwest Provinces and Oudh (Duthie 1886, 1906). Duthie’s collections from Nepalese side are housed at BM, E, CAL and K. Among Nepalese collectors, Lall Dhwoj was the first naturalist to collect plant specimens from NW Nepal (mainly Khaptad area in Doti District). In 1929, Indian botanist and plant collector, namely Basant Lall Gupta and Bis Ram visited NW Nepal. Lall Dhwoj, as a representative of the Nepalese authority, joined the short expedition led by Mr. Gupta. The latter had to return soon with his Indian team after serious illness, but Lall Dhwoj remained in the field and made some independent collections (Rajbhandari 2016). After Lall Dhwoj and Indian botanist visited the area in 1929, there were two groups of people who made independent plant collections from the landscape in 1936. The first set of collection was from Humla and Doti by anonymous collectors sent by Frederick M. Bailey of UK and the second was from Tinkar Valley of Darchula collected by Arnold Heim and Augusto Gansser of Switzerland. Both of these collections, however, gathered limited number of specimens (Rajbhandari 2016). More extensive botanical explorations for scientific plant collections were made in the landscape only after 1950. Oleg Vladimir Polunin and his team visited Humla-Jumla area in 1952 and gathered huge number of specimens, 17000 of which are estimated to be in BM (Shrestha et al. 2018). The other important collections from the landscape between 1950s–1990s were made by British, Japanese and French botanists and naturalists, including J.B. Tyson (UK, in 1953), J.E.M. Arnold (UK, 1954), K. Itoh (Japan, 1963), J.D.A. Stainton (UK, 1965–1969), J.F. Dobremez (France, 1973), A. Maire (France, 1973), H. Tabata (Japan, 1976 & 1983), R. Bailey (UK, 1979), M.A. Farille (France, 1884) and M. Suzuki (Japan, 1991). These collections are housed at herbaria mainly located in Europe and Japan. Among the Nepalese collectors, T.B. Shrestha (in 1965 & 1973), P.R. Shakya and his team (1971–1985), M.S. Bista and D.P. Joshi (1972), K.R. Rajbhandari and his team (1979 & 1980), xxiv L.P. Kattel (1980–1982), I. Sharma and her team (1981), M.M. Amatya and P.M. Regmi (1982), N.K. Bhattarai (1983–1991), P. Pradhan and her team (1984), and M.N. Subedi (1985) made important contributions in botanical explorations of the landscape gathering thousands of important specimens mainly for the Nepalese national herbarium (KATH). A brief account of the important botanical explorations in KSL Nepal and neighboring districts in west Nepal are given in Table 1. Table 1. Plant explorations in KSL Nepal and neighboring districts. Collection Year (month) 1876 Explorer (country), areas/places visited in KSL Nepal and neighboring districts, major herbaria (where the specimens are housed) and remarks J. Scully (UK). Mahakali Valley and also in the other parts of W & C Nepal. Herbaria: BM, CAL, E, K. Total number of specimens of this collection is not known. Information of only 17 specimens has been given in the ‘Flora of Nepal’ website (http://www.floraofnepal.org/data/specimens), six of which have been found in the online catalogue of BM and K. Most of the specimens lack locality information and associated label data. J.D. Hooker in 1905 described a new species of Impatiens (I. scullyi Hook. f.) based on one of the Scully’s collections from W Nepal (probably Mahakali Valley). 1883 (June), 1884 (Aug. & Sept.), 1885 (Sept. & Oct.), 1886 (July– Sept.) 1929 (May & June) J.F. Duthie (UK). N Kumaon, India (Darma, Dhauli Valley, Kali Valley, Lebong Pass, Nipchang Valley, Palang Garh in Byans, and Ralam Valley all in PITHORAGARH District); and Far West Nepal (Nampa Gadh, Mahakali Valley in DARCHULA; and Khaptad in DOTI District). Herbaria: BM, CAL, DD, E, G, K, US, W, WU. Duthie’s collection from Nepalese side encompasses several specimens of rare high altitude plants. However, only 15 and 16 specimens are available online in herbarium catalogue of K and BM, respectively; and the information of about 24 specimens are available online in the ‘Flora of Nepal’ website (http://www. floraofnepal.org/data/specimens). Many new species were described based on his collection of specimens from Mahakali Valley (in India and Nepal), the most notable ones include Berberis koehneana C.K. Schneid., 1905; Berberis kumaonensis C.K. Schneid., 1905; Cotoneaster ignotus G. Klotz, 1970; Delphinium densiflorum Duthie ex Huth, 1895; Delphinium kamaonense Huth, 1893; Draba amoena O.E. Schulz, 1927; Poa jaunsarensis Bor, 1948 [now Poa lhasaensis Bor, 1965]; Sedum bouvieri Raym.-Hamet, 1916 [now Rhodiola himalensis subsp. bouvieri (R.-Hamet) H. Ohba, 1982]. B.L. Gupta and Bis Ram (India); and Lall Dhwoj Sunwar (Nepal). PITHORAGARH (Kumaon) in India; and DOTI (Khaptad, Silgarhi) in W Nepal. Herbaria: BM, CAL, DD, E, KATH. The total collection has been estimated to be about 500 specimens (Shrestha et al. 2018). According to Rajbhandari (2016), this expedition, mainly in Khaptad area, in total, gathered 406 species of plants belonging to 334 genera and 101 families, which included three species new to science, viz. Cotoneaster bisramianus G. Klotz, 1972; Millettia nepalensis R. Parker, 1931; and Taraxacum nepalense van Soest, 1961. The latter two species are endemic to Nepal. Cotoneaster bisramianus has been treated by Brach (2011) as synonymous with C. acuminatus Lindl. 1936 (May – Aug.) F.M. Bailey (UK). HUMLA (Simikot), DOTI (Silgarhi) and JUMLA area. xxv Collection Year (month) Explorer (country), areas/places visited in KSL Nepal and neighboring districts, major herbaria (where the specimens are housed) and remarks Herbaria: BM, E. Bailey, in 1935, also collected plant specimens from C Nepal (Rasuwa District), and from Nepal – China (Tibet) border. ‘Flora of Nepal’ website (http://www.floraofnepal.org/data/specimens) provides detail information of about 279 specimens collected by Bailey from these expeditions. 1936 A. Heim and A. Gansser (Switzerland). PITHORAGARH (NE Kumaon), India to DARCHULA (Tinkar Khola Valley), Nepal. Herbarium: Z. The total collection has been estimated to be about 200 species (Rajbhandari 2016). However, no specimen could be traced for the present work. 1952 (April– Aug.) O.V. Polunin, W.R. Sykes and L.H.J. Williams (UK). Area between Karnali in the west and Kali Gandaki in the central region of Nepal (Rajbhandari 2016). In W Nepal, they explored HUMLA (locality includes Changkheli, Darma, Daura, Dozam, Durpa, Humla Karnali, Khangalgaon, Margor, Melchham, Pahung, Phucha/Pucha, Puma, Ruga, Simikot, Sisne Himal); MUGU (Daura, Ghurchi, Kawa, Khaptang, Luma, Mangri, Mugu Karnali, Namja La, Rara); as well as JUMLA, DOLPA, JAJARKOT and SALYAN districts. Herbaria: A, BM, E, GH, K, L, P, KATH, TI, US. The expedition was jointly organized by the British Museum (Natural History) and the Royal Horticultural Society, UK. The expedition of Polunin, Sykes and Williams (popularly acronymed as PSW) in 1952 gathered huge number of specimens, 17000 of which are estimated to be in BM (Shrestha et al. 2018). Our search revealed 840, 427 and 21 distinct entries available online in herbarium catalogue of BM, E and K, respectively. However, we were able to trace only 170 species collected by PSW from KSL Nepal and neighboring districts. Several of their specimens were later described as new species. In this regard, the following taxa collected from NW Nepal are most noteworthy, all endemic to Nepal: Aconitum poluninii Lauener, 1964; Draba poluniniana Al-Shehbaz, 2004; Meconopsis grandis Prain subsp. jumlaensis C. Grey-Wilson, 2011; Meconopsis simikotensis Grey-Wilson, 2006; Noccaea nepalensis Al-Shehbaz, 2002; and Ranunculus himalaicus Tamura, 1978. 1953 (June & July) J.B. Tyson, B. Beetham and W.H. Murray (UK). DARCHULA (Api, Nampa, Tinkar and Lipu Pass area); BAJHANG (Dhuli, Saipal and Urai Lagna); as well as outlying parts of BAITADI and DOTI. Herbaria: BM, E, L, KATH In 1953, J.B. Tyson, along with B. Beetham and W.H. Murray, visited Darchula, Bajhang and outlying parts of Baitadi and Doti and made botanical and entomological collections for the British Museum (Tyson 1954). A total of 154 plant specimens of this collection are in BM (Sutton 1978). However, we have traced only about 50 specimens. Among the specimens of this collection, one from Bajhang (Urai Lagna, below Saipal at c. 5800 m) was later discovered as a new species (Lagotis nepalensis Yamazaki, 1971), which is still endemic to the type locality. Later, in 1963 (April–October), Tyson, along with J.J. Burnet and J. Earle, visited Jagdulla Valley in Dolpa District (Tyson 1962). Burnet’s collections of 34 specimens from Jagdulla expedition are in BM (Sutton 1978). 1954 (Jul– Sept.) J.E.M. Arnold with H.J. Harrington, J.J. Murray, I.F. Davidson and C.M. Todd (UK). BAJHANG (Saipal). Herbarium: BM. The expedition was organized by Oxford University, UK. A total of 169 plant specimens of this collection are in BM (Sutton 1978). We were able to trace only 33 specimens collected by Arnold from Bajhang (nine of which are presented in the present volume). Some of his specimens were later described as new species, e.g., Galium saipalense Ehrend. & Schönb.-Tem., 1987 (still endemic xxvi Collection Year (month) Explorer (country), areas/places visited in KSL Nepal and neighboring districts, major herbaria (where the specimens are housed) and remarks to Saipal area); Poa arnoldii Melderis, 1978; and Pedicularis saipalensis T. Yamaz., 1970 (now P. roylei Maxim. var. speciosa (Prain) T. Yamaz., 1988). 1963 (July Oct.) K. Itoh (Japan) and S.B. Rajbhandari (Nepal). DOTI (Khaptad) and JUMLA. Herbaria: KATH, KYO. The major focus of this expedition was to collect specimens of medicinal plants. According to Rajbhandari (2016), ca. 1000 specimens were collected by this expedition and one of the specimens collected from Jumla was later described under a new genus Eskemukerjea Malick & Sengupta, 1969 pub. 1972, and the species was Eskemukerjea nepalensis Malick & Sengupta, 1969 pub. 1972 (later Eskemukerjea megacarpum (H. Hara) H. Hara, 1982). The genus Eskemukerjea was later merged with Fagopyrum. 1965 (April– June), 1968 (June) 1969 (June) J.D.A. Stainton (UK). DOTI (Khaptad, Silgarhi) in April/May 1965; BAJURA (Dugun, Manakot, Porakya) in May 1965; BAJHANG (Chainpur, Kali Gad) in April–June 1965; DARCHULA (Chheti, Marma) in June 1965; HUMLA (Changkheli, Munya Lagna, Simikot, Sisne Himal) in June 1968; and MUGU in June 1969. Herbaria: BM, E, KATH, TI. J.D.A. Stainton independently collected plant specimens from Nepal in different periods between 1956 and 1975 (of these, collection made in 1965 was from Far West Nepal and those between 1968 and 1969 were from Karnali region). Previously, in 1954 (April–November), Stainton was involved in a scientific expedition organized by British Museum to explore Dhaulagiri and Annapurna mountain regions, where he collected plant specimens together with W.R. Sykes, and L.H.J. Williams (the three names popularly acronymed as SSW). Stainton’s individual and group collections added about 15,000 specimens to the British Museum and provided materials to describe more than 100 species new to science (Rajbhandari 2016; Shrestha et al. 2018). However, the total collection made from Far West Nepal (ca. 90 specimens traced during this study) was much lower compared to other regions (Sutton 1978; Rajbhandari 2016). Among his collections from Far West Nepal, Scrophularia laportifolia T. Yamaz. and Vicatia nepalensis Kljuykov (both endemic to the type locality in Darchula) were described as new to science by Yamazaki and Kljuykov in 1971 and 1991, respectively. Stainton also described forests of Nepal (Stainton 1972). 1965 (April– June), 1973 (April & May) T.B. Shrestha (Nepal). BAITADI (Ganger); BAJHANG (Budkhori Lek, Chainpur, Dhuli, Kalauni, Kali Gad Valley, Kaudo, Launi, Laingaon, Saipal, Thongnada/Thogundanda); DARCHULA (Chheti, Chirkiti Lekh, Marma); Doti (Jurael); and Khaptad area. Herbaria: BM, KATH, US. T.B. Shrestha visited Nepal extensively accumulating over 4000 plant specimens mainly for KATH. In his Far West expedition, T.B. Shrestha was associated with JDA Stainton (in 1965), and with JF Dobremez (in 1973), but almost all of their specimens carry individual collector name. There is no information about the total number of specimens collected by T.B. Shrestha from Far West Nepal (for our study, we have traced only 80 specimens collected by him). 1971 (May), 1981 (June & July), 1984 (July & Aug.), 1985 (Aug.) P.R. Shakya and D.P. Joshi in 1971; P.R. Shakya, L.R. Sharma and K.R. Amatya in 1981; P.R. Shakya, M.K. Adhikari and M.N. Subedi in 1984; P.R. Shakya, M.N. Subedi and R.K. Uprety in 1985 (all from Nepal). BAITADI (Bagadi, Dhik Gad, Ganna, Nalabagar, Pangsera, Shimar, Sribhabar) in 1984; BAJHANG (Dhansera, Dubai Pass, Kalagad, Mahadeosera, Naya Odar, Nilkatti, Sundi Khola, Sunigad, Surmasarovar, Thongnada, Tapaun) in 1981 and 1984; DARCHULA (Bramha Lek, Chheti, Gokule, Kasoti, Kawa, Khandeswari, Makarigad, Mechhra, Paribagar) in 1971 and 1984; DOTI (Baga Lekh, Gadsera, xxvii Collection Year (month) Explorer (country), areas/places visited in KSL Nepal and neighboring districts, major herbaria (where the specimens are housed) and remarks Khaptad, Telia Lekh) in 1981; HUMLA and MUGU (Chankheli, Ghurchi, Juma Kharka, Pina, Rimi, Suma Kharka) in 1985. Herbarium: KATH. P.R. Shakya visited Nepal extensively with different botanists accumulating about 17000 plant specimens for KATH (Shrestha et al. 2018). However, no information is available regarding the number of specimens collected by P.R. Shakya and his team from Far West Nepal (for this study we have traced in KATH over 250 specimens collected by P.R. Shakya and his team from Baitadi, Bajhang, and Darchula). Lidén in 1989 described a new species of Corydalis, C. shakyae among the collections of P.R. Shakya and his team from Darchula. 1972 (July & Aug.) M.S. Bista and D.P. Joshi (Nepal). BAJHANG (Agar, Chainpur, Badigaon, Ghodi Lek, Surmasarovar, Talkot, Thogun Danda); BAJURA (Dargali, Jilli, Rigla); and DOTI (Gadsera, Khaptad, Kola, Salimgado/Solimgada, Tele Lek). Herbarium: KATH. They collected about 3000 specimens from Bajhang, Bajura and Doti, of which we have traced only about 100 specimens. 1973 (April & May) J.F. Dobremez with A. Maire and P. Ozenda (France). BAJHANG (Bauli Gad, Chainpur, Chaurapani, Dalaun, Dhuli, Jiauli Gad, Kaudo, Lachhi Gad, Launi, Raisalli, Ramkot, Saipal Himal, Suni Gad, Surmasarovar, Talkot, Thar, Thakundanda); BAJURA (Basala); and DOTI (Khaer Khola, Khaptad, Nahapani, Phaltunde). Herbaria: BM, E, GR, KATH. Dobremez explored different parts of west, central and east Nepal from 1968 to 1984 (collection from Bajhang, Bajura and Doti was made in 1973). There is no information available regarding the total number of specimens he had collected. About 437 specimens of his 1973 collection are reported to be in GR and BM (Sutton 1978). Most of the personal (?and those in GR) collection of specimens of Dobremez were later presented to the herbarium of Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (E). Online search of Dobremez’s collection of specimens revealed 3272, 447 and 180 distinct entries in the herbarium catalogue of E, BM and KATH, respectively, including c. 90 specimens with confirmed collection locality in Bajhang and Doti. Great majority of specimens listed in online herbarium catalogues of BM and E lack collection date and locality details. Dobremez also described vegetation of Nepal (Dobremez 1972, 1976), and with the help of different scientists (including Nepali botanists D.P. Joshi, P.R. Shakya and T.B. Shrestha) he prepared vegetation maps of different regions, including Dhangadhi-Api (Dobremez 1984) and Jumla-Saipal (Dobremez and Shrestha 1978). 1973 (April – June) A. Maire (France). BAJHANG (Agar, Bauli Gad, Chainpur, Dhuli, Lachhi Gad, Launi, upper valleys of Seti River, Suni Gad, Surmasarovar, Thar, Thakundanda); DOTI (Khaer Khola, Khaptad, Nahapani). Herbaria: E, GR. Maire visited Bajhang and Doti with J.F. Dobremez and P. Ozenda (the latter collected lichens) in 1973 (Sutton 1978). Maire had also independently collected plant specimens from central Nepal in 1971 and 1972. More than 700 plant specimens collected by Marie are reported to be in GR (Sutton 1978). Our online search revealed that 939 specimens collected by Maire from Nepal are housed at E, including about 50 specimens with images confirming collection locality in Bajhang and Doti. Great majority of specimens are listed in online herbarium catalogue of E without image, and even the collection date and locality details have not been given. 1976 (June– Oct.) xxviii H. Tabata, K.R. Rajbhandari and K. Tsuchiya (Japan and Nepal). BAJHANG (Agara, Aletsoura, Chainpur, Chaurapani, Dahachaur, Dhalaun, Dhuli, Dilbagar, Gangadi, Collection Year (month) Explorer (country), areas/places visited in KSL Nepal and neighboring districts, major herbaria (where the specimens are housed) and remarks Ghat Khola, Godilekh, Inuldar, Jimkot, Kanda, Kariganga, Nayaodar, Rishinri, Rosia Pass, Saipal, Talkot); BAJURA (Godilekh, Kolti, Porakya Pass); DOTI (Barigad, Bhasu, Chuyadhara, Gadshera, Khaptad, Napani, Rauttukatte, Rhikula, Ritha, Sahejpur); MUGU (Rara); as well as JUMLA, DOLPA, BAGLUNG, and MUSTANG. Herbaria: KATH, KYO, TI. H. Tabata and his botanical team also collected specimens from central and east Nepal in 1978. The total collection from these expeditions has been estimated to be about 25000 specimens (ca. 12000 specimens were from 1976 expedition) mostly housed at KYO with some duplicates at KATH (Rajbhandari 2015, 2016). No specimen images could be assessed at KYO. We have traced about 300 specimens collected by Tabata et al. from KSL and adjoining districts in Nepal, of which 60 specimens at KYO were based on secondary sources (mainly Tamura 1986; Rajbhandari and Rai 2017; and 'Flora of Nepal’ website: http://www. floraofnepal.org/data/specimens). 1979 R. Bailey (UK). BAJHANG (Saipal); MUGU (Changkheli, Rara). Herbarium: Not known. Bailey and his team from Durham University collected specimens of the families – Leguminosae, Cruciferae, and Araceae (Rajbhandari 2016), no further details of this collection are known. 1979 (July, Aug.), 1980 (July– Sept.) K.R. Rajbhandari and B. Roy in 1979; K.R. Rajbhandari, P.M. Regmi and K.J. Malla in 1980 (all from Nepal). HUMLA (Changkheli Lagna, Dharma Gaon, Durpa, Kallas, Kuligad, Lothi Khola, Luma Gaon, Marghor Lagna, Melchham, Phucha, Poom Gaon, Rimi Gaon, Ruga, Simikot), and MUGU (Banwa Gaon, Chuchamara Danda, Gumgadi, Ghurchi Lagna, Jhyari Gaon, Khatyar Khola, Rara, Ruga) in 1979; and DADELDHURA (Ruwakhola), DARCHULA (Api Khola, Chhangru, Dandap, Dopakhe, Dumli, Huti, Kuntisau, Nampha Valley, Palaa, Rapla, Sunchera, Tangbang, Thin, Tinkar, Tipulchyakti) and BAITADI in 1980. Herbaria: KATH, TI. K.R. Rajbhandari visited Nepal extensively between 1975 and 2014 with different botanists from Department of Plant Resources, Kathmandu. In their W Nepal expeditions, they collected a total of 6100 specimens (2500 in 1979 and 3600 in 1980; Rajbhandari 2015). 1980 (Dec.), 1981 (Jan., April), 1982 (June–Sept.) L.P. Kattel (Nepal). BAJHANG (Bangh, Bithad, Simad Bagar); BAITADI (Gothalapani, Jhurjhure, Katmada, Khateda, Sailek, Sankarpur, Satbanjh, Shribhawar, Tadi Gaon); DADELDHURA (Gairadoti, Ganesh ko dhuro, Gogan, Jogbuda, Lipha, Pokhara, Sahashra Lingi); DARCHULA (Khalanga); DOTI (Jhingdara, Khaptad, Patan, Rautegaun, Sirkhauli). Herbarium: KATH. We have found at KATH about 60 species collected by L.P. Kattel from Bajhang, Dadeldhura and Darchula. No further details of this collection are known. 1981 (Sept. & Oct.) I. Sharma, R. Joshi, R.K. Uprety and I. Pandey (Nepal). BAITADI (Khated, Niglad, Patan, Satbanj); DADELDHURA (Lipha, Jogbuda); DOTI (Gayer, Khated, Silinge). Herbarium: KATH. I. Sharma and her team collected a total of 1600 specimens during this expedition (Rajbhandari 2015). 1982 (Sept.) M.M. Amatya and P.M. Regmi (Nepal). BAJHANG (Kaphalseri, Gareko Lek); DARCHULA (Chheti, Chiltha, Dethami Lek, Lukhani, Makarigad, Oathi, Thumti). xxix Collection Year (month) Explorer (country), areas/places visited in KSL Nepal and neighboring districts, major herbaria (where the specimens are housed) and remarks Herbarium: KATH. We have found at KATH about 100 specimens of this collection from Bajhang and Darchula. No further details are known. 1983 (June), 1990 (Aug., Sept.), 1991 (June) N.K. Bhattarai (Nepal). Khaptad area and other places in BAJHANG (Chhanna, Gorkhali Village, Gorkhali Lek, Gurel Lek, Malumela, Majhigaon, Pujarigaon, Sailinga) and MUGU (Rara). Herbarium: KATH. N.K. Bhattarai has extensively visited Nepal accumulating more than 6500 specimens from all over the country (Shrestha et al. 2018). However, total specimens he had collected from KSL area are not known. 1983 (Aug. & Sept) H. Tabata, D.P. Joshi, K. Tsuchiya, N. Fujita, E. Suzuki, Y. Shimizu, F. Koike, M. Matusui and T. Yumoto (Japan and Nepal). HUMLA (Chankheli Lagna, Humla-Karnali between Kalphe and Surkegad, Launthi, Munya Lagna, Ripa, Rimi, Sat Thaple, between Simikot and Yangchu Gaon); MUGU (Bakhaura, Rara). Herbaria: KATH, KYO, TI. Further details of this collection are not known. 1984 (March & April) P. Pradhan, R.K. Uprety, N. Pradhan and N. Dabadi (Nepal). BAITADI (Barail, Dyola); BAJHANG (Chir, Dilbagar, Dyolekh, Jebli, Jhota, Rupal); DADELDHURA (Bhumtare, Dotikhola, Litregaon, Pipalkhet); DOTI (Baglekh, Khaptad). Herbarium: KATH. Pradhan and her team collected a total of 2600 specimens during this expedition (Rajbhandari 2016). 1984 (Sept.) M.A. Farille (France). DARCHULA – BAITADI (Kawa Lekh area). Herbaria: BM, G, P. Farille visited Nepal with G. Lachard of Switzerland to collect specimens of Himalayan plants. They visited northern part of W, C and E Nepal and gathered a total of 616 individual specimens and 149 number of seeds, including 14 specimens from Kawa Lekh area (Rajbhandari 2016). Farille and Lachard in 2002 described a new species (Pimpinella kawalekhensis Farille & Lachard) based on Farille’s collection from the area. The species is endemic to Kawa Lekh at 2950 m. In addition, Acronema tenerum (DC.) Edgew., and Indoschulzia garhwalica (H. Wolff) Pimenov & Kljuykov, collected from the same area, were identified as new records for Nepal (Farille and Lachard 2002). 1985 (May, Oct. & Nov.) M.N. Subedi (Nepal). HUMLA (Chaumidi-Simikot, Piplang, Sarkegad, Syamme Khola, Yangche). Herbarium: KATH. Further details of this collection are not known. 1991 (Aug.) M. Suzuki, H. Hatta, N. Kurosaki, M. Mikage, F. Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H. Takayama and K. Terada (Japan and Nepal). BAJHANG (Agar, Chainpur, Badigaon, Dantola, Jimkot, Ghodi Lekh, Khaptad, Rasa, Roshiadanda, Serigaon, Talkot); BAJURA (Bashala, Berma, Birseni, Kaudegaon, Khaptad, Kolti, Pategaon, Porakya). Herbaria: BM, E, TI, KATH. Suzuki and his team conducted extensive botanical explorations from 1988 to 1996 covering W, C and E Nepal. In 1991 (July–Aug.), they visited W Nepal, including parts of Seti, Bheri and Karnali xxx Collection Year (month) Explorer (country), areas/places visited in KSL Nepal and neighboring districts, major herbaria (where the specimens are housed) and remarks region. According to Rajbhandari (2016), Suzuki et al. collected more than 20000 herbarium specimens during this expedition for the University of Tokyo, Japan. We have traced 936 specimens collected from Bajhang and Bajura by Suzuki et al. for this report. The expeditions of Suzuki et al. in Nepal have contributed to the discovery of many new species, including Impatiens bajurensis Shinobu Akiyama & H. Ohba, 1993 collected from Bajura in 1991. 2008 (June) C.A. Pendry, S. Baral, S. Noshiro, S. Rajbhandary, P.P. Kurmi, B.I. Dell and B. Adhikari (Japan, Nepal and UK). JUMLA – MUGU (Ghurchi Lagna, Rara, south of Chankheli) – HUMLA (Chankheli, Darma, Humla-Karnali, Sathapla, Simikot) in 2008. Herbaria: E, KATH. C.A. Pendry and his team collected 409 specimens and reported seven new records for Nepal (Rajbhandari 2016). 2009 (June & July) H. Ikeda, S. Noshiro, M. Amano, T. Tanaka, N. Yamamoto, C.A. Pendry, B. Dell, Y. Wang, G.D. Bhatta and A.P. Bhattarai (China, Japan, Nepal and UK). BAJHANG (Bhanj, Budkhori, Deuli Gad, Dhuli, Ghoda daune, Khalanga Nadi, Khaptad National Park, Lokhada, Manane Lek, Patiudi, Surma Village, Surmasarovar Lek, Thalara), and DOTI (Silgadi, Khaptad National Park). Herbaria: E, KATH, TI. Ikeda and his team collected a total of 2500 specimens during this expedition (Rajbhandari 2015). 2010 (May & June) R.P. Chaudhary, K.K. Shrestha, S.K. Ghimire, K. Bhatta, R.K. Gautam, P. Bhattarai, M. Acharya and M. Limbu (Nepal). DARCHULA (Byans) and HUMLA (Simikot – Dozam – upper Changla Khola Valley). Herbarium: TUCH. The expedition in Humla generated over 300 specimens. 2012 (Jul) H. Ikeda, S. Noshiro, K. Yonekura, K. Akai, O. Yano, N. Yamamoto, C.A. Pendry, A. Elliott, M Pathak and GD Bhatt (Japan, Nepal and UK). DARCHULA (along Chameliya River, from Dethala up to the southern slope of Api). Herbaria: E, KATH, TI. Ikeda and his team collected ca. 8400 specimens during this expedition (Elliot 2019). 2012 (Sept) S.K. Ghimire, A. Paudel, L.R. Joshi, S. Lo, P. Subedi, C. Thapa and S. Lama (Nepal). HUMLA (Humla Karnali from Simikot to Kyermi, Salli-Chungsa, Seliman – Nyalu La, Singjungma Tsho area, Nyalu La – Talung). Herbarium: TUCH. This expedition primarily aimed at establishing permanent plots for long-term monitoring of climate change impacts on alpine vegetation; and providing field-ecological and taxonomical trainings to graduate students. About 1200 herbarium specimens were collected (300 species delimited so far), including many rare high-altitude plants. The field work was supported by ICIMOD and Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ). Based on the collection made during this expedition, Rana et al. (2018, 2021) discovered two new species of Saussurea, namely S. ramchaudharyi S.K. Ghimire & H.K. Rana, 2018, and S. talungensis S.K. Ghimire & H.K. Rana, 2021; both endemic to the type locality in Humla. They named the former species in honor of Dr. Ram Prasad Chaudhary, a Nepali plant taxonomist and professor of botany. The specific epithet of the latter species was derived with reference to the type locality (Talung Valley, Humla). xxxi Collection Year (month) Explorer (country), areas/places visited in KSL Nepal and neighboring districts, major herbaria (where the specimens are housed) and remarks 2013 (Oct.), 2014 (Oct.), 2015 (July), 2016 (Aug.), 2017 (Aug.– Sept.) S.K. Ghimire, L.R. Joshi, B. Awasthi, N.K. Bhattarai and C.K. Subedi in 2013; S.K. Ghimire, B. Awasthi, S. Thapa, S. Lo, C. Thapa and M.R. Paudeyal in 2014; S.K. Ghimire, B. Awasthi, S. Thapa, S. Budha Magar, M.R. Paudeyal and D.J. Chapagain in 2015; S.K. Ghimire, B. Awasthi, A. Paudel, S. Thapa, S. Budha Magar, M.R. Paudeyal and D.J. Chapagain in 2016; S.K. Ghimire, B. Awasthi, S. Budha Magar, B. Gyawali, S. Nepal, M.R. Paudeyal and D.J. Chapagain in 2017 (Nepal). DARCHULA (Chameliya Valley from Gokule up to southern slopes of Api and Bhabaiye Himal; Khandeshwari area). Herbarium: TUCH. These expeditions aimed at establishing permanent plots for long-term monitoring of climate change impacts on alpine vegetation; monitoring population dynamics and harvesting sustainability of high-altitude medicinal plants; documenting vascular plant diversity and collecting voucher specimens; collecting associated ethnobotanical and socio-cultural information; and providing trainings to graduate students about field ecology and taxonomy. Over 4000 herbarium specimens of vascular plants were collected covering different seasons between 2013 and 2017. Three of the students completed their M.Sc. theses and two have almost finalized their PhD research based on these field works. These works were supported by ICIMOD, RECAST and Research Committee for Development Research of the Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2014 (June & Aug.), 2015 C.K. Subedi, J. Gurung, S. Thapa and K.M. Ghimire in 2014; CK. Subedi, J. Gurung, S. Thapa, P. Bhandari, M. Pandey, P. Mishra, A. Koirala and R. Sharma in 2015 (Nepal). BAJHANG (Kailash); DARCHULA (Chameliya Valley up to southern slopes of Api Himal; Khar and Pasti area). Herbarium: TUCH. They have collected about 200 species. 2014 (Sept.), 2016 (June, Sept.) T.R. Pandey and S. Panthi in Sept 2014; T.R. Pandey and G.D. Bhatt in June 2016; T.R. Pandey and D.R. Kandel in Sept 2016 (Nepal). BAITADI (Shribhawar) in June 2016; DARCHULA (Chheti, Khandeshwari) in Sept 2014; HUMLA (Bargaun, Dozam, Simikot, Thehe) in Sept. 2016. Herbarium: KATH. Pandey and his team collected over 100 species. 2015 (Sept.), 2016 (July) K.M. Ghimire and M. Adhikari (Nepal). DARCHULA (Ghusa, Khandeswari). Herbarium: TUCH. They have collected about 150 species. 2015 (Sept. & Oct.) B.B. Shrestha, M. Pandey and R. Chhetri (Nepal). DARCHULA (Khalanga and Khar). Herbarium: TUCH. Shrestha and his team aimed at exploring diversity and ecology of invasive species in Darchula District. They collected about 400 specimens (including angiosperms, gymnosperms and ferns), of which about 280 species of Angiosperms were identified. 2017 (Aug) C.A. Pendry, H. Ikeda, P. Gudkova, W. Hinchliff, M. Jackson and J. Pandey (Japan, Nepal, Russia and UK). BAJURA (Martadi to the east of Saipal Himal). xxxii Collection Year (month) Explorer (country), areas/places visited in KSL Nepal and neighboring districts, major herbaria (where the specimens are housed) and remarks Herbaria: E, KATH, TI. Pendry and his team collected seeds (62 collections), herbarium specimens (571 collections), and DNA samples from the Saipal Himal region of Bajura District, and discovered one new species of Potentilla and two new records for Nepal, Stipa roborowskyi Roshev and Sehima notata (Hack.) A. Camus (Hinchliffe et al. undated). 2017 (Sept.) H.N. Qin, P. Bhandari, T.R. Pandey, B.R. Subedee, Y.C. Yang and S.R. Zhang (China and Nepal). BAJHANG (Agara, near Chainpur, Chimnya, above Deuthala, Dhalaun, Kada, Kakarkot, Khalanga river, Kuwa, Panalta, Panselegi, Rupatola, Talkot, Sunkuda); BAITADI (Shrivabhar). Herbaria: KATH, PE, TUCH. Over 2,000 specimens were collected, c. 400 species identified so far (about 90 species cited in this volume). 2019 S.R. Zhang, Y. Chen, P. Bhandari, T.R. Pandey and G.D. Bhatt (China and Nepal). HUMLA (Simikot – Hilsa –Limi – Simikot). Herbaria: KATH, PE. 1040 samples collected. Identification undergoing. Published Accounts on Flora of Nepal and Rationale of the Present Work Plant exploration has remained a fascinating field of study in Nepal that has attracted both professional and amateur plant explorers for the last 200 years accumulating huge number specimens now in herbaria distributed across the globe, and generating information about the species, their ecology, distribution, and uses. A number of efforts have been made in the past to compile such information in the form of catalogues, checklists and Floras. An enumeration of the flowering plants of Nepal published in three volumes between 1978 and 1982 (Hara et al. 1978, 1982; Hara & Williams 1979) by the British Museum (Natural History) in collaboration with the University of Tokyo was the first of its kind having country-level focus with most updated nomenclature and distribution data. In 2000, the British Museum (Natural History) in collaboration with the Central Department of Botany, Tribhuvan University produced a revised checklist entitled Annotated checklist of the flowering plants of Nepal (Press et al. 2000; also available electronically at www.eflora.org), which included all of the information originally published in An enumeration of the flowering plants of Nepal and also incorporated the changes and additions to the flora since 1982. Although earlier attempts at publishing the accounts of ‘flora of Nepal’ were made in the first half of the 19th century by Wallich (who published Tentamen florae Napalensis illustratae in two parts in 1824 and 1826), and David Don (who published Prodromus florae Nepalensis in 1825), these were limited by geographical area covered. Wallich’s Tentamen was based on plant specimens collected by him from central Nepal and Don’s account was mainly based on collections of Buchanan Hamilton (made in 1802–1803) and Edward Gardner (in 1817–1820) from central Nepal and on some of Wallich’s collections. Plant specimens collected by Wallich from Nepal were also listed in his illustrated book on east Indian plants, entitled Plantae Asiaticae rariores, published in three volumes xxxiii (1829–1832). In addition, plant specimens collected from Nepal by Hamilton and Wallich were also extensively mentioned in books related to the Flora of India published in the 19th century (e.g., Roxburgh 1820–1824, reprinted in 1832; Royle 1833–1840; Hooker 1872–1897). In addition, a number of other publications, in the form of checklists or Floras, mostly covering parts of central and east Nepal (a list of 31 such publications given in Shrestha et al. 2018), came out after the accounts of Wallich and Don and before the publication of ‘Enumeration’. The Department of Plant Resources (DPR, formerly Department of Medicinal Plants) of the Government of Nepal, since its establishment in 1960, has been playing a leading role in the exploration and documentation of plant biodiversity, and publication of floral accounts covering different parts of the country. DPR has produced local and regional Floras, catalogues, and series of fascicles on Flora of Nepal. The local or regional Floras produced by DPR included ‘Flora of Rajanikunj/Gokarna’ (1967), ‘Flora of Phulchoki and Godavari’ (1969), ‘Flora of Nagarjun’ (1973), ‘Flora of Langtang’ (1976), and ‘Flora of Kathmandu Valley’ (1986). DPR published ‘Catalogue of Nepalese flowering plants’ (parts 1–3 and supplement 1) in the years between 2010 and 2015 accounting 4443 species under 1403 genera and 203 families (Rajbhandari & Baral 2010; Rajbhandari et al. 2011, 2012, 2015). These publications were based on herbarium specimens housed at KATH. Recently, DPR published most updated checklists of the flowering plants (in two volumes; Rajbhandari & Rai 2017, 2019) and gymnosperms (Rajbhandari et al. 2020) of Nepal in the form of handbooks, which also listed specimens deposited at different herbaria of the world in addition to those housed at KATH. However, a comprehensive flora of Nepal incorporating all the known plant species has not yet been completed (except Volume 3, which was published in 2011). ‘Flora of Nepal’ has been planned to be published in ten volumes through a collaboration between two international (Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh UK; and University of Tokyo, Japan) and three national organizations (Department of Plant Resources, Nepal Academy of Science and Technology and Tribhuvan University). More than 55 botanical expeditions were made from 1876 to 2019, for collecting plant specimens and documenting vegetation and flora, in the present day KSL region and neighboring districts in Nepal. The plant specimens collected from the landscape are in various herbaria distributed globally, but the majority of which are found in BM, DD, E, G, K, KATH, P, PE, TI, TUCH, and ZT. To date, no attempt has been made to consolidate the floristic information into a complete flora of the landscape. One of the earliest published accounts of plants of this region was that of J.F. Duthie, who visited north of Kumaon, India and upper Mahakali, Nepal during 1883– 1886. In his travel diary published as an article entitled ‘Kumaon’, Duthie describe the vegetation and flora of the northern region of Kumaon and the upper Mahakali Valley (Duthie 1886). “Catalogue of the plants of Kumaon and of the adjacent portions of Garhwal and Tibet” (first prepared by Sir Richard Strachey and published in 1882, and later revised and supplemented by Duthie in 1906) is one of the earliest floristic works of this region, which incorporates some the plant specimens collected by Duthie from Far West Nepal. Similarly, Parker (1931) produced a list of plants collected by B.L. Gupta and his team from Khaptad area. The country-level checklists mentioned above have presented plant taxa with an approach to provide a broad geographical distribution, following the horizontal classification scheme of Stern (1960), dividing Nepal into three major regions, west, central and east. Some of these checklists, to xxxiv some extent, also provide indication of taxa found in KSL Nepal, but in majority of the cases, it is impossible to generalize whether the taxa mentioned as ‘found in west Nepal’ are actually occurring in the landscape. Only few earlier catalogues or checklists cited limited number of specimens collected from this area (e.g., Duthie 1906; Rajbhandari & Baral 2010; Rajbhandari et al. 2011, 2012, 2015; Pandey et al. 2017; Rajbhandari & Rai 2017). KSL Nepal comprises rich natural resources, including fresh water, forests, grasslands, wetlands, and cultural heritage, including ethnic diversity and religious heritage sites. The diverse habitat types in the landscape extending from tropical forests to alpine pastures in the monsoon-dominated areas and dry alpine meadows and scrubs in the trans-Himalayan region support high plant diversity, the majority of which having socio-cultural, economic and conservation significance. The present work is an attempt to document all the known gymnosperm and angiosperm flora of KSL Nepal in the form of a comprehensive checklist. The entire checklist will form three volumes, of which the present book represents the first. It is primarily based on herbarium specimens collected from the landscape and review of the relevant floristic literature, including protologues, and online catalogues and databases. It is also based on authors’ extensive field work in the landscape. The publication, to some extent, will fill the basic information gap about plant biodiversity of the landscape. Scope, Format and Sources of Information Families of gymnosperms and angiosperms are arranged following the linear classification scheme of Christenhusz et al. (2011) and APG IV (2016), respectively. The present volume covers all gymnosperms recorded from KSL Nepal; and regarding angiosperms, taxa belonging to 38 families (Schisandraceae – Buxaceae) are included. Rest of the families of angiosperms will be published in subsequent volumes. An attempt has been made to incorporate only those species or subordinate taxa having at least a reference herbarium voucher from the landscape. We personally examined physical specimens stored in the two national herbaria (KATH and TUCH), but for specimens stored in the international herbaria we consulted online catalogues and databases, and published literature. We directly searched for specimen records in the online catalogue of seven international herbaria: A, BM, E, K, GH, P and TI (credit to each such catalogue is provided in Appendix 1). We used Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) portal (https://www.gbif.org/; Appendix 1) for consulting the specimens housed at other herbaria (e.g., B, BR, FR, GOET, GUH, L, LE, MICH, NCSC, PE, U, US, W and WU). For each collection, we examined physical herbarium specimen or high resolution photograph of the specimen, and thoroughly checked for the locality information and associated label data (voucher number, date of collection, elevation, habitat characteristics, and name of collectors). Unconfirmed specimen records, mostly taken from the literature or databases, are indicated by the term ‘fide’ followed by the name of author(s) who published the record or name of the database where the specimen record was cited. Full list of online databases that we consulted are given in Appendix 1. Regarding the geographical area covered, we focused primary on taxa occurring within the four districts of KSL Nepal (Baitadi, Bajhang, Darchula and Humla). However, we have also incorporated the distribution range in the five neighboring districts bordering KSL Nepal (Achham, Bajura, xxxv Dadeldhura, Doti and Mugu), and the range within KSL India (Bageshwar and Pithoragarh Districts including Almora, Uttarakhand) and China (Pulan County, Xizang). In some cases, where we did not find direct herbarium evidence to support for the occurrence of a species within the boundary of KSL Nepal (the four districts mentioned above), but the available data suggest its occurrence in any of the five neighboring districts within Nepal, or in KSL India or China, we use the latter evidence(s) to refer that the taxon might also occur in KSL Nepal. Gymnosperms are treated first, followed by angiosperms. Genera within each family and species within each genus are arranged in alphabetical order. Description of each species begins with its accepted scientific name (in bold letters) followed by author(s) of the name with full bibliographic reference to the protologue (i.e., original publication); some important taxonomic publications, particularly with reference to Nepal or the region, are also provided. Database maintained online at International Plant Names Index (https://www.ipni.org/) was followed for standardized abbreviations of author’s name. Basionym, whenever available, is given first with full citation, followed by alphabetical listing of other synonyms. In the case of multiple synonyms, we have listed only those most relevant from geographical perspective. These are then followed by vernacular names (including, in the order of, names used locally in the area; names given in Nepali, English, Hindi, Sanskrit and Tibetan languages; and trade name, where known), growth characters (habit, growth pattern and other key characters), habitat, geographical distribution (including global distribution, and distribution within Nepal and KSL with elevation range), and detail listing of specimen(s) recorded from the KSL area and neighboring districts. Finally, we have also provided, for many species that we collected, primary information about ethnobotanical use(s); and their conservation status according to the IUCN Red List system (https://www.iucnredlist.org/). Accepted botanical names and global distribution are primarily based on three online global databases, the ‘Catalogue of Life’ (catalogueoflife.org/), the ‘Plants of the World Online’ (plantsoftheworldonline.org/), and ‘Tropicos’ (https://www.tropicos.org/). Specifically, following references are also consulted for the nomenclature and global distribution of gymnosperms: Adams (2014), Govaerts (2020), Farjon (2017), Farjon et al. (2020) and Rajbhandari et al. (2020); and angiosperms: Press et al. (2000), Watson et al. (2011), Global Carex Group (2015), Rajbhandari and Rai (2017), Shrestha et al. (2018) and Hassler (2020). In addition, Flora of China (Wu et al. 1994– 2013) and Flora of Bhutan (Grierson et al. 1983–2002; Pearce & Cribb 2002) were also consulted for nomenclature and species distribution. We followed Press et al. (2000), Watson et al. (2011), Rajbhandari and Rai (2017), Shrestha et al. (2018) and Rajbhandari et al. (2020) for distribution and elevation range within Nepal. In addition, 'Flora of Nepal database for seed plants' maintained by the University of Tokyo (http://umdb.um.u-tokyo.ac.jp/DShokubu/nepal/Seedplants/specimen_dic/ findrecords.php?-langTop=jp), and the specimen database of Royle Botanic Garden, Edinburgh (floraofnepal.org/data/specimens) were also consulted to define the distribution limit of plant species within Nepal and KSL area. Presentation of geographical distribution follows the approach of Hata et al. (1978). Distribution within Nepal are indicated following the horizontal classification of Stern (1960), who divided Nepal into the three major regions, west (Kumaun frontier to 83° E), central (83° E to 86° 30' E) and east (86° 30' E to Sikkim frontier), the same scheme was used in several publications in Nepal (Hara et al. 1978, 1982; Hara & Williams 1979; Rajbhandari & Rai 2017). xxxvi Ethnobotanical information (local vernacular names of plants, and uses) were based on our own primary research, in which we interviewed local people, herders, plant collectors and traders from 2010 to 2017. Nepali names are based on Shrestha (1998), Ghimire et al. (2001, 2008), Manandhar (2002), GoN (2012–2016) and Shrestha et al. (2018). Sanskrit and Hindi names of plants are based on Devkota (1968), Sharma et al. (1993), Sivarajan and Balachandran (1994), Warrier et al. (1994– 1996), GoN (2012–2016), and Flowers of India database (http://www.flowersofindia.net); and for English names, we followed the same references cited above, particularly two online global databases mentioned above (Catalogue of Life and Plants of the World Online), and Mabberley (2008). Tibetan (mainly Sowa Rigpa) plant names are based on Lama et al. (2001) and Ghimire et al. (in press). Nepali, Sanskrit and other local vernacular names are given in transliterated (phonetic translation) terms, followed by Devanagari script, while Tibetan (mostly Sowa Rigpa) names are given in the form of simplified Tibetan transcription as well as written in Tibetan script (Wylie transliteration of all Tibetan terms are given at the end of ‘index to vernacular names’). Global threat status is based on IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (accessed online at iucnredlist.org/). Reference pertaining to Red List category of each species is also provided. National status is based on Conservation Assessment and Management Plan (CAMP, Tandon et al. 2001). Local status given for some of the species is based on our long-term ecological research in the area. Floristic Synopsis The present volume covers 661 taxa (642 species, 8 subspecies and 11 varieties) of seed plants (gymnosperms and angiosperms) belonging to 231 genera in 42 families. Of the total seed plants, 15 species (belonging to 9 genera in 4 families) are gymnosperms, and 646 taxa including 627 species, 8 subspecies and 11 varieties (belonging to 222 genera and 38 families) are angiosperms (Table 2 and 3). Pinaceae is the largest family of gymnosperms with 5 genera and 7 species, followed by Cupressaceae (2 genera and 4 species), Ephedraceae (1, 3) and Taxaceae (1, 1). The largest families of angiosperms included in this volume are Poaceae (with 78 genera and 189 specific and infraspecific taxa), Orchidaceae (40, 89), Cyperaceae (9, 89) and Ranunculaceae (16, 80). The other angiosperm families included in this volume with 10 or more species and subordinate taxa are Papaveraceae (31), Asparagaceae (18), Juncaceae (18), Araceae (16), Berberidaceae (14), Lauraceae (11), Liliaceae (11), and Commelinaceae (10). The largest genus covered in this book is Carex (50 taxa of specific and infraspecific categories). The other angiosperm genera consisting of 10 or more species and subordinate taxa are Corydalis (20), Cyperus (19), Poa (18), Juncus (16), Ranunculus (16), Thalictrum (14), Berberis (12), Delphinium (11), Setaria (11), Arisaema (10), Clematis (10) and Herminium (10). The 646 specific and infraspecific taxa under 38 angiosperm families, in average, represent 11– 100% (mean 42%) of the total taxa recorded within the same families from Nepal. The highly represented families covering 60–100% of the Nepalese species are Acoraceae, Amaryllidaceae, Colchicaceae, Dioscoreaceae, Juncaginaceae, Lardizabalaceae, and Saururaceae; and the families with 40–60% representation of the Nepalese species are Asparagaceae, Berberidaceae, Commelinaceae, Cyperaceae, Liliaceae, Poaceae, Ranunculaceae and Schisandraceae (Table 3). xxxvii Table 2. Families of gymnosperms with number of genera and species in the KSL Flora, which are presented in this volume. Families are arranged according to Christenhusz et al. (2011). Subclasses Order Family %‡ Number of Genera Species Gnetidae Ephedrales Ephedraceae 1 3 75 Pinidae Pinales Pinaceae 5 7 70 Cupressaceae 2 4 57 Taxaceae 1 1 33 Total 9 15 ‡ % of total species reported from Nepal (calculated based on the number of taxa in each family as per Rajbhandari et al. 2020). Table 3. Families of angiosperms with number of genera, species, and infraspecific taxa in the KSL Flora, which are presented in this volume. Families are arranged according to APG IV (2016). Clade Order Basal Angiosperms Austrobaileyales Magnoliids Piperales Magnoliales Laurales Monocots Schisandraceae %‡ Number of Genera Species Subsp. & var.† 1 2 - 50 Saururaceae 1 1 - 100 Piperaceae 1 3 - 33 Aristolochiaceae 1 1 - 20 Magnoliaceae 1 1 - 13 Annonaceae 1 1 - 11 Lauraceae 6 11 - 23 Acorales Acoraceae 1 1 - 100 Alismatales Araceae 5 16 - 38 Alismataceae 1 1 - 25 Juncaginaceae 1 2 - 100 Dioscoreales Liliales Asparagales xxxviii Family Potamogetonaceae 1 4 - 36 Nartheciaceae 1 1 - 25 Dioscoreaceae 1 9 - 82 Melanthiaceae 2 2 - 33 Colchicaceae 3 3 - 75 Smilacaceae 1 4 - 24 Liliaceae 8 10 1 50 Orchidaceae 40 86 3 23 Hypoxidaceae 1 1 - 20 Iridaceae 1 2 - 33 Amaryllidaceae 3 9 - 69 Clade Eudicots Order Family Genera Species Subsp. & var.† Asparagaceae 8 18 - 56 Arecales Arecaceae 1 1 11 Commelinales Commelinaceae 4 10 - 43 Pontederiaceae 1 1 - 33 Zingiberales Zingiberaceae 4 7 - 19 Poales Eriocaulaceae 1 2 - 15 Juncaceae 2 17 1 37 Ranunculales Cyperaceae 9 84 5 40 Poaceae 78 187 2 45 Papaveraceae 6 29 2 35 Lardizabalaceae 1 2 - 67 Menispermaceae 3 5 - 36 Berberidaceae 3 12 2 56 Ranunculaceae 16 78 2 47 Proteales Sabiaceae 1 1 - 11 Buxales Buxaceae 2 3 - 50 222 627 19 Total † %‡ Number of ‡ subsp. = subspecies; var.= variety. representation (%) of the total taxa (specific and infraspecific) recorded from Nepal [calculated based on the number of specific and infraspecific taxa in each family as per Rajbhandari and Rai (2017), except for Buxaceae which follows Shrestha et al. (2018)]. Table 4. Largest genera of angiosperms included in this volume. Genera Family Number of Species Subsp. & var.† Carex Cyperaceae 45 5 Corydalis Papaveraceae 20 - Cyperus Cyperaceae 19 - Poa Poaceae 17 1 Juncus Juncaceae 15 1 Ranunculus Ranunculaceae 14 2 Thalictrum Ranunculaceae 14 - Delphinium Ranunculaceae 11 - Setaria Poaceae 11 - Berberis Berberidaceae 10 2 Arisaema Araceae 10 - Clematis Ranunculaceae 10 - Herminium Orchidaceae 10 - xxxix Genera Family Number of Species Subsp. & var.† Dioscorea Dioscoreaceae 9 - Elymus Poaceae 9 - Habenaria Orchidaceae 8 1 Aconitum Ranunculaceae 7 - Allium Amaryllidaceae 7 - Anemonastrum Ranunculaceae 7 - Calamagrostis Poaceae 7 - Festuca Poaceae 7 - Calanthe Orchidaceae 6 - Digitaria Poaceae 6 - Fimbristylis Cyperaceae 6 - Meconopsis Papaveraceae 5 1 Agrostis Poaceae 5 - Bromus Poaceae 5 - Cymbopogon Poaceae 5 - Dendrobium Orchidaceae 5 - Eleocharis Cyperaceae 5 - Eragrostis Poaceae 5 - Polygonatum Asparagaceae 5 - † subsp. = subspecies; var.= variety. Endemics covered in this volume are defined as taxa whose distribution is restricted within the political boundary of Nepal. Out of 42 such taxa (including 40 species and 2 infraspecific endemics) recorded from the area within KSL and its immediate vicinity in Nepal, 19 are included in the present volume (Table 5). Three endemics included in this volume have wide distribution range covering west, central and east Nepal (further one species has been recorded from west and east but not from central Nepal); seven have distribution range within west and central Nepal; and eight are restricted to west Nepal, of which, Calanthe himalaicum, Delphinium williamsii, Meconopsis simikotensis and Ranunculus himalaicus are found only in KSL area or its immediate vicinity in Nepal. In addition, Draba poluniniana, Galium saipalense, Lagotis nepalensis, Millettia nepalensis, Pimpinella kawalekhensis, Saussurea ramchaudharyi, S. talungensis, Scrophularia laportifolia and Vicatia nepalensis are other endemics restricted to KSL area (these will be covered in the next volume). A total of 113 species included in this volume have already been assessed for the global IUCN Red List; of which 9 species are listed as threatened (4 as endangered, and 5 as vulnerable), 2 as near threatened (Table 6), 3 as data deficient, and the remaining 99 species are included in least concern category. In addition, 7 species included in this book are in the national CAMP report and 7 species are evaluated as locally threatened (Table 6). xl Table 5. Endemic species and infraspecific taxa in KSL Nepal included in this volume. Species Family Distribution in Nepal Distribution in KSL and surrounding area in Nepal Elevation range in Nepal Achnatherum staintonii Poaceae W&C Humla, 3500 m 2600–4200 m Aconitum poluninii Ranunculaceae W&E Darchula and Mugu, 3800–3900 m 2600–3900 m Berberis karnaliensis Berberidaceae W Darchula, Humla and Mugu, 1800– 3600 m 1800–3600 m Berberis mucrifolia Berberidaceae W&C Bajhang and Humla, 2300–3000 m 2000–4500 m Calanthe himalaicum Orchidaceae W Doti, 2200 m 2200 m Carex esbirajbhandarii Cyperaceae W, C & E Darchula, 4100 m 3900–4700 m Corydalis calycina Papaveraceae W&C Bajhang and Humla, 2800–3950 m 2800–5500 m Corydalis stipulata Papaveraceae W&C Bajhang , 2500–3200 m 2500–4000 m Corydalis terracina Papaveraceae W&C Bajhang, ca. 2380 m 1300–2700 m Corydalis uncinata Papaveraceae W Humla, 4300–4500 m 3500–5500 m Delphinium himalayae Ranunculaceae W, C & E Bajhang, Bajura, Darchula, Humla and Mugu; 2100–4600 m 2000–4600 m Delphinium williamsii Ranunculaceae W Bajhang, 1500–2000 m 1500–2600 m Elymus nepalensis Poaceae W, C & E Bajhang and Darchula, 2000–3350 m 1500–4000 m Habenaria plantaginea var. nepalensis Orchidaceae W&C Doti, 1000 m 300–1000 m Meconopsis chankheliensis Papaveraceae W Bajhang, Humla and Mugu, 3100– 3700 m 3100–4600 m Meconopsis grandis subsp. jumlaensis Papaveraceae W Mugu, 3500–3600 m 3300–4400 m Meconopsis simikotensis Papaveraceae W Humla, 3300–4000 m 3300–4000 m Meconopsis staintonii Papaveraceae W&C Bajhang, 4100 m 2500–4300 m Ranunculus himalaicus Ranunculaceae W Bajhang and Humla, 4300–5650 m 4300–5650 m xli Table 6. Threatened species in KSL Nepal included in this volume. Species Family Conservation status* Elevation range (m) in IUCN CAMP Local Nepal KSL Nepal Abies pindrow Pinaceae LC - NT 2100–3700 2300–3500 Abies spectabilis Pinaceae NT - NT 2100–4400 2500–4100 Aconitum spicatum Ranunculaceae - VU NT 1800–4400 2600–4100 Aconitum violaceum Ranunculaceae VU - DD 3900–4500 3900–4400 Allium prattii Amaryllidaceae - - NT 2400–4600 2900–4600 Allium stracheyi Amaryllidaceae - - NT 2300–4000 2300–3700 Allium wallichii Amaryllidaceae - - NT 2100–4800 3000–4300 Brachycorythis obcordata Orchidaceae - - VU 600–2600 900–2200 Corydalis cashmeriana Papaveraceae - - NT 2400–5500 2950–4200 Cinnamomum tamala Lauraceae LC - NT 400–2550 700–1600 Cypripedium cordigerum Orchidaceae VU - DD 2100–4000 2900–3800 Cypripedium elegans Orchidaceae EN - DD 3200–4200 3500–3600 Cypripedium himalaicum Orchidaceae EN - DD 2800–4900 3300–4100 Dactylorhiza hatagirea Orchidaceae - EN EN 2800–4600 2900–4100 Delphinium brunonianum Ranunculaceae - - NT 3500–6000 3800–5300 Delphinium himalayae Ranunculaceae - VU NT 2000–4600 2100–4600 Dioscorea deltoidea Dioscoreaceae - EN NT 200–3900 1800–2900 Dioscorea hamiltonii Dioscoreaceae NT - DD 200–2400 1100–1300 Ephedra gerardiana Ephedraceae VU - NT 1060–5400 1060–4800 Fritillaria cirrhosa Liliaceae - VU VU 3000–4800 3000–4500 Goodyera biflora Orchidaceae - - NT 1900–2200 2150–2200 Habenaria intermedia Orchidaceae - - NT 900–3300 2000–2900 1400–2500 Habenaria pectinata Orchidaceae - - NT 500–3500 Juniperus indica Cupressaceae LC - NT 2600–5100 2600–4900 Lilium nanum Liliaceae - - NT 3400–4800 3400–4500 Machilus odoratissima Lauraceae - - VU 300–2400 500–2400 Malaxis muscifera Orchidaceae VU - DD 2000–4300 2800–3900 Paris polyphylla Melanthiaceae VU VU EN 1300–3600 1700–3300 Picea smithiana Pinaceae - - NT 2000–3600 2000–3500 Pinus roxburghii Pinaceae - - NT 500–2700 900–2100 Pinus wallichiana Pinaceae - - NT 1500–4300 1700–4000 Podophyllum hexandrum Berberidaceae - VU DD 2300–4600 2800–4000 Polygonatum cirrhifolium Asparagaceae - - NT 1200–4600 1200–3200 Polygonatum verticillatum Asparagaceae - - NT 2100–4800 2400–3500 Taxus contorta Taxaceae EN - EN 1700–3700 2000–3700 Trillium govanianum Melanthiaceae EN - CR 2700–4300 3100–3500 Tsuga dumosa Pinaceae LC - NT 1800–3600 2100–3200 *CR – Critically Endangered; DD – Data Deficient; EN – Endangered; LC – Least Concern; NT – Near Threatened; VU – Vulnerable xlii Checklist xliii xliv GYMNOSPERMS EPHEDRACEAE Ephedra L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1040 (1753). Ephedra gerardiana Wall. ex Klotzsch & Garcke, Bot. Ergebn. Reise Waldemar: 32 (1862). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 24 (1978). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 36 (2018). Pl. 1. Lek-ānkhle, Kāgchāro (n]s–cf“Vn], sfurf/f]). NEP: Somlatā (;f]dntf). Gerard jointfir. HIN/SAN: Somlatā (;f]dntf). TIB: tsedum (མཚ་ མ་). NEP-L: ENG: Dwarf tufted shrublets, 10–40 cm; branchlets rigid, directed upward; mycropylar tube straight. Habitat: Stony slopes, open stony places, rock ourcrops, morraine ridges, among scrub. Distribution: N Asia (SW Siberia), Afghanistan to E Himalaya, Tibetan Plateau, N China. NEPAL: W, C & E; (1060–)2400–5400 m. KSL: Bajhang, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal; 1060–4800 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Saipal, 1060 m (JF Dobremez 2283, 16 May 1973; KATH!); Naya Odar, 3220 m (PR Shakya, MK Adhikari & MN Subedi 8373, 28 Jul 1984; KATH!). DARCHULA: Nampha Valley, 3800 m (KR Rajbhandari & KJ Malla 5848, 9 Sep 1980; KATH!); upper Chameliya, Thadyul, 4100 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Lo, C Thapa & MR Paudeyal ANCA-755, 22 Oct 2014; TUCH!). HUMLA: Talung, 4300–4800 m (SK Ghimire, A Paudel, L Joshi, S Lama, P Subedi & C Thapa CHH-1589, 12 Sept 2012; TUCH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Western Himalaya, Province Kamaon, Environs of Milum, chief place of the district Johár, 3414–3688 m (Schlagintweit s.n., 6–25 Jun 1855; US 02060739! image). Local abund.: Occasional to frequent at higher elevations, rare at lower elevations. Ethnobt. use: Rootstocks are used to treat fever and headache. Plant is toxic, needs detoxification before human use. The plant also serves as forage for goats and sheep. Consv. status: GLB., Vulnerable A2d (Roland 2020). LOC., Near Threatened. Threat is due to overharvesting, overgrazing, and habitat degradation and loss. Roland (2020) estimates a population decline of 30–50% over three generations (15 years) across its whole distribution range, but an average decline of c. 61% has been estimated over three generations for the NW Himalaya, including Hindu Kush Range. Ephedra pachyclada Boiss., Fl. Orient. 5: 713 (1884). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 24 (1978). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 37 (2018). Tufted undershrubs or shrubs, 10–60 cm, with rigid branchlets; mycropylar tube twisted. Habitat: Dry slopes, stony areas, cliffs, sandy places, gravelly ridges, woodlands. Distribution: Arabian Peninsula to Afghanistan, W Pakistan, W & C Himalaya. NEPAL: W & C; (1100–)2000–4100(–5000) m. KSL: Known from neighboring Bajura; 1120 m. Likely also to be present in Bajhang in KSL Nepal. Representative specimen. BAJURA: Berma–Kolti, 1120 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9192269, 10 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB 2013–2020. Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Bell & Bachman 2011). LOC., Data Deficient. 1 Ephedra saxatilis (Stapf) Royle ex Florin, Kongl. Svenska Vetensk. Acad. Handl., ser. 3, 12(1): 25 (1933). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 37 (2018). Ephedra gerardiana var. saxatilis Stapf, Denkschr. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss., Wien. Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 56(2): 76 (1889). Tufted shrubs to 60 cm or more; branchlets clustered, radially arranged; mycropylar tube straight. Habitat: Open slopes, dry stony slopes. Distribution: W & C Himalaya (NW India, Nepal), Tibetan Plateau, SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 2300–5200 m. KSL: Known from KSL India (Pithoragarh and neighboring Almora District, Uttarakhand); and KSL China (Pulan Xian, SW Xizang). It is likely also to be present in upper Mahakali in Darchula and Limi Valley in Humla, Nepal. Representative specimens. UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Palang Garh, Byans, 3048–3353m (JF Duthie 5980, 19 Jul 1886; K000459414); Almora, Dhauliganga Valley, 3210 m (RN Parker 2100, 19 Jul 1923; K000459416). XIZANG (CHINA): Pulan Xian (Qinghai-Tibet team vegetation group 6657563; PE) fide Kong & Yang (2019). PINACEAE Abies Mill., Gard. Dict. Abr. (ed. 4) vol. 1 (1754). Abies pindrow (Royle ex D. Don) Royle, Ill. Bot. Himal. Mts.: 350, t. 86 (1836). Franco in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 25 (1978). Farjon, Handbk. World Conifers 1: 113, 114 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 37 (2018). Pl. 1. Pinus pindrow Royle ex D. Don, London Edinburgh Philos. Mag. & J. Sci. 8: 255 (1836); Abies webbiana (Wall. ex D. Don) Lindl. var. pindrow (Royle ex D. Don) Brandis; Picea pindrow (Royle ex D. Don) Loudon Gobre, Kānpar (uf]a,|] sf“k/). NEP: Gobre sallā, Gobre sallo (uf]a|] ;Nnf, uf]a|] ;Nnf]). Pindrow fir, West Himalayan fir. HIN-L: Morindā, Pindrau, Rāghā, Raisallā, Tosh (df]l/08f, lkG8«f,} /f3f, /};Nnf, tf]z). Evergreen trees up to 50 m tall, with narrow conical crown and spreading branches; branchlets stout, light brown to grey, slightly ridged and grooved, glabrous; leaves linear, 2.5–10 cm long, flattened, notched at apex; pollen cones lateral, crowded, pendulous; seed cones lateral, erect, cylindrical. Habitat: Mixed broad-leaved and coniferous forests on steep shady slopes and on ridges. Distribution: NE Afghanistan, Karakoram (Pakistan), W & C Himalaya (Kashmir to Nepal). NEPAL: W; 2100–3700 m. KSL: Bajhang, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura, Doti and Mugu; 2300–3500 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Dhuli, 2500 m (JF Dobremez 2206, 14 May 1973; E00952383! image); NEP-L: ENG: Ghoda daune–Lokhada, 2866 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20912028, 3 Jul 2009; E00509729! image); between Dhalun & Kakarkot, below Deurali, 2900–2200 m (HN Qin, P Bhandari, TR Pandey, BR Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0578, 16 Sept 2017; KATH!, PE). BAJURA: Porakya, 2600 m (KR Rajbhandari 14802, 12 Aug 1991; KATH!). DOTI: Khaptad National Park, on trail from Bichpani to Ghoda daune, 3075 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20915030, 2 Jul 2009; E00623926! image). HUMLA: Changkheli – Rimi, 2500 m (KR Rajbhandari & B Roy 3972, 26 Jul 1979; KATH); below Saathapla, 2900 m (CA Pendry, S Baral, S Noshiro, PP Kurmi, B Dell & B Adhikari B120, 13 Jun 2008; E00397301! image); Salli-Chungsa, 3000 m (SK Ghimire, A Paudel, L Joshi, S Lama, P Subedi & C 2 Thapa CHH-1786, 14 Sept 2012; TUCH!). MUGU: Khatyar Khola, 2650 m (KR Rajbhandari & B Roy 3763, 22 Jul 1979; KATH!). Local abund.: Occasional to frequent. Ethnobt. use: Plant provides fuel and timber. Trunk is used as a prayer-flag pole. Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Xiang et al. 2013). LOC., Near Threatened. Threat is due to habitat degradation and loss, and illegal logging for local use as fuel and timber, as well as for sale across the northern border. Abies spectabilis (D. Don) Mirb., Mém. Mus. Hist. Nat. 13: 70 (1825). Franco in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 25 (1978). Farjon, Handbk. World Conifers 1: 124 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 37 (2018). Pl. 1. Pinus spectabilis D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 2: 55 (1825); Abies spectabilis var. langtangensis Silba; Abies webbiana (Wall. ex D. Don) Lindl.; Pinus webbiana Wall. ex D. Don Gobre, Human (uf]a,|] x'dg). NEP: Tālîshpatra, Gobre sallā/sallo (tfnL;kq, uf]a|] ;Nnf/;Nnf]). Himalayan silver fir, East Himalayan fir, Webb fir. HIN-L/HIN: Morindā, Rāghā, Raisallā, Tālîspatra, Tālîspatrî (df]l/08f, /f3f, /};Nnf, tfnL;kq, tfnL;kqL). SAN: Tālîsam, Tālîsapatram (tfnL;+, tfln;kq+). TIB: thangnak, thangshing (ཐང་ནག་, ཐང་ཤིང་). NEP-L: ENG: Evergreen trees, up to 50 m tall, with broadly conical crown and horizontally spreading branches; branchlets slender, brown, prominently ridged and grooved, pubescent in the grooves with brown hairs; leaves linear, 2–6 cm long, flattened, margins slightly recurved, apex emarginate or bifid; pollen cones lateral, crowded, pendulous; seed cones lateral, erect, broad cylindrical. Habitat: Occurs forming pure or mixed stands on cool moist river valleys, mostly on shady slopes, rivesrsides, well-drained ridges and in treeline. Distribution: N Afghanistan, Karakoram, Himalaya (N India, Nepal), Tibetan Plateau. NEPAL: W, C & E; (1520–)2100–4400 m. KSL: Bajhang, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Achham, Bajura, Doti and Mugu; 2500–4100 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Khaptad, 2730 m (TB Shrestha 4064, 2 May 1965; KATH!); Ghodadaune – Lokhada, 2949 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20912027, 3 Jul 2009; E00509728! image, KATH!); east peak from Deurali, near Dhalun, 2500–3200 m (HN Qin, P Bhandari, TR Pandey, BR Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0482, 15 Sept 2017; KATH!, PE); Naya Odar, 3240 m (PR Shakya, MK Adhikari & MN Subedi 8262; KATH!). BAJURA & BAJHANG: Pategaon – Ghodi Lekh Deurali – Badigaon, 3110 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9194201, 16 Aug 1991; KATH!). DARCHULA: Upper Chameliya, above Domul, 2850 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Lo, C Thapa & MR Paudeyal ANCA-686, 18 Oct 2014; TUCH!). DOTI: Khaptad National Park, trail from Jhingrana to Bichpani, 3121 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20917013, 1 Jul 2009; E00623927! image, KATH!). HUMLA: SalliChungsa, 3000 m, 14 Sept 2012 (SK Ghimire, A Paudel, L Joshi, S Lama, P Subedi & C Thapa CHH-1787; TUCH!); Marghor – Durpa, 3100 m (KR Rajbhandari & B Roy 4130, 29 Jul 1979; KATH!); above Phwaso, Changla Khola, Dozam, 3700–4100 m (SK Ghimire, RP Chaudhary & team P10908, 22 May 2010; TUCH!). MUGU: Chhiti – Baylung, 3700 m (PR Shakya & B Roy 5594, 10 Jun 1980; KATH!). Local abund.: Frequent to common. Ethnobt. use: Plant provides fuel for cooking and timber for construction and furniture. Trunk is also used as a prayer-flag pole. 3 Consv. status: GLB., Near Threatened (Zhang et al. 2011). LOC., Near Threatened. Major threat is illegal logging for local use as fuel and timber, as well as for sale across the northern border. Abies forests are particularly depleted in upper Humla Karnali. Cedrus Trew, Traité Arbr. Arbust. 1: 139 (1755). Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex D. Don) G. Don in Loudon, Hort. Brit.: 388 (1830). Franco in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 25 (1978). Farjon, Handbk. World Conifers 1: 263 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 38 (2018). Pl. 1. Pinus deodara Roxb. ex D. Don in Lambert, Descr. Pinus 2: 8 (1824); Abies deodara (Roxb. ex D. Don) Lindl.; Cedrus indica Chambray; Cedrus libani A. Rich. var. deodara (Lamb.) Hook. f.; Cedrus libani A. Rich. subsp. deodara (Lamb.) P. D. Sell; Larix deodara (Roxb. ex D. Don) K. Koch Devdār, Diyār (b]jbf/, lbof/). NEP: Devār, Devadār (b]jf/, b]jbf/). Himalayan cedar. HIN: Devadār, Devadāru (b]jbf/, b]jbf?). SAN: Devadāru, Kasthadāru, Kastha devadāru, Snigdhadāru (b]jbf?, sfi7bf?, sfi7 b]jbf?, l:gUwbf?). Large evergreen trees, 25–50 m, with pyramidal crown; branches spreading, drooping at ends; barks grayish, smooth, with vertical grooves; leaves linear, solitary or arranged in dense whorls. Habitat: Occurs in temperate zone under semi-humid to semi-arid conditions. Distribution: NE Afghanistan, NW Pakistan, W & C Himalaya (Kashmir to Nepal). NEPAL: W; 1800–3000 m. KSL: Baitadi and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Mugu; 2200–2650 m [Kumaon, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. HUMLA: Dharma Gaon, 2200 m (KR Rajbhandari & B Roy 4034, 27 Jul 1979; NEP-L: ENG: KATH!). MUGU: Jhyari, 2650 m (CA Pendry, S Baral, S Noshiro, S Rajbhandary, PP Kurmi, B Dell & B Adhikari JRS B76, 8 Jun 2008; E00397368! image). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon (R Blinkworth 6060; K001122920! image). Local abund.: Very rare. Ethnobt. use: Plant provides timber for construction. Cedar wood oil is used as an external application to treat skin diseases, and as an insecticide to treat lice and ticts of both humans and animals. Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Farjon A. 2013a). LOC., Data Deficient. Natural forests of Cedrus deodara are fragmented and very rare in Nepal; now mostly confined to southwest and northwest of Jumla and in the Bheri Valley between Tibrikot and Tarakot and north of Gurta (Miehe et al. 2015). It has suffered from logging since the 19th century. Commercial logging has resulted in the extinction of natural stands over large areas (Miehe et al. 2015). In many places of NW Nepal, it has been planted for timber, and some trees are still found at the sites of shrines or sacred/religious forests (Bishop 1978; Ghimire et al. 2008; Miehe et al. 2015). Picea A. Dietr., Fl. Berlin. 1(2): 794 (1824). Picea smithiana (Wall.) Boiss., Fl. Orient. 5: 700 (1884). Franco in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 26 (1978). Farjon, Handbk. World Conifers 2: 618 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 39 (2018). Pl. 1. Pinus smithiana Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 3: 24 (1832); Abies smithiana (Wall.) Lindl.; Picea khutrow (Royle ex Turra) Carrière; Picea morinda Link; Picea smithiana var. nepalensis Franco; Pinus khutrow Royle ex Turra; Pinus pendula Griff. DOZ: Jām (hfd). NEP-L: Jhule sallā, 4 Jhulo, Thingo (em'n] ;Nnf, em'nf], l7ª\uf]). NEP: Jhule sallā (em'n] ;Nnf). ENG: West Himalayan spruce. HIN-L: Kachal, Kathelā, Morindā, Rāghā, Rai, Riār, Sallā, Tosh (s5n, sy]nf, df]l/08f, /f3f, /}, l/of/, ;Nnf, tf]z). TIB: drönshing ( ནོ ་ཤིང་). Tall trees, 15–30 m tall, with greyish-brown bark and drooping branchlets. Habitat: Occurs forming mixed forests with fir, blue pine and cedar on shady slopes and riversides in humid and semi-arid valleys. Distribution: N Afghanistan, Himalaya (Pakistan to Nepal), Tibetan Plateau. NEPAL: W & C; 2000–3600 m. KSL: Bajhang and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura and Mugu; 2000–3500 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Lokhada, 2289 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20917038, 4 Jul 2009; E00623924! image, KATH!). BAJURA: Birseni – Porakya, 2000 m (KR Rajbhandari 14874, 12 Aug 1991; KATH!). HUMLA: Manal, above Dozam 2600–2700 m (SK Ghimire, RP Chaudhary & team P10501, 20 May 2010; TUCH!); SalliChungsa, 3000 m (SK Ghimire, A Paudel, L Joshi, S Lama, P Subedi & C Thapa CHH-1790, 14 Sept 2012; TUCH!). MUGU: Pina–Ghurchi, 2400 m (PR Shakya, MN Subedi & R Uprety 8791, 22 Aug 1985; KATH!). Local abund.: Rare to frequent. Ethnobt. use: Plant provides fuel and timber. Trunk is used as a prayer-flag pole. Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Farjon & Rushforth 2013). LOC., Near Threatened. It is threatened mainly due to habitat destruction, and direct felling of trees for timber, fuel, and prayerflag pole, leading to a population size reduction suspected to be about 20% over the last 10 years. Pinus L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1000 (1753). Pinus roxburghii Sarg., Silva N. Amer. 11: 9 (1897). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 26 (1978). Farjon, Handbk. World Conifers 2: 777 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 39 (2018). Pl. 1. Pinus longifolia Roxb. ex Lamb. Aule sallā, Khote sallā (cf}n] ;Nnf, vf]6] ;Nnf). ENG: Chir pine. HIN: Chîd, Chîr (rL8, rL/). SAN: Sarala (;/n). TIB: drönshing ( ན ོ ་ཤིང་). NEP-L/NEP: Tall trees up to 40 m tall, with soft flaky bark; leaves acicular, in clusters of 3. Habitat: Usually occurs forming pure stands on dry slopes in outer valleys and foothills. Distribution: Himalaya (Pakistan to Bhutan), India, Bangladesh, Tibetan Plateau. NEPAL: W, C & E; 500–2700 m. KSL: Baitadi, Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Dadeldhura and Doti; 900– 2100 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Trail from Bhanj to Khalanga Nadi, 1582 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20917080, 17 Jul 2009; KATH!). DADELDHURA: Dadeldhura, 1730 m (I Sharma, R Joshi, R Uprety & I Pandey 532, 15 Sept 1981; KATH!). DARCHULA: Between Makarigad & Thala, 1500 m (SK Ghimire, LR Joshi & B Awasthi P13016, 22 Oct 2013; TUCH!). Local abund.: Occasional to frequent. Ethnobt. use: Timber is used for construction and furniture. Plant resin is used to treat skin affections. Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Farjon 2013b). LOC., Near Threatened. Threat is due to habitat degradation, felling of trees for timber, and unsustainable resin extraction. 5 Pinus wallichiana A.B. Jacks., Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew. 1938: 85 (1938). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 26 (1978). Farjon, Handbk. World Conifers 2: 804 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 39 (2018). Pl. 1. Pinus excelsa Wall. ex D. Don; Pinus griffithii M'Clelland; Pinus nepalensis Chambray Thesing. NEP-L: Gobre sallā, Pāphe sallo (uf]a|] ;Nnf, kfkm] ;Nnf]). NEP: Ranî sallā (/fgL ;Nnf). Blue pine, Himalayan blue pine, Himalayan white pine. HIN: Biār, Chilla, Dhurāsalā, Kail, (laof/, lrNnf, b'/f;nf, s}n). TIB: drönshing ( ནོ ་ཤིང་). DOZ: ENG: Pyramidal trees, up to 50 m tall, with grey, scaly bark; leaves acicular, in clusters of 5. Habitat: Forests, usually forming pure or mixed stands with Quercus, Rhododendron, Picea, Abies and Betula under subhumid to semi-arid conditions. Distribution: E Afghanistan, Himalaya (Pakistan to NE India), Tibetan Plateau, Myanmar, SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1500–4300 m. KSL: Baitadi, Bajhang, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura, Doti and Mugu; 1700–4000 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Badigaon – Talkot, 2200–1600 m (MS Bista & DP Joshi 573, 18 Aug 1972; KATH!); east peak from Deurali, near Dhalun, 2500–3200 m (HN Qin, P Bhandari, TR Pandey, BR Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0473, 15 Sept 2017; KATH!, PE). BAJURA: Birseni – Porakya, 2000 m (KR Rajbhandari 14875, 12 Aug 1991; KATH!). DARCHULA: Thin, 2300 m (KR Rajbhandari & KJ Malla 5644, 27 Aug 1980; KATH!). HUMLA: Salli-Chungsa, 3000 m (SK Ghimire, A Paudel, L Joshi, S Lama, P Subedi & C Thapa 1791, 14 Sept 2012; TUCH!); Phwaso, Dozam, 3500 m (SK Ghimire, RP Chaudhary & team P10826, 21 May 2010; TUCH!). MUGU: Rara, 2900 m (NP Manandhar & DP Joshi 8061, 10 Aug 1981; KATH!). Local abund.: Frequent to common. Ethnobt. use: Plant provides timber for construction and furniture. Resin is used to treat skin affections and stomach disorders. Trunk is used as a prayer-flag pole. Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Farjon 2013c). LOC., Near Threatened. Major threat is illegal felling of trees as timber for local construction and fuel, and sale across the borders. Tsuga (Endl.) Carrière, Traité Gén. Conif. 185 (1855). Tsuga dumosa (D. Don) Eichler in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 2(1): 80 (1887). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 26 (1978). Farjon, Handbk. World Conifers 2: 1048 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 40 (2018). Pl. 2. Pinus dumosa D. Don in Lamb., Descr. Pinus 2: 55 (1824); Abies brunoniana (Wall.) Lindl.; Abies dumosa (D. Don) Mirb.; Pinus brunoniana Wall.; Tsuga brunoniana (Wall.) Carrière; Tsuga dura Downie; Tsuga wardii Downie Thinge (l7ª\u)] . NEP: Thinge sallā, Thingre sallā (l7ª\u] ;Nnf, l7ª\u|] ;Nnf). Himalayan hemlock. Tall pyramidal trees, 8–40 m high, with longitudinally fissured bark and linear leaves. Habitat: In forests often with Quercus, Rhododendron and Abies on semi-humid and humid shady slopes. Distribution: Himalaya (N India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, Myanmar, SC China, N Vietnam. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1800–3600 m. KSL: Bajhang, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura and Doti; 2100–3200 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Khaptad National Park, 2924 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T NEP-L: ENG: Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20917026, 3 Jul 2009; E00395766! image, KATH!); Surma Sarovar Lekh, north of Chainpur, 3185 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, 6 T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20917052, 8 Jul 2009; E00509809! image, KATH!); Deurali, way to Kada from Dhalun, 2500–3200 m (HN Qin, P Bhandari, TR Pandey, BR Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0392, 15 Sept 2017; KATH!, PE). BAJURA: Pategaon – Ghodi Lehk Deorali – Badigaon, 2900 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9170651, 16 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB 2013–2020. DARCHULA: Palaa, 2250 m (KR Rajbhandari & KJ Malla 5692, 29 Aug 1980; KATH!). DOTI: On the trail between Ghoda daune and Lokhada, 3060 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20918017, 3 Jul 2009; E00625016! image, KATH!); Khaptad National Park, trail from Jhingrana to Bichpani, 3088 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20917014, 1 Jul 2009; E00395765! image). HUMLA: Changkheli – Rimi, 3000 m (KR Rajbhandari & B Roy 3983, 26 Jul 1979; KATH!). Local abund.: Occasional to frequent in Bajhang, rare to occasional in Darchula and Humla. Ethnobt. use: Timber is used for construction purposes, and in making household implements. Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Yang et al. 2013). LOC., Near Threatened. Threat is mainly due to small population size, habitat destruction, and direct felling of trees for timber. About 20% decline of population size has been suspected over the last 10 years. CUPRESSACEAE Cupressus L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1002 (1753). Cupressus torulosa D. Don in Lambert, Descr. Pinus. 2: 18 (1824). Franco in Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 27 (1978). Farjon, Handbk. World Conifers 1: 324 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 41 (2018). Cupressus doniana Hook. f.; Cupressus karnaliensis Silba; Cupressus karnaliensis var. mustangensis Silba; Cupressus karnaliensis subsp. mustangensis (Silba) Silba; Cupressus lusitanica Mill. subsp. torulosa (D. Don) Silba; Cupressus nepalensis Loudon; Cupressus pakistanensis Silba; Cupressus torulosa subsp. karnaliensis (Silba) Silba Ãggar, Dhūpî, Raisallā (cfUu/, w"kL, /};Nnf). NEP: Dhūpî, Rājsallo (w"kL, /fh;Nnf]). Himalayan cypress. TIB: gyashuk ( ་ ག་). NEP-L: ENG: Evergreen trees, to 40 m tall; branches spreading, branchlets pendulous; leaves scale-like, appressed. Habitat: Forests under semi-arid to subarid conditions, mostly on S-facing slopes in dry valleys. Distribution: Himalaya (Pakistan to Nepal), Tibetan Plateau. NEPAL: W & C; 1800–3300 m. KSL: Bajhang, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Mugu; 1400–2700 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Launi, 2450 m (JF Dobremez DBR NEP 2090, 6 May 1973; E00792293! image); Kalaune – Laune, 2621 m (TB Shrestha 4097, 10 May 1965; Cupressus karnaliensis US 01310423! image). DARCHULA: Sunchera, 1800 m (KR Rajbhandari & KJ Malla 5575, 25 Aug 1980; KATH); near Sithi, 2300 m (SK Ghimire, LR Joshi & B Awasthi P13085, 23 Oct 2013; TUCH!). HUMLA: Kharpu – Dozam, 2550 m (O Polunin, WR Sykes & LHJ Williams 4184; BM) fide Rajbhandari et al. (2020). MUGU: W of Mangri, 2300 m (S Miehe 99-02201; K000075098) fide RBGK (2020-21). Local abund.: Rare. Ethnobt. use: Leaves are used in folk medicine to treat swellings and skin warts. Timber is used for building and construction. Leaves and twigs are occasionaly burned as incense. The whole plant is considered as sacred and planted around temples. In Humla (Thehe and Chhipra), wood is valued during marriage and funeral rites, and fire offerings. 7 Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Qin et al. 2013). LOC., Data Deficient. In KSL area of Nepal, natural stands of Cupressus torulosa seldom occur. Sporadic trees are found only in the sacred areas or at the sites of shrines. In Nepal, cypress forests have suffered from extensive logging and burning in the past (Stainton 1970). It has been regarded as vulnerable by Miehe et al. (2015). Juniperus L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1038 (1753). Juniperus indica Bertol., Misc. Bot. 23: 16, t. 1 (1862). Lewis in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 27 (1978). Farjon, Handbk. World Conifers 1: 436 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 42 (2018). Pl. 2. Juniperus wallichiana Hook. f. & Thomson ex Brandis; Sabina indica (Bertol.) L.K. Fu & Y.F. Yu; Sabina wallichiana (Hook. f. & Thomson ex Brandis) W.C. Cheng & L.K. Fu Pāmā, Shyukpā (kfdf, :o'Skf). NEP-L: Pāmā‐dhūp, Pāmo (kfdf–w"k, kfdF]). NEP: Dhūpî (w"kL). ENG: Black juniper, Wallich's juniper. TIB: lhashuk ( ་ ག་). DOZ/LIM: Shrubs or small trees, dioecious; ultimate branchlets dense, spreading or erect; leaves on lower branches (or on young plants) needle-like, spreading; those on mature plants or on upper branches scale-like, adpressed, decussate, sometimes 3-whorled, imbricate, decurrent; pollen and seed cones terminal on short branchlets; seed cones blue-black or brownish black when ripe, subglobose or ovoid, 1-seeded. Habitat: Temperate coniferous forests, woodlands of treeline, scattered vegetation on steep dry slopes in alpine belt, meadows, bare moraines and scree slopes. Distribution: Himalaya (Kashmir to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 2600–5100 m. KSL: Bajhang, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Mugu; 2600–4900 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: North of Dhuli, 3962 m (TB Shrestha 4154, Jun 1965; US02072828! image); DARCHULA: Upper Chameliya, Dhauleodar, 3400 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Lo, C Thapa & MR Paudeyal 688, 18 Oct 2014; TUCH!); upper Chameliya, Thadeyul, 4100 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Lo, C Thapa & MR Paudeyal 757, 22 Oct 2014; TUCH!). HUMLA: Above Phwaso, Changla Khola 3650 m (SK Ghimire, RP Chaudhary & team P10900, 22 May 2010; TUCH!); Dozam Khola, near Simikot, 3658 m (O Polunin, WR Sykes & LHJ Williams 4242, 31 May 1952; L.1185961! image); Chungsa, Dharmasala, 4300 m (SK Ghimire, A Paudel, L Joshi, S Lama, P Subedi & C Thapa CHH-1048, 1 Sept 2012; TUCH!); Chungsa, Khyunkar La, 4540 m (SK Ghimire, A Paudel, L Joshi, S Lama, P Subedi & C Thapa CHH-1273, 9 Sept 2012; TUCH!). MUGU: Darke Gad, 2600 m (PR Shakya, MN Subedi & R Uprety 8965, 12 Aug 1989; KATH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Chahlek, Byans, 3505 m (JF Duthie [interpreted] s.n., 23 Jul 1886; E00234825! image). Local abund.: Frequent in Humla, rare to frequent in Bajhang and Darchula. Ethnobt. use: Stems and branches are used as fuel. Leaves and leafy twigs are burned as incense, and also used as an offering to the local dieties. Leaves, young twigs and fruits are used to treat fever, headache, swellings, allergies, and other skin affections, such as warts. In Dozam area of Humla, wood is valued for carving a big churn (locally 'twadam') for keeping curd, in which curd is stirred vigorously to produce butter; and a small vessel locally known as 'pari' used for milking. Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Farjon 2013d). LOC., Near Threatened. It is locally threatened mainly due to habitat destruction, and overharvesting for local use as fuel and insence. 8 Juniperus semiglobosa Regel, Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 6(2): 487 (1879). Farjon, Handbk. World Conifers 1: 477 (2017). Juniperus excelsa Wall. (1832), nom. nud., non M.-Bieb (1800); Juniperus jarkendensis Kom.; Juniperus tianschanica Sumnev.; Sabina semiglobosa (Regel) L.K. Fu & Y.F. Yu Dhūpî (w"kL). ENG: Pencil cedar, Himalayan pencil cedar, Himalayan pencil juniper. Shrubs or trees, dioecious or rarely monoecious; branches long, spreading and ascending; juvenile leaves needle-like, adult leaves scale-like, decussate on ultimate branchlets, closely appressed; seed cones sub-globose to triangular, 2–3-seeded. Habitat: Open slopes. Distribution: C Asia, Afghanistan, W & C Himalaya (Pakistan to Nepal), Tibetan Plateau, N China. NEPAL: W & C; 3600–4000 m. KSL: Humla in KSL Nepal; 2900 m. Representative specimen. HUMLA: Simikot, 2900 m (SB Malla 14254, 17 Jul 1968; KATH) fide Rajbhandari et NEP: al. (2020). Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Farjon 2013e). LOC., Data Deficient. Juniperus squamata Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don in Lamb., Descr. Gen. Pinus 2: 17 (1824). Lewis in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 28 (1978). Farjon, Handbk. World Conifers 1: 478 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 42 (2018). Pl. 2. Juniperus recurva var. squamata (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) Parl.; Sabina squamata (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) Antoine NEP: ENG: Dhūpî, Bhuin dhūpî (w"kL, e'O“ w"kL). Flaky juniper, Scaly-leaved Nepal juniper, Nepalese juniper. TIB: shuktser ( ག་ཚར་). Semiprostrate or spreading bushy shrubs, monoecious; leaves needle-like, in whorls of 3, decurrent, free part spreading or ascending; pollen and seed cones terminal on axillary dwarfed shoots; seed cones subglobose to ovoid, brown to purple-black when ripe, glabrous, 1-seeded. Habitat: Coniferous forests, mixed woodland, exposed slopes with dwarf shrubs or grasses and forbs. Distribution: N Afghanistan to E Himalaya, Tibetan Plateau, Myanmar, C & SE China. NEPAL: W, C & E; (2440–)2800–4500 m. KSL: Bajhang, Darchula, and Humla in KSL Nepal; (2440–)3300–4500 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Kalagad Valley, 2440 m (TB Shrestha 4103, Jun 1965; US 02072941! image); Surmasarovar, 3300 m (JF Dobremez 2079, 5 May 1973; E00726863! image); Ramkot, 3500 m (JF Dobremez 2196, 13 May 1973; E00726859! image); Surmasarovar, north of Chainpur, 3530 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20917057, 8 Jul 2009; E00623925! image, KATH!). DARCHULA: Upper Chameliya, between Lolu & Thadapani, 3700 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Lo, C Thapa & MR Paudeyal 743, 20 Oct 2014; TUCH!). HUMLA: Salli-Chungsa, near Dharmashala 4300 (SK Ghimire, A Paudel, L Joshi, S Lama, P Subedi & C Thapa 1058, 2 Sept 2012; TUCH!); Salli-Chungsa, above Dharmashala, 4350 m (SK Ghimire, A Paudel, L Joshi, S Lama, P Subedi & C Thapa 1085, 3 Sept 2012; TUCH!). Local abund.: Rare to occasional. Ethnobt. use: Plant provides fuel at high altitudes; leaves and twigs are burned as incense. Leaves and twigs are also used as medicine to treat swellings, and skin affections. Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Farjon 2013f). LOC., Data Deficient. 9 TAXACEAE Taxus L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1040 (1753). Taxus contorta Griff., Itin. Pl. Khasyah Mts. 351, no. 116 (1848); Icon. Pl. Asiat.: t. 376. (1854). Farjon, Handbk. World Conifers 2: 1008 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 42 (2018). Pl. 2. Taxus fuana Nan Li & R.R. Mill; Taxus wallichiana Zucc. subsp. contorta (Griff.) Silba Sāngāshing (;fËfl;ª\). NEP-L: Launtho, Luinth (nf}“7f], n'O{+7). NEP: Lauth sallā (nf}7 ;Nnf). ENG: West Himalayan yew. HIN-L/HIN: Thuner, Thuno (y'g/] , y'gf]). TIB: sangshing (སང་ཤིང་). DOZ: Evergreen shrubs or trees, to 20 m tall, dioecious; branches forming a rounded or pyramidal crown; leaves linear, straight, arranged in a V-formation. Habitat: Mixed broadleaved and coniferous forests along streams, secondary vegetation. Distribution: N Afghanistan, W & C Himalaya (Pakistan to Nepal), Tibetan Plateau. NEPAL: W & C; 1700–3700 m. KSL: Baitadi, Bajhang, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Achham, Bajura, Doti and Mugu; 2000–3700 m. Representative specimens. ACHHAM: Ramaroshan, 2300 m (TR Pandey & ML Pathak 201506019, 8 Jun 2015; KATH!). BAITADI: Shrivabhar, 2200–2300 m (HN Qin, P Bhandari, TR Pandey, BR Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0060, 10 Sept 2017; KATH!); Shribhawar, 2480 m (TR Pandey & GD Bhatt 20166036, 6 Jun 2016, KATH!). BAJHANG: Trail from Surma to Thalara 2333 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20915072, 10 Jul 2009; KATH!); Launi, 2450 m (JF Dobremez DBR NEP 2106, 7 May 1973; BM000900597! image, E00737118! image); near Dhalun, 2500–3200 m (HN Qin, P Bhandari, TR Pandey, BR Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0480, 15 Sept 2017; KATH!); Khaptad, 3730 m (K Itoh & SB Rajbhandari 1278, 9 Sept 1963; KATH!). BAJURA: Khaptad – Kande, 2600 m (KR Rajbhandari 15665, 28 Aug 1991; KATH!). DARCHULA: Near Sithi Village, way to Api Base Camp, 2200 m (SK Ghimire, LR Joshi & B Awasthi P13087A, 23 Oct 2013; TUCH!); Chheti, 2780 m (PR Shakya, MK Adhikari & MN Subedi 7979, 20 Jul 1984; KATH!); Domul, between Khayakot & Dhauliodar, 2970 m (SK Ghimire, LR Joshi & B Awasthi P13087B, 25 Oct 2013; TUCH!). DOTI: Khaptad National Park, 2600 m (KR Rajbhandari 15665, 28 Aug 1991; KATH!); Khaptad Daha, 3059 m (TR Pandey, GD Bhatt & MB Rokaya 177056, 9 Jul 2017; KATH!). HUMLA: Kallas, 2700 m (KR Rajbhandari & B Roy 4247, 1 Aug 1979; KATH!); Raniban, Simikot, 2990 m (TR Pandey & DR Kandel 2016902, 9 Sep 2016; KATH!); below Chankheli Lagna, 3150 m (CA Pendry, S Baral, S Noshiro, PP Kurmi, B Dell & B Adhikari JRS B111, 12 Jun 2008; E00397273! image); above Jabkung, Changla Khola, Dozam, 3200 m (SK Ghimire, RP Chaudhary & team P10661, 21 May 2010; TUCH!). Local abund.: Rare to occasional. Ethnobt. use: Plant provides timber for construction and furniture. In Dozam, Humla, wood is carved to prepare vessel for churning butter tea. Wood is also used to prepare wodden pestle known as 'mujul'. Bark is used as a substitute for tea. Bark extrat is used in dyeing wool. Consv. status: GLB., Endangered A2acd (Thomas 2011). LOC., Endangered A2acd. Global assessment by Thomas (2011) revealed decreasing population trend with a recent rangewide population decline of at least 50–80% due to overcollection for timber and fuelwood, and harvesting of plant for medicinal use and taxol production. In the Himalaya (NW India and Nepal), the population is estimated to have declined by 90% (Thomas 2011). KSL Nepal has important share of total global population of T. contorta. In KSL Nepal, the major threat is excessive felling of trees for timber. 10 ANGIOSPERMS SCHISANDRACEAE Schisandra Michx., Fl. Bor.-Amer. 2: 218 (1803). Schisandra grandiflora (Wall.) Hook. f. & Thomson in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 1(1): 44 (1872). Hara in Hara & Williams, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 26 (1979). Pendry in Watson et al., Fl. Nepal 3: 7 (2011). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 6 (2017). Pl. 2. Kadsura grandiflora Wall., Tent. Fl. Napal. 10: t. 14 (1824); Sphaerostema grandiflorum (Wall.) Blume Singate, Singate-laharā (l;“u6], l;“u6]–nx/f). Woody, deciduous climbers; male flowers with loosely arranged free stamens. Habitat: Forests, forest margins, thickets, landslide areas, riversides. Distribution: Himalaya (N India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, SC China, mainland SE Asia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1800–3400 m. KSL: Bajhang, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Doti and Mugu; 2100–3200 m [also in Almora, Uttarakhand, India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Talkot–Agara, 2180 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 1453, NEP: 22 Jul 1976; KATH!); Dhuli to Inuldar, 2575 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 1682, 26 Jul 1976, KATH!); Chimnya, way to Kalapani, NE of Dhalun, 2900–3200 m (HN Qin, P Bhandari, TR Pandey, BR Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0502, 16 Sept 2017; KATH!, PE). DARCHULA: Khar, Paripatal Community Forest, 2245 m (CK Subedi, J Gurung & M Pandey 50, 7 Jun 2015; TUCH!); Simar, way to Pilkanda, 2780 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA 1059, 19 Jul 2015; TUCH!). HUMLA: Gyaldorje, above Dozam, 2700 m (SK Ghimire, RP Chaudhary & team P10453, 20 May 2010; TUCH!); Melcham, 2730 m (PR Shakya, MN Subedi & R Uprety 8756, 20 Aug 1985; KATH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Madhari Pass, Kumaon, 2438 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom s.n., 1843; P00206985! image). Local abund.: Occasional to frequent. Ethnobt. use: Fruits are edible. Schisandra propinqua (Wall.) Baill., Hist. Pl. 1: 148 (1868). Hara in Hara & Williams, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 26 (1979). Pendry in Watson et al., Fl. Nepal 3: 8 (2011). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 6 (2017). Kadsura propinqua Wall., Tent. Fl. Napal.: 11, t. 15 (1824); Sphaerostema propinquum (Wall.) Blume Pahenlo singate, Singate-laharā (kx]“nf] l;“u6], l;“u6]–nx/f). Woody, deciduous climbers; male flowers with fused stamens. Habitat: Forests, streamsides, degraded land around cultivated area. Distribution: Himalaya (N India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, C & SE China, mainland SE Asia to Indonesia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1200–2400 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal [Bageshwar and neighboring Almora, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Trail from Lokhada to Tameil, 2151 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, NEP: T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20911063, 4 Jul 2009; KATH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Shai Devi, Kumaon, 1219 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 2, Wallich Cat. 4986; isolectotype of Kadsura propinqua BM000548355! image). 11 SAURURACEAE Houttuynia Thunb., Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. Nya Handl. 4: 149 (1783). Houttuynia cordata Thunb., Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. Nya Handl. 4: 149 (1783). Hara in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 3: 182 (1982). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 7 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 47 (2018). Gane (ug]). Chameleon, Fish mint. Perennial aromatic herbs; rhizomes creeping; stems 20–30 cm, fleshy, with erect apical part. Habitat: Forests, wet meadows, damp grassy places, streamsides. Distribution: Himalaya (N India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, S China to Japan, mainland SE Asia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1300–2500 m. KSL: Known from neighboring Bajura, Nepal; and from Uttarakhand, India; 900–1900 m. It is likely also to be present in KSL area of Far West Nepal. Representative specimens. BAJURA: Serigaon – Bashala, 1690–1760 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M NEP: ENG: Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9160615, 14 Aug 1991; TI); Porakya – Serigaon, 1900 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9193238, 13 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB 2013–2020. UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): NW Himalaya, Jaunsar, 915–1220 m (JF Duthie 19849, 30 May 1897; W 0039770! image). PIPERACEAE Peperomia Ruiz & Pavon, Fl. Peruv. Prodr. 8: 8 (1794). Peperomia heyneana Miq., Syst. Piperac.: 123 (1843). Tebbs in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 3: 181 (1982). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 7 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 47 (2018). Peperomia duclouxii C. DC. Fleshy annual herbs, stoloniferous, forming clumps. Habitat: On tree trunk or on moss-covered rocks in broad-leaved forests. Distribution: Tropical region in S Asia, Himalaya (Nepal to Bhutan), China, mainland SE Asia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 850–2600 m. KSL: Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal; 1300–2100 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Near Agara, 2000–2100 m (HN Qin, P Bhandari, TR Pandey, BR Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0265, 13 Sept 2017; KATH!, PE). DARCHULA: On the way to Makarigad, above Okhal, 1350 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, A Paudel, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1702, 14 Jul 2016; TUCH!). Local abund.: Rare to occasional. Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth in F.W.H. von Humboldt et al., Nov. Gen. Pl. 1: 64 (1816). Tebbs in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 3: 181 (1982). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 7 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 48 (2018). Piper pellucidum L., Sp. Pl. 1: 30 (1753). NEP: ENG: 12 Latpate (nt\kt]). Shining bush, Shiny bush, Silver bush. Fleshy annual herbs, with erect or ascending stems to 30 cm. Habitat: On tree trunk or on wet places in forests, rock crevices, cliff bases, fields, walls. Distribution: N & S America, Africa, SW Asia; naturalized in tropical and subtropical regions in Asia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 60–2000 m (naturalized). KSL: Baitadi in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Dadeldhura; 350–1500 m. Representative specimens. BAITADI: Baitadi, 1500 m (I Sharma, R Joshi, R Uprety & I Pandey 624; KATH!). DADELDHURA: Jogbuda, 360 m (I Sharma, R Joshi, R Uprety & I Pandey 337, 14 Sept 1981; KATH!). Peperomia tetraphylla (G. Forst.) Hook. & Arn., Bot. Beechey Voy.: 97 (1832). Tebbs in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 3: 181 (1982). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 8 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 48 (2018). Piper tetraphyllum G. Forst., Prodr. Fl. Ins. Austr. 5: 5 (1786); Piper reflexum L. f.; Piper saxatile Wall. ENG: Acorn peperomia, Four-leaf peperomia. Fleshy, stoloniferous herbs, usually epiphytic; stems tufted, branched, glabrous. Habitat: On wet rocks or tree trunks in forests, along streams. Distribution: Tropics and subtropics. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1000–2500 m. KSL: Bajhang, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura and Mugu; 1000–2300 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Talkot, between Seti bridge & camp site, 1500–2000 m (HN Qin, P Bhandari, TR Pandey, BR Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0128, 11 Sept 2017; KATH!, PE). DARCHULA: Below Simaar, 2300 m (SK Ghimire, S Thapa, B Awasthi, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA 1052B, 19 Jul 2015; TUCH!). HUMLA: Humla-Karnali, between Lipne & Chhare, 1900 m (CA Pendry, S Baral, S Noshiro, S Rajbhandari, PP Kurmi, B Del & B Adhikari JRS A154, 16 Jun 2008; KATH!). MUGU: Mugu Karnali, between Lumra & Changri, 2134 m (O Polunin, WR Sykes & LHJ Williams 5234, 15 Aug 1952; A 01978278! image). Local abund.: Occasional to frequent in Bajhang and Darchula. ARISTOLOCHIACEAE Aristolochia L., Sp. Pl. 2: 960 (1753). Aristolochia punjabensis Lace, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1911: 273 (1911). Pl. 3. Isotrema punjabense (Lace) X.X.Zhu, S.Liao & J.S.Ma Bhāngkhopade, Bhainsî-laharā (efª\vf]k8], e}“;L–nx/f). Climbing shrubs; stem first densely retrorse-pubescent, then smooth; leaves with petioles 1–1.5 cm long, densely villous; blades ovate or broadly ovate, apex obtuse, acute or shortly acuminate, base cordate, both sides gently pubescent or upper surface densely hairy; flowers axillary, solitary; perianth tube S-shaped, villous, inflated in the lower half, the upper tube strongly constricted; limb of perianth narrow, reflexed, purple, slightly 3-lobed, lobes broadly ovate; throat yellow; fruits obovoid, 6-ribbed. Habitat: Mixed forests, forest margins. Distribution: Pakistan, W & C Himalaya (Kashmir to Nepal) NEPAL: W; 1350–2500 m. NEP-L: 13 KSL: Baitadi and Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Dadeldhura; 1350–2500 m. Representative specimens. BAITADI: Shribhawar, 2509 m (TR Pandey & GD Bhatt 2016672, 6 Jun 2016, KATH!). DADELDHURA: Gaira, 1350 m (KJ Malla 1501, 24 Apr 1983; KATH!). DARCHULA: Khar, Paripatal CF, 2280 m (CK Subedi, J Gurung & M Pandey 14, 4 Jun 2015; TUCH!). Local abund.: Rare to occasional. Ethnobt. use: Plant is considered to be poisonous. MAGNOLIACEAE Magnolia L., Sp. Pl. 1: 535 (1753). Magnolia kisopa (Buch.-Ham. ex DC.) Figlar, Proc. Int. Symp. Magnoliac. 1: 22 (2000). Poudel et al. in Watson et al., Fl. Nepal 3: 4 (2011). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 13 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 52 (2018). Michelia kisopa Buch.-Ham. ex DC., Syst. Nat. 1: 448 (1817); Sampacca kisopa (Buch.-Ham. ex DC.) Kuntze NEP: Van chānp (jg rf“k). Deciduous trees, c. 10–20 m tall. Habitat: Forests, woodlands near streams. Distribution: Himalaya (Nepal to Bhutan & NE India), Tibetan Plateau. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1000–3000 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal; 1590 m. Representative specimen. BAJHANG: Between Rishinri & Gangadi, near Talkot, 1590 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 1421, 21 Jul 1976; KATH!). Consv. status: GLB., Data Deficient (Khela 2014). ANNONACEAE Artabotrys R. Br., Bot. Reg. 5: t. 423 (1820). Artabotrys hexapetalus (L. f.) Bhandari, Baileya 12: 149 (1965). Kurmi in Watson et al., Fl. Nepal 3: 14 (2011). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 54 (2018). Annona hexapetala L. f., Suppl. Pl. 270 (1782); Annona uncinata Lam.; Artabotrys uncinatus (Lam.) Merr.; Uvaria uncata Lour. Kanakchampā, Harichampā (sgsrDkf, xl/rDkf). Ylang ylang vine, Tail grape. HIN: Harichampā (xl/rDkf). Evergreen scandent or climbing shrubs, 2.5–10 m tall. Habitat: Cultivated and naturalized in Nepal. Distribution: Native to tropical region in S Asia, S China, mainland SE Asia; cultivated in Old World tropics and subtropics. NEPAL: W & C; 100–1300 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal; 1300 m (probably cultivated). Representative specimen. BAJHANG: Chainpur, 1300 m (MS Bista & DP Joshi 768, 30 Aug 1972; KATH!). NEP: ENG: 14 LAURACEAE Cinnamomum Schaeffer, Bot. Exped. 74 (1760). Cinnamomum glanduliferum (Wall.) Meisn. in DC., Prodr. 15(1): 25 (1864). Kostermans & Chater in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 3: 183 (1982). Pendry in Watson et al., Fl. Nepal 3: 25 (2011). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 17 (2017). Laurus glandulifera Wall., Trans. Soc. Med. Phys. Calcutta. 1: 45, 51, t. 1 (1825); Camphora glandulifera (Wall.) Nees Mālāgiri, Sinkaulî (dfnflul/, l;Gsf}nL). Evergreen shrubs or trees, c. 4.5–25 m, with grey-brown, longitudinally fissured bark. Habitat: Moist and damp places near streams, wet gullies in evergreen forests, cultivated terraces. Distribution: Himalaya (Nepal to Bhutan & NE India), Tibetan Plateau, SC China, mainland SE Asia. NEPAL: W, C & E; (100–)700–2600 m. KSL: Known from neighboring Doti District; 2150 m. Representative specimen. DOTI: Above Silgadi on trail to Khaptad, 2147 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T NEP: Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20915006, 29 Jun 2009; KATH!). Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Liu et al. 2019a). Cinnamomum tamala (Buch.-Ham.) T. Nees & C.H. Eberm., Handb. Med.-Pharm. Bot. 2: 426 (1831). Kostermans & Chater in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 3: 183 (1982). Pendry in Watson et al., Fl. Nepal 3: 24 (2011). Pl. 3. Laurus tamala Buch.-Ham., Trans. Linn. Soc. London 13: 555 (1822); Cinnamomum albiflorum Nees Tejpāt (t]hkft). Indian bay leaf, Nepal cinnamon. HIN: Tejpattā, Tejpāt (t]hkQf, t]hkft). SAN: Tamālapatra (tdfnkq). TIB: shingtsa (ཤིང་ཚ་). NEP: ENG: Evergreen much branched trees, 7–20 m tall, with smooth, grey-brown bark. Habitat: Mixed broad-leaved forests, hillside shrub forests, open hill slopes, open places, also planted. Distribution: Tropical and subtropical Himalaya (Kashmir to Bhutan), SC China, mainland SE Asia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 400–2550 m. KSL: Baitadi, Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura and Doti; 700–1700 m. Representative specimens. BAITADI: Shimar, 840 m (PR Shakya, MK Adhikari & MN Subedi 7841, 14 Jul 1984; KATH!, L.1795316! image). BAJHANG: Chainpur, 1200 m (JF Dobremez 1985, 27 Apr 1973; BM000880636); Gorkhali–Pujarigaon, 1600 m (NK Bhattarai 90/1243, 2 Sept 1990; KATH!). DARCHULA: Chameliya Valley, between Gokule & Balanch, 800 m (SK Ghimire & B Awasthi P13710, 30 Oct 2013; TUCH!). DOTI: Khaer Khola, 1100 m (JF Dobremez 1821, 16 Apr 1973; BM000880634); Nahapani, 1400 m (JF Dobremez 1863, 18 Apr 1973; BM000880635). Local abund.: Occasional to frequent. Ethnobt. use: Dried leaves and barks are used as condiment, and in medicine to treat cold, cough, and stomach disorders. Dried leaves are occasionally traded. Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (de Kok 2020). LOC., Near Threatened. Habitat destruction, and excessive harvesting of leaves and barks are the major factors affecting wild populations. As a result of commercial harvesting pressure, wild populations have declined sharply in some areas, such as in Baitadi and Darchula, in the past few years. In the fiscal year 2014/015, 186 and 147 tons of tejpāt leaves and barks were traded from Baitadi and Darchula, repectively (Pyakurel et al. 2017, 2018). 15 Dodecadenia Nees in Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 2: 61, 63 (1831). Dodecadenia grandiflora Nees in Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 2: 63 (1831). Kostermans & Chater in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 3: 184 (1982). Pendry in Watson et al., Fl. Nepal 3: 46 (2011). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 19 (2017). Dodecadenia grandiflora var. griffithii (Hook. f.) D.G. Long; Dodecadenia griffithii Hook.f.; Laurus macrophylla D. Don; Litsea grandiflora (Nees) Kosterm.; Tetranthera grandiflora Wall., nom. nud. NEP-L: Kāule (sfpn]). NEP: Nepālî dālchinî (g]kfnL bfnlrgL). Evergreen trees, 6–20 m tall. Habitat: Oak-laurel forests, mixed forests, open hill slopes. Distribution: Himalaya (N India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, Myanmar, SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 600–3400 m. KSL: Bajhang District in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura, Dadeldhura and Doti; 2000–2500 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Badigaon–Talkot, 2100 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9192440, 17 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB 2013–2020; Kanda–Dhuli, 2300 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & Y Shimizu 1592, 25 Jul 1976; KATH!). BAJURA & BAJHANG: Pategaon – Badigaon, 2480 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9192420, 16 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB (2013–2020). DADELDHURA: Telya Lekh, 2000 m (KR Rajbhandari, S Bhattarai, I Sharma & R Joshi 7093, 20 Jan 1983; KATH!). DOTI: Between Rhikula & Chuyadhara 2320 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & Y Shimizu 1004, 8 Jul 1976; KYO) fide RBGE (2014). Lindera Thunb., Nov. Gen. Pl. 3: 64 (1783). Lindera nacusua (D. Don) Merr., Lingnan Sci. J. 15: 419 (1936). Kostermans & Chater in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 3: 184 (1982). Pendry in Watson et al., Fl. Nepal 3: 36 (2011). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 20 (2017). Laurus nacusua D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal.: 64 (1825); Benzoin nacusua (D. Don) Kuntze; Daphnidium bifarium Nees; Laurus umbellata Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don (1827), nom. illeg., non Thunb (1784); Lindera bifaria (Nees) Hook. f. Pahenlo khapate, Seto khapde (kx]“nf] vk6], ;]tf] vK8]). Evergreen shrubs or small trees, 1–10 m tall. Habitat: Mixed broad-leaved and coniferous forests, riverside slopes. Distribution: Himalaya (N India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, S China, mainland SE Asia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1200–2650 m. KSL: Bajhang District in KSL Nepal; 2650 m. Representative specimen. BAJHANG: Trail from Surma to Thalara, 2643 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T NEP: Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20915080, 10 Jul 2009; KATH!). Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (BGCI & IUCN 2019a). LOC., Data Deficient. Lindera pulcherrima (Nees) Benth. ex Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 185 (1886). Kostermans & Chater in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 3: 184 (1982). Pendry in Watson et al., Fl. Nepal 3: 35 (2011). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 21 (2017). Pl. 3. Daphnidium pulcherrimum Nees in Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 2: 63 (1831). Dālchinî kāulo, Van kāulo (bfnlrgL sfpnf], jg sfpnf]). NEP: Phusre, Kharāne (km';|], v/fg]). Evergreen shrubs or small trees, 1.5–12 m tall. Habitat: Shady mixed broad-leaved forests, Acer-Abies forests. NEP-L: 16 Distribution: Himalaya (N India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, Myanmar. NEPAL: W, C & E; 700–3600 m. KSL: Baitadi, Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura and Doti; 1600–3000 m. Representative specimens. BAITADI: Shribhawar, 2432 m (TR Pandey & GD Bhatt 2016608, 5 Jun 2016; KATH!). BAJHANG: Trail from Ghodadaune to Lokhada, 2691 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20915039, 3 Jul 2009; KATH!); between Dhalun & Kakarkot, below Deurali, NW aspect, 2700–2900 m (HN Qin, P Bhandari, TR Pandey, BR Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0571, 16 Sept 2017; KATH!, PE!). BAJHANG & BAJURA: Pategaon – Ghodi Lekh – Badigaon, 2190–3350 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9160651, 16 Aug 1991; L.3888051! image, TI). DARCHULA: Khar VDC-7, 1925 m (BB Shrestha, M Pandey & R Chhetri 207, 29 Sept 2015; TUCH!); Khar, Paripatal Community Forest, 2260 m (CK Subedi, J Gurung & M Pandey 8, 17 Jun 2015; TUCH!). DOTI: On way to Jhigrana, 2350 m (P Pradhan, RK Uprety, N Pradhan & N Dabadi 1212, 6 Apr 1984, KATH!); Khaptad, Silgarhi Doti, 2743 m (JDA Stainton 4829, 2 May 1965; KATH!). Local abund.: Frequent to common. Ethnobt. use: Leaves are lopped for animal bedding and for fooder. Consv. status: LOC., Least Concern. It is widespread and common in the area. Machilus Nees in Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 2: 70 (1831). Machilus duthiei King ex Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 861 (1890). Pendry in Watson et al., Fl. Nepal 3: 32 (2011). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 24 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 61 (2018). Persea duthiei (King ex Hook. f.) Kosterm. Kāule, Kitkāulo, Tokle kāulo (sfpn], lsTsfpnf]], 6f]Sn] sfpnf]). NEP: Kāthe kāulo (sf7] sfpnf]). Evergreen trees, 10–20 m tall. Habitat: Mixed forests, oak forests, ravines, stream banks. Distribution: Himalaya (Pakistan to Bhutan & NE India), Tibetan Plateau, SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; (150–)600–3200 m. KSL: Bajhang, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Dadeldhura and Doti; 1100– 2500 m [also in Kumaon, Uttarakhand, India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Dilbagar, 1140 m (RK Uprety & NK Bhusal 277, 5 Sept 1985; KATH!); NEP-L: above Patiudi, 2197 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20915057, 7 Jul 2009; E00619035, KATH!). DADELDHURA: Chirkitte, 2000 m (KJ Malla 1580, 30 Apr 1983; KATH!). DARCHULA: Above Khayekot, 2020 m (SK Ghimire & B Awasthi P13094, 24 Oct 2013, TUCH!); Sunsera, 2286 m (AP Singh 142-84, 7 Mar 1984; KATH!). DOTI: Kapthad, 2424 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 1000, 8 Jul 1976; KYO) fide Rajbhandari & Rai (2017). HUMLA: North of bridge over Humla Karnali at Chhare, 1900 m (CA Pendry, S Baral, S Noshiro, S Rajbhandary, PP Kurmi, B Dell & B Adhikari JRS B142, 16 Jun 2008; E00397318, KATH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon, 1372 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom s.n., 1818; syntype K000228447! image). Local abund.: Frequent to common. Ethnobt. use: Leaves are lopped for animal bedding and fooder. Consv. status: LOC., Least Concern. It is widespread and common in the area. 17 Machilus gamblei King ex Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 138 (1886). Pendry in Watson et al., Fl. Nepal 3: 33 (2011). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 25 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 61 (2018). Machilus bombycina King ex Hook. f.; Persea bombycina (King ex Hook. f.) Kosterm.; Persea gamblei (King ex Hook. f.) Kosterm. Kāule, Chiple kāulo (sfpn], lrKn] sfpnf]). Evergreen trees, 6–23 m tall. Habitat: Hill sal forests, lower-temperate mixed broad-leaved forests, riversides. Distribution: Himalaya (Nepal to Bhutan & NE India), Tibetan Plateau, S China, mainland SE Asia. NEPAL: W, C & E; (115–)600–2400 m. KSL: Baitadi in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Doti; 2300–2400 m. Representative specimens. BAITADI: Sribhaber–Dhole, 2330 m (PR Shakya, NK Adhikari & MN Subedi 8329, NEP-L/NEP: 8 Aug 1984; KATH!). DOTI: Napani, 2360 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 899; KYO) fide Rajbhandari & Rai (2017). Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (BGCI & IUCN 2018a). LOC., Data Deficient. Machilus odoratissima Nees in Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 2: 70 (1831). Pendry in Watson et al., Fl. Nepal 3: 31 (2011). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 26 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 61 (2018). Laurus odoratissima Wall., nom. nud.; Machilus indica Kurz; Persea odoratissima (Nees) Kosterm. Kāule (sfpn]). NEP: Kāulo, Seto kāulo (sfpnf], ;]tf] sfpnf]). Evergreen trees, 4–25 m tall. Habitat: Evergreen mixed broad-leaved forests, moist mixed forests, along agricultural fields. Distribution: Himalaya (Pakistan to Bhutan & NE India), Bangladesh, mainland SE Asia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 300–2400 m. KSL: Baitadi, Darchula and Bajhang Districts in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Doti; 500–2400 m [Bageshwar District, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAITADI: Near Sribhabar, 2370 m (PR Shakya, MK Adhikari & MN Subedi 8320, 8 NEP-L: Aug 1984; KATH!). BAJHANG: Suni Gad, 1500 m (JF Dobremez 2157, 11 May 1973; BM000888192). DOTI: Thuli Gad, 1524 m (JDA Stainton 4813, 24 Apr 1965; BM000888190); Nahapani, 2000 m (JF Dobremez 1858, 18 Apr 1973; BM000888191). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Jagthana, Kumaon, 1615 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom s.n., 1818; syntype K000228479! image). Local abund.: Rare to occasional. Ethnobt. use: Bark is used for making incense; leaves are cut for fooder. Consv. status: LOC., Vulnerable A2acd. Major threat is overharvesting of bark for trade. Harvesting is particularly high in Baitadi and Darchula. According to Pyakurel et al. (2017, 2018), 39.5 and 82 tons of barks were traded in the fiscal year 2014/015 from Baitadi and Darchula, respectively. Machilus sericea Blume, Mus. Bot. 1(21): 330 (1851). Pendry in Watson et al., Fl. Nepal 3: 31 (2011). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 26 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 62 (2018). Laurus sericea Wall. (1831), nom. nud., non Blume (1826); Persea wallichii D.G. Long; Phoebe sericea Nees, nom. illeg. Evergreen trees, 3–15 m tall. Habitat: Mixed forests, around villages. Distribution: W & C Himalaya (NW India, Nepal). 18 NEPAL: W & C; (200–)1100–2500 m. KSL: Known from neighboring Doti District, Nepal; 1100–1400 m. Representative specimens. DOTI: Kaher Khola, 1100 m (JF Dobremez 1826, 16 Apr 1973; E00210238); Kaher Khola, 1350 m (JF Dobremez 1846, 16 Apr 1973; E00210239). Neolitsea (Benth.) Merr., Philipp. J. Sci. (Suppl. 1): 56 (1906). Neolitsea pallens (D. Don) Momiy. & H. Hara, J. Jap. Bot. 47: 269 (1972). Kostermans & Chater in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 3: 186 (1982). Pendry in Watson et al., Fl. Nepal 3: 45 (2011). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 27 (2017). Pl. 3. Tetranthera pallens D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal.: 66 (1825); Litsea consimilis (Nees) Nees; Neolitsea umbrosa (Nees) Gamble; Tetradenia consimilis Nees; Tetradenia umbrosa Nees NEP-L: Kitkite kāulo (lslTst] sfpnf]). NEP: Khapate (vk6]). Small evergreen trees, 3–15 m tall; rarely up to 25 m. Habitat: Oak forests, mixed evergreen broad-leaved forests. Distribution: Himalaya (Pakistan to Nepal & NE India), Tibetan Plateau. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1370–3500 m. KSL: Bajhang, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura, Dadeldhura, Doti and Mugu; 1800–2500 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Maltadi, way to Kaptad, 2600 m (ML Pathak, DR Luitel & KR Bhhatarai 2012134, 2 Apr 2012; KATH!). BAJURA: Porakya – Serigaon, 1880 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama and K Terada 9194178, 13 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB 2013–2020. DADELDHURA: Ghanteshor, 2300 m (KR Rajbhandari, PM Regmi and KJ Malla 5440, 17 Aug 1980, KATH!). DARCHULA: Khar VDC-4, 1930 m (BB Shrestha, M Pandey & R Chhetri 25, 26 Sept 2015; TUCH!); Makarigad – Khandeswari, 2090 m (PR Shakya, MK Adhikari & MN Subedi 7903, 18 Jul 1984; KATH!); Thin, 2300 m (KR Rajbhandari & KJ Malla 5624, 27 Aug 1980; KATH!); above Bayeli, on the way to Simar, 2475 m (CK Subedi & KM Ghimire 2003, 18 Jun 2014; TUCH!). DOTI: Napani, 2000 m (KJ Malla 497, 31 Aug 1981; KATH!). HUMLA: Humla-Karnali, south of Yanchu Khola, 2020 m (CA Pendry, S Baral, S Noshiro, S Rajbhandary, PP Kurmi, B Dell & B Adhikari JRS B151, 17 Jun 2008; E00397288, KATH!). MUGU: Mugu Karnali Valley, between Lumsa and Mangri, 2135 m (O Polunin, WR Sykes & LHJ Williams 5244, 15 Aug 1952; KATH!). Local abund.: Frequent to common. Ethnobt. use: Bark and fruits are used in medicine; leaves are cut for fooder. Consv. status: LOC., Least Concern. It is widespread and common in the area. Phoebe Nees, Syst. Laur.: 98 (1836). Phoebe lanceolata (Nees) Nees, Syst. Laur.: 109 (1836). Kostermans & Chater in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 3: 187 (1982). Pendry in Watson et al., Fl. Nepal 3: 27 (2011). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 28 (2017). Ocotea lanceolata Nees in Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 2: 71 (1831); Laurus lanceolaria Roxb.; Laurus salicifolia Buch.Ham. ex Nees Jhānkrî-kāth (emf“qmL–sf7). Evergreen trees, to 20 m tall. Habitat: Suptropical and temperate broad-leaved forests, secondary forests, religious forests. NEP: 19 Distribution: Tropical South Asia, Himalaya, SC China, mainland SE Asia to Indonesia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 100–2900 m. KSL: Bajhang District in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Dadeldhura and Doti; 800–1800 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Deuli Gad, north of Chainpur, 1330 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20915053, 6 Jul 2009; KATH!); Agara, 1780 m (Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & Y Shimizu 1468, 23 Jul 1976; KATH!). DADELDHURA: Lipna–Jogbura, 800 m (KR Rajbhandari, PM Regmi & KJ Malla 5313, 13 Aug 1980; KATH!); Umlekh, 1000 m (KJ Malla 1623, 2 May 1983; KATH!). DOTI: Between Barigad & Calsera, 1400 m (Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & Y Shimizu 684, 27 Jun 1976; KYO) fide RBGE (2014). Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Liu et al. 2019b). LOC., Data Deficient. ACORACEAE Acorus L., Sp. Pl. 1: 324 (1753). Acorus calamus L., Sp. Pl. 1: 324 (1753). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 87 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 29 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 64 (2018). NEP: Bojho (af]emf]). ENG: Calamus, Sweet flag. HIN: Vach (jr). SAN: Ugragandhā, Vachā (pu|uGwf, jrf). TIB: shudak ( ་དག་). Aromatic perennial herbs; rhizomes creeping, thick. Habitat: Marshy places, wet muddy places of riverside, open field, often cultivated in garden. Distribution: Europe, Asia, N America. NEPAL: W, C & E; 150–2700 m. KSL: Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Doti; 900–2100 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Sud de Chainpur, 1150 m (JF Dobremez 1981, 25 Apr 1973; E00645392! image). DARCHULA: Lattenath, 1000 m (SK Ghimire, S Thapa, B Awasthi, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-950, 14 Jul 15; TUCH!); below Nahli, Ghusa, 2100 m (SK Ghimire, S Thapa, B Awasthi, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1028B, 17 Jul 2015; TUCH!). DOTI: Between Rauttukatte & Barigad, 1120 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 660, 26 Jun 1976; KATH!). Local abund.: Occasional. Ethnobt. use: Rhizomes are used in folk medicine to treat cold, sore throat, and parasitic infestations. Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Lansdown 2014a). ARACEAE Arisaema Mart., Flora. 14: 459 (1831). Arisaema concinnum Schott, Bonplandia (Hann-over) 7: 27 (1859). Hara in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 89 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 31 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 66 (2018). Pl. 3. Arisaema affine Schott; Arisaema alienatum Schott; Arisaema concinnum var. alienatum (Schott) Engl. Bānko, Sarpako-makai (af“sf], ;k{sf]–ds}). Erect dioecious perennial herbs, 40–100 cm tall; leaf solitary, radiate with broad leaflets; spathe green. NEP: 20 Habitat: Moist and shady places, forests, thickets, open slopes, rocky moist places. Distribution: Himalaya (N India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, Myanmar, SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 700–2800 m. KSL: Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Doti; 2200–2700 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Khaptad, 2700 m (NK Bhattarai 90/1011, 23 Aug 1990; KATH!). DARCHULA: Khar, 2180 m (BB Shrestha, M Pandey & R Chhetri 52, 26 Sept 2015; TUCH!). DOTI: Khaptad National Park, trail from Jhigrana to Bichpani, 2605 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20911023, 1 Jul 2009; E00509856! image). Local abund.: Rare to occasional in Bajhang and Darchula. Arisaema consanguineum Schott, Bonplandia (Hannover) 7: 27 (1859). Hara in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 89 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 31 (2017). Pl. 4. Arisaema erubescens (Wall.) Schott var. consanguineum (Schott) Engl. Raksyā bānko, Tinchu (/S:of af“sf], ltGr'). NEP: Vîr bānko (jL/ af“sf]). Erect dioecious perennial herbs, 60–150 cm tall; leaf solitary, radiate with narrow leaflets; spathe green. Habitat: Moist and shady places, forests, thickets, grassy slopes, rocky places, riverside. Distribution: Himalaya (N India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, C & NE China, mainland SE Asia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 870–3000 m. KSL: Bajhang, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura, Doti and Mugu; 1700–3000 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Aagar – Dhalaun, 1700 m (M Suziki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F NEP-L: Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9160759, 19 Aug 1991; KATH!, TI! image); Kali Gad Valley, 2286 m (TB Shrestha 4190, 11 Jun 1965; KATH!). DARCHULA: Paripatal CF, Khar, 2230 m (CK Subedi, J Gurun & M Pandey 4014, 4 Jun 2015; TUCH!). DOTI: Above Silgadi on trail to Khaptad National Park (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20911004, 29 Jun 2009; E00623975! image); Napani (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 9083, 1 Jul 1986; KATH!); Khaptad, 3000 m (MS Bista & DP Joshi 274/74, 4 Aug 1972; KATH!). HUMLA: Melchham, 2500 m (KR Rajbhandari & B Roy 4043, 27 Jul 1979; KATH!). MUGU: Gamgarhi, 2050 m (NP Manandhar & DP Joshi 6967, 10 Aug 1981; KATH!). Local abund.: Rare to occasional in Bajhang and Darchula. Arisaema erubescens (Wall.) Schott in Schott & Endl., Melet. Bot.: 17 (1832). Hara in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 89 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 32 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 66 (2018). Arum erubescens Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 2: 30 (1831). NEP: Bānko, Sarpa-makai (af“sf], ;k{–ds}). Erect perennial herbs, similar to A. consanguineum, but with spathe reddish-brown. Habitat: Moist and shady places, forests, shrubberies, grassy places, trailsides. Distribution: C & E Himalaya (Nepal, NE India: Sikkim). NEPAL: W, C & E; 1600–3300 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal; 2000–2500 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Aagar – Dhalaun, 2000–2100 m (HN Qin, P Bhandari, TR Pandey, BR Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0369, 14 Sept 2017; KATH!, PE!); Khaptad – Lokhare, 2500 m (NK Bhattarai 90/1092, 24 Aug 1990; KATH!). 21 Arisaema flavum (Forssk.) Schott, Prodr. Syst. Aroid.: 40 (1860). Hara in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 89 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 33 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 66 (2018). Pl. 3. Arum flavum Forssk., Fl. Aegypt.-Arab.: 157 (1775); Arisaema flavum subsp. abbreviatum (Schott) J. Murata DOZ: Dhol. NEP-L: Bhāle bānko, Chare bānko, Kālo bānko, Tinchu (efn] ENG: af“sf], r/] af“sf], sfnf] af“sf], ltGr'). Yellow cobra-lily. TIB: dawa ( ་བ་). Erect monoecious perennial herbs, 7–30 cm tall; leaves 1 or 2, pedate; spathe yellowish-green. Habitat: Open rocky slopes, dry grassy slopes, rock crevices, thickets, crop fields, trail side near river. Distribution: NE Africa, Arabian Peninsula, Afghanistan to E Himalaya. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1900–4300 m. KSL: Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Mugu; 1900–4100 m. Representative specimens. DARCHULA: Khar VDC-5, 1930 m (BB Shrestha, M Pandey & R Chhetri 196, 28 Sept 2015; TUCH!); Paripatal Community Forest, Khar, 2230 m (CK Subedi, J Gurung & M Pandey 13, 4 Jun 2015; TUCH!); Lolu, Pilkanda, 3850 m (SK Ghimire, S Thapa, B Awasthi, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain 790, 24 Oct 2014; TUCH!). HUMLA: Humla-Karnali, between Yanchu Khola & Kharpunath, 2150 m (CA Pendry, S Baral, S Noshiro, S Rajbhandari, PP Kurmi, B Dell & B Adhikari JRS A165, 18 Jun 2008; E00392166! image, KATH!); Humla-Karnali, near Kermi, 2700 m (SK Ghimire, LR Joshi, A Paudel, S Lo, P Subedi, C Thapa & S Lama; CHH-1778B, Sept 2012; TUCH!); Gyaldorje, Dozam, 2800 m (SK Ghimire, RP Chaudhary & team P11903, 25 May 2010; TUCH!). MUGU: Above Dharkya, south of Chankheli Lagna, 2990 m (CA Pendry, S Baral, S Noshiro, S Rajbhandari, PP Kurmi, B Dell & B Adhikari JRS A115, 12 Jun 2008; E00397511! image, KATH!); Mugu, 3353 m (JDA Stainton 6336, 24 Jun 1968; KATH!). Local abund.: Frequent to common. Ethnobt. use: Corms and leaves are boiled and cooked as vegetable. Corms and leaves are also used as an anthelmintic medicine to treat intestinal worms and stomachache. Arisaema intermedium Blume, Rumphia 1: 102 (1836). Hara in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 90 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 33 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 67 (2018). Arisaema biflagellatum H. Hara; Arisaema intermedium f. biflagellatum (H. Hara) H. Hara; Arisaema stracheyanum Schott. NEP: Bānko, Sarpako-makai (af“sf], ;k{sf]–ds}). Erect dioecious perennial herbs to 40 cm tall; leaves 1–2, trifoliate; spathe greenish, rarely striped. Habitat: Shady places in forests, mossy rocks in forests, open slopes, grassy places, among shrubs. Distribution: Himalaya (N India, Nepal), Tibetan Plateau, SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1700–3700 m. KSL: Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Doti and Mugu; 2100–3100 m [Bageshwar and neighboring Almora District, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. DOTI: Baglekh–Jhigrana, 2098 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20919009B, 30 Jun 2009; KATH!). HUMLA/MUGU: Chankheli Lagna, 3050 m (O Polunin, WR Sykes & LHT Williams 4326, 19 Jun 1952; E00735707! image). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon, Kathi, 2195 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 5; isotype of Arisaema stracheyanum GH 00028679! image). Arisaema jacquemontii Blume, Rumphia 1: 95 (1835). Hara in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 90 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 33 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 67 (2018). Pl. 4. Arisaema cornutum Schott; Arisaema exile Schott.; Arisaema wightii Schott 22 NEP: ENG: Bānko, Charî bānko, Māle bānko (af“sf], r/L af“sf], dfn] af“sf]). Jacquemont's cobra-lily. TIB: dawa ( ་བ་). Erect dioecious perennial herbs, 10–50(–80) cm tall; leaves 1 or 2, palmate, with 5–9 leaflets. Habitat: Shady and mossy ground in temperate mixed broad-leaved and coniferous forests, forest margins, meadows, grassy slopes, thickets, rocky slopes, among rocks. Distribution: Afghanistan to E Himalaya, Peninsular India, Tibetan Plateau. NEPAL: W, C & E; 2200–4500 m. KSL: Bajhang, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Doti; 2400–4100 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Dhalaun–Rasa, 2500 m (KR Rajbhandari 15460, 20 Aug 1991; KATH!); Khaptad, 2900 m (NK Bhattarai 90/943, 21 Aug 1990; KATH!); trail from Ghodadaune to Lokhada, 3031 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20915034, 3 Jul 2009; E00509936! image, KATH!). DARCHULA: Upper Chameliya Valley, Simar, above Khayakot, 2780 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain 1079, 18 Jul 2015; TUCH!). DOTI: Khaptad, 3000 m (MS Bista & DP Joshi 210, 3 Aug 1972; KATH!). HUMLA: Humla Karnali, Kermi, 2500 m (SK Ghimire, A Paudel, L Joshi, S Lama, P Subedi & C Thapa 1419, 15 Sept 2012; TUCH!); Phucha, 2600 m (KR Rajbhandari & B Roy 4210, 31 Jul 1979; KATH!); Kallas, 2700 m (KR Rajbhandari & B Roy 4243, 1 Aug 1979; KATH!); Dozam Khola, near Simikot, 3050 m (O Polunin, WR Sykes & LHJ Williams 4271, 4 Jun 1952; E00735715! image). Local abund.: Frequent to common. Ethnobt. use: Tubers and leaves are boiled and cooked as vegetable. Tubers are also used as an anthelmintic medicine to treat intestinal worms and stomachache. Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Crook & Bachman 2013). Arisaema propinquum Schott, Oesterr. Bot. Z. 7: 333 (1857). Hara in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 90 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 34 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 67 (2018). Pl. 4. Arisaema sikkimense Stapf ex Chatterjee; Arisaema wallichianum Hook. f. Bānko, Sarpako-makai (af“sf], ;k{sf]–ds}). Erect dioecious perennial herbs, to 90 cm tall; leaves 1–2, trifoliate; spathe dark purple or green, with white or purple stripes, limb narrower, oblong-ovate. Habitat: Mixed oak forests, hemlock forests, forest margins, open slopes, thickets, among rocks, pasture. Distribution: Himalaya (Pakistan to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau. NEPAL: W, C & E; 2200–4000 m. KSL: Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Mugu; 2850–3350. Representative specimens. DARCHULA: Between Simar & Domul, Ghusa VDC, 2850 m (SK Ghimire, S Thapa, B NEP: Awasthi, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA 1056B, 18 Jul 2015; TUCH!). HUMLA/MUGU: Changkheli Lagna, 3350 m (O Polunin, WR Sykes & LHJ Williams 4124, 19 May 1952; A 01655138). Local abund.: Rare. Arisaema speciosum (Wall.) Mart. in Schott & Endl., Melet. Bot. 17 (1832). Hara in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 90 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 34 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 68 (2018). Arum speciosum Wall., Tent. Fl. Napal.: 29 (1824). NEP: Bānko, Sarpako-makai (af“sf], ;k{sf]–ds}). 23 ENG: Cobra lily, Grand cobra lily. Erect dioecious perennial herbs; rhizome cylindric, elongated; leaf 1, trifoliate; spathe dark blackpurple, with whitish longitudinal stripes. Habitat: Dry rocky slopes, broad-leaved forests, forest margins, shrubberies. Distribution: Himalaya (N India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, Myanmar, SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 2100–3500 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal; 2670 m. Representative specimen. BAJHANG: Above Surma Village, 2670 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20911079, 8 Jul 2009; E00509732! image). Arisaema tortuosum (Wall.) Schott in Schott & Endl., Melet. Bot. 17 (1832). Hara in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 90 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 35 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 68 (2018). Pl. 4. Arum tortuosum Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 2: 10 (1830); Arisaema curvatum (Roxb.) Kunth; Arisaema helleborifolium Schott. DOZ: Dhol. NEP-L: Vîr bānko, Gau bānko (jL/ af“sf], uf} af“sf]). NEP: Sarpako-makai (;k{sf]–ds}). lily. HIN: Bāgh-mungrî, Sānp-kî-makkî (af3–d'ª\u|L, ;f“k–sL–dSsL). TIB: dagoe ( ་ ོད་). ENG: Cobra Erect monoecious perennial herbs, 0.5–1.5 m tall; leaves 2, pedate; spathe light green or dark purple. Habitat: Moist and shady places in mixed forests, forest margins, degraded forests, rocky slopes, rock crevices, shrubberies, streamsides, agriculture borderlands, along trail. Distribution: SW Pakistan, Himalaya (Kashmir to Bhutan & NE India), Tibetan Plateau, Peninsular India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 650–3200 m. KSL: Baitadi, Bajhang, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura, Doti and Mugu; 1000–2900 m. Representative specimens. BAITADI: Shribhawar, 2430 m (TR Pandey & GD Bhatt 2016607, 5 Jun 2016, KATH!). BAJHANG: Rasa – Roshiadanda, 1980–2540 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9160871, 21 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB 2013–2020; Kali Gad Valley, 2285 m (TB Shrestha 4191, 11 Jun 1965; KATH!); Khaptad, 2900 m (NK Bhattarai 90/1015, 23 Aug 1990; KATH!). DARCHULA: Okhal, way to Makari Gad, 1230 m (SK Ghimire IM0545, 15 Jul 2015; TUCH!); Nahli, way to Sithi, Ghusa, 2400 m (SK Ghimire IM0823, 17 Jul 2015; TUCH!). DOTI: Trail from Silgadi to Khaptad National Park, 2095 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20919009, 30 Jun 2009; E00509993! image). HUMLA: Humla Karnali, between Kermi & Dharapori, 2300–2500 m (SK Ghimire, A Paudel, L Joshi, S Lama, P Subedi & C Thapa 1778, 15 Sept 2012; TUCH!); Phucha, 2895 m (O Polunin, WR Sykes & LHJ Williams 4159, 24 May 1952; E00735736! image). MUGU: Gamgari, 2050 m (NP Manandhar & DP Joshi 6968, 10 Aug 1981; KATH!). Local abund.: Frequent to common. Ethnobt. use: Corms are boiled and cooked as vegetable. Corms are also used as an anthelmintic medicine to treat intestinal worms and stomachache. Arisaema utile Hook. f. ex Schott, Prodr. Syst. Aroid. 30 (1860). Hara in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 91 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 35 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 68 (2018). Arisaema verrucosum Schott var. utile (Hook. f. ex Schott.) Pradhan. NEP: 24 Bānko, Tînpāte bānko (af“sf], tLgkft] af“sf]). Like A. propinquum, but spathe dark purple with whitish stripes, and broadly obovate limb. Habitat: Shady places in moist forests, forest margins, shady moist slopes, thickets, meadows. Distribution: Himalaya (NE Pakistan to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, Myanmar, SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1600–4000(–4600) m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Mugu; 2400–3700 m [also in Uttarakhand, India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Above Surma Village, 2670 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20911078, 8 Jul 2009; E00509725! image); Kali Gad Valley, 2743 m (TB Shrestha 4195, 11 Jun 1965; KATH!); Khaptad, 2850 m (NK Bhattarai 91/949, 23 Jun 1991; KATH!). MUGU: Chuchamara Danda, 3700 m (KR Rajbhandari & B Roy 3604, 19 Jul 1979; KATH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon, Madhari Pass [Almora], 2435 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 4; GH 01655134). Pothos L., Sp. Pl. 2: 968 (1753). Pothos chinensis (Raf.) Merr., J. Arnold Arbor. 29: 210 (1948). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 37 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 70 (2018). Tapanava chinensis Raf., Fl. Tellur. 4: 14 (1838); Pothos cathcartii Schott; Pothos yunnanensis Engl. Lianas, to 10 m, climbing against trees or creeping over rocks with aid of adhesive roots; stems weakly 4-angled or terete. Habitat: Shady forests, wet rocks in shady steep ravines. Distribution: Tropical and subtropical regions in S Asia, Tibetan Plateau, S China, mainland SE Asia. NEPAL: W, C & E, 200–1600 m. KSL: Probably in Darchula District in KSL Nepal, c. 1370 m [also in Uttarakhand, India]. Representative specimens. W NEPAL: ?Mahakali, 1370 m (Shrestha 11588, 7 Sept 1969; BM000067167). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon, Ramganga River, 610 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 1; GH 01629793! image). Remusatia Schott in Schott & Endl., Melet. Bot.: 18 (1832). Remusatia pumila (D. Don) H. Li & A. Hay, Acta Bot. Yunnan., Suppl. 5: 28 (1992). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 38 (2017). Caladium pumilum D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal.: 21 (1825); Colocasia pumila (D. Don) Kunth; Gonatanthus pumilus (D. Don) Engl. & K. Krause; Gonatanthus sarmentosus Klotzsch; Remusatia garrettii Gagnep. Jalukā, Māne, Pyākse (hn'sf, dfg], KofS;]). ENG: Dwarf hitchhiker arum, Dwarf taro, Pygmy elephant ear. Perennial herbs, with cormose tuber; bulbil bearing stolons spreading, creeping, slender, branched. Habitat: On mossy tree trunk, mossy ground, mossy rocks, cliff ledges in forests. Distribution: Himalaya (N India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, SC China, mainland SE Asia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 500–2450 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal; 1600 m [also in Uttarakhand, India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Dhuli, Seti River, 1600 m (A Maire AMA906, 12 May 1973; NEP: E00645395! image); Gorkhali Village, 1600 m (NK Bhattarai 90/1255, 2 Sept 1990; KATH!). 25 UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon, Kalinath [Almora], 1890 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 15; GH01630405! image). Remusatia vivipara (Roxb.) Schott in Schott & Endl., Melet. Bot.: 18 (1832). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 92 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 38 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 70 (2018). Pl. 4. Arum viviparum Roxb., Hort. Bengal.: 65 (1814); Caladium viviparum (Roxb.) G. Lodd. NEP-L: Van pindālu, Rukh pindālu (jg lk“8fn', ¿v lk“8fn'). NEP: Jalukā, Kālo pindālu (hn'sf, sfnf] lk“8fn'). Hitchhiker elephant ear. Perennial herbs, with cormose tuber; bulbil bearing stolons erect, simple, stout. Habitat: Epiphytic or epilithic on trees, boulders and cliff ledges in forests. Distribution: Africa, tropical and subtropical regions in Asia including Himalaya, Australasia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 200–2400 m. KSL: Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Doti; 1000–1400 m [also in Uttarakhand, India]. Representative specimens. DARCHULA: Lattenath, 1060 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Budha Magar, B ENG: Jnawali, S Nepal, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain 3017, 29 Aug 2017; TUCH!). DOTI: Jurael, Gaindadi, 1402 m (TB Shrestha 4005, 24 Apr 1965; KATH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon, Mohargari, 1220 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 14; GH 01630420! image). Local abund.: Occasional to frequent. Ethnobt. use: Young leaves are boiled and cooked as vegetable. Boiled corms are used as an anthelminic medicine and to treat stomach troubles. Rhaphidophora Hassk., Flora 25(2 Beibl. 1): 11 (1842). Rhaphidophora decursiva (Roxb.) Schott, Bonplandia (Hannover) 5: 45 (1857). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 92 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 38 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 70 (2018). Pothos decursivus Roxb., Fl. Ind. 1: 456 (1820); Monstera decursiva (Roxb.) Schott; Rhaphidophora affinis Schott; Rhaphido-phora eximia Schott; Rhaphidophora grandis Schott; Rhaphidophora insignis Schott; Scindapsus decursivus (Roxb.) Schott Lianas, mostly epiphytic; stems robust, rooting; leaf blades more than 40 cm, pinnately divided. Habitat: Subtropical and mixed broad-leaved forests. Distribution: Tropical and subtropical regions in S Asia, Tibetan Plateau, S China, mainland SE Asia. NEPAL: C & E; 1100–2000 m. KSL: Known from Bageshwar District, Uttarakhand in KSL India. Representative specimen. UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon, Baisani, 1120 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 2; GH 01630177! image). Rhaphidophora glauca (Wall.) Schott, Bonplandia (Hannover) 5: 45 (1857). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 92 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 39 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 71 (2018). Pothos glaucus Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 2: 45 (1831); Monstera glauca K. Koch ex Ender; Pothos wallichii Steud., nom. illeg. superfl.; Scindapsus glaucus (Wall.) Schott Differs from above in its smaller size, and smaller leaf blades, which are sometimes glaucous beneath. Habitat: Subtropical and mixed broad-leaved forests. 26 Distribution: Himalaya (N India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, Bangladesh, mainland SE Asia. NEPAL: W, C & E; (400–)1000–2150 m. KSL: Known from adjoining Kumaon region, Uttarakhand, India, and nearby Kailali District, Far West Nepal. It is likely also to be present in KSL area of Far West Nepal. Representative specimens. KAILALI (NEPAL): Sisne, 1027 m (MST Magar, C Khanal, SP Magar & BB Raji BSM15018) fide Rajbhandari & Rai (2017). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon, Turjo Valley, 915 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 3; GH 01630172! image). Sauromatum Schott in Schott & Endl., Melet. Bot. 17 (1832). Sauromatum diversifolium (Wall. ex Schott) Cusimano & Hett., Taxon 59: 445 (2010). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 39 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 71 (2018). Pl. 4. Typhonium diversifolium Wall. ex Schott, Aroideae 13 (1853); Typhonium alpinum C.Y. Wu ex H. Li, Y. Shiao & S.L. Tseng Lāpchikpā (nflKrSkf). NEP-L: Bānko (af“sf]). NEP: Talu (tn'). Perennial herbs, with a cormose tuber; leaves entire or sagittate-hastate or 3-lobed; spathe green. Habitat: Meadows, damp slopes, forests, between rocks, fallow fields. Distribution: Himalaya (N India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, mainland SE Asia, SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1200–4300 m. KSL: Bajhang, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal; 1200–3800 m [Pithoragarh District, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: On trail from Budkhori to Dhahidunga Kharka, 3200 m (H Ikeda, S DOZ: Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20911112, 12 Jul 2009; E00509966! image, KATH!). DARCHULA: Okhal, Guljar VDC, 1230 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Lo, C Thapa & MR Paudeyal 824, 24 Oct 2014; TUCH!); between Ngali & Thapaligad, 2390 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Budha Magar, B Jnawali, S Nepal, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain 3176, 1 Sept 2017; TUCH!). HUMLA: Manal, above Dozam, 2700 m (SK Ghimire, RP Chaudhary & team P12102, 25 May 2010; TUCH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon, Sumdum [Pithoragarh], 2440 m (WN Koelz 20995, 6 Jul 1948; NY03804041! image). Local abund.: Frequent to common. Ethnobt. use: Tubers and young leaves are cooked as vegetable. ALISMATACEAE Sagittaria L., Sp. Pl. 2: 993 (1753). Sagittaria trifolia L. Sp. Pl. 2: 993 (1753). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 93 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 42 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 74 (2018). Sagittaria sagittifolia L. var. diversifolia M. Mich. Kānpāte (sfg\kft]). ENG: Threeleaf arrowhead. Perennial aquatic herbs, stoloniferous. NEP: 27 Habitat: Ponds, lakes, marshes, paddy fields, moist and shady places. Distribution: S European Russia, tropical to temperate regions in Asia. NEPAL: W & C; 100–1650 m. KSL: Neighboring Bajura District; 1000–1500 m. Representative specimen. BAJURA: Kaudegaon–Babali, 1510 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9193843, 29 Aug 1991; KATH!). Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Zhuang 2011). JUNCAGINACEAE Triglochin Riv. ex L., Sp. Pl. 1: 338 (1753). Triglochin maritima L. Sp. Pl. 1: 105, 339 (1753). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 94 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 45 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 76 (2018). ENG: Sea arrowgrass, Seaside arrowgrass. TIB: naram (ན་རམ་). Perennial aquatic herbs; rhizomes short, thick; leaves basal, linear, obtuse; scapes erect, stout, 3–30 cm; racemes densely many-flowered; perianth segments green; fruits oblong-ovoid, rounded at base. Habitat: Marshy places near streams, marshy meadows, damp grasslands. Distribution: Temperate N Hemisphere, Himalaya (Pakistan to Bhutan & NE India), S America. NEPAL: W & C; 2500–4700 m. KSL: Humla District in KSL Nepal; 4300 m [also in adjoining Pulan Xian, SW Xizang, China]. Representative specimens. HUMLA: Ning Tsho, Talung Valley, 4350 m (SK Ghimire, LR Joshi, A Paudel, S Lo, P Subedi, C Thapa and S Lama CHH-1363B, 12 Sept 2012; TUCH!). XIZANG (CHINA): Pulan Xian (QinghaiTibet team vegetation group 6751249, 1976; PE) fide Kong & Yang (2019). Local abund.: Occasional in Humla. Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Maiz-Tome 2016a). Triglochin palustris L., Sp. Pl. 1: 338 (1753). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 94 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 46 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 77 (2018). Triglochin himalensis Royle ENG: Marsh arrowgrass. Perennial aquatic herbs similar to T. maritima, but with longer and slender scapes, loosely flowered racemes, and cylindric fruits tapering at base. Habitat: Marshy places near streams, wet meadows. Distribution: Subarctic and Temperate N Hemisphere, Himalaya (N Pakistan to Bhutan), S America. NEPAL: W, C & E; 2300–4700 m. KSL: Darchula District in KSL Nepal; 2900 m. Representative specimen. DARCHULA: Chhangru, 2900 m (KR Rajbhandari & KJ Malla 5764, 30 Aug 1980; KATH!). Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Akhani & Zehzad 2014a). 28 POTAMOGETONACEAE Potamogeton L., Sp. Pl. 1: 126 (1753). Potamogeton natans L., Sp. Pl. 1: 126 (1753). Dandy in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 95 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 47 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 77 (2018). Potamogeton morongii A. Benn.; Spirillus natans (L.) Nieuwl. ENG: Broad-leaved pondweed. Perennial aquatic herbs, rhizomatous; stems usually simple or sparsely branched; leaves dimorphic; submerged leaves absent or reduced to narrowly linear, opaque phyllodes. Habitat: Lakes, ponds, channels. Distribution: Temperate and Subtropical Northern Hemisphere. NEPAL: W, C & E; (1200–)2400–4400 m. KSL: Bajhang District in KSL Nepal; 1210 m. Representative specimen. BAJHANG: Chainpur – Jimkot, 1210 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9193388, 25 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB 2013–2020. Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Gupta 2013). Potamogeton nodosus Poir., Encycl., Suppl. 4: 535 (1816). Dandy in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 95 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 47 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 77 (2018). Potamogeton indicus Roxb.; Potamogeton leschenaultii Cham. & Schltdl.; Potamogeton roxburghianus Schult. & Schult. f. ENG: Loddon pondweed. Perennial aquatic herbs, rhizomatous; stems usually simple or sparsely branched; leaves dimorphic; submerged leaves petiolate, with expanded lanceolate blade. Habitat: Wetlands, such as ponds and channels, rice fields. Distribution: Europe, Africa, tropical to warm temperate regions in Asia, Australia, N & S America. NEPAL: W, C & E; 200–3000 m. KSL: Bajhang District in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Mugu; 1100–3000 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Chainpur – Jimkot, 1140–1480 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9161015, 25 Aug 1991; E00228799! image, TI). MUGU: Rara Lake, 2930 m (TB Shrestha & NP Manandhar 283, 15 Oct 1975; E00645622! image). Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Lansdown 2017a). Potamogeton octandrus Poir., Encycl., Suppl. 4: 534 (1816). Dandy in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 95 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 47 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 78 (2018). Potamogeton asiaticus A. Benn.; Potamogeton parvifolius Buchenau ENG: Pondweed. Annual or perennial aquatic herbs; stems filiform, branched; leaves dimorphic; submerged leaves sessile, linear to filiform. Habitat: Ponds and channels, streams. Distribution: Tropical Africa, tropical to temperate regains in Asia, Australasia. NEPAL: W & C; 400–3000 m. 29 KSL: Known from neighboring Bajura District. It is likely also to be present within the KSL area of Nepal. Representative specimen. BAJURA: Khaptad National Park to Kaudegaon, 2980–1900 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9161103, 28 Aug 1991; E00241010! image, KATH!, TI). Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Lansdown 2019a). Potamogeton pusillus L., Sp. Pl. 1: 127 (1753). Dandy in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 95 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 48 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 78 (2018). Potamogeton panormitanus Biv.; Spirillus pusillus (L.) Nieuwl. ENG: Baby pondweed, Lesser pondweed, Slender pondweed, Small pondweed. Annual aquatic herbs; stems filiform, branched; leaves monomorphic, submerged, sessile, linear. Habitat: Lakes, ponds, marshes, slowly moving water, fast flowing irrigation channels. Distribution: Cosmopolitan (Europe, Africa, Asia, Americas). NEPAL: W & C; 2100–3000 m. KSL: Known from neighboring Mugu District. It is likely also to be present in KSL Nepal. Representative specimens. MUGU: Near Lumsa, NW of Jumla, 2740 m (O Polunin, WR Sykes & LHJ Williams 5100, 10 Aug 1952; BM000638577, E00735791! image); Rara Daha, 2985 m (O Polunin, WR Sykes & LHJ Williams 5160, 13 Aug 1952; E00735793! image). Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Lansdown 2019b). NARTHECIACEAE Aletris L., Sp. Pl. 1: 319 (1753). Aletris pauciflora (Klotzsch) Hand.-Mazz., Symb. Sin. 7: 1220 (1936). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 70 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 49 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 79 (2018). Pl. 5. Stachyopogon pauciflorus Klotzsch in Klotzsch & Garcke, Bot. Ergebn. Reise Waldemar: 49 (1862); Aletris mairei H. Lév.; Aletris nepalensis Hook. f. var. delavayi Franch. Perennial herbs, grass-like, 10–30 cm tall; rhizome stout; leaves linear-lanceolate to linear. Habitat: Open grassy slopes, rocky slopes, meadows, among shrubs, moraines. Distribution: Himalaya (Pakistan to Bhutan & NE India), Tibetan Plateau, Myanmar, SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 2500–4900 m. KSL: Bajhang, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Doti; 3000–4200 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Manane Lekh, summit, 4060 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20915103, 13 Jul 2009; E00623909! image); between Kariganga & Aletsoura, near Saipal, 4090 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 1881, 31 Jul 1976; KATH!). DARCHULA: Gauchhalighol, Pilkanda, 3800 m (SK Ghimire, S Thapa, B Awasthi, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain 1282, 21 Jul 2015; TUCH!); upper Chamaliya Valley, Thadeula, Pilkanda, 4200 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, A Paudel, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain 1823, 21 Jul 2016; TUCH!). DOTI: Khaptad, 2980 m (H Tabata KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 1122, 9 Jul 1976; KATH!). Local abund.: Common. 30 DIOSCOREACEAE Dioscorea L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1032 (1753). Dioscorea alata L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1033 (1753). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 67 (1978). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 80 (2018). Taud (tf}8). NEP: Ghar tarul (3/ t?n). Greater yam, Guyana arrowroot, Purple yam, Water yam. Perennial climbing herbs, twining to right, with branched annual tubers; stems winged. Habitat: Cultivated for its edible tuber. Distribution: Probably originated in Tropical Asia; cultivated throughout moist tropics. NEPAL: W, C & E; 100–1800 m. KSL: Bajhang District in KSL Nepal; c. 1150–1500 m. Representative specimen. BAJHANG: Chainpur–Jimkot, 1140–1480 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M NEP-L: ENG: Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9191496, 25 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB 2013– 2020. Dioscorea belophylla (Prain) Voigt ex Haines, Forest Fl. Chota Nagpur: 530 (1910). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 67 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 51 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 80 (2018). Dioscorea nummularia Lam. var. belophylla Prain Pānu tarul, Githā tarul (kfg' t?n, lu¶f t?n). Spear-leaved yam. HIN: Turar (t'//). Perennial climbing herbs, twining to right; tubers small; stems glabrous; leaves simple, coriaceous. Habitat: Plantation forests, shrublands, subtropical forests, forest margins. Distribution: Tropical and subtropical regions in S Asia from Pakistan to Assam. NEPAL: W, C & E; 100–2400 m. KSL: Bajhang District in KSL Nepal; 2000–2100 m [Bageshwar District, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. It is likely also to be present in Baitadi and Darchula districts in Far West Nepal. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Between Talkot & Panalta, 2000–2100 m (HN Qin, P Bhandari, TR NEP: ENG: Pandey, BR Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0221, 12 Sept 2017; KATH!, PE!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon, Bagesar, 915 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 3 [Wallich Cat. 5105]; K001142799! image). Local abund.: Rare to occasional. Dioscorea bulbifera L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1033 (1753). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 67 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 51 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 80 (2018). Pl. 5. Dioscorea versicolor Buch.-Ham. ex Wall., nom. nud. NEP-L: Van taud (jg tf}8). NEP: Van tarul, Githā, Githe tarul, Tarul (jg t?n, lu¶f, lu¶] t?n, t?n). ENG: Aerial yam, Air yam, Bitter yam, Potato yam. HIN: Zimîkand (lhdLs+b). SAN: Mukhālu (d'vfn'). Perennial climbing herbs, twining to left, with usually solitary tubers; stems glabrous; leaves simple. Habitat: Forests, forest margins, shrubberies, river banks, open rocky slopes, along trail. Distribution: Tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World. NEPAL: W, C & E; 100–2800 m. 31 KSL: Bajhang, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal; 1000–2800 m [also in Uttarakhand, India]. It is likely also to be present in Baitadi, Nepal. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Chainpur–Jimkot, 1140–1480 m (M Suziki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9161011, 25 Aug 1991; E00232542! image, TI! image); Kinara–Chainpur, 1310–1540 m (M Suziki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9160999, 24 Aug 1991; E00223586! image, KATH!, TI); between Talkot & Panalta, 2000–2100 m (HN Qin, P Bhandari, TR Pandey, BR Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0182, 12 Sept 2017; KATH!, PE!). DARCHULA: Lattenath, 1050 m (SK Ghimire 1821, 30 Aug 2017; TUCH!); below Paiya bisauna, way to Ghusa, 1500 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Lo, C Thapa & MR Paudeyal 548, 15 Oct 2014; TUCH!); way to Lolu-Pilkanda, between Simar & Domul, 2800 m (SK Ghimire 3474, 17 Jul 2016; TUCH!). HUMLA: Between Darma & Pipilang, 1840 m (CA Pendry, S Baral, S Noshiro, S Rajbhandari, PP Kurmi, B Dell & B Adhikari JRS A137, 14 Jun 2008; E00392186! image, KATH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon, Almora, 1675 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 2; BM001049280! image, K001142209! image). Local abund.: Frequent to common. Ethnobt. use: Tubers are eaten as vegetable. Dioscorea deltoidea Wall. ex Griseb. in Mart., Fl. Bras. 3(1): 43 (1842). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 67 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 51 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 80 (2018). Pl. 5. Dioscorea nepalensis (Jacquem. ex Prain & Burkill) Sweet ex Bernardi; Tamus nepalensis Jacquem. ex Prain & Burkill Van taud (jg tf}8). NEP: Bhyākur, Kukur tarul (Eofs'/, s's/' t?n). Deltoid yam, Nepal yam. Perennial climbing herbs, twining to left; tubers horizontal, ginger-shaped; leaves hastate. Habitat: Forests, scrubs, thickets, stream banks. Distribution: Afghanistan, Himalaya (Pakistan to Bhutan & NE India), Tibetan Plateau, SC China, mainland SE Asia. NEPAL: W, C & E; (200–)500–3100(–3900) m. KSL: Baitadi, Bajhang, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura and Mugu; 1800–2900 m [Bageshwar and neighboring Almora District, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAITADI: Khateda, 1900 m (LP Kattel 834, 2 Jun 1982; KATH!). BAJHANG: NEP-L: ENG: Dhalaun–Rasa, 1980–2880 m (M Suziki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9195041, 20 Aug 1991; E00223766! image, KATH!, TI); Khaptad National Park, trail from Ghodadaune to Lokhada, 2415 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20913054, 3 Jul 2009; E00624426! image). DARCHULA: Ngali, way to Sithi, Ghusa VDC, 2400 m (SK Ghimire IM0791, 17 Jul 2015; TUCH!). HUMLA: Between Dharma & Pipilang, 1840 m (CA Pendry, S Baral, S Noshiro, PP Kurmi, B Dell & B Adhikari JRS A137, 14 Jun 2008; E00392186! image); between Kermi & Salli Pass, 2600 m (SK Ghimire, LR Joshi, A Paudel, S Lo, P Subedi, C Thapa & S Lama 1586, 15 Sept 2012; TUCH!); Dozam, 2700 m (TR Pandey & DR Kandel 2016925, 11 Sep 2016; KATH!); Simikot, 2896 m (O Polunin, WR Sykes & LHJ Williams 4287, 9 Jun 1952; BM001049344! image, E00735828! image). MUGU: between Ruga & Luma, 2090 m (CA Pendry, S Baral, S Noshiro, PP Kurmi, B Del & B Adhikari JRS A101, 10 Jun 2008; E00397501! image). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon, Binsar, 2225 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 1, Wallich Cat. 51330; P00275918! image); Kumaon, Kathi, 2285 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 1; K001142035! image). Local abund.: Occassional to frequent. Ethnobt. use: In Darchula and Humla, tuber extract is used as fish poison and to deter lice. 32 Consv. status: NAT., Endangered (Tandon et al. 2001). LOC., Near Threatened. It is frequently found in most of the districts in KSL Nepal. The major threats are tuber harvesting and habitat destruction. The species was subjected to heavy commercial harvesting in the past, with an annual quantity of tubers traded to be 5,200 kg in 1997/1998 from Darchula alone (Pyakurel 2018). Commercial harvesting of Dioscorea deltoidea tubers has declined greatly in Nepal since the past 12–15 years. At present, only a small amount of which are collected, mostly for local use in KSL Nepal. Dioscorea glabra Roxb., Fl. Ind. ed. 1832, 3: 804 (1832). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 67 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 51 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 81 (2018). tarul (kftnL t?n). Perennial climbing herbs, twining to right, glabrous; stems terete; leaves thin-textured, shallowly cordate or truncate at base, cuspidate or accuminate at apex. Habitat: Forests. Distribution: Tropical and subtropical regions in S Asia to S China and mainland SE Asia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 100–2400 m. KSL: Known from Bageshwar District, Uttarakhand in KSL India; and nearby Kailali District, Nepal. It is likely also to be present in KSL area of Far West Nepal. Representative specimens. KAILALI: South of Dhangari, 200 m (DH Nicolson 2810, 1 Dec 1966; NEP: Pātalî BM001049402! image). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon, Bagesar, 915 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 3; BR0000013343590! image). Dioscorea hamiltonii Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6: 294 (1892). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 67 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 52 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 81 (2018). Pl. 5. Van taud (jg tf}8). NEP: Van tarul (jg t?n). Mountain yam. Perennial climbing herbs, twining to right, glabrous; tubers cylindric, vertical; stems narrowly winged; leaves deeply cordate, cuspidate. Habitat: Forests, scrubs, thickets, mountain slopes. Distribution: Tropical and subtropical regions in S Asia to S China and mainland SE Asia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 200–2400 m. KSL: Darchula District in KSL Nepal; 1100–1300 m. Representative specimen. DARCHULA: Lattenath, 1100 m (SK Ghimire & B Awasthi 1795, 29 Aug 2017; TUCH!). Local abund.: Rare. Ethnobt. use: Boiled tubers are cooked as vegetable. Tuber extract is used to treat dysentery. Consv. status: GLB., Near Threatened (Omosowon & Kell 2019). LOC., Data Deficient. NEP-L: ENG: Dioscorea kamoonensis Kunth, Enum. Pl. 5: 395 (1850). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 68 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 52 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 81 (2018). Dioscorea kamoonensis var. vera Prain & Burkill NEP: Rānî bhyākur (μfgL Eofs'/). Perennial climbing herbs, twining to left, pubescent; stems lacking pricles; leaves palmately 3 or 5-foliate. 33 Habitat: Forests, forest margins, scrubs. Distribution: Himalaya (India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, S China, mainland SE Asia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1500–2500(–3800) m. KSL: Bajhang District in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Dadeldhura; 1700–2000 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. It is likely also to be present in Baitadi and Darchula, Nepal. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Talkot–Aagar, 1980 m (M Suziki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9170741, 18 Aug 1991; E00223324! image, KATH!, TI! image). DADELDHURA: Dadeldhura, 1730 m (I Sharma, R Joshi, R Uprety & I Pandey 521, 17 Sept 1981; KATH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon, Lohathal [Pithoragarh], 1830 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 6; isolectotype of Dioscorea kamoonensis var. vera GH 00030433! image). Local abund.: Rare to occasional. Dioscorea melanophyma Prain & Burkill, J. Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 4: 452 (1908). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 68 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 52 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 81 (2018). Dioscorea tenii R. Knuth Perennial climbing herbs, twining to left; stems glabrous, lacking prickles; leaves palmately 3–7-foliate. Habitat: Forests, forest margins, shrubberies. Distribution: W Pakistan, Himalaya (India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, SC China. NEPAL: W & C; 1150–2500 m. KSL: Neighboring Doti and Mugu districts in Nepal; 1400–1800 m [also in Almora, Uttarakhand, India]. It is likely also to be present in KSL area of Far West Nepal. Representative specimens. DOTI: Gayer, 1430 m (I Sharma, R Joshi, RK Uprety & I Pandey 509, 16 Sept 1981; KATH!); on the trail from Chainpur to Patiudi, 1800 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20919029, 6 Jul 2009; E00625014! image, KATH!). MUGU: Mugu-Karnali Valley, between Daura & Mangri, 2435 m (O Polunin, WR Sykes & LHJ Williams 3025, 25 Aug 1952; BM001049441! image, E00735846! image). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon, Almora, 1615 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 5; BM001049443! image, K001142330! image). Dioscorea pentaphylla L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1032 (1753). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 68 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 53 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 81 (2018). Dioscorea jacquemontii Hook. f.; Dioscorea pentaphylla var. jacquemontii (Hook. f.) Prain & Burkill; Dioscorea pentaphylla var. suli Prain & Burkill; Dioscorea spinosa Burm.; Dioscorea triphylla L. Van tarul, Mithe githo, Jangalî tarul (jg t?n, dL7] lu¶f], hª\unL t?n). Fiveleaf yam. HIN: Genthî (u]+7L). SAN: Varāhî, Varāhakanda (j/fxL, j/fxsGb). Perennial climbing herbs, twining to left, pubescent; stems sometimes with prickles; leaves palmately 3or 5-foliate. Habitat: Forests, forest margins, open places. Distribution: Tropical region in S Asia, Himalaya (India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, S China, mainland SE Asia to N Australia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 100–2700 m. KSL: Known from Uttarakhand, India, and nearby Kanchanpur District, Nepal. It is likely also to be present in KSL area of Far West Nepal. NEP: ENG: 34 Representative specimens. KANCHANPUR: Sukla Phanta to Mahendra Nagar, 190 m (I Sharma, R Joshi, R Uprety & I Pandey 281, 11 Sept 1981; KATH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon, Almora, 1675 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 4; K001142564! image). MELANTHIACEAE Paris L., Sp. Pl. 1: 367 (1753). Paris polyphylla Sm. in Rees, Cyclop. 26: Paris n. 2 (1813). Hara in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 76 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 54 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 83 (2018). Pl. 6. Daiswa polyphylla (Sm.) Raf.; Paris daiswus Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don; Paris polyphylla var. wallichii H. Hara Sato, Satuwā (;tf], ;t'jf). NEP: Satuwā, Tîntale bānko (;t'jf, tLgtn] af“sf]). HIN: Satwā (;tjf). TIB: loma dünchen dawa (ལོ་མ་བ ན་ཅན་ ་བ་). NEP-L: Erect perennial herbs, 30–60 cm tall; rhizomes thick creeping; leaves whorled, 4 or more per whorl. Habitat: Moist and shady slopes, humid forests, open grassy slopes, thickets, streamsides. Distribution: Himalaya (India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, C & SE China, mainland SE Asia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1300–3600 m. KSL: Baitadi, Bajhang, Darchula, Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura and Doti; 1700– 3300 m [also in Uttarakhand, India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Rasa – Roshiadanda, 1980–2540 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9160862, 21 Aug 1991; TI! image); Bauli Gad, 2300 m (JF Dobremez 2052, 4 May 1973; BM001122830! image, KATH!); Launi, 2800 m (JF Dobremez 2096, 6 May 1973; BM001122829! image). BAJURA: Majpali – Pategaon, 2100 m (KR Rajbhandari 15074, 15 Aug 1991; KATH!). DARCHULA: Ghusa VDC, near Sithi, 2230 m (SK Ghimire, S Thapa, B Awasthi, S Lo, C Thapa Magar & MR Paudeyal 609, 16 Oct 2014; TUCH!); Brahma Lekh, 3250 m (PR Shakya & DP Joshi 558, 19 May 1971; KATH!). DOTI: Khaptad National Park, trail from Jhigrana to Bichpani, 2270 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20911022, 1 Jul 2009; E00509854! image). HUMLA: Rimi – Chankheli, 2600 m (KR Rajbhandari & B Roy 4283, 2 Aug 1979; KATH!); Phucha, 2743 m (O Polunin, WR Sykes & LHJ Williams 4154, 24 May 1952; BM001122841! image, E00723793! image); Chhipra, 3200 m (SK Ghimire, RP Chaudhary & team P12410, 26 May 2010; TUCH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon (R Blinkworth Cat. no. 3710; K001119877! image). Local abund.: Rare to occasional. Ethnobt. use: Powder or extract of tubers is used as an external application to treat cuts and wounds, and skin affections. Tuber extract, in very small amount, is also taken to treat intestinal worms, diarrhoea and stomach pain. Plant is considered to be toxic. Consv. status: GLB., Vulnerable A4cd (Chauhan 2020). NAT., Vulnerable (Tandon et al. 2001). LOC., Endangered A2acd. The major threats are overharvesting of tubers for commercial trade, livestock grazing, and habitat degradation and loss. According Pyakurel et al. (2017, 2018), a total of 7,333 kg of P. polyphylla (probably also including Trillium govanianum) tubers were traded in the fiscal year 2014/015 from Baitadi (2,085 kg) and Darchula (5,248 kg) alone. Trade-driven harvesting has resulted population fragmentation and reduction in size. In KSL Nepal, about 50–70% population size reduction has been suspected to have occurred over the past 10 years. A recent global assessment 35 by Chauhan (2020) indicated a continuous population decline (>30%) over the past 10 years, and predicted further decline of >30–50% to occur between 2010 and 2070. Trillium L., Sp. Pl. 1: 339 (1753). Trillium govanianum Wall. ex D. Don in Royle, Ill. Bot. Himal. Mts.: 384 (1839). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 55 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 83 (2018). Pl. 6. Trillidium govanianum (Wall. ex D. Don) Kunth, Enum. Pl. 5: 120 (1850). Lek satuwā (n]s ;t'jf). NEP: Nakalî satuwā (gSsnL ;t'jf). Erect perennial herbs, 5–30 cm tall, with creeping rhizomes; leaves 3, whorled. Habitat: Moist and shady places, shady floor in Abies-Betula forests, among shrubs, rock shelters. Distribution: NE Afghanistan, Himalaya (Pakistan to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau. NEPAL: W, C & E; 2700–4300 m. KSL: Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Doti and Mugu; 3100–3500 m [also in Uttarakhand, India]. It is likely also to be present in Bajhang and Humla, Nepal. Representative specimens. DARCHULA: Upper Chameliya Valley, Domul Deurali, way to Pilkanda, Ghusa NEP-L: VDC, 3100 m (SK Ghimire, S Thapa, B Awasthi, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA1136B, 18 Jul 2015, TUCH!). DOTI: Khaptad, 3090 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 1156, 12 Jul 1976; KATH!). MUGU: Ghurchi Lagna, 3460 m (CA Pendry, S Baral, S Noshiro, S Rajbhandari, PP Kurmi, B Del & B Adhikari JRS A79, 7 Jun 2008; E00397524! image). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon (R Blinkworth Cat. no. 812; K001111946! image, K001111947! image); Kumaon, Madhari Pass [Almora], 2895 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 1; P01776293! image). Local abund.: Rare. Ethnobt. use: Tuber extract is applied to treat cuts and wounds. Tuber extract is also taken to treat intestinal worms, diarrhoea and stomach pain. Consv. status: GLB., Endangered A4cd (Chauhan & Bisht 2020). LOC., Critically Endangered A2acd. In KSL area, it occurs in very small, isolated populations, which are subjected to continuous human harvesting, livestock grazing, and habitat degradation and loss. In recent years, depletion of Paris polyphylla populations has resulted a shift in commercial harvesting pressure towards Trillium govanianum. Tubers of both species are indistingushed in trade (both are traded as ‘satuwa’). In KSL area, commercial overharvesting has led to a great impact on T. govanianum, a population size reduction of about 80% has been suspected to have occurred over the past 10 years. A recent global assessment by Chauhan and Bisht (2020) indicated a population decline of 30–50% over the past 10 years, and predicted further decline of >50–80% to occur between 2010 and 2079 as the commercial demand of its rhizomes is expected to continue in the future. COLCHICACEAE Disporum Salisb. ex D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 50 (1825). Disporum cantoniense (Lour.) Merr., Philipp. J. Sci. 15: 229 (1919). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 56 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 84 (2018). Pl. 6. 36 Fritillaria cantoniensis Lour., Fl. Cochinch.: 206 (1790); Disporum cantoniense var. parviflorum (Wall.) H. Hara; Disporum parviflorum (Wall.) D. Don; Uvularia parviflora Wall.; Uvularia umbellata Wall. NEP-L: Khiraunle, Khiraunlo (lv/f}“n,] lv/f}“nf]). NEP: Mahājarî, Sāno kukurdāino (dxfh/L, ;fgf] s's'/8fOgf]). Perennial herbs, 0.5–1 m, with thick creeping rhizome and dichotomously branched stems. Habitat: Shady places in forests, forest margins, among shrubs. Distribution: Himalaya (India, Nepal, Bhutan), Peninsular India, Sri Lanka, Tibetan Plateau, C & SE China, mainland SE Asia to Indonesia. NEPAL: W, C & E; (850–)1100–3000 m. KSL: Bajhang, Darchula and Humla Districts in KSL Nepal; 2000–2500 m [Pithoragarh District, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Agara, 2000–2100 m (HN Qin, P Bhandari, TR Pandey, BR Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0339, 13 Sept 2017; KATH!, PE!); Bauli Gad, 2300 m (JF Dobremez 2053, 4 May 1973; E00758019! image, KATH!); Talkot, 2500 m (JF Dobremez 2365, 22 May 1973; E00758020! image). DARCHULA: Nahli deurali, way to Sithi, 2300 m (SK Ghimire, S Thapa, B Awasthi, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA 1032B, 17 Jul 2015; TUCH!). HUMLA: Near Darma, Tanke Khola, 2134– 2438 m (O Polunin, WR Sykes & LHJ Williams, 4130, 20 May 1952; E00831113! image). Remarks: Distribution records for Pithoragarh, India fide GMBA (2012–2016). Local abund.: Rare to occasional in Darchula; not known for other regions. Ethnobt. use: Rhizomes and young leaves are eaten as vegetable. Gloriosa L., Sp. Pl. 1: 305 (1753). Gloriosa superba L., Sp. Pl. 1: 305 (1753). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 73 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 57 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 84 (2018). Gloriosa doniana Schult. & Schult. f.; Gloriosa nepalensis G. Don Kewarî, Nepāle keorā, Pahenlo sarvajā, Twākphūl (s]j/L, g]kfn] s]j/f, kx]“nf] ;j{hf, 6\jfskm"n). ENG: Climbing lily. HIN: Kalihārî (slnxf/L). SAN: Lāngalî, Agnimukhî (nfª\unL, clUgd'vL). Perennial herbs, to 1.5 m, with stout, tuberous rhizome. Habitat: Open places, grassy slopes, roadsides. Distribution: Tropical Africa and Asia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 400–2200 m. KSL: Baitadi District in KSL Nepal; 600–1000 m. Representative specimen. BAITADI: Dhik Gad to Gokule, 600 m (PR Shakya, MK Adhikari & MN Subedi NEP: 7834, 12 Jul 1984; KATH!). Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Contu 2013a). Iphigenia Kunth, Enum. Pl. 4: 212 (1843). Iphigenia indica (L.) A. Gray ex Kunth, Enum. Pl. 1: 213 (1833). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 73 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 57 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 84 (2018). Melanthium indicum L., Mant. Pl.: 226 (1771); Anguillaria indica (L.) R. Br.; Hypoxidopsis pumila Steud. ex Baker ENG: Indian grass lily. 37 Perennial herbs, 10–25 cm; bulb globose; stem erect, slender, leafy. Habitat: Pine forests, shrubland, open rocky places, moist grasslands, open fields. Distribution: W & C Himalaya (NW India, Nepal), Peninsular India, Sri Lanka, SC China, mainland SE Asia to Australasia. NEPAL: W & C; 1200–2500 m. KSL: Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura; 1300–1700 m [Bageshwar District, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAJURA: Porakya – Serigaon, 1725 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9193235, 13 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB 2013–2020. DARCHULA: Near Makarigad, 1400 m (SK Ghimire, S Thapa, B Awasthi, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain 1598, 2 Aug 2015; TUCH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Bageshwar, Kumaon (R Blinkworth Wall. Cat. no. 5085; Anguillaria indica K001104698! image). Local abund.: Rare in Darchula; not known for other regions. SMILACACEAE Smilax L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1028 (1753). Smilax aspera L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1028 (1753). Koyama in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 78 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 58 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 85 (2018). Pl. 6. Smilax capitata Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don; Smilax maculata Roxb. ex D. Don NEP-L: Kukryāulo, Kukudeulo, Bākhrelaharo (s'Sof{pnf], s's'8p ] nf], afv|]nx/f]). NEP: Kukurdāino (s's'/8fOgf]). ENG: Common smilax, Prickly ivy, Rough bindweed, Sarsaparilla. HIN: Chobchinî, Kukurjarî (rf]alrgL, s's/' h/L). SAN: Dvîpāntaravachā, Madhusnuhî, Nāgdantî (åLkfGt/jrf, dw':g'xL, gfubGtL). Dioecious climbing shrubs; stems woody, ridged-angled, flexuose, unarmed or sparsely prickly. Habitat: Forests, disturbed forests, forest margins, among shrubs on grassy slopes, shrubland. Distribution: Macaronesia, S Europe, Africa, Tropical and Subtropical Asia (Turkey to SC China). NEPAL: W, C & E; 400–3000 m. KSL: Baitadi, Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura and Doti; 800–3000 m [also in Uttarakhand, India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Hillside west of Chainpur, 1333 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20915052, 5 Jul 2009; E00619039! image, KATH!); Panalta, 1900–2000 m (HN Qin, P Bhandari, TR Pandey, BR Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0251, 12 Sept 2017; KATH!, PE!). BAJURA: Berma–Kolti, 1100 m (KR Rajbhandari 14746, 10 Aug 1991; KATH!). DARCHULA: Okhal, 1230 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Lo, C Thapa & MR Paudeyal ANCA-820, 28 Oct 2014; TUCH!); Khar VDC-2, 1930 m (BB Shrestha, M Pandey & R Chhetri 209, 29 Sept 2015; TUCH!); between Ngali & Sithi, Ghusa, 2300 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Lo, C Thapa & MR Paudeyal ANCA-575, 16 Oct 2014; TUCH!). DOTI: Gadshera, 1480 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 717, 27 Jun 1976; KATH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon (R Blinkworth Cat. no. 5113; K001104838! image). Local abund.: Frequent to common. Ethnobt. use: Plant is given as fodder to goats. Tender shoots are also consumed as vegetable. Root or leaf juice is used in folk medicine to treat wounds, skin diseases and stomach disorders. 38 Smilax elegans Wall. ex Kunth, Enum. Pl. 5: 163 (1850). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 58 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 85 (2018). Pl. 6. Smilax elegans subsp. glaucophylla (Klotzsch) Noltie; Smilax glaucophylla Klotzsch NEP-L: Kukryāulo, Kukudeulo, Bākhrelaharo (s'Sof{pnf], s's'8p ] nf], afv|]nx/f]). NEP: Kukurdāino (s's'/8fOgf]). Dioecious climbing shrubs; stems woody, branched, without prickles; young branches zigzagged. Habitat: Oak-rhododendron forests, alder secondary forests, among shrubs, thickets, shady cliffs. Distribution: Himalaya (Pakistan to Bhutan & NE India), Tibetan Plateau, Myanmar. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1300–3100 m. KSL: Bajhang, Darchula and Humla districts in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura and Doti; 1600–2700 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Badigaon – Dantola, 2230–1660 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9160723, 17 Aug 1991; Smilax glaucophylla KATH!, TI! image). BAJHANG/BAJURA: Pategaon – Badigaon, 2190–2230 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9160699, 16 Aug 1991; Smilax glaucophylla E00229418! image, TI! image); Pategaon – Badigaon, 2700 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9170707, 16 Aug 1991; KATH!, TI). DARCHULA: Khar VDC-2, 2150 m (BB Shrestha, M Pandey & R Chhetri 239, 29 Sept 2015; TUCH!); between Ngali & Sithi, Ghusa, 2300 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, A Paudel, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-2110, 2 Aug 2016; TUCH!). DOTI: Khaptad National Park, trail from Jhigrana to Bichpani, 2270 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20911020, 1 Jul 2009; E00623969! image). HUMLA: Humla-Karnali, between Sarkeghat & Unapani, 1740 m (CA Pendry, SR Baral, S Noshiro, S Rajbhandary, PP Kurmi, B Dell & B Adhikari JRS A145, 15 Jun 2008; Smilax elegans subsp. glaucophylla E00392153! image, KATH). Local abund.: Frequent. Ethnobt. use: The plant is given as fodder to goats. Tender shoots are consumed as vegetable. Root or leaf juice is used as medicine to treat wounds, skin diseases and stomach disorders. Smilax ferox Wall. ex Kunth, Enum. Pl. 5: 251 (1850). Koyama in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 78 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 59 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 85 (2018). NEP: Kukurdāino (s's/' 8fOgf]). Dioecious climbing shrubs; stems branched, woody, with recurved prickles. Habitat: Broad-leaved forests, disturbed places, thickets, shrubberies. Distribution: C & E Himalaya (Nepal to Bhutan & NE India), Bangladesh, S China, mainland SE Asia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1100–2700 m. KSL: Known from neighboring Doti District, Nepal. Representative specimen. DOTI: Between Sahejpur & Doti (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 9056, 24 Jun–4 Jul 1976; KATH!). Local abund.: Not known. Smilax menispermoidea A. DC. in A. DC. & C. DC., Monogr. Phan. 1: 108 (1878). Koyama in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 79 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 60 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 86 (2018). Smilax luteocaulis H. Lév.; Smilax rubriflora Rehder NEP: Hāde kukurdāino (xf8] s's'/8fOgf]). 39 Dioecious climbing shrubs; stem branched, terete, woody, without prickles. Habitat: Broad-leaved forests, disturbed places, thickets, open and rocky places. Distribution: Himalaya (India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, C China, mainland SE Asia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1100–3500 m. KSL: Baitadi and Bajhang in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura and Doti; 1150–3350 m. Representative specimens. BAITADI: Shribhawar, 2480 m (TR Pandey & GD Bhatt 2016645, 6 Jun 2016, KATH!). BAJHANG: Chimnya, way to Kalapani, NE of Dhalun, 2900–3200 m (HN Qin, P Bhandari, TR Pandey, BR Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0498, 16 Sept 2017; KATH!, PE!). BAJURA: Berma–Kolti, 1150 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9192267, 10 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB 2013–2020. DOTI: Khaptad, 3330 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 1074, 9 Jul 1976; KATH!). Local abund.: Occasional. Ethnobt. use: The plant is given as fodder to goats. Root or leaf juice is used as medicine to treat wounds, skin diseases and stomach disorders. LILIACEAE Cardiocrinum (Endl.) Lindl., Veg. Kingd. 205 (1846). Cardiocrinum giganteum (Wall.) Makino, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 27: 125 (1913). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 71 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 62 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 88 (2018). Pl. 6, 7. Lilium giganteum Wall., Tent. Fl. Napal.: 21 (1826); Lilium cordifolium subsp. giganteum (Wall.) Baker (l3pkft). ENG: Giant Himalayan lily. Robust bulbiferous perennial herbs, 1–4 m tall; leaves >12 cm broad, heart-shaped, glossy. Habitat: Shady moist places, broad-leaved forests, streamsides. Distribution: Himalaya (India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, Myanmar. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1800–3100 m. KSL: Bajhang, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Mugu; 1900–2900 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Rasa–Roshiadanda, 1950 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M NEP: Ghiupāt Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9170869, 21 Aug 1991; KATH!, TI); between Dhalun & Kakarkot, below Deurali, 2900–2200 m (HN Qin, P Bhandari, TR Pandey, BR Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0560, 16 Sept 2017; KATH!, PE!); between Dhuli & Inuldar, 2510 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 1704, 26 Jun 1976, KATH); Thongnada, 2700 m (PR Shakya, LR Sharma & KR Amatya 6345, 8 Jul 1981; KATH!). DARCHULA: Between Bayeli & Simar, Ghusa VDC, 2400 m (SK Ghimire IM-1306, 18 Jul 2015; TUCH). HUMLA: On the way to Darma, 2400 m (SB Malla 14185, 9 Jul 1968; KATH!). HUMLA/MUGU: Chankheli Lagna, 2895 m (O Polunin, WR Sykes & LHJ Williams 4335, 19 Jun 1952; E00736106! image). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon, Younrani, 2130 m (RC Thakur 797, 25 Jun 1948; MICH1489908! image). Local abund.: Rare to occasional. 40 Clintonia Raf., Amer. Monthly Mag. & Crit. Rev. 2: 266 (1818). Clintonia udensis Trautv. & C.A. Mey. var. alpina (Kunth ex Baker) H. Hara, J. Jap. Bot. 38: 72 (1963). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 72 (1978). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 88 (2018). Pl. 7. Clintonia alpina Kunth ex Baker, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 14: 585 (1875); Clintonia udensis subsp. alpina (Kunth ex Baker) Kitam Perennial herbs; with short, stiff rhizome, covered with fibrous sheaths; leaves in basal rosettes. Habitat: Shady places in mixed forests, shady banks, streamsides. Distribution: Himalaya (India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, Myanmar, SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 3000–4100 m. KSL: Darchula, Bajhang and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura and Mugu; 3000–3600 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Dhuli, 3000 m (JF Dobremez 2224, 14 May 1973; E00758090! image); Thongnada – Surmasarowar, 3353 m (TB Shrestha 4175, 6 Jun 1965; KATH!). HUMLA/MUGU: Chankheli, 3350 m (PR Shakya, MN Subedi & RK Uprety 8646, 14 Aug 1985; KATH!); Chankheli Lagna, 3350 m (O Polunin, WR Sykes & LHJ Williams 4119, 19 May 1952; E00736031! image). MUGU: Ghurchi Lekh, between Lumsa & Murma, 3350 m (O Polunin, WR Sykes & LHJ Williams 5141, 11 Aug 1952; E00736028! image). Local abund.: Rare to occasional in Bajhang and Darchula, not known for other districts. Fritillaria L., Sp. Pl. 1: 303 (1753). Fritillaria cirrhosa D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal.: 51 (1825). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 72 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 63 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 88 (2018). Pl. 7. Baimo cirrhosa (D. Don) Raf.; Fritillaria cirrhosa subsp. roylei (Hook.) Ali; Fritillaria roylei Hook. Ghāndevish, Podyā (3f“8]ljif, kf]8\of). NEP: Van lasun, Kākolî (jg n;'g, sfsf]nL). ENG: Himalayan fritillary. HIN/SAN: Kākolî (sfsf]nL). TIB: abisha (ཨ་བི་ཤ་). NEP: Perennial bulbous herbs; bulbs subglobose, with whitish fleshy scales; stem erect, simple, leafy; flowers campanulate, nodding, with yellow or yellowish-green tepals spotted with purple. Habitat: Open grassy slopes, moist alpine meadows, among shrubs, thickets, forests. Distribution: Himalaya (Pakistan to Bhutan & NE India), Tibetan Plateau, N Myanmar, C China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 3000–4800 m. KSL: Bajhang, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Doti and Mugu; 3000–4500 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: South of Dhuli, 3200 m (TB Shrestha 4137, 21 May 1965; KATH!); Ramkot, 3500 m (JF Dobremez 2195, 13 May 1973; E00758023! image); Surmasarowar, 3500 m (JF Dobremez 2121, 8 May 1973; E00758022! image, KATH!). DARCHULA: Lolu, Pilkanda, 3710 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1226, 21 Jul 2015; TUCH!); Dhaulo Odar to Nete, 3800 m (CK Subedi, J Gurung & S Thapa 85, 22 Jun 2014; TUCH!); way to Kalidhunga Tal, above Pilkanda campside, 3800 m (SK Ghimire & B Awasthi IM-4117, 27 Jul 2016, TUCH!). DOTI: Kaptar [Khaptad], 3000 m (JF Dobremez 1921, 22 Apr 1973; E00758025! image). HUMLA: Above Tugling, Changla Khola, Dozam, 3600 m (SK Ghimire, RP Chaudhary & team P11080, 23 May 2010; TUCH!); Chungsa Valley, Khyunkar La, 4500 m (SK Ghimire, LR Joshi, A Paudel, S Lo, P Subedi, C Thapa & S Lama CHH 1243, 7 Sept 2012; TUCH!). MUGU: Ghurchi Lagna, 3505 m (O Polunin, WR Sykes & LHJ Williams 4077, 14 May 1952; E00736054! image). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon, Yangchar, 3350 m (RC Thakur 759, 22 Jun 1948; L.1444771! image, MICH 1489887! image). 41 Local abund.: Rare to occasional. Ethnobt. use: Bulbs are used to treat respiratory and gastrointestinal disorders, and eaten raw or rosted as a general tonic. Bulbs are also given to livestock as an antidote against aconite or other poisonings. Consv. status: NAT., Vulnerable (Tandon et al. 2001). LOC., Vulnerable A2acd. Threat is mainly due to unsustainable harvesting of underground bulbs, and overgrazing. Bulbs are extensively harvested for trade in almost all of the districts within KSL, leading to a decline (suspected to be 30–50%) of natural population over the past 10 years. According to Pyakurel et al. (2018), 1,530 kg of Fritillaria cirrhosa bulbs were traded in the fiscal year 2014/015 from Darchula District alone. Gagea Salisb., Ann. Bot. (Oxford). 2: 555 (1806). Gagea lutea (L.) Ker Gawl., Bot. Mag. 30: t. 1200 (1809). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 63 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 88 (2018). Pl. 7. Ornithogalum luteum L., Sp. Pl. 1: 306 (1753); Gagea elegans Wall. ex G. Don (lv/f}“n]). Yellow star of bethlehem. Small perennial herbs; bulbs small, ovoid, with membranous, chocolate-brown tunic; stem simple; NEP-L: Khiraunle ENG: 1 basal leaves linear; flowers yellow. Habitat: Shady places in forests, thickets, grassy slopes, grazed pastures. Distribution: Europe, Temperate Asia, Himalaya (N Pakistan to NE India: Sikkim). NEPAL: W & C; 2800–4300 m. KSL: Bajhang, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal; 3000–3700 m [also in Uttarakhand, India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Gurel Lekh, 3000 m (NK Bhattarai 90/1193, 1 Sept 1990; KATH!); near Dochand, north of Dhuli, 3475 m (TB Shrestha 4157, 25 May 1965; KATH!). DARCHULA: Api Khola (JB Tyson 19; BM) fide Rajbhandari & Rai (2017); Bramha Daha, Kawa Lekh, 3680 m (PR Shakya & DP Joshi 550, 18 May 1971; KATH!). HUMLA: Above Tugling, Changla Khola, Dozam, 3600 m (SK Ghimire, RP Chaudhary & team P10753, 21 May 2010; TUCH!); Dozam Khola, near Simikot, 3658 m (O Polunin, WR Sykes & LHJ Williams 4233, 31 May 1952; E00214412! image). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Near the Pindari Glacier (CE Parkinson 5963, 10 Jun 1935; B100190826! image). Local abund.: Rare to occasional in Darchula and Humla; not known for Bajhang. Ethnobt. use: Bulbs are eaten as tonic. Gagea serotina (L.) Ker Gawl., Quart. J. Roy. Inst. 1: 180 (1816). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 64 (2017). Pl. 8. Bulbocodium serotinum L., Sp. Pl. 1: 294 (1753); Lloydia serotina (L.) Rchb.; Lloydia serotina f. parva C. Marq. & Airy Shaw; Lloydia serotina var. parva (C. Marq. & Airy Shaw) H. Hara; Ornithogalum serotinum (L.) Rchb. kākolî, Nān podyā (gfg sfsf]nL, gfg kf]8\of). ENG: Common alplily, Snowdon alplily. Perennial herbs; bulbs small, ovoid, covered with a membranous, pale tunic, forming an elongate collar; stems simple; basal leaves filiform; flowers white, with pinkish-purple veins; fillaments glabrous. Habitat: Thickets, grassy slopes, alpine meadows, rock ledges, moss covered rocks, rocky cliffs. Distribution: Europe, N Africa, subtropical and temperate regions in Asia, N America. NEP-L: Nān 42 NEPAL: W, C & E; 3300–4900 m. KSL: Bajhang, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal; 3500–4700 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Dachaud, Saipal, 3475 m (TB Shrestha 4156, 25 May 1965; KATH!); Aletsoura, near Saipal, 4363 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 1923, 31 Jul 1976; KATH!). DARCHULA: Gauchhalighol, Api base, GLORIA SMD, 4250 m (SK Ghimire & B Awasthi IM-2910, 24 Jul 2015; TUCH!). HUMLA: Dozam Khola, near Simikot, 3505 m (O Polunin, WR Sykes & LHJ Williams 4226, 30 May 1952; E00214423! image); Simikot Lagna, above Simikot, 4230 m (CA Pendry, S Baral, S Noshiro, PP Kurmi, B Dell & B Adhikari JRS A200, 20 Jun 2008; E00392115! image); Chungsa, Khyunkar La, 4640 m (SK Ghimire, LR Joshi, A Paudel, S Lo, P Subedi, C Thapa & S Lama CHH-1802, Sept 2012; TUCH!). Local abund.: Rare to occasional in Darchula and Humla; not known for Bajhang. Ethnobt. use: Bulbs are eaten as tonic for strengthening physical vigour. Lilium L., Sp. Pl. 1: 302 (1753). Lilium nanum Klotzsch in Klotzsch and Garcke, Bot. Ergebn. Reise Pr. Waldemar: 53 (1862). Stern in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 73 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 64 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 89 (2018). Pl. 7. Fritillaria gardneriana Wall. ex Baker; Fritillaria stracheyi Hook. f.; Nomocharis nana (Klotzsch) E.H. Wilson NEP-L: Podyā, Nān podyā (kf]8\of, gfg kf]8\of). Erect perennial herbs, 15–25 cm tall; bulbs small, oblong, with many imbricate, fleshy, white scales, without tunic; leaves linear; flowers small, drooping, reddish-purple to liliac. Habitat: Forest margins, meadows, alpine thickets, alpine grasslands, open slopes. Distribution: Himalaya (India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, Myanmar, SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 3400–4800 m. KSL: Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura; 3400–4500 m. Representative specimens. BAJURA: Babali – Sanfebagar (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9161152, 30 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB 2013–2020. DARCHULA: Ghusa VDC, near Bhabaye Khola, above Dhauleodar, 3600 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain 1096, 18 Jul 2015; TUCH!); Thadapani, Pilkanda, 4100 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Budha Magar, B Jnawali, S Nepal, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain 3373, 6 Sept 2017; TUCH!); Thadeula, Pilkanda, 4200 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, A Paudel, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain 1827, 21 Jul 2016; TUCH!). HUMLA: Margor Lagna, 3962 m (O Polunin, WR Sykes & LHJ Williams 4318, 16 Jun 1952; E00736123! image); Chungsa Valley, Khyunkar La, 4500 m (SK Ghimire, LR Joshi, A Paudel, S Lo, P Subedi, C Thapa & S Lama CHH-1243B, 7 Sept 2012; TUCH!). Local abund.: Rare to occasional in Darchula and Humla. Ethnobt. use: Bulbs are eaten as tonic for strengthening physical vigour. Consv. status: LOC., Near Threatened. Threat is mainly due to unsustainable harvesting and overgrazing. Bulbs of Lilium nanum are traded mixed with those of Fritillaria cirrhosa. Lilium nepalense D. Don, Mem. Wern. Nat. Hist. Soc. 3: 412 (1820). Stern in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 74 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 65 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 89 (2018). Pl. 7. Lilium ochroleucum Wall. ex Baker NEP-L: Khiraunle, ENG: Pindarā, Pinarā (lv/f}“n,] lk+8/f, lkg/f). NEP: Khiraunle, Van lasun (lv/f}“n], jg n;'g). Nepal lily. 43 Erect perennial herbs, 50–100 cm tall; bulbs subglobose, with fleshy white scales without tunic; leaves elliptic to oblong-lanceolate; flowers large, drooping, greenish-yellow outside, purplish within. Habitat: Shady places in forests, forest margins, thickets, moist grasslands, grassy slopes, rocky banks. Distribution: Himalaya (India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, mainland SE Asia, SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1500–3800 m. KSL: Bajhang, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Mugu; 2300–3300 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: On trail from Pasela to Banjh, 2372 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20911134, 16 Jul 2009; E00509932! image, KATH!); Chimnya, way to Kalapani, NE of Dhalun, 2900–3200 m (HN Qin, P Bhandari, TR Pandey, BR Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0507, 16 Sept 2017; KATH!, PE!). DARCHULA: Between Patu & Ghusa, 2100 m (SK Ghimire, S Thapa, B Awasthi, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA1002, 16 Jul 2015; TUCH!); Shiti Deurali, way to Khayakot, 2200 m (SK Ghimire, S Thapa, B Awasthi, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1025, 17 Jul 2015; TUCH!); Kasoti–Chheti, 2550 m (PR Shakya, MK Adhikari & MN Subedi 7976, 20 Jul 1984; KATH!); Chheti, 3275 m (TR Pandey & S Panthi, 2014914, 27 Sept 2014, KATH!). HUMLA: Puma (FM Bailey s.n., 16 Jun 1936; E00736119! image). MUGU: Bumra, near Ghurchi Lagna, 3200 m (O Polunin, WR Sykes & LHJ Williams 4355, 22 Jun 1952; E00736110! image). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon, between Paton and Chilkot, 2830 m (RC Thakur 819, 26 Jun 1948; L.1451284! image, MICH 1489849! image). Local abund.: Occasional to frequent. Ethnobt. use: Bulbs are eaten raw or roasted. Consv. status: NAT., Data Deficient (Tandon et al. 2001). LOC., Least Concern. Lilium oxypetalum (D. Don) Baker, J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 14: 234 (1874). Stern in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 74 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 65 (2017). Pl. 7. Fritillaria oxypetala D. Don in Royle, Ill. Bot. Himal. Mts. 1: 388 (1840); Lilium oxypetalum var. insigne Sealy; Lilium triceps Klotzsch; Nomocharis oxypetala (D. Don) E.H. Wilson Podyā (sfsf]nL, kf]8\of). Oxypetalum lily, Yellow Himalayan lily. Erect perennial herbs, 30–50 cm tall; bulbs large with imbricate, fleshy scales, without tunic; leaves many, elliptic-lanceolate; flowers pale yellow. Habitat: Forests, thickets, grassy slopes, meadows. Distribution: W & C Himalaya (Kashmir to Nepal). NEPAL: W; 3100–4100(–?5100) m. KSL: Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Mugu; 3300–4100 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. DARCHULA: Marma – Khadi, Muna Lekh 3353 m (TB Shrestha 4215, 17 Jun 1965; NEP-L: Kākolî, ENG: KATH!); Pilkanda, 3700 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1203, 21 Jul 2015; TUCH!); Ringde, way to Pilkanda, 3850 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Budha Magar, B Jnawali, S Nepal, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain 3320, 6 Sept 2017; TUCH!). HUMLA: Durpa, Humla Karnali, 3350 m (O Polunin, WR Sykes & HJ Williams 4309, 15 Jun 1952; P02105844! image); Simikot Lagna, above Simikot, 3850 m (CA Pendry, S Baral, S Noshiro, S Rajbhandary, PP Kurmi, B Dell & B Adhikari JRS A231, 21 Jun 2008; E00397487! image). MUGU: Wangri, 3100 m (PR Shakya & B Roy 5645, 13 44 Jun 1980; KATH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon, Pindari, 3655 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 4; K000900788! image). Local abund.: Rare to occasional in Nepal. Ethnobt. use: Bulbs are eaten as tonic for strengthening physical vigour, and also to treat respiratory and gastrointestinal disorders. Consv. status: LOC., Data Deficient. It is suspected to be threatened due to harvesting of bulbs for trade, and overgrazing. However, there is a lack of information on amount of trade, population size and extent of harvesting impact. Lloydia Salisb. ex Rchb., Fl. Germ. Excurs.: 102 (1830). Lloydia longiscapa Hook., Hooker's Icon. Pl. 9: t. 834 (1851). Stern in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 74 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 66 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 90 (2018). Pl. 8. Gagea pulchella Wall., nom. nud. kākolî, Nān podyā (gfg sfsf]nL, gfg kf]8\of). Perennial herbs like Gagea serotina, but with inner petals hairy within at the base and with hairy stamens. Habitat: Thickets, grassy slopes, mossy rock, cliffs, meadows. Distribution: Himalaya (Kashmir to Bhutan). NEPAL: W, C & E; 3600–5000 m. KSL: Darchula in KSL Nepal; 4100–4500 m. Representative specimens. DARCHULA: Thadapani, Pilkanda-Lolu, 4100 m (SK Ghimire, S Thapa, B Awasthi, NEP-L: Nān S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1401, 23 Jul 2015; TUCH!); Channi-Api Base, Pilkanda-Lolu, 4400–4500 m (SK Ghimire, S Thapa, B Awasthi, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1460, 24 Jul 2015; TUCH!). Local abund.: Rare to occasional. Ethnobt. use: Bulbs are eaten as a tonic for strengthening physical vigour. Bulbs are also used to treat stomach disorders. Notholirion Wall. ex Boiss., Fl. Orient. 5: 190 (1882). Notholirion macrophyllum (D. Don) Boiss., Fl. Orient. 5: 190 (1882). Stern in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 75 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 67 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 91 (2018). Fritillaria macrophylla D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal.: 51 (1825); Lilium macrophyllum (D. Don) Voss Perennial herbs; bulbs narrowly ovoid, few-scaled, covered with brown outer tunic; stem erect, stout, to 40 cm, leafy; leaves linear to linear-lanceolate; flowers funnel-shaped, pale violet to purple-red borne on few-flowered racemes. Habitat: On mossy rocks in forests, forest margins, moist or shady grassy slopes, rocky slopes. Distribution: C & E Himalaya (Nepal to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; (1400–)2100–4400 m. KSL: Humla in KSL Nepal; 3300 m. Representative specimen. HUMLA: Lare Khola, 3300 m (D Pyakurel 40, 4 Jun 2000; TUCH!). Local abund.: Not known (probably rare). 45 Streptopus Michx., Fl. Bor.-Amer. 1: 200 (1803). Streptopus simplex D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal.: 48 (1825). Hara in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 80 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 67 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 91 (2018). Pl. 8. (lv/f}“nf]). Perennial herbs, with creeping rhizome; stem erect or ascending, simple or branched above, glabrous. Habitat: Forests, forest margins, bamboo thickets, along streams. Distribution: Himalaya (India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, N Myanmar, SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1800–4000 m. KSL: Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura; 2400–4000 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Godi Lekh, 3333 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 2432, 13 NEP-L: Khiraunlo Aug 1976; KATH!); Ghodi Lekh, 4000 m (MS Bista & DP Joshi 496, 17 August 1972; KATH!). BAJURA: Pategaon – Badigaon (M Suziki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9160664, 16 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB 2013–2020. DARCHULA: Ghusa VDC, between Simar & Domul, 2800 m (SK Ghimire, S Thapa, B Awasthi, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1056, 18 Jul 2015; TUCH!); between Domul & Dhauliodar, way to Lolu, 3000 m (SK Ghimire & B Awasthi IM-2172, 3 Sept 2017; TUCH!). Local abund.: Occasional in Darchula; not known for other districts. Ethnobt. use: Young rhizomes and tender shoots are eaten as vegetable. ORCHIDACEAE Aerides Lour., Fl. Cochinch. 2: 525 (1790). Aerides multiflora Roxb., Pl. Coromandel 3: 68 (1820). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 31 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 68 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 92 (2018). Pl. 8. Aerides affinis Wall. ex Lindl.; Epidendrum geniculatum Hook. f. NEP: Sunākharî (;'gfv/L). ENG: Cat’s tail orchid, Fox brush orchid, Foxtail orchid. Epiphytic herbs, erect or pendent; roots fibrous, fleshy; stems stout, many-leaved. Habitat: On trees in forests. Distribution: Tropical region S Asia, Himalaya (India, Nepal, Bhutan), mainland SE Asia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 200–1700 m. KSL: Darchula and Bajhang in KSL Nepal; 750–1650 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Sundi Khola, 960 (PR Shakya, MK Adhikari & MN Subedi 8313, 5 Aug 1984; KATH!); Chir, 1650 m (P Pradhan, RK Uprety, N Pradhan & N Dabadi 1302, 14 Apr 1984; KATH!). Remarks: Distribution record for Pithoragarh fide Jalal (2004). Brachycorythis Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl.: 363 (1838). Brachycorythis obcordata (Lindl.) Summerh., Kew Bull. 10: 243 (1955). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 32 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 71 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 95 (2018). 46 Platanthera obcordata Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl.: 290 (1835); Gymnadenia obcordata (Lindl.) Rchb. f.; Habenaria obcordata (Lindl.) Fyson; Phyllomphax obcordata (Lindl.) Schltr. Gāngdol (ufd8f]n, ufª\8f]n). Terrestrial herbs, to 20 cm; tubers globose to cylindric; stems erect, glandular-pubescent. Habitat: Shady places in forests, moist slopes, open rocky slopes. Distribution: Tropical region in S Asia, Himalaya (India, Nepal, Bhutan), Bangladesh, Myanmar. NEPAL: W, C & E; 600–2600 m. KSL: Baitadi, Darchula and Bajhang in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura and Dadeldhura; 900–2200 m [Pithoragarh and neighboring Almora District, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Kinara–Chainpur, 1310–1540 m (M Suziki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M NEP: Gāmdol, Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9160994, 24 Aug 1991; A 01949358! image, E00104752! image, TI! image); Agar, 1540 m (MS Bista & DP Joshi 559, 18 Aug 1972; KATH!). BAJURA: Rigla, 1200 m (MS Bista & DP Joshi 320, 11 Aug 1972; KATH!). DADELDHURA: Lipna, 900 m (KR Rajbhandari, PM Regmi & KJ Malla 5184, 11 Aug 1980; KATH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Pithoragarh, Thal, 1219 m (WN Koelz 21509, 5 Aug 1948; MICH1492865! image); Almora, Jagesar, 2134 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 40; GH 01949347! image, P00364009! image). Local abund.: Rare to occasional. Ethnobt. use: Tubers are used as an expectorant and tonic. Consv. status: LOC., Vulnerable A2acd. The major threats are overharvesting of tubers for trade, livestock grazing, and habitat degradation. Pyakurel et al. (2018) estimated the annual trade of tubers from Darchula District alone to be 200 kg in the fiscal year 2014/015. The quantity traded from the same district in 1997/98 was 1,200 kg (cited in Pyakurel et al. 2018). About 30–50% population size reduction has been suspected over the last 10 years mainly due to trade-driven harvesting. Bulbophyllum Thouars, Hist. Orchid.: t. 3 (1822). Bulbophyllum triste Rchb. f. in W.G. Walpers, Ann. Bot. Syst. 6: 253 (1861). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 34 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 77 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 99 (2018). Bulbophyllum alopecurus Rchb. f.; Bulbophyllum mackeeanum Guillaumin; Bulbophyllum micranthum Hook. f.; Phyllorkis alopecurus (Rchb. f.) Kuntze; Phyllorkis tristis (Rchb. f.) Kuntze Epiphytic herbs, with stout rhizomes and subglobose pseudobulbs. Habitat: Forests. Distribution: Himalaya (India, Nepal, Bhutan), Myanmar, SC China, Thailand. NEPAL: C & E; 1200–2300 m. KSL: Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India. It is likely also to be present in Far West Nepal. Representative specimen. UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon, Shanidev, Askot, 1900 m (CM Arora 36448, 12 Nov 1965; L.1493444! image). Calanthe R. Br., Bot. Reg. 7: 573 (1821). Calanthe alpina Hook. f. ex Lindl., Fol. Orchid. 6: 4 (1855). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 34 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 78 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 100 (2018). Alismorkis alpina (Hook. f. ex Lindl.) Kuntze; Calanthe fimbriata Franch. 47 Terrestrial herbs, 20–40 cm tall. Habitat: Moist places in forests, grassy slopes. Distribution: Himalaya (India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, C China to Japan. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1900–4000 m. KSL: Bajhang and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Mugu; 2700–3030 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Above Thongnada, 2700 m (PR Shakya, LR Sharma & KR Amatya 6344, 8 Jul 1981; KATH!). HUMLA/MUGU: Chankheli Lagna, 3030 m (O Polunin, WR Sykes & LHJ Williams 4332, 19 Jun 1952; BM000514457! image). Local abund.: Not known (probably rare). Calanthe himalaicum Raskoti, Phytotaxa 394 (4): 257 (2019). Terrestrial herbs, 20–32 cm tall. Habitat: Forest margins, moist shady slopes. Distribution: Endemic to Nepal, W; 2200 m. KSL: Known from neighboring Doti District, Nepal; 2200 m. Representative specimen. DOTI: Wagalek, 2200 m (BB Raskoti 0019, 11 Aug 2011; holotype KATH!). Calanthe mannii Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 850 (1890). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 34 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 80 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 101 (2018). Pl. 9. Alismorkis mannii (Hook. f.) Kuntze; Calanthe brachychila Gagnep.; Calanthe pusilla Finet Terrestrial herbs, 30–40 cm tall. Habitat: Shady and moist places, forests. Distribution: Himalaya (India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, S China to Japan, mainland SE Asia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1500–2500 m. KSL: Darchula in KSL Nepal; 2100–2300 m [also in Almora, Uttarakhand, India]. Representative specimens. DARCHULA: Khar VDC-5, 2090 m (BB Shrestha, M Pandey & R Chhetri 277, 3 Oct 2015; TUCH!); Paripatal CF, Khar, 2300 m (CK Subedi, J Gurung & M Pandey 4017, 4 Jun 2015; TUCH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Below Ranikhet (JF Duthie 5996, 30 May 1886; K000810903! image). Local abund.: Rare in Darchula. Calanthe plantaginea Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl.: 250 (1833). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 35 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 80 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 101 (2018). Terrestrial herbs, 30–60 cm tall. Habitat: Shady places in evergreen broad-leaved forests. Distribution: Himalaya (India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, SC China. NEPAL: W & C; 1200–2500 m. KSL: Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal; 1900–2000 m. Representative specimen. BAJHANG: Dyolekh, 1950 m (P Pradhan, RK Uprety, N Pradhan & N Dabadi 1317, 15 Apr 1984; KATH!). Remarks: Distribution record for Darchula (Cat. no. 40797991) fide Ueda (2020). Local abund.: Not known (probably rare). 48 Calanthe puberula Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl.: 252 (1833). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 35 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 80 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 101 (2018). Alismorkis puberula (Lindl.) Kuntze; Calanthe amoena W.W. Sm.; Calanthe similis Schltr. Terrestrial herbs, 25–60 cm tall. Habitat: Moist and shady places, broad-leaved forests. Distribution: Himalaya (India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, Bangladesh, mainland SE Asia, S China to Japan. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1500–3000 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Doti; 2500–2700 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Surma Sarovar to Takundanda, 2500 m (JF Dobremez 2140, 9 May 1973; E00614271! image); Dhuli, 2700 m (JF Dobremez 2213, 14 May 1973; E00614272! image). DOTI: Kapthad, 2600 m (H Tabata, Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 1294, 15 Jul 1976; KATH!). Local abund.: Not known (probably rare). Calanthe tricarinata Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl.: 252 (1833). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 35 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 81 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 101 (2018). Pl. 8. Alismorkis tricarinata (Lindl.) Kuntze; Calanthe occidentalis Lindl.; Calanthe pantlingii Schltr. Terrestrial herbs, 30–50 cm tall. Habitat: Moist grassy slopes, dense mixed forests, forest margins, trailsides. Distribution: Himalaya (Pakistan to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, mainland SE Asia, C China to Japan. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1350–3500 m. KSL: Baitadi, Bajhang, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Mugu; 2100–3300 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAITADI: Shribhawar, 2432 m (TR Pandey & GD Bhatt 2016601, 5 Jun 2016, KATH!). BAJHANG: Dhuli, Seti Khola, 2500 m (A Maire AMA 949; 14 May 1973; E00634730! image); Gorkhali Lekh, 3300 m (NK Bhattarai 90/1231, 1 Sept 1990; KATH!). DARCHULA: Khandeshowari, 2500 m (CK Subedi, J Gurung & S Thapa 3008, 16 Jun 2014; TUCH!); Ghusa VDC, Domul Deurali, 2950 m (SK Ghimire, S Thapa, B Awasthi, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain 1136, 18 Jul 2015; TUCH!). HUMLA: Between Chankheli Lagna & Darma, 2134–2438 m (O Polunin, WR Sykes & LHJ Williams 4135, 20 May 1952; E00694038! image). MUGU: Ghurchi Lekh, 2800 m (PR Shakya & B Roy 5437, 29 May 1980; KATH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Pithoragarh, Girgaon, 2438 m (WN Koelz 20616, 6 Jul 1948; NY 04012704! image). Local abund.: Occasional to frequent in Baitadi and Darchula; not known for other regions. Cephalanthera Rich., De Orchid. Eur. 21, 29, 38 (1817). Cephalanthera erecta (Thunb.) Blume, Coll. Orchid.: 188 (1859). Serapias erecta Thunb. in J.A. Murray, Syst. Veg., ed. 14: 816 (1784); Cephalanthera erecta var. oblanceolata N. Pearce & P.J. Cribb; Epipactis erecta (Thunb.) Sw. Pl. 9. Terrestrial herbs, 10–30 cm tall. Habitat: Quercus-Rhododenron forests. Distribution: C & E Himalya (Nepal, Bhutan), C & SE China to Japan. NEPAL: W & C; 2000–2300 m. 49 KSL: Darchula in KSL Nepal; 2100–2300 m. Representative specimen. DARCHULA: Api-Nampa Conservation Area, Khar VDC, Paripatal Women Community Forest, 2100–2300 m (P Bhandari, M Pandey & S Thapa K100-2016, 2 Jun 2016; KATH!). Local abund.: Rare. Consv. status: GLB., Data Deficient (BEFPW 2017). Cephalanthera longifolia (L.) Fritsch, Oesterr. Bot. Z. 38: 81 (1888). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 35 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 81 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 102 (2018). Pl. 9. Serapias helleborine L. var. longifolia L., Sp. Pl. 1: 950 (1753); Cephalanthera acuminata Wall. ex Lindl.; Epipactis longifolia (L.) All. (sf}“kmnf]). ENG: Narrow-leaved helleborine, Sword-leaved helleborine. Terrestrial herbs, 20–50 cm tall. Habitat: Forests, thickets, streamsides, grassy slopes. Distribution: Europe, N Africa, European Russia, W & C Asia, Afghanistan, Himalaya (Pakistan to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, C & SE China, Japan. NEPAL: W & C; 1200–3400 m. KSL: Bajhang, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Mugu; 2100–3400 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Haute vallée de la Seti Khola, 2700 m (A Maire AMA 991; 17 May 1973; NEP-L: Kaunphalo E00624090! image); Surmasarovar, 2800 m (JF Dobermez 2070, 5 May 1973;, KATH!); Thar, 2900 m (JF Dobremez 2254, 15 May 1973; E00624089! image); Surmasarovar, 3400 m (A Maire AMA 884; 6 May 1973; E00624091! image). DARCHULA: Paripatal, Khar, 2305 m (CK Subedi, J Gurung & M Pandey 33, 4 Jun 2015; TUCH!); above Domule, 3100 m (CK Subedi, J Gurung & S Thapa 72, 21 Jun 2014; TUCH!). HUMLA: Between Chankheli Lagna & Darma, 2134–2438 m (O Polunin, WR Sykes & LHJ Williams 4132, 20 May 1952; E00768741! image). MUGU: Rara, 2800 m (PR Shakya & B Roy 5455, 2 Jun 1980; KATH!). Remarks: Distribution record for Pithoragarh fide GMBA (2012–2016). Local abund.: Occasional to frequent. Coelogyne Lindl., Coll. Bot. t. 33 (1824). Coelogyne corymbosa Lindl., Fol. Orchid. 5: 7 (1854). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 36 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 84 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 103 (2018). Pleione corymbosa (Lindl.) Kuntze NEP: Chāndî gābhā (rf“bL ufef). Epiphytic or lithophytic rhizomatous herbs. Habitat: Forests, forest margins, moist cliffs. Distribution: C & E Himalaya (Nepal to Bhutan & NE India), Tibetan Plateau, Myanmar, SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1500–2900 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal; 2000–2100 m. Representative specimen. BAJHANG: Between Agara & Dhalun, 2000–2100 m (HN Qin, P Bhandari, TR Pandey, BR Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0368, 14 Sept 2017; KATH!). 50 Coelogyne cristata Lindl., Coll. Bot. t. 33 (1824). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 36 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 85 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 104 (2018). Cymbidium speciosissimum D. Don; Pleione speciosissima (D. Don) Kuntze NEP: Chāndî gābhā (rf“bL ufef). Epiphytic or lithophytic rhizomatous herbs. Habitat: On rocks or tree trunk in forests, along forest margins. Distribution: Himalaya (India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1000–2600 m. KSL: Baitadi and Bajhang in KSL Nepal; 1250–1650 m [also in Uttarakhand, India]. Representative specimens. BAITADI: Bhumeswor-3, Kholsi, 1250 m (GD Bhatt & BD Bhatt 808, 16 Mar 2010; KATH!). BAJHANG: Chir, 1650 m (P Pradhan, RK Uprety, N Pradhan & N Dabadi 1301, 14 Apr 1984; KATH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon (R Blinkworth Cat. no. 1958/3; K001114810! image); Champawat, Kumaon, 1524 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbotom 15, 1843; P00385594! image). Local abund.: Rare to occasional. Corallorhiza Gagnebin, Acta Helv. Phys.-Math. 2: 61 (1755). Corallorhiza trifida Châtel., Specim. Inaug. Corallorh.: 8 (1760). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 37 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 87 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 106 (2018). Pl. 9. Corallorhiza anandae Malhotra & Balodi; Corallorrhiza innata R. Br.; Corallorhiza jacquemontii Decne.; Epipactis corallorhiza (L.) Crantz; Neottia corallorhiza (L.) Kuntze; Ophrys corallorhiza L. ENG: Early coralroot, Yellow coralroot. Leafless heteromycotrophic herbs; plants slender, 10–25 cm tall, with branched coral-shaped rhizomes; scapes yellow-green; flowers ascending, pale yellowish green to white. Habitat: Moist shady places in forests, forest margins. Distribution: Europe, subtropical and temperate regions in Asia, N America, Greenland. NEPAL: W & C; 3500–4000 m. KSL: Humla in KSL Nepal; 3500–4000 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. HUMLA: Tugling, above Dozam, 3520 m (SK Ghimire, RP Chaudhary & team P11701; 24 May 2010; TUCH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Gori Valley, Martoli, Bughyals, 4500 m (TA Rao 6851A, 15 Jun 1958; holotype of Corallorhiza anandae CAL) fide Samaddar (1991). Local abund.: Occasional. Crepidium Blume, Bijdr. 387 (1825). Crepidium acuminatum (D. Don) Szlach., Fragm. Florist. Geobot., Suppl. 3: 123 (1995). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 88 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 106 (2018). Pl. 9. Malaxis acuminata D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal.: 29 (1825); Microstylis biloba Lindl.; Microstylis wallichii Lindl. Kaunphalo (sf}“kmnf]). Terrestrial herbs; stem cylindric, fleshy. Habitat: Forests, shady places, mossy rocks. Distribution: Tropical and subtropical regions in Asia, N Australia. NEP-L: 51 NEPAL: W, C & E; (400–)1100–3100 m. KSL: Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Doti; 1300–3000 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Talkot, between Seti bridge & camp site, 1500–2000 m (HN Qin, P Bhandari, TR Pandey, BR Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0127, 11 Sept 2017; KATH!); Pasela–Banjh, 2372 m (H Ikeda, CA Pendry, AP Bhattarai, GD Bhatta, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, YJ Wang, BI Dell & N Yamamoto 20915147, 16 Jul 2009; KATH!). DARCHULA: Kholadhar Deurali, before Okhal, way to Makarigad, 1330 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1001, 15 Jul 2015; TUCH!); Domul Deurali, way to Pilkanda, Ghusa VDC, 2950 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA 1135, 18 Jul 2015; TUCH!). DOTI: Telia Lekh, 1800 m (PR Shakya, LR Sharma & KR Amatya 6196, 27 Jun 1981; KATH!). Remarks: Distribution record for Pithoragarh fide Jalal (2004). Local abund.: Rare to occasional. Cypripedium L., Sp. Pl. 2: 951 (1753). Cypripedium cordigerum D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal.: 37 (1825). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 38 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 91 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 109 (2018). Pl. 9. Jibre, Thulo kākolî (lha|], 7"nf] sfsf]nL). Heart-shaped lip cypripedium. Terrestrial rhizomatous herbs, 25–60 cm tall; stem erect, solitary, glandular pubescent, sheathed at base; leaves 2–5, distant along stem, broadly elliptic or ovate, apex acute to acuminate; flowers solitary, terminal; sepals and petals pale green; lip white, inflated, sac-like. Habitat: Forests, Berberis and Juniperus woodlands, dry open hillsides, grassy slopes, meadows. Distribution: Himalaya (Pakistan to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau. NEPAL: W & C; 2100–4000 m. KSL: Bajhang, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Doti and Mugu, Nepal; 2900– 3800 m [Bageshwar, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Dhuli, 2900 m (JF Dobermez 2233, 14 May 1973; E00612935! image); NEP: ENG: Surma Sarovar Tal, 3300 m (PR Shakya, LR Sharma & KR Amatya 6350, 8 Jul 1981; KATH!). HUMLA/ MUGU: Changkheli Lagna, 2895 m (O Polunin, WR Sykes & LHJ Williams 4334, 19 Jun 1952, E00736163! image). MUGU: Chuchamara Danda, 3820 m (KR Rajbhandari & B Roy 3600, 19 Jul 1979; KATH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon, Pindar Valley, 2135 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom s.n.; GH 01952356! image, P00329158! image). Local abund.: Rare. Consv. status: GLB., Vulnerable B2ab (ii,iii,iv,v) (Rankou 2014a). LOC., Data Deficient. Global assessment by Rankou (2014a) revealed decreasing population with an area of occupancy below 2,000 km2; and identified habitat loss, overgrazing, trampling, deforestation and plant collection as the major threats. Cypripedium elegans Rchb. f., Flora 59: 561 (1886). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 38 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 91 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 109 (2018). Pl. 10. NEP-L: 52 Kaunphalo (sf}“kmnf]). ENG: Elegant cypripedium, Elegant slipper orchid. Terrestrial rhizomatous herbs, 10–15 cm tall; stem erect, densely villous; leaves 2, opposite, broadly ovate, pubescent; flowers solitary, terminal; sepals and petals dull scarlet or greenish with purplish streaks; lip sac-like, shorter than sepals, whitish, front side with 3 purplish-red warty stripes. Habitat: Forests, forest margins, thickets, meadows. Distribution: Himalaya (NW India to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 3200–4200 m. KSL: Darchula in KSL Nepal; 3500–3600 m. Representative specimen. DARCHULA: Upper Chameliya, above Dhauliodar, 3600 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1744, 18 Jul 2016; TUCH!). Local abund.: Very rare. Consv. status: GLB., Endangered B2ab(ii,iii,v) (Rankou 2014b). LOC., Data Deficient. Global assessment by Rankou (2014b) revealed significantly decreasing population with an area of occupancy of about 90 km2. Habitat loss, overgrazing, trampling, deforestation, and direct harvesting are the major threats to the population (Rankou 2014b). Locally, in KSL Nepal, it occurs in small isolated populations, which are threatened by livestock grazing, trampling, and forest degradation as a result of fuel wood collection and tree felling for timber. Cypripedium himalaicum Rolfe, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 29: 319 (1892). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 38 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 91 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 110 (2018). Pl. 9. Cypripedium macranthos Sw. var. himalaicum (Rolfe) Kraenzl. Kaunphale, Kaunphalo (sf}“kmn], sf}“kmnf]). NEP: Lek jibre, Rāto jibre (n]s lha|], /ftf] lha|)] . Himalayan cypripedium, Himalayan slipper orchid. TIB: khujukpa (ཁུ་ ག་པ་). NEP-L: ENG: Terrestrial rhizomatous herbs, 15–30 cm tall; stem erect, sparsely pubescent; leaves 3–4, broadly elliptic, crowded, sparsely pubescent, ciliate at margins; flowers solitary, terminal, green or reddishpurple with red stripes; lip inflated, longer than sepals, pinkish-white or reddish-purple with red stripes. Habitat: Forest margins, among dwarf shrubs, alpine meadows, rocky slopes. Distribution: Himalaya (NW India to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau. NEPAL: W, C & E; 2800–4900 m. KSL: Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal; 3300–4100 m [also in Kumaon, Uttarakhand, India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Above Surma Village, N of Chainpur, 3502 m (Bajhang09 20915065, 8 Jul 2009) fide RBGE (2014). DARCHULA: Opposite Budhi Village, 3350–3650 m (JF Duthie s.n.; CAL) fide Rajbhandari & Rai (2017); Gauchhalighol, Pilkanda, 3950 m (SK Ghimire, S Thapa, B Awasthi, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1227, 20 Jul 2015; TUCH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon, Kanta [Kanda], 2438 m (RC Thakur 762, 23 Jun 1948; MICH 1493347! image). Local abund.: Rare in Darchula. Ethnobt. use: Tubers are eaten as tonic. Tuber paste is applied to treat swollen glands. Consv. status: GLB., Endangered B2ab(ii,iii,v), D (Rankou 2014c). LOC., Data Deficient. Global assessment by Rankou (2014c) revealed severely fragmented population with the total area of occupancy of about 110 km2; and identified overgrazing, trampling, deforestation and direct harvesting as the major threats. 53 Dactylorhiza Necker ex Nevski, Fl. URSS. 4: 697, 713 (1935). Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D. Don) Soó, Nom. Nov. Gen. Dactylorhiza 4 (1962). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 38 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 91 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 110 (2018). Pl. 10. Orchis hatagirea D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 23 (1825); Orchis latifolia L. var. indica Lindl. Hattājadî, Hātejadî (xQfh8L, xft]h8L). NEP: Pānchaunle (kf“rcf}“n)] . Himalayan marsh orchid. HIN-L: Salāmpanjā (;nfdk~hf). SAN: Karajodî, Hastajodî, Munjātaka (s/hf]8L, x:thf]8L, d'~hfts). TIB: wangpo lakpa (དབང་པོ་ལག་པ་). NEP-L: ENG: Terrestrial herbs, 20–50 cm tall, with palmately 3–5-lobed tubers; stem erect, stout, with 2 or 3 tubular sheaths at base, 3–6-leaved; flowers lilac to purplish rose, spotted. Habitat: Wet places along forest margins, shrubby slopes, wet meadows, grassy slopes, marshy places. Distribution: Afghanistan, Himalaya (Pakistan to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, N China, Mongolia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 2800–4100(–4600) m. KSL: Bajhang, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Doti and Mugu; 2900–4100 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Kali Gad, 3030 m (JDA Stainton 4918, 11 Jun 1965; BM) fide RBGE (2014). DARCHULA: Dhauliodar, 3330 m (CK Subedi, J Gurung & S Thapa 80, 22 Jun 2014; TUCH!); Chheti, 3900 m (TR Pandey & S Panthi, 2014903, 27 Sept 2014, KATH!); Dhauliodar to Pilkanda, 3750– 4100 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1204, 20 Jul 2015; TUCH!). DOTI: Khaptad, 3180 m (LR Sharma & PP Kurmi 5061, 3 Sep 1984; KATH!). HUMLA: Durpa, north of Margor Lagna, 2895 m (O Polunin, WR Sykes & LHJ Williams 4166, 25 May 1952; E00736205! image); Chankheli Langa, 3500 m (KR Rajbhandari & B Roy 3874, 25 Jul 1979; KATH!). MUGU: Rara, 3000 m (NK Bhattarai R/87, 10 Jun 1983; KATH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon, Tola, 3505 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 201, 15 Jun 1948; GH 01950617! image). Local abund.: Occasional to frequent. Ethnobt. use: Tubers are roasted and eaten to increase vitality and restore bodily strength. Tuber paste is applied to treat cuts and wound. Consv. status: NAT., Endangered (Tandon et al. 2001). LOC., Endangered A2acd. Tubers are extensively collected, mostly for trade. About 30–50 kg of D. hatagirea tubers are annually collected for trade from Darchula District alone (Pyakurel et al. 2018; personal obserevations 2013–2017). In addition, overgrazing, trampling and habitat loss are the other major threats to the populations. Locally, it exhibits severely fragmented populations. About 50–70% population size reduction has been suspected to have occurred over the past 10 years mainly due to trade-driven overharvesting. Dendrobium Swartz, Nova Acta Regiae Soc. Sci. Upsal., ser. 2. 6: 82 (1799). Dendrobium amoenum Wall. ex Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl.: 78 (1830). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 38 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 92 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 110 (2018). Pl. 10. Callista amoena (Wall. ex Lindl.) Kuntze; Dendrobium egertoniae Lindl.; Dendrobium mesochlorum Lindl. Epiphytic herbs, pendulous; stems slender. Habitat: Mixed evergreen forests. Distribution: Himalaya (India, Nepal, Bhutan), Bangladesh, Myanmar. NEPAL: W, C & E; (400–)1100–2900 m. 54 KSL: Baitadi in KSL Nepal; 2500 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimen. BAITADI: Shribhawar, 2509 m (TR Pandey & GD Bhatt 2016668, 6 Jun 2016, KATH!). Remarks: Distribution records for Pithoragarh fide Jalal (2004). Local abund.: Rare. Dendrobium denudans D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal.: 34 (1825). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 39 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 94 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 112 (2018). Callista denudans (D. Don) Kuntze Epiphytic herbs, pendulous. Habitat: Mixed evergreen forests, oak forests. Distribution: Himalaya (India, Nepal, Bhutan). NEPAL: W, C & E; 1000–2200 m. KSL: Pithoragarh District, Uttarakhand in KSL India. It is likely also to be present in KSL area of Far West Nepal. Representative specimen. UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Pithoragarh, Didihat, 1900 m (CM Arora 36490, 12 Oct 1967; L.1498314! image). Dendrobium eriiflorum Griff., Itin. Pl. Khasyah Mts. 66: no. 1020 (1848). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 39 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 94 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 112 (2018). Callista eriiflora (Griff.) Kuntze Small-sized epiphytic or lithophytic herbs; stems erect, clusterd, fleshy at the base. Habitat: Forests, forest margins, open places, grasslands, rocky slopes. Distribution: C & E Himalaya (Nepal to Bhutan & NE India), mainland SE Asia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1200–2300 m. KSL: Baitadi District in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Doti; 1500–2000 m. Representative specimens. BAITADI: Rim, 1950 m (NN Bhatta 9, 9 Oct 2000; TUCH!). DOTI: Silinge to Khated, 1490–1880 m (I Sharma, R Joshi, R Uprety & I Pandey 571, 19 Sept 1981; KATH!). Dendrobium fimbriatum Hook., Exot. Fl. 1: t. 71 (1823). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 39 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 94 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 112 (2018). Callista fimbriata (Hook.) Kuntze; Dendrobium fimbriatum var. oculatum Hook.; Dendrobium normale Falc. Epiphytic herbs; stems stout, decumbent or pendulous. Habitat: Forests. Distribution: Himalaya (India, Nepal, Bhutan), Bangladesh, S China, mainland SE Asia. NEPAL: C & E; 200–2100 m. KSL: Bageshwar and Pithoragarh districts, Uttarakhand in KSL India. It is likely also to be present in KSL area of Far West Nepal. Representative specimen. UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Jagthana, Kumaon, 1676 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 6; K000943945! image). Remarks: Distribution records for Pithoragarh fide Jalal (2004). 55 Dendrobium polyanthum Wall. ex Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl.: 81 (1830). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 97 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 114 (2018). Callista primulina (Lindl.) Kuntze; Dendrobium cretaceum Lindl.; Dendrobium primulinum Lindl. Small-sized epiphytic herbs; stems clustered, cylindric, pendant. Habitat: On tree trunks in open forests. Distribution: Himalaya (India, Nepal), SC China, mainland SE Asia. NEPAL: W & C; 1200–1400 m. KSL: Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India; and neighboring Doti District, Nepal. It is likely also to be present in KSL area of Far West Nepal. Representative specimen. DOTI: Nahapani, 1400 m (JF Dobremez 1878, 18 Apr 1973; KATH!). Remarks: Distribution records for Pithoragarh fide Jalal (2004). Dendrolirium Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind.: 343 (1825). Dendrolirium lasiopetalum (Willd.) S.C. Chen & J.J. Wood, Fl. China 25: 351 (2009). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 114 (2018). Aerides lasiopetala Willd., Sp. Pl. 4(1): 130 (1805); Eria flava Lindl.; Eria lasiopetala (Willd.) Ormerod; Eria pubescens (Hook.) Lindl. ex G. Don ENG: Shaggy eria, Woolly orchid. Epiphytic herbs, with fusiform-ellipsoid pseudobulbs; racemes white-woolly, floral bracts yellowish. Habitat: Forests, along streams. Distribution: Himalaya (India, Nepal, Bhutan), SE China, mainland SE Asia to Indonesia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 500–1700 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal; 1000 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimen. BAJHANG: Rupal, 1000 m (P Pradhan, RK Uprety, N Pradhan & N Dabadi 1300, 14 Apr 1984; KATH!). Remarks: Distribution records for Pithoragarh fide Jalal (2004). Dienia Lindl., Bot. Reg. 10: ad t. 825 (1824). Dienia cylindrostachya Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl. 22 (1830). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 98 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 115 (2018). Malaxis cylindrostachya (Lindl.) Kuntze; Microstylis cylindrostachya (Lindl.) Rchb. f. Small terrestrial herbs, with small conical pseudobulbs; stem erect, arising from base of pseudobulb. Habitat: Moist shady places, forests, exposed slopes, rocky and mossy slopes. Distribution: Himalaya (India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, Myanmar. NEPAL: W, C & E; (1300–)2000–4100(–4300) m. KSL: Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Doti; 2170–2700 m [also in Uttarakhand, India]. Representative specimens. DARCHULA: Khadeswori, 2170 m (PR Shakya, MK Adhikari & MN Subedi 7936, 19 Jul 1984; KATH!); Dopakhe–Thin, 2700 m (KR Rajbhandari & KJ Malla 5883, 11 Sept 1980, KATH!). Doti, 2850 m (MS Bista & DP Joshi 172, 2 Aug 1972; KATH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Jagesar [Almora], Kumaon, 2130 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 4; GH 02091783! image). DOTI: 56 Epipactis Zinn, Cat. Pl. Hort. Gott. 85 (1757). Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz, Stirp. Austr. Fasc., ed. 2, 2: 467 (1769). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 41 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 99 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 116 (2018). Pl. 10. Serapias helleborine L., Sp. Pl. 2: 949 (1753); Amesia latifolia (L.) A. Nelson & J.F. Macbr.; Epipactis consimilis D. Don; Epipactis latifolia (L.) All.; Epipactis macrostachya Lindl.; Serapias helleborine var. latifolia L. Kaunphalo (sf}“kmnf]). Broad-leaved helleborine. Terrestrial herbs, up to 1 m tall, with short rhizome; stem erect, leafy; inflorescence densely manyflowered, one-sided, terminal raceme; flowers greenish with redish or purplish tings. Habitat: Forests, thickets, shrublands, grasslands, damp places on the banks of streams. Distribution: Europe, N Africa, subtropical and temperate regions in Asia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1500–3900(–4400) m. KSL: Bajhang, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura; 1700–3500 m [Bageshwar, Pithoragarh and neighboring Almora District, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: 1660–2180 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F NEP-L: ENG: Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9160747, 18 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB 2013–2020. BAJURA: 2810 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9193284, 16 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB 2013–2020. DARCHULA: Upper Chameliya, between Khayakot & Simar, 2600 m (SK Ghimire, S Thapa, B Awasthi, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1101, 18 Jul 2015; TUCH!). HUMLA: Humla-Karnali, below Sallidanda, way to Limi, 3000 m (SK Ghimire, LR Joshi, A Paudel, S Lo, P Subedi, C Thapa & S Lama 1631, 28 August CHH-2012; TUCH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Jagesar, Kumaon, 1980 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 50; GH 01941517! image); Binsar, Kumaon, 2286 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 50; P00301732! image). Local abund.: Occasional to frequent in Darchula and Humla. Ethnobt. use: Tuber paste is applied to treat cuts and wound. Epipactis veratrifolia Boiss. & Hohen. in Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient. 13: 11 (1854). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 41 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 99 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 116 (2018). Epipactis amoena Buch.-Ham. ex Wall., nom. nud.; Epipactis consimilis Wall. ex Hook. f. (1890), nom. illeg., non D. Don (1825); Epipactis wallichii Schltr.; Helleborine consimilis Druce ENG: Eastern marsh helleborine. Terrestrial herbs, up to 1.5 m tall; rhizome short, woody; stem erect or flexuous, densely leafy; inflorescence laxly many-flowered raceme; flowers greenish-purple with yellowish-green central line. Habitat: Forest margins, marshy places, wet and mossy rocks, wet cliffs, river banks. Distribution: NE Africa, Turkey and Arabian Peninsula to Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Himalaya (Pakistan to NE India: Sikkim), Tibetan Plateau, Myanmar, SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 600–1900(–3400) m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal; c. 1800 m [also in Uttarakhand, India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: North of Chainpur, 1829 m (TB Shreshta 4120, 19 May 1965; KATH!). UTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon, Kalapathar, 915 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 51 [Wallich Cat. 7403]; GH 01941548! image). Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Fay 2013). 57 Galearis Rafinesque, Herbs. Raf. 71 (1833). Galearis roborovskii (Maxim.) S.C. Chen, P.J. Cribb & S.W. Gale in W. Zhengyi et al. (eds.), Fl. China 25: 92 (2009). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 105 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 120 (2018). Orchis roborovskii Maxim., Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg, sér. 3, 31: 104 (1886); Aorchis roborovskii (Maxim.) Seidenf.; Chusua roborovskii (Maxim.) P.F.Hunt; Galearis stracheyi (Hook. f.) P.F. Hunt; Orchis stracheyi Hook. f. Small terrestrial herbs; rhizome small, ellipsoid, fleshy; stem with basal sheath, glabrous, 1–2-leaved. Habitat: Open forests, amongst scrub, under rhodedendrom bushes, alpine meadows. Distribution: Himalaya (N India [Garhwal, Sikkim], Nepal), Tibetan Plateau, N to SE China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 3300–4800 m. KSL: Darchula in KSL Nepal. Representative specimen. DARCHULA: Nampa Khola (JB Tyson 40, 14 Jun 1953; Orchis stracheyi BM000013397). Galearis spathulata (Lindl.) P.F. Hunt, Kew Bull. 26: 172 (1971). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 43 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 105 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 120 (2018). Gymnadenia spathulata Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl.: 280 (1835); Aorchis spathulata (Lindl.) Verm.; Galeorchis spathulata (Lindl.) Soó; Orchis diantha Schltr.; Orchis spathulata (Lindl.) Rchb. f. ex Hook. f. Small terrestrial herbs; rhizome slender; stem with basal sheath, glabrous, 1–2-leaved. Habitat: Forest margins, open forests, scrub, open slopes, damp rocks, alpine meadows. Distribution: Himalaya (India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, Myanmar, C China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 3000–4500(–5000) m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal; 3800–4000 m. Representative specimen. BAJHANG: Manane Lekh, 3807–4000 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20915105, 13 Jul 2009; E00623908, KATH!!). Gastrochilus D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal.: 32 (1825). Gastrochilus distichus (Lindl.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 661 (1891). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 44 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 106 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 121 (2018). Saccolabium distichum Lindl., J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 3: 36 (1858). Epiphytic herbs, monopodial; stems slender, clustered, pendent, branched, enveloped by leaf sheaths; leaves many, distichous; racemes 2–4-flowered. Habitat: On moss covered trees in forests. Distribution: Himalaya (India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, SC China, mainland SE Asia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1700–2900 m. KSL: Darchula in KSL Nepal; 2000 m. Representative specimen. DARCHULA: Khar, Paripatal Women C.F., 2000 m (P Bhandari, CK Subedi, M Pandey & S Thapamagar 1672, 30 May 2016; KATH!). Local abund.: Rare. 58 Goodyera R. Br. in W.T. Aiton, Hortus Kew., ed. 2. 5: 197 (1813). Goodyera biflora (Lindl.) Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6: 114 (1890). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 44 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 108 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 122 (2018). Pl. 10. Georchis biflora Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl. 496 (1840). Nakkalî bhringrāj, Nakkali jîvantî (gSsnL e[Ë/fh, gSsnL hLjGtL). Terrestrial herbs, 5–15 cm tall; stem ascending; leaves reticulate, clustered at stem apex. Habitat: Damp places in forests, forest margins, shady slopes. Distribution: Himalaya (India, Nepal), Tibetan Plateau, C & SE China to Japan, Vietnam. NEPAL: W & C; 1900–2200 m. KSL: Darchula in KSL Nepal; 2150–2200 m. Representative specimens. DARCHULA: Khar VDC-7, 2150 m (BB Shrestha, M Pandey & R Chhetri 181, 28 NEP: Sept 2015; TUCH!); Paripatal Community Forest, Khar, 2211 m (CK Subedi, J Gurung & M Pandey 34, 13 Jun 2015; TUCH!). Local abund.: Rare to occasional. Ethnobt. use: Rhizomes are used as tonic. Consv. status: LOC., Near Threatened. The species occurs in very small and isolated populations within KSL Nepal, which are severely fragmented due to habitat loss, overgrazing, trampling, deforestation, and occasional harvesting for trade. The commercial harvesting has started very recently. The trade of Goodyera biflora was recorded for the first time in 2014/2015 from Darchula, with a total amount of leaves and rhizomes traded in that year being 500 kg (Pyakurel et al. 2018). Goodyera foliosa (Lindl.) Benth. ex C.B. Clarke, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 25: 73 (1889). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 44 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 108 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 122 (2018). Georchis foliosa Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl.: 496 (1840); Goodyera secundiflora Griff. Terrestrial herbs, up to 30 cm tall; stem erect; leaves widely spaced along stem, not reticulate. Habitat: Shady and moist places in forests. Distribution: Himalaya (India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, mainland SE Asia, S China to Japan. NEPAL: W, C & E; 2000–2700 m. KSL: Darchula in KSL Nepal; 2100–2200 m. Representative specimen. DARCHULA: Khar VDC-7, 2150 m (BB Shrestha, M Pandey & R Chhetri 181P, 28 Sept 2015; TUCH!). Local abund.: Rare. Goodyera repens (L.) R. Br. in Aiton, Hortus Kew., ed. 2, 5: 198 (1813). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 44 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 109 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 123 (2018). Pl. 10. Satyrium repens L., Sp. Pl. 2: 945 (1753); Goodyera marginata Lindl. ENG: Creeping lady's-tresses, Dwarf rattlesnake plantain, Lesser rattlesnake plantain. Terrestrial herbs, up to 20 cm tall; stem erect, pubescent; leaves reticulate, clustered at the stem base. Habitat: Shady and moist places in forests, open mossy ground, open grassy slopes, among shrubs. Distribution: Europe, subtropical and temperate regions in Asia, N America. 59 NEPAL: W, C & E; 1000–4350 m. KSL: Baitadi, Bajhang, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Mugu; 2100–4000 m [also in Uttarakhand, India]. Representative specimens. BAITADI: Shribhawar, 2480 m (TR Pandey & GD Bhatt 2016635, 6 Jun 2016, KATH!). BAJHANG: Godilekh, 3030 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 2409, 13 Aug 1976; KATH!). DARCHULA: Upper Chameliya, Gauchhalighol, Pilkanda, 3950 m (SK Ghimire, S Thapa, B Awasthi, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1263, 21 Jul 15; TUCH!); Chheti, 4005 m (TR Pandey & S Panthi 20140906, 27 Sept 2014; KATH!). HUMLA: Lohachaur, 2780 m (PR Shakya, MN Subedi & R Uprety 8689, 17 Aug 1985; KATH!). MUGU: Gamgari, 2050 m (NP Manandhar & DP Joshi 6984, 10 Aug 1981; KATH!). UTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon (R Blinkworth Cat. no. 7394; Goodyera marginata K001127282! image); Kumaon, 460 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 54; G. marginata GH 02091494! image). Local abund.: Occasional to frequent in Baitadi and Darchula; not known for other regions. Gymnadenia R. Br. in W.T. Aiton, Hortus Kew., ed. 2. 5: 191 (1813). Gymnadenia orchidis Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl.: 278 (1835). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 45 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 110 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 124 (2018). Pl. 10. Gymnadenia cylindrostachya Lindl.; Gymnadenia himalayica Schltr.; Gymnadenia violacea Lindl.; Habenaria orchidis (Lindl.) Hook. f.; Orchis cylindrostachya (Lindl.) Kraenzl.; Orchis habenarioides King & Pantl.; Platanthera orchidis Lindl. ex Wall., nom. nud. Hattājadî, Hātejadî (xQfh8L, xft]h8L). NEP: Nakkalî pānchaunle (gSsnL kf“rcf}“n]). Terrestrial herbs, 30–50 cm tall; tubers fleshy, palmately lobed; stem stout, leafy. Habitat: Forest margins, thickets, open grassy slopes, alpine meadows. Distribution: Himalaya (Pakistan to Bhutan & NE India), Tibetan Plateau, Myanmar, C China. NEPAL: W, C & E; (1850–)2700–4700 m. KSL: Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Doti and Mugu; 2800–4000 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Thogun Danda, 2800 m (MS Bista & DP Joshi 753, 27 Aug 1972; NEP-L: KATH!); Dhansera, 3800 m (PR Shakya, MK Adhikari & MN Subedi 8203, 26 Jul 1984; KATH!). DARCHULA: Upper Chameliya, Lolu-Pilkanda, 3750 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, A Paudel, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain IM-3596, 20 Jul 2016; TUCH!); Tinkan Khola 3940 m (JB Tyson 72b, 3 Jul 1953; BM000015961). MUGU: Ghurchi (SB Malla 10776, 3 Jul 1968; KATH!). Local abund.: Rare to occasional in Darchula; not known from other districts. Ethnobt. use: Tubers are used medicinally to treat cuts and wounds. Habenaria Willd., Sp. Pl. 4: 5, 44 (1805). Habenaria aitchisonii Rchb. f., Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 3: 113 (1886). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 45 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 110 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 124 (2018). Habenaria diceras Schltr. Terrestrial tuberous herbs, 15–50 cm tall; leaves 2, basal, subopposite, flat on the ground. Habitat: Moist and shady places, open forests, grassy slopes. Distribution: Afghanistan, SW Pakistan, Himalaya (Kashmir to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 2400–4150 m. 60 KSL: Pithoragarh District, Uttarakhand in KSL India; and neighboring Mugu District, Nepal; 2750–3350 m. It is likely also to be present in Darchula District, Nepal. Representative specimens. MUGU (NEPAL): Pina, 2800 m (PR Shakya, MN Subedi & R Uprety 8783, 23 Aug 1985; KATH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon, Palang Garh, Byans, 2743–3048 m (JF Duthie 6002, 19 Jul 1886; K000247483! image); Kumaon, Kali Valley, above Budhi, 3048–3353 m (JF Duthie 3419, 16 Sept 1884; K000247482! image). Habenaria arietina Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6: 138 (1890). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 45 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 110 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 124 (2018). Habenaria intermedia D. Don var. arietina (Hook. f.) Finet; Habenaria pectinata D. Don var. arietina (Hook. f.) Kraenzl.; Ochyrorchis arietina (Hook. f.) Szlach. Terrestrial tuberous herbs, 25–60 cm tall; stem erect, leafy; raceme with many whitish or pale green pubescent flowers; petals simple, with a gibbous base; lip deeply 3-lobed, with the two lateral lobes deeply fimbriate; spur as long as or slightly longer than ovary. Habitat: Forests, forest margins, open grassy slopes, meadows, steep banks. Distribution: Himalaya (India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, Vietnam. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1400–3300(–3900) m. KSL: Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Mugu; 2000–2700 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Talkot – Agar, 2000 m (KR Rajbhandari 15351, 18 Aug 1991; KATH!); along Ghat Khola near Kanda, 2310 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 1560, 24 Jul 1976; KATH!). Kasoti, 2430 m (PR Shakya, MK Adhikari & MN Subedi 7970, 20 Jul 1984; KATH!). MUGU: Luma, 2591 m (O Polunin, WR Sykes & LHJ Williams 378, 29 Jul 1952; E00814630! image). DARCHULA: Habenaria commelinifolia (Roxb.) Wall. ex Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl. 325 (1835). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 45 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 110 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 124 (2018). Orchis commelinifolia Roxb., Fl. Ind. ed. 1832, 3: 451 (1832); Orchis stylosanthes Ham. ex Hook. f.; Platanthera commelinifolia Lindl. ex Wall., nom. nud. Terrestrial tuberous herbs to 60 cm; stem erect, stout, with few scattered leaves below and several bractlike leaves above; raceme laxly many-flowered; flowers white; lip 3-lobed, lateral lobes not fimbriate. Habitat: Forests, open slopes, moist and shady places on partial rock shelter. Distribution: Himalaya (India, Nepal), S & C India, Sri Lanka, SC China, mainland SE Asia. NEPAL: W & C; 250–3200 m. KSL: Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Doti; 2900–3200 m [also in Uttarakhand, India]. Representative specimens. DARCHULA: Upper Chameliya Valley, Domul Deurali, way to Pilkanda, Ghusa VDC, 3200 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal and DJ Chapagain ANCA1578 & ANCA-1579, 31 Jul 15; TUCH!). DOTI: Khaptad, 2940 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 1285, 15 Jul 1976; KATH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon, Ramganga River, 1065 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 43; GH 01946596! image). Local abund.: Rare in Darchula. Habenaria intermedia D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal.: 24 (1825). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 45 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 111 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 125 (2018). Pl. 10. Kryptostoma intermedium (D. Don) Olszewski & Szlach.; Ochyrorchis intermedia (D. Don) Szlach. NEP-L: Junge, Junge tîtmirido, Tîtmirido, Kaunphalo (h'“u,] h'“u] tLt\ldl/8f]], tLt\ldl/8f]], sf}“kmnf]). 61 Terrestrial tuberous herbs like H. arietina, but raceme 2–6-flowered, petals with flat bases not gibbous, lateral lobes of lip much longer than mid lobe and with more segments, spur much longer than ovary. Habitat: Forests, forest margins, open pasture. Distribution: Himalaya (Pakistan to Nepal), C India, Tibetan Plateau, Myanmar. NEPAL: W & C; (900–)1500–3300 m. KSL: Bajhang, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Doti and Mugu; 2000–2900 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Agara – Dhalun, 2000–2100 m (HN Qin, P Bhandari, TR Pandey, BR Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0363, 14 Sept 2017; KATH!); DARCHULA: Between Patu & Ghusa, 2100 m (SK Ghimire, S Thapa, B Awasthi, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1003, 16 Jul 2015; TUCH!). DOTI: Tele Lekh, 2000 m (MS Bista & DP Joshi 95, 28 Jul 1972; KATH!). HUMLA: Durpa, 2900 m (KR Rajbhandari & B Roy 4152, 30 Jul 1980; KATH!). MUGU: Ghurchi, 2820 m (PR Shakya, MN Subedi & RK Uprety 8551, 7 Aug 1985; KATH!). Local abund.: Occasional to frequent. Ethnobt. use: Raw or roasted tubers are used to treat cold and cough. Consv. status: LOC., Near Threatened. Threat is due to habitat degradation, overgrazing and harvesting of tubers for trade (for detail, see description under Habenaria pectinata). Habenaria marginata Colebr. in Hook., Exot. Fl. 2: t. 136 (1824). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 45 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 112 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 126 (2018). Habenaria aurantiaca Rolfe ex Downie; Habenaria flavescens Hook. f.; Habenaria fusifera Hook. f.; Habenaria promensis Lindl.; Orchis clavata B. Heyne ex Hook. f.; Platanthera marginata Lindl. ex Wall., nom. nud. ENG: Golden yellow habenaria. Terrestrial tuberous herbs; stem reduced, sub-scapigerous; leaves 3–5, sub-radical, sessile, oblong to oblong-lanceolate; bractlike leaves 3–5, lanceolate; raceme many flowered; petals and lip lemon yellow. Habitat: Pine forests, forest margins, grasslands. Distribution: Himalaya (NE Pakistan to Bhutan), Peninsular India, Myanmar, SC China, Thailand. NEPAL: W & C; 100–1500 m. KSL: Known from Pithoragarh District, Uttarakhand and adjoining area in KSL India. It is likely also to be present in KSL area of Far West Nepal. Representative specimens. UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon (R Blinkworth Cat. no. 7038; K001126627! image); Kumaon, Berinag, 1675 m (WN Koelz 21520, 6 Aug 1948; NY 04097144! image); Kumaon, Jagesar, 2130 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 38; GH 01946722! image, P00430634! image). Habenaria pectinata D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal.: 24 (1825). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 46 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 112 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 126 (2018). Kryptostoma pectinatum (D. Don) Olszewski & Szlach.; Ochyrorchis pectinata (D.Don) Szlach. Kaunphalo (tLt\ldl/8f], sf}“kmnf]). Terrestrial tuberous herbs close to H. arietina, but petals glabrous and with short clawed lip base, not gibbous; and mid lobe of lip longer than later lobes. Habitat: Moist and shady places in forests, grassy slopes. Distribution: Himalaya (Pakistan to Nepal), Myanmar, SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; (500–)1400–3500 m. NEP-L: Tîtmirido, 62 KSL: Bajhang, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura and Doti; 1400–2500 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Dhalaun, 1940 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 1493, 23 Jul 1976; KATH!). BAJURA: 2090 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9193275, 15 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB 2013–2020. DARCHULA: Khar VDC-5, 1980 m (BB Shrestha, M Pandey & R Chhetri 506, 6 Oct 2015; TUCH!); Chameliya River, between Nahli & Sithi, Panelpani, Ghusa, 2350 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, A Paudel, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1720, 16 Jul 2016; TUCH!). DOTI: Kola-Gadsera, 1400 m (MS Bista & DP Joshi 66, 27 Jul 1972; KATH!). HUMLA: Rimi, 2450 m (KR Rajbhandari & B Roy 4274, 2 Aug 1979; KATH!). Local abund.: Rare to occasional. Ethnobt. use: In Darchula, raw or roasted tubers are used to treat cold and cough. Consv. status: LOC., Near Threatened. Threat is due to habitat degradation, overgrazing and harvesting of tubers for trade. Tubers are harvested for trade during November-December with a total annual quantity estimated for Darchula District to be about 400 kg in 2016-17 combining both H. pectinata and H. intermedia. Habenaria plantaginea Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl.: 323 (1835). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 46 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 113 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 126 (2018). Plantaginorchis plantaginea (Lindl.) Szlach. Terrestrial tuberous herbs, 10–30 cm tall; stem erect; leaves sub-basal, sheathing at the base; raceme lax; flowers white; lip spurred, 3-lobed, lobes entire to denticulate. Habitat: Shady places, forests. Distribution: Himalaya (India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tropical S Asia, mainland SE Asia to Indonesia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 200–2500 m. KSL: Baitadi/Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Achham and Bajura; 600–1200 m. Representative specimens. BAITADI/DARCHULA: ? (JB Tyson 140, 30 Jul 1953; BM000033166). ACHHAM/ BAJURA: 660 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9171075, 30 Aug 1991; TI! image). Habenaria plantaginea Lindl. var. nepalensis (Kolan.) Rajbhandari & Rita Chhetri in Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 113 (2017). Habenaria nepalensis Kolan., Phytotaxa 261: 92 (2016). Terrestrial tuberous herbs close to H. plantaginea, but lip mid-lobe trilobulate. Habitat: Shady places. Distribution: Endemic to Nepal, W & C; 300–1000 m. KSL: Known from neighboring Doti District, Nepal; 1000 m. Representative specimen. DOTI: Sirkhauli, 1000 m (LP Kattel 1111, 6 Sept 1982; KATH) fide Rajbhandari & Rai (2017). Habenaria stenopetala Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl.: 319 (1835). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 46 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 113 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 126 (2018). Habenaria amanoana Ohwi; Habenaria sutepensis Rolfe ex Downie Terrestrial tuberous herbs, to 1 m tall; stem erect, stout, 5–8-leaved; raceme densely many flowered. Habitat: Forests, forest margins, open ground. 63 Distribution: Himalaya (India, Nepal, Bhutan), Peninsular India, Sri Lanka, SC China, Japan, mainland SE Asia to New Guinea. NEPAL: W, C & E; 400–2500 m. KSL: Known from Uttarakhand, India. Representative specimen. UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): NW Himalaya, Mussoorie (PW MacKinnon 22980, 20 Aug 1899; AMES 01946817! image). Hemipilia Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl. 296 (1835). Hemipilia cordifolia Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl.: 296 (1835). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 46 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 114 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 127 (2018). Hemipilia bulleyi Rolfe; Hemipilia cruciata Finet Terrestrial tuberous herbs. Habitat: Forests, shrubberies, rocky slopes, shady places. Distribution: Himalaya (India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, Myanmar, SC China, Taiwan. NEPAL: W & C; (1300–)1800–2600 m. KSL: Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura; 1300–2200 m. Representative specimens. BAJURA: Bashala – Pategaon, 1760–2190 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9160642, 15 Aug 1991; KATH!; TI! image). DARCHULA: Makarigad, 1300 m (PR Shakya, MK Adhikari & MN Subedi 7890, 18 Jul 1984; KATH!). Herminium L., Opera Var. 251 (1758). Herminium clavigerum (Lindl.) X.H. Jin, Schuit., Raskoti & Lu Q. Huang, Cladistics 32: 210 (2015). Raskoti et al., PhytoKeys 79: 29 (2017). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 115 (2017). Platanthera clavigera Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl.: 289 (1835); Habenaria clavigera (Lindl.) Dandy; Habenaria densa Wall. ex Lindl.; Platantheroides clavigera (Lindl.) Szlach.; Platantheroides densa (Wall. ex Lindl.) Szlach. Terrestrial tuberous herbs, 12–70 cm tall; stem erect, with tubular sheaths at base; leaves widely spaced. Habitat: Forest margins, thickets, open grassy slopes, meadows. Distribution: Himalaya (India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau. NEPAL: W, C & E; (1100–)1800–3600(–4600) m. KSL: Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura; 2000–3200 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Godilekh, 3180 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 2442, 14 Aug 1976; KATH!). BAJURA: Birseni–Porakya, 1560–2650 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9160512, 12 Aug 1991; E00104854! image, KATH!). DARCHULA: Thin, 2300 m (KR Rajbhandri & KJ Malla 5635, 27 Aug 1980; KATH!). Herminium edgeworthii (Hook. f. ex Collett) X.H. Jin, Schuit., Raskoti & Lu Q. Huang, Cladistics 32: 32 (2015). Raskoti et al., PhytoKeys 79: 33 (2017). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 115 (2017). Pl. 11. Habenaria edgeworthii Hook. f. ex Collett, Fl. Siml.: 504 (1902); Platanthera edgeworthii (Hook. f. ex Collett) R.K. Gupta Terrestrial tuberous herbs, 20–50 cm tall; stem erect, with tubular sheaths at base, 3–5-leaved. 64 Habitat: Shady ground in oak forests, forest margins, mossy rocks, moist grassy slopes. Distribution: Himalaya (Pakistan to NE India), Tibetan Plateau, Myanmar. NEPAL: W & C; (1200–)1800–3600 m. KSL: Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura, Doti and Mugu; 1900–2900 m [Pithoragarh District, Uttarakhand in KSL India). Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Dhalaun, 2134 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 1492, 23 Jul 1976; KATH!). BAJURA: Jilli, 1900 m (MS Bista & DP Joshi 327, 12 Aug 1972; KATH!). DARCHULA: Makarigad, 2000 m (PR Shakya, MK Adhikari & MN Subedi 7895, 18 Jul 1984; KATH!); Chameliya Valley, Nahli, above Ghusa Village, 2300 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1005B, 16 Jul 2015; TUCH!); Kasoti, 2430 m (PR Shakya, MK Adhikari & MN Subedi 7968, 20 Jul 1984; KATH!). DOTI: Tele Lekh, 2000 m (MS Bista & DP Joshi 99, 28 Jul 1972; KATH!). MUGU: Rara, 2900 m (NP Manandhar 8149, 10 Aug 1981; KATH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Pithoragarh, Sirka [Sirkha], Kumaon, 2591 m (WN Koelz 21359, 27 Jul 1948; NY 04097094! image). Local abund.: Occasional to frequent in Darchula; not known for other regions. Herminium elisabethae (Duthie) Tang & F.T. Wang, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., Bot. 7: 129 (1936). Raskoti et al., PhytoKeys 79: 33 (2017). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 115 (2017). Habenaria elisabethae Duthie, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 71: 44 (1902); Peristylus elisabethae (Duthie) R.K. Gupta Terrestrial tuberous herbs, 10–30 cm tall; stem erect, with 1 or 2 tubular sheaths at base, 2–3-leaved. Habitat: Mixed forests, meadows, mossy rocks. Distribution: Himalaya (NW India to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau. NEPAL: W, C & E; 2000–3900 m. KSL: Darchula in KSL Nepal; 2600–2900 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. DARCHULA: Tipulchyakti, 2850 m (KR Rajbhandari & KJ Malla 5858, 10 Sept 1980; KATH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Pithoragarh, Sirka [Sirkha], Kumaon, 2591 m (WN Koelz 21355, 27 Jul 1948; NY 04097103! image). Herminium fallax (Lindl.) Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6: 129 (1890). Raskoti et al., PhytoKeys 79: 35 (2017). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 115 (2017). Peristylus fallax Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl.: 298 (1835); Habenaria fallax (Lindl.) King & Pantl.; Monorchis fallax (Lindl.) O. Schwarz; Platanthera fallax (Lindl.) Schltr. Terrestrial tuberous herbs, 15–30 cm tall; stem erect, with tubular sheaths at base and 1–2 leaved. Habitat: Forests, forest margins, open grassy places, alpine grasslands, open rocky slopes. Distribution: Himalaya (India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, Myanmar, SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 2000–4000 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura; 2200–3700 m [Pithoragarh District, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAJURA & BAJHANG: Pategaon – Ghodi Lekh Deurali –Badigaon, 2190–3350 m (M Suziki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9160679, 16 Aug 1991; A 01945577! image, E00104855! image, KATH!, TI! image). UTARAKHAND (INDIA): Ralam, Kumaon, 3658 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 32, Wall. Cat. 7412; GH 01948767! image). 65 Herminium josephi Rchb. f., Flora 55: 276 (1872). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 46 (1978). Raskoti et al., PhytoKeys 79: 45 (2017). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 116 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 127 (2018). Androcorys josephi (Rchb. f.) Agrawala & H.J. Chowdhery.; Herminium duthiei Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6: 130 (1890); Herminium forrestii Schltr.; Monorchis forrestii (Schltr.) O. Schwarz, Monorchis duthiei (Hook. f.) O. Schwarz; Monorchis josephi (Rchb. f.) O. Schwarz; Peristylus duthiei (Hook. f.) Deva & H.B. Naithani Terrestrial tuberous herbs, 5–25 cm tall; stem erect, with 2–3 tubular sheaths, and two opposite or subopposite leaves at base. Habitat: Humid forests, forest margins, short turf on grassy slopes, alpine meadows, on mossy rocks. Distribution: Himalaya (India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 2000–4600 m. KSL: Bajhang, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Mugu; 2200–4000 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Thongnada, 2700 m (PR Shakya, LR Sharma & KR Amatya 6347, 8 Jul 1981; Herminium duthiei KATH!); Godilekh, 4000 m (MS Bista & DP Joshi 526, 17 Aug 1972; KATH!). DARCHULA: Ghusa VDC, above Nahli, 2200 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1093, 17 Jul 2015; TUCH!); Chhetti – Mechchra, 3400 m (PR Shakya, MK Adhikari & MN Subedi 8014, 22 Jul 1984; KATH!). HUMLA: Chankheli, 3500 m (KR Rajbhandari & B Roy 3849, 25 Jul 1979; Herminium duthiei KATH!). UTARAKHAND (INDIA): Barphu, Gori Valley, 3353 m (Inayat 24105, 12 Aug 1900; Herminium duthiei K000852822! image). Local abund.: Occasional in Darchula; not known for other regions. Herminium lanceum (Thunb. ex Sw.) Vuijk, Blumea 11: 228 (1961). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 46 (1978). Raskoti et al., PhytoKeys 79: 48 (2017). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 117 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 128 (2018). Ophrys lancea Thunb. ex Sw., Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. Handl. 21: 223 (1800); Herminium angustifolium (Lindl.) Ridl.; Platanthera angustifolia (Lindl.) Rchb. f.; Spiranthes lancea (Thunb. ex Sw.) Bakh. f. & Steenis Terrestrial tuberous herbs, 20–40 cm tall; stem erect, with 2 tubular sheaths at base and 2–5 leaves. Habitat: Forests, thickets, grassy slopes, damp ground, wet mossy rocks. Distribution: Himalaya (India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, C & SE China to Mongolia and Japan, mainland SE Asia to New Guinea. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1100–4000(–4200) m. KSL: Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Dadeldhura [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]; 1600–2750 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Talkot – Aagar, 1660–2180 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9160748, 18 Aug 1991; KATH!, TI). DADELDHURA: Ghanteswor, 1900 m (KR Rajbhandari, PM Regmi & KJ Malla 5431, 16 Aug 1980; KATH!). DARCHULA: Makarigad, 2000 m (PR Shakya, MK Adhikari & MN Subedi 7894, 18 Jul 1984; KATH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon, Ralam Valley, 2438–2743 m (JF Duthie 3413, 21 Aug 1884; K000796954!); Kumaon, Budhi, Kali Valley, 2743 m (Inayat 24104, 14 Sept 1900; K000079027! image). Herminium latilabre (Lindl.) X.H. Jin, Schuit., Raskoti & Lu Q. Huang, Cladistics 32: 210 (2015). Raskoti et al., PhytoKeys 79: 51 (2017). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 118 (2017). Platanthera latilabris Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl.: 289 (1835); Habenaria latilabris (Lindl.) Hook. f.; Habenella latilabris (Lindl.) Szlach. & Kras-Lap.; Platanthera acuminata Lindl.; Platantheroides latilabris (Lindl.) Szlach. Terrestrial tuberous herbs, 25–60 cm tall; stem erect, with 2–3 tubular sheaths at base, 3–5 leaved. 66 Habitat: Forest margins, thickets, grasslands, open grassy slopes, on mossy rocks. Distribution: Himalaya (Pakistan to NE India), Tibetan Plateau, SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; (900–)1400–3700(–4200) m. KSL: Bajhang, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura and Mugu; 1700– 3500 m [Pithoragarh and neighboring Almora, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Naya Odar – Topu, 3090 m (PR Shakya, MK Adhikari & MN Subedi 8276, 28 Jul 1984; KATH!). BAJURA: Basala – Pategaon, 1760–2190 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9160628, 15 Aug 1991; KATH!, TI). DARCHULA: Ghusa VDC, above Nahli, 2400 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1005C, 16 Jul 2015; TUCH!). HUMLA: Durpa, 2900 m (KR Rajbhandari & B Roy 4151, 30 Jul 1979; KATH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Almora, Kumaon, 1676 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 41; Platanthera acuminata P00411202! image); Paton, Kumaon 2134 m (RC Thakur 809, 26 Jun 1948; MICH 1495067! image); above Bona, Kumaon, 3048 m (WN Koelz 20922, 1 Jul 1948; NY 04097119! image). Local abund.: Occasional to frequent in Darchula. Herminium macrophyllum (D. Don) Dandy, J. Bot. 70: 328 (1932). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 46 (1978). Raskoti et al., PhytoKeys 79: 54 (2017). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 118 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 128 (2018). Neottia macrophylla D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal.: 27 (1825); Herminium congestum Lindl.; Peristylus duthiei var. inayatii Deva & H.B. Naithani; Peristylus macrophyllus (D. Don) Lawkush, V. Kumar & Bankoti; Spiranthes macrophylla (D. Don) Spreng. Terrestrial tuberous herbs, 8–30 cm tall; stem erect, with 2–3 tubular sheaths, and 2–3 leaves at base. Habitat: Broad-leaved and coniferous forests, forest margins, thickets, scrub, grassy slopes, meadows. Distribution: Himalaya (India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau. NEPAL: W, C & E; (2750–)3100–4700 m. KSL: Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India; and neighboring Mugu, Nepal; 2100–3300 m. It is likely also to be present in Darchula and Humla districts, Nepal. Representative specimens. MUGU (NEPAL): Chankheli Lekh, 3250 m (PR Shakya, MN Subedi & R Upreti 8600, 13 Aug 1985; KATH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Paton, Kumaon, 2135 m (RC Thakur 809A, 26 Jun 1948; MICH 1493501! image); Tola, Kumaon, 3505 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 34; GH 01948760! image). Herminium monophyllum (D. Don) P.F. Hunt & Summerh., Kew Bull. 20: 51 (1966). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 47 (1978). Raskoti et al., PhytoKeys 79: 57 (2017). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 119 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 128 (2018). Pl. 11. Neottia monophylla D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal.: 27 (1825); Androcorys monophylla (D. Don) Agrawala & H.J. Chowdhery; Herminium gramineum Lindl.; Monorchis monophylla (D. Don) O. Schwarz; Spiranthes monophylla (D. Don) Spreng. Terrestrial tuberous herbs, 6–15 cm tall; stem slender, with tubular sheaths and 1 leaf at base. Habitat: Shady places in forests, forest margins, open slopes, mossy rocks. Distribution: Himalaya (India, Nepal, Bhutan). NEPAL: W & C; 1000–2700(–4200) m. KSL: Baitadi, Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Doti; 1000–2600 m [also in Kumaon, Uttarakhand, India]. 67 Representative specimens. BAITADI: Ganna–Nalabagar, 1000 m (PR Shakya, MK Adhikari & MN Subedi 7859, 15 Jul 1984; KATH!). BAJHANG: Between Chainpur & Rishinri, 1480 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 1405, 20 Jul 1976; KATH!). DARCHULA: Above Ngali, way to Sithi, Ghusa VDC, 2350 m (SK Ghimire & B Awasthi IM-0934, 17 Jul 2015; TUCH!). DOTI: Baga Lekh, 1950 m (PR Shakya, LR Sharma & KR Amatya 6223, 30 Jun 1981; KATH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon, 2591 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 31; GH 01948770! image). Local abund.: Rare in Darchula; not known for other regions. Herminium monorchis (L.) R. Br. in W.T. Aiton, Hortus Kew., ed. 2. 5: 191 (1813). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 47 (1978). Raskoti et al., PhytoKeys 79: 58 (2017). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 119 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 128 (2018). Pl. 11. Ophrys monorchis L., Sp. Pl.: 947 (1753); Monorchis herminium O. Schwarz; Satyrium monorchis (L.) Pers. ENG: Musk orchid. Terrestrial tuberous herbs, 5–25 cm tall; stem erect with tubular sheaths at base, 2–3-leaved. Habitat: Forest margins, moist places in thickets, meadows, marshy fields, glacier moraine. Distribution: Europe to Temperate Asia, Himalaya (Pakistan to NE India: Sikkim). NEPAL: W, C & E; (2300–)3200–4600(–4900) m. KSL: Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Mugu; 3700–4300 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India; and Pulan Xian, SW Xizang in KSL China]. Representative specimens. DARCHULA: Api Base Camp, Gauchhalighol, Pilkanda, 3850–4000 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Lo, C Thapa & MR Paudeyal 761, 22 Oct 2014; TUCH!). HUMLA: Chungsa Valley, Dharmashala, 4300 m (SK Ghimire, LR Joshi, A Paudel, S Lo, P Subedi, C Thapa & S Lama CHH 1801, Sept 2012; TUCH!). MUGU: Chuchamara Danda, 3750 m (KR Rajbhandari & B Roy 3628, 19 Jul 1979; KATH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Pithoragarh (Inayat 24106; K) fide Raskoti et al. (2017). XIZANG (CHINA): Pulan Xian (Tibet Expedition Team 5217333; PE) fide Kong & Yang (2019). Local abund.: Occasional to frequent at higher elevations. Liparis Rich., De Orchid. Eur. 21, 30, 38 (1817). Liparis campylostalix Rchb.f., Linnaea 41: 45 (1876). Leptorkis campylostalix (Rchb.f.) Kuntze Terrestrial herbs; pseudobulbs clustered, ovoid to globose, enclosed by membraneous sheaths, 2-leaved. Habitat: Forest thickets on moist slopes. Distribution: Nepal, Tibetan Plateau, SC China to Japan and Russian Far East, Vietnam. NEPAL: W; 3000 m. KSL: Known from neighboring Doti District, Nepal; 3000 m. Representative specimen. DOTI: On the way to Bichpani, 3000 m (BB Raskoti 008378, 5 Sept 2008; KATH!). Liparis glossula Rchb. f., Linnaea 41: 44 (1876). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 47 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 122 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 130 (2018). Leptorkis glossula (Rchb. f.) Kuntze Terrestrial herb; pseudobulbs clustered, oblong to ovoid; 1-leaved. Habitat: Shady places in forests, forest margins, thickets, open places. 68 Distribution: Himalaya (India, Nepal), Tibetan Plateau, SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1800–4300 m. KSL: Known from neighboring Doti District, Nepal; 2850 m. Representative specimen. DOTI: Doti–Salimgado, 2850 m (MS Bista & DP Joshi 171, 2 Aug 1972; KATH!). Luisia Gaudich., Voy. Uranie, Bot. 426 (1829). Luisia tristis (G. Forst.) Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6: 25 (1890). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 124 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 132 (2018). Epidendrum triste G. Forst., Fl. Ins. Austr.: 60 (1786); Luisia zeylanica Lindl. ENG: Velvet orchid. Epiphytic monopodial herbs; stem stout, noded, covered by leaf sheaths; leaves fleshy, terete. Habitat: On exposed trees in moist forests. Distribution: Tropical and Subtropical Asia to N Australia and S Pasific. NEPAL: W, C & E; 300–1400 m. KSL: Baitadi and Darchula in KSL Nepal; 700–1100 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAITADI: Pangsera – Bagadi, 770 m (PR Shakya, MK Adhikari & MN Subedi 7839, 14 Jul 1984; KATH!). DARCHULA: Dhrampati, 1050 m (GD Mishra G145, 28 Mar 1994; TUCH!). Remarks: Distribution records for Pithoragarh fide Jalal (2004). Malaxis Sol. ex Sw., Prodr. 8, 119 (1788). Malaxis muscifera (Lindl.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 673 (1891). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 49 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 125 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 133 (2018). Dienia muscifera Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl.: 23 (1830); Microstylis muscifera (Lindl.) Ridl. Kaunphalo (sf}“kmnf]). Adder’s mouth orchid, Fly-bearing Malaxis. Terrestrial herbs, 10–30 cm; pseudobulbs ovoid; leaves 2, subopposite, unequal; raceme many-flowered. Habitat: Moist and shady places, birch forests, fir-rhododendron forests, open slopes, on mossy rock. Distribution: Himalaya (Pakistan to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; (2000–)2500–4300 m. KSL: Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura and Doti; 2800–3900 m. It is likely also to be present in Bajhang, Nepal. Representative specimens. DARCHULA: Chheti, 3090 m (PR Shakya, MN Subedi & RK Upreti 8001, 22 Jul NEP-L: ENG: 1984; KATH!); Ringde, way to Pilkanda, 3850 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Budha Magar, B Jnawali, S Nepal, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain 3322, 6 Sept 2017; TUCH!). DOTI: Salimgado, 2840 m (MS Bista & DP Joshi 172, 2 Aug 1972; KATH!). Local abund.: Occasional in Darchula. Ethnobt. use: Pseudobulbs are edible, used as a general tonic. Consv. status: GLB., Vulnerable A2cd (Saha et al. 2015). LOC., Data Deficient. Assessment by Saha et al. (2015) revealed that more than 40% of the wild populations in the Indian Himalayan region 69 declined over 10 years. Commercial harvesting has been considered as the main cause of population decline. In KSL Nepal, although Malaxis muscifera occurs in small isolated populations, it is not subjected to large-scale commercial harvesting. Sporadic harvesting exists mainly for local use in some areas, like Darchula. It is, however, threatened due to habitat loss, overgrazing, trampling and deforestation. Neottia Guett., Hist. Acad. Roy. Sci. Mém. Math. Phys. (Paris, 4°) 1750: 374 (1754). Neottia listeroides Lindl. in Royle, Ill. Bot. Himal. Mts.: 368 (1839). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 49 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 127 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 134 (2018). Listera lindleyana (Decne.) King & Pantl.; Neottia lindleyana Decne. Terrestrial holomycotrophic herbs; stems erect, pubescent, with scale-line basal sheaths, true leaf absent. Habitat: Shady places, oak and fir forests, grassy slopes. Distribution: Himalaya (Pakistan to Bhutan & NE India), Tibetan Plateau, NC & SC China. NEPAL: W & C; (2200–)2700–3800(–4150) m. KSL: Bajhang, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura and Mugu; 2700–3350 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9160883, 21 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB 2013–2020. BAJURA: Khaptad National Park to Kaudegaon, 1900–2980 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9161101, 28 Aug 1991; KATH!, TI! image). DARCHULA: Simar, 2862 m (CK Subedi, J Gurung & S Thapa 54, 21 Jun 2014; TUCH!). HUMLA: Kallas, 2700 m (KR Rajbhandari & B Roy 4230, 1 Aug 1979; KATH!); Marghor Lekh, 3100 m (KR Rajbhandari & B Roy 4182, 31 Jul 1979; KATH!); Daha Kharka – Rimi, 3270 m (PR Shakya, MN Subedi & RK Uprety 8745, 19 Aug 1985; KATH!). MUGU: Chankheli Lagna, 3350 m (KR Rajbhandari & B Roy 3847, 25 Jul 1979; KATH!). Local abund.: Rare in Darchula; not known for other regions. Neottia longicaulis (King & Pantl.) Szlach., Fragm. Florist. Geobot., Suppl. 3: 117 (1995). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 49 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 127 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 134 (2018). Listera longicaulis King & Pantl., J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 65: 126 (1896). Terrestrial autotrophic herbs. Habitat: Broad-leaved forests. Distribution: Himalaya (India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, SC China. NEPAL: W; 2400 m. KSL: Neighboring Doti District, Nepal; 2400 m. Representative specimen. DOTI: Wagalek, 2400 m (BB Raskoti 0878, 5 Sept 2008; KATH!). Oberonia Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl. 15 (1830). Oberonia falconeri Hook. f ., Hooker's Icon. Pl. 18: t. 1780 (1888). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 50 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 130 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 137 (2018). Iridorkis falconeri (Hook. f.) Kuntze; Oberonia calcicola Holttum; Oberonia siamensis Schltr. Epiphytic herbs; acaulescent or with short stem; leaves 3–6, subbasal, overlapping; flowers pedicellate. Habitat: Forests, thickets. 70 Distribution: Himalaya (India, Nepal), Peninsular India, Bangladesh, SC China to Malaysia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 150–1300 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal; 1100 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimen. BAJHANG: Chir, 1100 m (P Pradhan, RK Uprety, N Pradhan & N Dabadi 1303, 14 Apr 1984; KATH!). Remarks: Distribution record for Pithoragarh fide Jalal (2004). Oberonia pachyrachis Rchb. f. ex Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 681 (1888). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 50 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 132 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 137 (2018). Iridorkis pachyrachis (Rchb. f. ex Hook. f.) Kuntze; Oberonia umbraticola Rolfe Epiphytic herbs; stem short, tufted; leaves subbasal; flowers embedded in the fleshy rachis. Habitat: Forests. Distribution: Himalaya (India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, SC China, mainland SE Asia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 600–1800(–3500) m. KSL: Pithoragarh District, Uttarakhand and adjoining areas in KSL India; and neighboring Doti District, Nepal; 600 – 1400 m. Representative specimens. DOTI: Kalima VDC-9, 1400 m (P Bhatta 65, 17 Oct 2003; TUCH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon, hot valleys, 610 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 2; isosyntype GH 00556561! image); Kumaon, Askot, 1000 m (PC Pant 31841, 28 Apr 1964; L.1513778! image, U.1459082! image). Oreorchis Lindl., J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 3: 26 (1858). Oreorchis foliosa (Lindl.) Lindl., J. Proc. Linn. Soc. Bot. 3: 27 (1858). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 51 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 133 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 138 (2018). Corallorhiza foliosa Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl.: 535 (1840); Kitigorchis foliosa (Lindl.) Maek. Terrestrial herbs, 25–30 cm tall; pseudobulb corm-like, bearing solitary leaf at the apex. Habitat: Shady floor in oak forest, forest margins, cliff sides. Distribution: Himalaya (NW India to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, Myanmar, SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 2500–3800(–4500) m. KSL: Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Doti; 2900–3000 m. Representative specimens. DARCHULA: Tologaon (Marma), 2880 m (JDA Stainton 4939, 15 Jun 1965; BM) fide RBGE (2014). DOTI: Khaptad, 2950 m (PR Shakya, LR Sharma & KR Amatya 6284, 2 Jul 1981; KATH!). Pecteilis Raf., Fl. Tellur. 2: 37 (1837). Pecteilis gigantea (Sm.) Raf., Fl. Tellur. 2: 38 (1837). Orchis gigantea Sm., Exot. Bot. 2: 79 (1806); Habenaria gigantea (Sm.) D. Don; Platanthera gigantea Lindl. ex Wall., nom. nud. Terrestrial tuberous herbs; plant robust up to 100 cm or more; stem erect, stout, leafy; inflorescence 2–6-flowered; flowers white, fragrant. Habitat: Forest margins, grassy slopes, open places. 71 Distribution: Himalaya (Pakistan, India, Nepal), Myanmar. NEPAL: W, C & E; 400–1700 m. KSL: Known from Amora, Uttarakhand, India; and nearby Kanchanpur District in Far West Nepal. It is likely also to be present in KSL area of Nepal. Representative specimens. KANCHANPUR (NEPAL): Bedkot to Naula, 500–960 m (I Sharma, R Joshi, R Uprety & I Pandey 300, 13 Sept 1981; KATH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Almora, Kumaon 1675 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 39; GH 01948940! image). Pecteilis triflora (D. Don) Tang & F.T. Wang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 1: 62 (1951). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 52 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 137 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 142 (2018). Habenaria triflora D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal.: 25 (1825); Habenaria uniflora Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don; Pecteilis candida (Lindl.) Schltr.; Platanthera candida Lindl.; Platanthera triflora (D. Don) Pradhan; Platanthera uniflora (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) Lindl. Terrestrial tuberous herbs; stem erect, stout; inflorescence 1–3-flowered; flowers white. Habitat: Forests, forest margins. Distribution: W & C Himalaya (NW India, Nepal), Bangladesh. NEPAL: W, C & E; 300–1800 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura; 1200–1800 m [Bageshwar and Pithoragarh districts, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: 1390–2180 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9160969, 23 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB (2013–2020). BAJURA: Rigla, 1200 m (MS Bista & DP Joshi 319, 11 Aug 1972; KATH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon (R Blinkworth 7035, 2 Jul 1981; K001126620! image); Bagesar, Kumaon 915 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 44; GH 01948490! image). Peristylus Blume, Bijdr. 404 (1825). Peristylus constrictus (Lindl.) Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl. 300 (1835). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 52 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 138 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 142 (2018). Herminium constrictum Lindl., Edwards's Bot. Reg. 18: t. 1499 (1832); Habenaria constricta (Lindl.) Hook. f.; Platanthera constricta Lindl. ex Wall., nom. nud. Terrestrial tuberous herbs; stem erect, with basal sheaths, bracteate above; leaves 4–6 on lower half. Habitat: Shady places, scrub, open ground. Distribution: Himalaya (India, Nepal, Bhutan), SW & C India, Bangladesh, SC China, mainland SE Asia to Philippines. NEPAL: W, C & E; 300–2300 m. KSL: Baitadi in KSL Nepal [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]; 600–1800 m. Representative specimens. BAITADI: Dhik Gad to Gokule, 600 m (PR Shakya, MK Adhikari & MN Subedi 7833, 12 Jul 1984; KATH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon, Pithoragarh, 1800 m (CM Arora 38891, 28 Jul 1969; L.1519178! image). Peristylus goodyeroides (D. Don) Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl.: 299 (1835). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 52 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 138 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 143 (2018). 72 Habenaria goodyeroides D. Don; Habenaria goodyeroides var. affinis King & Pantl. Terrestrial tuberous herbs to 70 cm tall, stem erect, with 2–4 tubular basal sheaths, bracteate above, leaves 4–6, clustered midway along stem; flowers yellowish white or pale yellowish green. Habitat: Pine forests, open grassy places. Distribution: Himalaya (India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tropical and Subtropical Asia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 500–1500 m. KSL: Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India; and nearby Kanchanpur District of Far West and Kalikot District of Mid West Nepal. It is likely also to be present in KSL area of Nepal. Representative specimens. KALIKOT (NEPAL): Badarigaon – Kota, 1330–810 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9160318, 6 Aug 1991; KATH!, TI! image). KANCHANPUR (NEPAL): Lipna, 1000 m (KR Rajbhandari, PM Regmi & KJ Malla 5241, 12 Aug 1980; KATH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon, Berinag, 1675 m (WN Koelz 21515, 6 Aug 1948; NY 04111226! image). Peristylus prainii (Hook. f.) Kraenzl., Orchid. Gen. Sp. 1: 514 (1898). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 139 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 144 (2018). Habenaria prainii Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6: 159 (1890). Terrestrial tuberous herbs, stem slender, with basal sheaths, bracteate above, leaves 3–4, distantly arranged. Habitat: Forests, open places. Distribution: C & E Himalaya (Nepal to Bhutan & NE India), mainland SE Asia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 700–2100 m. KSL: Known from neighboring Doti District, Nepal; 2100 m. Representative specimen. DOTI: Doti to Bagalekh, 2100 m (MS Bista & DP Joshi 142, 1 Aug 1972; KATH!). Phalaenopsis Blume, Bijdr. 294 (1825). Phalaenopsis taenialis (Lindl.) Christenson & Pradhan, Indian Orchid J. 1: 154 (1985). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 141 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 145 (2018). Pl. 11. Aerides taenialis Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl.: 239 (1833); Biermannia taenialis (Lindl.) Tang & F.T. Wang; Doritis braceana Hook. f.; Doritis taenialis (Lindl.) Hook. f.; Kingidium taeniale (Lindl.) P.F. Hunt Epiphytic monopodial herbs, with tufted, long, flattened roots; stems short, 1–2 leaved. Habitat: On tree trunks in forests. Distribution: Himalaya (India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, Peninsular India, Bangladesh, SC China, mainland SE Asia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1100–2300 m. KSL: Darchula and Bajhang in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Doti; 1700–2300 m [Pithoragarh and neighboring Champawat District, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Rupatola, 2300 m (P Bhandari, M Pandey, & S Thapamagar 1671, 25 May 2016; KATH!). DOTI: On the way to Baglekh, 1690 m (P Pradhan, RK Uprety, N Pradhan & N Dabadi 1168, 6 Apr 1984; KATH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Champawat, Kumaon, 1250 m (CM Arora 38890, 23 Jul 1969; L.1519430! image). Remarks: Records for Pithoragarh fide Jalal (2004). 73 Pholidota Lindl. ex Hook., Exot. Fl. 2: ad t. 138 (1825). Pholidota articulata Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl.: 38 (1830). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 53 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 141 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 145 (2018). Pl. 11. Coelogyne articulata (Lindl.) Rchb. f.; Pholidota griffithii Hook. f.; Pholidota obovata Hook. f. Bhālkelā, Bhālu-kelā (efNs]nf, efn"–s]nf). NEP: Bhālu-kerā (efn"–s]/f). Epiphytic or lithophytic herbs; pseudobulbs slender, swollen, superposed and connected to each other. Habitat: Moist forests, rocks on shady places. Distribution: Himalaya (India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, SC China, mainland SE Asia to Indonesia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 500–2500 m. KSL: Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Doti; 800–1700 m [Bageshwar and Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. DARCHULA: Paribagar–Makarigad, 1250 m (PR Shakya, MK Adhikari & MN NEP-L: Subedi 7870, 17 Jul 1984; KATH!); Chameliya Valley, Khumbhalotey, way to Khandeshowari & Ghusa, 1550 m (SK Ghimire, S Thapa, B Awasthi, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1021, 16 Jul 2015; TUCH!). DOTI: Above Silgadi on trail to Khaptad, 1664 m (Bajhang09 20919002, 29 Jun 2009) fide RBGE (2014). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon, Bageshwar, 914 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 17, 1843; P00403258! image); Kumaon, Didihat, 2000 m (CM Arora 37872, 17 Oct 1967; L.1519449! image). Local abund.: Occasional in Darchula. Ethnobt. use: Pseudobulbs are edible, also used medicinally to treat stomach disorders. Pholidota imbricata Hook., Exot. Fl. 2: t. 138 (1825). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 53 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 141 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 145 (2018). Coelogyne imbricata (Hook.) Rchb. f.; Cymbidium imbricatum (Hook.) Roxb.; Pholidota bracteata (D. Don) Seidenf.; Ptilocnema bracteata D. Don Patthar-kerā, Bhālu-kerā (kTy/–s]/f, efn"–s]/f). Common rattlesnake orchid, Necklace orchid. HIN-L: Hāth-kelā (xfy–s]nf). Epiphytic or lithophytic herbs with creeping rhizomes; pseudobulbs contiguous. Habitat: Forests. Distribution: Himalaya (India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tropical and Subtropical Asia, Australasia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 300–2900 m. KSL: Bageshwar and Pithoragarh districts, Uttarakhand in KSL India. It is likely also to be present in KSL area of Far West Nepal. Representative specimens. UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon [Pithoragarh], Jauljibi, 1000 m (PC Pant 31832, NEP: ENG: 27 Apr 1964; L.1519677! image); Kumaon [Bageshwar], Kapkot, 1067 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 16, 1843; P00391033! image). Pinalia Lindl., Orchid. Scelet.: 14, 21, 23 (1826). Pinalia leucantha Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 679 (1891). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 147 (2018). Eria alba Lindl.; Octomeria alba (Lindl.) Wall. ex Hook. f. ENG: 74 White eria, White pinalia. Epiphytic herbs; pseudobulbs ovoid, clustered, 2–6 leaved; raceme termial, laxly flowered. Habitat: Moist forests, shady places. Distribution: Himalaya (India, Nepal, Bhutan). NEPAL: W, C & E; 1500–2500 m. KSL: Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Doti; 1500–2100 m. Representative specimens. DARCHULA: Khar, 2000–2100 m (P Bhandari, M Pandey & S Thapamagar 1670, 30 May 2016; KATH!). DOTI: Bhasu – Sahejpur, 1515 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 581, 19 Jun 1976; KATH!). Pinalia spicata (D. Don) S.C. Chen & J.J. Wood, Fl. China 25: 354 (2009). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 147 (2018). Pl. 11. Octomeria spicata D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal.: 31 (1825); Eria convallarioides Lindl.; Eria spicata (D. Don) Hand.-Mazz. Bhālkelā, Bhālu-kelā (efNs]nf, efn"–s]nf). Epiphytic herbs; pseudobulbs fusiform, tufted, 4–6-leaved; raceme axillary, cylindric, densely flowered. Habitat: Moist forests, shady places. Distribution: Himalaya (India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, Bangladesh, SC China, mainland SE Asia. NEPAL: W, C & E; (300–)900–2200 m. KSL: Darchula in KSL Nepal; 1100–1500 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. DARCHULA: Above Okhal, way to Makarigad, 1300 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S NEP-L: Budha Magar, B Jnawali, S Nepal, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1704, 14 Jul 2017; TUCH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Thal, Pithoragarh, 1200 m (CM Arora 36406, 6 Nov 1965; L.1510468! image). Local abund.: Rare in Darchula. Ethnobt. use: Pseudobulbs are edible. Pseudobulbs and rhizomes are also used to treat stomach disorder. Platanthera Rich., De Orchid. Eur. 20, 26, 35 (1817). Platanthera bakeriana (King & Pantl.) Kraenzl., Orchid. Gen. Sp. 1: 632 (1899). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 54 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 144 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 148 (2018). Habenaria bakeriana King & Pantl., J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 65: 132 (1896). Terrestrial tuberous herbs, 30–50 cm tall; stem erect, stout, 3–5-leaved; raceme laxly many flowered. Habitat: Mixed broad-leaved forests, fir forests, thickets, mossy rocks. Distribution: C & E Himalaya (Nepal to Bhutan & NE India), Tibetan Plateau, Myanmar, SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; (1500–)2000–4100 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura; 2200–3400 m. Representative specimen. BAJURA & BAJHANG: Pategaon – Ghodi Lekh Deurali – Badigaon, 2190–3350 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9160687, 16 Aug 1991; KATH!, TI). Platanthera japonica (Thunb.) Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl.: 290 (1835). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 145 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 149 (2018). Pl. 11. Orchis japonica Thunb., Syst. Veg. ed. 14: 811 (1784); Habenaria arcuata (Lindl.) Hook. f.; Habenaria japonica (Thunb.) A. Gray; Habenaria omeiensis Rolfe; Platanthera arcuata Lindl. 75 Terrestrial tuberous herbs, 50–80 cm tall; stem erect, robust, 3–6 leaved; raceme laxly many flowered. Habitat: Moist and shady places in forests, open grassy slopes. Distribution: Himalaya (India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, C & SE China to Japan. NEPAL: W & C; (600–)2300–3200 m. KSL: Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Doti; 2600–3200 m. Representative specimens. DARCHULA: Ghusa VDC, Domul Deurali, way to Pilkanda, 3200 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1579A; TUCH!). DOTI: Khaptad Daha, 2800 m (PR Shakya, LR Sharma & KR Amatya 6319, 3 Jul 1981; KATH!). HUMLA: On the way to Darma, 2660 m (SB Malla 14186, 9 Jul 1968; KATH!). Local abund.: Rare in Darchula; not known for other districts. Platanthera stenantha (Hook. f.) Soó, Ann. Hist.-Nat. Mus. Natl. Hung. 26: 363 (1929). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 54 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 146 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 149 (2018). Habenaria stenantha Hook. f.; Hemihabenaria stenantha (Hook. f.) Finet Terrestrial herbs, to 40 cm, stoloniferous; stem erect, stout, 2–4-leaved; raceme laxly many flowered. Habitat: Forests, open slopes. Distribution: Himalaya (India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, Myanmar, SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1200–3600 m. KSL: Known from neighboring Bajura, Nepal. Representative specimen. BAJURA: (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9160696, 16 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB 2013–2020. Pleione D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 36 (1825). Pleione humilis (Sm.) D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal.: 37 (1825). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 55 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 147 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 150 (2018). Epidendrum humile Sm., Exot. Bot. 2: 75 (1806); Coelogyne humilis (Sm.) Lindl. Epiphytic or lithophytic herbs; pseudobulbs ovoid-conical, with 1 leaf at apex. Habitat: On mossy rocks or tree trunk in forests. Distribution: Himalaya (India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, Myanmar. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1800–3000 m. KSL: Known from neighboring Doti, Nepal; 2300 m. Representative specimen. DOTI: On the way to Khaptad, 2300 m (P Pradhan, RK Uprety, N Pradhan & N Dabadi 1217, 7 Apr 1984; KATH!). Ponerorchis Rchb. f., Linnaea. 25: 227 (1852). Ponerorchis chusua (D. Don) Soó, Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 12: 352 (1966). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 55 (1978). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 150 (2018). Pl. 12. Orchis chusua D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal.: 23 (1825); Chusua donii Nevski; Chusua nana (King & Pantl.) Pradhan; Chusua pauciflora (Lindl.) P.F. Hunt; Habenaria chusua (D. Don) Benth.; Gymnadenia pauciflora Lindl. NEP-L: 76 Kaunphalo (sf}“kmnf]). Terrestrial tuberous herbs, 10–30 cm tall; stem erect, with basal sheaths, 1–3-leaved. Habitat: Forests, rhododendron scrub, moist alpine meadows, grassy slopes, scree. Distribution: Himalaya (India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, Myanmar, C China to Russian Far East. NEPAL: W, C & E; 2400–4900 m. KSL: Bajhang, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Doti; 2700–4100 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Surma Sarovar, 3800 m (PR Shakya, MK Adhikari & MN Subedi 6364, 9 Jul 1984; KATH!); Manane Lekh, 3807 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20915106, 13 Jul 2009; E00623907! image, KATH!). DARCHULA: Chheti, 3200 m (TB Shrestha 4234, 21 Jun 1965; KATH!); near Thadapani, Pilkanda, 3900 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Budha Magar, B Jnawali, S Nepal, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-3434, 8 Sept 2017; TUCH!). DOTI: Khaptad, 2950 m (PR Shakya, LR Sharma & KR Amatya 6299, 3 Jul 1981; KATH!). HUMLA: Raniban, Simikot, 2990 m (TR Pandey & DR Kandel 2016903, 9 Sep 2016, KATH!). Local abund.: Rare to occasional in Darchula and Humla; not known for other districts. Ethnobt. use: In Darchula, tubers are used in medicine to treat cuts, scrapes and burns. Ponerorchis cucullata (L.) X.H. Jin, Schuit. & W.T. Jin, Molec. Phylogen. Evol. 77: 51 (2014). Orchis cucullata L., Sp. Pl. 2: 939 (1753); Gymnadenia cucullata (L.) Rich.; Neottianthe cucullata (L.) Schltr. Kaunphalo (sf}“kmnf]). Terrestrial tuberous herbs; 10–20 cm tall; stem erect or ascending, with tubular sheaths and 1–2 subopposite leaves at base, and small sterile bracts above; raceme laxly 5–11-flowered; flowers purple or pink; lip 3-lobed, spurred, lateral lobes linear, spur curved forward. Habitat: Open places in forests, forest margins, thickets, moist meadows, open grassy slopes. Distribution: NE Europe to Russia, Himalaya (India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, C & SE China to Japan. NEPAL: W, C & E; (2300–)2700–4500 m. KSL: Darchula in KSL Nepal; 3900–4000 m. Representative specimen. DARCHULA: Chameliya Mool, Pilkanda, Lolu, 3950 m (SK Ghimire, S Thapa, B NEP-L: Awasthi, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1529, 28 Jul 2015; TUCH!). Local abund.: Occasional. Ethnobt. use: Tubers are used in medicine to treat cuts and wounds. Ponerorchis cucullata var. calcicola (W.W. Sm.) X.H. Jin, Schuit. & W.T. Jin, Molec. Phylogen. Evol. 77: 51 (2014). Pl. 11. Gymnadenia calcicola W.W. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 8: 188 (1914); Neottianthe calcicola (W.W. Sm.) Schltr.; Neottianthe cucullata (L.) Schltr. var. calcicola (W.W. Sm.) Soó Kaunphalo (sf}“kmnf]). Terrestrial tuberous herbs, close to typical P. cucullata, but stem slightly curved, ebracteate, and spur straight to slightly curved. Habitat: Thickets, open grassy slopes, moist meadows. Distribution: C & E Himalaya (Nepal to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, C China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 3500–5000 m. NEP-L: 77 KSL: Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal; 3800–3900 m. Representative specimens. DARCHULA: Way to Dopakhe, Lolu-Pilkanda, 3800 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Budha Magar, B Jnawali, S Nepal, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-2085, 30 Jul 2016; TUCH!). HUMLA: Above Suma Kharka, 3850 m (PR Shakya, MN Subedi & RK Uprety 8735, 18 Aug 1985; KATH!). Local abund.: Rare. Ethnobt. use: Tubers are used in medicine to treat cuts and wounds. Ponerorchis secundiflora (Kraenzl.) X.H. Jin, Schuit. & W.T. Jin, Molec. Phylogen. Evol. 77: 51 (2014). Peristylus secundiflorus Kraenzl., Orchid. Gen. Sp. 1: 518 (1898); Habenaria secundiflora Hook. f. (1890), nom. illeg., non Barb. Rodr. (1881); Gymnadenia secundiflora (Kraenzl.) Kraenzl.; Neottianthe mairei Schltr.; Neottianthe secundiflora (Kraenzl.) Schltr. Kaunphalo (sf}“kmnf]). Terrestrial tuberous herbs, similar to P. cucullata, but leaves 2–3, alternate, widely spaced along stem. Habitat: Forest margins, grassy slopes, moist meadows, mossy rocks. Distribution: Himalaya (India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, Myanmar, SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 2100–4350 m. KSL: Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Mugu; 2200–3500 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. DARCHULA: Upper Chameliya Valley, above Khayakot, way to Pilkanda, 2200 m NEP-L: (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Budha Magar, B Jnawali, S Nepal, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-3231, 3 Sept 2017; TUCH!). MUGU: Pina–Ghurchii, 2800 m (PR Shakya, MN Subedi & R Uprety 8784, 23 Aug 1985; KATH!); Ghurchi Lagna, 3045 m (O Polunin, WR Sykes & LHJ Williams 3066, 28 Aug 1952; BM000885701). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Pithoragarh, Dharchula, forest near Sosa, 2743–3048 m (JF Duthie 3421, 20 Sept 1884; K000796374! image). Local abund.: Rare in Darchula; not known for other regions. Ethnobt. use: In Darchula, tubers are used in medicine to treat cuts and wounds. Rhynchostylis Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 7: 285 (1825). Rhynchostylis retusa (L.) Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Nederl. Ind. 7: 286, t. 49 (1825). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 55 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 149 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 151 (2018). Pl. 12. Epidendrum retusum L., Sp. Pl. 2: 953 (1753); Aerides spicatum D. Don; Epidendrum hippium Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don NEP: Ghoge gābhā (3f]u]–ufef). Epiphytic monopodial herbs, with thick roots; stems short, stout, ascending; inflorescences pendulous, densely many flowered. Habitat: Open forests, forest margins. Distribution: Himalaya (India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tropical and Subtropical Asia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 300–1800 m. KSL: Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India, and neighboring Doti District, Nepal; 1300–1700 m. It is likely also to be present in Baitadi and Darchula districts in KSL Nepal. Representative specimen. DOTI: Sahejpur (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 618, 20 Jun 1976; KATH!). Remarks: Distribution records for Pithoragarh fide Jalal (2004). 78 Satyrium Sw., Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. Nya Handl. 21: 214 (1800). Satyrium nepalense D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal.: 26 (1825). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 56 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 150 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 152 (2018). Pl. 12. Satyrium albiflorum A. Rich. Kaunphalo (sf}“kmnf]). NEP: Gāmdol (ufd8f]n). Terrestrial tuberous herbs, 10–60 cm; stem erect, stout; leaves 2–3, sub-basal, clasping; inflorescence terminal, many flowered; flowers usually pink; spurs slender, as long as or longer than overy. Habitat: Open forests, forest margins, grassy slopes, marshy land. Distribution: Himalaya (India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, Peninsular India, Sri Lanka, SC China, mailand SE Asia. NEPAL: W, C & E; (600–)1300–3800(–4600) m. KSL: Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura and Doti; 1400–2500 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Between Talkot & Panalta, 2000–2100 m (HN Qin, P Bhandari, TR Pandey, NEP-L: BR Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0174, 12 Sept 2017; KATH!). BAJURA: Bashala–Pategaon, 1760–2190 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9160626, 15 Aug 1991; A 01944144! image, TI). DARCHULA: Makarigad, 1400 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, A Paudel, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1701, 14 Jul 2016; TUCH!); Thin, 2300 m (KR Rajbhandari & KJ Malla 5640, 27 Aug 1980; KATH!); Kasoti, 2430 m (PR Shakya, MK Adhikari & MN Subedi 7966, 20 Jul 1984; KATH!). DOTI: Baglekh, 2120 m (LR Sharma & PP Kurmi 4831, 21 Sept 1982; KATH!). Local abund.: Occasional to frequent. Ethnobt. use: Young leaves are cooked as vegetable. Tubers are used to treat cuts and wounds, and fever. Satyrium nepalense var. ciliatum (Lindl.) Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6: 168 (1890). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 150 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 152 (2018). Satyrium ciliatum Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl.: 341 (1838). Terrestrial herbs, differs from above in having stout, conic spurs, shorter than ovary. Habitat: Open forests, forest margins, grassy slopes, open fields. Distribution: Himalaya (India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, S China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1400–4300 m. KSL: Known from neighboring Bajura, Nepal; 2900 m [also in Uttarakhand, India]. Representative specimens. BAJURA: 2900 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9192400, 16 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB 2013–2020. UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Almora, Kumaon, 1615 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 30, Wall. Cat. 7025; GH 01944168! image). Spiranthes Rich., De Orchid. Eur. 20, 28, 36 (1817). Spiranthes australis (R. Br.) Lindl., Bot. Reg. 10: t. 823 (1824). Pace et al., Bot. J. Linean. Soc. 20: 15 (2018). Pl. 12. Neottia australis R. Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland.: 319 (1810); Calanthe australis (R. Br.) Aiton ex Loudon; Neottia amoena M. Bieb.; Spiranthes amoena (M. Bieb.) Spreng.; Spiranthes sinensis (Pers.) Ames subsp. australis (R. Br.) S. Kitam.; Spiranthes sinensis var. amoena (M. Bieb.) H. Hara; Spiranthes sinensis var. australis (R. Br.) H. Hara & S. Kitam. ENG: Ladies tresses, Austral ladies tresses. Terrestrial herbs, with shortened rhizome and narrowly cylindric, fleshy roots; inflorescence pubescent. 79 Habitat: Open and moist areas in forests, thickets, grassy slopes, wet grasslands, meadows, marshes. Distribution: E European Russia, Tropical to Temperate Asia, E Australia, SW Pacific. NEPAL: W, C & E; (100–)1000–3800(–4600) m. KSL: Baitadi, Bajhang, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura and Doti; 1500–2900 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Kalagad, 1830 m (PR Shakya & DP Joshi 570, 20 May 1971; KATH!). BAJURA: Birseni – Porakya, 1560–2650 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9160510, 12 Aug 1991; E00113581! image, KATH!). DARCHULA: Khar VDC-5, 1770 m (BB Shrestha, M Pandey & R Chhetri 12, 26 Sept 2015; TUCH!); between Ngali & Thapali Gad, way to Sithi, 2390 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Budha Magar, B Jnawali, S Nepal, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-3143, 1 Sept 2017; TUCH!); Chhangru, 2900 m (KR Rajbhandari & KJ Malla 5759, 30 Aug 1980; KATH!). DOTI: Jhingdara, 2000 m (LP Kattel 1141, 9 Sept 1982; KATH!). HUMLA: Poom Gaon, 2700 m (KR Rajbhandari & B Roy 4064, 28 Jul 1979; KATH!). Local abund.: Occasional to frequent. Thunia Rchb. f., Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 10: 764 (1852). Thunia alba (Lindl.) Rchb. f., Zeitung (Berlin) 10: 764 (1852). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 57 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 152 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 154 (2018). Phaius albus Lindl. in Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 2: 85 (1831). NEP: Chāndephûl (rf“bk ] m"n). Epiphytic, terrestrial or lithophyte herbs; stem fasciculate, erect, stout. Habitat: Forests. Distribution: Himalaya (India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tropical and Subtropical Asia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 500–1900 m. KSL: Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India; and neighboring Doti, Nepal; 1500–1900 m. It is likely also to be present in Baitadi and Darchula in KSL Nepal. Representative specimens. DOTI: Bhasu – Sahejpur, 1515 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 580, 19 Jun 1976; KATH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Pithoragarh, Dharchula, Narayannagar, Askot, 1900 m (CM Arora 36495, 12 Oct 1967; L.1518976! image). Vanda Jones ex R. Br., Bot. Reg. 6: ad t. 506 (1820). Vanda alpina (Lindl.) Lindl., Fol. Orchid. 4: 10 (1853). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 57 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 154 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 155 (2018). Luisia alpina Lindl., Edwards's Bot. Reg. 24(Misc.): 56 (1838); Stauropsis alpina (Lindl.) Tang & F.T. Wang; Trudelia alpina (Lindl.) Garay Epiphytic monopodial herbs; stems stout covered with imbricate leaf sheaths; flowers green to yellow-green with lip striped violet; lip apex simple. Habitat: Forests. Distribution: Himalaya (India, Nepal, Bhutan), SC China, mainland SE Asia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1100–1900 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Dadeldhura; 1100–1900 m. 80 Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Chir, 1100 m (P Pradhan, RK Uprety, N Pradhan & N Dabadi 1304, 14 Apr 1984; KATH!). DADELDHURA: Bhumtare, 1640 m (P Pradhan, RK Uprety, N Pradhan & N Dabadi 1120, 1 Apr 1984; KATH!). Vanda cristata Wall. ex Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl.: 216 (1833). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 57 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 154 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 155 (2018). Aerides cristata (Wall. ex Lindl.) Wall. ex Hook. f.; Luisia striata (Rchb. f.) Kraenzl.; Trudelia cristata (Wall. ex Lindl.) Senghas ex Roeth; Vanda striata Rchb. f. Bhyāgutephûl, Nakkalî harchûr (Eofu't]km"n, gSsnL x/r"/). Epiphytic monopodial herbs; stems stout covered with imbricate leaf sheaths; flowers yellow-green with lip light brown, yellow or white conspicuously striped with purple; lip apex with 2-lobed processes. Habitat: Forests. Distribution: Himalaya (India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, SC China, mainland SE Asia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1000–2300 m. KSL: Darchula and Bajhang in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Doti; 1400–2000 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Rupatola, 1500–2000 m (HN Qin, P Bhandari, TR Pandey, BR NEP: Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0089, 11 Sept 2017; KATH!). DOTI: Nahapani, 1400 m (JF Dobremez 1877, 18 Apr 1973; KATH!). Remarks: Distribution records for Darchula fide Ueda (2020), and for Pithoragarh fide Jalal (2004). HYPOXIDACEAE Hypoxis L., Syst. Nat., ed. 10. 2: 972 (1759). Hypoxis aurea Lour., Fl. Cochinch.: 200 (1790). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 66 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 157 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 158 (2018). Pl. 12. Curculigo graminifolia Nimmo; Hypoxis minor D. Don. Van siru, Karshûl (jg l;?, sz{"n). ENG: Golden stargrass. HIN: Bhuin-khajûr (e'O“ vh"/). Slender perennial herbs, with globose, fleshy rhizomes; scapes 1–2 flowered, to 10 cm; flowers yellow. Habitat: Forests, forest margins, grassland, moist grassy slopes. Distribution: Himalaya (Pakistan to Bhutan & NE India), Tropical S Asia, S China, Japan, mainland SE Asia to New Guinea. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1300–2900 m. KSL: Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Dadeldhura and Mugu; 1500–2600 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: North of Patiudi, Deuli Gad, 2043 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T NEP: Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20911074, 7 Jul 2009; KATH!); between Talkot & Panalta, 2000–2100 m (HN Qin, P Bhandari, TR Pandey, BR Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0158, 12 Sept 2017; KATH!, PE!). DADELDHURA: Gogan, 1500 m (LP Kattel 974, 31 Aug 1982; KATH!). DARCHULA: Khar VDC-4, 2150 m (BB Shrestha, M Pandey & R Chhetri 450P, 6 Oct 2015; 1 81 TUCH!). MUGU: Near Bam (Flora of Nepal Collecting Trip A110, 11 Jun 2008; E00397506). Remarks: Distribution records for Pithoragarh fide GMBA (2012–2016). IRIDACEAE Iris L., Sp. Pl. 1: 38 (1753). Iris decora Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 1: 77, t. 86 (1830). Stern in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 64 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 159 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 159 (2018). Pl. 12. Evansia nepalensis Klatt; Iris nepalensis D. Don; Iris nepalensis var. khasiana Baker; Junopsis decora (Wall.) W. Schulze; Neubeckia decora (Wall.) Klatt; Neubeckia sucala Klatt Piperî (lkk]/L). NEP: Padmapuskar (kßk'is/). ENG: Nepal iris, Graceful Himalayan iris. TIB: drema (གྲེས་མ་). NEP-L: Tufted perennial herbs; flowering stems 10–25 cm; flowers pale blue, violet to reddish purple; falls with a raised central ridge, yellow at base without beard; standards narrowly elliptic, smaller. Habitat: Open grassy slopes, meadows, stony pastures, open rocky slopes, cliffs, among low scrub. Distribution: Himalaya (Pakistan to Bhutan & NE India), Tibetan Plateau, SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1600–4100 m. KSL: Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal; 1700–3900 m [Bageshwar, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. DARCHULA: Kalidhunga, 3903 m (KM Ghimire & M Adhikari F213, 11 Sept 2015, TUCH!). HUMLA: Kermi, 2300 m (SK Ghimire, LR Joshi, A Paudel, S Lo, P Subedi, C Thapa & S Lama CHH-1405, 14 Sept 2012; TUCH!); Simikot Lagna, above Simikot, 3880 m (Flora of Nepal Collecting Trip A244, 21 Jun 2008; E00397535). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon (R Blinkworth 5049; K001104610! image); Bageshwar, 1676 m (N Wallich 5059B; BM000832586! image). Ethnobt. use: Roots are used as diuretic, and to treat cuts and wounds, sores, and pimples. Iris kemaonensis Wall ex D. Don in Royle, Ill. Bot. Himal. Mts. 1: 372 (1839). Stern in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 64 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 159 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 159 (2018). Pl. 12. Iris duthiei Foster; Iris kingiana Foster; Iris tigrina Jacquem. ex Baker Piperî (lkk]/L). ENG: Kumaon iris. TIB: drema po (གྲེས་མ་ཕོ་). NEP-L: Tufted perennial herbs; flowering stems absent or very short; flowers blue to lilac purple with darker spots; falls with a dense beard of white hairs tipped with yellow or orange; standards oblanceolate. Habitat: Grassy slopes, grazed pastures. Distribution: Himalaya (Kashmir to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, Myanmar. NEPAL: W, C & E; (2000–)2500–4600 m. KSL: Humla in KSL Nepal; 3600–4300 m [Bageshwar, Uttarakhand in KSL India; and Pulan Xian, SW Xizang in KSL China]. Representative specimens. HUMLA: Nyalthang, Changla Khola, Dozam, 3640 m (SK Ghimire, RP Chaudhary & team P10830, 21 May 2010; TUCH!); Seding, Changla Khola, Dozam, 3700 m (SK Ghimire, RP Chaudhary & team P11407, 23 May 2010; TUCH!); Simikot Lagna, above Simikot, 4030 m (Flora of Nepal Collecting Trip A197, 20 Jun 2008; E00392151). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Pindari, Kumaon, 3658 m (R 82 Strachey & JE Winterbottom s.n.; P02154998! image). XIZANG (CHINA): Pulan Xian (Qinghai-Tibet Team 5672530, 1976; PE) fide Kong & Yang (2019). Local abund.: Frequent in Humla. Ethnobt. use: In Dozam, Humla, roots and seeds are used to treat wounds and stomach disorders. AMARYLLIDACEAE Allium L., Sp. Pl. 1: 294 (1753). Allium carolinianum Redouté, Liliac. 2: t. 101 (1804). Stern in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 65 (1978). Singh & Sanjappa, Fasc. Fl. India 23: 10 (2006). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 160 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 161 (2018). Allium aitchisonii Boiss. (1882), nom. illeg., non Regel (1879); Allium blandum Wall.; Allium obtusifolium Klotzsch; Allium polyphyllum Kar. & Kir.; Allium thomsonii Baker NEP: TIB: Jangalî lasun (hª\unL n;'g). gyagok ( ་ ོག་), rigok (རི་ ོག་). Perennial herbs; bulbs large, oblong, with fibrous papery scales; leaves several, broadly linear, flattened, blunt; scape stout, 10–40 cm; inflorescence a dense globular umbel; perianth pink; stamens exserted. Habitat: Dry stony slopes, open hillsides, alpine steppes. Distribution: C Asia, E Afghanistan, NW China (Xinjiang), Karakoram, W & C Himalaya (Pakistan to Nepal), Tibetan Plateau, Mongolia. NEPAL: W & C; (2700–)3000–5200 m. KSL: Upper Mahakali in KSL India and Nepal, and Bajhang in KSL Nepal; c. 3050–5200 m. Representative specimens. Urai Lagna, 5180 m (JB Tyson 86, 8 Jul 1953; BM, L.1442704! image). UPPER MAHAKALI: Kuti, 3045 m (RC Thakur 893B; 15 Jul 1948; MICH 1492133! image). BAJHANG: Local abund.: Not known, probably rare. Allium prattii C.H. Wright, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 36: 124 (1903). Stern in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 65 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 161 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 161 (2018). Pl. 13. Allium cannifolium H. Lév.; Allium ellipticum Wall. ex Kunth, nom. inval.; Allium prattii var. ellipticum F.T. Wang & Tang; Allium victorialis L. var. angustifolium Hook. f., nom. illeg. Danu, Lasan (bg', n;g). NEP: Jangalî lasun, Lasune sãg (hª\unL n;'g, n;'g];fu). rukgok ( ག་ ོག་). NEP-L: TIB: Perennial bulbous herbs; bulbs cylindric, with reticulate fibrous tunic; leaves 2, elliptic, narrowed into a petiole; scape 30–40 cm; umbel many-flowered; perianth pink; stamens exserted. Habitat: Forests, forest margins, thickets, shrubberies, open moist slopes, meadows, stream banks. Distribution: C & E Himalaya (Nepal to NE India), Tibetan Plateau, Myanmar, C & SE China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 2400–4600 m. KSL: Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Mugu; 2900–4600 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Tapaun, 3800 m (PR Shakya, MK Adhikari & MN Subedi 8160, 25 Jul 1984; KATH!). DARCHULA: Chirkiti Lekh, Marma, 2880 m (TB Shrestha 4205, 15 Jun 1965; KATH!); Dhauliodar, 3400 m (SK Ghimire, S Thapa, B Awasthi, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain 83 ANCA-1152, 19 Jul 2015; TUCH!); Chheti – Melchhra, 3500 m (PR Shakya, MK Adhikari & MN Subedi 8016, 22 Jul 1984; KATH!). MUGU: Khaptang, Mugu Khola, 4572 m (O Polunin, WR Sykes & LHJ Williams 5375, 21 Aug 1952; P01773918! image). Local abund.: Rare to occasional in Darchula; not known for other districts. Ethnobt. use: Leaves are cooked as vegetable and also used as flavouring agent. Consv. status: LOC., Near Threatened. Threat is mainly due to overgrazing and overharvesting. Allium przewalskianum Regel, Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 3(2): 164 (1875). Stern in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 65 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 161 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 162 (2018). Allium jacquemontii Regel (1875), nom. illeg., non Kunth (1843); Allium junceum Jacquem. ex Baker (1874), nom. illeg., non Sm. (1809); Allium stenophyllum Wall., nom. nud.; Allium stoliczkii Regel Jimbu (lhDa'). TIB: zimnak (འཛིམ་ནག་). NEP: Perennial bulbous herbs; bulbs narrowly ovoid-cylindric with reticulate tunic; leaves linear, hollow; scape 10–40 cm; umbel many-flowered; perianth purple or mauve; stamens as long as perianth segments. Habitat: Dry stony slopes, rock outcrops, rock crevices, dry grassy slopes. Distribution: Karakoram, Himalaya (Kashmir to Nepal), Tibetan Plateau, N & C China. NEPAL: W & C; 2500–4500 m. KSL: Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India; and Pulan Xian, SW Xizang in KSL China; 3450– 4450 m. It is likely also to be present in upper Darchula and Humla, Nepal. Representative specimen. XIZANG (CHINA): Pulan Xian (Tibet Expedition Team 6537671, 1974; PE) fide Kong & Yang (2019). Remarks: Distribution records for Pithoragarh fide GMBA (2012–2016). Allium spicatum (Prain) N. Friesen, Molec. Phylogen. Evol. 17: 216 (2000). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 162 (2017). Milula spicata Prain, Sci. Mem. Off. Med. Dept. Gov. India 9: 57, t. 1 (1895); Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 5: 165, t. 200 (1896). Perennial bulbous herbs; leaves basal, linear; scape erect, 5–20 cm; inflorescence a terminal elongated spike, densely flowered, subtended by a membranous spathe; perianth pale purple or pinkish. Habitat: Dry alpine pastures, sandy grasslands, steppe. Distribution: Himalaya (NW India to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau. NEPAL: C; 3000–4500 m. KSL: Pulan Xian, SW Xizang in KSL China. It is likely also to be found in upper Humla, Nepal. Representative specimen. XIZANG (CHINA): Pulan Xian (Qinghai-Tibet team vegetation group 6692508, 1976; PE) fide Kong & Yang (2019). Allium stracheyi Baker, J. Bot. 12: 293 (1874). Singh & Sanjappa, Fasc. Fl. India 23: 38 (2006). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 162 (2017). Pl. 13. Allium longistaminum Royle, nom. inval. NEP-L: HIN-L: 84 Danu, Lasan, Jimbu (bg', n;g, lhDa'). Jambu (hDa'). Perennial bulbous herbs; bulbs oblong-ovoid, with fibrous tunic; scape erect or ascending, 20–30 cm; leaves basal, narrowly linear, obtuse; umbel subglobose, 8–23-flowered; pedicels shorter than flowers; perianth whitish with pink veins; stamens exserted. Habitat: Dry stony and grassy slopes, rock outcrops, rock crevices. Distribution: W & C Himalaya (Pakistan to Nepal). NEPAL: W; 2300–4000 m. KSL: Darchula in KSL Nepal; 2300–3700 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. DARCHULA: Chameliya Valley, beyond Ngali Deurali, between Nahli & Sithi, 2300 m (SK Ghimire, LR Joshi, B Awasthi & C Subedi ANCA-203, 23 Oct 2013; TUCH!); upper Chameliya Valley, Dhauliodaar, below Pilkanda, Ghusa VDC, 3400 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Lo, C Thapa & MR Paudeyal ANCA-707, 18 Oct 2014; TUCH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon, Ralam, 3658 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 5; BM000958330! image, K000844253! image, syntype P00747982! image). Local abund.: Occasional to frequent in Darchula. Ethnobt. use: Leaves and bulbs are used in folk medicine to treat cold and cough, stomach disorders and wounds. Leaves and bulbs are cooked as vegetable or used as a flavouring agent. Consv. status: LOC., Near Threatened. Threat is mainly due to overharvesting. Allium tuberosum Rottler ex Spreng., Syst. Veg. 2: 38 (1825). Stern in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 65 (1978). Singh & Sanjappa, Fasc. Fl. India 23: 39 (2006). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 162 (2017). Allium clarkei Hook. f.; Allium roxburghii Kunth; Allium sulvia Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don; Allium tuberosum Roxb., nom. inval.; Nothoscordum sulvia (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) Kunth ENG: Chinese chives. Perennial bulbous herbs. Habitat: Open slopes, on rocks. Distribution: W & C Himalaya (Pakistan to Nepal), NC China, Japan. NEPAL: W & C; 1300–2800 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal; 1338 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimen. UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon, Dafia Dhura (CM Arora 49535; CAL) fide Singh & Sanjappa (2006). Remarks: Record for Bajhang (Cat. No. 1052768) fide US National Plant Germplasm System (2018). Allium wallichii Kunth, Enum. Pl. 4: 443 (1843). Stern in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 65 (1978). Singh & Sanjappa, Fasc. Fl. India 23: 43 (2006). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 162 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 162 (2018). Pl. 13. Allium caeruleum Wall., nom. nud.; Allium lancifolium Stearn; Allium polyastrum Diels; Allium violaceum Wall. ex Regel, nom. inval.; Allium wallichianum Steud., nom. inval. DOZ: Gokpā (uf]Skf). NEP-L: Danu, Lasan (bg', TIB: n;g). NEP: Jimbu-ghāns, Van lasun (lhDa'–3f“;, jg n;'g). zimnak (འཛིམ་ནག་). Perennial herbs; bulbs usually absent; roots fibrous; leaves basal, linear, flat, sheatheing; scape erect, to 50 cm, winged; umbels rounded, laxly many-flowered; perianth purple. Habitat: Forest margins, meadows, open grassy slopes, among rocks, stream banks. Distribution: Himalaya (India, Nepal, Bhutan), Myanmar, Tibetan Plateau, S China. 85 NEPAL: W, C & E; 2100–4800 m. KSL: Bajhang, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura; 3000–4300 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Thogundanda, 3400 m (MS Bista & DP Joshi 739, 27 Aug 1972; KATH!); Gurel Lekh, 3450 m (NK Bhattarai 90/1206, 1 Sept 1990; KATH!), Ghodilekh, 4000 m (MS Bista & DP Joshi 499, 17 Aug 1972; KATH!). BAJURA/BAJHANG: Pategaon – Ghodi Lekh Deurali – Badigaon, 2190– 3350 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9160669, 16 Aug 1991; KATH!, TI). DARCHULA: Upper Chameliya Valley, Kalidhunga, Lolu-Pilkanda, 4050 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, A Paudel, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1969, 25 Jul 2016; TUCH!). HUMLA: Phwaso, Changla Khola, Dozam, 3550 m (SK Ghimire, RP Chaudhary & team P10824, 21 May 2010; TUCH!). Remarks: Distribution records for Pithoragarh fide GMBA (2012–2016). Local abund.: Occasional. Ethnobt. use: Whole plant is pickled or used as condiment. The plant is also cooked as vegetable. Roots and leaves are used in folk medicine to treat cold and cough, stomach disorders and wounds. Consv. status: LOC., Near Threatened. Threat is mainly due to overgrazing and overharvesting. Crinum L., Sp. Pl.: 292 (1753). Crinum latifolium L., Sp. Pl.: 291 (1753). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 164 (2018). Pl. 12. NEP: Hāde-phûl (xf8]km"n). ENG: Pink-striped trumpet lily. Perennial bulbous herbs; flowering stems stout, 1–2 m; flowers white streaked with pink. Habitat: Garden, margins of crop fields. Distribution: Native to S Asia (India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka), S China, and mainland SE Asia; cultivated and naturalized elsewhere. NEPAL: W & C; 1000–1500 m. KSL: Darchula in KSL Nepal; 1100–1200 m (planted). Representative specimen. DARCHULA: Lattenath, 1100 m (SK Ghimire & B Awasthi IM-1751, 2 Aug 2015; TUCH!). Narcissus L., Sp. Pl. 1: 289 (1753). Narcissus tazetta L., Sp. Pl. 1: 290 (1753). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 164 (2018). NEP: Gunakesarî (u'gs];/L). ENG: Daffodil, Bunchflower daffodil, Bunch-flowered narcissus, Chinese sacred lily. Perennial bulbous herbs; scape erect or ascending; flowers in umbels; perianth segments white, broad ovate, entire; corona yellow, cup-shaped. Habitat: Cultivated. Distribution: Native to S Europe, N Africa, W Asia and S Russia; widely cultivated. NEPAL: W & C; 1300–2500 m (cultivated). 86 KSL: Baitadi in KSL Nepal; 1450 m. Representative specimen. BAITADI: Gothalapani, 1450 m (LP Kattel 175, 1 Jan 1981; KATH!). ASPARAGACEAE Agave L., Sp. Pl. 1: 323 (1753). Agave americana L., Sp. Pl. 1: 323 (1753). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 164 (2018). NEP: Bāns keorā, Ketukî (af“; s]j/f, s]t'sL). ENG: American aloe, Century plant. Perennial herbs. Habitat: Hedge, field margins. Distribution: Native to S America; widely cultivated or naturalized elsewhere. NEPAL: W, C & E; 200–1400 m. KSL: Darchula in KSL Nepal; 900–1200 m. Representative specimens. DARCHULA: Api-13, Khlanga, 960 m (BB Shrestha, M Pandey & R Chhetri 440P, 9 Oct 2015; TUCH!); above Betale, 1000 m (SK Ghimire, LR Joshi & B Awasthi ANCA-A051, 20 Oct 2013; TUCH!). Ethnobt. use: Leaves are the source of fiber in making ropes and cordage. Cultivated as a hedge plant. Asparagus L., Sp. Pl. 1: 313 (1753). Asparagus curillus Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: 152 (1832). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 70 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 164 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 165 (2018). Asparagus nepalensis Baker; Protasparagus curillus (Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb.) Kamble NEP: Van kurilo (jg s'l/nf]). Perennial herbs or subshrubs; stem weak, diffuse or subscandent; spines solitary, recurved; cladodes small, 3–6, linear, 3-sided, acute, incurved; flowers white, long-pedicelled, in few-flowered lateral racemes. Habitat: Open slopes, forests, moist grassland. Distribution: W & C Himalaya (NW India, Nepal). NEPAL: W & C; 700–2800 m. KSL: Baitadi, Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal; c. 1000–1600 m. Representative specimens. Baitadi (PN Yogi 15, 2 Jun 2004; TUCH!); BAJHANG: Bangh, 1000 m (LP Kattel 1212, 13 Sept, 1982; KATH!). BAITADI: Asparagus filicinus Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal.: 49 (1825). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 71 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 164 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 165 (2018). Pl. 13. Asparagus filicinus var. brevipes Baker; Asparagus filicinus var. microclada Hook. f.; Protasparagus filicinus (Buch.Ham. ex D. Don) Kamble DOZ: Tikpā (ltSkf). NEP: Van kurilo (jg ENG: Fern asparagus. TIB: s'l/nf]). nyeshing (ཉེ་ཤིང་). 87 Straggling perennial herbs, dioecious; stems without spines; cladodes in whorls of 4–6, flat, curved; flowers greenish or reddish green, borne singly or in pairs. Habitat: Shady moist places in forests, forest margins, thickets. Distribution: Karakoram, Himalaya (Kashmir to Bhutan), C & SE China, mainland SE Asia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1700–3450 m. KSL: Baitadi, Bajhang and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura and Doti; 1700–2700 m. Representative specimens. BAITADI: Shribhawar, 2434 m (TR Pandey & GD Bhatt 2016630, 6 Jun 2016, KATH!). BAJHANG: Matuwa, 1700 m (NK Bhattari 90/1143, 29 Aug 1990; KATH!); between Dhalun & Panselegi, 2300–2700 m (HN Qin, P Bhandari, TR Pandey, BR Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0516, 16 Sept 2017; KATH!, PE!). BAJURA: Porakya – Serigaon, 1620–2540 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9191351, 13 Aug 1991; TI! image). DOTI: Khaptad, 2420 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 1299, 15 Jul 1976; KATH!). HUMLA: Changla Khola, above Dozam, 2650 m (SK Ghimire, RP Chaudhary & team P12149, 25 May 2010; TUCH!). Local abund.: Rare to occasional. Ethnobt. use: Young shoots are eaten as vegetable; root juice is used as tonic, and to treat toothache. Consv. status: GLB., Data Deficient (Rhodes & Maxted 2016). Asparagus lycopodineus (Baker) E.T. Wang & Tang, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. 7: 291 (1937). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 164 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 165 (2018). Asparagus filicinus Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don var. lycopodineus Baker, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 14: 605 (1875). Climbing or straggling perennial herbs, dioecious; stems without spines; cladodes 3 per whorl, linear, curved, flowers white, borne singly or in clusters of 2–4. Habitat: Forests, thickets. Distribution: C & E Himalaya (Nepal to NE India), Myanmar, C China. NEPAL: W & C; 1500–2600 m. KSL: Baitadi in KSL Nepal; 1800–2500 m. Representative specimen. BAITADI: Gwallev Village, 1800–2500 m (SC Bhatt 197, 22 Jan 2005, TUCH!). Asparagus racemosus Willd., Sp. Pl. 2: 152 (1799). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 71 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 165 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 166 (2018). Asparagus racemosus var. subacerosus Baker; Protasparagus racemosus (Willd.) Oberm. NEP-L: Jhijhelkānd, Jhijhelkāndî (lemem]nsf“8, lemem]nsf“8L). NEP: Van kurilo, Shatāvarî (jg s'l/nf], ztfj/L). ENG: Wild asparagus. HIN: Shatāvar (ztfj/). SAN: Shatāvarī (ztfj/L). TIB: nyeshing (ཉེ་ཤིང་). Climbing or straggling perennial herbs or subshrubs; stem woody, much-branched, with straight or subrecurved spines; cladodes linear, slightly curved, in whorls of 3–8; flowers white, in racemes or panicles. Habitat: Forests, forest margins, thickets. Distribution: Africa, Tropical and Subtropical Asia, N Australia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 100–2200 m. KSL: Baitadi and Darchula in KSL Nepal; 1000–2000 m. Representative specimens. DARCHULA: Kumbhalotey, way to Khandeshowri, 1500 m (SK Ghimire, S Thapa, B Awasthi, S Lo, C Thapa & MR Paudeyal 549, 15 Oct 2014; TUCH!); Khar VDC-4, 1930 m (BB Shrestha, M Pandey & R Chhetri 234P, 29 Sept 2015; TUCH!). 88 Local abund.: Occasional. Ethnobt. use: Tubers are used as a tonic and to treat fever. Tender shoots are cooked and eaten as vegetable. Spiny twigs are used in religious ceremonies, and to protect against evil spirits. Chlorophytum Ker Gawl., Bot. Mag. 27: t. 1071 (1807). Chlorophytum nepalense (Lindl.) Baker, J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 15: 330 (1876). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 71 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 165 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 166 (2018). Pl. 13. Phalangium nepalense Lindl., Trans. Hort. Soc. London 6: 277 (1826); Anthericum nepalense (Lindl.) Spreng.; Chlorophytum flaccidum W.W. Sm.; Chlorophytum khasianum Hook. f.; Chlorophytum undulatum Wall. ex Hook. f. Van pyāj, Seto muslî (jg Kofh, ;]tf] d':nL). Perennial herbs; rhizome inconspicuous; roots clustered, thickened; flowering stem erect, 30–60 cm. Habitat: Shady places, forests, forest margins, grassy slopes, rocky slopes. Distribution: Himalaya (India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, SC China, mainland SE Asia. NEPAL: W, C & E; (900–)1200–3200 m. KSL: Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura; 1700–2400 m. Representative specimens. BAJURA: Bashala–Pategaon, 1760–2190 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M NEP-L/NEP: Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9160633; 15 Aug 1991, TI! image). DARCHULA: Between Nahli & Sithi, Ghusa VDC, 2350 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, A Paudel, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1737B, 16 Jul 2016; TUCH!). HUMLA: Humla-Karnali, 2400 m (SK Ghimire, A Paudel, L Joshi, S Lama, P Subedi & C Thapa 1640, 15 Sept 2012; TUCH!). Local abund.: Occasional to frequent. Ethnobt. use: Rhizomes are used as a tonic to strengthen physical vigor. Dipcadi Medik., Hist. & Commentat. Acad. Elect. Sci. Theod.-Palat. 6: 431 (1790). Dipcadi reidii Deb & S. Dasgupta, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 75: 69 (1978). Deb & Dasgupta, Fasc. Fl. India 7: 7 (1981). Ornithogalum reidii (Deb & S. Dasgupta) J.C. Manning & Goldblatt Perennial bulbous herbs. Leaves broadly linear. Scape erect, 30–40 cm. Racemes 10–18-flowered, lax; bracts membranous, triangular, acuminate. Flowers campanulate, light brown; perianth lobes subequal, in two whorls, both united up to one-third from the base forming tube, remaining free above. Habitat: Open slopes. Distribution: Endemic to NW India. KSL: Known from adjoining Byans area in Pithoragarh District, Uttarakhand in KSL India. It is likely also to be present in Darchula District, Nepal. Representative specimen. UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Near Malpagarh, Byans, Kali Valley, 2134 m (JR Reid s.n., 16 Jul 1888; holotype E00393328! image). Dipcadi serotinum (L.) Medik., Hist. & Commentat. Acad. Elect. Sci. Theod.-Palat. 6: 431 (1790). Deb & S. Dasgupta, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 75: 52 (1978). Deb & Dasgupta, Fasc. Fl. India 7: 9 (1981). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 166 (2018). Pl. 13. Hyacinthus serotinus L., Sp. Pl. 1: 317 (1753); Dipcadi hysudricum (Edgew.) Baker; Uropetalon hysudricum Edgew, ‘hydsuricum’ 89 Perennial bulbous herbs. Leaves broadly linear. Scape erect, 20–40 cm, glabrous. Racemes 7–15flowered, lax; bracts membranous, triangular, acuminate. Flowers campanulate, white with light brown to pink-brown line on outer surface; pedicel stout; perianth segments narrowly oblong, thickened, subequal, outer three united one-third of their length below, free and spreading above, inner three united up to two-third of their length forming tube. Habitat: Open rocky slopes along the trail, river banks, grassy slopes. Distribution: S Europe to Arabian Peninsula, Pakistan, W & C Himalaya (NW India, Nepal). NEPAL: W; 1200–3000 m. KSL: Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal; 1300–3000 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. DARCHULA: Chameliya Valley, way to Guljar VDC, 1300–1500 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1599, 2 Aug 2015; TUCH!). HUMLA: Simikot–Durpa, 3000 m (SB Malla 14268, 17 Jul 1968; BM) fide Deb & Dasgupta (1978). UTTARAKHAND [INDIA]: Dar, Kumaon 2438 m (RC Thakur 859, 7 Jul 1948; MICH 1492042! image). Local abund.: Very rare in Darchula. Maianthemum Wigg., Prim. Fl. Holsat. 14 (1780). Maianthemum fuscum (Wall.) LaFrankie, Taxon 35: 588 (1986). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 166 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 167 (2018). Smilacina fusca Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 3: 37 (1832); Smilacina fusca var. pilosa H. Hara; Tovaria fusca (Wall.) Baker Khiraunlo (lv/f}“nf]). Perennial rhizomatous herbs, up to 50 cm tall; stems simple, leafy; leaves petiolate; blade ovate, acuminate or caudate; flowers in a terminal panicle; perianth greenish to purplish. Habitat: Forests, forest margins, thickets, moist rocky places. Distribution: C & E Himalaya (Nepal to NE India), Myanmar, SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 2200–3200 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal; 2900–3200 m. Representative specimen. BAJHANG: Chimnya, way to Kalapani, NE of Dhalun, 2900–3200 m (HN Qin, P NEP-L: Bhandari, TR Pandey, BR Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0509, 16 Sept 2017; KATH!, PE!). Local abund.: Rare. Maianthemum purpureum (Wall.) LaFrankie, Taxon 35: 589 (1986). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 167 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 167 (2018). Pl. 13. Smilacina purpurea Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 2: 38 (1831); Jocaste purpurea (Wall.) Kunth; Tovaria purpurea (Wall.) Baker Thāling (yflnª\). NEP-L: Sallisāg, Tîte kaunphalo, Khiraunlo (;lNn;fu, tLt] sf}“kmnf], lv/f}“nf]). Perennial rhizomatous herbs, 20–50 cm tall; stems simple, leafy, pubescent above; leaves sessile, clasping, or shortly petiolate; blade ovate-oblong or broadly elliptic, acuminate, ciliate; inflorescence a raceme or sometimes with a few basal branches; perianth dark purple outside, greenish purple inside. Habitat: Broad-leaved and mixed forests, forest margins, thickets, open slopes. Distribution: Himalaya (NW India to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 2500–4300 m. DOZ: 90 KSL: Bajhang, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura and Doti; 2700–3900 m [also in Kumaon, Uttarakhand, India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Khaptad National Park, 2980–3030 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9161052, 27 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB 2013–2020; Thogundanda, Kaligad, 2743–3353 m (TB Shrestha 4182, 10 Jun 1965; US 03965649! image). DARCHULA: Simar, above Khayakot, 2780 m (SK Ghimire, S Thapa, B Awasthi, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1080, 18 Jul 2015; TUCH!); above Domule, 3229 m (CK Subedi, J Gurung & S Thapa 71, 21 Jun 2014; TUCH!). DOTI: Khaptad National Park, on the trail from Bichpani to Ghoda daune, 3060 m (Nepal Bajhang 2009 Expedition 20919021, 2 Jul 2009; E00625005). HUMLA: Jabkung, Changla Khola, Dozam, 3300 m (SK Ghimire, RP Chaudhary & team P10659, 21 May 2010; TUCH!); Salli Khola, 3600–3900 m (SK Ghimire, A Paudel, L Joshi, S Lama, P Subedi & C Thapa CHH-1638, 15 Sept 2012; TUCH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon (R Blinkworth 4201B; K000846058! image); Kumaon, Kanta [Kanda], 2438 m (RC Thakur 777, 23 Jun 1948; MICH 1492366! image). Local abund.: Frequent in Darchula and Humla; not known for other regions. Ethnobt. use: Tender shoots are cooked and eaten as vegetable. Ophiopogon Ker Gawl., Bot. Mag. 27: t. 1063 (1807). Ophiopogon clarkei Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6: 268 (1892). Hara in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 75 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 167 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 167 (2018). Pl. 13. Mondo dracaenoides (Baker) Farw. var. clarkei (Hook. f.) Farw. Dhachade (wr8]). Himalayan mondo grass. Perennial stoloniferous herbs; leaves basal, grasslike; scape 10–20 cm, shorter than leaves; inflorescence short, few-flowered; flowers white with light purple streaks. Habitat: Moist forests, mossy rocks, streamsides. Distribution: C & E Himalaya (Nepal to NE India), Tibetan Plateau, SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1500–3500 m. KSL: Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal; 1900–2500 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Rasa–Roshiadanda, 1980–2540 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M NEP-L: ENG: Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9160866, 21 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB (2013– 2020). DARCHULA: between Simar & Domul, way to Lolu-Pilkanda, Ghusa VDC, 2500 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, A Paudel, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1742B, 17 Jul 2016; TUCH!). Ophiopogon intermedius D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal.: 48 (1825). Hara in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 75 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 167 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 167 (2018). Pl. 14. Flueggea intermedia (D. Don) Kunth; Flueggea jacquemontiana Kunth; Flueggea wallichiana Kunth; Mondo intermedium (D. Don) L.H. Bailey; Mondo wallichianum (Kunth) L.H. Bailey; Ophiopogon parviflorus (Hook. f.) H. Hara; Ophiopogon wallichianus (Kunth) Hook. f. Dhachade (wr8]). NEP: Van kasur (jg s;'/). Himalayan lily turf, White mondo grass. Perennial rhizomatous tufted herbs; leaves basal, grasslike; scapes up to 40 cm or more, shorter than or sometimes equalling to leaves; inflorescence many-flowered; flowers white or pale purple. Habitat: Forests, along streams, damp gullies, grassy slopes. NEP-L: ENG: 91 Distribution: Himalaya (India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, Peninsular India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, C & SE China, mainland SE Asia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 700–3900 m. KSL: Bajhang, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Doti; 1900–3400 m [also in Kumaon, Uttarakhand, India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Trail from Budkhori to Pasela, 2308 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20915135, 15 Jul 2009; Ophiopogon wallichianus KATH!). DARCHULA: Khar, 1930 m (BB Shrestha, M Pandey & R Chhetri 219, 2 Oct 2015; TUCH!). DOTI: Khaptad National Park, trail from Jhingrana to Bichpani, 2815 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20911027, 1 Jul 2009; O. wallichianus KATH!). HUMLA: Phucha, 2895 m (O Polunin, WR Sykes & LHJ Williams 4160, 24 May 1952; L.1460610! image); on way to Darma, 3050–3355 m (SB Malla & PS Jayswal 14187, 9 Jul 1968; KATH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon, Urting, 2590 m (RC Thakur 869, 7 Jul 1948; L.1460599! image, MICH 1492334! image). Local abund.: Frequent. Ethnobt. use: Tubers are useful for the treatment of lymphatic disorders. Polygonatum Mill., Gard. Dict. Abr., ed. 4., vol. 3 (1754). Polygonatum cirrhifolium (Wall.) Royle, Ill. Bot. Himal. Mts. 1: 380 (1839). Hara in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 77 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 169 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 168 (2018). Convallaria cirrhifolia Wall., Asiat. Res. 13: 382 (1820); Convallaria cirrhosa Griff. Khiraunlo, Nigālî-sāg, Rasmalo (lv/f}“nf], lgufnL–;fu, /;dnf]). NEP-L: Khiraunlā (lv/f}“nf). Coiled-leaf Solomon seal. SAN: Medā, Mahāmedā (d]bf, dxfd]bf). TIB: ramnyé (ར་མཉེ་). NEP-L: ENG: Perennial rhizomatous herbs; stem erect or scandent to 100 cm; leaves linear to narrow-lanceolate, coiled at apex, borne in whorls of 3–6; flowers cremy white, greenish or purple in shortly-stalked, 2–4flowered axillary clusters. Habitat: Forest margins, thickets, dry shrubby slopes, grassy slopes. Distribution: Himalaya (India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, Myanmar, C & SE China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1200–4600 m. KSL: Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Mugu; 1200–3200 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. DARCHULA: Okhal, way to Makarigad, 1230 m (SK Ghimire, S Thapa, B Awasthi, S Lo, C Thapa & MR Paudeyal ANCA-823, 28 Oct 2014; TUCH!); Paripatal Community Forest, Khar, 2287 m (CK Subedi, J Gurung & M Pandey 41, 21 Jun 2015; TUCH!). HUMLA: Above Jabkung, Dozam, 3200 m (SK Ghimire, RP Chaudhary & team P10633, 21 May 2010; TUCH!). HUMLA/MUGU: Bawa (Banwa), between Ruga & Changkheli Lagna, 2743 m (O Polunin, WR Sykes & LHJ Williams 4107, 18 May 1952; E00813026! image). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Tola, Kumaon, 3048 m (WN Koelz 20722, 15 Jun 1948; NY 03229982! image); Pithoragarh, above Tola, Kumaon, 3658 m (RC Thakur 739, 16 Jun 1948; MICH 1492397! image). Local abund.: Rare in Darchula and Humla, not known for other regions. Ethnobt. use: In Darchula, rhizomes are taken as a tonic to restore physical vigor, and are also fed to cattle to increase milk production. Tender shoots are occasionally cooked and eaten as vegetable. Consv. status: LOC., Near Threatened. Threat is mainly due to habitat degradation, overgrazing and 1 92 overharvesting for local use and occasional trade. Polygonatum curvistylum Hua, J. Bot. (Morot) 6: 424 (1892). Hara in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 77 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 169 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 168 (2018). Pl. 14. Khiraunlo, Nigālî-sāg (lv/f}“nf], lgufnL–;fu). NEP: Khiraunlā (lv/f}“nf). Perennial rhizomatous herbs; stem erect, 20–30 cm; leaves linear, in whorls of 3–6, some alternate or opposite, sessile; flowers pale purple in shortly-stalked, 1- or 2-flowered axillary clusters. Habitat: Alpine meadows, among shrubs. Distribution: C & E Himalaya (Nepal, Bhutan), SC China. NEPAL: W & C; 2600–3650 m. KSL: Humla in KSL Nepal; 3650 m. Representative specimen. HUMLA: Phwaso, Changla Khola, Dozam, 3650 m (SK Ghimire, RP Chaudhary & NEP-L: team P10901, 22 May 2010; TUCH!). Local abund.: Rare. Ethnobt. use: Rhizomes are eaten to restore physical vigor. Tender shoots are cooked as vegetable. Polygonatum graminifolium Hook., Hooker's Icon. Pl. 9: t. 833 (1851). Wilford & Rix, Curtis's Botanical Magazine 24: 61 (2007). Pl. 14. Nān khiraunlo, Nigālî-sāg (gfg lv/f}“nf], lgufnL–;fu). Perennial rhizomatous herbs; stem erect, 5–10 cm; leaves linear, linear-lanceolate or linear-oblanceolate in pairs or whorls of 3–5; flowers solitary or paired, axillary; peduncle 8–18 mm; corolla purplish-pink to 10 mm long with the tube, the lobes ovate, 5–6 mm long, spreading, margin white papillose. Habitat: Alpine meadows, open grass slopes. Distribution: W & C Himalaya (Kashmir to Nepal), ?SC China. NEPAL: W & C; 3300–4000 m. KSL: Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal; 3300–4000 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. DARCHULA: Upper Chameliya Valley, Gauchhalighol, Pilkanda, 3900 m (SK NEP-L: Ghimire, S Thapa, B Awasthi, S Lo, C Thapa & MR Paudeyal ANCA-736, 20 Oct 2014, TUCH!); Upper Chameliya Valley, Chameliya Mool, Pilkanda, 3950 m (SK Ghimire, S Thapa, B Awasthi, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1516, 28 Jul 2015, TUCH!). HUMLA: Dozam Khola, near Simikot, 3658 m (O Polunin, WR Sykes & LHJ Williams 4251, 2 Jun 1952; E00950134! image). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Tola, Kumaon, 3353 m (RC Thakur 729, 15 Jun 1948; MICH 1492396! image). Local abund.: Occasional to frequent. Ethnobt. use: Tender shoots and leaves are occasionally cooked as vegetable. Rhizomes are used as tonic for general debility. Rhizomes are also used to treat wounds, inflammation and stomach disorders. Polygonatum singalilense H. Hara, J. Jap. Bot. 40: 102 (1965). Hara in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 77 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 170 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 169 (2018). Pl. 14. Khiraunlo, Nigālî-sāg (lv/f}“nf], lgufnL–;fu). NEP-L: Khiraunlā (lv/f}“nf). Perennial rhizomatous herbs; stem erect or suberect, 12–50 cm; leaves opposite or in whorls of 3, few lower leaves alternate, blade lanceolate, oblong or elliptic, sessile, acuminate, blunt; flowers yellow or NEP-L: 93 greenish white in shortly-stalked, 2-flowered axillary clusters. It is close to P. geminiflorum Decne. of W. Himalaya. Habitat: Forests, among shrubs, rock crevices, wet meadows. Distribution: C & E Himalaya (Nepal to Bhutan). NEPAL: W, C & E; 2800–4400 m. KSL: Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Doti; 2900–3500 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Trail from Surma Village (Dhunga Danda) to Madhukharka, returned to Surma Village, 3386 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20919036, 8 Jul 2009; E00813052! image, KATH!). DARCHULA: Dhauliodar, 3450 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1181, 19 Jul 2015; TUCH!). DOTI: Khaptad, 2880 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 1202, 14 Jul 1976; KATH!). Local abund.: Rare in Darchula; not known for other districts. Ethnobt. use: Tender shoots are occasionally cooked as vegetable. Rhizomes are used as tonic. Polygonatum verticillatum (L.) All., Fl. Pedemont. 1: 131 (1785). Hara in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 77 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 170 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 169 (2018). Pl. 14. Convallaria verticillata L., Sp. Pl. 1: 315 (1753); Convallaria leptophylla D. Don; Polygonatum jacquemontianum Kunth; Polygonatum kansuense Maxim. ex Batalin; Polygonatum leptophyllum (D. Don) Royle NEP-L: ENG: Khiraunlā, Khiraunlo, Khilaudo, Nigālî-sāg (lv/f}“nf, lv/f}“nf], lvnf}8f], lgufnL–;fu). Whorled Solomon's-seal. TRD: Setakchinî (;]tslrgL). TIB: ramnyé (ར་མཉེ་). Robust perennial rhizomatous herbs; stem robust, erect, 40–150 cm; leaves in whorls of 3–8, occasionally alternate or subopposite near base of stem, blade linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, with acute or subacute apex, not coiled; flowers white, greenish or pale yellow, in shortly-stalked, usually 2-flowered axillary clusters. Habitat: Moist forests, grassy slopes, rocky slopes. Distribution: Europe, W Asia, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Himalaya (India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, C China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 2100–4000(–4800) m. KSL: Baitadi, Bajhang, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura and Doti; 2400–3500 m [Bageshwar and Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAITADI: Shribhawar, 2445 m (TR Pandey & GD Bhatt 2016650, 6 Jun 2016; KATH!). BAJHANG: Between Dhalun & Panselegi, 2300–2700 m (HN Qin, P Bhandari, TR Pandey, BR Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0492, 16 Sept 2017; KATH!, PE!); above Surma Village, 3075 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20911084, 8 Jul 2009; Polygonatum leptophyllum E00509736! image, KATH!). BAJHANG/BAJURA: Pategaon – Ghodi Lehk Deorali – Badigaon, 3200 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9192406, 16 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB (2013–2020). DARCHULA: Above Khayakot, 2780 m (SK Ghimire, S Thapa, B Awasthi, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1077, 18 Jul 2015; TUCH!); Nete, 3715 m (KM Ghimire & M Adhikari F021, 11 Sept 2015; TUCH!). DOTI: Kapthad, 3090 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 1159, 12 Jul 1976; KATH!). HUMLA: Raniban, Simikot, 2990 m (TR Pandey & DR Kandel 2016905, 9 Sep 2016; KATH!); JabkungTugling, Changla Khola, Dozam, 3100–3500 m (SK Ghimire, RP Chaudhary & team P10650, 21 May 2010; TUCH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Bageshwar (N Wallich s.n.; BM000069457). 94 Local abund.: Frequent to common. Ethnobt. use: Rhizomes are used as tonic for general debility. Rhizomes are also used to treat woundsand stomach disorders. Tender shoots and leaves are eaten as vegetable. Consv. status: LOC., Near Threatened. Threat is mainly due to habitat destruction, overgrazing and overharvesting for local use and occasional trade. Theropogon Maxim., Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 15: 89 (1870). Theropogon pallidus (Wall. ex Kunth) Maxim., Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 15: 90 (1870). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 80 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 171 (2017). Pl. 15. Ophiopogon pallidus Wall. ex Kunth, Enum. Pl. 5: 300 (1850). NEP-L: Dhachade (wr8]). NEP: Jangalî pyāj (hª\unL Kofh). Tufted perennial herbs with thickened roots; leaves grass-like; scape to 30 cm, shorter than leaves; flowers white or pink, campanulate, in few to many-flowered racemes; tepals erect, free to base. Habitat: Forests, thickets, rocky grasslands, shady rocky slopes, shady banks, cliffs in forest. Distribution: Himalaya (India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1500–2800 m. KSL: Baitadi and Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Doti; 1500–2400 m. Representative specimens. DARCHULA: Between Nahli & Sithi, Panelpani, Ghusa, 2350 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, A Paudel, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1718, 16 Jul 2016; TUCH!). DOTI: Napani, 2390 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 909, 2 Jul 1976; KATH!). Local abund.: Frequent to common. ARECACEAE (Palmae) Phoenix L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1188 (1753). Phoenix loureiroi Kunth var. pedunculata (Griff.) Govaerts, World Checkl. Palms: 171 (2005). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 173 (2017). Pl. 15. Phoenix pedunculata Griff., Palms Brit. E. Ind.: 139 (1850); Phoenix humilis (L.) Cav. var. pedunculata (Griff.) Becc.; Phoenix loureiroi var. humilis S. Barrow NEP: Thākal (yfsn). Low growing palms; stems to 3 m; inflorescences excerted from prophyll on long scapes. Habitat: Open forests, dry hillsides along river. Distribution: Tropical and subtropical regions in S Asia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 150–1500 m. KSL: Baitadi and Darchula in KSL Nepal; 600–1300 m. Representative specimen. DARCHULA: Betale, 1000 m (SK Ghimire, LR Joshi & B Awasthi A52, 20 Oct 2013; TUCH!). Local abund.: Occassional along Chameliya River. 95 COMMELINACEAE Commelina L., Sp. Pl. 1: 40 (1753). Commelina benghalensis L., Sp. Pl. 1: 41 (1753). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 82 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 174 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 174 (2018). Commelina cavaleriei H. Lév.; Commelina cucullata L.; Commelina mollis Jacq.; Commelina nervosa Burm. f. Kanjado, Kanjadā, Vishkāpado (s~h8f], s~h8f, ljisfk8f]). NEP: Kānejhār (sfg]emf/). ENG: Benghal commelina, Day flower, Tropical spiderwort, Wandering jew. Perennial much branched herbs with creeping stems, ascending distally, sparsely pubescent. Habitat: Moist rocky slopes, wet grasslands, marshy places by stream, roadsides, weed of cultivation. Distribution: Tropical and subtropical regions in Old World. NEPAL: W, C & E; 100–2100(–3000) m. KSL: Darchula in KSL Nepal; 900–2100 m. Representative specimens. DARCHULA: Darchula–Huti, 900 m (KR Rajbhandari & KJ Malla 5549, 24 Aug NEP-L: 1980; KATH!); Khar VDC-7, 2070 m (BB Shrestha, M Pandey & R Chhetri 131, 27 Sept 2015; TUCH!); Chameliya Valley, Patu, near Ghusa, 2100 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Lo, C Thapa and MR Paudeyal ANCA-510A, 15 Oct 2014; TUCH!). Local abund.: Frequent. Ethnobt. use: Young shoots are eaten as vegetable. Root juice is used to treat stomach disorders and burns. Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Beentje & Lansdown 2018a). Commelina diffusa Burm. f., Fl. Indica: 18 (1768). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 82 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 175 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 174 (2018). Commelina agraria Kunth; Commelina caespitosa Roxb.; Commelina gracilis Ruiz & Pav.; Commelina obtusifolia Vahl ENG: Climbing dayflower. Annual herbs with branched creeping stems. Habitat: Forests, thickets, open slopes, waste places, roadsides, fields. Distribution: Pantropical and warm temperate regions. NEPAL: W, C & E; 60–3700 m. KSL: Known from neighboring Bajura, Nepal; 600–1400 m. Representative specimen. BAJURA: Babali – Sanfebagar, 600–1410 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9193862, 30 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB (2013–2020). Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Lansdown 2018a). Commelina maculata Edgew., Trans. Linn. Soc. London 20: 89 (1846). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 82 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 175 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 174 (2018). Pl. 15. Commelina obliqua Vahl var. viscida C.B. Clarke; Commelina paludosa Blume var. viscida (C.B. Clarke) Rao & Kammathy. Kanjado, Kanjadā, Vishkāpado (s~h8f], s~h8f, ljisfk8f]). Day flower. Perennial herbs with creeping or procumbent stems, ascending distally, glabrous or sparsely pubescent. Habitat: Forests, forest margins, open slopes, grasslands, roadsides, ditches. NEP-L: ENG: 96 Distribution: Himalaya (India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, Myanmar, SC China, Malaysia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 300–3100 m. KSL: Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura; 1500–2500 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Agara – Talkot, 1900–2000 m (HN Qin, P Bhandari, TR Pandey, BR Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0605, 18 Sept 2017; KATH!, PE!); Talkot – Aagar, 2100 m (KR Rajbhandari 15347, 18 Aug 1991; KATH!). BAJURA: Berma – Kolti (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9160455, 10 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB (2013–2020). DARCHULA: Chameliya Valley, Patu, way to Ghusa, 2100 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Lo, C Thapa & MR Paudeyal ANCA-510B, 15 Oct 2014; TUCH!). Local abund.: Occasional to frequent. Ethnobt. use: Young leafy shoots and roots are eaten as vegetable. Commelina paludosa Blume, Enum. Pl. Javae. 1: 2 (1827). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 82 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 176 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 174 (2018). Commelina donii A. Dietr.; Commelina obliqua Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don Kānejhār (sfg]emf/). Perennial straggling herbs; stems branched, erect to suberect or ascending, glabrous or pubescent. Habitat: Forests, among scrub, open slopes, streamsides. Distribution: Tropical and subtropical regions in Asia, Himalaya. NEPAL: W, C & E; 100–3500 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal. Representative specimen. BAJHANG: Aagar – Dhalaun (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F NEP: Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9160769, 19 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB (2013–2020). Cyanotis D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 45 (1825). Cyanotis cristata (L.) D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal.: 46 (1825). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 82 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 177 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 175 (2018). Commelina cristata L., Sp. Pl. 1: 42 (1753). Sāno kānejhār (;fgf] sfg]emf/). Prostrate annual herbs with erect or ascending branches; roots fibrous. Habitat: Damp grassy slopes, mossy rocks, streamsides, trailsides. Distribution: Tropical Africa, tropical and subtropical regions in Asia, Himalaya. NEPAL: W, C & E; 100–2400 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura; c. 1450–2100 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Between Talkot & Panalta, 2000–2100 m (HN Qin, P Bhandari, TR NEP: Pandey, BR Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0141, 12 Sept 2017; KATH!, PE!). BAJURA: Porakya, 1460 m (BSH A27, 11 Aug 2017) fide RBGE (2014). Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Watve 2011a). Cyanotis vaga (Lour.) Schult. & Schult. f. in Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg., ed. 15 bis 7: 1153 (1830). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 82 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 177 (2017). Pl. 15. 97 Tradescantia vaga Lour., Fl. Cochinch. 1: 193 (1790); Cyanotis barbata D. Don Kaukhutte (sf}v'§]). Perennial bulbiferous herbs; stem branched, scandent to suberect, glabrous to pubescent. Habitat: Open rocky slopes, rocky slopes in pine forests, forest margins, open grassy places, trailsides. Distribution: Tropical Africa, tropical and subtropical regions in Asia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 300–2800 m. KSL: Baitadi, Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura; 1100–2400 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Aagar – Kinara, 1390–2180 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M NEP-L: Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9160963, 23 Aug 1991; KATH!, TI! image); Dhuli, 2360 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 1610, 25 Jul 1976; KATH!). BAJURA: Dhamkane, 2200 m (BSH A20, 9 Aug 2017) fide RBGE (2014). DARCHULA: Api-13, Khlanga, 1120 m (BB Shrestha, M Pandey & R Chhetri 471, 9 Oct 2015; TUCH!); Okhal–Makarigad, 1300 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Budha Magar, B Jnawali, S Nepal, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-3023, 31 Aug 2017; TUCH!); Makarigad, 1500 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, A Paudel, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA2146, 3 Aug 2016; TUCH!). Local abund.: Frequent to common. Murdannia Royle, Ill. Bot. Himal. Mts. 1: 403, pl. 95, f. 3 (1839). Murdannia divergens (C.B. Clarke) G. Brückn. in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pfl.-Syst., ed. 2,15a: 173 (1930). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 83 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 178 (2017). Pl. 15. Aneilema herbaceum (Roxb.) Wall. ex C.B. Clarke var. divergens C.B. Clarke, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 11: 448 (1871); Aneilema divergens (C.B. Clarke) C.B. Clarke; Phaeneilema divergens (C.B. Clarke) G. Brückn. Erect perennial herbs; roots fibrous or tuberous; stem simple, leafy, sparsely hairy; flowers purple. Habitat: Forests, forest margins, open grassy slopes. Distribution: Himalaya (India, Nepal, Bhutan), S China, mainland SE Asia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1000–2400 m. KSL: Baitadi, Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura; c. 1500–2400 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Talkot – Aagar, 1660–1840 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9160696, 18 Aug 1991; KATH!, TI); Aagar – Dhalaun, 1840–2400 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9160757, 19 Aug 1991; KATH!, TI). BAJURA: Serigaon – Bashala, 1510 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9193264, 14 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB (2013–2020); Porakya – Serigaon, 1725 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9193236, 13 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB (2013–2020). DARCHULA: Above Makarigad, way to Khandeshowari, 1550 m (SK Ghimire, S Thapa, B Awasthi, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1007, 16 Jul 2015; TUCH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Pithoragarh, 2200 m (CM Arora 38832, 8 Sept 1968; L.1427324! image). Local abund.: Frequent to common. Murdannia nudiflora (L.) Brenan, Kew Bull. 7: 189 (1952). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 83 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 179 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 176 (2018). Commelina nudiflora L., Sp. Pl. 1: 41 (1753); Aneilema nudiflorum (L.) Sweet; Aneilema radicans D. Don 98 Kānejhār (sfg]emf/). Doveweed, Nakedstem dewflower. Weak decumbent annual herbs, much branched at base; branches leafy, semi-erect or ascendant. Habitat: Wet places in forests, roadside, open slopes. Distribution: Tropical and subtropical regions in Asia to W Pacific. NEPAL: W, C & E; 65–2400 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Achham and Bajura; 600–2400 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Aagar – Dhalaun, 1700–2400 m (M Suziki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M NEP: ENG: Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9160770, 19 Aug 1991; KATH!, TI! image); Talkot–Agar, 2000 m (KR Rajbhandari 15281, 18 Aug 1991; KATH!). ACHHAM/BAJURA: Babali – Sanfebagar, 600–1410m (M Suziki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9161146, 30 Aug 1991; TI! image). Murdannia spirata (L.) G. Brückn. in H.G.A. Engler, Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 15a: 173 (1930). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 83 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 180 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 177 (2018). Commelina spirata L., Mant. Pl. 2: 176 (1771); Aneilema spiratum (L.) Sweet; Commelina nana Roxb. ENG: Asiatic dewflower. Perennial herbs, with elongate rhizomes; stems slender, creeping. Habitat: Wet places in forests, wastelands, sandy places by streams, around fields. Distribution: Tropical and subtropical regions in Asia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 100–1900 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura; 800–1800 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Talkot – Aagar, 1660–1840 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9160736, 18 Aug 1991; TI! image). BAJURA: Babali – Sanfebagar, 800 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9171074, 30 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB (2013–2020). Conse. status: GLB., Least Concern (Mani 2011a). Streptolirion Edgew., Proc. Linn. Soc. London. 1: 254 (1845). Streptolirion volubile Edgew., Proc. Linn. Soc. London 1: 254 (1845). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 83 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 181 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 177 (2018). Pl. 16. Streptolirion cordifolium (Griff.) Kuntze; Tradescantia cordifolia Griff. Thūlo kānejhār (7"nf] sfg]emf/). Perennial climbing or erect herbs; leaves ovate-cordate. Habitat: Shady forests, moist slopes, on rocks. Distribution: Himalaya (India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, C & SE China to Russian Far East, and mainland SE Asia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1200–3200 m. KSL: Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura; 1600–2900 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. It is likely also to be present in Bajhang and Darchula within KSL Nepal. NEP: 99 Representative specimens. BAJURA: Porakya – Serigaon, 1690–2540 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayamo & K Terada 9160540, 13 Aug 1991; TI! image); Baudi Khola, below Kuru, 1920 m (BSH A137, 21 Aug 2017) fide RBGE (2014). HUMLA: Humla-Karnali, between Dharapori & Kermi, 2800–2900 m (SK Ghimire, LR Joshi, A Paudel, S Lo, P Subedi, C Thapa & S Lama 1399, 14 Sept 2012; TUCH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon (R Blinkworth Cat. no. 8976; K001131967! image); Dhowli [Dhauli] Valley, 1825–2130 m (MP Edgeworth s.n., 1844; K000854207! image). Local abund.: Occasional in Humla. PONTEDERIACEAE Monochoria C. Presl, Reliq. Haenk. 1: 127 (1827). Monochoria vaginalis (Burm. f.) C. Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 128 (1827). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 81 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 182 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 178 (2018). Pontederia vaginalis Burm. f., Fl. Ind.: 80 (1768); Pontederia pauciflora Blume; Pontederia plantaginea Roxb. Nilo jaluke, Nilo jaluko (gLnf] hn's,] gLnf] hn'sf]). ENG: Pickerel weed. Annual or perennial aquatic herbs, with creeping rootstocks; plant glabrous. Habitat: Marshy places, rice fields, ditches, ponds. Distribution: Tropical and subtropical regions in Asia to N Australia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 150–2000(–2650) m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura; 1400–2000 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Talkot – Aagar, 2000 m (KR Rajbhandari 15292, 18 Aug 1991; KATH!). NEP: BAJURA: Kaudegaon – Babali, 1410–1900 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayamo & K Terada 9193841, 29 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB (2013–2020). Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Lansdown 2011a). ZINGIBERACEAE Cautleya Hook. f., Bot. Mag. 114: t. 6991 (1888). Cautleya gracilis (Sm.) Dandy, J. Bot. 70: 328 (1932). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 59 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 183 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 181 (2018). Pl. 16. Roscoea gracilis Sm., Trans. Linn. Soc. London 13: 460 (1822); Cautleya lutea (Royle) Hook. f.; Roscoea lutea Royle Van haldo (jg xNbf]). NEP: Van besār, Gagleto, Hardî-jhār (jg a];f/, uUn]6f], xbL{–emf/). Slender, rhizomatous perennial herbs, 30–60 cm; leaves lanceolate, caudate-acuminate, sessile; spikes terminal, few-flowered; calyx reddish; corolla yellow or orange; bracts red or green, shorter than calyx. Habitat: Moist and shady places in forests, also epiphytic on moist rocks and oak trees in forest. Distribution: Himalaya (India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, SC China, mainland SE Asia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1200–3100 m. KSL: Baitadi, Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura; 1800–2600 m. NEP-L: 100 Representative specimens. BAITADI: Shribhawar, 2480 m (TR Pandey & GD Bhatt 2016638, 6 Jun 2016, KATH!). BAJHANG: Trail from Thalara to Budkhori, Lekgaon VDC, 2573 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20915086, 11 Jul 2009; E00509870! image, KATH!). BAJURA: Dhamkane, 2250 m (BSH A17, 9 Aug 2017) fide RBGE (2014). DARCHULA: Between Khayakot and Bhattar, Ghusa, 2080 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Budha Magar, B Jnawali, S Nepal, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-3502, 10 Sept 2017; TUCH!). Local abund.: Occasional to frequent. Ethnobt. use: In Darchula, rhizomes are used to treat wounds and stomach disorders. Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Newman & Olander 2019a). Cautleya spicata (Sm.) Baker in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6: 209 (1890). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 59 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 184 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 181 (2018). Pl. 16. Roscoea spicata Sm., Trans. Linn. Soc. London 13: 460 (1822); Cautleya petiolata Baker; Cautleya robusta Baker Van haldo (jg xNbf]). NEP: Van besār, Gagleto, Pāni sarro (jg a];f/, uUn]6f], kfgL ;/f]]{). Differs from C. gracilis in its robust habit, much broader and petiolate leaves, densely many-flowered terminal spike, and longer reddish bracts. Habitat: Open areas in forests, forest margins, also epiphytic on trees. Distribution: Himalaya (India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, Myanmar, SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1800–3100(–3600) m. KSL: Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura; 1900–2600 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Between Panalta & Kuwa, 1900–2000 m (HN Qin, P Bhandari, TR NEP-L: Pandey, BR Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0293, 13 Sept 2017; KATH!, PE!); trail from Thalara to Budkhori, Lekgaun VDC, 2573 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20915085, 11 Jul 2009; E00509895! image, KATH!). BAJURA: Pategaon – Ghodi Lehk Deorali – Badigaon, 2550 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayamo & K Terada 9192423, 16 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB (2013–2020). DARCHULA: Above Khayakot, Ghusa, 2100 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1112, 18 Jul 2015; TUCH!). Local abund.: Occasional to frequent. Ethnobt. use: In Darchula, rhizomes are used to treat wounds, indigestion and constipation. Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Newman & Olander 2019b). Globba L., Mant. Pl. 2: 143 (1771). Globba macroclada Gagnep., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 50: 257 (1903). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 185 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 182 (2018). Perennial rhizomatous herbs, 40–55 cm tall. Habitat: Steep hillsides, open places. Distribution: C & E Himalaya (Nepal, Sikkim). NEPAL: W, C & E; 500–1500 m. KSL: Baitadi in KSL Nepal; c. 900 m. Representative specimen. BAITADI: Near Jhulaghat, 915 m (JB Tyson 142, 30 Jul 1952; E00095801! image). 101 Hedychium König in Retzius, Observ. Bot. 3: 73 (1783). Hedychium ellipticum Buch.-Ham. ex Sm. in Rees, Cyclop. 16: n. 2 (1811). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 60 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 187 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 183 (2018). Pl. 16. Hedychium fastigiatum Wall., nom. nud. Van haldî, Van haldo (jg xNbL, jg xNbf]). NEP: Sarro (;/f]){ . Ginger lily, Rock butterfly lily, Shaving brush ginger. Perennial rhizomatous herbs, to 1.5 m tall; leaves elliptic or oblong, shortly acuminate. Flowers in dense spike, flat-topped, with densely imbricating bracts; corolla tube yellow, tinged orange, much longer than bracts; corolla lobes white with yellow base; stamens orange-red, much longet than petals. Habitat: Dry hillsides, rocky and scree slopes at the margin of pine forests, subtropical forests. Distribution: Himalaya (India, Nepal, Bhutan), mainland SE Asia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 300–3500 m. KSL: Darchula in KSL Nepal; 1300–1400 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. DARCHULA: Kholadhar Deurali, between Paribagar & Makarigad, 1330 m (SK NEP-L: ENG: Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA 995, 15 Jul 2015; TUCH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kali Valley, 914 m (JF Duthie [interpreted] s.n., Jul 1886; E00499875! image). Local abund.: Occasional in Darchula. Ethnobt. use: In Darchula, rhizomes are used to treat stomach disorders and lung disorders. Hedychium spicatum Sm. in Rees, Cyclop. 17: n. 8 (1811). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 61 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 188 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 184 (2018). Pl. 16. Hedychium acuminatum Roscoe; Hedychium album Buch.-Ham. ex Wall.; Hedychium spicatum var. acuminatum (Roscoe) Wall.; Hedychium trilobum Wall. ex Roscoe Van haldî, Van haldo (jg xNbL, jg xNbf]). NEP-L: Gāî sarro, Pankhā-phûl (ufO{ ;/f]{, kª\vf–km"n). Spiked ginger lily. Perennial rhizomatous herbs, similar to H. ellipticum, but with more robust in habit, flowering spike elongated-cylindrical, bracts not overlapping, and stamens shorter than petals. Habitat: Broad-leaved forests, forest margins, shrublands, grassy slopes, trailsides, edges of cultivation. Distribution: Himalaya (India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, SC China, mainland SE Asia. NEPAL: W, C & E; (300–)1800–3000 m. KSL: Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Dadeldhura and Mugu; 1500–2600 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Aagar – Dhalaum, 2000 m (KR Rajbhandari 15406, 19 Aug 1991; KATH!); NEP-L: ENG: between Talkot & Panalta, 2000–2100 m (HN Qin, P Bhandari, TR Pandey, BR Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0204, 12 Sept 2017; KATH!, PE!); Rasa – Roshiadanda, 2260–2540 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayamo & K Terada 9160844, 21 Aug 1991; E00229974! image, TI). DARCHULA: Makarigad, way to Khandesowari, 1550 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Lo, C Thapa & MR Paudeyal ANCA-500, 15 Oct 2014; TUCH!). MUGU: Mugu Karnali Valley, between Mangri & Lumsa, 2130 m (O Polunin, WR Sykes & LHJ Williams 3043, 16 Aug 1952; E00507991! image). Local abund.: Occasional to frequent. Ethnobt. use: Rhizomes are used in stomach disorders and asthma. 102 Roscoea Sm. Exot. Bot. 2: 97 (1806). Roscoea alpina Royle, Ill. Bot. Himal. Mts. 361 (1839). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 61 (1978). Cowley, Kew Bulletin 36: 766 (1982). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 189 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 185 (2018). Pl. 17. Roscoea alpina var. minor Royle; Roscoea intermedia Gagnep.; Roscoea longifolia Baker; Roscoea purpurea Sm. var. minor Wall., nom. nud. NEP-L: Nān katare (gfg s6/]). Perennial rhizomatous herbs, 10–20 cm tall; leaves 2–3, linear, elliptic or lanceolate; bracts short, obtuse; flowers purple, pink or white, opening one at a time, corolla tube long exerted from calyx. Habitat: Forest margins, open rocky slopes, meadows. Distribution: Himalaya (Kashmir to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau. NEPAL: W, C & E; 2100–4000(–4250) m. KSL: Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Doti and Mugu; 2100–3300 m [Bageshwar, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. DARCHULA: Upper Chameliya Valley, above Khayakot, 2780 m (SK Ghimire, S Thapa, B Awasthi, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1066, 18 Jul 2015; TUCH!); Simar, 2833 m (CK Subedi, J Gurung & S Thapa 55, 20 Jun 2014; TUCH!). DOTI: Khaptad National Park, on the trail from Ghigrana to Bichpani, 2039 m (Bajhang09 20919012, 1 Jul 2009) fide RBGE (2014). HUMLA: Between Puma & Melchham, 2740 m (O Polunin, WR Sykes & LHJ Williams 4340, 17 Jun 1952; E00063136! image). MUGU: Above Dharkya, south of Chankheli Lagna, 3280 m (CA Pendry, S Baral, S Noshiro, PP Kurmi, B Dell & B Adhikari A117, 12 Jun 2008; E00392174! image). Remarks: Distribution records for Uttarakhand fide GMBA (2012–2016). Local abund.: Occasional to frequent. Roscoea purpurea Sm., Exot. Bot. 2: 97 (1806). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 61 (1978). Cowley, Kew Bulletin 36: 752 (1982). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 190 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 185 (2018). Pl. 17. Roscoea procera Wall.; Roscoea purpurea var. gigantean Wall.; Roscoea purpurea var. procera (Wall.) Baker Katare, Rāsgarî (s6/], /f;u/L). NEP: Bhuin sarro, Kālo muslî (e'O“;/f]{, sfnf] d':nL). Perennial herbs with short rhizome and tuberous fusiform roots; leafy shoots 25–50 cm high; leaves 4–8, elliptic, lanceolate to oblong-ovate, slightly auriculate at base; bracts acute; spike terminal, flowers hidden by leaf sheaths, pale purple or pale pinkish; corolla tube little longer than calyx. Habitat: Margins of broad-leaved and mixed forests, open grassy slopes, rocky slopes, steep hillsides. Distribution: Himalaya (NW India to Bhutan). NEPAL: W, C & E; 1400–3200 m. KSL: Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura; 1570–3000 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Dhalun Village, 2300–2400 m (HN Qin, P Bhandari, TR Pandey, BR NEP-L: Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0585, 17 Sept 2017; KATH!, PE!); Dhuli, 2743 m (JB Tyson 101, 15 Jul 1953; E00035021! image); above Surma Village, 2945 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20911081, 8 Jul 2009; E00509734! image). BAJURA: Martadi, 1570 m (BSH A13, 8 Aug 2017) fide RBGE (2014). DARCHULA: Khar VDC-4, 2150 m (BB Shrestha, M Pandey & R Chhetri 30, 26 Sept 2015; TUCH!); Chameliya Valley, between Nahli & Sithi, 2300 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1027A, 17 103 Jul 2015; TUCH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon (R Blinkworth Cat. no. 6528; K001124109! image, K001124112! image). Remarks: Distribution records for Pithoragarh, India fide GMBA (2012–2016). Local abund.: Frequent. Ethnobt. use: In Darchula, the plant is collected for fodder. ERIOCAULACEAE Eriocaulon L., Sp. Pl. 1: 87 (1753). Eriocaulon cinereum R. Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland.: 254 (1810). Satake in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 96 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 192 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 188 (2018). Eriocaulon sieboldianum Siebold & Zucc. ex Steud.; Leucocephala spathacea Roxb. ENG: Ashy pipewort. Small tufted annual herbs with linear to acicular leaves; scapes slender, to 10 cm. Habitat: Wet places, along streams, flooded rice fields. Distribution: Tropical Africa, tropical and subtropical regions in Asia, N Australia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 900–2400 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal; 1400 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Kinara – Chainpur, 1410 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayamo & K Terada 9193380, 24 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB (2013–2020). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon, Thal – Bageshwar Rd. (C Arora 37897, 26 Aug 1968; US 03843444! image). Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Mesterházy 2020). Eriocaulon nepalense J.D. Prescott ex Bong., Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg, Sér. 6, Sci. Math. 1: 610 (1831). Satake in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 96 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 193 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 188 (2018). Eriocaulon nepalense Kunth, nom. illeg.; Eriocaulon viride Körn. Bhurîghāns (e'/L–3f“;). ENG: Pipewort. Small tufted annual herbs with fibrous roots; leaves linear, blunt; scape slender, 5–15 cm. Habitat: Damp places, swamps, marshy grasslands. Distribution: Himalaya (India, Nepal, Bhutan), S China, mainland SE Asia to Indonesia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1500–3000 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura; 1500–2500 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Between Panalta & Kuwa, 1900–2000 m (HN Qin, P Bhandari, TR NEP: Pandey, BR Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0313, 13 Sept 2017; KATH!, PE!). BAJURA: Berseni – Porakya Deorali – Porakya, 1560–2540 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayamo & K Terada 9160499, 12 Aug 1991; KATH!, TI). Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Arisdason 2011). 104 JUNCACEAE Juncus L., Sp. Pl. 1: 325 (1753). Juncus allioides Franch., Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris sér. 2, 10: 99 (1887). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 84 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 195 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 189 (2018). Pl. 17. Caespitose perennial herbs, 10–40 cm tall, with short rhizomes; leaves septate. Habitat: Wet places in forests, wet meadows, open grasslands, river banks, glacial sand. Distribution: Himalaya (India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 2000–5000 m. KSL: Darchula and Bajhang in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Doti and Mugu; 2000–4200 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Between Panalta & Kuwa, 1900–2000 m (HN Qin, P Bhandari, TR Pandey, BR Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0304, 13 Sept 2017; KATH!; PE!); between Karinganga and Aletsoura, near Saipal, 4181 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 1876, 31 Jul 1976; KATH!). DOTI: Khaptad National Park, trail from Bichpani to Ghoda daune, 3063 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20911049, 2 Jul 2009; E00509710! image). MUGU: Between Ghurchi & Chuchamara Danda, 3500 m (KR Rajbhandari & B Roy 3568, 19 Jul 1979; KATH!). Local abund.: Occasional to frequent. Juncus articulatus L., Sp. Pl. 1: 327 (1753). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 84 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 195 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 189 (2018). Juncus lampocarpus Ehrh. ex Hoffm. ENG: Jointed rush, Joint-leaf rush. Caespitose perennial herbs, 20–40 cm tall; rhizomes creeping. Habitat: Wet meadows, riversides, open grasslands. Distribution: Europe, N Africa, Temperate Asia, Himalaya (Pakistan to Bhutan), N America. NEPAL: W & C; (1200–)2300–3900 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal; 3000 m. Representative specimen. BAJHANG: Khaptad, 3000 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 178, 9 Jul 1976; KATH) fide Rajbhandari & Rai (2017). Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Allen 2011). Juncus benghalensis Kunth, Enum Pl. 3: 360 (1841). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 84 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 195 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 189 (2018). Pl. 17. Juncus bracteatus Buchenau; Juncus sphenostemon Buchenau Loosely caespitose perennial herbs, with short rootstocks; stems thin, slender, up to 20 cm. Habitat: Moist grasslands, wet meadows, sandy moraines, stream banks. Distribution: Himalaya (Pakistan to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 2200–5000 m. KSL: Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura and Doti; 3000–4200 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. 105 Representative specimens. BAJURA: Chauki Lekh, 4211 m (BSH C59, 18 Aug 2017) fide RBGE (2014). Upper Chameliya, Pilkand, Gauchhalighol, 4150 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, A Paudel, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-2045, 31 Jul 2016; TUCH!). DOTI: Khaptad, 3000 m (MS Bista & DP Joshi 200, 3 Aug 1972; KATH!). HUMLA: Marghor Lekh, 3200 m (KR Rajbhandari & B Roy 4174, 31 Jul 1979; KATH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon, Barji Kang Pass, 4420 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 13; P01747692! image). DARCHULA: Local abund.: Frequent in Darchula. Juncus clarkei Buchenau, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 6: 210 (1885). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 197 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 190 (2018). Loosely caespitose perennial herbs, 20–30 cm tall; rhizomes short, slender. Habitat: Forest margins, mossy rocks, cliff ledges, moist grasslands. Distribution: C & E Himalaya (Nepal to NE India), Tibetan Plateau, Myanmar, SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 2900–3900 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura; 3100 m. Representative specimen. BAJURA & BAJHANG: Pategaon – Ghodi Lehk Deorali – Badigaon, 3100 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayamo & K Terada 9170688, 16 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB (2013–2020). Juncus concinnus D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal.: 44 (1825). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 84 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 197 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 190 (2018). Pl. 17. Juncus elegans Royle ex Sam.; Juncus luteocarpus Satake Caespitose perennial herbs, 10–40 cm tall; rhizomes short, usually not creeping. Habitat: Wet meadows, moist grassy slopes, mossy rocks, moist gravelly areas. Distribution: Himalaya (India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, Myanmar, SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1600–4500(–5200) m. KSL: Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura, Dadeldhura and Doti; 1600– 4000 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Talkot–Agar, 2000 m (KR Rajbhandari 15327, 18 Aug 1991; KATH); above Surma Village, 3073 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20911086, 8 Jul 2009; E00509738! image, KATH!). BAJURA: Porakya – Serigaon, 2260 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayamo & K Terada 9170547, 13 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB (2013–2020). DARCHULA: Upper Chameliya Valley, Lolu, Pilkanda, 2950 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA1126, 20 Jul 2015; TUCH!); between Dhauliodar & Pilkanda, 3600 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1197, 19 Jul 2015; TUCH!). DADELDHURA: Kataunje – Gogan Pani, 1600 m (KR Rajbhandari, P.M. Regmi & K.J. Malla 5378, 15 Aug 1980; KATH!). DOTI: Khaptad, 3000 m (MS Bista & DP Joshi 266, 4 Aug 1972; KATH!). Remarks: Distribution records for Pithoragarh, India fide GMBA (2012–2016). Local abund.: Frequent in Darchula; not known for other districts. Juncus duthiei (C.B. Clarke) H.J. Noltie, Edinb. J. Bot. 51: 134 (1994). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 197 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 190 (2018). Microschoenus duthiei C.B. Clarke in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6 (1894); Schoenus duthiei (C.B. Clarke) Kükenth. 106 Caespitose perennial herbs, 3–15 cm tall; rhizomes short, slender. Habitat: Wet grasslands, river banks, open grassy hillsides, among boulders, rock-ledges. Distribution: W & C Himalaya (NW India, Nepal), Tibetan Plateau. NEPAL: W, C & E; 3000–4900 m. KSL: Known from neighboring Bajura, Nepal; c. 3750 m. It is likely to be present in Darchula and Bahang in KSL Nepal. Representative specimen. BAJURA: Chauki Lekh, 3747 m (BSH C67, 19 Aug 2017) fide RBGE (2014). Juncus effusus L., Sp. Pl. 1: 326 (1753). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 84 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 198 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 190 (2018). Jwāne-ghāns (Hjfg]–3f“;). ENG: Common rush, Soft rush. Densely caespitose perennial herbs to 100 cm tall, with shortly creeping rhizomes. Habitat: Forests, forest margins, wet grasslands, river banks, fields. Distribution: Cosmopolitan, widespread in temperate and montane-tropical regions of Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia and America. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1300–3000 m. KSL: Bajhang and Humla in KSL Nepal; 2200–2900 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Kaudo, 2200 m (JF Dobremez 2350, 20 May 1973; E00314634! image); NEP: Dhalaun – Rasa, 2700 m (KR Rajbhandari 15450, 20 Aug 1991; KATH!). HUMLA: Chankheli – Rimi, 2900 m (KR Rajbhandari & B Roy 3986, 26 Jul 1979; KATH!). Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Lansdown 2017b). Juncus himalensis Klotzsch in Klotzsch & Garcke, Bot. Ergebn. Reise Waldemar 60, t. 97 (1862). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 84 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 199 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 191 (2018). Pl. 17. Juncus himalensis var. schlagintweitii (Buchenau) Buchenau; Juncus schlagintweitii Buchenau; Juncus sphacelatus Decne. var. himalensis (Klotzsch) Jafri Loosely caespitose perennial herbs, 20–60 cm tall, with stout, creeping rhizomes. Habitat: Forests, wet meadows, boggy places, among rocks in moist places, gravelly stream banks. Distribution: C Asia, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Himalaya (Kashmir to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, C China. NEPAL: W, C & E; (1700–)2600–5200 m. KSL: Bajhang, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura and Mugu; 3200– 5000 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAJURA & BAJHANG: Pategaon – Ghodi Lehk Deorali – Badigaon, 3200 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayamo & K Terada 9170665, 16 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB (2013–2020). DARCHULA: Dhauliodar, way to Pilkanda, 3400 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1569, 31 Jul 2015; TUCH!); Lolu, Pilkanda, 3800 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1535, 28 Jul 2015; TUCH!); below Kalidhunga Tal, 4200 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1330, 22 Jul 2015; TUCH!). HUMLA: Chankheli Lagna, 3500 m (KR Rajbhandari & B Roy 3918, 25 Jul 1979; KATH); Nyalu La, 5010 m (SK Ghimire, LR Joshi, A Paudel, S Lo, P Subedi, C Thapa & S Lama CHH-1191, 6 Sept 2012; TUCH!). MUGU: Ghurchi – Chuchamara (KR Rajbhandari & B Roy 3569, 19 107 Jul 1979; KATH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Tola, Kumaon, 3505 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 5; W 1906-0006766! image). Local abund.: Frequent. Juncus inflexus L., Sp. Pl. 1: 326 (1753). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 84 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 199 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 191 (2018). Juncus glaucus Ehrh. ex Sibth.; Juncus glaucus var. leptocarpus Buchenau ENG: Hard rush. Densely caespitose perennial herbs, 50–120 cm, with short stout rhizomes; stems leafless, terete. Habitat: Wet places, flood plains, wet grasslands, marshes, river banks, edges of cultivation. Distribution: Macaronesia, Europe, Africa, Subtropical and Temperate Asia, Himalaya. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1400–3500 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal; 1700–2850 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Aagar – Dhalaun, 1770 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayamo & K Terada 9170786, 19 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB (2013–2020); Dhalaun – Rasa, 2840 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayamo & K Terada 9170839, 20 Aug 1991; TI! image). Remarks: Distribution records for Pithoragarh, India fide GMBA (2012–2016). Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Gupta 2014). Juncus leucanthus Royle ex D. Don, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 18: 318 (1840). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 84 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 200 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 192 (2018). Juncus leucanthus var. alpinus Buchenau; Juncus tanguticus Sam. Densely to loosely caespitose perennial herbs, 8–20 cm tall, with short-noded or ascending rhizomes. Habitat: Forests, alpine meadows, damp ground, mossy rocks. Distribution: Himalaya (India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; (2000–)3000–5000 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal; 3500–3700 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Manane Lekh, above Dhahidunga Kharka, 3550 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20913131, 14 Jul 2009; E00509645! image, KATH!); Manane Lekh, above Dhahidunga Kharka, 3685 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20913134, 14 Jul 2009; E00509660! image, KATH!). Juncus leucomelas Royle ex D. Don, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 18: 319 (1840). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 84 (1978). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 192 (2018). Juncus bhutanensis Satake Densely caespitose perennial herbs, 5–25 cm tall, with short creeping rhizomes. Habitat: Wet meadows, open grassy slopes, gravel by glacial streams. Distribution: Karakoram, Himalaya (NE Pakistan to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, C China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 2900–5600 m. KSL: Upper Mahakali in KSL India and Nepal; 3800 m; 3800–4700 m. 108 Representative specimen. Byans, 3810 m (JF Duthie [interpreted] s.n., 29 Jul 1886; E00976839! image). Remarks: Further records for Pithoragarh, India fide GMBA (2012–2016). Juncus membranaceus Royle ex D. Don, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 18: 320 (1840). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 85 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 201 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 192 (2018). Juncus hoffmeisteri Klotzsch Loosely caespitose perennial herbs, usually 8–40 cm tall; rhizome slender, ±creeping. Habitat: Wet meadows, gravelly areas, grassy and rocky slopes, stream banks. Distribution: C Asia, Afghanistan, Pakistan, W & C Himalaya (Kashmir to Nepal), Tibetan Plateau, SC China. NEPAL: W & C; 2400–4200 m. KSL: Darchula in KSL Nepal; 3300–4200 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. DARCHULA: Chameliya, Gauchhalighol, 3950 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Lo, C Thapa & MR Paudeyal ANCA-760, 22 Oct 2014; TUCH!); below Kalidhunga Tal, Pilkanda-Lolu, 4200 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1331, 22 Jul 2015; TUCH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Tola, Kumaon, 3500 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 12, 1843; P01746984! image). Local abund.: Occasional in Darchula. Juncus prismatocarpus R. Br. subsp. leschenaultii (J. Gay ex Laharpe) Kirschner, Preslia 74: 249 (2002). Juncus leschenaultii J. Gay ex Laharpe, Mém. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris 3: 137 (1827); Juncus prismatocarpus R. Br. var. leschenaultii (J. Gay ex Laharpe) Buchenau; Juncus sinensis J. Gay ex Laharpe Densely to loosely caespitose perennial herbs, 15–60 cm tall. Habitat: Wet grasslands, thickets, marshy places. Distribution: Himalaya (India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, Peninsular India, S China to Mongolia, Japan and Russian Far East, mainland SE Asia to New Guinea. NEPAL: W, C & E; 500–2800 m. KSL: Known from neighboring Doti District, Nepal; 1400 m. Representative specimen. DOTI: Barigad – Gadsera, 1400 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 151, 27 Jun 1976; KATH). Juncus sphacelatus Decne. in Jacquem., Voy. Inde 4 (Bot.): 172 (1844). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 85 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 203 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 193 (2018). Pl. 17. Loosely caespitose perennial herbs, 20–40 cm tall; rhizomes stout, long creeping. Habitat: Wet meadows, marshy places, moist gravelly areas, moist stream banks. Distribution: Karakoram, Himalaya (NE Pakistan to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 3600–5200 m. KSL: Bajhang, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal; 4100–4700 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Aletsoura, near Saipal, 4348 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 1904, 31 Jul 1976; KATH!). DARCHULA: Chameliya Valley, Thadeul, above Pilkanda, 4100 m (SK Ghimire, S Thapa, B Awasthi, S Lo, C Thapa & MR Paudeyal ANCA-753, 22 Oct 2014; TUCH!). HUMLA: 109 Above Seliman-Tsho way to Nyaula La, 4700 m (SK Ghimire, LR Joshi, A Paudel, S Lo, P Subedi, C Thapa & S Lama CHH-1810, 11 Sept 2012; TUCH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Milam, 3505 m (R Strachey & JE Winter-bottom 4; P01747697! image). Local abund.: Occasional to frequent. Juncus thomsonii Buchenau, Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 25: 148 (1867). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 85 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 204 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 193 (2018). Pl. 17. Juncus leucomelas Royle ex D. Don var. thomsonii (Buchenau) Buchenau Densely caespitose perennial herbs, 5–20 cm tall; rhizomes short. Habitat: Wet places, marshy places, alpine meadows, sandy moraine. Distribution: C Asia, Karakoram, Himalaya (NE Pakistan to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, N & C China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 2700–5200 m. KSL: Humla in KSL Nepal; 2700–5100 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India; and Pulan Xian, SW Xizang in KSL China]. Representative specimens. HUMLA (NEPAL): Chungsa Valley, above Seliman-Tsho, 4640 m (SK Ghimire, LR Joshi, A Paudel, S Lo, P Subedi, C Thapa & S Lama CHH-1164, 5 Sept 2012; TUCH!); Chungsa Valley, above Seliman-Tsho towards NE, 4880–5100 m (SK Ghimire, LR Joshi, A Paudel, S Lo, P Subedi, C Thapa & S Lama CHH-1123, 5 Sept 2012; TUCH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Martoli, Kumaon, 2743 m (RC Thakur 711, 14 Jun 1948; L.1445224!, MICH 1519548! image). XIZANG (CHINA): Pulan Xian (Qinghai-Tibet Team 5453954; PE) fide Kong & Yang (2019). Local abund.: Occasional in upper Humla. Juncus wallichianus J. Gay ex Laharpe, Mém. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris 3: 139 (1827). ). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 85 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 205 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 193 (2018). Juncus indicus Royle ex D. Don; Juncus monticola Steud. Densely caespitose perennial herbs, 30–40 cm tall. Habitat: Wet grassy slopes, moist meadows, marshy places, riversides. Distribution: Himalaya (N India, Nepal, Bhutan), Peninsular India, Sri Lanka, C & SE China to Japan and Russian Far East, mainland SE Asia to New Guinea. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1300–3400 m. KSL: Known from neighboring Bajura and Doti, Nepal; 2300–3000 m. It is likely also to be present in KSL area of Far West Nepal. Representative specimens. BAJURA: Kuru, 2285 m (BSH C74, 20 Aug 2017) fide RBGE (2014). DOTI: Doti – Khaptad, 3000 m (MS Bista & DP Joshi 274, 4 Aug 1972; KATH). Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Lansdown 2011b). Luzula DC. in Lam. & DC., Fl. France, ed. 3: 158 (1805). Luzula multiflora (Ehrh.) Lej., Fl. Env. Spa 1: 169 (1811). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 85 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 205 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 194 (2018). Juncus campestris L. var. multiflorus Ehrh., Beitr. Naturk. 5: 14 (1790). ENG: Common woodrush. Densely caespitose perennial herbs, 10–40 cm tall. 110 Habitat: Wet ground in forests, forest margins, exposed places, stream banks, damp meadows. Distribution: Subarctic and Temperate N Hemisphere, Himalaya, C & S America. NEPAL: W, C & E; 2700–4100 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Doti; 2700–3100 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Roshiadanda – Aagar, 2700 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9170887, 22 Aug 1991; TI! image). DOTI: Khaptad National Park, trail from Bichpani to Ghoda daune, 3063 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20911044, 2 Jul 2009; E00509862! image). Remarks: Records for Pithoragarh, India fide GMBA (2012–2016). Luzula oligantha Sam. in Hultén, Fl. Kamt. 1: 227 (1927). Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 85 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 206 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 194 (2018). Caespitose perennial herbs, 10–25 cm tall. Habitat: Open moist places, forest slopes, meadows. Distribution: Himalaya (N India, Nepal), Tibetan Plateau, NC China to Japan and Russian Far East. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1900–4000 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal; c. 3300 m. Representative specimen. BAJHANG: Dhahidunga Kharka, 3281 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20911126, 14 Jul 2009; E00509845! image). CYPERACEAE Blysmus Panz. ex Schult., Mant. 2: 41 (1824). Blysmus compressus (L.) Panz. ex Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 278 (1827). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 195 (2018). Schoenus compressus L., Sp. Pl. 1: 43 (1753); Scirpus compressus (L.) Pers. (1805), nom. illeg., non Moench (1794). ENG: Broad blysmus, Flat-sedge. Loosely caespitose perennial herbs, 10–40 cm tall; rhizomes creeping. Habitat: Wet meadows, wet grounds, marshy places. Distribution: Europe, NW Africa, W & C Asia, Himalaya (India, Nepal), Tibetan Plateau, N China. NEPAL: W, C, E; 2300–4500 m. KSL: Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal; 3400–3500 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India, and Pulan Xian, SW Xizang in KSL China]. Representative specimens. DARCHULA: Dhaulo Odar to Joge Tal, 3399 m (Ikeda et al. 1215040; E, TI) fide Yano et al. (2015). HUMLA: Tugling, Changla Khola, Dozam, 3520 m (SK Ghimire, RP Chaudhary & team P10682, 21 May 2010; TUCH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon, Palang Gadh, Byans, 2743–3048 m (JF Duthie 6070, 19 Jul 1886; US 02248693! image). XIZANG (CHINA): Pulan Xian, 30.29° N 81.17° E (Qinghai-Tibet team vegetation group 5215962; PE) fide Kong & Yang (2019). Local abund.: Occasional in upper Humla; not known for other regions. Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Akhani & Zehzad 2014b). 111 Bulbostylis Kunth, Enum. Pl. 2: 205 (1837). Bulbostylis barbata (Rottb.) C.B. clarke in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6: 651 (1893). Scirpus barbatus Rottb., Descr. Icon. Rar. Pl.: 52 (1773). Jhusejhār (em';]–emf/). ENG: Watergrass. Densely caespitose annual herbs, 5–20 cm tall. Habitat: Moist sandy places, fields. Distribution: Tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World. NEPAL: W, C & E; 100–1700 m. KSL: Bageshwar, Uttarakhand in KSL India, and neighboring Doti District, Nepal; 1100–1200 m. It is likely to be present in Baitadi and Darchula in KSL Nepal. Representative specimens. DOTI: Ritha – Rauttukatte, 1120 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 143, 25 NEP: Jun 1976; KATH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Bageshwar, 1200 m (CM Arora 41408, 9 Aug 1970; L.1348246! image). Bulbostylis densa (Wall.) Hand.-Mazz., Vegetationsbilder 20(7): 16 (1930). Koyama in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 98 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 207 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 195 (2018). Scirpus densus Wall. in Roxb., Fl. Ind. 1: 231 (1820); Bulbostylis capillaris D. Don var. trifida (Nees) C.B. Clarke; Isolepis densa (Wall.) Schult.; Isolepis tenuissima D. Don NEP: Jhuse-jhār (em';]–emf/). Caespitose annual herbs, 10–30 cm tall, with fibrous roots. Habitat: Forests, marshy meadows, sandy and gravelly areas, rocky slopes, cultivated fields. Distribution: Africa, Tropical and Subtropical Asia to S Russian Far East, Australia. NEPAL: W, C & E; (700–)1300–3500 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura; 1700–3500 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Talkot – Aagar, 1660–2180 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama and K Terada 9193765, 18 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB (2013–2020); Chimnya, way to Kalapani, NE of Dhalun, 2900–3200 m (HN Qin, P Bhandari, TR Pandey, BR Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0496, 16 Sept 2017; KATH!, PE!). BAJURA: Porakya Pass, 2545 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 2615, 19 Aug 1976; KATH!). Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Watve 2011b). Carex L., Sp. Pl. 2: 972 (1753). Carex atrata L., Sp. Pl. 2: 976 (1753). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 208 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 195 (2018). Pl. 18. ENG: Black alpine sedge. Caespitose perennial herbs with a short rhizome; culms erect, 20–50 cm long, scabrous above. Habitat: Alpine meadows, rocky slopes, rock ledges. Distribution: W Europe to East European Russia, W Asia, C & E Himalaya (Nepal to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, SC & NE China to Japan and Russian Far East, Greenland. 112 NEPAL: W, C & E; 3400–5000 m. KSL: Humla in KSL Nepal; 5000 m [Pulan Xian, SW Xizang in KSL China]. Representative specimens. HUMLA: Nyalu La, 5010 m (SK Ghimire, LR Joshi, A Paudel, S Lo, P Subedi, C Thapa & S Lama CHH-1188, 6 Sept 2012; TUCH!). XIZANG (CHINA): Pulan Xian (Qinghai-Tibet team vegetation group 5379470 & 5379472; PE) fide Kong & Yang (2019). Local abund.: Occasional in Humla. Carex atrata L. subsp. pullata (Boott) Kük in Engler, Pflanzenr., IV, 20(38): 400 (1909). Koyama in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 101 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 207 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 195 (2018). Carex atrata var. pullata Boott, Ill. Gen. Carex 3: 114 (1862); Carex atrata var. glacialis Boott; Carex atrata var. subglacilenta Kük.; Carex duthiei C.B. Clarke var. glacialis (Boott) C.B. Clarke Caespitose perennial herbs; culms shorter, scabrous above. Habitat: Alpine meadows, rocky slope, rock ledges. Distribution: Himalaya (India, Nepal), Tibetan Plateau, SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 3400–4600 m. KSL: Darchula in KSL Nepal; c. 3650 m. Representative specimen. DARCHULA: Api Khola, 3650 m (JB Tyson 15; BM) fide Rajbhandari & Rai (2017). Carex atrofusca Schkuhr subsp. minor (Boott) T. Koyama in H. Ohashi, Fl. E. Himal. 3: 122 (1975). Koyama in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 101 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 209 (2017). Pl. 18. Carex ustulata Wahlenb. var. minor Boott, Ill. Gen. Carex 1: 71 (1858); Carex angustifructus (Kük.) Nelmes; Carex atrofusca var. angustifructus Kük.; Carex atrofusca var. minor (Boott) Kük. Perennial herbs with creeping rhizomes; culms erect, 10–40 cm long. Habitat: Meadows, thickets, rock ledges, grassy stream banks. Distribution: C Asia, Himalaya (Kashmir to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, C China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 3600–5600 m. KSL: Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal; 3950–4600 m. Representative specimen. DARCHULA: Nampa Gádh, 3962–4267 m (JF Duthie 6109, 27 Jul 1886; K000999101! image). Carex breviculmis R. Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. : 242 (1810). Koyama in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 101 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 210 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 196 (2018). Carex royleana Nees; Carex breviculmis subsp. royleana (Nees) Kük. Caespitose perennial herbs; rhizomes stoloniferous; culms 8–40 cm long, scabrid above. Habitat: Open grassy slopes. Distribution: Afghanistan, Himalaya (India, Nepal, Bhutan), C & SE China to Japan and Russian Far East, mainland SE Asia to Australasia. NEPAL: W & C; 2500–3200 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal; 2500 m [also in Kumaon, Uttarakhand, India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: On trail from Thalara to Budkhori, 2496 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20911101, 11 Jul 2009; E00509923, KATH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon, 2130 m (T Thomson s.n.; P00280073! image). 113 Carex cardiolepis Nees in Wight, Contr. Bot. India: 127 (1834). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 211 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 196 (2018). Densely caespitose perennial herbs; rhizomes stout, obliquely ascending; culms 20–40 cm long. Habitat: Moist rocky slopes, cliffs. Distribution: Afghanistan, Pakistan, W & C Himalaya, Tibetan Plateau, SC China. NEPAL: W & C; 2200–3900 m. KSL: Known from Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India; c. 3050 m. It is likely also to be present in Darchula, Nepal. Representative specimen. UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Namik, Kuamon, 3048 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 8, 1843; P00280735! image). Carex clavispica S.R. Zhang, Bot. J. Linean. Soc. 179: 20 (2015). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 210 (2017). Kobresia duthiei C.B. Clarke in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6: 697 (1894). Densely caespitose perennial herbs; rhizomes short; culms erect, 0.5–40 cm long. Habitat: Moist rocky slopes, wet mossy places, wet grassy slopes. Distribution: Himalaya (NW India to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 3500–4900(–5700) m. KSL: Bajhang, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal; 3500–4900 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India; and Pulan Xian, SW Xizang in KSL China]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Saipal, 3878 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 1788, 30 Jul 1976, KATH!). HUMLA: Upper Chungsa Valley, above Seliman Tsho towards NE, 4880 m (SK Ghimire, LR Joshi, A Paudel, S Lo, P Subedi, C Thapa & S Lama CHH-1162, 5 Sept 2012; TUCH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon, Palang Garh, Byans, 3353–3658 m (JF Duthie 6093, 20 Jul 1886; isolectotype of Kobresia duthiei BM001217325! image, K000794656! image, K000794658! image). Remarks: Distribution records for Pulan Xian fide GMBA (2012–2016). Local abund.: Frequent in upper Humla. Carex condensata Nees in Wight, Contr. Bot. India: 123 (1834). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 212 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 197 (2018). Pl. 18. Kathero, Pārtay-ghāns (s7]/f], kft]{–3f“;). Caespitose perennial herbs; rhizomes short, woody; culms stout, 50–70 cm long. Habitat: Forests, grasslands, open slopes, stony banks. Distribution: Himalaya (NW India to Bhutan), Thailand. NEPAL: W, C & E; 900–2100 m. KSL: Darchula and Bajhang in KSL Nepal; 2000–2100 m [Almora District, Uttarakhand, India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Agara, 2000–2100 m (HN Qin, P Bhandari, TR Pandey, BR Subedee, NEP-L: YC Yang & SR Zhang 0359, 13 Sept 2017; KATH!, PE!). DARCHULA: Chameliya Valley, Patu, near Ghusa Village, 2100 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Lo, C Thapa & MR Paudeyal ANCA-512, 15 Oct 2014; TUCH). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Binsar, Kumaon, 2285 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 2, 1843; P00280925! image). Local abund.: Occasional to frequent. Ethnobt. use: Plant is collected for cattle fooder. 114 Carex cruciata Wahlenb., Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. Nya Handl. 24: 149 (1803). Koyama in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 101 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 212 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 197 (2018). Carex cruciata var. argocarpus C.B. Clarke; Carex bengalensis Roxb. NEP-L: Kathero (s7]/f]). Caespitose perennial herbs; rhizomes long, woody; culms to 100 cm long. Habitat: Forests, forest margins, grasslands, stony slopes. Distribution: Himalaya (India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, SC China to S Japan, mainland SE Asia to New Guinea. NEPAL: W, C & E; 800–3400 m. KSL: Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura; 1500–2200 m [Bageshwar and Pithoragarh in KSL India, and neighboring Almora]. Representative specimens. BAJURA: Dargali, 2200 m (MS Bista & DP Joshi 373, 14 Aug 1972; KATH!). DARCHULA: Makarigad Danda, way to Khandesowari, 1550 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Lo, C Thapa & MR Paudeyal ANCA-551B, 15 Oct 2014; TUCH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Shai Devi, Kumaon (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom s.n., 1843; P00281092! image). Local abund.: Occasional in Darchula. Ethnobt. use: Plant is collected for cattle fooder. Carex cruenta Nees in Wight, Contr. Bot. Ind.: 128 (1834). Koyama in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 101 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 213 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 197 (2018). Carex heterolepis Boeckeler Perennial herbs; rhizomes creeping; culms slender, erect, 25–80 cm long. Habitat: Forests, forest margins, moist grasslands, meadows. Distribution: Himalaya (Pakistan to NE India: Sikkim), Tibetan Plateau, SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 3000–5600 m. KSL: Darchula in KSL Nepal; c. 3050–4050 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand and adjoining areas in KSL India]. Representative specimens. DARCHULA: Joge Tal, 4030 m (Ikeda et al. 1215052; E, TI) fide Yano et al. (2015); Opposite Buddhi Village, 3050–3350 m (JF Duthie 6110, 18 Jul 1886; DD) fide Rajbhandari & Rai (2017). Kumaon (R Blinkworth Wallich Cat. 3389B, 1831; isosyntype E00393443! image, isotype P00281202! image, NY 00011566! image). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Carex deasyi (C.B. Clarke) O. Yano & S.R. Zhang, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 179: 20 (2015). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 213 (2017). Kobresia deasyi C.B. Clarke, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew, Addit. Ser. 8: 68 (1908); Elyna schoenoides C.A. Mey.; Kobresia pamiroalaica N.A. Ivanova; Kobresia schoenoides (C.A. Mey.) Steud. Caespitose perennial herbs; rhizomes short; culms erect, up to 50 cm long. Habitat: Grassy slopes, wet meadows. Distribution: W & C Asia, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Himalaya (Kashmir to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, N & C China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 3500–5600 m. KSL: Known from Pulan Xian, SW Xizang in KSL China; and nearby Dolpa District, Nepal. It is 1 115 likely also to be present in upper Humla in KSL Nepal. Representative specimen. XIZANG (CHINA): Pulan Xian (Qinghai-Tibet team vegetation group 6760955; PE) fide Kong & Yang (2019). Carex esbirajbhandarii (Rajbh. & H. Ohba) O. Yano, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 179: 21 (2015). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 215 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 198 (2018). Kobresia esbirajbhandarii Rajbh. & H. Ohba, J. Jap. Bot. 62: 272 (1987). Perennial herbs; rhizomes elongated; culms slender, 5–10 cm long, curved. Habitat: Open rocky slopes. Distribution: Endemic to Nepal, W, C & E; 3900–4700 m. KSL: Darchula in KSL Nepal; 4100 m. Representative specimen. DARCHULA: Joge Tal, 4100 m (Ikeda et al. 1215049; E, TI) fide Yano et al. (2015). Carex esenbeckii Kunth, Enum. Pl. 2: 522 (1837). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 215 (2017). Carex mutans Boott ex C.B. Clarke; Carex trinervis Nees (1834), nom. illeg., non Degland (1807); Kobresia esenbeckii (Kunth) Noltie; Kobresia foliosa C.B. Clarke; Kobresia seticulmis Boeckeler Densely caespitose perennial herbs; rhizomes short; culms slender, erect, 20–30 cm long. Habitat: Wet rocks, cliff-ledges, grazed slopes, alpine meadows. Distribution: Himalaya (NW India to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, Myanmar, SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 2800–4600 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal; 3400–4100 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Above Surma Village, north of Chainpur, 3890 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20915070, 8 Jul 2009; E00624434, KATH!); Manane Lekh above Dhahidunga Kharka, 4053 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20913125, 13 Jul 2009; E00509639, KATH!). Carex filicina Nees in Wight, Contr. Bot. India: 123 (1834). Koyama in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 102 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 216 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 198 (2018). Carex caricina (D. Don) Ghildyal & U.C. Bhattach.; Carex pseudofilicina Hayata; Cyperus caricinus D. Don Caespitose perennial herbs; rhizomes thick, woody; culms stout, erect or ascending, 30–100 cm long. Habitat: Forests, forest margins, wet slopes, grassland, trailsides. Distribution: Himalaya (N Pakistan to Bhutan & NE India), Tibetan Plateau, Peninsular India, Sri Lanka, S China, mainland SE Asia to Indonesia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1100–4000 m. KSL: Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura and Mugu; 1800–3200 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: West peak from Deurali, near Dhalun, 2500–3200 m (HN Qin, P Bhandari, TR Pandey, BR Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0427, 15 Sept 2017; KATH!, PE!). BAJURA: Kuru, 2324 m (BSH C95, 20 Aug 2017) fide RBGE (2014). DARCHULA: Khar VDC-2, 1840 m (BB Shrestha, M Pandey & R Chhetri 13, 26 Sept 2015; TUCH!). MUGU: Luma – Mangri, 2130 m (O Polunin, WR Sykes & LHJ Williams 5242, 15 Aug 1952; E) fide Rajbhandari & Rai (2017). Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Rehel 2011a). 116 Carex fissiglumis (C.B. Clarke) S.R. Zhang & O. Yano, Bot. J. Linean. Soc. 179: 21 (2015). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 217 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 198 (2018). Kobresia fissiglumis C.B. Clarke in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6: 696 (1894); Kobresia esenbeckii (Kunth) Noltie var. fissiglumis (C.B. Clarke) Noltie Densely caespitose perennial herbs; rhizomes short; culms slender, erect, 6–14 cm long. Habitat: Grassy slopes, rocks, cliff ledges. Distribution: Himalaya (NW India to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, SC China. NEPAL: W & C; 3600–4300(–5600) m. KSL: Darchula in KSL Nepal; 3600–4000 m. Representative specimen. DARCHULA: Nampa Gad, 3658–3962 m (JF Duthie 6092, 25 Jul 1886; K000794669! image). Carex fusiformis Nees in Wight, Contr. Bot. India: 128 (1834). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 217 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 199 (2018). Densely caespitose perennial herbs; rhizomes slender; culms erect, 30–80 cm long. Habitat: Wet slopes, streamsides, cliffs, grassland. Distribution: Himalaya (NW India to Bhutan). NEPAL: W & C; 2200–3500 m. KSL: Known from Almora District, Uttarakhand, India; and neighboring Doti District, Nepal; 2100–3100 m. It is likely also to be present in KSL area of Far West Nepal. Representative specimens. DOTI: Khaptad National Park, trail from Bichpani to Ghodadaune, 3072 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20911039, 2 Jul 2009; E00624562! image). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Binsar, 2134 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 10; K000999154! image). Carex gracilenta Boott ex Boeckeler, Linnaea 41: 185 (1877). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 199 (2018). Carex alpina Swartz var. gracilenta (Boott ex Boeckeler) C.B. Clarke; Carex duthiei C.B. Clarke; Carex infuscata Nees var. gracilenta (Boott ex Boeckeler) P.C. Li NEP-L: Paterî-ghāns (kt]/L–3f“;). Loosely to densely caespitose perennial herbs; rhizomes short, woody; culms erect, 15–40 cm long. Habitat: Meadows, rocky slopes. Distribution: C & E Himalaya (Nepal to Bhutan), SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 3300–5000 m. KSL: Bajhang, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Mugu; 3300–5000 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Around Dhahidunga Kharka, 3281 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20911125, 14 Jul 2009; E00509831! image). DARCHULA: Upper Chameliya Valley, below Pilkanda, Lolu, 3600 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1168, 19 Jul 2015; TUCH!); Thadapani ridge, Pilkanda, 4575 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, A Paudel, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1939, 27 Jul 2016; TUCH!). HUMLA: Chungsa Valley, above Seliman Tsho, 4600 m (SK Ghimire, LR Joshi, A Paudel, S Lo, P Subedi, C Thapa & S Lama CHH-1134, 4 Sept 2012, TUCH!); Chungsa Valley, above Seliman Tsho, 4880 m (SK Ghimire, LR Joshi, A Paudel, S Lo, P Subedi, C Thapa & S Lama CHH-1773, 5 Sept 2012, TUCH!). MUGU: Ghurchi – Chuchamara, 3400 m (KR 1 117 Rajbhandari & B Roy 3583, 19 Jul 1979; KATH) fide Rajbhandari (2010). Local abund.: Occasional to frequent. Carex haematostoma Nees in Wight, Contr. Bot. India: 125 (1834). Koyama in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 102 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 218 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 199 (2018). Carex bhutanica T. Koyama Thūlo phyūncho (7"nf] Ïo"“rf]). Caespitose perennial herbs; rhizomes short, woody; culms erect, 25–100 cm long. Habitat: Open slopes, meadows, thickets, forest margins. Distribution: C Asia, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Himalaya (Kashmir to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 2900–5000 m. KSL: Darchula in KSL Nepal; 3600–3950 m [also in Kumaon, Uttarakhand, India]. Representative specimens. DARCHULA: Chameliya Valley, below Pilkanda, 3600 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S NEP-L: Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1169, 20 Jul 2015; TUCH!); Chameliya Valley, Gauchhalighol, 3950 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1251, 21 Jul 2015; TUCH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon, 2134–2743 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom s.n., 1851; K000999115! image). Local abund.: Occasional in Darchula. Carex inanis Kunth, Enum. Pl. 2: 522 (1837). Koyama in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 103 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 220 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 200 (2018). Caespitose perennial herbs; rhizomes short, thick, obliquely ascending; culms erect, 10–50 cm long. Habitat: Grassy slopes, forests, riversides. Distribution: Himalaya (Kashmir to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1400–4200 m. KSL: Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal; 2000–3900 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Rasa – Roshiadanda, 2000 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9170852, 21 Aug 1991; KATH!, TI); Dhuli – Inuldar, 2450 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 1660, 26 Jul 1976; KATH!). DARCHULA: Ringde, west of Pilkanda, 3850 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1534A, 28 Jul 2015; TUCH!). Carex kokanica (Regel) S.R. Zhang, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 179: 22 (2015). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 221 (2017). Elyna kokanica Regel, Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 7: 563 (1881); Elyna stenocarpa Kar. & Kir.; Kobresia royleana (Nees) Boeckeler; Kobresia stenocarpa (Kar. & Kir.) Steud.; Kobresia stenocarpa var. royleana (Nees) C.B. Clarke; Trilepis royleana Nees Densely caespitose perennial herbs; rhizomes short, woody; culms erect, 5–75 cm long, rigid. Habitat: Moist grassy slopes, meadows, among scrub. Distribution: C Asia, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Himalaya (Kashmir to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, N & C China, E Siberia. NEPAL: W & C; 3000–4800 m. KSL: Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal; 3000–4700 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India; and Pulan Xian, SW Xizang in KSL China]. It is likely also to be preset in upper Humla, Nepal. 118 Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Saipal, 3878 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 1786, 30 Jul 1976; KATH!). DARCHULA: Nampa Gadh, 3045 m (Duthie 6068, 25 Jul 1886; K) fide Rajbhandari & Ohba (1991). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon, Kalamuni Pass, 2700 m (NC Nair 35525, 22 Apr 1965; L.1389307! image); Kumaun, near Byans, 4115 m (Duthie 6069, 2 Aug 1886; BM) fide Rajbhandari & Ohba (1991). XIZANG (CHINA): Pulan Xian (Qinghai-Tibet team vegetation group 6760194; PE) fide Kong & Yang (2019). Carex kumaonensis Kük. in H.G.A. Engler (ed.), Pflanzenr., IV, 20(38): 544 (1909). Koyama in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 103 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 222 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 200 (2018). Loosely caespitose perennial herbs; rhizomes short; culms erect, 15–50 cm long. Habitat: Grassy slopes, trailside in wet soil. Distribution: W & C Himalaya (NW India, Nepal). NEPAL: W & C; 1800–3700 m. KSL: Darchula in KSL Nepal; 2400–2500 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. DARCHULA: Simar Kharka to Khayekot, 2480 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, K Yonekura, K Akai, O Yano, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, A Elliott, GD Bhatt & M Pathak 1215062, 19 Jul 2012; KATH!). Kumaon, Younrani, 2134 m (RC Thakur 781, 24 Jun 1948; MICH1488996! image); Kali Valley, Byans, 2438–2743 m (JF Duthie 6117, 17 Jul 1886; K000999052! image). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Carex lehmannii Drejer, Symb. Caric.: 13 (1844). Koyama in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 103 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 222 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 201 (2018). Caespitose perennial herbs with stoloniferous rhizomes; culms erect, 20–60 long. Habitat: Forests, thickets, grassy slopes, riversides. Distribution: C & E Himalaya (Nepal to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, SC China to Japan. NEPAL: W, C & E; 3100–4100 m. KSL: Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal; 3400–4000 m. Representative specimens. DARCHULA: Upper Chameliya Valley, Gauchhalighol, Pilkanda, 3850 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1473, 26 Jul 2015; TUCH!). HUMLA: Chankheli Lagna, 3450 m (KR Rajbhandari & B Roy 3903, 25 Jul 1979; KATH!). Local abund.: Occasional in Darchula. Carex longicruris Nees in Wight, Contr. Bot. India: 124 (1834). Koyama in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 103 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 223 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 201 (2018). Caespitose perennial herbs with short rhizomes; culms up to 1.5 m long. Habitat: Wet humus-rich slopes in oak forests, moist cliffs in forested slopes. Distribution: Himalaya (Kashmir to Bhutan), Peninsular India, Sri Lanka. NEPAL: W & C; 1400–2700 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura; 1470–2100 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Rasa – Roshiadanda, 1950 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miya-moto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9170877, 21 Aug 1991; KATH!, TI). BAJURA: Serigaon – Bashala, 1470 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9170602, 14 Aug 1991; KATH!, TI); Bashala – Pategaon, 2100 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9170626, 15 Aug 1991; KATH!, TI). 119 Carex longipes D. Don, Philos. Mag. J. 62: 455 (1823). Koyama in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 103 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 223 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 201 (2018). Carex longipes var. nepalensis (Spreng.) Boott; Carex nepalensis Spreng. Caespitose perennial herbs; rhizomes short, woody; culms 20–70 cm long. Habitat: Open slopes, damp grasslands, riversides, forest margins. Distribution: Himalaya (N India, Nepal, Bhutan), Peninsular India (Nilgiri Mountains), Sri Lanka, Myanmar, SC China, SE Asia, New Guinea. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1400–3000 m. KSL: Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura and Doti; 1500–2800 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Dhalaun – Rasa, 2000 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9170812, 20 Aug 1991; KATH!); on trail from Thalara to Budkhori, 2496 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20911102, 11 Jul 2009; E00624418! image, KATH!). BAJURA: Berseni – Porakya (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9160501, 12 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB (2013–2020). DARCHULA: Chameliya Valley, between Simar & Domul, 2600 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, A Paudel, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA2091, 1 Aug 2016; TUCH!). DOTI: Above Silgadi on trail to Khaptad National Park (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20911006, 29 Jun 2009; Carex longipes var. nepalensis E00623974! image). Remarks: Distribution records for Pithoragarh fide GMBA (2012–2016). Local abund.: Frequent. Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Rehel 2011b). Carex microglochin Wahlenb., Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. Nya Handl. 24: 140 (1803). Koyama in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 104 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 224 (2017). Pl. 18. Kobresia microglochin (Wahlenb.) Tang & W.T. Wang; Uncinia microglochin (Wahlenb.) Spreng. ENG: Fewseeded bog sedge. Loosely caespitose perennial herbs; rhizome slender, creeping; culms 10–20 cm long. Habitat: Wetlands, wet meadows, along streams. Distribution: W Europe to N European Russia, W & C Asia, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Himalaya (Kashmir to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, N & C China to Russian Far East, N & S America, Greenland. NEPAL: W, C & E; 3400–4600 m. KSL: Darchula in KSL Nepal; 3400–4100 m. Representative specimens. DARCHULA: Simar Kharka to Dhaulo Odar, 3400 m (Ikeda et al. 1215038; E, TI) fide Yano et al. (2015); Pilkanda, Lolu, 3700–4100 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1533, 28 Jul 2015; TUCH!). Local abund.: Common around Pilkanda, Darchula. Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Lansdown 2014b). Carex montis-everestii Kük., Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1934: 261 (1934). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 224 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 201 (2018). Densely caespitose perennial herbs; rhizomes woody, stoloniferous; culms 2–10 cm long. 120 Habitat: Meadows, moraines, flood lands. Distribution: C & E Himalaya (Nepal, NE India: Sikkim), Tibetan Plateau. NEPAL: C; 3800–5500 m. KSL: Known from upper Karnali and Manasarowar (ma pham g.yu mtsho) areas of Pulan Xian, SW Xizang in KSL China; 4570–4800 m. It is likely also to be present in upper Humla in KSL Nepal. Representative specimen. XIZANG (CHINA): Pulan Xian (Qinghai-Tibet team vegetation group 5379464, 5379468, 5379499 & 5379535; PE) fide Kong & Yang (2019). Remarks: Distribution records for upper Karnali and Manasarowar fide GMBA (2012–2016). Carex moorcroftii Falc. ex Boott, Proc. Linn. Soc. London 1: 288 (1846). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 224 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 202 (2018). Carex melanantha C.A. Mey. ex Ledeb. var. moorcroftii (Falc. ex Boott) Kük. Caespitose perennial herbs with thick creeping rhizomes; culms 7–24 cm long, curved. Habitat: Glacial sand, alpine meadows, thickets. Distribution: Himalaya (Pakistan to NE India: Sikkim), Tibetan Plateau, N & C China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 3800–5700 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal; 4875 m [Pulan Xian, SW Xizang in KSL China]. It is likely also to be present in upper Humla, Nepal. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Two miles west of Saipal, 4875 m (JEM Arnold 296, 31 Aug 1954; BM) fide Rajbhandari & Rai (2017). XIZANG (CHINA): Pulan Xian, 30.29° N 81.17° E (Qinghai-Tibet Team 5200877; PE) fide Kong & Yang (2019). Carex myosurus Nees, in Wight, Contrib. Bot. India 122 (1834). Koyama in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 104 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 225 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 202 (2018). Carex myosurus subsp. spiculata (Boott) Kük.; Carex myosurus var. praestans (C.B. Clarke) Kük.; Carex praestans C.B. Clarke; Carex spiculata Boott Caespitose perennial herbs with short, thick rhizomes; culms stout, 80–150 cm, long. Habitat: Open forests, forest margins, grassland, damp rocky slopes. Distribution: Himalaya (N India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, Penisular India, SC China, mainland SE Asia to Indonesia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 300–3000 m. KSL: Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal; 1900–2700 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Panalta – Kuwa, 1900–2000 m (HN Qin, P Bhandari, TR Pandey, BR Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0312, 13 Sept 2017; KATH!, PE!); Dhalaun – Rasa, 2200 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9170836, 20 Aug 1991; KATH!, TI); Dhalaun – Mt. Rosia Pass, 2700 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 1505, 24 Jul 1976; KATH!). DARCHULA: Khar VDC-2, 1959 m (BB Shrestha, M Pandey & R Chhetri 468, 1 Oct 2015; TUCH!); Thin, 2300 m (KR Rajbhandari & KJ Malla 5632, 27 Aug 1980; KATH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Bona, Kumaon, 1829 m (RC Thakur 824, 28 Jun 1948; MICH 1489103! image); Kumaon, forest above Shinkola, 2134–2438 m (JF Duthie 6118, 15 Jul 1886; CAL, K000998852! image) Local abund.: Occasional to frequent in Bajhang and Darchula. Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Rehel 2011c). 121 Carex nivalis Boott, Proc. Linn. Soc. London 1: 256 (1845). Koyama in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 104 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 226 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 202 (2018). Carex griffithii Boott; Carex nivalis var. griffithii (Boott) T. Koyama Caespitose perennial herbs with stoloniferous rhizomes; culms 20–50 cm long. Habitat: Grassland, alpine meadows, rocky areas, thickets, river/streamsides. Distribution: C Asia, E Afghanistan, Karakoram, W & C Himalaya (Kashmir to Nepal), Tibetan Plateau, SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 3800–4900 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal; 4150 m. Representative specimen. BAJHANG: Surmasarovar, 4150 m (MS Bista & DP Joshi 584, 26 Aug 1972; KATH!). Carex notha Kunth, Enum. Pl. 2: 421 (1837). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 226 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 202 (2018). Caespitose perennial herbs with spreading rhizomes; culms 25–40 cm long. Habitat: Damp grassy slopes, marshes, streamsides. Distribution: Himalaya (NW India to Bhutan). NEPAL: W, C & E; 2400–3500 m. KSL: Khaptad area in KSL Nepal; 3050–3350 m. Representative specimen. Khaptar [Khaptad] forest, 3045–3350 m (JF Duthie 54, 26 Jun 1883; DD) fide Rajbhandari & Rai (2017). Carex nubigena D. Don, Philos. Mag. J. 62: 455 (1823). Koyama in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 104 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 226 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 202 (2018). Caespitose perennial herbs; rhizomes short, woody, not stoloniferous; culms slender, 7–70 cm long. Habitat: Forests, forest margins, grassland, streamsides, roadsides on slopes. Distribution: Afghanistan, NW Pakistan, Himalaya (Kashmir to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, Peninsular India, Sri Lanka, N & C China, mainland SE Asia to Indonesia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1500–4200 m. KSL: Bajhang and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura, Doti and Mugu; 2300–3500 m [Bageshwar and Pithoragarh districts, Uttarakhand in KSL India and neighboring areas]. It is likely also to be present in Darchula, Nepal. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: On trail from Surma Village to Thalara, 2995 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20911098, 10 Jul 2009; E00624433, KATH!); Chimnya, way to Kalapani, NE of Dhalun, 2700–3200 m (HN Qin, P Bhandari, TR Pandey, BR Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0543, 16 Sept 2017; KATH!, PE!). BAJURA: Kuru, 2285 m (BSH C73, 20 Aug 2017) fide RBGE (2014); Chauki Lekh, 3276 m (BSH C69, 19 Aug 2017) fide RBGE (2014). DOTI: Khaptad National Park, trail from Jhingrana to Bichpani, 2270 m (Nepal Bajhang 2009 Expedition 20911019, 1 Jul 2009; E00624563). HUMLA: Changkheli Lagna, 3450 m (KR Rajbhandari & B Roy 3871, 25 Jul 1979; KATH!). MUGU: Edge of Rara Lake, 2980 m (Flora of Nepal Collecting Trip-2008 B79, 8 Jun 2008; E00397366). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon (T Thomson s.n., 1845; P00292556! image); Binsar, Kumaon, 2438 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 5; P00292574! image). Remarks: Further distribution records for Uttarakhand fide GMBA (2012–2016). 122 Carex nudicarpa (Y.C. Yang) S.R. Zhang, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 179: 23 (2015). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 226 (2017). Blysmocarex nudicarpa Y.C. Yang, Acta Bot. Yunnan. 4: 325 (1982); Blysmocarex macrantha (Boeckeler) N.A. Ivanova; Blysmocarex macrantha subsp. nudicarpa (Y.C. Yang) D.S. Deng; Kobresia macrantha Boeckeler; Kobresia macrantha var. nudicarpa (Y.C. Yang) P.C. Li; Kobresia nudicarpa (Y.C. Yang) S.R. Zhang Perennial herbs; rhizomes elongate, stoloniferous; culms scattered, erect, to 10 cm long. Habitat: Grassy slopes, stony meadows, mosit sandy places. Distribution: W & C Himalaya (Kashmir to Nepal), Tibetan Plateau, N & C China NEPAL: W, C & E; 3700–5000 m. KSL: Humla in KSL Nepal; 5000 m [Pulan Xian, SW Xizang in KSL China]. Representative specimen. HUMLA: Near Nyalu La, 5000 m (SK Ghimire, LR Joshi, A Paudel, S Lo, P Subedi, C Thapa & S Lama CHH-1308, 9 Sept 2012; TUCH!). Remarks: Records for Pulan Xian fide GMBA (2012–2016). Local abund.: Occasional in Humla. Carex obscura Nees in Wight, Contr. Bot. India: 126 (1834). Koyama in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 104 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 227 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 202 (2018). Caespitose perennial herbs; rhizomes horizontal, not stoloniferous; culms erect, 15–50 cm long. Habitat: Meadows, open slopes. Distribution: Himalaya (Pakistan to NE India: Sikkim). NEPAL: W, C & E; 3000–4300 m. KSL: Darchula in KSL Nepal; 3150 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. DARCHULA: Simar Kharka to Dhaulo Odar, 3150 m (Ikeda et al. 1215037; E, TI) fide Yano et al. (2015). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Ralam, Kumaon, 3048 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 14, 1843; P00292636! image); above Bona, Kumaon, 3048 m (NK Walter 20941, 1 Jul 1948; MICH 1489093! image). Carex obscura var. brachycarpa C.B. Clarke in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6: 731 (1894). Koyama in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 104 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 227 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 202 (2018). Caespitose perennial herbs; rhizomes short; culms erect, 15–90 cm long. Habitat: Forest margins, meadows. Distribution: Himalaya (NW India to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, SC China. NEPAL: W & C; 3050–4000 m. KSL: Darchula in KSL Nepal; 3050–3350 m. Representative specimen. DARCHULA: Opposite Budhi Village, 3050–3350 m (JF Duthie 6112, 18 Jul 1886; K000998986! image). Carex ovoidispica O. Yano, Bot. J. Linean. Soc. 179: 24 (2015). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 227 (2017). Pl. 18. Kobresia nitens C.B. Clarke, J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 20: 379 (1883). Densely caespitose perennial herbs; rhizomes short; culms erect, 5–45 cm long. Habitat: Open grassy slopes, rocky slopes, moist alpine meadows. Distribution: NE Afghanistan, Karakoram, W & C Himalaya (Pakistan to Nepal), Tibetan Plateau. 123 NEPAL: W; 4800–5500 m. KSL: Bajhang and Humla in KSL Nepal; 5000–5500 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India; and upper Karnali area in Pulan Xian, SW Xizang in KSL China]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Five miles NE of Saipal, NW Nepal, 5485 m (JEM Arnold 204, 24 Aug 1954; BM) fide Rajbhandari & Ohba (1991). HUMLA: Chungsa Valley, near Nyalu La, above Seliman Tsho, 5010 m (SK Ghimire, LR Joshi, A Paudel, S Lo, P Subedi, C Thapa & S Lama CHH-1189, 6 Sept 2012; TUCH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaun, Dhauli Valley near Bidang, 4265–4570 m (JF Duthie 3462, K) fide Rajbhandari & Ohba (1991). Remarks: Distribution records for Pulan Xian fide GMBA (2012–2016). Local abund.: Rare to occasional in Humla; not known for other regions. Carex parvula O. Yano, Bot. J. Linean. Soc. 179: 24 (2015). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 228 (2017). Hemicarex pygmaea C.B. Clarke; Kobresia pygmaea (C.B. Clarke) C.B. Clarke; Kobresia pygmaea var. filiculmis Kük Densely caespitose perennial herbs, forming turfs or tight cushions; culms erect, 0.5–6 cm long. Habitat: Grassy slopes, dry alpine meadows, rocky slopes, riverside gravelly places. Distribution: Himalaya (Pakistan to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, Myanmar, N & C China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 3100–5600 m. KSL: Humla in KSL Nepal; 4600–5000 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India; and Pulan Xian, SW Xizang in KSL China]. Representative specimens. HUMLA: Upper Chungsa Valley, Khyunkar La 4650 m (SK Ghimire, LR Joshi, A Paudel, S Lo, P Subedi, C Thapa & S Lama CHH-1201, 6 Sept 2012; TUCH!); Nyalu La, 5010 m (SK Ghimire, LR Joshi, A Paudel, S Lo, P Subedi, C Thapa & S Lama CHH-1307, 9 Sept 2012; TUCH!). XIZANG (CHINA): Pulan Xian (Qinghai-Tibet team vegetation group 6760911 & 6760912; PE) fide Kong & Yang (2019). Remarks: Distribution records for Pithoragarh fide GMBA (2012–2016). Local abund.: Occasional in Humla. Carex pseudolaxa (C.B. Clarke) O. Yano & S.R. Zhang, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 179: 24 (2015). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 230 (2017). Kobresia pseudolaxa C.B. Clarke, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 20: 381 (1883); Elyna laxa (Nees) Kunth; Hemicarex laxa (Nees) Benth.; Kobresia laxa Nees; Schoenoxiphium laxum (Nees) N.A. Ivanova Loosely caespitose perennial herbs; rhizomes shortly elongated; culms 5–40 cm long. Habitat: Grassy slopes, alpine meadows, rock crevices. Distribution: C Asia, Afghanistan, Himalaya (Pakistan to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau. NEPAL: W, C & E; 3000–3800 m. KSL: Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal; 3050–3350 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. DARCHULA: Opposite Budhi Village, 3050–3350 m (JF Duthie 6090, 18 Jul 1886; BM) fide Rajbhandari & Ohba (1991). HUMLA: Dozam Khola, near Timikot [Simikot], 3350 m (O Polunin, WR Sykes & LHJ Williams 4225, 30 May 1952; TI 10006596! image). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaun, Dhauli Valley, 2440–2740 m (JF Duthie 6114, K) fide Rajbhandari & Ohba (1991). 124 Carex psychrophila Nees in Wight, Contr. Bot. India: 127 (1834). Koyama in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 104 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 230 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 202 (2018). Carex celsa Boott Caespitose perennial herbs with stoloniferous rhizomes; culms slender, 40–90 cm long. Habitat: Open grassland, marshy ground on shady slopes Distribution: E Afghanistan, Himalaya (Pakistan to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, SC China. NEPAL: W & C; 3000–3800 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Mugu; 3500 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Dhuli [interpreted] (JF Dobremez 2219, 14 May 1973; E00683889). MUGU: West of Ghurchi Lagna, 3500 m (S Miehe 99-07-01, Jun 1999; E00180501! image). Carex rara Boott, Proc. Linn. Soc. London 1: 284 (1845). Koyama in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 105 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 231 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 204 (2018). Densely caespitose perennial herbs; rhizomes short, woody; culms erect, slender, 10–40 cm long. Habitat: Forests, forest margins, streamsides, we meadows, open grassy slopes. Distribution: C & E Himalaya (Nepal to NE India), Tibetan Plateau, S & E China to Japan. NEPAL: W, C & E; 2400–4000 m. KSL: Known from neighboring Doti District, Nepal; c. 3060 m. Representative specimen. DOTI: Khaptad National Park, trail from Bichpani to Ghoda daune, 3063 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20911048, 2 Jul 2009; E00624526, KATH!). Carex remota L. subsp. stewartii Kukkonen, Ann. Bot. Fenn. 21: 385 (1984). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 231 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 204 (2018). Caespitose perennial herbs; rhizomes creeping; culms slender, 30–40 cm long. Habitat: Open slopes. Distribution: E Afghanistan, Himalaya (Pakistan to Bhutan). NEPAL: W, C & E; 2200–3500 m. KSL: Known from neighboring Doti and Mugu, Nepal; 2700–3000 m. Representative specimens. DOTI: Khaptad National Park, trail from Bichpani to Ghoda daune, near Bichpani, 3000 m (Nepal Bajhang 2009 Expedition 20911035; 2 Jul 2009; E00623959). MUGU: Rara – Khatyar Khola, 2700 m (KR Rajbhandari & B Roy 3768, 22 Jul 1979; KATH) fide Rajbhandari (2010). Carex rochebrunei Franch. & Sav., Enum. Pl. Jap. 2: 555 (1878), "rochebruni". Koyama in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 105 (1978). Carex monopleura V.I. Krecz.; Carex remota L. subsp. rochebrunei (Franch. & Sav.) Kük.; Carex remota var. rochebrunei (Franch. & Sav.) C.B. Clarke Caespitose perennial herbs; rhizomes short, woody; culms slender, to 25 cm long. Habitat: Open slopes, trailsides, edges of fields, meadows. Distribution: Himalaya (N India, Nepal, Bhutan), C & SE China to Japan, SE Asia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1700–3200 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal; 2800–2900 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. 125 Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Dhalaun – Rasa, 2840 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9170838, 20 Aug 1991; KATH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon, Younrani, 2134 m (RC Thakur 779, 24 Jun 1948; Carex monopleura MICH 1488965! image). Carex rufulistolon T. Koyama, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 15: 111 (1954). Koyama in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 105 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 232 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 204 (2018). Carex griersonii Noltie Loosely caespitose perennial herbs; rhizomes slender, spreading; culms slender, 4–12 cm long. Habitat: Moist places, rocky grasslands. Distribution: Himalaya (NW India to Bhutan). NEPAL: W & C; 2200–4300 m. KSL: Darchula in KSL Nepal; 3000 m. Representative specimen. DARCHULA: Simar Kharka to Dhaulo Odar, 3010 m (Ikeda et al. 1215033; E, TI) fide Yano et al. (2015). Carex setigera D. Don var. schlagintweitiana (Boeckeler) Kük. in Engler (ed.), Pflanzenr., 4, Fam. 20(38): 419 (1909). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 204 (2018). Carex schlagintweitiana Boeckeler, Beitr. Cyper. 1: 48 (1888); Carex schlagintweitiana subsp. deformis Noltie Caespitose perennial herbs; rhizomes slender, spreading; culms slender, 10–25 cm long. Habitat: Forests, rocky slopes, screes, open places. Distribution: Himalaya (N India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 2700–4000 m. KSL: Known from Pulan Xian, SW Xizang in KSL China, and neighboring Doti District, Nepal. It is likely also to be present in upper Humla and Bajhang in KSL Nepal. Representative specimen. DOTI: Khaptad [interpreted] (JF Dobremez 1924; E00683911). Remarks: Distribution records for Pulan Xian fide GMBA (2012–2016). Carex setosa Boott, Ill. Gen. Carex 3: 108 (1862). Koyama in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 105 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 233 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 204 (2018). Carex pachyrrhiza Franch. Caespitose perennial herbs; rhizomes elongate, woody; culms slender, 15–50 cm long. Habitat: Grassy slopes, meadows, marshes. Distribution: Himalaya (Pakistan to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, C & SE China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 3000–4500 m. KSL: Known from upper Karnali in Pulan Xian, SW Xizang, KSL China; 4400–4530 m. It is likely also to be present in upper Humla, Nepal. Remarks: Records for Pulan Xian fide GMBA (2012–2016). Carex speciosa Kunth, Enum. Pl. 2: 504 (1837). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 233 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 205 (2018). Caespitose perennial herbs; rhizomes elongate; culms slender, 15–30 cm long. 126 Habitat: Grassy slopes. Distribution: Tropical and subtropical regions in Asia. NEPAL: C; 2300–2500 m. KSL: Known from Bageshwar, Uttarakhand in KSL India; 1950 m. Remarks: Records for Uttarakhand (B Dickoré [Coll. MSB]) fide GMBA (2012–2016). Carex stracheyi Boot ex C.B. Clarke in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6: 727 (1894). Koyama in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 105 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 233 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 205 (2018). Caespitose perennial herbs; rhizomes short; culms 30–60 cm long. Habitat: Open places. Distribution: W & C Himalaya (NW India, Nepal). NEPAL: W & C; 1800–3200 m. KSL: Darchula in KSL Nepal; c. 2950 m [Almora District, Uttarakhand, India]. Representative specimens. DARCHULA: Simar Kharka – Dhaulo Odar, 2930 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, K Yonekura, K Akai, O Yano, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, A Elliott, GD Bhatt & M Pathak 1215029, 13 Jul 2012; KATH!). UTTARAKHAND [INDIA]: Kumaon, below Madhari Pass, 2438 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 18, 15 May 1848; isosyntype GH 00249983! image, CAL). Carex supina Willd. ex Wahlenb., Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. Nya Handl. 24: 158 (1803). Koyama in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 105 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 234 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 205 (2018). ENG: Weak arctic sedge. Caespitose perennial herbs; culms slender, 4–17 cm long. Habitat: Open grassy slopes. Distribution: Temperate Eurasia, W & C Himalaya (Pakistan to Nepal), Tibetan Plateau, NE Asia. NEPAL: W & C; 3500–5700 m. KSL: Humla in KSL Nepal, 4875 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimen. HUMLA: Dojam Khola, 4875 m (O Polunin, WR Sykes & LHJ Williams 1497, 5 Jul 1952; BM) fide Rajbhandari & Rai (2017). Remarks: Distribution records for Uttarakhand fide GMBA (2012–2016). Carex unciniiformis Boeckeler, Beitr. Cyper. 1: 40 (1888). Carex linearis Boott (1858), nom. illeg., non Clairv. (1811); Carex linearis var. elachista C.B. Clarke; Carex neesii S.R. Zhang; Hemicarex linearis Benth.; Kobresia nepalensis (Nees) Kük.; Kobresia nepalensis var. elachista (C.B. Clarke) Kük.; Uncinia nepalensis Nees NEP-L: Sāno phyūncho (;fgf] Ïo"“rf]). Caespitose perennial herbs; rhizomes short; culms erect, filiform, 10–30 cm long. Habitat: Shrubby meadows, open grassy slopes, scree slopes, rocky grassland, wet rocky cliffs. Distribution: Himalaya (N Pakistan to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 2600–5700 m. KSL: Bajhang, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura; 2600–5000 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India; and Pulan Xian, SW Xizang in KSL China]. 127 Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Above Surma Village, 3410 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20911091, 8 Jul 2009; E00509742, KATH!); Saipal, 3878 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 1781, 30 Jul 1976; KATH!); Manane Lekh above Dhahidunga Kharka, 4053 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20913126, 13 Jul 2009; E00509640, KATH!). BAJURA & BAJHANG: Pategaon – Ghodi Lekh Deorali – Badigaon, 2950 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9170652, 16 Aug 1991; KATH!, TI). DARCHULA: Opposite Budhi Village, 3353–3658 m (JF Duthie 6091, 18 Jul 1886; K000794651! image); Chameliya Valley, Gauchhalighol, 3950 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1252, 21 Jul 2015; TUCH!); Kalidhunga, 4000 m (KM Ghimire & M Adhikari F205, 12 Sept 2015; TUCH). HUMLA: Chungsa Valley, Dharmashala, 4300 m (SK Ghimire, LR Joshi, A Paudel, S Lo, P Subedi, C Thapa & S Lama CHH-1053, 2 Sept 2012; TUCH!). Remarks: Records for Pithoragarh and Pulan Xian fide GMBA (2012–2016). Local abund.: Frequent to common. Carex vesiculosa Boott, Ill. Gen. Carex 3: 107 (1862). Koyama in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 105 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 235 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 205 (2018). Carex diffusa Boott ex C.B. Clarke Caespitose perennial herbs; culms stout, erect, 30–70 cm; leaf blades rough with vesicle-based short hairs. Habitat: Damp open slopes, grassy slopes, damp places in Quercus-Rhododendron forests. Distribution: C & E Himalaya (Nepal, Bhutan, NE India), mainland SE Asia to Indonesia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 900–3200 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal; 2500–3200 m. Representative specimen. BAJHANG: West peak from Deurali, near Dhalun, 2500–3200 m (HN Qin, P Bhandari, TR Pandey, BR Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0446, 15 Sept 2017; KATH!, PE!). Carex wallichiana Spreng., Syst. Veg. 3: 812 (1826). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 206 (2018). Carex foliosa D. Don (1823), nom. illeg., non All. (1785); Carex echinochloiformis Y.L. Chang ex Y.C. Yang; Carex lebrunii H. Lév.; Carex muricata L. var. foliosa C.B. Clarke; Carex notoleia Nees; Vignea wallichiana (Spreng.) Soják Caespitose perennial herbs; rhizomes short, woody; culms 25–100 cm long. Habitat: Wet and grassy areas in forests. Distribution: Himalaya (Pakistan to NE India), Tibetan Plateau, Peninsular India (Nilgiri), SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1800–3000 m. KSL: Darchula in KSL Nepal and upper Mahakali in KSL Nepal and India; 2100–2500 m. Representative specimens. MAHAKALI: Kuthi [Kuti], 2195 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 4, 1843; P00283133!). DARCHULA: Lithi to Khayekot, 2200 m (Ikeda et al. 1215019; E, TI, Carex foliosa) fide Yano et al. (2015). Carex winterbottomii C.B. Clarke in J.D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 6: 727 (1894). Koyama in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 105 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 236 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 206 (2018). Carex setigera D. Don var. fasciculata Strachey Caespitose perennial herbs; rhizomes creeping, woody; culms to 25 cm long. Habitat: Open grassy slopes, gravelly slopes. 128 Distribution: Himalaya (NW India, Nepal). NEPAL: C; 3000–3200 m. KSL: Known from Bageshwar District, Uttarakhand in KSL India. It is likely also to be present in KSL area of Far West Nepal. Representative specimen. UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon, Jugthana Pass, 2438 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 16; isotype GH 00135258! image, K000999053! image). Cyperus L., Sp. Pl. 1: 44 (1753). Cyperus albescens (Steud.) Larridon & Govaerts, Kew Bull. 71(2)-30: 1 (2016). Kyllinga albescens Steud.; Syn. Pl. Glumac. 2: 68 (1854); Hypolytrum argenteum Kunth, nom. illeg. superfl.; Lipocarpha argentea (Kunth) R. Br., nom. illeg. superfl.; Lipocarpha chinensis (Osbeck) J. Kern; Scirpus chinensis Osbeck Caespitose annual or perennial herbs; culms 10–40 cm long. Habitat: Marshy places, field margins, streamsides. Distribution: Africa, tropical to warm temperate regions in Asia, Australasia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 300–2100 m. KSL: Known from Almora, Uttarakhand, India; and nearby Kalikot District, Nepal. It is likely also to be present in KSL area of Far West Nepal. Representative specimens. KALIKOT: Chaukebada – Badarigaon, 1860 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9170320, 5 Aug 1991; Lipocarpha chinensis TI) fide SHB (2013–2020). UTTARAKHAND [INDIA]: Kumaon, Almora, 1370 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom s.n.; Lipocarpha argentea P00075545! image). Cyperus alulatus J. Kern, Reinwardtia 1: 463 (1952). Koyama in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 107 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 237 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 206 (2018). Loosely caespitose annual herbs; culms 10–30 cm long. Habitat: Rice fields, wet places, marshes. Distribution: Afghanistan, Pakistan, Tropical and Subtropical Himalaya, S & C India (widespread). NEPAL: W; 700–1500 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal; 1200 m. Representative specimen. BAJHANG: Chainpur – Jimkot, 1200 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9170938, 25 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB (2013–2020). Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Anitha 2013). Cyperus brevifolius (Rottb.) Hassk, Cat. Hort. Bot. Bogor. Alt.: 24 (1844). Kyllinga brevifolia Rottb., Descr. Icon. Rar. Pl.: 13 (1773). ENG: Shortleaf spikesedge. Perennial herbs; rhizomes creeping; culms serially arranged or laxly tufted, 5–40 cm long. Habitat: Moist grasslands, wet meadows, margins of agricultural lands, paddy fields. Distribution: Tropical and subtropical regions of the World. NEPAL: W, C & E; 65–2500 m. 129 KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura and Doti; 1400–2300 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Rupatola, 1500–2000 m (HN Qin, P Bhandari, TR Pandey, BR Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0116, 11 Sept 2017; KATH!, PE!); north of Patiudi, Jeuli Gad, 2043 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20911073, 7 Jul 2009; E00509707, KATH!). BAJURA: Kuru, 2285 m (BSH C75, 20 Aug 2017) fide RBGE (2014). DOTI: Doti – Kola, 1400 m (MS Bista & DP Joshi 57, 27 Jul 1972; KATH!). Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Lansdown 2017c). Cyperus compressus L., Sp. Pl. 1: 46 (1753). Koyama in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 107 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 237 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 207 (2018). Cyperus pectinatus Roxb. (1820), nom. illeg., non Vahl (1805). Mothe-jhār (df]y–] emf/). Flatsedge, Poorland flatsedge. Caespitose annual herbs with fibrous roots; culms 5–30 cm long. Habitat: Marshy places, wet grasslands, roadside ditches, waste places, fallow rice fields. Distribution: Tropical and subtropical regions of the World. NEPAL: W, C & E; 150–2000 m. KSL: Known from neighboring Bajura District, Nepal; 1000–1100 m. Representative specimen. BAJURA: Babali – Sanfebagar, 1060 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, NEP: ENG: F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9193428, 30 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB (2013–2020). Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Beentje & Lansdown 2018b). Cyperus cuspidatus Kunth in Humboldt et al., Nov. Gen. Sp. 1: 204 (1816). Koyama in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 107 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 238 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 207 (2018). Cyperus angustifolius Buch.-Ham. ex Nees; Cyperus setifolius D. Don ENG: Flatsedge, Coastal plain flatsedge. Caespitose annual herbs, forming small tufts; culms slender, 3–10 cm long. Habitat: Moist slopes, degraded forests, grasslands at water margins, river beds, fields, rocky cliffs. Distribution: Tropical and subtropical regions of the World. NEPAL: W, C & E; 350–2500 m. KSL: Bajhang and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura; 800–2500 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Rupatola, 1500–2000 m (HN Qin, P Bhandari, TR Pandey, BR Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0095, 11 Sept 2017; KATH!, PE!). BAJURA: Babali – Sanfebagar, 600–1410 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9193852, 30 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB (2013–2020). HUMLA: Between Kermi & Dharapori, 2500 m (SK Ghimire, LR Joshi, A Paudel, S Lo, P Subedi, C Thapa & S Lama CHH-1420, 16 Sept 2012; TUCH!). Local abund.: Frequent at lower elevations. Cyperus cyperinus (Retz.) Valck. Sur., Cyperus Mal. Arch.: 154 (1898). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 238 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 207 (2018). Kyllinga cyperina Retz., Observ. Bot. 6: 21 (1791); Mariscus cyperinus (Retz.) Vahl ENG: 130 Old World flatsedge. Perennial herbs with short rhizomes; culms tufted or scattered, erect, 20–30 cm long. Habitat: Grasslands, forests, wet places on mountain slopes, water margins. Distribution: E Africa, tropical and subtropical regions in Asia, Australasia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 600–2500 m. KSL: Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal; 2100–2500 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: On trail from Thalara to Budkhori, 2495 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20911103, 11 Jul 2009; E00509925, KATH). DARCHULA: Khar VDC-4, 2190 m (BB Shrestha, M Pandey & R Chhetri 48, 26 Sept 2015; TUCH!); Chameliya Valley, Shithi Deurali, 2300 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1043, 17 Jul 2015; TUCH!). Local abund.: Frequent at lower elevations. Cyperus cyperoides (L.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 3: 333 (1898). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 238 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 207 (2018). Scirpus cyperoides L., Mant. Pl. Alt. 181 (1771); Kyllinga sumatrensis Retz.; Mariscus sumatrensis (Retz.) J. Raynal Karaunte, Mothe (s/f}“t], df]y)] . ENG: Pacific island flatsedge. Perennial herbs with short rhizomes; culms laxly tufted, erect, 20–50 cm long. Habitat: Edges of agriculatural land, wet places in grasslands, swamps, roadsides. Distribution: Africa, tropical and subtropical regions in Asia to Pacific. NEPAL: W, C & E; 100–2600 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal; 1700–2200 m. Representative specimen. BAJHANG: Between Agara & Dhalun, 2000–2100 m (HN Qin, P Bhandari, TR NEP: Pandey, BR Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0388, 14 Sept 2017; KATH!, PE!). Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Kumar 2011a). Cyperus difformis L., Cent. Pl. 2: 6 (1756). Koyama in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 107 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 239 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 207 (2018). ENG: Small-flower umbrella sedge, Dirty-Dora. Caespitose annual herbs with fibrous roots; culms erect, 15–45 cm long. Habitat: Wet places in grasslands, shallow water, rice fields, ditches, channels. Distribution: Tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World. NEPAL: W, C & E; 100–3000 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura; 1100–3000 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Chainpur – Jimkot, 1140–1400 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9193804, 25 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB (2013– 2020); Jimkot – Khaptad National Park, 1480–2980 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9193817, 26 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB (2013–2020). BAJURA: Tolebhir – Berma, 1535 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama and K Terada 9193190, 9 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB (2013–2020). Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Gupta et al. 2018). 131 Cyperus flavidus Retz., Observ. Bot. 5: 13 (1788). Cyperus strictus Roxb.; Pycreus flavidus (Retz.) T. Koyama Annual or perennial herbs; culms tufted, erect, 10–50 cm long. Habitat: Shady wet places, marshy places near streams, shallow water, meadows, rice fields, roadsides. Distribution: S Europe, Africa, tropical to warm temperate regions in Asia, Australia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 100–3800 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura and Dadeldhura; 400–2300 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Chainpur – Jimkot, 1200 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9170945, 25 Aug 1991; KATH!, TI). BAJURA: Kuru, 2285 m (BSH C72, 20 Aug 2017) fide RBGE (2014). DADELDHURA: Jogbura – Mauri, 400 m (KR Rajbhandari, PM Regmi & KJ Malla 5354, 14 Aug 1980; KATH!). Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Kavak 2014). Cyperus iria L. Sp. Pl. 1: 45 (1753). Koyama in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 107 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 242 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 209 (2018). Thūlo mothe (df]y,] df]y–] emf/, 7"nf] df]y]). Grasshopper's cyperus, Ricefield flatsedge, Umbrella sedge. Annual herbs with fibrous roots; culms solitary or tufted, slender or stout, erect, 20–60 cm long. Habitat: Grassy swamps, edges of irrigation chanals, streambanks, paddy fields. Distribution: Africa, tropical to warm temperate regions in Asia to Pacific. NEPAL: W, C & E; 100–2200 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura and Dadeldhura; 400–2200 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Chainpur – Jimkot, 1180 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, NEP: Mothe, Mothe-jhār, ENG: F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama and K Terada 9193391, 25 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB (2013–2020); Rupatola, 1500–2000 m (HN Qin, P Bhandari, TR Pandey, BR Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0112, 11 Sept 2017; KATH!, PE!). BAJURA: Berseni – Porakya, 1590 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9193232, 12 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB (2013–2020). DADELDHURA: Jogbura – Mauri, 400 m (KR Rajbhandari, PM Regmi & KJ Malla 5344, 14 Aug 1980; KATH). Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Mesterházy et al. 2020a). Cyperus metzii (Hochst. ex Steud.) Mattf. & Kük. in H.G.A.Engler (ed.), Pflanzenr., IV, 20(101): 25 (1935). Kyllinga metzii Hochst. ex Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 2: 70 (1854); Kyllinga cristata Afzel. ex A. Rich.; Kyllinga squamulata Vahl ENG: Asian spikesedge. Annual or short-lived perennial herbs with fibrous roots; culms tufted, erect, 1–20 cm long. Habitat: Wet grassland, forests, field margins, roadsides. Distribution: Tropical Africa, tropical and subtropical regions in Asia, NE Australia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1100–2600 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura; 1100–2200 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Rupatola, 1500–2000 m (HN Qin, P Bhandari, TR Pandey, BR Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0117, 11 Sept 2017; KATH!, PE!). BAJURA: Babali – Sanfebagar, 600–1410 m (M 132 Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9193859, 30 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB (2013–2020). Cyperus niveus Retz., Observ. Bot. 5: 12 (1788). Koyama in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 108 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 243 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 210 (2018). Seto mothe (;]tf] df]y)] . Snow white sedge. Perennial herbs; rhizomes short, woody, creeping; culms tufted, 10–40 cm long, swollen at base. Habitat: Roadsides, forest floor, grassy slopes, streamsides. Distribution: Africa, SW Asia, tropical and subtropical regions in S Asia, Tibetan Plateau, SC China, mainland SE Asia to Indonesia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 200–2900 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura and Mugu; 1150–2300 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Dilbagar, 1150 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 215, 17 Jul NEP: ENG: 1976; KATH!); trail from Lokhada to Tameil, 2151 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20911064, 4 Jul 2009; E00624415, KATH!). BAJURA: Tolebhir – Kabhri, 1500 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9195006, 9 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB (2013–2020); above Kolti, 1872 m (BSH C21, 11 Aug 2017) fide RBGE (2014). MUGU: Above Luma, 2300 m (Flora of Nepal Collecting Trip2008 B94; E00392277) fide RBGE (2018). Cyperus pilosus Vahl, Enum. Pl. Obs. 2: 354 (1805). Koyama in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 108 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 243 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 210 (2018). Cyperus donianus A. Dietr.; Cyperus obliquus Nees; Cyperus paniculatus D. Don; Cyperus pauciflorus Steud.; Cyperus pilosus var. obliquus (Nees) C.B. Clarke ENG: Fuzzy flatsedge. Perennial stoloniferous herbs; culms 40–70 cm long, smooth or scabrid on angles. Habitat: Sparse forests, forest margins, grassy slopes, marshes, meadows, rice fields. Distribution: Tropical and subtropical regions in Asia to E Australia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 65–1600 m. KSL: Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Dadeldhura; 400–1550 m. Representative specimens. DADELDHURA: Jogbura – Mauri, 400 m (KR Rajbhandari, PM Regmi & KJ Malla 5340, 14 Aug 1980; KATH!). DARCHULA: Makari Gad Danda, way to Khandesowari, 1550 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Lo, C Thapa & MR Paudeyal ANCA-513, 15 Oct 2014; TUCH!). Local abund.: Occasional in Darchula. Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Rehel 2011d). Cyperus pseudokyllingioides Kük. in Engler (ed.), Pflanzenr., 4, 20(101): 14 (1935). Rajbhandari in Rajbhandari & Baral, Cat. Nepal. Fl. Pl. 1: 93 (2010). Courtoisia cyperoides (Roxb.) Nees; Courtoisina cyperoides (Roxb.) Soják; Cyperus kleinianus Hochst. ex Steud.; Indocourtoisia cyperoides (Roxb.) Bennet & Raizada; Kyllinga cyperoides Roxb.; Mariscus cyperoides (Roxb.) A. Dietr. Annuals or short-lived perennial herbs, with slender rootstocks; culms tufted, 5–60 cm long. Habitat: Marshes and boggy grasslands, rice fields. 133 Distribution: C & S Africa, Madagascar, tropical and subtropical regions in S Asia, Tibetan Plateau, SC China, mainland SE Asia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 200–1500 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal; 1200 m. Representative specimen. BAJHANG: Chainpur – Jimkot, 1200 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9170939, 25 Aug 1991; Mariscus cyperoides TI) fide SHB (2013–2020). Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Lansdown 2018b). Cyperus pumilus L., Cent. Pl. 2: 6 (1756). Cyperus breviculmis F. Muell.; Cyperus commutatus Steud.; Cyperus nitens Retz.; Cyperus punctatus Roxb., nom. illeg.; Pycreus nitens (Retz.) Nees; Pycreus pumilus (L.) Nees NEP: Low flatsedge. Annual herbs, with fibrous roots; culms tufted, slender, 5–23 cm long. Habitat: Wet places, paddy fields, disturbed places. Distribution: Tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World to N Australia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 80–2300 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Achham and Bajura; 600–2200 m. Representative specimens. ACHHAM & BAJURA: Babali – Sanfebagar, 600–1410 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9193852-b, 30 Aug 1991; Pycreus pumilus TI! image). BAJHANG: Chainpur – Jimkot, 1200 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9170942, 25 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB (2013–2020); Badigaon – Talkot, 1660–2230 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9193753-a, 17 Aug 1991; Pycreus pumilus TI! image). Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Gupta & Lansdown 2018). Cyperus rotundus L., Sp. Pl.: 45 (1753). Koyama in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 108 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 244 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 210 (2018). Chlorocyperus rotundus (L.) Palla; Cyperus tuberosus Rottb. Mothe, Nāgarmothe (df]y,] gfu/df]y]). ENG: Nutgrass, Nutsedge. SAN: Mustā, Mustakā (d':tf, d':tsf). HIN: Nāgarmothā (gfu/df]yf). Perennial herbs with slender tuber-bearing stolons; culms solitary, 15–30 cm long, nodose at base. Habitat: Marshy ground, grasslands, stream margins, along trails, weed in rice and maize fields. Distribution: S Europe, Africa, tropical to warm temperate regions in Asia, Australia, America. NEPAL: W, C & E; 100–2400 m. KSL: Bajhang and Humla in KSL Nepal; 800–1700 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: On trail from Banjh to Kalanga Nadi, 857 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M NEP: Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20911141, 17 Jul 2009; E00509830, KATH!); Chainpur – Jimkot, 1200 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9170941, 25 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB (2013–2020). HUMLA: Lothi Khola, 1680 m (KR Rajbhandari & B Roy 4256, 1 Aug 1979, KATH!). Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Lansdown et al. 2018). 134 Cyperus sanguinolentus Vahl, Enum. Pl. Obs. 2: 351 (1805). Cyperus atratus Steud.; Pycreus sanguinolentus (Vahl) Nees Jhuse mothe, Ragate mothe (em';] df]y,] /ut] df]y)] . ENG: Purple-glume flatsedge. Annual or short-lived perennial herbs; culms solitary or tufted, erect or decumbent, 10–60 cm long. Habitat: Forest margins, marshy grassland, lake/river margins, trailsides, field margins, paddy fields. Distribution: E Africa, tropical to warm temperate regions in Asia, Australasia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 60–3000 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura; 1400–2550 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Agara to Dhalun, 2000–2100 m (HN Qin, P Bhandari, TR Pandey, BR NEP: Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0377, 14 Sept 2017; KATH!, PE!). BAJURA: Porakya Pass, 2545 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 2622, 19 Aug 1976; KATH!). Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Mani & Lansdown 2018). Cyperus squarrosus L., Cent. Pl. 2: 6. (1756). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 245 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 211 (2018). Cyperus aristatus Rottb.; Mariscus aristatus (Rottb.) Cherm.; Mariscus squarrosus (L.) C.B. Clarke ENG: Bearded flatsedge, Awned flatsedge. Annual herbs with fibrous roots; culms solitary or densely caespitose, 5–15 cm long. Habitat: Open moist grounds, grasslands, forests, river margins, along trail, field margins. Distribution: Tropical and subtropical regions of the World. NEPAL: W & C; 1100–2700 m. KSL: Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura; 1500–2700 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Between Dhalun & Panselegi, NE of Dhalun, 2300–2700 m (HN Qin, P Bhandari, TR Pandey, BR Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0519, 16 Sept 2017; KATH!, PE!). BAJURA: Tolebhir – Berma, 1535 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9193561, 9 Aug 1991; TI! image). DARCHULA: Khar VDC-2, 1570 m (BB Shrestha, M Pandey & R Chhetri 153, 29 Sept 2015; TUCH!); Rapla – Tangbang, 2000 m (KR Rajbhandari & KJ Malla 5603, 26 Aug 1980; KATH!). Local abund.: Occasional to frequent. Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Kumar et al. 2018). Cyperus tenuispica Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 2: 11 (1854). Koyama in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 108 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 245 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 211 (2018). Cyperus delicatulatus Steud. ENG: Slender spikesedge. Annual herbs, with fibrous roots; culms tufted, erect, 3–30 cm long. Habitat: Marshy places, sparse forests, along trails, river banks, weed in rice fields. Distribution: Tropical Africa, C Asia, Tropical S Asia, Himalaya, Tibetan Plateau, C & SE China to Japan, mainland SE Asia to Australia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 100–1600 m. 135 KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal; 1200–1600 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Chainpur – Jimkot, 1200 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9170936, 25 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB (2013–2020); Jimkot – Khaptad National Park, 1480–2980 (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9193813, 26 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB (2013–2020). Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Kumar & Lansdown 2018). Eleocharis R. Br., Prodr. 224 (1810). Eleocharis atropurpurea (Retz.) J. Presl & C. Presl, Reliq. Haenk. 1: 196 (1828). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 246 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 211 (2018). Scirpus atropurpureus Retz., Observ. Bot. 5: 14 (1788); Isolepis atropurpurea (Retz.) Roem. & Schult. ENG: Purple spikerush, Purple sikesedge. Small annual herbs, forming small tufts; roots fibrous; culms slender, erect, 2–10 cm long. Habitat: Rice fields, wet meadows, seasonally flooded grasslands, pond and lake edges. Distribution: Africa, tropical and subtropical regions in Asia, Australia, N & S America. NEPAL: W, C & E; 100–1500 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal; 1100–1500 m. Representative specimen. BAJHANG: Chainpur – Jimkot, 1180 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9193390, 25 Aug 1991; TI! image). Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Mesterházy & Kumar 2020). Eleocharis congesta D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal.: 41 (1825). Koyama in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 109 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 246 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 211 (2018). Eleocharis purpurascens Boeckeler ENG: Spikerush. Densely caespitose perennial herbs, rhizomatous; culms 5–30 cm long. Habitat: Moist places, edges of ponds and lakes, streamsides. Distribution: Himalaya, Peninsular India, Sri Lanka, SC China to Japan and SE Asia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 200–3000 m. KSL: Known from Munsiyari, Pithoragarh District, Uttarakhand in KSL India; 2450 m. It is likely also to be present in KSL Nepal. Remarks: Distribution record for Pithoragarh fide GMBA (2012–2016). Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Kumar 2011b). Eleocharis palustris (L.) Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 151 (1817). Koyama in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 109 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 247 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 212 (2018). Scirpus palustris L., Sp. Pl. 1: 47 (1753). ENG: Common spikerush. Loosely caespitose perennial herbs; rhizomes creeping; culms few, 5–35 cm long. Habitat: Swamps, wet meadows. 136 Distribution: Europe, N Africa, subtropical and temperate regions in Asia, N America, Greenland. NEPAL: W & C; 2000–3800 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal; 2900–3000 m [also in Kumaon, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Khaptad, 2940 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 187, 12 Jul 1976; KATH!). UTTARAKHAND [INDIA]: Kumaon, Radgadi, 3000 m (NC Nair 35644, 3 May 1965; L.1391165! image). Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Lansdown 2013a). Eleocharis quinqueflora (Hartmann) O. Schwarz, Mitt. Thüring. Bot. Ges. 1: 89 (1949). Koyama in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 109 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 247 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 212 (2018). Scirpus quinqueflorus Hartmann, Primae Lin. Inst. Bot., ed. 2: 85 (1767); Eleocharis obscura T. Koyama; Eleocharis pauciflora (Lightf.) Link; Scirpus pauciflorus Lightf. ENG: Few-flower spikerush. Caespitose perennial herbs; rhizomes stout, stoloniferous; culms erect, 2–20 cm long. Habitat: Swamps, lake margins, wet meadows. Distribution: Temperate N Hemisphere, Himalaya (Pakistan to Nepal), S America. NEPAL: W & C; 2000–4300(–4900) m. KSL: Humla in KSL Nepal; 4200–4700 m [Pulan Xian, SW Xizang in KSL China]. Representative specimens. HUMLA: Talung Valley, Ning Tsho, 4350 m (SK Ghimire, LR Joshi, A Paudel, S Lo, P Subedi, C Thapa and S Lama CHH-1363A, 12 Sept 2012; TUCH!). XIZANG (CHINA): Pulan Xian (QinghaiTibet team vegetation group 5215984; PE) fide Kong & Yang (2019). Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Akhani & Zehzad 2014c). Eleocharis uniglumis (Link) Schult. in Schult. & Schult., Mant. 2: 88 (1824). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 248 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 212 (2018). Scirpus uniglumis Link; Eleocharis affinis C.A. Mey. ex Claus; Eleocharis uniglumis var. affinis (C.A. Mey. ex Claus) Nyman ENG: Slender spikerush, Onescale spikerush. Perennial herbs with creeping rhizomes; culms single or tufted, erect, 8–30 cm long. Habitat: Marshy areas, swamps, wet meadows. Distribution: Subarctic and Temperate N Hemisphere, W & C Himalaya (Pakistan to Nepal). NEPAL: W; 3300–3400 m. KSL: Darchula in KSL Nepal; 3400 m. Representative specimen. DARCHULA: Joge Tal – Simar Kharka, 3399 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, K Yonekura, K Akai, O Yano, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, A Elliott, GD Bhatt & M Pathak 1215059, 18 Jul 2012; KATH!). Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Lansdown 2013b). Erioscirpus Palla, Bot. Zeitung, 2. Abt. 54: 151 (1896). Erioscirpus comosus (Wall.) Palla, Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 54: 151 (1896). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 248 (2017). Pl. 18. Scirpus comosus Wall. in Roxb., Fl. Ind. 1: 234 (1820); Eriophorum comosum (Wall.) Nees NEP/NEP-L: Phurke-jhār, Rānî bābiyo (km's–]{ emf/, /fgL aflaof]). 137 ENG: Hairy cottongrass. Densely caespitose perennial herbs with short, stout rhizomes; culms up to 120 cm. Habitat: Rocky slopes, cliffs, dry grassy slopes, riversides. Distribution: SW Asia, tropical and subtropical regions in S Asia (including Himalaya) to C & SE China, mainland SE Asia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 160–2600 m. KSL: Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal; 900–2200 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Aagar – Dhalaun, 1770 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9170792, 19 Aug 1991; KATH!, TI). DARCHULA: Darchula – Huti, 900 m (KR Rajbhandari & KJ Malla 5552, 24 Aug 1980; KATH!); Khar VDC-5, 1970 m (BB Shrestha, M Pandey & R Chhetri 90, 27 Sept 2015; TUCH!); above Janjari, Ghusa VDC, 2125 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Lo, C Thapa & MR Paudeyal ANCA-805, 26 Oct 2014; TUCH!). Local abund.: Frequent in Darchula. Erioscirpus microstachyus (Boeckeler) Palla, Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 54: 151 (1896). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 248 (2017). Eriophorum microstachyum Boeckeler, Linnaea 38: 399 (1874); Scirpus microstachyus (Boeckeler) T. Koyama Densely caespitose perennial herbs; culms up to 20 cm. Habitat: Rocky slopes, dry cliffs, moist rock crevices. Distribution: Himalaya (Pakistan to Bhutan). NEPAL: C & E; 500–2900 m. KSL: Pithoragarh District, Uttarakhand in KSL India. It is likely also to be present in KSL area of Far West Nepal. Representative specimen. UTTARAKHAND [INDIA]: Kumaon, between Munsiari & Lilam, 1400 m (NC Nair 35562, 23 Apr 1965; L.1391384! image). Fimbristylis Vahl, Enum. Pl. 2: 285 (1805). Fimbristylis bisumbellata (Forssk.) Bubani, Dodecanthea: 30 (1850). Koyama in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 110 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 249 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 213 (2018). Scirpus bisumbellatus Forssk.; Fimbristylis pallescens (Roxb.) Nees; Scirpus pallescens Roxb. Densely caespitose annual herbs, forming small tufts; culms slender, 5–30 cm. Habitat: Wet places, marshy places. Distribution: Europe, Africa, tropical to warm temperate regions in Asia, Australia. NEPAL: W & C; 150–1100 m. KSL: Known from Almora District, Uttarakhand, India. It is likely also to be present in KSL area of Far West Nepal. Representative specimen. UTTARAKHAND [INDIA]: Kumaon, below Almora, 1219 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom s.n.; Fimbristylis pallescens P00038222! image). Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Mesterházy & Lansdown 2020). 138 Fimbristylis complanata (Retz.) Link, Hort. Bot. Berol. 1: 292 (1827). Koyama in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 111 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 249 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 213 (2018). Scirpus complanatus Retz., Observ. Bot. 5: 14 (1788). ENG: Puerto Rico fimbry. Caespitose perennial herbs with short rhizomes; culms 20–60 cm long or more. Habitat: Marshes, wet grasslands, streamsides. Distribution: Africa, tropical and subtropical regions in Asia, N Australia, S Pacific, C & S America. NEPAL: W, C & E; 300–3200 m. KSL: Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal ; 2200 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Aagar – Dhalaun, 2200 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9170787, 19 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB (2013–2020). DARCHULA: Lithi to Khayekot, 2200 m (Ikeda et al. 1215021) fide Yano et al. (2015). Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Mesterházy & Anitha 2020). Fimbristylis dichotoma (L.) Vahl, Enum. Pl. 2: 287 (1805). Koyama in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 111 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 250 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 213 (2018). Scirpus dichotomus L., Sp. Pl. 1: 50 (1753). Pānî mothe (kfgL df]y]). ENG: Common fringe-rush, Forked fimbry, Tall fringe-rush. Caespitose annuals or short-lived perennial herbs, with short rhizomes; culms deeply grooved. Habitat: Damp grasslands, rocky slopes, marshes, along rivers, irrigation canals, weed in paddy fields. Distribution: S Europe, Africa, tropical to warm temperate regions in Asia to S Pacific, N & S America. NEPAL: W, C & E; 100–3000 m. KSL: Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura and Doti; 1400–2200 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Aagar – Dhalaun, 1900 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F NEP: Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9170794, 19 Aug 1991; TI! image); between Talkot & Panalta, 2000–2100 m (HN Qin, P Bhandari, TR Pandey, BR Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0146, 12 Sept 2017; KATH!, PE!). BAJURA: Serigaon – Bashala, 1550 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama and K Terada 9170587, 14 Aug 1991; KATH!, TI). DARCHULA: Khar VDC-2, 2150 m (BB Shrestha, M Pandey & R Chhetri 152, 28 Sept 2015; TUCH!). DOTI: Kola, 1400 m (MS Bista & DP Joshi 59, 27 Jul 1972, KATH!). Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Mesterházy et al. 2020b). Fimbristylis falcata (Vahl) Kunth, Enum. Pl. 2: 239 (1837). Koyama in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 111 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 250 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 213 (2018). Scirpus falcatus Vahl, Enum. Pl. Obs. 2: 275 (1805); Fimbristylis chaetorrhiza (Nees) Kunth; Fimbristylis junciformis (Nees) Kunth; Trichelostylis chaetorrhiza Nees; Trichelostylis junciformis Nees Mothe (df]y)] . Perennial herbs with short horizontal rhizomes. Habitat: Grassy hillsides, wet ground. Distribution: W Indian Ocean Islands, Himalaya, Tropical Asia to W Pacific Islands. NEPAL: W & C; 200–1200 m. NEP: 139 KSL: Darchula in KSL Nepal; 920 m [also in Almora, Uttarakhand, India]. Representative specimens. DARCHULA: Bitale to Paribagar, 920 m (Ikeda et al. 1215011) fide Yano et al. (2015). UTTARAKHAND [INDIA]: Kumaon, Almora, 1000 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom s.n.; Fimbristylis chaetorrhiza P00045308! image). Fimbristylis rigidula Nees in R. Wight, Contr. Bot. India: 99 (1834). Koyama in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 112 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 252 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 215 (2018). Loosely caespitose perennial herbs, with short rhizomes. Habitat: Grasslands. Distribution: Tropical and subtropical regions in Asia from Pakistan to Philippines. NEPAL: C; 700–1300 m. KSL: Known from Almora District, Uttarakhand, India. It is likely also to be present in KSL area of of Far West Nepal. Representative specimen. UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Binsar, Kumaon, 2286 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 4; P00051220! image). Fimbristylis schoenoides (Retz.) Vahl, Enum. Pl. 2: 286 (1805). Koyama in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 112 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 252 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 215 (2018). Scirpus schoenoides Retz., Observ. Bot. 5: 14 (1788). Mothe (df]y)] . Ditch fimbry. Caespitose annual or perennial herbs, with short rhizomes; culms slender, 10–40 cm. Habitat: Cultivated fields, along streams, ditches, roadsides, marshy grasslands. Distribution: Tropical Africa, tropical and subtropical regions in Asia, N Australia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 150–1800 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal; 1200 m. Representative specimen. BAJHANG: Chainpur – Jimkot, 1200 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, NEP: ENG: F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9170940, 25 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB (2013–2020). Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Kumar 2011c). Isolepis R. Br., Prodr. 221 (1810). Isolepis setacea (L.) R. Br., Prodr.: 222 (1810). Koyama in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 112 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 253 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 215 (2018). Scirpus setaceus L., Sp. Pl. 1: 49 (1753); Mariscus setaceus (L.) Moench; Schoenoplectus setaceus (L.) Palla ENG: Bristle clubrush, Bristleleaf bulrush. Caespitose annual herbs, with fibrous roots; culms 3–15 cm, filiform. Habitat: Marshes, wet places, near streams. Distribution: Europe, Africa, SW & C Asia to E Himalaya, Tibetan Plateau, N & SE China, mainland SE Asia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1300–4100 m. 140 KSL: Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura; 2500–3400 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: On the way to Deurali from Dhalun, 2500–3200 m (HN Qin, P Bhandari, TR Pandey, BR Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0423, 15 Sept 2017; KATH!, PE!). BAJURA: Porakya Pass, 2545 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 2617, 19 Aug 1976; KATH!). DARCHULA: Joge Tal to Simar Kharka, 3399 m (Ikeda et al. 1215060; E, TI) fide Yano et al. (2015). Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Lansdown 2013c). Schoenoplectiella Lye, Lidia 6: 20 (2003). Schoenoplectiella fuscorubens (T. Koyama) Hayasaka, J. Jap. Bot. 87: 182 (2012). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 259 (2017). Scirpus fuscorubens T. Koyama, Willdenowia 5: 491 (1969); Schoenoplectus fuscorubens (T. Koyama) T. Koyama Perennial herbs with decumbent rhizomes; culms not tufted. Habitat: Moist places, damp meadows. Distribution: C & E Himalaya (Nepal to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1100–3200 m. KSL: Darchula in KSL Nepal; 1100 m. Representative specimen. DARCHULA: Okhal to Bitale, 1100 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, K Yonekura, K Akai, O Yano, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, A Elliott, GD Bhatt & M Pathak 1215066, 22 Jul 2012; KATH!). Schoenoplectiella juncoides (Roxb.) Lye, Lidia 6: 25 (2003). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 259 (2017). Scirpus juncoides Roxb., Fl. Ind. 1: 216 (1820); Schoenoplectus juncoides (Roxb.) Palla; Scirpus donianus Spreng.; Scirpus junciformis Nees (1834), nom. illeg., non Retz. (1791); Scirpus quadrangulus D. Don Caespitose herbs with fibrous roots; rhizomes inconspicuous or absent; culms fascicled. Habitat: Wetlands, marshy places near streams, rice field margins. Distribution: W Indian Ocean Islands, SW & C Asia, tropical and subtropical regions in S Asia, Himalaya, Tibetan Plateau, N & C China to Japan, mainland SE Asia to Pacific. NEPAL: W, C & E; 100–2700 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal; 1200 m. Representative specimen. BAJHANG: Chainpur – Jimkot, 1200 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9170944, 25 Aug 1991; KATH!, TI! image). Schoenoplectiella lateriflora (J.F. Gmel.) Lye, Lidia 6: 25 (2003). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 259 (2017). Scirpus lateriflorus J.F. Gmel., Syst. Nat. ed. 13[bis]: 127 (1791); Isolepis oryzetorum Steud.; Scirpus oryzetorum (Steud.) Ohwi; Scirpus supinus var. lateriflorus (J.F. Gmel.) T. Koyama; Schoenoplectus lateriflorus (J.F. Gmel.) Lye; Schoenoplectus supinus (L.) Palla subsp. lateriflorus (J.F. Gmel.) Soják Caespitose annual herbs; roots fibrous; culms 7–30 cm, terete, spikelets appearing pseudolateral. Habitat: Wet ground, swamps, paddy fields. Distribution: Tropical Africa, W Indian Oceanic Islands, SW & C Asia, West Siberia, tropical and subtropical regions in S Asia, S China, mainland SE Asia to N Australia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 700–2000 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal; 1300–2000 m. 141 Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Kinara – Chainpur, 1310–1540 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9193793, 24 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB (2013– 2020); Jimkot – Khaptad National Park, 1480–2980 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9193812, 26 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB (2013–2020). Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Mesterházy & Mani 2020). POACEAE Achnatherum P. Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr.: 19, 146, pl. 6, f. 7 (1812). Achnatherum brandisii (Mez) Z.L. Wu, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 34: 154 (1996). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 262 (2017). Stipa brandisii Mez, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 17: 207 (1921). Loosely caespitose perennial herbs; culms erect, 70–150 cm. Habitat: Dry stony slopes. Distribution: NE Afghanistan, NW Pakistan, Himalaya (NW India to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, W & C China. NEPAL: W & C; 2200–4000 m. KSL: Known from Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India. It is likely also to be present in KSL area of Far West Nepal. Representative specimen. UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon, Kali Valley, near Garbyang, 3353–3658 m (JF Duthie 3585, 14 Sept 1884; Stipa brandisii BM011026738! image). Achnatherum staintonii (Bor) M. Nobis & P.D. Gudkova, PhytoKeys 128: 112 (2019). Stipa staintonii Bor, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 7: 133 (1965); Stipella staintonii (Bor) Röser & Hamasha; Stipellula staintonii (Bor) Röser & H.R. Hamasha Caespitose perennial herbs; culms erect, 30–65 cm. Habitat: Dry stony slopes, exposed cliffs, stony sandy slopes, scrublands. Distribution: Endemic to Nepal, W & C; 2600–4200 m. KSL: Humla in KSL Nepal; 3500 m. Representative specimen. HUMLA: Chankheli Lagna, 3500 m (KR Rajbhandari & B Roy 3861, 25 Jul 1979; KATH!). Agropyron Gaertn., Novi Comment. Acad. Sci. Imp. Petrop. 14(1): 539 (1770). Agropyron thomsonii Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 370 (1896). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 223 (2018). Elymus nayarii Karthik.; Elymus thomsonii (Hook. f.) Melderis Caespitose perennial herbs; culms 13–50(–100) cm. Habitat: Grassy slopes. Distribution: W & C Himalaya (NW India, Nepal). NEPAL: W & C; 2600–3800 m. 142 KSL: Known from Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India. It is likely also to be present in KSL area of Far West Nepal. Remarks: Records for Uttarakhand fide GMBA (2012–2016). Agrostis L., Sp. Pl. 1: 61 (1753). Agrostis micrantha Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 170 (1854). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 120 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 263 (2017). Agrostis himalayana Bor; Agrostis myriantha Hook. f. Caespitose perennial herbs; culms erect, geniculately ascending or decumbent, 30–100 cm. Habitat: Grassland, marshes, riversides, roadsides, grassy places in mixed broad-leaved forests. Distribution: Himalaya (N India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, C & SE China, mainland SE Asia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1400–4000 m. KSL: Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura; 1450–3800 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Talkot – Setibagar, 1450 m (KR Rajbhandari 15525, 23 Aug 1991; KATH!); between Dhalun & Kakarkot, below Deurali, NW aspect, 2900–2200 m (HN Qin, P Bhandari, TR Pandey, BR Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0559, 16 Sept 2017; KATH!, PE!). BAJURA: Pategaon – Badigaon, 3100 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9170697, 16 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB (2013–2020). DARCHULA: Chameliya Valley, Nete, 3800 m (KM Ghimire & M Adhikari F048, 13 Sept 2015; TUCH!). Agrostis munroana Aitch. & Hemsl., J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 19: 192 (1882). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 120 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 264 (2017). Calamagrostis munroana (Aitch. & Hemsl.) Boiss.; Calamagrostis munroana var. stricta Hook. f. Caespitose annual herbs; culms erect or geniculately ascending, 10–55 cm long. Habitat: Grassy slopes, moist meadows. Distribution: Afghanistan, NW Pakistan, W & C Himalaya (Kashmir to Nepal), Tibetan Plateau, SC China. NEPAL: W & C; 2500–4900 m. KSL: Darchula in KSL Nepal [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]; 2550–4570 m. Representative specimens. DARCHULA (NEPAL): Kuntisau, 2550 m (KR Rajbhandari & KJ Malla 5698, 29 Aug 1980; KATH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon, Ralam river, 3350 m (Strachey & Winterbottom 3; BM011027990! image); above Garbyang in Kali Valley, Byans, 3655 m (JF Duthie ?3536, 15 Sept 1884; BM011027989! image); Kumaon, Nipchang Valley in Darma, 4265–4570 m (JF Duthie 3536, 31 Aug 1884; E00240914! image); Barji Kang Pass, 4420 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 4; lectotype of Calamagrostis munroana var. stricta K000032340! image). Agrostis nervosa Nees ex Trin., Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg, Sér. 6, Sci. Math., Seconde Pt. Sci. Nat. 6(2): 328 (1841). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 120 (1978). Agrostis clarkei Hook. f.; Agrostis divaricata Griseb. (1868), nom illeg., non Hoffm. (1800); Agrostis sikkimensis Bor Caespitose perennial herbs; culms slender, erect, 10–45 cm. Habitat: Grassy slopes, meadows, stony slopes, open forests, wet sand and gravel. Distribution: NW Pakistan, Himalaya (Kashmir to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, Myanmar, SC China. 143 NEPAL: W, C & E; 2300–4300 m. KSL: Known from neighboring Bajura District, Nepal; 3300–4250 m. Representative specimens. BAJURA: Ghodi Lekh, 3300 m (KR Rajbhandari 15166, 16 Aug 1991; KATH!); Chauki Lekh, 4222 m (BSH C62, 18 Aug 2017) fide RBGE (2014). Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Romand-Monnier 2013). Agrostis pendryi Paszko, Phytotaxa 175: 29 (2014). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 224 (2018). Caespitose perennial herbs; culms slender, erect, 8–45 cm. Habitat: Open grassy slopes, streamsides. Distribution: W & C Himalaya (NW India, Nepal). NEPAL: C & E; 3000–4200 m. KSL: Known from upper Mahakali in KSL India. It is likely also to be present in KSL area of Far West Nepal. Representative specimen. UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Barjikang Pass, 4420 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom s.n.; K000838175! image). Agrostis pilosula Trin., Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg, Sér. 6, Sci. Math., Seconde Pt. Sci. Nat. 6(2): 372 (1841). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 120 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 264 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 224 (2018). Agrostis pilosula var. wallichiana (Steud.) Bor; Agrostis pilosula var. alpestris (Hook. f.) Veldkamp; Agrostis royleana Trin.; Agrostis wallichiana Steud.; Calamagrostis jacquemontii Hook. f.; Calamagrostis pilosula (Trin.) Hook. f.; Calamagrostis pilosula var. alpestris Hook. f. Gājyo (ufHof]). Caespitose annual or short-lived perennial herbs; culms erect or ascending, 10–40 cm long. Habitat: Grassy slopes, open moist slopes, cliffs, rock ledges, alpine pasture, open forests, river banks. Distribution: SW Pakistan, Himalaya (Kashmir to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, Peninsular India, Sri Lanka, SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1100–4900 m. KSL: Baitadi, Bajhang, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura; 1400–3900 m [Bageshwar and Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAITADI: Baitadi, 1500 m (I Sharma, R Joshi, R Uprety & I Pandey 643, 22 Aug, NEP-L: 1981; KATH!). BAJHANG: Gangadi, between Rishinri & Talkot, 1550 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 226, 21 Jul 1976; KATH!); Saipal, 3909 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 1815 A, 31 Jul 1976; KATH!). BAJURA: Porakya, 2600 m (KR Rajbhandari 14785, 12 Aug 1991; KATH!). DARCHULA: Khar VDC-2, 1835 m (BB Shrestha, M Pandey & R Chhetri 162, 28 Sept 2015; TUCH!); near Ghusa, 2025 m (SK Ghimire, LR Joshi, B Awasthi & CK Subedi ANCA-19, 23 Oct 2013; TUCH!); opposite Budhi Village, 3048– 3353 m (JF Duthie 6229, 18 Jul 1886; K000032341! image); Thadapani, 3900 m (KM Ghimire & M Adhikari F211, 11 Sept 2015; TUCH!). HUMLA: Above Juma Kharka, 3850 m (PR Shakya, MN Subedi & R Uprety 8737, 18 Aug 1985; KATH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Bageshwar, 1676 m (R Blinkworth, Wallich Cataloue 3775a; syntype of Agrostis wallichiana BM001122921! image); above Namik, 3048 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 5, 1840; P02244299! image). Local abund.: Frequent in Darchula; not known for other regions. Ethnobt. use: In Darchula, the plant is harvested and stored for winter fodder. 144 Andropogon L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1045 (1753). Andropogon munroi C.B. Clarke, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 25: 87, t. 37 (1889). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 266 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 225 (2018). Andropogon hookeri Munro ex Hack.; Andropogon tristis Nees ex Hack.; Cymbopogon hookeri (Munro ex Hack.) Stapf ex Bor; Cymbopogon munroi (C.B. Clarke) Noltie; Cymbopogon tibeticus Bor Caespitose perennial herbs, rhizomatous; culms 30–150 cm high. Habitat: Open slopes, steep rocky slopes, among scrubs, pine forests. Distribution: Himalaya (N India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1200–4000 m. KSL: Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura; 1800–3350 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Talkot–Aagar, 2100 m (KR Rajbhandari 15330, 18 Aug 1991; KATH!). BAJURA: Bashala – Pategaon, 1890 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9170625, 15 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB (2013–2020). DARCHULA: Khar VDC-4, 1845 m (BB Shrestha, M Pandey & R Chhetri D308, 29 Sept 2015; TUCH!); near Ghusa, 2025 m (SK Ghimire, LR Joshi, B Awasthi & CK Subedi 20, 23 Oct 2013; TUCH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Káli Valley, Byáns, 3048–3353 m (JF Duthie 6130, 27 Jul 1886; syntype of A. tristis W 1916-0028554! image); Dhauli Valley, 3048–3353 m (JF Duthie 6136, 6 Aug 1886; K000245815! image). Local abund.: Occasional in Darchula; not known for other regions. Anthoxanthum L., Sp. Pl. 1: 28 (1753). Anthoxanthum hookeri (Griseb.) Rendle, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 36: 380 (1904). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 121 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 267 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 225 (2018). Ataxia hookeri Griseb., Nachr. Königl. Ges. Wiss. Georg-Augusts-Univ. 3: 77 (1868); Hierochloe elongata Hand.Mazz.; Hierochloe hookeri (Griseb.) Maxim. Loosely caespitose perennial herbs; rhizomes short; culms erect or ascending, 20–80 cm long. Habitat: Grassy slopes, dry rocky ridges, cliffs, scrub, open forests. Distribution: C & E Himalaya (Nepal to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, Myanmar, SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1900–4000 m. KSL: Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura; 3100–3500 m. Representative specimens. BAJURA: Ghodi Lekh, 3100 m (KR Rajbhandari 15210, 16 Aug 1991; KATH!). HUMLA: Chankheli Lagna, 3500 m (KR Rajbhandari & B Roy 3884, 25 Jul 1979; KATH!). Anthoxanthum laxum (Hook. f.) Veldkamp, Blumea 30: 348 (1985). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 267 (2017). Hierochloe laxa Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 222 (1896). Dhādadî (wfb8L). Caespitose perennial herbs; culms erect, 20–75 cm high. Habitat: Alpine meadows, open grassy slope, rock ledges, rock cliff. Distribution: Afghanistan, Pakistan, W & C Himalaya (Kashmir to Nepal). NEPAL: W & C; 3000–4200 m. KSL: Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal; 3000–4200 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. NEP-L: 145 Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Between Chaurapani & Dahachaur, 3695 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 2003, 1 Aug 1976; KATH!). DARCHULA: Upper Chameliya Valley, Thadapani, Pilkanda, 4000 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1413, 23 Jul 2015; TUCH!); upper Chameliya, Api Base Camp, Thadapani-Pilkanda, 4200 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Lo, C Thapa & MR Paudeyal ANCA-780, 24 Oct 2014; TUCH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Tola, 3658 m (RC Thakur 728, 15 Jun 1948; L.1211872! image; MICH 1489466! image); Kumaon (R Blinkworth 3796a; lectotype K000032280! image). Local abund.: Frequent in Darchula at high altitudes, nor known for other regions. Apluda L., Sp. Pl. 1: 82 (1753). Apluda mutica L., Sp. Pl. 1: 82 (1753). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 121 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 268 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 226 (2018). Apluda aristata L.; Apluda mutica subsp. aristata (L.) Babu; Apluda varia Hack.; Apluda varia var. aristata (L.) Rendle Phulero (km'n/] f]). NEP: Dānkle khar, Dhalke khar (8f“Sn] v/, 9Ns] v/). ENG: Mauritian grass. Rambling perennial herbs; culms up to about 3 m long, rooting from the lower nodes. Habitat: Open grassy slopes, thickets, along forest margins. Distribution: W Indian Ocean Islands, tropical and subtropical regions in Asia to W Pacific. NEPAL: W, C & E; 65–2800 m. KSL: Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura; 1200–2200 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Aagar – Dhalaun, 2100 m (KR Rajbhandari 15382, 19 Aug 1991; KATH!). NEP-L: BAJURA: Kolti – Birseni, 1400 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9170461, 11 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB (2013–2020); Bashala Gaon to Majpali Gaon, 2000 m (KR Rajbhandari 15041, 15 Aug 1991; KATH!). DARCHULA: Chameliya Valley, Okhal, 1230 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Lo, C Thapa & MR Paudeyal ANCA-832, 28 Oct 2014; TUCH!); Khar VDC, 1865 m (BB Shrestha, M Pandey & R Chhetri 336, 1 Oct 2015; TUCH!); Chameliya Valley, above Janjari, Ghusa VDC, 2125 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Lo, C Thapa & MR Paudeyal ANCA-803, 26 Oct 2014; TUCH!). Local abund.: Frequent in Darchula. Aristida L., Sp. Pl. 1: 82 (1753). Aristida adscensionis L., Sp. Pl. 1: 82 (1753). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 121 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 268 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 226 (2018). Aristida bromoides Kunth; Aristida depressa Retz.; Aristida maritima Steud.; Aristida vulgaris Trin. & Rupr. ENG: Annual bristle grass, Annual three-awn. Caespitose annual herbs; culms slender, erect or geniculately ascending, 10–100 cm. Habitat: Dry slopes, rocky slopes, river banks. Distribution: Tropical to warm temperate regions of the World. NEPAL: W, C & E; 200–2100 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura; 1100–2100 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Aagar – Dhalaun, 2100 m (KR Rajbhandari 15380, 19 Aug 1991; KATH!). BAJURA: Berma – Kolti, 1100 m (KR Rajbhandari 14760, 10 Aug 1991, KATH!). 146 Arthraxon P. Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr. 111 (1812). Arthraxon hispidus (Thunb.) Makino, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 26: 214 (1912). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 269 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 226 (2018). Phalaris hispida Thunb. in J.A. Murray, Syst. Veg., ed 14: 104 (1784); Alectoridia quartiniana A. Rich.; Arthraxon quartinianus (A. Rich.) Nash; Batratherum micans Nees; Andropogon micans (Nees) Steud.; Arthraxon micans (Nees) Hochst.; Arthraxon ciliaris P. Beauv. Jhyāmte-ghāns (‰ofD6]–3f“;). ENG: Jointhead, Hairy jointgrass, Small carpetgrass. Mat-forming annual herbs; culms slender, decumbent, weakly ascending, to 30 cm long. Habitat: Moist places, streamsides, damp meadows, rocky cliffs. Distribution: Tropical Africa, W Indian Ocean Islands, SW & C Asia, tropical and subtropical regions in S Asia, Himalaya, Tibetan Plateau, N & C China to Japan, mainland SE Asia to E Australia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 300–2900 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal; 2000–2100 m. Representative specimen. BAJHANG: Between Talkot & Panalta, 2000–2100 m (HN Qin, P Bhandari, TR NEP: Pandey, BR Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0189, 12 Sept 2017; KATH!, PE!). Arthraxon lancifolius (Trin.) Hochst., Flora 39: 188 (1856). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 121 (1978). Rajbhan-dari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 269 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 227 (2018). Andropogon lancifolius Trin., Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg, Sér. 6, Sci. Math. 2(4): 271 (1832). Chitre-ghāns (lrq]–3f“;). Loosely caespitose mat-forming annual herbs; culms slender, decumbent, 5–30 cm long. Habitat: Grasslands, damp rocky slopes, forest margins. Distribution: Tropical Africa, Arabian Peninsula, tropical and subtropical regions S Asia, Himalaya, SC China, mainland SE Asia to New Guinea. NEPAL: W, C & E; 800–2700 m. KSL: Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal; 1600–2050 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Talkot – Aagar (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F NEP: Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9193768, 18 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB (2013–2020). DARCHULA: Khar VDC-2, 1845 m (BB Shrestha, M Pandey & R Chhetri D56, 26 Sept 2015; TUCH!). Remarks: Records for Pithoragarh fide GMBA (2012–2016). Arthraxon prionodes (Steud.) Dandy in F.W. Andrews, Fl. Pl. Sudan 3: 399 (1956). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 122 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 270 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 227 (2018). Andropogon prionodes Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 383 (1854); Andropogon serrulatus A. Rich. Loosely caespitose rhizomatous perennial herbs; culms stiff, erect or trailing, up to 100 cm long. Habitat: Rocky slopes, sandy or gravelly banks, streamsides, roadsides, open forests. Distribution: E Africa, Arabian Peninsula to Afghanistan, tropical and subtropical regions in S Asia, Himalaya, Tibetan Plateau, C & SE China, mainland SE Asia. NEPAL: W & C; 1100–2500 m. KSL: Known from neighboring Bajura District, Nepal; 1400–2200 m. 147 Representative specimens. BAJURA: Kolti – Birseni, 1390 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9193208, 11 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB (2013–2020); Birseni – Porakya, 2200 m (KR Rajbhandari 14819, 12 Aug 1991; KATH!). Arundinella Raddi, Agrostogr. Bras. 36 (1823). Arundinella nepalensis Trin., Gram. Panic.: 62 (1826). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 122 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 271 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 228 (2018). Acratherum miliaceum Link; Arundinella glabra Hook. & Arn.; Arundinella miliacea (Link) Nees; Arundinella rigida Nees; Arundinella virgata Janowski Phurke khar, Rānî khar (km's]{ v/, /fgL v/). Reed grass. Caespitose perennial herbs, with short, woody rhizomes; culms erect, to 100 cm or more in length. Habitat: Grassland, grassy slopes, thickets, forests, rocky places. Distribution: Tropical Africa, W Indian Ocean Islands, Arabian Peninsula, tropical and subtropical regions in S Asia, Himalaya, Tibetan Plateau, S China, mainland SE Asia to N & E Australia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 200–3900 m. KSL: Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura; 1600–1900 m. Representative specimens. BAJURA: Bashala – Majpani – Pategaon, 1890 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, NEP: ENG: M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9170607, 15 Aug 1991; KATH!, TI). m (BB Shrestha, M Pandey & R Chhetri 324, 30 Sept 2015; TUCH!). DARCHULA: Khar VDC-2, 1580 Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Diop 2020a). Arundinella setosa Trin., Gram. Panic. 63 (1826). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 122 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 272 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 228 (2018). Arundinella bidentata Keng; Arundinella capillaris Hook. f., nom. illeg. superfl.; Arundinella mutica Nees ex Steud.; Arundinella setosa var. esetosa Bor ex S.M. Phillips & S.L. Chen Gājyo (ufHof]). ENG: Reed grass. Caespitose perennial herbs, with short woody rhizomes; culms slender, erect or geniculately ascending, to 100 cm or more in length. Habitat: Open forests, forest margins, open grassland, grassy slopes, margin of paddy fields. Distribution: Tropical and subtropical regions in S Asia, Himalaya, S China, mainland SE Asia to W & N Australia. NEPAL: W, C & E; (500–)1200–2600 m. KSL: Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura; 1500–2600 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Rupatola, 1500–2000 m (HN Qin, P Bhandari, TR Pandey, BR NEP-L: Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0079, 11 Sept 2017; KATH!, PE!); Rosa – Roshila Danda, 2100 m (KR Rajbhandari 15503, 21 Aug 1991, KATH!). BAJURA: Bashala – Majpani – Pategaon, 1890 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9170623, 15 Aug 1991; KATH!, TI). DARCHULA: Chameliya Valley, above Makarigad, Khandeshwari VDC, 1500 m (SK Ghimire, LR Joshi, B Awasthi & CK Subedi ANCA-016, 22 Oct 2013; TUCH!); Chameliya Valley, above 148 Janjari, Ghusa VDC, 2125 m (SK Ghimire, S Thapa, B Awasthi, S Lo, C Thapa & MR Paudeyal ANCA-808, 26 Oct 2014; TUCH!). Remarks: Records for Pithoragarh fide GMBA (2012–2016). Local abund.: Common. Ethnobt. use: The plant is harvested and stored for later use as winter fodder. Arundo L., Sp. Pl. 1: 81 (1753). Arundo donax L., Sp. Pl. 1: 81 (1753). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 123 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 272 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 229 (2018). Arundo bifaria Retz.; Arundo bambusifolia Hook. f.; Arundo bengalensis Retz.; Donax arundinaceus P. Beauv. Thūlo narkat (7"nf] g/s6). Bamboo reed, Giant-reed, Spanish-reed. HIN: Badā nal, Naldurā (a8f gn, gnb'/f). Robust perennial reeds, with creeping woody rhizomes; culms stout, erect, 2–3 m or more in length. Habitat: Damp places, river banks, forests, also thrives in dry habitats. Distribution: Native to tropical and warm temperate regions of the Old World; now widely dispersed into all warmer climates of the world. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1500–2800 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal; 1800–2300 m [also in Uttarakhand, India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Rasa – Roshila Danda, 2100 m (KR Rajbhandari 15506, 21 Aug 1991; NEP: ENG: KATH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaun (JF Duthie 5102, 2 Oct 1885; BM000949274! image). Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Lansdown 2013d). Avena L., Sp. Pl. 1: 79 (1753). Avena fatua L., Sp. Pl. 1: 80 (1753). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 123 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 273 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 229 (2018). Avena fatua var. glabrata Peterm.; Avena fatua var. pilosa Syme; Avena japonica Steud.; Avena sativa var. sericea Hook. f. Jangalî jau (hª\unL hf}). Wild-oat, Spring wild-oat. Annual herbs; culms erect or geniculate at base, 50–150 cm long, unbranched. Habitat: Open places, grassy slopes, wheat fields. Distribution: Native to Macaronesia, Europe, N Africa, subtropical and temperate regions in Asia; introduced and naturalized elsewhere. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1800–3600 m. KSL: Known from Bageshwar District, Uttarakhand in KSL India, and nearby Jumla District, Nepal. It is likely also to be present in KSL area of Far West Nepal. Representative specimen. UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Loharkhet, 1676 m (K Walter 20060, 23 Apr 1948; NCSC NEP: ENG: 00006126! image). Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Rhodes et al. 2016). 149 Axonopus P. Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr. 12 (1812). Axonopus compressus (Sw.) P. Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr. 12 (1812). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 123 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 273 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 229 (2018). Milium compressum Sw., Prodr.: 24 (1788); Paspalum compressum (Sw.) Raspail. (1825), nom. illeg., non Raf (1817); Paspalum depressum Steud.; Paspalum macropodium Steud.; Chapare-jhār (rk/]–emf/). Broad-leaved carpet grass, Dorrington grass. Mat-forming perennial herbs, with creeping stolons; culms decumbent, 15–60 cm long, hairy at nodes. Habitat: Moist places, grassy slopes, fields, roadside. Distribution: Native to Tropical America; widely naturalized elsewhere. NEPAL: W, C & E; 400–2000 m. KSL: Darchula in KSL Nepal; 860 m. Representative specimen. DARCHULA: Khalanga, 860 m (BB Shrestha, M Pandey & R Chhetri 435, 9 Oct 2015; NEP: ENG: TUCH!). Bothriochloa Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 762 (1891). Bothriochloa bladhii (Retz.) S.T. Blake, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland 80: 62 (1969). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 275 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 231 (2018). Andropogon bladhii Retz., Observ. Bot. 2: 27 (1781); Andropogon glaber Roxb.; Andropogon intermedius R. Br.; Andropogon punctatus Roxb.; Bothriochloa glabra (Roxb.) A. Camus; Bothriochloa intermedia (R. Br.) A. Camus; Bothriochloa intermedia var. punctata (Roxb.) Keng ENG: Australian bluestem, Caucasian bluestem. Caespitose perennial herbs with short rhizomes; culms erect, 30–100 cm or more in length. Habitat: Exposed slopes, grassland, rocky slopes, streamsides, swamp margins. Distribution: Africa, W Indian Ocean Islands, SW & C Asia, tropical and subtropical regions in S Asia, N & C China, Japan, mainland SE Asia to Australasia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 200–2600 m. KSL: Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura and Dadeldhura; 900–2300 m. Representative specimens. BAJURA: Kuru, 2285 m (BHS C83, 20 Aug 2017) fide RBGE (2014). DADELDHURA: Gaire, 1800 m (KR Rajbhandari, PM Regmi and KJ Malla 5404, 15 Aug 1980, KATH!, TI! image). DARCHULA: Khar, 1770 m (BB Shrestha, M Pandey & R Chhetri 157, 28 Sept 2015; TUCH!). Bothriochloa ischaemum (L.) Keng, Contr. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soc. China, Bot. Ser. 10: 201 (1936). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 123 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 275 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 231 (2018). Andropogon ischaemum L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1047 (1753); Dichanthium ischaemum (L.) Roberty ENG: Yellow bluestem. Caespitose perennial herbs; culms slender, erect or geniculately ascending, 20–70 cm long. Habitat: Dry rocky and sandy slopes, roadsides, disturbed places, open grasslands. Distribution: Europe, NW Africa, SW & C Asia through Himalaya to China and Korea. NEPAL: W, C & E; 100–3600 m. 150 KSL: Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Mugu; 1800–2700 m. Representative specimens. HUMLA: Pucha, 2650 m (KR Rajbhandari & B Roy 4081, 28 Jul 1979; KATH!). MUGU: Gumgadi – Ruga, 1800 m (KR Rajbhandari & B Roy 3800, 23 Jul 1979; KATH!). Bothriochloa pertusa (L.) A. Camus, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, n.s., 76: 164 (1931). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 123 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 275 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 231 (2018). Holcus pertusus L., Mant. Pl. 2: 301 (1771); Amphilophis pertusa (L.) Nash ex Stapf; Andropogon pertusus (L.) Willd. ENG: Indian couch grass, Pitted beardgrass, Pitted bluestem. Mat-forming perennial herbs, stoloniferous; culms erect or geniculately ascending, 30–60 cm long. Habitat: Grassy slopes, disturbed ground. Distribution: W Indian Ocean Islands, SW Asia, tropical and subtropical regions in S Asia, S China, mainland SE Asia to W Pacific. NEPAL: W, C & E; 200–3800 m. KSL: Humla in KSL Nepal; 2400 m. Representative specimen. HUMLA: Rimi Gaon, 2400 m (KR Rajbhandari & B Roy 4012, 27 Jul 1979; KATH!). Brachypodium P. Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr. : 100 (1812). Brachypodium pinnatum (L.) P. Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr.: 101, 155 (1812). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 124 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 278 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 232 (2018). Bromus pinnatus L., Sp. Pl. 1: 78 (1753); Agropyron pinnatum (L.) Chevall. ENG: False bromegrass, Heath falsebrome, Tor-grass. Caespitose perennial herbs; rhizomes slender, spreading; culms erect, up to 120 cm long. Habitat: Grassy slopes. Distribution: NW Africa, Europe, SW & N Asia, Himalaya (N India, Nepal), Tibetan Plateau, SC China to Mongolia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1800–3800 m. KSL: Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal; 2000–2100 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Talkot – Aagar, 2100 m (KR Rajbhandari 15268, 18 Aug 1991; KATH!). DARCHULA: Khar-7, 2060 m (BB Shrestha, M Pandey and R Chhetri 245, 30 Sept 2015; TUCH!). Brachypodium sylvaticum (Huds.) P. Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr.: 101, 155 (1812). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 124 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 278 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 233 (2018). Festuca sylvatica Huds., Fl. Angl. 1: 38 (1762); Brachypodium sylvaticum var. khasianum Hook. f.; Brachypodium sylvaticum var. longe-aristatum Hook. f.; Brachypodium sylvaticum var. luzoniense (Hack.) H. Hara; Brachypodium sylvaticum var. pseudodistachyon Hook. f. ENG: False brome, False wood brome, Slender false brome. Caespitose perennial herbs; culms slender to stout, erect or geniculately ascending, 30–100 cm long. Habitat: Forests, open slopes among bushes, grassy and rocky slopes, grazed meadows. Distribution: Macaronesia, Europe, N Africa, tropical to temperate regions in Asia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1200–4000 m. 151 KSL: Bajhang, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura; 1500–2900 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Trail from Budkhori to Dhahidunga Kharka, 2829 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20913102, 12 Jul 2009; E00509688, KATH!). BAJURA: Birseni – Porakya, 2000 m (KR Rajbhandari 14878, 12 Aug 1991; KATH!). DARCHULA: Thin – Dandap, 2500 m (KR Rajbhandari & KJ Malla 5671, 28 Aug 1980; KATH!). HUMLA: Durpa – Simikot, 2300 m (KR Rajbhandari & B Roy 4160, 30 Jul 1979; KATH!); Melchham, 2500 m (KR Rajbhandari & B Roy 4069, 28 Jul 1979; KATH!). UTTRARAKHAND (INDIA): Dhauli Valley, Kumaon, 2743–2438 m (JF Duthie 6227, 7 Aug 1886; K000913805! image). Briza L., Sp. Pl. 1: 70 (1753). Briza media L., Sp. Pl. 1: 70 (1753). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 124 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 278 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 233 (2018). Poa media (L.) Cav. ENG: Perennial quaking grass. Caespitose perennial herbs with short rhizomes; culms erect, slender, 40–60 cm long. Habitat: Alpine meadows, grassland, abong shrubs in grassland. Distribution: Europe, N Africa, SW Asia, N Asia (Russia), Himalaya (Kashmir to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, SC China, Japan. NEPAL: W, C & E; (100–)800–4000 m. KSL: Bajhang, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura; 3100–3800 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG/BAJURA: Pategaon – Ghodi Lehk Deorali – Badigaon, 3100 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9170689, 16 Aug 1991; TI! image); Ghodi Lekh, 3300 m (KR Rajbhandari 15109, 16 Aug 1991; KATH!). DARCHULA: Kalidhunga, 3800 m (KM Ghimire & M Adhikari F203, 10 Sept 2015; TUCH!). HUMLA: Chankheli Langa, 3500 m (KR Rajbhandari & B Roy 3886, 25 Jul 1979; KATH!). Bromus L., Sp. Pl. 1: 76 (1753). Bromus himalaicus Stapf in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 358 (1896). Melderis in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 125 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 279 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 233 (2018). Bromopsis himalaica (Stapf) Holub; Zerna himalaica (Stapf) Henrard ENG: Himalayan brome. Loosely caespitose perennial herbs; culms erect, 25–80 cm long. Habitat: Forest margins, grassy slopes, alpine meadows, rocky slopes. Distribution: C & E Himalaya (Nepal to NE India), Tibetan Plateau, SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 2900–4000 m. KSL: Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura; 2900–3900 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Chimnya, way to Kalapani, NE of Dhalun, 2900-3200 (HN Qin, P Bhandari, TR Pandey, BR Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0504, 16 Sept 2017; KATH!, PE!). BAJURA: Ghodi Lekh, 3300 m (KR Rajbhandari 15121, 16 Aug 1991, KATH). DARCHULA: Upper Chameliya Valley, 152 Pilkanda, Lolu, 3800 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1446, 26 Jul 2015; TUCH!); upper Chameliya Valley, Gauchhalighol, Pilkanda, 3850 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1479, 27 Jul 2015; TUCH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Near Ralam, Kumaon (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 2; CAL) fide BSI (2021). Local abund.: Occasional to frequent. Bromus japonicus Houtt., Nat. Hist. 2(13): 315 (1782). Melderis in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 125 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 279 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 233 (2018). Bromus patulus Mert. & W.D.J. Koch ENG: Japanese brome. Caespitose annual herbs; culms erect or geniculately ascending, 35–75 cm long. Habitat: Rocky slopes, open grassy slopes, forest margins. Distribution: Europe, N Africa, W & C Asia to Russia, Afghanistan to E Himalaya, Tibetan Plateau, N & C China, Mongolia, NE Asia. NEPAL: W & C; 3600–4200 m. KSL: Known from Pulan Xian, SW Xizang in KSL China; and neighboring Doti District, Nepal. It is likely also to be present in KSL area of Nepal. Representative specimens. DOTI (NEPAL): Bag Lekh (Bis Ram 410, 15 May 1929, BM) fide Rajbhandari & Rai (2017). XIZANG (CHINA): Pulan Xian, 30.29° N 81.17° E (Qinghai-Tibet team vegetation group 6751748, 1976; PE) fide Kong & Yang (2019). Bromus porphyranthos Cope, Fl. Pakistan 143: 574 (1982). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 279 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 233 (2018). Bromus grandis (Stapf) Melderis; Bromus himalaicus Stapf var. grandis Stapf Loosely caespitose perennial herbs; culms erect or geniculately ascending, 35–75 cm long. Habitat: Grassy slopes, meadows. Distribution: NW Pakistan, Himalaya (N India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 2800–5000 m. KSL: Bajhang, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal; 3600–5000 m [Pithoragarh District, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Saipal, 4570 m (JEM Arnold 99, 19 Aug 1954; BM) fide Rajbhandari & Rai (2017). DARCHULA: Below Kalidhunga Tal, 4100 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Lo, C Thapa & MR Paudeyal ANCA-786, 24 Oct 2014; TUCH!). HUMLA: Chungsa Valley, Dharmashala, 4300 m (SK Ghimire, LR Joshi, A Paudel, S Lo, P Subedi, C Thapa & S Lama CHH-1051, 1 Sept 2012; TUCH!); Chungsa Valley, Nyalu La, 5010 m (SK Ghimire, LR Joshi, A Paudel, S Lo, P Subedi, C Thapa & S Lama CHH-1199, 6 Sept 2012; TUCH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Ralam, Kumaon, 3658 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom s.n.; type of Bromus himalaicus Stapf var. grandis K000032407! image). Local abund.: Occasional. Bromus staintonii Melderis in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 125 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 279 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 233 (2018). Bromus staintonii var. pilosiusculus Melderis Loosely caespitose perennial herbs, with short rhizome; culms erect, decumbent at base, 70–150 cm. 153 Habitat: Forests, grassy slopes. Distribution: Himalaya (N India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau. NEPAL: W, C & E; 2100–3800 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura; 3100 m. Representative specimen. BAJURA & BAJHANG: Pategaon – Ghodi Lekh Deurali – Badigaon, 3100 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9170692, 16 Aug 1991; TI! image). Bromus tectorum L., Sp. Pl. 1: 77 (1753). Melderis in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 125 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 280 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 233 (2018). Bromus australis R. Br.; Festuca tectorum (L.) Jess.; Schedonorus tectorum (L.) Fr. ENG: Drooping brome. Solitary or caespitose annual herbs; culms erect or geniculately ascending, 10–50 cm long. Habitat: Dry grassy slopes, riverside sandy places, roadsides, cultivated fields. Distribution: Europe, N Africa, W & C Asia, Afghanistan to E Himalaya, Tibetan Plateau, N & C China, Mongolia. NEPAL: W & C; 3100–4400 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal; 2000 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Bauli Gad, 2000 m (JF Dobremez 2044, 4 May 1973; BM011029385! image, E00656024); Dhuli [interpreted] (A Maire 943, 14 May 1973; E00656023). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon, Kali Valley, Byans (JF Duthie 6138, 17 Jul 1886; BM011029390! image). Calamagrostis Adans., Fam. Pl. 2: 31, 530 (1763). Calamagrostis abnormis (Hook. f.) U. Shukla, Grasses N.-East India: 45 (1996). Deyeuxia abnormis Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India. 7: 268 (1896); Agrostis petelotii (Hitchc.) Noltie; Aulacolepis petelotii Hitchc.; Calamagrostis petelotii (Hitchc.) Govaerts; Deyeuxia petelotii (Hitchc.) S.M. Phillips & Wen L. Chen Caespitose perennial herbs; culms slender, ascending, often scrambling, 30–50 cm or more in length. Habitat: Grasslands, open blue pine forests, roadsides. Distribution: C & E Himalaya (Nepal to NE India), SC China, Vietnam. NEPAL: W, C & E; 2000–3600 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal; 2000 m. Representative specimen. BAJHANG: Jimkot – Khaptad, 2000 m (KR Rajbhandari 15592, 26 Aug 1991; KATH) fide Rajbhandari & Rai (2017). Calamagrostis emodensis Griseb., Nachr. Königl. Ges. Wiss. Georg-Augusts-Univ. 3: 80 (1868). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 126 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 280 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 234 (2018). Calamagrostis garhwalensis C.E. Hubb. & Bor Caespitose perennial herbs, with elongated rhizomes; culms stout, erect, to 100 cm or more in length. Habitat: Stream banks, landslide areas. 154 Distribution: Pakistan, Himalaya (NW India to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, C China, N Myanmar. NEPAL: W, C & E; 2300–4100 m. KSL: Known from Pithoragarh (Darma Valley, Lingurani, and Milam Glacier area), Uttarakhand in KSL India; 2300–3500 m. It is likely also to be present in Darchula, Nepal. Remarks: Records for Uttarakhand fide GMBA (2012–2016). Calamagrostis holciformis Jaub. & Spach, Ill. Pl. Orient. 4: 61, t. 340 (1851). Rajbhandari in Rajbhandari & Baral, Cat. Nepal. Fl. Pl. 1: 109 (2010). Calamagrostis compacta (Munro ex Hook. f.) Hack. ex Paulsen; Deyeuxia compacta Munro ex Hook. f.; Deyeuxia holciformis (Jaub. & Spach) Bor Caespitose perennial herbs, rhizomatous; culms erect, 5–30 cm long. Habitat: Grassy slopes. Distribution: C Asia, Afghanistan, Pakistan, W & C Himalaya (NW India, Nepal), N & C China. NEPAL: W & C; 3600–4400 m. KSL: Pulan Xian, SW Xizang in KSL China. It is likely also to be present in Humla, Nepal. Representative specimen. XIZANG (CHINA): Pulan Xian, 30.29° N 81.17° E (Qinghai-Tibet team vegetation group 6736743, 1976; PE) fide Kong & Yang (2019). Calamagrostis lahulensis G. Singh, Taxon 33: 94 (1984). Noltie, Fl. Bhutan 3(2): 613 (2000). Rajbhandari in Rajbhandari & Baral, Cat. Nepal. Fl. Pl. 1: 109 (2010). Calamagrostis pulchella Griseb. (1868), nom. illeg., non Saut. ex Rchb. (1830); Deyeuxia pulchella Hook. f.; Deyeuxia pulchella var. laxa P.C. Kuo & S.L. Lu Densely caespitose perennial herbs; rhizomes slender, spreading; culms erect, 10–40 cm long. Habitat: Forests, thickets, alpine meadows, open places. Distribution: Himalaya (NW India to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 2200–5200 m. KSL: Bajhang, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura and Mugu; 2500– 4400 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India; Pulan Xian, SW Xizang in KSL China]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Trial from Budkhori to Dhahidunga Kharka, 3253 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20913114, 12 Jul 2009; KATH!); Saipal, 3909 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 1816, 31 Jul 1976; KATH!); Aletsoura, near Saipal, 4333 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 1917, 31 Jul 1976; KATH!). DARCHULA: Thin – Dandap, 2500 m (KR Rajbhandari & KJ Malla 5669, 28 Aug 1980; KATH!); Nampa Gad, 3000 m (KR Rajbhandari & KJ Malla 5748, 30 Aug 1980; KATH!). HUMLA/MUGU: Chankheli Lagna, 3550 m (KR Rajbhandari & B Roy 3872, 25 Jul 1979, KATH!); Chankheli Lagna, 3550 m (KR Rajbhandari & B Roy 3887, 25 Jul 1979; TI 10004070! image). MUGU: Ghurchi – Chuchamara Danda, 3400 m (KR Rajbhandari & B Roy 3602, 19 Jul 1979; TI 10004023! image). XIZANG (CHINA): Pulan Xian, 30.29° N 81.17° E (Qinghai-Tibet team vegetation group 5228791, 1976; PE) fide Kong & Yang (2019). Calamagrostis nivicola (Hook. f.) Hand.-Mazz., Symb. Sin. 7: 1299 (1936). Noltie, Fl. Bhutan 3(2): 613 (2000). Rajbhandari in Rajbhandari & Baral, Cat. Nepal. Fl. Pl. 1: 110 (2010). Deyeuxia nivicola Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 267 (1896). Caespitose perennial herbs; rhizomes spreading; culms slender, erect or ascending, 5–20 cm long. 155 Habitat: Grassy and stony mountain slopes. Distribution: C & E Himalaya (Nepal to NE India), Tibetan Plateau, SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 3900–5700 m. KSL: Humla in KSL Nepal; 4300 m. Representative specimen. HUMLA: Chungsa Valley, Dharmashala, below Seliman Tsho, 4310 m (SK Ghimire, LR Joshi, A Paudel, S Lo, P Subedi, C Thapa & S Lama CHH-1132, 2 Sept 2012; TUCH!). Local abund.: Occasional. Calamagrostis pseudophragmites (Haller f.) Koeler, Descr. Gramin.: 106 (1802). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 126 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 281 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 234 (2018). Arundo pseudophragmites Haller f., Arch. Bot. (Leipzig) 1(2): 11 (1796); Calamagrostis littorea (Schrad.) P. Beauv. var. tartarica Hook. f.; Calamagrostis nepalensis Nees ex Steud.; Calamagrostis pseudophragmites subsp. tartarica (Hook. f.) Tzvelev Caespitose perennial herbs; rhizomes spreading; culms stout, erect, 25–100 cm or more in length. Habitat: Damp grassy slopes, damp rocky slopes, along streams, sandy river banks, edges of crop fields. Distribution: Europe, subtropical and temperate regions in Asia (Turkey to Japan and Russia). NEPAL: W, C & E; 1500–4600 m. KSL: Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]; 1800–3600 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Trail from Ghodadaune to Lokhada, Khaptad National Park, 2559 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20913045, 3 Jul 2009; E, KATH!). DARCHULA: Kuntisau, 2550 m (KR Rajbhandari & KJ Malla 5689, 29 Aug 1980; KATH!); Dhaulo Odhar, 3610 m (KM Ghimire & M Adhikari F200, 10 Sept 2015; TUCH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon, Bona, 1830 m (RC Thakur 823, 28 Jun 1948; US 04032404! image); Kumaon, Dar 2135 m (WN Koelz 21006, 7 Jul 1948; US 00990430! image); Kumaon, Budi, 2440 m (WN Koelz 21261, 22 Jul 1948; US 00990431! image). Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Akhani 2014a). Calamagrostis scabrescens Griseb., Nachr. Königl. Ges. Wiss. Georg-Augusts-Univ. 3: 79 (1868). Noltie, Fl. Bhutan 3(2): 615 (2000). Rajbhandari in Rajbhandari & Baral, Cat. Nepal. Fl. Pl. 1: 110 (2010). Calamagrostis scabrescens Griseb. var. humilis Griseb.; Deyeuxia scabrescens (Griseb.) Munro ex Duthie; Deyeuxia scabrescens var. humilis (Griseb.) Hook. f.; Caespitose perennial herbs, rhizomatous; culms stout, erect, 50–150 cm long. Habitat: Grassy slopes, among shrubs, riverside gravel. Distribution: Pakistan, Himalaya (NW India to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, Myanmar, C China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 2400–4700 m. KSL: Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura; 3100–4700 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India; and Pulan Xian, SW Xizang in KSL China]. Representative specimens. BAJURA & BAJHANG: Pategaon – Ghodi Lekh Deurali – Badigaon, 3100 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9170699, 16 Aug 1991; KATH!, TI). BAJURA: Godilekh, 3333 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 2434, 13 Aug 1976; KATH!). DARCHULA: Thadapani, 3810 m (KM Ghimire & M Adhikari F208, 13 Sept 2015; TUCH!); Chameliya, Gauchhalighol, 3950 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Lo, C Thapa & MR 156 Paudeyal ANCA-746, 26 Oct 2014; TUCH!). XIZANG (CHINA): Pulan Xian, 30.29° N 81.17° E (QinghaiTibet team vegetation group 6238606, 1976; PE) fide Kong & Yang (2019). Capillipedium Stapf in Prain, Fl. Trop. Africa. 9: 169 (1917). Capillipedium assimile (Steud.) A. Camus in P.H. Lecomte et al., Fl. Indo-Chine 7: 314 (1922). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 126 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 281 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 234 (2018). Andropogon assimilis Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 397 (1854); Andropogon glaucopsis Steud.; Andropogon subrepens Steud.; Capillipedium glaucopsis (Steud.) Stapf; Capillipedium subrepens (Steud.) Henrard; Dichanthium assimile (Steud.) Deshp. Muse khar, Muse kharukî, Hātî-khurkî (d';] v/, d';] v?sL, xftL–v'sL{). Straggling perennial herbs; culms stout, decumbent, 1–3 m long, woody at base, branched. Habitat: Grassy and rocky slopes, streamside, forests, roadside. Distribution: Tropical and subtropical regions in Asia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 200–2200 m. KSL: Darchula in KSL Nepal; 1700–1800 m. Representative specimens. DARCHULA: Khar VDC-2, 1775 m (BB Shrestha, M Pandey & R Chhetri 318, 28 NEP: Sept 2015; TUCH!); Dumli, Rapla, 1800 m (KR Rajbhandari & KJ Malla 5891, 22 Sept 1982, KATH!). Capillipedium parviflorum (R. Br.) Stapf in Oliver et al., Fl. Trop. Africa 9: 169 (1917). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 126 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 281 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 234 (2018). Holcus parviflorus R. Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland.: 199 (1810); Anatherum parviflorum (R. Br.) Spreng.; Andropogon alternans J. Presl; Andropogon micranthus Kunth; Bothriochloa parviflora (R. Br.) Ohwi ENG: Golden-beard, Scented top. Caespitose perennial herbs; culms slender, erect or ascending, 50–150 cm long, unbranched. Habitat: Forest margins, open grassy slopes, streamsides. Distribution: Africa, tropical to warm temperate regions in Asia, N & E Australia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 150–3200 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal; 2200–3200 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Aagar – Dhalaun, 2200 m (KR Rajbhandari 15375, 19 Aug 1991; KATH!); on the way to Deurali from Dhalun, 2500–3200 m (HN Qin, P Bhandari, TR Pandey, BR Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0415, 15 Sept 2017; KATH!, PE!). Catabrosella (Tzvelev) Tzvelev, Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 50: 1320 (1965). Catabrosella himalaica (Hook. f.) Tzvelev, Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 3: 32 (1966). Phippsia himalaica Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 240 (1896); Catabrosa himalaica (Hook. f.) Stapf; Colpodium himalaicum (Hook. f.) Bor; Colpodium subspicatum Hack. ex Stapf Densely caespitose perennial herbs; rhizomes short; culms erect or ascending, 5–30 cm long. Habitat: Grassy slopes, stony or sandy slopes, glaciar moraine. Distribution: Afghanistan, Pakistan, W & C Himalaya (NW India, Nepal). NEPAL: ?W & C; 4400–4500 m. KSL: Known from Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India; 4400–4700 m. It is likely also to be 1 157 present in KSL area of Far West Nepal. Representative specimen. UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Barjikang Pass, 4420 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 2; CAL, K000032215! image). Cenchrus L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1049 (1753). Cenchrus americanus (L.) Morrone, Ann. Bot. (Oxford) 106: 127 (2010). Panicum americanum L., Sp. Pl. 1: 56 (1753); Panicum glaucum L.; Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke; Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.; Pennisetum spicatum (L.) Körn.; Setaria glauca (L.) P. Beauv. NEP: ENG: Bhāle banso (efn] aG;f]). Pearl millet. HIN: Bājrā (afh/f). Annual herbs; culms stout, erect. Habitat: Cultivated for grain and forage; also escaped from cultivation. Distribution: Originated in Africa; introduced into Asia, Australasia, N & S America. NEPAL: W, C & E; 900–2600 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal; 1600–2600 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Badigaon – Talkot, 1660–2230 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9193743, 17 Aug 1991; Setaria glauca TI) fide SHB (2013–2020); Aagar – Dhalaun, 2600 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9192480, 19 Aug 1991; Setaria glauca TI) fide SHB (2013–2020). Remarks: Distribution records for Uttarakhand fide FES (2003). Cenchrus flaccidus (Griseb.) Morrone, Ann. Bot. (Oxford) 106: 128 (2010). Pennisetum flaccidum Griseb., Nachr. Königl. Ges. Wiss. Georg-Augusts-Univ. 3: 86 (1868). Biralchhe (la/N5]). Flaccidgrass, Himalayan fountain grass. Caespitose perennial herbs; rhizomes long creeping; culms erect, 30–100 cm long, branched near base. Habitat: Grassy slopes, open rocky places, field margins. Distribution: W & C Asia, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Himalaya (N India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, N & E China, Mongolia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 900–4300 m. KSL: Bajhang, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura; 1200–3500 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India; and Pulan Xian, SW Xizang in KSL China]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Talkot – Aagar, 1900 m (KR Rajbhandari 15279, 18 Aug 1991; KATH!). NEP-L: ENG: BAJURA: Kuru, 2285 m (BSH C71, 20 Aug 2017) fide RBGE (2014). DARCHULA: Chameliya Valley, Okhal, 1230 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Lo, C Thapa & MR Paudeyal ANCA-833, 28 Oct 2014; TUCH!); Khar VDC-2, 2060 m (BB Shrestha, M Pandey & R Chhetri 340, 29 Sept 2015; TUCH!); Tinkar, 3500 m (KR Rajbhandari & KJ Malla 5779, 1 Sept 1980; KATH!). HUMLA: Pucha, 2700 m (KR Rajbhandari & B Roy 4075, 28 Jul 1979; KATH!). XIZANG (CHINA): Pulan Xian, 30.29° N 81.17° E (Qinghai-Tibet team vegetation group 5178434, 1976; PE) fide Kong & Yang (2019). Remarks: Records for Uttarakhand fide FES (2003). Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Allen 2018). 158 Cenchrus orientalis (Rich.) Morrone, Ann. Bot. (Oxford) 106: 128 (2010). Pennisetum orientale Rich. in Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 72 (1805); Panicum orientale (Rich.) Willd.; Pennisetum triflorum Nees ex Steud. ENG: Oriental fountain grass. Caespitose perennial herbs; rhizomes short; culms woody, erect or ascending, 20–100 cm long. Habitat: Shrubland, grassland, dry rocky areas, roadside. Distribution: N Africa, W & C Asia, Afghanistan, tropical and subtropical regions in S Asia, Himalaya (Kashmir to Bhutan), mainland SE Asia. NEPAL: W & C; 700–2200 m. KSL: Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal; 1000–2200 m [Pithoragarh and neighboring Almora District, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Chainpur, 1350 m (KR Rajbhandari 15550, 24 Aug 1991; KATH!); trail from Dhahidunga Kharka to Pasela, 2179 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20913145, 15 Jul 2009; E00509670, KATH!). DARCHULA: Darchula–Huti, 1000 m (KR Rajbhandari & KJ Malla 5540, 24 Aug 1980; KATH!); Khar-2, 1775 m (BB Shrestha, M Pandey & R Chhetri 319, 29 Sept 2015; TUCH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Dar, Kumaon (W Koelz 21005, 7 Jul 1948; K000731204); Almora, Kumaon, 1675 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom s.n.; Pennisetum triflorum BM012549760! image). Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Rhodes & Maxted 2017). Chrysopogon Trin., Fund. Agrost. 187 (1820). Chrysopogon aciculatus (Retz.) Trin., Fund. Agrost.: 188 (1820). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 126 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 283 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 236 (2018). Andropogon aciculatus Retz., Observ. Bot. 5: 22 (1789). Kurre-ghāns (s'/–]{ 3f“;). Golden false beardgrass, Lovegrass, Mackie's pest. Mat-forming perennial herbs; culms erect or ascending. Habitat: Grasslands. Distribution: Africa, W Indian Ocean Islands, tropical and subtropical regions in Asia to Pacific. NEPAL: W, C & E; 100–1800 m. KSL: Known from Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India. It is likely also to be present in KSL area of Far West Nepal. NEP: ENG: Remarks: Records for Uttarakhand fide Duthie (1906) and FES (2003). Chrysopogon gryllus (L.) Trin., Fund. Agrost.: 188 (1820). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 126 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 284 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 236 (2018). Andropogon gryllus L., Cent. Pl. II: 33 (1756); Andropogon echinulatus Steud.; Andropogon glabratus (Trin.) Steud.; Andropogon gryllus subsp. echinulatus (Nees) Hack.; Andropogon royleanus Steud.; Chrysopogon echinulatus (Nees) W. Watson; Chrysopogon glabratus Trin.; Chrysopogon royleanus (Steud.) W.Watson Gājyo (ufHof]). NEP: Dhāple-ghāns, Patapate khar (wfKn]–3f“;, k6k6] v/). Tussock-forming perennial herbs; culms erect, 50–150 cm long, unbranched. NEP-L: 159 Habitat: Grassy slopes, rock banks, cliffs, along trail. Distribution: S Europe, N Africa, W Asia, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Himalaya (Kashmir to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, SC China, mainland SE Asia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 250–2900 m. KSL: Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura; 1500–2500 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Between Talkot & Panalta, 2000–2100 m (HN Qin, P Bhandari, TR Pandey, BR Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0191, 12 Sept 2017; KATH!, PE!). BAJURA: Majpali – Pategaon, 1900 m (KR Rajbhandari 15099, 15 Aug 1991, KATH!). DARCHULA: Khar VDC-2, 1780 m (BB Shrestha, M Pandey & R Chhetri 325, 29 Sept 2015; TUCH!); Lower Chameliya Valley, above Janjari, Ghusa VDC, 2125 m (SK Ghimire, S Thapa, B Awasthi, S Lo, C Thapa & MR Paudeyal ANCA-801, 26 Oct 2014; TUCH!). Remarks: Records for Uttarakhand (B Dickoré [Coll. MSB]) fide GMBA (2012–2016). Local abund.: Frequent. Chrysopogon serrulatus Trin., Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg, Sér. 6, Sci. Math. 2: 318 (1832). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 127 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 284 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 236 (2018). Andropogon coeruleus Steud.; Andropogon monticola Roem. & Schult. var. trinii (Steud.) Hook. f.; Andropogon trinii Steud.; Chrysopogon fulvus (Spreng.) Chiov. var. serrulatus (Trin.) R.R. Stewart Caespitose perennial herbs; culms robust, erect, to 150 cm or more in length, branched below. Habitat: Open slopes in pine forests, grassy slopes, dry cliff walls. Distribution: E & S Africa, Madagaskar, SW Asia, tropical and subtropical regions in S Asia, mainland SE Asia to Indonesia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 200–1500 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal; 1500 m [also in Almora, Uttarakhand, India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Bajhang, 1500 m (LP Kattel 1218, 13 Sept 1982; KATH). UTTARAKHAND [INDIA]: Almora, Kumaon, 1676 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 1; K000245837! image). Cymbopogon Spreng., Pl. Min. Cogn. Pug. 2: 14 (1815). Cymbopogon distans (Nees ex Steud.) W. Watson in Atkins., Gaz. N.W. Prov. India 10: 392 (1882). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 127 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 286 (2017). Andropogon distans Nees ex Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 387 (1854). Caespitose perennial herbs, shortly rhizomatous; culms erect or ascending, up to 100 cm long. Habitat: Open dry rocky places, open grassy slopes, dry river banks. Distribution: NW Pakistan to C Nepal, Tibetan Plateau, C China. NEPAL: W & C; 1400–3500 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal; 2000 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Talkot – Aagar, 2000 m (KR Rajbhandari 15354A, 18 Aug 1991; KATH!). UTTARAKHAND [INDIA]: Kumaon, near Bhim Tal, 1219–1524 m (Duthie 5059, 4 Oct 1885; BM012551313! image). Remarks: Records for Pithoragarh fide FES (2003). 160 Cymbopogon jwarancusa (Jones) Schult., Mant. 2: 458 (1824), "iwarancusa". Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 127 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 286 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 238 (2018). Andropogon jwarancusa Jones, Asiat. Res. 4: 109 (1795); Andropogon himalayensis Gand. (1899), nom. illeg., non Steud. (1854) Kāgatî-ghāns, Sotî-ghāns (sfutL–3f“;, ;f]tL–3f“;). ENG: Karnkusa grass. Caespitose perennial herbs, shortly rhizomatous; culms erect or ascending, 30–150 cm long. Habitat: Grassy slopes, dry valleys, open places, forests. Distribution: Tropical S Asia, Himalaya, Tibetan Plateau, SC China, Vietnam. NEPAL: W, C & E; 200–2400 m. KSL: Known from Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India. It is likely also to be present in KSL area of Far West Nepal. Remarks: Records for Uttarakhand (B Dickoré [Coll. MSB]) fide GMBA (2012–2016). NEP: Cymbopogon pendulus (Nees ex Steud.) W. Watson in Atkins., Gaz. N.W. Prov. India 10: 392 (1882). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 127 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 287 (2017). Andropogon pendulus Nees ex Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 388 (1854). Pirre-ghāns, Pirre khar (lk/]{–3f“;, lk/]{ v/). Caespitose perennial herbs, with short rhizome; culms erect, robust, up to 150 cm long. Habitat: Open, dry grassy slopes. Distribution: Himalaya (N India, Nepal, Bhutan), Bangladesh, Myanmar, SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 100–3500 m. KSL: Darchula in KSL Nepal; 1845 m. Representative specimen. DARCHULA: Khar VDC-5, 1845 m (BB Shrestha, M Pandey & R Chhetri 363, 30 NEP: Sept 2015; TUCH!). Cymbopogon pospischilii (K. Schum.) C.E. Hubb., Kew Bull. 4: 175 (1949). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 287 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 238 (2018). Andropogon pospischilii K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 24: 328 (1897); Andropogon nardus L. var. stracheyi Hook. f.; Cymbopogon stracheyi (Hook. f.) Raizada & S.K. Jain ENG: Bitter turpentine grass. Densely caespitose perennial herbs; culms wiry, erect or geniculately ascending, 50–100 cm long. Habitat: Dry grassy and stony slopes, mixed forests. Distribution: E & S Africa, Arabian Peninsula, Afghanistan, Pakistan, W & C Himalaya (Kashmir to Nepal), Tibetan Plateau, SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 900–3400 m. KSL: Bajhang, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal [also in Almora, Uttarakhand, India]; 1800– 2600 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Talkot – Aagar, 2100 m (KR Rajbhandari 15345, 18 August 1991; KATH!). DARCHULA: Dumli Rapla, 1800 m (KR Rajbhandari & KJ Malla 5892, 22 Sept 1982; KATH!). HUMLA: Between Kermi & Dharapori, 2500 m (SK Ghimire, LR Joshi, A Paudel, S Lo, P Subedi, C Thapa & 161 S Lama CHH-1411, 15 Sept 2012; TUCH!). UTTARAKHAND [INDIA]: Almora, Kalinath, Kumaon, 1830 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 4; isosyntype of Andropogon nardus var. stracheyi BR0000006864705! image). Cymbopogon schoenanthus (L.) Spreng., Pl. Min. Cogn. Pug. 2: 15 (1815). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 127 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 287 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 239 (2018). Andropogon schoenanthus L., Sp. Pl.: 1046 (1753). ENG: Camel grass, West Indian lemon grass. Caespitose perennial herbs; culms 30–120 cm long. Habitat: Grassy slopes. Distribution: N Africa, Arabian Peninsula to SW India, Himalaya (Nepal). NEPAL: W & C; 250–3000 m. KSL: Known from neighboring Doti District, Nepal; 1500 m. Representative specimen. DOTI: Above Silgadi on trail to Khaptad, 1513 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20911001, 29 Jun 2009; E00623977; KATH). Cynodon Rich. in Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 85 (1805). Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 85 (1805). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 128 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 288 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 239 (2018). Panicum dactylon L., Sp. Pl. 1: 58 (1753). Dûbo (b"af]). Bermuda grass, Common quick grass, Couch grass. HIN: Dûb (b"a). SAN: Dûrvā (b"jf{). Mat-forming stoloniferous perennial herbs; culms slender, geniculately ascending, up to 40 cm long. Habitat: Grasslands, open grounds, roadsides, field margins. Distribution: Tropical to warm temperate regions of the World. NEPAL: W, C & E; 100–3000 m. KSL: Baitadi, Bajhang, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal; 600–2700 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Trail from Thalara to Budkhori, Lekgaun VDC, 2501 m (H Ikeda, S NEP-L/NEP: ENG: Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20913097, 11 Jul 2009; E, KATH!). DARCHULA: Khar VDC-4, 1840 m (BB Shrestha, M Pandey & R Chhetri 337P, 26 Sept 2015; TUCH!). HUMLA: Humla Karnali, between Dharapori & Simikot, 2100 m (SK Ghimire, A Paudel, L Joshi, S Lama, P Subedi & C Thapa CHH-1826, 16 Sept 2012; TUCH!). Local abund.: Frequent to common at lower elevations. Ethnobt. use: Plant is culturally important, offered in different religious functons. The whole plant is also used medicinally to treat indigestion and intestinal worms. Cyrtococcum Stapf in Prain, Fl. Trop. Africa. 9: 15 (1917). Cyrtococcum patens (L.) A. Camus, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 27: 118 (1921). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 128 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 288 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 239 (2018). Panicum patens L., Sp. Pl. 1: 58 (1753). 162 Mat-forming perennial herbs; culms decumbent, 10–45 cm long. Habitat: Moist grasslands, forests, disturbed places. Distribution: Tropical and subtropical regions in Asia to W Pacific. NEPAL: W, C & E; 100–1900 m. KSL: Darchula in KSL Nepal, and nearby Dadeldhura; 700–1850 m. Representative specimens. DADELDHURA: Lipha – Jogbudha, 700 m (KR Rajbhandari, S Bhattarai, I Sharma & R Joshi 7052, 17 Jan 1983; KATH!). DARCHULA: Khar-2, 1840 m (BB Shrestha, M Pandey & R Chhetri 452, 30 Sept 2015; TUCH!). Dactylis L., Sp. Pl. 1: 71 (1753). Dactylis glomerata L., Sp. Pl. 1: 71 (1753). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 128 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 289 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 240 (2018). Pl. 19. Bromus glomeratus (L.) Scop.; Dactylis glomerata subsp. himalayensis Domin; Festuca glomerata (L.) All. ENG: Cat grass, Cocksfoot, Orchardgrass. Caespitose perennial herbs; culms erect or geniculately ascending, to 100 cm or more in length. Habitat: Grassy slopes, moist ground, light forests. Distribution: Europe, N Africa, subtropical and temperate regions in Asia, Peninsular India, Sri Lanka. NEPAL: W, C & E; 2100–3800 m. KSL: Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura; 2200–3800 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India; and Pulan Xian, SW Xizang in KSL China]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Dhalaun – Rasa, 2510 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9170821, 20 Aug 1991; KATH!, TI! image); Dhansera, 3780 m (PR Shakya, MK Adhikari & MN Subedi 8201, 26 Jul 1984; KATH!). BAJHANG/BAJURA: Pategaon – Ghodi Lehk Deorali – Badigaon, 2190–3350 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9170656, 16 Aug 1991; KATH!, TI! image). DARCHULA: Thin, 2300 m (KR Rajbhandari & KJ Malla 5634, 27 Aug 1980; KATH!); upper Chameliya Valley, Pilkanda, Lolu, 3750 m (SK Ghimire, LR Joshi, B Awasthi & C Subedi ANCA-201, 25 Oct 2013; TUCH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Tejam, Jakola Valley (JF Duthie 25025, 01 Aug 1900; K001065087! image). XIZANG (CHINA): Pulan Xian, 30.29° N 81.17° E (Qinghai-Tibet team 6257996, 1976; PE) fide Kong & Yang (2019). Local abund.: Occasional to frequent in Darchula; not known for other regions. Dactyloctenium Willd., Enum. Pl. 2: 1029 (1809). Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd., Enum. Pl. 2: 1029 (1809). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 128 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 289 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 240 (2018). Cynosurus aegyptius L., Sp. Pl. 1: 72 (1753); Dactyloctenium mucronatum (Michx.) Willd.; Eleusine aegyptia (L.) Desf. Datyāune-jhār (bTofpg]–emf/). ENG: Common crowfoot grass, Crowfoot, Egyptian finger grass. Mat-forming or caespitose annual herbs; culms ascending or decumbent, 2–30 cm or more in length. Habitat: Sandy places, roadside, farmland. Distribution: Africa, tropical and subtropical regions in Asia. NEP: 163 NEPAL: W, C & E; 100–1600 m. KSL: Known from neighboring Bajura District, Nepal; 1050–1450 m. Representative specimen. BAJURA: Babali – Sanfebagar, 1060 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9193423, 30 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB (2013–2020). Deschampsia P. Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr.: 91 (1812). Deschampsia cespitosa (L.) P. Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr.: 91 (1812). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 128 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 290 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 241 (2018). Aira cespitosa L., Sp. Pl. 1: 64 (1753). ENG: Tufted hair grass. Densely caespitose, tussock-forming perennial herbs; culms erect, 20–60 cm long. Habitat: Forests, grassland, wet places in meadows, riverside sand and gravel, lake margins. Distribution: Europe, Africa, subtropical and temperate regions in Asia, Australasia, N & S America, Greenland, Subantarctic islands. NEPAL: W, C & E; 2600–4900 m. KSL: Bajhang, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Mugu; 2900–4100 m [also in Uttarakhand, India, and Mapam Yumtso, SW Xizang, China]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Trail from Budkhori to Dhahidunga Kharka, 3253 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20913112, 12 Jul 2009; KATH!). DARCHULA: Thadapani, 3703 m (KM Ghimire & M Adhikari F204, 12 Sept 2015; TUCH!); Chameliya Mool, Pilkanda, 3800 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain 1607, 31 Jul 2015; TUCH!). HUMLA: Changkheli – Rimi, 2900 m (KR Rajbhandari & B Roy 4001, 26 Jul 1979; KATH!). MUGU: Rara, 2850 m (KR Rajbhandari & B Roy 3785, 22 Jul 1979; TI) fide SHB (2013–2020). Remarks: Records Uttarakhand and SW Xizang fide GMBA (2012–2016). Local abund.: Frequent in Darchula; not known for other regions. Dichanthium Willemet, Ann. Bot. (Usteri). 18: 11 (1796). Dichanthium annulatum (Forssk.) Stapf in Oliver et al., Fl. Trop. Africa 9: 178 (1917). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 129 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 292 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 242 (2018). Andropogon annulatus Forssk., Fl. Aegypt.-Arab.: 173 (1775); Andropogon scandens Roxb. ENG: Bluestem, Diaz bluestem, Kleberg's bluestem, Ringed dichanthium. Caespitose perennial herbs; culms erect or geniculately ascending, 25–50 cm or more in length. Habitat: Open slopes, rock ledges, disturbed placecs, field margins, trailside. Distribution: Africa, tropical and subtropical regions in Asia, Australia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 100–2000 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal; 1900–2000 m. Representative specimen. BAJHANG: Between Panalta & Kuwa, 1900–2000 m (HN Qin, P Bhandari, TR Pandey, BR Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0299, 13 Sept 2017; KATH!, PE!). 164 Digitaria Haller, Hist. Stirp. Helv. 2: 244 (1768). Digitaria abludens (Roem. & Schult.) Veldkamp, Blumea. 21: 53 (1973). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 129 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 293 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 243 (2018). Panicum abludens Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 457 (1817); Digitaria granularis (Trin.) Henrard; Digitaria pedicellaris Prain, nom. superfl.; Paspalum granulare Trin.; Paspalum pedicellare Trin. ex Hook. f., nom. superfl.; Paspalum pedicellatum Nees ex Duthie Annual herbs; culms erect or decumbent and ascending, 12–60 cm or more in length. Habitat: Grassy slopes, forest margins, disturbed areas. Distribution: Tropical and subtropical regions in Asia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 300–2000 m. KSL: Known from Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand and neighboring areas in KSL India; and nearby Dadeldhura District, Nepal. It is likely also to be present in the KSL area of Far West Nepal. Representative specimens. DADELDHURA: Jogbura, 350 m (KR Rajbhandari, PM Regmi & KJ Malla 5323, 13 Aug 1980, KATH!, TI). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon (Lindley s.n.; E00393973! image); Kumaon, Dhauli Valley, 1219–1524 m (JF Duthie 3115, 22 Sept 1884; Paspalum pedicellatum BM012549341! image). Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler, Descr. Gramin.: 27 (1802). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 129 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 293 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 243 (2018). Panicum ciliare Retz., Observ. Bot. 4: 16 (1786); Digitaria adscendens (Kunth) Henrard; Panicum adscendens Kunth; Panicum sanguinale L. var. ciliare (Retz.) St.-Amans Banso, Chitre banso (aG;f], lrq] aG;f]). ENG: Hairy crabgrass, Southern crabgrass, Tropical fingergrass. HIN: Tikhria. Annual herbs; culms geniculately ascending, decumbent at base, 10–60 cm or more in length. Habitat: Grassy fields, roadsides, disturbed areas, forests. Distribution: Native to Africa and Asia; now distributed throughout the tropics and sub-tropics of both hemispheres. NEPAL: W, C & E; 150–2500 m. KSL: Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura; 1000–2500 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Talkot – Aagar, 1940 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F NEP: Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9193342, 18 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB (2013–2020); Between Dhalun & Panselegi, NE of Dhalun, 2300–2700 m (HN Qin, P Bhandari, TR Pandey, BR Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0554, 16 Sept 2017; KATH!, PE!). BAJURA: Berma – Kolti, 1060 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9193602, 10 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB (2013–2020); Berseni to Porakya, 1590 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9193231, 12 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB (2013–2020). DARCHULA: Khar VDC-2, 1856 m (BB Shrestha, M Pandey & R Chhetri D330, 30 Sept 2015; TUCH!). Remarks: Records for Pithoragarh fide GMBA (2012–2016). Digitaria cruciata (Nees ex Steud.) E.G. Camus & A. Camus in H. Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 7: 399 (1922). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 129 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 293 (2017). Panicum cruciatum Nees ex Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 39 (1853); Paspalum sanguinale (L.) Lam. var. cruciatum (Nees ex Steud.) Hook. f. 165 Annual herbs; culms geniculately ascending, decumbent at base, 10–100 cm long. Habitat: Grasslands, disturbed grassy places, fields. Distribution: Himalaya (N India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, Myanmar, SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1000–3500 m. KSL: Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Mugu; 1800–2600 m. Representative specimens. DARCHULA: Dumli – Ralpa, 1800 m (KR Rajbhandari & KJ Malla 5894, 12 Sept 1980; KATH!); Dandap, 2500 m KR Rajbhandari & KJ Malla 5685, 28 Aug 1980; KATH!). MUGU: Mugu Karnali Valley, between Mangri & Daura, 2591 m (O Polunin, WR Sykes & LHJ Williams 5254, 16 Aug 1952; BM012549291! image). Digitaria longiflora (Retz.) Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 85 (1805). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 129 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 294 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 243 (2018). Paspalum longiflorum Retz., Observ. Bot. 4: 15 (1786); Panicum longiflorum (Retz.) Gmel. ENG: False couchgrass, Indian crabgrass, Wire crabgrass. Annual or short-lived perennial herbs; culms decumbent and ascending, 10–40 cm long. Habitat: Open slopes, grassland, field margins, roadsides. Distribution: Tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World. NEPAL: W, C & E; 150–2100 m. KSL: Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India; and nearby Dadeldhura District, Nepal. It is likely also to be present in the KSL area of Far West Nepal. Representative specimen. DADELDHURA: Jogbura – Mauri, 400 m (KR Rajbhandari, PM Regmi & KJ Malla 5335, 14 Aug 1980; KATH!, TI). Remarks: Records for Pithoragarh fide GMBA (2012–2016). Digitaria ternata (A. Rich.) Stapf in W.H. Harvey & auct. suc. (eds.), Fl. Cap. 7: 376 (1898). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 130 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 295 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 244 (2018). Cynodon ternatus A. Rich., Tent. Fl. Abyss. 2: 405 (1850); Panicum ternatum (A. Rich.) Steud.; Paspalum ternatum (A. Rich.) Hook. f. ENG: Blackseed crabgrass. Loosely caespitose annual herbs; culms erect or geniculately ascending, up to 100 cm long. Habitat: Grassy slopes, weedy places, roadsides. Distribution: Tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1600–2500 m. KSL: Humla in KSL Nepal; 1900 m Representative specimen. HUMLA: Ruga – Luma Gaon, 1900 m (KR Rajbhandari & B Roy 3807, 24 Jul 1979, KATH!). Digitaria violascens Link, Hort. Bot. Berol. 1: 229 (1827). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 130 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 295 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 244 (2018). Digitaria chinensis (Nees) A. Camus (1923), nom. illeg., non Hornem. (1819); Digitaria fusca (J. Presl) Merr.; Panicum violascens (Link) Kunth; Paspalum chinense Nees; Paspalum fuscum J. Presl ENG: 166 Purple crabgrass, Violet crabgrass. Loosely caespitose or mat-forming annual herbs; culms ascending or decumbent, up to 60 cm long. Habitat: Grassy slopes, roadsides, field margins, sandy river banks. Distribution: Tropical and subtropical regions in Asia, N & E Australia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 300–2500 m. KSL: Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India, and neighboring Bajura District, Nepal; 1800–2100 m. It is likely also to be present in the KSL area of Far West Nepal. Representative specimens. BAJURA: Babali – Sanfebagar, 1060 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9193424, 30 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB (2013–2020); Damkane – Serigaon, 1800 m (KR Rajbhandari 14972, 13 Aug 1991, KATH!). Remarks: Records for Pithoragarh fide GMBA (2012–2016). Drepanostachyum Keng f., J. Bamboo Res. 2(1): 16 (1983). Drepanostachyum falcatum (Nees) Keng f., J. Bamboo Res. 2(1): 16 (1983). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 296 (2017). Arundinaria falcata Nees, Linnaea 9: 478 (1835); Arundinaria interrupta Trin.; Sinarundinaria falcata (Nees) C.S. Chao & Renvoize Nigālo (lgufnf]). NEP: Diu nigālo, Ghore nigālo (lbp lgufnf], 3f]/] lgufnf]]). Himalayan bamboo, Himalayan weeping bamboo. Tall shrubby bamboos, with short pachymorph rhizomes; culms erect, woody, up to 3.5 m long. Habitat: Bamboo thickets, roadside, evergreen mixed broad-leaved forests. Distribution: W & C Himalaya (Kashmir to Nepal), mainland SE Asia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1000–2450 m. KSL: Baitadi, Darchula, Bajhang and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura; 1900–2450 m. Representative specimens. BAITADI: Shribhawar, 2443 m (TR Pandey & GD Bhatt 2016655, 6 Jun 2016, NEP-L: ENG: KATH!). BAJHANG: Between Panalta & Kuwa, 1900–2000 m (HN Qin, P Bhandari, TR Pandey, BR Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0309, 13 Sept 2017; KATH!, PE!). BAJURA: Bashala – Pategaon, 2050 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9192368, 15 Aug 1991; TI! image). HUMLA: Chhipra, 2400 m (SK Ghimire, RP Chaudhary & team P12301, 26 May 2010; TUCH!). Ethnobt. use: Culms are used for construction purposes. Culms are most commonly used to prerare outer frame of 'chalni' (utensil consisting of a round frame surrounding a mesh made up of goat leather with large pores, used for hand sieving of wheat, barley, etc.). Local abund.: Occasional to frequent. Drepanostachyum intermedium (Munro) Keng f., J. Bamboo Res. 2(1): 18 (1983). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 296 (2017). Arundinaria intermedia Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 26: 28 (1868); Chimonobambusa intermedia (Munro) Nakai; Sinarundinaria intermedia (Munro) C.S. Chao & Renvoize Nigālo (lgufnf]). NEP: Nigālo bāns, Tîte nigālo (lgufnf] af“;, tLt] lgufnf]). Intermediate cane bamboo. Tall shrubby bamboos, with short pachymorph rhizomes; culms erect, woody, up to 4 m long. NEP-L: ENG: 167 Habitat: Bamboo thickets, roadside, forests. Distribution: C & E Himalaya (Nepal to Bhutan). NEPAL: W, C & E; (200–)1000–2400 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal; 2200–2400 m. Representative specimen. BAJHANG: Between Dhalun & Kakarkot, below Deurali, NW aspect, 2900–2200 m (HN Qin, P Bhandari, TR Pandey, BR Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0570, 16 Sept 2017; KATH!, PE!). Ethnobt. use: Culms are used for construction purposes and to prepare different articles. Echinochloa P. Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr. 53 (1812). Echinochloa colona (L.) Link, Hort. Bot. Berol. 2: 209 (1833). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 130 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 297 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 245 (2018). Panicum colonum L., Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 2: 870 (1759); Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv. subsp. colona (L.) Honda Sāmā, Sāmā-ghāns (;fdf, ;fdf–3f“;). ENG: Awnless barnyard grass, Bird's grass, Deccan grass, Jungle-rice, Pigeon millet, Marsh grass. Laxly caespitose annual herbs; culms stout, erect or geniculately ascending, up to 100 cm long. Habitat: Open damp places, marshes, weeds in irrigated fields. Distribution: Probably native to tropical and subtropical regions in Africa and Asia; now widespread throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of the World NEPAL: W, C & E; 100–2400 m. KSL: Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India; and neighboring Bajura District, Nepal. Representative specimens. BAJURA: Babali – Sanfebagar, 1060 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, NEP: F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9193425, 30 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB (2013–2020); Kaudegaon – Babali, 1400 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9192636, 29 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB (2013–2020). Remarks: Records for Pithoragarh fide CIAT (2018). Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Lansdown 2013e). Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr.: 53, 161 (1812). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 130 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 297 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 245 (2018). Panicum crus-galli L., Sp. Pl. 1: 56 (1753). Sāmā, Sāmā-ghāns, Tunde sāmā (;fdf, ;fdf–3f“;, 6'“8] ;fdf). Barnyard grass, Barnyard millet, Cocksfoot punicum, Cockspur grass. Laxly caespitose annual herbs; culms stout, erect or geniculately ascending, up to 100 cm long. Habitat: Damp weedy places, ditches, streamsides, roadsides, paddy fields, waste places, fallow fields. Distribution: Probably native to S & E Europe, Africa, and tropical to warm temperate regions in Asia; now distributed throughout the tropical and warm tempetate regions of the World. NEPAL: W, C & E; 300–2600 m. KSL: Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal and neighboring Bajura and Dadeldhura; 1500–2300 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Rupatola, 1500–2000 m (HN Qin, P Bhandari, TR Pandey, BR Subedee, NEP: ENG: YC Yang & SR Zhang 0110, 11 Sept 2017; KATH!, PE!); Jimkot – Khaptad National Park, 2050 m (M Suzuki, H 168 Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9192554, 26 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB (2013–2020). BAJURA: Kuru, 2285 m (BSH C80, 20 Aug 2017) fide RBGE (2014). DADELDHURA: Jogbura – Mauri, 400 m (KR Rajbhandari, PM Regmi & KJ Malla 5343, 14 Aug 1980; KATH!). DARCHULA: Rapla, 1800 m (KR Rajbhandari & KJ Malla 5581, 25 Aug 1980; KATH!). Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Gupta & Lansdown 2013). Eleusine Gaertn., Fruct. Sem. Pl. 1: 7 (1788). Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn., Fruct. Sem. Pl. 1: 8 (1788). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 130 (1978). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 246 (2018). Cynosurus coracanus L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 2: 875 (1759). Kodo (sf]bf]). NEP: Kodo, Manduwā, Maruwā (sf]bf], d8'cf, d?jf). African millet, Finger millet. HIN: Manduā, Mandwā, Maruwā, Rāgî (d+8'cf, d+8jf, d?jf, /fuL). Caespitose annual herbs; culms erect or ascending, to 100 cm or more in length. Habitat: Cultivated, occasionally escape. Distribution: Originated in highlands of E Africa, widely cultivated as a cereal crop in tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World. NEPAL: W, C & E; 700–2500 m. KSL: Baitadi, Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura and Doti; 800–2500 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Rupatola, 1500–2000 m (HN Qin, P Bhandari, TR Pandey, BR NEP-L: ENG: Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0073, 11 Sept 2017; KATH!, PE!); Aagar – Dhalaun, 1800 m (KR Rajbhandari 15384, 19 Aug 1991; KATH!). BAJURA: Berseni – Porakya, 1560–2540 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9195011, 12 Aug 1991; KATH!, TI! image). Ethnobt. use: Grains are used as cereal to make a kind of porridge. Plants are used as forage for livestock. Grains are also used for brewing alcoholic beverages. Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn., Fruct. Sem. Pl. 1: 8 (1788). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 131 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 298 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 246 (2018). Cynosurus indicus L., Sp. Pl. 1: 72 (1753). Van kode (jg sf]b]). NEP: Kode-ghāns, Kode-jhār (sf]b–] 3f“;, sf]b–] emf/). ENG: Crowsfoots grass, Indian goosegrass. HIN: Jangalî marwā, Jîngārî (hª\unL d/jf, hLª\uf/L). Caespitose annual herbs; culms slender, erect or geniculately ascending, to 55 cm or more in length. Habitat: Grassland, disturbed places, roadsides, agriculture fields. Distribution: Native to tropical and subtropical regions in Africa and Asia; now distributed as a weed almost throughout the tropics and subtropics of the world. NEPAL: W, C & E; 160–2600 m. KSL: Baitadi and Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura; 900–2000 m. Representative specimens. BAJURA: Birseni – Porakya, 1590 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F NEP-L: Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9193229, 12 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB (2013–2020). Darchula–Huti, 900 m (KR Rajbhandari & KJ Malla 5557, 24 Aug 1980; KATH!); Khar VDC, 1960 m (BB Shrestha, M Pandey & R Chhetri 347, 3 Oct 2015; TUCH!). DARCHULA: Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Watve 2011c). 169 Elymus L., Sp. Pl. 1: 83 (1753). Elymus antiquus (Nevski) Tzvelev, Trudy Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk SSSR, Rast. Tsentral. Azii 4: 220 (1968). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 298 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 246 (2018). Agropyron antiquum Nevski, Izv. Bot. Sada Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 30: 515 (1931 publ. 1932); Agropyron microlepis Melderis; Elymus microlepis (Melderis) Melderis Caespitose perennial herbs; culms erect, to 45 cm or more in length. Habitat: Open stony slopes. Distribution: Nepal, Tibetan Plateau, SC China. NEPAL: W & C; 3900–4100 m. KSL: Known from neighboring Mugu District, Nepal; 3660 m. Representative specimens. MUGU: Between Mugu & Purana Mugu, Mugu Khola, 3962 m (O Polunin, WR Sykes & LHJ Williams 5325, 10 Aug 1952; holotype of Agropyron microlepis BM000884600! image, isotype of A. microlepis E00393854! image, isotype of A. microlepis FR 0031113! image). Elymus dahuricus Turcz. ex Griseb. in Ledeb., Fl. Ross. 4: 331 (1852). Melderis in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 131 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 299 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 247 (2018). Clinelymus dahuricus (Turcz. ex Griseb.) Nevski; Clinelymus tangutorum Nevski; Elymus tangutorum (Nevski) Hand.-Mazz. ENG: Wildrye, Dahurian wildrye. Caespitose perennial herbs; culms erect, robust, up to 120 cm long. Habitat: Open grassy slopes, moist and swampy places, field margins. Distribution: Subtropical and temperate regions in Asia, Himalaya. NEPAL: W & C; 2600–4400 m. KSL: Humla in KSL Nepal; 2700–3100 m. Representative specimen. HUMLA: Marghor, 2745–3050 m (SB Malla 14120, 21 Jul 1968; Elymus tangutorum BM000064659! image). Elymus longearistatus (Boiss.) Tzvelev, Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 9: 62 (1972). Brachypodium longearistatum Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient. 7: 127 (1846); Agropyron canaliculatum Nevski; Agropyron flexuosissimum Nevski; Agropyron longearistatum (Boiss.) Boiss.; Elymus canaliculatus (Nevski) Tzvelev; Elymus longearistatus subsp. canaliculatus (Nevski) Tzvelev; Elymus longearistatus subsp. flexuosissimus (Nevski) Tzvelev Caespitose perennial herbs; culms erect or geniculately ascending, up to 70 cm long. Habitat: Open grassy slopes, rocks. Distribution: Turkey, Arabian Peninsula, C Asia, Afghanistan to C Himalaya, Tibetan Plateau. NEPAL: C & E; 3400–4800 m. KSL: Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India; and SW Xizang in KSL China. It is likely also to be present in upper Darchula and upper Humla in KSL Nepal. Representative specimens. XIZANG (CHINA): Gnari Khorsum [Ngari Korsum], northern foot of the Uta Dhura Pass across the Kiungar Pass to its northern foot, 4938–5364 m (Schlagintweit 7342, 9–12 Jul 1855; L.1205358! image); Gnari Khorsum [Ngari Korsum], Poti via Lomorti to Poling (Schlagintweit 7113, 5–15 Sept 1855; L.1205359! image). WEST HIMALAYA: without locality (JF Duthie 22673a, s.n.; BM011029507! image). Remarks: Records for Pithoragarh fide GMBA (2012–2016). 170 Elymus nepalensis (Melderis) Melderis in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 131 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 299 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 247 (2018). Agropyron nepalense Melderis in Bor, Grass. Burma, Ceylon, India & Pakistan: 692 (1960). Loosely caespitose perennial herbs; culms erect or geniculately ascending, 30–70 cm long. Habitat: Open grassy slopes, beside abandoned fields. Distribution: Endemic to Nepal, W, C & E; 1500–4000 m. KSL: Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura and Mugu; 2000–3350 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Khaptad National Park, trail from Ghoda daune to Lokhada, 2559 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20913046, 3 Jul 2009; E00624566, KATH!). BAJURA: Birseni – Porakya, 2000 m (KR Rajbhandari 14880, 12 Aug 1991; KATH!). DARCHULA: Nampa Gadh, 3050–3350 m (JF Duthie 6226, 25 Jul 1886; Agropyron nepalense K000032430! image). Elymus nutans Griseb., Nachr. Königl. Ges. Wiss. Georg-Augusts-Univ. 3: 72 (1868). Melderis in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 132 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 299 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 247 (2018). Clinelymus nutans (Griseb.) Nevski Caespitose perennial herbs; culms erect or geniculately ascending, 15–80 cm or more in length. Habitat: Grassy slopes, riverside sands and pebbles, open rocky slopes. Distribution: C Asia, Afghanistan to E Himalaya, Tibetan Plateau, N & SE China, Mongolia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 2700–4600 m. KSL: Bajhang and Humla in KSL Nepal; 2700–4600 m [Pulan Xian, SW Xizang in KSL China]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Kaliganga, near Saipal, 3939 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 1843, 31 Jul 1976; KATH!); Saipal, 4572 m (JEM Arnold 59, 19 Aug 1954; BM000064580! image). HUMLA: Marghor (SB Malla 14130, 23 Jul 1968; BM000064558! image); Marghor, 3048–3353 m (SB Malla 14122, 21 Jul 1968; BM000064559). XIZANG (CHINA): Pulan Xian, 30.29°N 81.17°E (Qinghai-Tibet team vegetation group 6737129, 1976; PE) fide Kong & Yang (2019). Elymus schrenkianus (Fisch. & C.A. Mey. ex Schrenk) Tzvelev, Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 20: 428 (1960). Melderis in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 132 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 300 (2017). Triticum schrenkianum Fisch. & C.A. Mey. ex Schrenk, Bull. Cl. Phys.-Math. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 3: 305 (1845); Agropyron schrenkianum (Fisch. & C.A. Mey. ex Schrenk) P. Candargy; Elymus pamiricus Tzvelev Caespitose perennial herbs; culms robust, erect or geniculately ascending, up to 100 cm long. Habitat: Grassy slopes, alpine grassland. Distribution: C Asia, Afghanistan to E Himalaya, Tibetan Plateau, N China, Russia (S Siberia), Mongolia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 2700–4800 m. KSL: Bajhang and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Mugu; 2900–4500 m [also in Ralam, Pithoragarh, KSL India; and upper Karnali region of Pulan Xian, SW Xizang in KSL China]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Saipal, 3878 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & Tsuchiya 1780, 30 Jul 1976; KATH!); Saipal, 3909 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & Tsuchiya 1811, 31 Jul 1976; KATH!). MUGU: Rara, 2900 m (KR Rajbhandari & B Roy 3684, 21 Jul 1979; KATH, TI! image). Remarks: Records for Pithoragarh and Pulan Xian fide GMBA (2012–2016). 171 Elymus semicostatus (Nees ex Steud.) Melderis in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 132 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 300 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 247 (2018). Agropyron semicostatum Nees ex Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 346 (1854); Agropyron striatum (Steud.) Hook. f.; Triticum semicostatum Steud.; Triticum striatum Steud. ENG: Drooping wildrye. Caespitose perennial herbs; culms erect or geniculately ascending, 30–90 cm or more in length. Habitat: Open places, grassy slopes. Distribution: Afghanistan, NW Pakistan to E Himalaya. NEPAL: W & C; 1700–4000 m. KSL: Known from Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India, and neighboring Bajura and Mugu, Nepal; 2000–2600 m. It is likely also to be present in KSL area of Far West Nepal. Representative specimens. BAJURA: Birseni – Porakya, 2000 m (KR Rajbhandari 14879, 12 Aug 1991; KATH!). MUGU: Ghurchi Lekh – Jhyari Gaon, 2600 m (KR Rajbhandari & B Roy 3669, 20 Jul 1979; TI) fide SHB (2013–2020). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Almora, Kumaon, 1676 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 1179; BM000064599! image); Kumaon (JF Duthie 6137, 8 Aug 1886; BM000064640! image). Elymus sibiricus L., Sp. Pl. 1: 83 (1753). Melderis in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 132 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 300 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 247 (2018). Bromus dubius Jacq. ex Hook. f.; Clinelymus sibiricus (L.) Nevski; Hordeum sibiricum (L.) Schenck ENG: Siberian wildrye. Caespitose perennial herbs; culms erect, decumbent at base, 30–50 cm or more in length. Habitat: Moist open places, grassland, sandy places. Distribution: NE Europe, subtropical and temperate regions in Asia (from C Asia to N & NE Russia, Himalaya, China, Japan), Subarctic N America. NEPAL: W & C; 2650–4400 m. KSL: Known from neighboring Mugu District, Nepal [also in Pulan Xian, SW Xizang in KSL China]; 3100–4500 m. It is likely also to be present in upper Humla in KSL Nepal. Representative specimens. MUGU: Ghurchi Lekh, 3100 m (KR Rajbhandari & B Roy 3520, 18 Jul 1979; TI 10003999! image). XIZANG (CHINA): Pulan Xian, 30.29°N 81.17°E (Qinghai-Tibet team vegetation group 6737137, 1976; PE) fide Kong & Yang (2019). Elymus sikkimensis (Melderis) Melderis in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 132 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 300 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 247 (2018). Agropyron sikkimense Melderis in Bor, Grass. Burma, Ceylon, India & Pakistan: 694 (1960). Caespitose perennial herbs; culms erect, up to 40–90 cm or more in length. Habitat: Moist open places, grassland, stream banks. Distribution: C & E Himalaya (Nepal to Bhutan). NEPAL: W, C & E; 2000–3200 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal; c. 2900 m. Representative specimen. BAJHANG: North slope of Mt. Rosia range, 2880 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 1511, 24 Jul 1976; KATH!). 172 Eragrostis Wolf, Gen. Pl. 23 (1776). Eragrostis minor Host, Fl. Austriaca 1: 135 (1827). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 132 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 304 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 249 (2018). Poa eragrostis L., Sp. Pl. 1: 68 (1753). ENG: Lesser love grass, Little lovegrass. Loosely caespitose annual herbs; culms erect or geniculately ascending, 5–30 cm or more in length. Habitat: Open places, grassy slopes, roadsides, irrigated fields, margin of paddy fields, ditches. Distribution: S & E Europe, N Africa, tropical to temperate regions in Asia. NEPAL: W & C; (700–)1400–3600 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura; 1500–2000 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Rupatola, 1500–2000 m (HN Qin, P Bhandari, TR Pandey, BR Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0135, 11 Sept 2017; KATH!, PE!). BAJURA: Kolti – Birseni, 1400–1560 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9170467, 11 Aug 1991; TI! image). Eragrostis nigra Nees ex Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 267 (1854). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 132 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 304 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 249 (2018). Eragrostis atropurpurea Hochst. ex Steud.; Eragrostis deqenensis B.S. Sun & S. Wang Phurke khar (km's]{ v/). Caespitose perennial herbs; culms stout, erect or geniculate at base, 30–50 cm long. Habitat: Grassland, open slopes, edges of agriculture fields, waste places, roadsides. Distribution: W Asia (Transcaucasus), tropical and subtropical regions in S Asia, Himalaya, Tibetan Plateau, C & SE China, mainland SE Asia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 800–3200 m. KSL: Bajhang, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura and Mugu; 1500– 2900 m [also in Pithoragarh District, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Khaptad National Park, trail from Ghoda daune to Lokhada, 2559 m (H NEP: Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20913047, 3 Jul 2009; E00509898, KATH). BAJURA: Bashala Gaon to Majpali Gaon, 2000 m (KR Rajbhandari 15057, 15 Aug 1991, KATH!). DARCHULA: Khar VDC-4, 2060 m (BB Shrestha, M Pandey & R Chhetri 176P, 29 Sept 2015; TUCH!); Thin – Dandap, 2500 m (KR Rajbhandari & KJ Malla 5660, 28 Aug 1980; KATH!). HUMLA: Rimi Gaon, 2400 m (KR Rajbhandari & B Roy 4022, 27 Jul 1979; KATH, TI 10006998); Durpa, 2900 m (KR Rajbhandari & B Roy 4158, 30 Jul 1979; KATH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Dharchula, 1524 m (RC Thakur 913, 30 Jul 1948; MICH 1486664! image). Eragrostis pilosa (L.) P. Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr. : 71 (1812). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 133 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 304 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 250 (2018). Poa pilosa L., Sp. Pl. 1: 68 (1753); Eragrostis indica (J. Koenig ex Rottler) Willd. ex Steud.; Eragrostis tenuiflora Rupr. ex Steud.; Poa indica J. Koenig ex Rottler ENG: Hairy lovegrass, India lovegrass, Soft lovegrass. Caespitose annual herbs; culms slender, erect, up to 50 cm or slightly more in length. Habitat: Grassland, roadsides, crop fields. 173 Distribution: Europe, Africa, tropical to warm temperate regions in Asia; introduced into Australia and tropical and warmer regions of the Americas. NEPAL: W, C & E; 200–2850 m. KSL: Known from neighboring Doti District, Nepal; 2100–2850 m. It is likely also to be present in KSL area of Far West Nepal. Representative specimens. DOTI: Above Silgadi on trail to Khaptad National Park, 2110 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20911010, 30 Jun 2009, E00624556); Salimgado to Choya Katney Odar, 2850 m (MS Bista & DP Joshi 191, 2 Aug 1972; KATH!). Eragrostis tenella (L.) P. Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg., ed. 15 bis 2: 576 (1817). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 133 (1978). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 250 (2018). Poa tenella L., Sp. Pl. 1: 69 (1753); Eragrostis amabilis (L.) Wight & Arn.; Eragrostis plumosa (Retz.) Link; Eragrostis tenella (L.) P. Beauv. var. plumosa (Retz.) Stapf; Poa amabilis L.; Poa plumosa Retz. Banso, Junge banso, Charindā (aG;f], h'“u] aG;f], rl/Gbf). Bug's egg grass, Lovegrass. HIN: Bhārbhûsî (ef/e";L). Caespitose annual herbs; culms decumbent or geniculately ascending, up to 50 cm long. Habitat: Crop fields, grasslands, waste places, roadsides. Distribution: Native to tropical and subtropical regions in Africa and Asia; introduced and or naturalized in Australasia, and tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas. NEPAL: W, C & E; 100–1500 m. KSL: Darchula in KSL Nepal; 1400–1500 m. Representative specimen. DARCHULA: Khar VDC-7, 1468 m (BB Shrestha, M Pandey and R Chhetri 434, 29 NEP: ENG: Sept 2015; TUCH!). Eragrostis unioloides (Retz.) Nees ex Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 264 (1854). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 133 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 305 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 250 (2018). Poa unioloides Retz., Observ. Bot. 5: 19 (1788); Eragrostis rubens (Lam.) Hochst. ex Miq.; Poa rubens Lam. Banso, Tilke-jhār (aG;f], ltNs]emf/). Chinese lovegrass. Caespitose annual or short-lived perennial herbs; culms erect or ascending, 5–40 cm long. Habitat: Grassy slopes, roadsides, river banks, fields. Distribution: Tropical and subtropical regions in Asia, NE Australia; introduced into Africa, Pacific Islands, and tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas. NEPAL: W, C & E; 100–2200 m. KSL: Darchula in KSL Nepal, and nearby Dadeldhura and Doti; 400–2100 m. Representative specimens. DADELDHURA: Jogbura – Mauri, 400 m (KR Rajbhandari, PM Regmi, & KJ Malla NEP: ENG: 5345, 14 Aug 1980; KATH!). DARCHULA: Khar VDC-4, 1850 m (BB Shrestha, M Pandey & R Chhetri 176, 26 Sept 2015; TUCH!, TI 10005688! image). DOTI: Above Silgadi on trail to Khaptad National Park, 2050 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20911017, 30 Jun 2009, E00624564; KATH!). Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Watve 2011d). 174 Eulalia Kunth, Révis. Gramin. 1: 160 (1829). Eulalia mollis (Griseb.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 775 (1891). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 134 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 306 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 251 (2018). Erianthus mollis Griseb., Nachr. Königl. Ges. Wiss. Georg-Augusts-Univ. 3: 92 (1868); Pogonatherum molle (Griseb.) Roberty; Pollinia mollis (Griseb.) Hack. Caespitose perennial herbs; rhizomes elongated, spreading; culms ascending, 30–50 cm. Habitat: Dry mountain slopes, rocky slopes. Distribution: Himalaya (NW India to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1100–3800 m. KSL: Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal [Almora, Uttarakhand, India]; 1200–2100 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Dhalaun – Rasa, 2050 m (KR Rajbhandari 15486, 20 Aug 1991; KATH!). DARCHULA: Near Ratapani, Guljar VDC, 1200 m (SK Ghimire, LR Joshi, B Awasthi & CK Subedi 13, 21 Oct 2013; TUCH!); Khar VDC-2, 2060 m (BB Shrestha, M Pandey & R Chhetri 158, 29 Sept 2015; TUCH!). UTTARAKHAND [INDIA]: Almora, Kumaon, 1676 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 5 (=931 in herb ‘munro’); isosyntype of Erianthus mollis K000245571! image). Local abund.: Frequent in Darchula. Eulalia staintonii Bor, Kew Bull. 12: 411 (1958). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 134 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 307 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 251 (2018). Caespitose perennial herbs; culms erect or ascending, 25–45 cm long. Habitat: Open grassy slopes. Distribution: W & C Himalaya (NW India, Nepal). NEPAL: W & C; (1050–)1900–2800 m. KSL: Known from neighboring Bajura District, Nepal; and Kumaon, Uttarakhand, India. Representative specimens. BAJURA: Majpali – Pategaon, 1900 m (KR Rajbhandari 15063, 15 Aug 1991, KATH) fide Rajbhandari & Rai (2017). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon, 2130–2440 m (JF Duthie 3554, 17 Sept 1884; CAL) fide Samaddar (1991). Eulalia trispicata (Schult.) Henrard, Blumea 3: 453 (1940). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 134 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 307 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 251 (2018). Andropogon trispicatus Schult., Mant. 2: 452 (1824); Andropogon hexastachyus (Hochst.) Steud.; Andropogon tristachyos Roxb.; Erianthus hexastachyus Hochst.; Erianthus tristachyus Nees ex Hook. & Arn.; Eulalia tristachya Kuntze; Pseudopogonatherum trispicatum (Schult.) Ohwi Densely caespitose perennial herbs; culms slender, erect, to 60 cm or more in length. Habitat: Open slopes, stony bank, among scrub. Distribution: Tropical and subtropical regions in S Asia, Himalaya, SC China, mainland SE Asia to NE Australia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1100–2900 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal [also in Kumaon, Uttarakhand, India]; 1500–2000 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Aagar – Dhalaun, 2000 m (KR Rajbhandari 15401, 19 Aug 1991; KATH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Below Jaleat, Kumaon, 1524 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 4; Erianthus tristachyus K000943488! image). 175 Eulaliopsis Honda, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo). 38: 56 (1924). Eulaliopsis binata (Retz.) C.E. Hubb., Hooker's Icon. Pl. 33: t. 3262: p. 6 (1935). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 134 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 307 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 252 (2018). Andropogon binatus Retz., Observ. Bot. 5: 21 (1789); Andropogon notopogon Steud.; Eulaliopsis angustifolia (Trin.) Honda; Eulaliopsis duthiei Sur; Ischaemum angustifolium (Trin.) Hack.; Pollinidium angustifolium (Trin.) Haines; Pollinidium binatum (Retz.) C.E. Hubb.; Spodiopogon angustifolius Trin. Bābiyo (aflaof]). ENG: Sabaigrass. HIN: Bhābar-ghāns (efa/–3f“;). Caespitose perennial herbs; culms slender, erect, to 50 cm or more in length. Habitat: Dry slopes, rocky slopes. Distribution: Afghanistan, tropical and subtropical regions in S Asia, Himalaya, C & SE China, mainland SE Asia to Philippines. NEPAL: W, C & E; 150–2600 m. KSL: Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal; 1800–2200 m [Kumaon, Uttarakhand, India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Badigaon – Dantola, 1800 m (KR Rajbhandari 15330, 17 Aug 1991, NEP-L/NEP: KATH!). DARCHULA: Between Ngali & Ghusa, 2200 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Lo, C Thapa & MR Paudeyal ANCA-850, 27 Oct 2014; TUCH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom s.n.; Spodiopogon angustifolius K000943462! image). Festuca L., Sp. Pl. 1: 73 (1753). Festuca leptopogon Stapf in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 354 (1896). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 134 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 308 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 253 (2018). Festuca subulata Trin. var. leptopogon (Stapf) St.-Yves Loosely caespitose perennial herbs; culms ascending, up to 120 cm or more in length. Habitat: Forests, forest margins, grassy slopes. Distribution: Himalaya (N India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, SC China, mainland SE Asia to Indonesia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1800–3850 m. KSL: Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal; 3000–3850 m. Representative specimens. DARCHULA: Upper Chameliya Valley, Gauchhalighol, Pilkanda, 3850 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1478, 27 Jul 2015; TUCH). HUMLA: Marghore Lekh, 3050–3350 m (SB Malla 14124a, 27 Jul 1968; BM011026961! image). Festuca modesta Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 316 (1854). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 134 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 309 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 253 (2018). Solitary or laxly caespitose perennial herbs; culms stout, erect, up to 100 cm long. Habitat: Grassy slopes, forests. Distribution: W & C Himalaya (NW India, Nepal), Tibetan Plateau, C China. NEPAL: W & C; 2500–4300 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal; 2500–3500 m [Uttarakhand, India]. 176 Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Launi [interpreted] (JF Dobremez 2099, 6 May 1973; E00622526); Kali Gad, 2590 m (JDA Stainton 4849, 10 May 1965; BM) fide Rajbhandari & Rai (2017). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): NW India (JF Royle s.n.; K000032119! image). Festuca nitidula Stapf in Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 350 (1896). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 134 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 309 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 253 (2018). Laxly caespitose perennial herbs; culms slender, erect or geniculately ascending, (8–)15–45 cm long. Habitat: Wet places in meadows, open grassy slopes. Distribution: W & C Himalaya (Kashmir to Nepal), Tibetan Plateau, C China. NEPAL: W & C; 3200–5000 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal; 4150 m. Representative specimen. BAJHANG: Surmasarowar, 4150 m (MS Bista & DP Joshi 582, 26 Aug 1972; KATH!). Festuca ovina L., Sp. Pl. 1: 73 (1753). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 134 (1978). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 253 (2018). ENG: Sheep fescue. Densely caespitose perennial herbs; culms erect or geniculately ascending, (2.5–)10–40 cm long. Habitat: Meadows, steppe, forests. Distribution: Europe, N Africa, W & N Asia, Afghanistan to E Himalaya, Tibetan Plateau, N & C China to Japan and Russian Far East, N America. NEPAL: W, C & E; 2900–5600 m. KSL: Bajhang and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Mugu; 2900–3900 m [Pulan Xian, SW Xizang in KSL China]. Representative specimens. HUMLA: Chankheli Lagna, 3500 m (KR Rajbhandari & B Roy 3863, 25 Jul 1979; TI 10010113) fide SHB (2013–2020); Marghor Lagna, 3650 m (KR Rajbhandari & B Roy 4114, 29 Jul 1979; TI 10010114) fide SHB (2013–2020). MUGU: Rara, 2900 m (KR Rajbhandari & B Roy 3689, 21 Jul 1979; TI 10010111) fide SHB (2013–2020). XIZANG (CHINA): Pulan Xian, 30.29°N 81.17°E (Qinghai-Tibet team vegetation group 6686993, 1976; PE) fide Kong & Yang (2019). Festuca parvigluma Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 305 (1854). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 134 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 309 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 253 (2018). Loosely caespitose or turf-forming perennial herbs; culms erect or geniculately ascending, 30–60 cm long. Habitat: Grassy slopes, forests, river banks, roadsides and other disturbed areas. Distribution: C & E Himalaya (Nepal, NE India), Tibetan Plateau, C & SE China to Japan. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1900–3700 m. KSL: Known from neighboring Doti and Mugu districts, Nepal; 2900–3300 m. Representative specimens. DOTI: Khaptad, 2970 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 189, 12 Jul 1976; KATH!). MUGU: Ghurchi to Chuchamara Danda, 3300 m (KR Rajbhandari & B Roy 3555, 19 Jul 1979; TI 10007168) fide SHB (2013–2020). Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Brummitt 2013a). 177 Festuca polycolea Stapf in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 349 (1896). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 134 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 309 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 253 (2018). Festuca ovina L. subsp. polycolea (Stapf) St.-Yves; Festuca polycolea var. brevis Stapf Densely caespitose perennial herbs; culms slender, erect, 8–20 cm long. Habitat: Grassland, scree slopes. Distribution: Himalaya (NW India to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; (2200–)2800–4800 m. KSL: Bajhang and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Doti and Mugu; 3000–4600 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Saipal, 4570 m (JEM Arnold 62, 19 Aug 1954; BM011026919! image). DOTI: Khaptad, 3000 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 181, 9 Jul 1976; KATH!). HUMLA: Chankheli Lagna, 3500 m (KR Rajbhandari & B Roy 3851, 25 Jul 1979; TI 10010095) fide SHB (2013–2020). MUGU: Ghurchi – Chuchamara Danda, 3400 m (KR Rajbhandari & B Roy 3574, 19 Jul 1979; Festuca polycolea var. brevis TI 10010078) fide SHB (2013–2020). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Dhauli Valley, Kumaon, 3048–3353 m (JF Duthie 6156, 6 Aug 1886; syntype K000032191! image). Festuca tibetica (Stapf) E.B. Alexeev, Byull. Moskovsk. Obshch. Isp. Prir., Otd. Biol. 83(4): 118 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 310 (2017). Festuca valesiaca Schlech. ex Gaudin var. tibetica Stapf in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7(22): 349 (1896). Densely caespitose perennial herbs; culms erect, 4–15 cm long. Habitat: Open grassy slopes, among rocks on steem grassy slopes, scree slopes. Distribution: Karakoram, Himalaya (Kashmir to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 3700–6000 m. KSL: Upper Mahakali in KSL India and Nepal; and Pulan Xian, SW Xizang in KSL China; 4600– 5500 m. It is likely also to be present in Humla (upper Limi) in KSL Nepal. Remarks: Specimen records for upper Mahakali (B Dickoré Coll. MSB; and JF Duthie Coll. K) and SW Xizang (G & S Miehe Coll. Miehe) fide GMBA (2012–2016). Glyceria R. Br., Prodr. 179 (1810). Glyceria tonglensis C.B. Clarke, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 15: 119 (1876). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 135 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 312 (2017). Glyceria kashmiriensis Kelso; Glyceria ovatiflora Keng ex Tzvelev; Glyceria rivularis Jacquem. ex Hook. f. Solitary or caespitose perennial herbs, rhizomes elongated; culms ascending, 20–50 cm long. Habitat: Forests, among shrubs, moist grasslands, marshy places, streamsides. Distribution: Himalaya (N India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, Myanmar, S China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 2000–4100 m. KSL: Bajhang and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura and Mugu; 2400–3300 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Khaptad, 2930 m (KR Rajbhandari 15639, 28 Aug 1991; KATH!); trail from Budkhori to Dhahidunga Kharka, 3253 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20913110, 12 Jul 2009; KATH!). BAJURA: Porakya, 2600 m (KR Rajbhandari 14816, 12 Aug 1991, KATH!). HUMLA: Chankheli – Rimi, 2450 m (KR Rajbhandari & B 178 Roy 3953, 26 Jul 1979; KATH!); Marghor Langa, 3300 m (KR Rajbhandari & B Roy 4167, 31 Jul 1979; KATH!). MUGU: Ghurchi Lekh – Jhyari Gaon, 3000 m (KR Rajbhandari & B Roy 3660, 20 Jul 1979; KATH). Hackelochloa Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 776 (1891). Hackelochloa granularis (L.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 776 (1891). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 135 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 312 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 254 (2018). Cenchrus granularis L., Mant. Pl. 2: 575 (1771); Manisuris granularis (L.) L. f.; Mnesithea granularis (L.) de Koning & Sosef ENG: Pitscale grass. Caespitose annual herbs; culms erect, 20–50 cm or more in length. Habitat: Open grassy places, disturbed places, fallow fields. Distribution: Tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World. NEPAL: W, C & E; 100–1500 m. KSL: Baitadi and Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura; 850–1500 m. Representative specimens. BAITADI: Baitadi, 1500 m (I Sharma, R Joshi, R Uprety & I Pandey 642, 22 Aug 1981; KATH!). BAJURA: Tolebhir – Berma, 1125 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9193595, 9 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB (2013–2020); Kolti, 1393 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 2687, 20 Aug 1976; KATH!). DARCHULA: Api-13, Khalanga, 860 m (BB Shrestha, M Pandey & R Chhetri 430, 10 Oct 2015; TUCH!). Hemarthria R. Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl.: 207 (1810). Hemarthria compressa (L. f.) R. Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl.: 207 (1810). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 135 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 313 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 255 (2018). Rottboellia compressa L. f., Suppl. Pl. 114 (1782); Hemarthria glabra (Roxb.) Blatt. & McCann; Hemarthria laxa Nees ex Steud.; Rottboellia glabra Roxb. Ghode dûbo, Makaiya ghāns (3f]8] b"af], ds}of–3f“;). Jove grass, Whip grass. Stoloniferous perennial herbs; culms decumbent, up to 100 cm long. Habitat: Grassy slopes, marshes, wet places, roadsides. Distribution: E Africa, Arabian Peninsula, Afganistan, tropical and subtropical regions in S Asia, Himalaya, C & SE China to Japan, SE Asia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 100–2900 m. KSL: Known from neighboring Bajura District, Nepal; 1400–1500 m. Representative specimen. BAJURA: Serigaon – Bashalagaon, 1450 m (KR Rajbhandari 14985, 14 Aug 1991, NEP: ENG: KATH) fide Rajbhandari & Rai (2017). Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Kumar 2011d). Heteropogon Pers., Syn. Pl. 2: 533 (1807). Heteropogon contortus (L.) P. Beauv. in Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg., ed. 15 bis 2: 836 (1817). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 135 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 313 (2017). 179 Andropogon contortus L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1045 (1753). Arthunge, Dāpsu khar (cy{'Ë], bfK;' v/). ENG: Black spear-grass, Spear-grass, Stick-grass, Tanglehead. Caespitose perennial herbs; culms slender, erect, sometimes geniculate at base, up to 100 cm long. Habitat: Dry grassy slopes, along the trail. Distribution: S & C Europe and tropical and subtropical regions of the World. NEPAL: W, C & E; 300–2800 m. KSL: Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura; 800–2100 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Talkot – Aagar, 2000 m (KR Rajbhandari 15260, 18 Aug 1991; KATH!); NEP: Agara – Dhalun, 2000–2100 m (HN Qin, P Bhandari, TR Pandey, BR Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0385, 14 Sept 2017; KATH!, PE!). BAJURA: Kolti – Birseni, 1400 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9170460, 11 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB (2013–2020). DARCHULA: Khar VDC-2, 1780 m (BB Shrestha, M Pandey & R Chhetri 320, 29 Sept 2015; TUCH!). Sunchera, 1800 m (KR Rajbhandari & KJ Malla 5566, 25 Aug 1980; KATH!). Hordeum L., Sp. Pl. 1: 84 (1753). Hordeum vulgare L., Sp. Pl. 1: 84 (1753). DOZ/LIM: Uwā (pjf). NEP: Jau (hf}). ENG: Barley, Six-rowed barley. HIN: Jau (hf}). SAN: Akchhata, Yava (cIft, oj). TIB: né (ནས). Caespitose annual herbs; culms erect, 40–80 cm long. Habitat: Commonly cultivated. Distribution: Cultivated worldwide in all non-tropical countries and in montane areas of tropics. NEPAL: W, C & E; 600–4200 m. KSL: Cultivated in most of the KSL districts in Nepal; 2400–3500 m. Representative specimens. DARCHULA: Tinkar, 3500 m (KR Rajbhandari & KJ Malla 5776, 1 Sept 1980; KATH!). HUMLA: Between Kermi & Salli Pass, 2800 m (SK Ghimire, LR Joshi, A Paudel, S Lo, P Subedi, C Thapa & S Lama CHH-1811, 14 Sept 2012; TUCH!). Ethnobt. use: Grains are mostly used for preparing ‘satu’ and brewing alcohol or local beer. Imperata Cirillo, Pl. Rar. Neapol. 2: 26 (1792). Imperata cylindrica (L.) P. Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr.: 165 (1812). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 136 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 316 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 258 (2018). Lagurus cylindricus L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 2: 878 (1759); Imperata arundinacea Cirillo; Saccharum cylindricum (L.) Lam. Siru, Khar (l;?, v/). Bedding grass, Cogon grass, Sword grass, Thatch grass. Perennial herbs, with elongated rhizomes; culms erect, 10–100 cm or more in length. Habitat: Open grasslands, forests, disturbed areas, riverside, fields. Distribution: Native to S Europe and humid tropics of Africa and Asia; now widespread as a weed in the warmer climate in temperate regions of Asia, Australia and America. NEP: ENG: 180 NEPAL: W, C & E; 100–2400 m. KSL: Baitadi, Bajhang, and Darchula in KSL Nepal; 600–1850 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Trail from Chainpur to Patiudi, 1269 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20913065, 6 Jul 2009; E00509880, KATH!). DARCHULA: Way to Makarigad, 1200 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, A Paudel, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain 2167, 3 Aug 2016; TUCH!); Khar VDC-4, 1840 m (BB Shrestha, M Pandey & R Chhetri 250P, 29 Sept 2015; TUCH!). Ethnobt. use: Rhizome juice is used in folk medicine to treat diarrhea and dysentery. Whole aerial parts are sometimes used for roofing. Isachne R. Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl.: 196 (1810). Isachne albens Trin., Sp. Gram.: 1, t. 85 (1828). Panicum albens (Trin.) Steud. Perennial herbs; culms erect or decumbent at base, 30–100 cm long. Habitat: Forests, forest margins, rocky slopes, grassland. Distribution: Africa, tropical and subtropical regions in Asia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1400–2800 m. KSL: Known from Pithoragarh District, Uttarakhand in KSL India, and neighboring Bajura District, Nepal. It is likely also to be present in KSL area of Far West Nepal. Representative specimens. BAJURA: Porakya – Serigaon (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9170546, 13 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB (2013–2020). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Girgoan, Kumoan, 1830 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom s.n.; K000245405! image). Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (IUCN 2011). Koeleria Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 97 (1805). Koeleria pyramidata (Lam.) P. Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr. 84, 166, 175 (1812). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 260 (2018). Poa pyramidata Lam., Tabl. Encycl 1: 183 (1791); Aira cristata L.; Aira gracilis Trin.; Aira macrantha Ledeb.; Koeleria cristata Pers., nom. superfl.; Koeleria gracilis Pers., nom. superfl.; Koeleria macrantha (Ledeb.) Schult.; Poa nitida Lam. ENG: Prairie June grass, Prairie crested hair grass. Caespitose perennial herbs, with short rhizomes; culms erect, 5–50 cm long. Habitat: Oak forests, forest margins, dry open slopes, grassy slopes, alpine meadows, small ravines. Distribution: Temperate N Hemisphere, W Asia, Himalaya. NEPAL: W & C; 1900–4500 m. KSL: Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura, Doti and Mugu [also known from upper Karnali in adjoining Pulan Xian, SW Xizang, China]; 2400–4450 m. Representative specimens. DOTI: Napani, 2360 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 164, 1 Jul 1976; Koeleria cristata KATH!). HUMLA: Simikot Lagna, above Simikot, 3850 m (CA Pendry, S Baral, S Noshiro, S Rajbhandary, PP Kurmi, B Dell & B Adhikari JRS A232, 21 Jun 2008; Koeleria cristata., E00392134, KATH!). MUGU: Ghurchi Lekh – Jhyari Gaon, 2600 m (KR Rajbhandari & B Roy 3673, 20 Jul 1979; TI 10001874) 181 fide SHB (2013–2020); above Dharkya, south of Chankheli Lagna, 2990 m (CA Pendry, S Baral, S Noshiro, S Rajbhandary, PP Kurmi, B Dell & B Adhikari JRS A116, 12 Jun 2008; Koeleria cristata E00397512, KATH!). Remarks: Specimen records for Pulan Xian fide GMBA (2012–2016). Koeleria spicata (L.) Barberá, A. Quintanar, Soreng & P.M. Peterson subsp. virescens (Regel) Barberá, A. Quintanar, Soreng & P.M. Peterson, Phytoneuron 2019-46: 9 (2019). Kellogg et al., PhytoKeys 163: 155 (2020). Avena flavescens L. var. virescens Regel, Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 41(2): 299 (1868); Koeleria spicata subsp. himalaica (Hultén ex Veldkamp) Barberá, A. Quintanar, Soreng & P.M. Peterson; Trisetum spicatum (L.) Richt. subsp. virescens (Regel) Tzvelev; Trisetum spicatum subsp. himalaicum Hultén ex Veldkamp; Trisetum subspicatum (L.) P. Beauv.; Trisetum virescens (Regel) B. Fedtsch. (1915), nom. illeg., non Nees ex Steud. (1854). Caespitose perennial herbs; rhizomes elongated; culms erect or ascending, to 30 cm long. Habitat: Forests, thickets, grassy slopes, meadows, glacial moraine, streamsides. Distribution: C Asia, Afghanistan to E Himalaya, Tibetan Plateau, N & C China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 2500–5600 m. KSL: Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura; 2500–4300 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Trial from Budkhori to Dhahidunga Kharka, 3253 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20913113, 12 Jul 2009; E, KATH!); Aletsoura, near Saipal, 4333 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 1938, 31 Jul 1976; KATH!). DARCHULA: Kalidhunga, 3902 m (KM Ghimire & M Adhikari F201, 11 Sept 2015; TUCH!); upper Chameliya Valley, Gauchhalighol, Pilkanda, 3950 m (SK Ghimire, S Thapa, B Awasthi, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1477, 27 Jul 2015; TUCH!). Local abund.: Frequent to common in Darchula. Lolium L., Sp. Pl. 1: 83 (1753). Lolium giganteum (L.) Darbysh., Novon 3: 241 (1993). Kellogg et al., PhytoKeys 163: 158 (2020). Bromus giganteus L., Sp. Pl. 1: 77 (1753); Avena flaccida Hack. ex Hook. f.; Festuca gigantea (L.) Vill.; Trisetum flaccidum (Hack. ex Hook. f.) R.R. Stewart ENG: Giant fescue, Giant ryegrass. Loosely caespitose perennial herbs; culms erect or geniculately ascending, 30–100 cm long. Habitat: Grassy slopes, forest margins, field margins, roadsides. Distribution: Europe, subtropical and temperate Asia from Turkey to Russia, Himalaya and SC China. NEPAL: W & C; 1850–3900 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura and Doti; 1900–2600 m [Pithoragarh District, Uttarakhand and neighboring areas in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Khaptad – Talkot (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 9296, 15 Jul 1976; KATH!); between Panalta & Kuwa, 1900–2000 m (HN Qin, P Bhandari, TR Pandey, BR Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0311, 13 Sept 2017; KATH!, PE!). BAJURA: Porakya – Serigaon, 2460 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9170565, 13 Aug 1991; TI! image). DOTI: Khaptad National Park, trail from Jhigrana to Bichpani, 2606 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20911024, 1 Jul 2009; E00623968! image). Remarks: Specimen records for Uttarakhand fide Duthie (1906) and GMBA (2012–2016). 182 Melica L., Sp. Pl. 1: 66 (1753). Melica onoei Franch. & Sav., Enum. Pl. Jap. 2: 603 (1878). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 320 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 261 (2018). Melica scaberrima (Nees ex Steud.) Hook. f. var. micrantha Hook. f. Caespitose perennial herbs, with elongated rhizomes; culms erect or ascending, to 40 cm or more in length. Habitat: Grassy slopes, among scrub. Distribution: NW Pakistan to E Himalaya, Tibetan Plateau, N & E China to Japan. NEPAL: W, C & E; 2500–3500 m. KSL: Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal; 2500–2900 m. Representative specimens. DARCHULA: Dandap, 2500 m (KR Rajbhandari & KJ Malla 5686, 28 Aug 1980; KATH!). HUMLA: Durpa, 2900 m (KR Rajbhandari & B Roy 4156, 30 Jul 1979; KATH!). Melica persica Kunth, Révis. Gramin. 1: 351 (1830). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 320 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 261 (2018). Melica jacquemontii Decne. Caespitose perennial herbs, with elongated rhizomes; culms erect or ascending, 8–25 cm long. Habitat: Grassy slopes, among scrub. Distribution: N Africa, W & C Asia, Afghanistan to C Himalaya, Tibetan Plateau, N & C China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 3200–4000 m. KSL: Known from Kumaon, Uttarakhand, India; and nearby Dolpa District, Nepal. It is likely also to be present in KSL area of Far West Nepal. Representative specimen. UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Monte supra Kamaun [Kumaon] (V Jacquemont 294; holotype of Melica jacquemontii K000032234! image). Microstegium Nees in Lindley, Nat. Syst. Bot., ed. 2. 447 (1836). Microstegium nudum (Trin.) A. Camus, Fl. Indo-Chine 7: 261 (1922). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 137 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 321 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 262 (2018). Pollinia nuda Trin., Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg, Sér. 6, Sci. Math. 2: 307 (1832); Eulalia nuda (Trin.) Kuntze.; Leptatherum nudum (Trin.) C.Hui Chen, Kuoh & Veldkamp; Leptatherum royleanum Nees Mat-forming annual herbs; culms slender, spreading, up to 100 cm long. Habitat: Moist slopes, forest understory, grasslands. Distribution: Tropical Africa, tropical and subtropical regions in S Asia, Himalaya, Tibetan Plateau, C & SE China to Japan, SE Asia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 800–3200 m. KSL: Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal; 2000–2200 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Rasa – Roshiadanda, 2000 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9170844, 21 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB (2013–2020); Jimkot – Khaptad, 2100 m (KR Rajbhandari 15593, 26 Aug 1991; KATH!). DARCHULA: Tipulchyakti – Dopakhe, 2200 m (KR Rajbhandari & KJ Malla 5861, 10 Sept 1980; KATH!). 183 Microstegium petiolare (Trin.) Bor, Indian Forest Rec., Bot., n.s., 1(3): 87 (1938). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 137 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 321 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 262 (2018). Spodiopogon petiolaris Trin., Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg, Sér. 6, Sci. Math. 2: 301–302 (1832); Andropogon petiolaris (Trin.) Steud.; Ischaemum petiolare (Trin.) Hack.; Pollinia lehmannii Arn. & Nees; Spodiopogon lehmannii (Arn. & Nees) Griseb. Mat-forming perennial herbs; culms rambling or scandent, reed-like, to 100 cm or more in length. Habitat: Grassy slopes. Distribution: W & C Himalaya, India, Myanmar, SC China, Thailand. NEPAL: W & C; 1700–2550 m. KSL: Known from KSL India. It is likely also to be present in KSL area of Far West Nepal. Representative specimen. UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Almora, 1675 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 2; isosyntype of Spodiopogon petiolaris K000245718! image). Miscanthus Anderss., Öfvers. Kongl. Vetensk.-Akad. Förh. 12: 165 (1855). Miscanthus nepalensis (Trin.) Hack. in A. DC. & C. DC., Monogr. Phan. 6: 104 (1889). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 137 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 322 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 262 (2018). Eulalia nepalensis Trin., Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg, Sér. 6, Sci. Math. 2: 333 (1832); Diandranthus nepalensis (Trin.) L. Liu.; Erianthus nepalensis (Trin.) Steud. ENG: Himalayan fairy grass. Caespitose perennial herbs, with short rhizomes; culms stout, erect, up to 150 cm long. Habitat: Rocky and grassy slopes, roadside cliffs/banks, forest clearings, scrub. Distribution: NW Pakistan to E Himalaya, Tibetan Plateau, SC China, mainland SE Asia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1100–3000 m. KSL: Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal; 1800–2300 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Dhalaun – Rasa, 2250 m (KR Rajbhandari 15467, 20 Aug 1991; KATH!). DARCHULA: Khar VDC-2, 1860 m (BB Shrestha, M Pandey & R Chhetri 250, 30 Sept 2015; TUCH!); Palaa – Kuntisau, 2300 m (KR Rajbhandari & KJ Malla 5704, 29 Aug 1980; KATH!). Remarks: Records for Pithoragarh fide GMBA (2012–2016). Muhlenbergia Schreb., Gen. Pl., ed. 8. 1: 44 (1789). Muhlenbergia duthieana Hack., Öesterr. Bot. Z. 52: 11 (1902). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 137 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 323 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 263 (2018). Loosely caespitose perennial herbs; culms erect, ascending or procumbent, 10–35 cm long. Habitat: Grassy slopes, boulders of terrace wall. Distribution: NW Pakistan, W & C Himalaya (Kashmir to Nepal). NEPAL: W & C; 2000–3400 m. KSL: Known from Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India, and neighboring Bajura and Mugu districts, Nepal; 2600–3100 m. It is likely also to be present in KSL area of Far West Nepal. Representative specimens. BAJURA: Porakya, 2600 m (KR Rajbhandari 14776, 12 Aug 1991; KATH!). MUGU: Banwa Gaon – Chankheli, 3000 m (KR Rajbhandari & B Roy 3825, 24 Jul 1979; TI 10001895) fide SHB 184 (2013–2020). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kalamoni [Kalamuni], Kumaon (JF Duthie 25031, 4 Aug 1900; K000496628); Kali Valley in Byans, 2740–3050 m (JF Duthie 3579, 16 Sept 1884; K000496626). Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Brummitt 2013b). Muhlenbergia himalayensis Hack. ex Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 259 (1896). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 138 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 323 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 263 (2018). Loosely caespitose perennial herbs; culms ascending or procumbent, to 40 cm long. Habitat: Open moist slopes, meadows, thickets. Distribution: Afghanistan, Pakistan, Himalaya (NW India to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1800–3600 m. KSL: Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura; 1800–2500 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Talkot – Aagar, 2000 m (KR Rajbhandari 15353, 18 Aug 1991; KATH!). BAJURA: Porakya – Serigaon, 2460 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9170566, 13 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB (2013–2020). DARCHULA: Rapla – Tangbang, 1800 m (KR Rajbhandari & KJ Malla 5593, 26 Aug 1980; KATH!). Muhlenbergia huegelii Trin., Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg, Sér. 6, Sci. Math., Seconde Pt. Sci. Nat. 6(2): 293 (1845). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 138 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 323 (2017). Muhlenbergia geniculata Nees ex Steud.; Muhlenbergia viridissima Nees ex Steud. Perennial herbs; culms ascending or procumbent, to 100 cm or more in length. Habitat: Grassy slopes, moist shady places, riversides, forests. Distribution: C Asia, Afghanistan, NW Pakistan to E Himalaya, Tibetan Plateau, N & C China to Japan, mainland SE Asia to New Guinea. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1500–2700 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal; 1900–2500 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Dhalaun – Rasa, 1980 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9170841, 20 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB (2013–2020); Dhalaun – Rasa, 2500 m (KR Rajbhandari 15463, 20 Aug 1991; KATH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Dhauli Valley, Kumaon, 1220–1525 m (JF Duthie 6170, 10 Aug 1886; BM012547594! image). Neyraudia Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 305 (1896). Neyraudia arundinacea (L.) Henrard, Meded. Rijks-Herb. 58: 8 (1929). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 324 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 263 (2018). Aristida arundinacea L., Mant. Pl. 2: 186 (1771); Arundo madagascariensis Kunth; Neyraudia madagascariensis (Kunth) Hook. f. Stout, reed-like perennials; rhizomes short, scaly; culms erect, solid, to 1 m or more in length. Habitat: Dry open slopes. Distribution: E Africa, Afghanistan, tropical and subtropical region in S Asia, Himalaya, S China, mainland SE Asia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 150–3000 m. KSL: Known from neighboring Mugu District, Nepal; c. 2900 m [also in Uttarakhand, India]. 185 Representative specimens. MUGU: Mugu Khola, Daura, 2895 m (O Polunin, WR Sykes & LHJ Williams 3023, 24 Aug 1952; BM011029789! image). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon (Strachey s.n.; WU 0068033! image). Oplismenus P. Beauv., Fl. Oware. 2: 14 (1810). Oplismenus burmanni (Retz.) P. Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr.: 54 (1812). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 138 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 325 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 263 (2018). Panicum burmanni Retz., Observ. Bot. 3: 10 (1783). ENG: Burmann's basketgrass. Creeping annual herbs; culms prostrate or trailing, up to 60 cm long. Habitat: Light forests, shady banks, roadsides, disturbed places, rocky cliffs. Distribution: Tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World. NEPAL: W, C & E; 65–2100 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal; 2000–2100 m. Representative specimen. BAJHANG: Between Talkot & Panalta, 2000–2100 m (HN Qin, P Bhandari, TR Pandey, BR Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0186, 12 Sept 2017; KATH!, PE!). Oplismenus compositus (L.) P. Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr.: 54 (1812). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 138 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 325 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 264 (2018). Panicum compositum L., Sp. Pl. 1: 57 (1753); Oplismenus decompositus Nees; Oplismenus lanceolatus (Retz.) Kunth ENG: Running mountaingrass. Stoloniferous perennial herbs; culms straggling, prostrate or ascending, up to 100 cm long. Habitat: Moist and shady places in forests, forest margins, trailsides, field margins. Distribution: Tropical and subtropical regions of the World. NEPAL: W, C & E; 180–2800 m. KSL: Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura and Dadeldhura [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]; 600–2300 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Rupatola, 1500–2000 m (HN Qin, P Bhandari, TR Pandey, BR Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0091, 11 Sept 2017; KATH!, PE!); Talkot – Aagar, 2000 m (KR Rajbhandari 15314, 18 Aug 1991; KATH!). BAJURA: Berma – Kolti, 1150 m (KR Rajbhandari 14750, 10 Aug 1991; KATH!). DADELDHURA: Ruwakhola, 1400 m (KR Rajbhandari, PM Regmi & KJ Malla 5446, 17 Aug 1980; TI) fide SHB (2013–2020). DARCHULA: Rapla – Sunchera, 1800 m (KR Rajbhandari & KJ Malla 5899, 12 Sept 1980; KATH!); Rapla – Tangbang, 1800 m (KR Rajbhandari & KJ Malla 5586, 26 Aug 1980; KATH!); Khar-4, 2060 m (BB Shrestha, M Pandey & R Chhetri 180, 29 Sept 2015; TUCH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon, Kali Valley, 610–915 m (JF Duthie 3502, 24 Sept 1884; BM012547824! image). Oplismenus undulatifolius (Ard.) P. Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr.: 54, 171 (1812). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 138 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 325 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 264 (2018). Panicum undulatifolium Ard., Animadv. Bot. Spec. Alt. 14, t. 4 (1764); Oplismenus hirtellus (L.) P. Beauv. subsp. undulatifolius (Ard.) U. Scholz ENG: Basketgrass, Wavyleaf basketgrass. Perennial herbs; culms straggling, prostrate or ascending, up to 50 cm long. 186 Habitat: Moist and shady places, shady floor in forests. Distribution: S Europe, Africa, tropical and subtropical regions in Asia, Australasia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 2000–2300 m. KSL: Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura [Pithoragarh District, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Talkot – Aagar, 2000 m (KR Rajbhandari 15311, 18 Aug 1991; KATH!). Porakya – Damkane, 2200 m (KR Rajbhandari 14881, 13 Aug 1991, KATH!). DARCHULA: Rapla – Sunchera, 1800 m (KR Rajbhandari & KJ Malla 5898, 12 Sept 1980; KATH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon, forest above Sini, 1830–2130 m (JF Duthie 3503, 17 Aug 1884; US 04287407! image). BAJURA: Orthoraphium Nees, Proc. Linn. Soc. London. 1: 94 (1841). Orthoraphium roylei Nees, Proc. Linn. Soc. London 1: 94 (1841). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 326 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 264 (2018). Nobis et al. , PhytoKeys 128: 102 (2019). Stipa orthoraphium Steud.; Stipa roylei (Nees) Duthie Loosely caespitose perennial herbs, shortly rhizomatous; culms 30–60 cm long. Habitat: Forest clearings, forest margins, open slopes, rocky slopes. Distribution: Himalaya (N India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, Myanmar, SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 2000–4300 m. KSL: Bajhang, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura; 2200–3500 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Near Dhalun, 2500–3200 m (HN Qin, P Bhandari, TR Pandey, BR Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0445, 15 Sept 2017; KATH!, PE!). BAJURA: Ghodi Lekh, 3200 m (KR Rajbhandari 15219, 6 Aug 1991; KATH!). DARCHULA: Dandap – Dopakhe, 2200 m (KR Rajbhandari & KJ Malla 5684, 28 Aug 1980; KATH!). HUMLA: Chankheli Lagna, 3500 m (KR Rajbhandari & B Roy 4445, 9 Aug 1979; KATH!). Oryza L., Sp. Pl. 1: 333 (1753). Oryza sativa L., Sp. Pl. 1: 333 (1753). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 138 (1978). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 265 (2018). Dhān (wfg). Asian rice, Rice. Caespitose annual herbs; culms erect. Habitat: Cultivated. Distribution: Cultivated throughout the warmer parts of S Europe, Africa, tropical and temperate regions in Asia, Australia, America. NEPAL: W, C & E; 100–2200 m. KSL: Cultivated in all four districts in KSL Nepal; 700–2200 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Dhalaun, 2200 m (KR Rajbhandari 15399, 19 Aug 1991; KATH!). NEP: ENG: BAJURA: Serigaon – Bashala 1690–1760 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9195016, 14 Aug 1991; TI! image). DARCHULA: Sunchera, 1750 m (KR Rajbhandari & KJ Malla 5584, 25 Aug 1980; KATH!). 187 Panicum L., Sp. Pl. 1: 55 (1753). Panicum miliaceum L., Sp. Pl. 1: 58 (1753). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 139 (1978). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 266 (2018). Pl. 19. Milium panicum Mill.; Panicum densepilosum Steud. Chino, Thūlo kāgun (lrgf], 7"nf] sfu'g). Broomcorn millet, Chinese millet, Hog millet, Proso millet. Robust annual herbs; culms erect or geniculately ascending, up to 100 cm long. Habitat: Cultivated in mountainous regions. Distribution: Widely cultivated. NEPAL: W & C; 1500–3250 m. KSL: Bajhang, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal; 1800–2600 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Aagar – Dhalaun, 1800 m (KR Rajbhandari 15383, 19 Aug 1991; NEP-L/NEP: ENG: KATH!). Aagar – Kinara, 2100 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9192523, 23 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB (2013–2020). DARCHULA: Sunchera, 1800 m (KR Rajbhandari & KJ Malla 5570, 25 Aug 1980; KATH!). HUMLA: Humla-Karnali, Simikot, 2600 m (SK Ghimire, LR Joshi, A Paudel, S Lo, P Subedi, C Thapa & S Lama 1779A, 27 Aug 2012; TUCH!). Panicum sumatrense Roth in Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg., ed. 15 bis 2: 434 (1817). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 139 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 330 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 266 (2018). Panicum psilopodium Trin.; Panicum sumatrense Roth subsp. psilopodium (Trin.) de Wet. ENG: Barefoot panicgrass, Little millet. Annual herbs; culms erect or decumbent, up to 100 cm long. Habitat: Grassland, dry slopes. Distribution: Tropical and subtropical regions in S Asia, Himalaya, Tibetan Plateau, SC China to Japan, mainland SE Asia to Indonesia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 100–2300 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura; 1050–1950 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Talkot – Aagar, 1940 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9193343, 18 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB (2013–2020). BAJURA: Babali – Sanfebagar, 1060 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9193421, 30 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB (2013–2020); Dhamkane – Jilli, 1800 m (KR Rajbhandari 14959, 13 Aug 1991; KATH!). Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Mani 2011b). Paracolpodium (Tzvelev) Tzvelev, Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 50: 1320 (1965). Paracolpodium wallichii (Hook. f. ex Stapf) E. B. Alexeev., Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 18: 94 (1981). Catabrosa wallichii Hook.f. ex Stapf in Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 7(22): 312 (1896); Colpodium wallichii (Hook.f. ex Stapf) Bor Caespitose perennial herbs with short rhizomes; culms erect, 10–35 cm long. Habitat: Moist stony or sandy slopes, marshy places near stream. 188 Distribution: C & E Himalaya (Nepal to Bhutan), SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 3600–5000 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal; 4100 m. Representative specimen. BAJHANG: Dubai Pass – Sunigad, 4100 m (PR Shakya, MK Adhikari & MN Subedi 8135, 24 Jul 1984; KATH!). Paspalum L., Syst. Nat., ed. 10. 2: 855 (1759). Paspalum notatum Flüggé, Gram. Monogr., Paspalum. 106 (1810). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 331 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 267 (2018). Paspalum taphrophyllum Steud. Kode-ghāns, Kodî-ghāns (sf]b–] 3f“;, sf]bL–3f“;). Bahiagrass, Common bahia. Mat-forming perennial herbs; rhizomes stout, elongated; culms erect, 15–50 cm long. Habitat: Moist places, grassy places. Distribution: Native to S America; naturalized elsewhere in S Europe, Africa, Asia, N America. NEPAL: W, C & E; 500–1700 m. KSL: Known from neighboring Bajura District, Nepal; 1060 m. Representative specimen. BAJURA: Babali – Sanfebagar, 1060 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F NEP-L/NEP: ENG: Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9193419, 30 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB (2013–2020). Paspalum scrobiculatum L., Mant. Pl. 1: 29 (1767). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 139 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 331 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 267 (2018). Paspalum cartilagineum J. Presl; Paspalum commersonii Lam.; Paspalum orbiculare G. Forst. Banso, Janai-ghāns, Kode banso, Kode-ghāns (aG;f], hg}–3f“;, sf]b] aG;f], sf]b–] 3f“;). Creeping paspalum, Ditch grass, Indian paspalum, Kodomillet, Ricegrass. Mat-forming or caespitose perennial herbs; culms erect or geniculately ascending, up to 150 cm long. Habitat: Wetlands, waste ground, roadsides. Distribution: Tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World to N Australia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 65–2500 m. KSL: Baitadi and Bajhang in KSL Nepal; 900–1500 m. Representative specimen. BAITADI: Shimar, 890 m (PR Shakya, MK Adhikari & MN Subedi 7846, 14 Jul NEP-L/NEP: ENG: 1984; KATH!). Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Knees & Gupta 2013). Phacelurus Griseb., Spicil. Fl. Rumel. Bithyn. 2: 423 (1846). Phacelurus speciosus (Steud.) C.E. Hubb., Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1928: 35 (1928). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 333 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 269 (2018). Andropogon speciosus Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 375 (1854); Ischaemum robustum Hook. f.; Ischaemum speciosum (Steud.) W. Watson; Manisuris speciosa (Steud.) Kuntze; Rottboellia speciosa (Steud.) Hack. Loosely caespitose perennial herbs; rhizomes elongated; culms erect, 30–150 cm long. 189 Habitat: Grassy slopes, open coniferous forests. Distribution: Afghanistan, Pakistan, W & C Himalaya (Kashmir to Nepal). NEPAL: W; 2500–3100 m. KSL: Darchula in KSL Nepal; 2500–3100 m [Bageshwar and Pithoragarh in KSL India]. Representative specimens. DARCHULA: Dhandap, 2500 m (KR Rajbhandari and KJ Malla 5683, 28 Aug 1980, KATH) fide Rajbhandari & Rai (2017). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom s.n.; BM012551586! image). Remarks: Further records for Uttarakhand fide GMBA (2012–2016). Phleum L., Sp. Pl. 1: 59 (1753). Phleum alpinum L., Sp. Pl. 1: 59 (1753). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 140 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 334 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 270 (2018). Phleum commutatum Gaudin Tāuke-ghāns (6fps]–3f“;). Alpine cat's-tail, Alpine timothy, Mountain timothy. Loosely caespitose perennial herbs, rhizomes short; culms erect or decumbent at base, 5–40 cm long. Habitat: Wet meadows, open grassy slopes, thickets, stream banks. Distribution: Europe, subtropical and temperate regions in Asia, N & S America. NEPAL: W, C & E; 2400–4700 m. KSL: Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal; 3600–4500 m [Pithoragarh and neighboring areas in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Kariganga, near Saipal, 3939 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya NEP-L: ENG: 1844, 31 Jul 1976; KATH!); Dubai Pass – Sunigad, 4000 m (PR Shakya, MK Adhikari & MN Subedi 8139, 24 Jul 1984; KATH!). DARCHULA: Upper Chameliya Valley, below Pilkanda, Ghusa VDC, 3600 m (SK Ghimire, S Thapa, B Awasthi, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1170, 20 Jul 2015; TUCH!); Pilkanda, 3703 m (KM Ghimire & M Adhikari F209, 12 Sept 2015; TUCH!); upper Chameliya Valley, below Kalidhunga Tal, Pilkanda-Lolu, 4200 m (SK Ghimire, S Thapa, B Awasthi, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1395, 22 Jul 2015; TUCH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom s.n.; BM011029274! image); Kumaon (R Blinkworth 3779; K001119989! image). Remarks: Further records for Uttarakhand fide Duthie (1906) and GMBA (2012–2016). Local abund.: Frequent in Darchula. Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Brummitt 2013c). Piptatherum P. Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr. 17 (1812). Piptatherum aequiglume (Duthie ex Hook. f.) Roshev., Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk SSSR 14: 113 (1951). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 270 (2018). Nobis et al. , PhytoKeys 128: 113 (2019). Oryzopsis aequiglumis Duthie ex Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 234 (1896); Oryzopsis fasciculata Hack.; Piptatherum aequiglume var. fasciculatum (Hack.) Freitag; Piptatherum fasciculatum (Hack.) Roshev. Loosely caespitose perennial herbs; rhizomes short; culms stout, erect, 45–130 cm long. Habitat: Grassy slopes, open rocky slopes, scree slopes, thickets, riversides. 190 Distribution: Turkmenistan to NW Pakistan, Himalaya, Tibetan Plateau and SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 2300–4300 m. KSL: Darchula in KSL Nepal [also in adjoining Kumaon region, Uttarakhand, India; 2500–4000 m. Representative specimens. DARCHULA: Thin – Dandap, 2500 m (KR Rajbhandari & KJ Malla 5666, 28 Aug 1980; KATH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon (R Strachey & JE Wintebottom 2; syntype of Oryzopsis aequiglumis BM001217078! image). Piptatherum gracile Mez, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 17: 211 (1921). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 270 (2018). Nobis et al. , PhytoKeys 128: 114 (2019). Oryzopsis gracilis (Mez) Pilg.; Oryzopsis brachyclada Pilg.; Piptatherum brachycladum (Pilg.) Romasch. Densely caespitose perennial herbs; rhizomes short; culms erect, 10–50 cm long. Habitat: Dry steep banks, gravelly slopes. Distribution: W & C Asia (from Iran to Tajikistan), NW Pakistan, W & C Himalaya (Kashmir to Nepal), Tibetan Plateau, SC China. NEPAL: W & C; 2500–4000 m. KSL: Known from Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India; and Pulan Xian, SW Xizang in KSL China. It is likely also to be present in upper Darchula and upper Humla in KSL Nepal. Representative specimen. XIZANG (CHINA): Pulan Xian, 30.29°N 81.17°E (Qinghai-Tibet team 6122080, 1976; PE) fide Kong & Yang (2019). Remarks: Records for Uttarakhand fide GMBA (2012–2016). Piptatherum laterale (Regel) Nevski, Trudy Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. 1, Fl. Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 4: 217 (1937). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 271 (2018). Nobis et al. , PhytoKeys 128: 115 (2019). Milium laterale Regel, Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 7: 645 (1880); Oryzopsis lateralis (Regel) Stapf ex Hook. f. Densely caespitose perennial herbs; rhizomes short; culms erect, 10–60 cm long. Habitat: Grassy slopes, gravelly and stony slopes, among shrubs. Distribution: W & C Asia (Turkey to Kazakhstan), NW Pakistan, Himalaya (Kashmir to Nepal), Tibetan Plateau, SC China, NEPAL: W & C; 2600–4000 m. KSL: Known from Pulan Xian, SW Xizang in KSL China; and neighboring Mugu District, Nepal. It is likely also to be present in upper Humla, Nepal. Representative specimens. MUGU: Padi – Murma, near Rara Lake, 2606 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 2895, 24 Aug 1976; KATH) fide Rajbhandari & Rai (2017). XIZANG (CHINA): Pulan Xian, 30.29°N 81.17°E (Qinghai-Tibet team 6122043, 1976; PE) fide Kong & Yang (2019). Piptatherum munroi (Stapf ex Hook. f.) Mez, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 17: 212 (1921). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 271 (2018). Nobis et al. , PhytoKeys 128: 114 (2019). Oryzopsis munroi Stapf ex Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 234 (1896); Oryzopsis stewartiana Bor Loosely caespitose perennial herbs; rhizomes short; culms erect, 30–80 cm long. Habitat: Open forests, grassy slopes, alpine meadows, scrub, rock-ledges. Distribution: Iran to Pakistan, Himalaya (N India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, N & C China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 2100–4900 m. 191 KSL: Humla in KSL Nepal; 2100–3800 m [also known from upper Karnali in Pulan Xian, SW Xizang, China; 4250–4440 m]. Representative specimens. HUMLA: Lothikhola – Melchham, 2120 m (KR Rajbhandari & B Roy 4055, 27 Jul 1979; KATH) fide Rajbhandari & Rai (2017); Changla Khola Valley, Dozam, above Seding, Chhudalongbo, 3800 m (SK Ghimire, RP Chaudhary & team P11440, 23 May 2010; TUCH!). XIZANG (CHINA): Pulan Xian, 30.29°N 81.17°E (Qinghai-Tibet Team Plant Group 5183999, 1976; PE) fide Kong & Yang (2019). Remarks: Further records for Pulan Xian fide GMBA (2012–2016). Poa L., Sp. Pl. 1: 67 (1753). Poa alpina L., Sp. Pl. 1: 67 (1753). Melderis in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 142 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 335 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 271 (2018). ENG: Alpine meadow-grass, Alpine bluegrass (En). Caespitose perennial herbs; culms erect or ascending, 1–20 cm long. Habitat: Open grassy slopes, alpine meadows. Distribution: Europe, N Africa, subtropical and temperate regions in Asia, N America to Mexico. NEPAL: W; 3800 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal [Pithoragarh and neighboring area in KSL India]; 3200–3800 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Chaurpani, 3800 m (JF Dobremez 2302, 17 May 1973; BM, E). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon, Dugli, 3200 m (R. Strachey & J.E. Winterbottom 12; BM011027085); Kumaon, 3350–3655 m (JF Duthie 6192, 10 Jul 1886; BM011027068! image). Remarks: Further records for Pithoragarh fide GMBA (2012–2016). Poa annua L., Sp. Pl. 1: 68 (1753). Melderis in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 142 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 335 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 271 (2018). Pode-ghāns (kf]8]–3f“;). Annual bluegrass, Annual meadow-grass, Annual wintergrass, Goosegrass. Caespitose annual or short-lived perennial herbs; culms erect, spreading or prostrate, up to 30 cm long. Habitat: Weed of disturbed areas, open places, meadows, road/trailsides, agriculture fields. Distribution: Native to Temperate Eurasia; now almost cosmopolitan. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1200–4500 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura and Mugu; 2500–3200 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: On the way to Deurali from Dhalun, 2500–3200 m (HN Qin, P NEP: ENG: Bhandari, TR Pandey, BR Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0420, 15 Sept 2017; KATH!, PE!). BAJURA: Birseni – Porakya, 2500 m (KR Rajbhandari 14823, 12 Aug 1991; KATH!). MUGU: Rara, 2850 m (KR Rajbhandari & B Roy 3717, 21 Jul 1979; TI) fide SHB (2013–2020). Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Brummitt 2013d). Poa arnoldii Melderis in H. Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 142 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 335 (2017). Poa alberti Regel subsp. arnoldii (Melderis) Olonova & G.H. Zhu, Fl. China 22: 308 (2006). Loosely to densely caespitose perennial herbs; culms erect, to 20 cm in length. 192 Habitat: Alpine grassy slopes, scree slopes. Distribution: W & C Himalaya (NW India, Nepal), Tibetan Plateau, N & C China. NEPAL: W; 5400–5600 m. KSL: Bajhang District in KSL Nepal; c. 5485 m. Representative specimen. BAJHANG: Five miles NE of Saipal, 5485 m (JEM Arnold 226, 25 Aug 1954; holotype BM000521759! image). Poa calliopsis Litv. ex Ovcz., Trudy Tadzhisk. Bot. Sada 1(1): 11, 18 (1933). Melderis in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 143 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 335 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 272 (2018). Poa phariana Bor Solitary or loosely caespitose perennial herbs; rhizomes elongated; culms erect, 2–15 cm long. Habitat: Meadows, rocky slopes, glacial moraines. Distribution: C Asia, Himalaya (Pakistan to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, N & C China. NEPAL: W & C; 3500–5600 m. KSL: Bajhang District in KSL Nepal; c. 4360 m. Representative specimen. BAJHANG: Allechaur, near Saipal, 4363 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 1775, 29 Jul 1976; KATH) fide Rajbhandari & Rai (2017). Poa hylobates Bor, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 7: 132 (1965). Melderis in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 143 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 336 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 272 (2018). Caespitose annual herbs; culms erect, 25–50 cm long. Habitat: Meadows, grassy places, among boulders. Distribution: W & C Himalaya (NW India, Nepal), Tibetan Plateau, NW & SC China. NEPAL: W & C; 3000–3800 m. KSL: Known from neighboring Mugu District, Nepal [Pithoragarh District, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. It is likely also to be present in Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal. Representative specimens. MUGU (NEPAL): Below Mugu, Mugu Khola, 3200 m (O Polunin, WR Sykes & LHJ Williams 5303, 18 Aug 1952; paratype BM000521764! image). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Pithoragarh, Panchachuli Base, 4000 m (MK Kandwal 111796, 26 Jul 2004; BSD) fide Nautiyal & Gaur (2017). Poa koelzii Bor, Kew Bull. 3: 139 (1948). Poa albertii Regel subsp. kunlunensis (N.R. Cui) Olonova & G.H. Zhu Densely caespitose perennial herbs; culms erect or ascending, 2–10 cm long. Habitat: Dry stony places, sandy places, dry meadows. Distribution: C Asia, S Russia, W Himalaya (Pakistan to NW India: Kumaon), Tibetan Plateau. NEPAL: Not known. KSL: Known from Pulan Xian, SW Xizang in KSL China, and nearby Uttarkashi District, Uttarakhand, India. It is likely also to be present in KSL area of Nepal. Representative specimens. UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Uttarkashi, near Gaumukh, 4000 m (DC Nautiyal 14909, 23 Oct 1994; GUH) fide Nautiyal & Gaur (2017). XIZANG (CHINA): Pulan Xian, 30.29°N 81.17°E (QinghaiTibet team vegetation group 5719961, 1976; PE) fide Kong & Yang (2019). 193 Poa lahulensis Bor, Kew Bull. 1948: 138 (1948). Poa albertii Regel subsp. lahulensis (Bor) Olonova & G.H. Zhu Caespitose perennial herbs; culms erect, up to 30 cm long. Habitat: Meadows, dry steep slopes. Distribution: NW Pakistan, Karakoram, W Himalaya, Tibetan Plateau, SC China. NEPAL: Not known. KSL: Known from Pulan Xian, SW Xizang in KSL China; and nearby Uttarkashi District, Uttarakhand, India. It is likely also to be present in KSL area of India and Nepal. Representative specimens. UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Uttarkashi, Gangotri, 3000 m (Uniyal et al. 109867, 8 Aug 1992; BSD) fide Nautiyal & Gaur (2017). XIZANG (CHINA): Pulan Xian, 30.29°N 81.17°E (QinghaiTibet team 6636148, 1975; PE) fide Kong & Yang (2019). Poa lhasaensis Bor, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 7: 132 (1965). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 337 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 273 (2018). Poa jaunsarensis Bor, Kew Bull. 3 (1): 143 (1948). Caespitose perennial herbs; rhizomes elongated; culms erect or ascending, 30–46 cm long. Habitat: Open forests, grassy slopes, meadows. Distribution: N Pakistan, W & C Himalaya (NW India, Nepal), Tibetan Plateau, SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 3600–4000 m. KSL: Upper Mahakali in KSL India and Nepal; 3650–4000 m. Representative specimen. Kutti Yangti Valley, Byans, 3658–3962 m (JF Duthie 6224, 30 Jul 1886; holotype of Poa jaunsarensis K000789644! image, isotype of Poa jaunsarensis K000789643! image, BM011027337! image). Poa nepalensis (Wall. ex Griseb.) Duthie, List Grasses NW India: 40 (1883). Melderis in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 143 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 337 (2017). Poa annua L. var. nepalensis Wall. ex Griseb., Nachr. Königl. Ges. Wiss. Georg-Augusts-Univ. 3: 75 (1868). Caespitose annual or short-lived perennial herbs; culms erect or ascending, 10–50 cm long. Habitat: Forest margins, meadows, moist grassland, open slopes, roadsides, disturbed ground. Distribution: Himalaya (Kashmir to NE India), Tibetan Plateau, Myanmar, C & SE China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1800–3600 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Mugu [also in Almora District, Uttarakhand, India]; 2100–3000 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Mt. Roshia range, 2820 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 1520, 24 Jul 1976; KATH!); Dhuli, 3000 m (JF Dobremez 2220, 14 May 1973; BM011027274! image, E00666444). MUGU: Rara, 2850 m (KR Rajbhandari & B Roy 3750, 22 Jul 1979; KATH!, TI). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon, Binsar, 2134 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 13; lectotype of Poa annua var. nepalensis K000789542! image, BM011027275! image, P02663490! image). Poa pagophila Bor, Kew Bull. 4: 239 (1949). Melderis in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 143 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 338 (2017). Caespitose perennial herbs; culms slender, erect or ascending, 10–40 cm long. Habitat: Grassy slopes, moist grassland, thickets, scree/rocky slopes, river beds. 194 Distribution: Afghanistan, NW Pakistan, Himalaya (Kashmir to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 3000–5300 m. KSL: Bajhang and Humla in KSL Nepal; 3050–5000 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Saipal, 3300 m (JF Dobremez 2286, 16 May 1973; BM011027304! image, E00666434). HUMLA: Chungsa Valley, Khyunkar La, above Seliman Tsho towards NW, 4640 m (SK Ghimire, LR Joshi, A Paudel, S Lo, P Subedi, C Thapa & S Lama CHH-1303A, 9 Sept 2012; TUCH!). Poa polycolea Stapf in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 342 (1896). Melderis in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 143 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 338 (2017). Poa chalarantha Keng ex L. Liu; Poa lithophila Keng ex L. Liu; Poa triglumis Keng ex L. Liu Caespitose perennial herbs; culms erect or geniculately ascending, 10–30 cm long. Habitat: Grassy places, alpine meadows, among boulders, riversides. Distribution: Afghanistan, Himalaya (Pakistan to NE India), Tibetan Plateau, NW & SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 3500–5600 m. KSL: Known from Pithoragarh District and neighboring area in KSL India (3050–3350 m), and Pulan Xian, SW Xizang in KSL China (4000–4570 m). In Nepal, it is known from Dolpa in the west to Sankhuwasabha in the east. It is very likely also to be present in KSL area of Nepal. Representative specimens. UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon, Kali Valley, 3048–3353 m (JF Duthie 6159, 24 Jul 1886; BM011027338! image); Kumaon, Dugli, 3200 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 11; isosyntype BM000812703! image, syntype K000789596! image). Remarks: Records for Pulan Xian fide GMBA (2012–2016). Poa poophagorum Bor, Kew Bull. 3: 143 (1948). Melderis in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 143 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 338 (2017). Poa alberti Regel subsp. poophagorum (Bor) Olonova & G.H. Zhu, Fl. China 22: 308 (2006). Densely caespitose perennial herbs; culms erect, 10–20 cm long. Habitat: Open slopes, alpine grassland. Distribution: Himalaya (NW India to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, NW & SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; (2550–)3600–5800 m. KSL: Humla District in KSL Nepal; 4400–5000 m. Representative specimen. HUMLA: Chungsa Valley, Khyunkar La, above Seliman Tsho towards NW, 4640 m (SK Ghimire, LR Joshi, A Paudel, S Lo, P Subedi, C Thapa & S Lama CHH-1305, 9 Sept 2012; TUCH!). Local abund.: Frequent. Poa pratensis L., Sp. Pl. 1: 67 (1753). Melderis in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 143 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 338 (2017). ENG: Common meadow-grass, English meadow-grass, Kentucky bluegrass, Smooth meadow-grass. Caespitose perennial herbs; culms erect or geniculately ascending, 20–60 cm long. Habitat: Open grassland, alpine meadows. Distribution: Europe, Asia, Australia, N & S America NEPAL: W, C & E; 2000–4400 m. 195 KSL: Known from Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India; and nearby Mugu District, Nepal. It is likely also to be present in Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal. Representative specimens. MUGU (NEPAL): Ghurchi – Chuchamara, 3400 m (KR Rajbhandari & B Roy 3587, 19 Jul 1979; KATH) fide Rajbhandari & Rai (2017). UTTARKHAND (INDIA): Kumaun, Nipchang Valley, 3655–3960 (JF Duthie 3522, 31 Aug 1884; BM011027369! image); Pithoragarh, Leptal, 3500–4000 m (DC Nautiyal 13801, 26 August 1995; GUH) fide Nautiyal & Gaur (2017). Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Maiz-Tome 2016b). Poa pratensis L. subsp. angustifolia (L.) Lej., Comp. Fl. Belg.: 82 (1828). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 339 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 274 (2018). Poa angustifolia L., Sp. Pl. 1: 67 (1753). ENG: Narrow-leaved meadow-grass. Caespitose perennial herbs; culms erect or ascending, to 70 cm long. Habitat: Forest margins, open grassy slopes. Distribution: Europe, N Africa, subtropical and temperate Asia; introduced into N & S America. NEPAL: W & C; 2500–4100 m. KSL: Bajhang and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Mugu [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]; 2500–4000 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Launi, 2500 m (JF Dobremez 2098, 6 May 1973; BM011027098! image). HUMLA: Marghor Lagna, 3650 m (Rajbhandari & Roy 4115, 29 Jul 1979; KATH) fide Rajbhandari (1991). Ghurchi Lekh, 3300 m (Rajbhandari & Roy 3575, 19 Jul 1979; TI) fide SHB (2013–2020). UTTARKHAND (INDIA): Pithoragarh, above Sumna, 4000 m (DC Nautiyal 13801, 25 August 1995; GUH) fide Nautiyal & Gaur (2017). MUGU: Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Contu 2013b). Poa rajbhandarii Noltie, Edinburgh J. Bot. 57: 288 (2000). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 339 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 274 (2018). Loosely caespitose annual or short-lived perennial herbs; culms slender, erect or geniculate, to 30 cm. Habitat: Forests, grassland, shady and marshy ground. Distribution: C & E Himalaya (Nepal to Bhutan & NE India), Tibetan Plateau, SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 2500–4100 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Mugu; 3200–3400 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Trail from Budkhori to Dhahidunga Kharka, 3253 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20913111, 12 Jul 2009; E00509689, KATH!). MUGU: Ghurchi – Chuchamara, 3400 m (Rajbhandari & Roy 3590, 19 Jul 1979; KATH, TI) fide Rajbhandari & Rai (2017). Poa sikkimensis (Stapf) Bor, Kew Bull. 7: 130 (1952). Melderis in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 144 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 339 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 275 (2018). Poa annua L. var. sikkimensis Stapf in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 346 (1896). Caespitose annual or perennial herbs; culms erect or geniculately ascending, up to 40 cm long. Habitat: Grassy slopes, meadows, disturbed ground. 196 Distribution: Himalaya (Kashmir to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, C China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 3000–4800 m. KSL: Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Doti and Mugu; 3100–3400 m. Representative specimens. DOTI: Khaptad National Park, trail from Ghodadauni to Lokhada, 3082 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20913041, 3 Jul 2009, E00623936) fide RBGE (2018). HUMLA: Chankheli Lagna, 3400 m (KR Rajbhandari & B Roy 3846, 25 Jul 1979; TI 10001979) fide SHB (2013–2020). MUGU: Ghurchi – Chuchamara Danda, 3400 m (KR Rajbhandari & B Roy 3595, 19 Jul 1979; TI 10001982) fide SHB (2013–2020). Poa stapfiana Bor, Kew Bull. 4: 239 (1949). Melderis in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 144 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 340 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 275 (2018). Poa stapfiana var. micrathera (Stapf) Bor; Poa tremula Stapf (1836), nom. illeg., non Lam (1791); Poa tremula var. micranthera Stapf Loosely caespitose perennial herbs, stoloniferous; culms erect or ascending, 20–60 cm long. Habitat: Alpine meadows, grassland. Distribution: NW Pakistan to NE India (Sikkim). NEPAL: W, C & E; 2100–4700 m. KSL: Darchula District in KSL Nepal; c. 3800 m. Representative specimen. DARCHULA: Nete, 3792 m (KM Ghimire & M Adhikari F047, 13 Sept 2015; TUCH!). Poa trivialis L., Sp. Pl. 1: 67 (1753). ENG: Rough-stalked meadow grass, Rough bluegrass. Loosely caespitose perennial herbs, stoloniferous; culms decumbent to ascending, up to 100 cm long. Habitat: Moist places, slopes in open forests, slopes in grassland. Distribution: Macaronesia, Europe, N Africa, subtropical and temperate regions in Asia. NEPAL: W & C; 2500–4000 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura [Pithoragarh District, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAJURA & BAJHANG: Pategaon – Ghodi Lehk Deorali – Badigaon, 3100 m (M Suziki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9170696, KATH!, TI! image). UTTARKHAND (INDIA): Pithoragarh, Lohaghat area, 1800–2200 m (MK Kandwal 111421, 14 August 2002; BSD) fide Nautiyal & Gaur (2017). Pogonatherum P. Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr. 56 (1812). Pogonatherum crinitum (Thunb.) Kunth, Enum. Pl. 1: 478 (1833). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 144 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 340 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 275 (2018). Andropogon crinitus Thunb. in J.A. Murray, Syst. Veg. ed. 14: 903 (1784); Andropogon monandrus Roxb.; Ischaemum crinitum (Thunb.) Trin.; Pollinia monandra (Roxb.) Spreng. Bhuse kharî, Kharukî, Muse-jhār (e';] v/L, v?sL, d';]–emf/). Mat-forming perennial herbs; culms slender, wiry, prostrate, erect or geniculate, up to 30 cm long. NEP: 197 Habitat: Forests, grassy slopes, moist places along roadsides, stream banks. Distribution: Madagascar, tropical and subtropical regions in Asia to Western N Pacific. NEPAL: W, C & E; 600–2800 m. KSL: Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura; 1100–1800 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Chainpur – Jimkot, 1140–1480 m (M Suziki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9170953, 25 Oct 1991; KATH!, TI). 1300 m (JF Dobremez 1854, 17 Apr 1973; BM012550494! image). DARCHULA: Khar VDC-4, 1800 m (BB Shrestha, M Pandey & R Chhetri 115, 28 Sept 2015; TUCH!). BAJURA: Basala, Polypogon Desf., Fl. Atlant. 1: 66 (1798). Polypogon fugax Nees ex Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 184 (1854). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 144 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 341 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 276 (2018). Polypogon higegaweri Steud.; Polypogon littoralis Sm. var. higegaweri (Steud.) Hook. f. Jhyāple-ghāns, Kharāyo-pāile (‰ofKn]–3f“;, v/fof]–kfOn]). ENG: Asia minor bluegrass. Solitary or caespitose annual herbs; culms erect or geniculate, sometimes decumbent, to 30 cm long. Habitat: Open moist places, marshy places, stream banks, rocky stream beds, fields. Distribution: Africa, tropical to warm temperate regions in Asia, Australasia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1100–3700 m. KSL: Bajhang and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Doti and Mugu; 1400–3000 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Khaptad National Park, trail from Ghodadaune to Lokhada, 2559 m (H NEP: Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20913049, 3 Jul 2009; E00509899, KATH!). DOTI: Doti – Silgadhi, 1372 m (N Ecker-Racz 40, 1 Apr 1967; US 01948222! image). HUMLA: Poom – Kallas, 3000 m (KR Rajbhandari & B Roy 4103, 28 Jul 1979; KATH!). MUGU: Rara, 2850 m (KR Rajbhandari & B Roy 3755, 22 Jul 1979; TI 10001997) fide SHB (2013–2020). Ptilagrostis Griseb. in Ledeb., Fl. Ross. 4: 447 (1852). Ptilagrostis concinna (Hook. f.) Roshev. in V.L. Komarov (ed.), Fl. URSS 2: 75 (1934). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 342 (2017). Nobis et al. , PhytoKeys 128: 109 (2019). Stipa concinna Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 230 (1897). Caespitose perennial herbs; culms erect, 10–30 cm long. Habitat: Grassy slopes, alpine meadows, scrub. Distribution: C Asia, Himalaya (Pakistan to NE India: Sikkim), Tibetan Plateau, N & SC China. NEPAL: C & E; 3700–5300 m. KSL: Known from upper Karnali in adjoining Pulan County, SW Xizang in KSL China; 4000–4700 m. It is likely also to be present in upper Humla in KSL Nepal. Representative specimen. XIZANG (CHINA): Pulan Xian, 30.29°N 81.17°E (Qinghai-Tibet team 6092087, 1976; PE) fide Kong & Yang (2019). Remarks: Further records for upper Karnali fide GMBA (2012–2016). 198 Ptilagrostis dichotoma Keng ex Tzvelev, Trudy Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Rast. Tsentral. Azii 4: 43 (1968). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 342 (2017). Nobis et al. , PhytoKeys 128: 107 (2019). Densely caespitose perennial herbs; culms erect, 10–20 cm long. Habitat: Open grassy slopes, alpine meadows, alpine steppes. Distribution: Himalaya (NW India to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, C China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 3300–5000 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura; 3800–4500 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Manane Lekh, 3830 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20917078, 14 Jul 2009; E00509786! image, KATH!); Saipal, 3909 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 1808; KATH!). Ptilagrostis yadongensis Keng f. & J.S. Tang, J. S. W. Agric. Univ. 4: 44 (1985). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 343 (2017). Nobis et al. , PhytoKeys 128: 108 (2019). Ptilagrostis macrospicula L.B. Cai; Ptilagrostis milleri (Noltie) M. Nobis & A. Nobis; Stipa milleri Noltie Caespitose perennial herbs; culms erect. Habitat: Grassy slopes, alpine meadows. Distribution: C & E Himalaya (Nepal to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau. NEPAL: W, C & E; 3600–4600 m. KSL: Bajhang District in KSL Nepal; 4300 m. Representative specimen. BAJHANG: Aletsoura, near Saipal, 4333 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 1941, 31 Jul 1976; KATH!). Saccharum L., Sp. Pl. 1: 54 (1753). Saccharum filifolium Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1(6): 409 (1854). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 344 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 277 (2018). Erianthus filifolius (Steud.) Nees ex Hack. Caespitose perennial herbs; culms erect, robust, to 100 cm long. Habitat: Grassland, rocky bank, dry slopes. Distribution: Afghanistan, Pakistan, NW India, Nepal. NEPAL: W, C & E; 2100–2500 m. KSL: Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Doti [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]; 1600–2300 m. Representative specimens. HUMLA: Melchham, 2286 m (O Polunin, WR Sykes & LHJ Williams 4144, 21 May 1952; BM012550188! image). DOTI: Ratuli Gaon (Bis Ram 346, 2 May 1929; BM012550194! image). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon, above Kota, 1615 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 3; P01992084! image). Saccharum longesetosum (Andersson) V. Naray. ex Bor, Fl. Assam 5(App. 1): 461 (1940). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 344 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 277 (2018). Erianthus longesetosus Andersson, Öfvers. Kongl. Vetensk.-Akad. Förh. 12: 163 (1855); Erianthus hookeri Hack.; Erianthus longisetosus var. hookeri (Hack.) Bor; Saccharum hookeri (Hack.) V. Naray. ex Bor Caespitose perennial herbs; culms erect, robust, to 2 m or more in length. 199 Habitat: Grassy slopes, steep scrubby banks, forest gullies. Distribution: Himalaya (NW India to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, Bangladesh, S China, mainland SE Asia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 200–2200 m. KSL: Humla in KSL Nepal; 2200 m. Representative specimen. HUMLA: Darma Gaon, 2200 m (KR Rajbhandari & B Roy 4031, 27 Jul 1979; KATH!). Saccharum rufipilum Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 409 (1854). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 345 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 278 (2018). Erianthus fulvus Nees ex Hack. (1889), nom. illeg., non (R. Br.) Kunth (1829); Erianthus pallens Hack.; Erianthus rufipilus (Steud.) Griseb. Caespitose perennial herbs; culms erect, robust, to 2 m or more in length. Habitat: Grassy and rocky slopes, river banks. Distribution: NW Pakistan, Himalaya (Kashmir to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, C & SE China, mainland SE Asia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1300–3200 m. KSL: Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Mugu; 1750–2450 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Aagar – Dhalaun, 1770 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9170791, 19 Aug 1991; TI! image); Dhalaun – Rasa, 2250 m (KR Rajbhandari 15466, 20 Aug 1991; KATH!). DARCHULA: Khar VDC-7, 1860 m (BB Shrestha, M Pandey & R Chhetri 341, 30 Sept 2015; TUCH!); Palaa – Kuntisau, 2300 m (KR Rajbhandari & KJ Malla 5703, 29 Aug 1980; KATH!). MUGU: Mugu Karnali Valley, Mangri, 2438 m (O Polunin, WR Sykes & LHJ Williams 3027, 25 Aug 1952; BM012550229! image). Saccharum spontaneum L., Mant. Pl. 2: 183 (1771). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 145 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 346 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 278 (2018). Saccharum canaliculatum Roxb.; Saccharum chinense Nees ex Hook. & Arn.; Saccharum insulare Brongn.; Saccharum propinquum Steud.; Saccharum semidecumbens Roxb. Kāns, Sāno kāns (sf“;, ;fgf] sf“;). ENG: Fodder cane, Kans grass, Thatch grass, Tiger grass, Wild cane, Wild sugarcane. HIN: Kāns (sf“;). Spreading perennial herbs; rhizomes elongated; culms erect, robust, up to 3 m or more in length. Habitat: Grassland, dry slopes, riversides, trailsides. Distribution: NE Africa, tropical to warm temperate regions in Asia, N Australia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 100–2100 m. KSL: Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal; 800–2000 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Aagar – Dhalaun, 1770 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, NEP: F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9170790, 19 Aug 1991; KATH!, TI); Talkot – Aagar, 1900 m (KR Rajbhandari 15307, 18 Aug 1991, KATH!); between Panalta & Kuwa, 1900–2000 m (HN Qin, P Bhandari, TR Pandey, BR Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0307, 13 Sept 2017; KATH!, PE!). DARCHULA: Darchula – Huti, 1000 m (KR Rajbhandari & KJ Malla 5517, 24 Aug 1980; KATH!, TI); between Lattenath & Paribagar, 1000–1100 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, A Paudel, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-2170, 3 Aug 2016, TUCH!). Local abund.: Frequent. Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Diop & Mani 2020). 200 Sacciolepis Nash, Man. Fl. N. States. 89 (1901). Sacciolepis indica (L.) Chase, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 21: 8 (1908). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 145 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 346 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 279 (2018). Aira indica L., Sp. Pl. 1: 63 (“spicata”), 1231 ("indicum"), in errata after index (1753); Panicum indicum (L.) L. (1771), nom. illeg., non Mill. (1768). Kāune banso, Kāgune-ghāns (sfpg] aG;f]], sfu'g]–3f“;). Glenwoodgrass, Chase's glenwoodgrass, Indian cupscale-grass. Caespitose annual herbs; culms slender, ascending, 30–100 cm long. Habitat: Grassy slopes, moist open slopes, marshy places, streamsides. Distribution: Africa, tropical and subtropical regions in Asia to N & E Australia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 70–2600 m. KSL: Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Doti; 1100–1800 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Jimkot – Khaptad, 1600 m (KR Rajbhandari 15591, 26 Aug 1991, KATH!). NEP: ENG: Khar VDC-2, 1836 m (BB Shrestha, M Pandey & R Chhetri D154, 29 Sept 2015; TUCH!). DOTI: Rautkatte – Barigad, 1120 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari and K Tsuchiya 148, 26 Jun 1976, KATH!). DARCHULA: Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Diop 2020b). Setaria P. Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr. 51 (1812). Setaria flavida (Retz.) Veldkamp, Blumea 39: 376 (1994). Panicum flavidum Retz., Observ. Bot. 4: 15 (1786); Paspalidium flavidum (Retz.) A. Camus Caespitose perennial herbs; culms erect or geniculately ascending, 10–40 cm or more in length. Habitat: Marshy places, grassland, weed of rice fields, roadsides, moist open places. Distribution: W Indian Ocean Islands, tropical and subtropcical regions in Asia to E Australia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 100–1700 m. KSL: Darchula in KSL Nepal; 1700 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. DARCHULA: Khar-7, 1700 m (BB Shrestha, M Pandey & R Chhetri D451, 1 Oct 2015, TUCH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon, Jomsar, 1524 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 1; BM012549203! image). Remarks: Further records for Pithoragarh fide FES (2003). Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Lansdown & Knees 2013). Setaria forbesiana (Nees ex Steud.) Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 81 (1896). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 145 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 347 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 280 (2018). Panicum forbesianum Nees ex Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 98 (1854). Perennial herbs; culms erect or geniculately ascending, to 60 cm or more in length. Habitat: Grassy slopes. Distribution: Himalaya (NW India to Bhutan), C & SE China, mainland SE Asia. NEPAL: C & E; 1200–2000 m. KSL: Known from Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India; 1200–1900 m. It is likely also to be present in Darchula District in KSL Nepal. 201 Representative specimen. UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon, Kali Valley, 1220–1525 m (JF Duthie 6204, 12 Aug 1886; BM012548915! image). Remarks: Further records for Pithoragarh fide GMBA (2012–2016). Setaria homonyma (Steud.) Chiov., Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital., n.s., 26: 78 (1919). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 347 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 280 (2018). Panicum homonymum Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 48 (1853). ENG: Fan-leaved bristlegrass. Loosely caespitose annual herbs; culms erect or decumbent, 20–70 cm or more in length. Habitat: Grassy slopes. Distribution: Tropical Africa, S Asia. NEPAL: W; 1000 m. KSL: Darchula District in KSL Nepal; 1000 m [Pithoragarh District, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimen. DARCHULA: Darchula – Huti, 1000 m (KR Rajbhandari & KJ Malla 5553, 24 Aug 1980, KATH!). Remarks: Records for Pithoragarh fide FES (2003). Setaria intermedia Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 489 (1817). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 348 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 280 (2018). Panicum hookerianum Balansa; Panicum intermedium (Roem. & Schult.) Roth; Panicum tomentosum Roxb.; Setaria tomentosa (Roxb.) Kunth Annual herbs; culms slender, ascending or decumbent, 40–100 cm long. Habitat: Grassland, fields, wet places. Distribution: E Africa, Arabian Peninsula, S Asia, SC China, mainland SE Asia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 400–1800 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura; 1100–1700 m [Pithoragarh District, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Trail from Tameil to Chainpur, 1113 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20913057, 5 Jul 2009; E00509903, KATH!). BAJURA: Berseni – Porakya, 1590 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9193230, 12 Aug 1991; TI! image). Remarks: Records for Pithoragarh fide FES (2003). Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr.: 51 (1812). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 145 (1978). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 280 (2018). Pl. 19. Panicum italicum L., Sp. Pl. 1: 56 (1753); Pennisetum italicum (L.) R. Br. Kāguno, Kāun, Kāunî (sfu'gf], sfpg, sfpgL). ENG: Foxtail millet, Foxtail bristlegrass. Annual herbs; culms robust, erect or geniculate, up to 150 cm long. Habitat: Cultivated. Distribution: Probably originated in C & E China; cultivated as a crop worldwide. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1100–2700 m. NEP-L/NEP: 202 KSL: Bajhang and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura; 1800–2600 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Aagar – Dhalaun, 1800 m (KR Rajbhandari 15385, 19 Aug 1991; KATH!); Rasa – Roshiadanda, 2350 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9192514, 21 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB (2013–2020). BAJURA: Birseni – Porakya, 1560–2540 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9195010, 12 Aug 1991; TI! image). HUMLA: Humla-Karnali, Simikot, 2600 m (SK Ghimire, LR Joshi, A Paudel, S Lo, P Subedi, C Thapa & S Lama 1779B, 28 Aug 2012; TUCH!). Remarks: Records for Pithoragarh fide CIAT (2018). Setaria palmifolia (J. Koenig) Stapf, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 42: 186 (1914). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 146 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 348 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 280 (2018). Panicum palmifolium J. Koenig, Naturforscher (Halle) 23: 208 (1788), “palmaefolium”. ENG: Palmgrass, Broad-leaved bristlegrass, Highland pitpit. Caespitose perennial herbs; culms robust, erect or ascending, 60–100 cm long. Habitat: Shady grassy slopes, forests, thickets. Distribution: Tropical and subtropical regions in Asia to E Australia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 200–2800 m. KSL: Known from neighboring Bajura District, Nepal; 1550 m. Representative specimen. BAJURA: Martadi, 1554 m (BSH C1, 7 Aug 2017) fide RBGE (2014). Setaria parviflora (Poir.) Kerguélen, Lejeunia, n.s. 120: 161 (1987). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 348 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 280 (2018). Cenchrus parviflorus Poir. in Lam., Encycl. 6: 52 (1804); Chaetochloa parviflora (Poir.) Scribn.; Panicum geniculatum Lam.; Pennisetum geniculatum (Lam.) Jacq.; Pennisetum parviflorum (Poir.) Trin.; Setaria geniculata P. Beauv. Kanike kāguno, Kāgune-jhār (slgs] sfu'gf], sfu'g]–emf/). ENG: Knotroot bristlegrass, Marsh bristlegrass. Annual or short-lived perennial herbs; culms erect or ascending, up to 100 cm long. Habitat: Open slopes, roadsides, waste places, agriculture margins. Distribution: N & S America; introduced into Africa, Tropical and Subtropical Asia to Pacific. NEPAL: W, C & E; 100–2500 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal; 1500–2000 m. Representative specimen. BAJHANG: Rupatola, 1500 – 2000 m (HN Qin, P Bhandari, TR Pandey, BR NEP-L/NEP: Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0062, 11 Sept 2017; KATH!, PE!). Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Thacker 2013). Setaria plicata (Lam.) T. Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 919 (1908). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 146 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 348 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 281 (2018). Panicum plicatum Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1: 171 (1791); Panicum excurrens Trin.; Panicum neurodes Schult. var. blepharoneuron A. Braun; Setaria excurrens (Trin.) Miq.; Setaria palmifolia Stapf var. blepharoneuron (A. Braun) Veldkamp Loosely caespitose perennial herbs; culms robust, erect or decumbent, to 100 cm long. Habitat: Open forests, grassland. 203 Distribution: S Asia, Himalaya (N India, Nepal), Tibetan Plateau, S China to Japan, mainland SE Asia to New Guinea. NEPAL: W, C & E; 900–2000 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal; 1100 m [Bageshwar and Pithoragarh districts, Uttarakhand in KSL India; 600–1500 m]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Bajhang, 1100 m (KR Rajbhandari 15567, KATH). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon, Kapkot, 1220–1525 m (JF Duthie 3505, 13 Aug 1884; BM012549114! image). Remarks: Further records for Pithoragarh fide Duthie (1906). Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg., 2: 891 (1817). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 349 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 281 (2018). Panicum pumilum Poir. in Lamarck, Encycl., Suppl. 4: 273 (1816); Panicum pallide-fuscum Schumach.; Setaria pallide-fusca (Schumach.) Stapf & C.E. Hubb.; Setaria pumila var. pallide-fusca (Schumach.) B.K. Simon NEP: Bālā banso, Ghoge banso, Kāgune-jhār, Kanike kāguno (afnf aG;f], 3f]u] aG;f], sfu'g]–emf/, slgs] sfu'gf]). Yellow bristlegrass, Yellow foxtail, Pigeon grass. Loosely caespitose annual herbs; culms erect or ascending, 10–50 cm or more in length. Habitat: Waste places, grassy places, roadsides, forest margins, field margins. Distribution: S & E Europe, Africa, tropical to warm temperate regions in Asia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 100–2500 m. KSL: Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura; 900–2100 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Badigaon, 2100 m (KR Rajbhandari 15246, 17 Aug 1991; KATH!). ENG: BAJURA: Serigaon – Bashala, 1540 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9193268, 14 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB (2013–2020); Birseni to Porakya, 1800 m (KR Rajbhandari 14869, 12 Aug 1991, KATH!). DARCHULA: Khar-4, 2040 m (BB Shrestha, M Pandey & R Chhetri 43, 26 Sept 2015; TUCH!). Setaria verticillata (L.) P. Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr.: 51 (1812). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 146 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 349 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 281 (2018). Panicum verticillatum L., Sp. Pl. ed. 2: 82 (1762); Chaetochloa verticillata (L.) Scribn.; Panicum adhaerens Forssk.; Pennisetum verticillatum (L.) R. Br. Jhuse kāgune-ghāns, Kāgune-jhār (em';] sfu'g]–3f“;, sfu'g]–emf/). Bristly foxtail, Bur bristlegrass, Hooked bristlegrass, Rough bristlegrass, Sticky bristle grass. Loosely caespitose annual herbs; culms decumbent or ascending, 20–40 cm or more in length. Habitat: Grassland, roadsides, among shrubs. Distribution: Europe, Africa, tropical to warm temperate regions in Asia, Australasia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 200–900 m. KSL: Darchula in KSL Nepal; 900 m. Representative specimen. DARCHULA: Darchula – Huti, 900 m (KR Rajbhandari & KJ Malla 5555, 24 Aug NEP: ENG: 1980; KATH!). Setaria viridis (L.) P. Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr.: 51 (1812). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 146 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 349 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 281 (2018). 204 Panicum viride L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 2: 870 (1759); Pennisetum viride (L.) R.Br.; Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv. subsp. viridis (L.) Thell.; Setaria weinmannii Roem. & Schult. Kāgune-ghāns (sfu'g–] 3f“;). Green bristlegrass, Green foxtail. Loosely caespitose annual herbs; culms erect or ascending, 10–50 cm long. Habitat: Grassy slopes, grassland, waste places, roadsides, edge of fields. Distribution: Europe, N Africa, tropical to temperate regions in Asia, C & SE Australia. NEPAL: W & C; 1000–3900 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura; 1050–2200 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Talkot – Aagar, 1660–2180 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M NEP: ENG: Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9193762, 18 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB (2013–2020). BAJURA: Babali – Sanfebagar, 1060 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9193426, 30 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB (2013–2020). Sporobolus R. Br., Prodr. 169 (1810). Sporobolus diandrus (Retz.) P. Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr.: 26 (1812). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 146 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 350 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 283 (2018). Agrostis diandra Retz., Observ. Bot. 5: 19 (1789); Sporobolus diandrus var. nanus Hook. f.; Sporobolus indicus (L.) R. Br. var. diandrus (Retz.) Jovet & Guédès; Sporobolus indicus var. flaccidus (Roth) Veldkamp Khude-ghāns (v'b–] 3f“;). ENG: Tussock dropseed, Indian dropseed. Caespitose perennial herbs; culms slender, erect or ascending, 12–50 cm long. Habitat: Chir pine forests, dry slopes, grassland, roadsides. Distribution: W Indian Ocean Islands, S Arabian Peninsula, tropical and subtropical regions in S Asia, SC & SE China, mainland SE Asia to New Guinea. NEPAL: W, C & E; 65–2100 m. KSL: Known from neighboring Bajura and Dadeldhura districts, Nepal; 1000–1750 m. It is likely also to be present in KSL area of Far West Nepal. Representative specimens. BAJURA: Baudi Khola, 1750 m (BSH C101, 21 Aug 2017) fide RBGE (2014). NEP: DADELDHURA: Lipna, 1000 m (KR Rajbhandari, PM Regmi & KJ Malla 5289, 12 Aug 1980; KATH!). Sporobolus fertilis (Steud.) Clayton, Kew Bull. 19: 291 (1965). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 146 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 350 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 283 (2018). Agrostis fertilis Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 170 (1854); Sporobolus diandrus (Retz.) P. Beauv. var. major Buse; Sporobolus indicus (L.) R. Br. var. fertilis (Steud.) Jovet & Guédès; Sporobolus indicus var. major (Buse) Baaijens Jarkhare-ghāns, Bandhan-jhār (h/v/]–3f“;, aGwg–emf/). ENG: Bloomsbury grass, Giant parramatta grass, Smutgrass. Densely caespitose perennial herbs; culms stout, erect, 25–60 cm long. Habitat: Roadsides, grassy slopes, field margins. Distribution: Tropical S Asia, Himalaya, C & SE China to Japan, mainland SE Asia to Indonesia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 300–2800 m. NEP: 205 KSL: Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal; 1500–2300 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Rupatola, 1500–2000 m (HN Qin, P Bhandari, TR Pandey, BR Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0111, 11 Sept 2017; KATH!, PE!); trail from Surma to Thalara, 2230 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20913085, 10 Jul 2009; E00395785, KATH!). DARCHULA: Khar-2, 1860 m (BB Shrestha, M Pandey & R Chhetri 388, 30 Sept 2015; TUCH!). Sporobolus pilifer (Trin.) Kunth, Enum. Pl. 1: 211 (1833). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 146 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 350 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 283 (2018). Vilfa pilifera Trin., Gram. Unifl. Sesquifl. 157 (1824); Agrostis japonica Steud.; Sporobolus ciliatus J. Presl; Sporobolus japonicus (Steud.) Maxim. ex Rendle.; Sporobolus stachyanthus A. Rich.; Sporobolus villosus Kunth ENG: Barundi dropseed. Caespitose annual herbs; culms slender, erect, 3–25 cm long. Habitat: Moist open places, open grassy slopes, edge of paddy fields. Distribution: Tropical and subtropical regions of the World. NEPAL: W, C & E; 900–2700 m. KSL: Darchula District in KSL Nepal [Pithoragarh and neighboring Almora District, Uttarakhand in KSL India]; 900–1800 m. Representative specimens. DARCHULA: Dumli – Ralpa, 1800 m (KR Rajbhandari & KJ Malla 5896, 12 Sept 1980; KATH!); Khar VDC-2, 1836 m (BB Shrestha, M Pandey & R Chhetri D442, 30 Sept 2015; TUCH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon, Dhauli Valley, 915–1220 m (JF Duthie 3529, 22 Sept 1884; BM012547495! image); Kumaon, below Almora, 1220–1525 m (JF Duthie 6206, 24 Aug 1886; BM012547501! image). Stipa L., Sp. Pl. 1: 78 (1753). Stipa breviflora Griseb., Nachr. Königl. Ges. Wiss. Georg-Augusts-Univ. 3: 82 (1868). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 351 (2017). Nobis et al. , PhytoKeys 128: 104 (2019). Stipa aliciae Kanitz Caespitose perennial herbs; culms erect, 10–50 cm. Habitat: Dry slopes, scree, among shrubs. Distribution: C Asia, W & C Himalaya (NW India, Nepal), Tibetan Plateau, N China, Mongolia. NEPAL: C; 2800–4500 m. KSL: Known from adjoining Ngari Korsum, including Pulan County, SW Xizang in KSL China. It is likely also to be present in upper Darchula and upper Humla in KSL Nepal. Representative specimens. XIZANG (CHINA): Gnari Khorsum [Ngari Korsum] (Schlagintweit 7105; holotype GOET 013761! image); province of Gnari Khorsum [Ngari Korsum], northern foot of the Uta Dhura Pass across the Kiungar Pass to its northern foot, 4940–5360 m (Schlagintweit 7318, 9–12 Jul 1855; unspecified type GH 00024484! image); Pulan Xian, 30.29°N 81.17°E (Qinghai-Tibet team 6030814, 1976; PE) fide Kong & Yang (2019). Stipa capillacea Keng, Sunyatsenia 6(2): 100, pl. 15 (1941). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 351 (2017). Nobis et al. , PhytoKeys 128: 106 (2019). Stipa koelzii R.R. Stewart 206 Caespitose perennial herbs; culms erect, 10–40 cm long. Habitat: Grassy slopes, meadows. Distribution: Himalaya (NW India to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, N & C China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 2800–4100 m. KSL: Known from Pulan County, SW Xizang in KSL China. It is likely also to be present in upper Humla in KSL Nepal. Representative specimen. XIZANG (CHINA): Pulan Xian, 30.29°N 81.17°E (Qinghai-Tibet team 6030416, 1976; PE) fide Kong & Yang (2019). Stipa krylovii Roshev., Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada S.S.S.R. 28: 379 (1929). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 352 (2017). Nobis et al. , PhytoKeys 128: 105 (2019). Stipa sareptana A.K. Becker var. krylovii (Roshev.) P.C. Kuo & Y.H. Sun Densely caespitose perennial herbs; culms erect, up to 50 cm long. Habitat: Dry sandy ground. Distribution: C & N Asia, Himalaya (N India, Nepal), Tibetan Plateau, N China. NEPAL: W & C; 3600–4000 m. KSL: Upper Humla in KSL Nepal; 4000 m [Pulan County, SW Xizang in KSL China]. It is likely also to be present in upper Mahakali in Darchula, Nepal. Representative specimen. XIZANG (CHINA): Pulan Xian, 30.29°N 81.17°E (Qinghai-Tibet team 6029395, 1976; PE) fide Kong & Yang (2019). Tenaxia N.P. Barker & H.P. Linder, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 97(3): 350–351, f. 16 (2010). Tenaxia cachemyriana (Jaub. & Spach) N.P. Barker & H.P. Linder, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 97: 352 (2010). Danthonia cachemyriana Jaub. & Spach, Ill. Pl. Orient. 4: 46, t. 331 (1851); Danthonia exilis Hook. f. Densely caespitose perennial herbs; culms filiform, erect or decumbent at the base, up to 25 cm long. Habitat: Dry rocky slopes, rock crevices. Distribution: E Afghanistan, Pakistan to E Himalaya (Sikkim), Tibetan Plateau, SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 3000–4450 m. KSL: Darchula District in KSL Nepal; 3700 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India; and Pulan County, SW Xizang in KSL China]. It is likely also to be present in upper Humla in KSL Nepal. Representative specimens. DARCHULA: Dhaulo Odhar, 3703 m (KM Ghimire & M Adhikari F218, 12 Sept 2015; TUCH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Ralam, 3655 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 1; P02260974! image). XIZANG (CHINA): Pulan Xian, 30.29°N 81.17°E (Tibet Expedition Team 6257898, 1974; PE) fide Kong & Yang (2019). Tenaxia cumminsii (Hook. f.) N.P. Barker & H.P. Linder, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 97: 352 (2010). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 353 (2017). Nobis et al. , PhytoKeys 128: 106 (2019). Danthonia cumminsii Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 282 (1896); Danthonia cachemyriana Jaub. & Spach var. minor Hook. f.; Danthonia jacquemontii Bor; Danthonia minor (Hook. f.) L. Liu; Danthonia schneideri Pilg. Sāno phyūncho (;fgf] Ïo"“rf]). Caespitose, tussock-forming perennial herbs; culms erect, up to 60 cm long. NEP: 207 Habitat: Open grassy slopes, rocky outcrop, alpine meadows, forests, near streams, dry rocky slopes. Distribution: E Afghanistan, NW Pakistan to E Himalaya, Tibetan Plateau, SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 2200–4800 m. KSL: Bajhang, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura; 2900–4700 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India; and Pulan Xian, SW Xizang in KSL China]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Khaptad, 2930 m (KR Rajbhandari 15643, 28 Aug 1991; KATH!). BAJANG/BAJURA: Pategaon – Ghodi Lehk Deorali – Badigaon, 3100 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9170693, 16 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB (2013–2020); Ghodi Lekh, 3300 m (KR Rajbhandari 15108, 16 Aug 1991; KATH!). DARCHULA: Upper Chameliya Valley, Gauchhalighol, Pilkanda, 3950 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1250, 21 Jul 2015; TUCH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon, W Tola, 3655 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 2; BM000959459! image, P02260975! image). XIZANG (CHINA): Pulan Xian, 30.29°N 81.17°E (Qinghai-Tibet team vegetation group 6751502, 1976; PE) fide Kong & Yang (2019). Local abund.: Frequent in Darchula and Humla at higher elevations. Thamnocalamus Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. London. 26: 33 (1868). Thamnocalamus spathiflorus (Trin.) Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. 26: 34 (1868). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 147 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 354 (2017). Arundinaria spathiflora Trin., Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg, Sér. 6, Sci. Math., Seconde Pt. Sci. Nat. 1: 617 (1835); Arundinaria aristata Gamble; Bambusa aristata Lodd. ex Lindl.; Thamnocalamus aristatus (Gamble) E.G.Camus; Thamnocalamus nepalensis (Stapleton) Stapleton; Thamnocalamus occidentalis (Stapleton) Stapleton; Thamnocalamus spathiflorus subsp. nepalensis Stapleton; Thamnocalamus spathiflorus subsp. occidentalis Stapleton Nigālo, Rāto nigālo (lgufnf], /ftf] lgufnf]). ENG: Himalayan bamboo, Red Himalayan bamboo. Shrubby bamboos, rhizomatous; culms caespitose, erect, woody, 1.5–3 m or more in length. Habitat: Coniferous and mixed broad-leaved forests, oak forests. Distribution: Himalaya (N India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau. NEPAL: W, C & E; 2200–3900 m. KSL: Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura; 2300–3050 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG & BAJURA: Khaptad National Park, 2980–3030 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, NEP: N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9161055, 27 Aug 1991; TI! image). DARCHULA: Between Ghusa & Nahli, 2390 m (SK Ghimire, LR Joshi, B Awasthi & CK Subedi ANCA-A70, 23 Oct 2013, TUCH!). Local abund.: Occasional in Darchula. Themeda Forssk., Fl. Aegypt.-Arab.: 178 (1775). Themeda anathera (Nees ex Steud.) Hack. in DC., Monogr. Phan. 6: 669 (1889). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 147 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 354 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 285 (2018). Anthistiria anathera Nees ex Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 402 (1854); Androscepia anathera (Nees ex Steud.) Andersson Chunero (r'g]/f]). NEP: Dhaddî (9•L]). Caespitose perennials; rhizomes creeping; culms slender, erect or ascending, up to 1.4 m long. NEP-L: 208 Habitat: Open slopes, grassy slopes, forests, terraced fields. Distribution: E Afghanistan, NW & S Pakistan to Nepal, Tibetan Plateau. NEPAL: W & C; 700–2650 m. KSL: Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Mugu; 1200–2200 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Jimkotgaon, 1270 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 209, 17 Jul 1976; KATH!); Rishinri, 1450 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 225, 20 Jul 1976; KATH!); Talkot – Aagar, 2000 m (KR Rajbhandari 15216, 18 Aug 1991, KATH!). DARCHULA: Chameliya Valley, below Ghusa, 2000 m (SK Ghimire, S Thapa, B Awasthi, S Lo, C Thapa & MR Paudeyal ANCA-547, 15 Oct 2014; TUCH!); Chameliya Valley, Janjari, way to Ghusa Village, 2100 m (SK Ghimire, S Thapa, B Awasthi, S Lo, C Thapa & MR Paudeyal ANCA-810, 26 Oct 2014; TUCH!). MUGU: Mugu Karnali Valley, between Lumra & Mangri, 2134 (O Polunin, WR Sykes & LHJ Williams 5235, 15 Aug 1952; BM012551491! image). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kali Valley, between Shirkha to Sosa, 2438–2743 (JF Duthie; BM012551468! image). Local abund.: Frequent to common. Themeda caudata (Nees) A. Camus in Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 7: 364 (1922). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 147 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 355 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 286 (2018). Anthistiria caudata Nees in Hook. & Arn., Bot. Beechey Voy. 245 (1838); Androscepia gigantea (Cav.) Brongn. var. armata Andersson; Themeda gigantea (Cav.) Hack. subsp. caudata (Nees) Hack.; Themeda gigantea (Cav.) Hack. var. longispatha Hack. Caespitose perennials; culms robust, erect, 1.5–3 m long. Habitat: Open places. Distribution: Himalaya (N India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, S China, SE Asia. NEPAL: C & E; 100–2100 m. KSL: Known from Kumaon, Uttarakhand, India. It is likely to be present in KSL India and Nepal. Representative specimen. UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon, valley of Sarju, 1067 m (R Strachey & JE Winter-bottom s.n.; K000911701! image). Themeda hookeri (Griseb.) A. Camus, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 26: 425 (1920). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 147 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 355 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 286 (2018). Anthistiria hookeri Griseb., Nachr. Königl. Ges. Wiss. Georg-Augusts-Univ. 3: 91 (1868). Caespitose perennials; culms slender, geniculately ascending, to 100 cm long. Habitat: Grassland, open slopes. Distribution: Himalaya (Nepal to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, SC China, Thailand. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1500–3400 m. KSL: Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura; 1900–2200 m. Representative specimens. DARCHULA: Khar-2, 2190 m (BB Shrestha, M Pandey & R Chhetri D263, 29 Sept 2015, TUCH!). BAJURA: Majpali – Pategaon, 1900 m (KR Rajbhandari 15078, 15 Aug 1991, KATH!) . Themeda triandra Forssk., Fl. Aegypt.-Arab.: 178 (1775). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 147 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 356 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 286 (2018). Anthistiria australis R. Br.; Anthistiria imberbis Retz.; Themeda australis (R. Br.) Stapf; Themeda imberbis (Retz.) T. Cooke 209 ENG: Kangaroo grass. Tussock-forming perennials; culms erect, to 60 cm or more in length. Habitat: Forests, forest margins, grassland, dry slopes, roadsides. Distribution: Africa, tropical and subtropical regions of Asia to Australia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1100–4200 m. KSL: Bajhang and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura and Mugu; 2000–3200 m [also in Kumaon, Uttarakhand, India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Trail from Thalara to Budkhori, Lekgaun VDC, 2481 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20913096, 11 Jul 2009; E00509638! image); west peak from Deurali, near Dhalun, 2500–3200 m (HN Qin, P Bhandari, TR Pandey, BR Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0431, 15 Sept 2017; KATH!, PE!). BAJURA: Bashala – Pategaon (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9170634, 15 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB (2013–2020); Dhamkane, 2150 m (KR Rajbhandari 14883, 13 Aug 1991, KATH!). HUMLA: Durpa, 2600 m (KR Rajbhandari & B Roy 4161, 30 Jul 1979; KATH). MUGU: Rara, 2900 m (KR Rajbhandari & B Roy 3703, 21 Jul 1979; TI 10004683! image). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon, above Jallat, 2285 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 3; BM012551445! image). Thysanolaena Nees, Edinburgh New Philos. J. 18: 180 (1835). Thysanolaena latifolia (Roxb. ex Hornem.) Honda, J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 3: 312 (1930). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 356 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 286 (2018). Melica latifolia Roxb. ex Hornem., Suppl. Hort. Bot. Hafn. 117 (1819); Agrostis maxima Roxb.; Thysanolaena maxima (Roxb.) Kuntze Amriso (cld|;f]). Broomgrass, Asian broomgrass, Nepalese broomgrass. Reed-like caespitose perennials; rhizomes stout; culms erect, 1–3 m long, hard, unbranched. Habitat: Open slopes, shady cliffs, forest margins, river banks. Distribution: Tropical and subtropical regions in Asia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 100–2050 m. KSL: Darchula in KSL Nepal; 900–2050 m [Bageshwar and Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. DARCHULA: Darchula – Huti, 900 m (KR Rajbhandari & KJ Malla 5551, 24 Aug NEP: ENG: 1980; TI 10002041) fide SHB (2013–2020); Khar VDC-2, 2050 m (BB Shrestha, M Pandey & R Chhetri 218P, 29 Sept 2015; TUCH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon, Kapkot, 1370 m (WN Koelz 20563, 3 Jun 1948; US 04218614! image). Local abund.: Occasional in Darchula. Tripogon Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 34 (1817). Tripogon filiformis Nees ex Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 301 (1854). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 148 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 357 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 287 (2018). Tripogon filiformis var. tenuispicus Hook.f. Caespitose perennial herbs; culms slender, erect, 10–30 cm long. 210 Habitat: Dry grassy slopes, rocky cliffs, among rocks. Distribution: Himalaya (N India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, C & S China, SE Asia. NEPAL: W, C & E; (300–)1000–3600 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura and Mugu; 1500–3200 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Aagar – Dhalaun, 1700 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9170801, 19 Aug 1991; KATH!); Dhalaun – Rasa, 2500 m (KR Rajbhandari 15438, 20 Aug 1991; KATH!). BAJURA: Serigaon – Bashala, 1460 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9170603, 14 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB (2013–2020). MUGU: Below Mugu, Mugu Khola, 3200 m (O Polunin, WR Sykes & LHJ Williams 5304, 18 Aug 1952; BM012546500! image). Trisetopsis Röser & A. Wölk, Schlechtendalia 25: 57 (2013). Trisetopsis virescens (Nees ex Steud.) Röser & A. Wölk, Taxon 66: 38 (2017). Trisetum virescens Nees ex Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 226 (1854); Avena roylei (Hook. f.) Keng; Helictotrichon roylei (Hook.f.) Keng; Helictotrichon virescens (Nees ex Steud.) Henrard Loosely caespitose perennial herbs; culms slender, erect, 25–70 cm or more in length. Habitat: Dry grassy slopes, forests, damp places. Distribution: NW Pakistan to E Himalaya, Tibetan Plateau, Peninsular India, Sri Lanka, C & SE China, mainland SE Asia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1800–4200 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura and Mugu; 2500–3500 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Near Dhuli, 2545 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 2199, 4 Aug 1976; Helictotrichon virescens KATH!). MUGU: Rara Lake, 2818 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 2993, 25 Aug 1976; Helictotrichon virescens KATH!). Triticum L., Sp. Pl. 1: 85 (1753). Triticum aestivum L., Sp. Pl. 1: 85 (1753). Bor in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 148 (1978). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 288 (2018). Triticum vulgare Vill. Gahun (ux'“). ENG: Bread wheat, Common wheat, Wheat. HIN: Gehūn (u]x"“). SAN: Godhûm (uf]w"d). Caespitose annual herbs; culms erect, 50–100 cm long. Habitat: Cultivated. Distribution: Probably originating in Mediterranean region and W Asia, cultivated worldwide. NEPAL: W, C & E; 100–3500 m. KSL: Cultivated in Baitadi, Bajhang, Darchula and Humla districts in KSL Nepal, and adjoining Kumaon, Uttarakhand, India (Bioversity International 2018; CIAT 2018; Gaisberger & Endresen 2019); 800–3500 m. Representative specimen. DARCHULA: Tinkar, 3500 m (KR Rajbhandari & KJ Malla 5778, 1 Sept 1980; NEP: KATH). 211 Urochloa P. Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr.: 52 (1812). Urochloa villosa (Lam.) T.Q. Nguyen, Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 3: 14 (1966). Rajbhandari in Rajbhandari & Baral, Cat. Nepal. Fl. Pl. 1: 146 (2010). Panicum villosum Lam., Tab. Encycl. Méth. Bot. 1: 173 (1791); Brachiaria villosa (Lam.) A. Camus; Brachiaria villosa var. barbata Bor; Panicum grossarium Roxb. (1820), nom. illeg., non L. (1759); Panicum nanum Royle ex Steud.; Urochloa villosa var. barbata (Bor) Noltie Loosely caespitose or creeping annual herbs; culms slender, ascending or decumbent, 10–40 cm long. Habitat: Grassy slopes, fields, roadsides. Distribution: Africa, tropical and subtropical regions of Asia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 100–2500 m. KSL: Known from neighboring Bajura and Dadeldhura districts, Nepal; 1300–1500 m [Bageshwar and Pithoragarh districts in KSL India, and neighboring Almora]. Representative specimens. BAJURA: Tolebhir – Berma, 1535 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9193570, 9 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB (2013–2020). DADELDHURA: Ruwakhola, 1300 m (KR Rajbhandari & KJ Malla 5479, 17 Aug 1980; KATH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Near Ranikhet (JF Duthie 6177, Sept 1886; BM012548825! image). Remarks: Further records for Uttarakhand fide GMBA (2012–2016). Zea L., Sp. Pl. 2: 971 (1753). Zea mays L., Sp. Pl. 2: 971 (1753). Mays zea Gaertn. Makai (ds}). ENG: Corn, Maize. HIN: Makkā, Bhuttā (dSsf, e'§f). SAN: Makāya, Mahākāya (dsfo, dxfsfo). Annual herbs, 1–3 m tall; culms stout, erect. Habitat: Cultivated. Distribution: Originating in Mexico, widely cultivated in all warm countries. NEPAL: W, C & E; 100–2400 m. KSL: Cultivated in all four districts (Baitadi, Bajhang, Darchula and Humla) of KSL Nepal; 600– 2400 m. Representative specimen. DARCHULA: Lattenath – Makarigad, 800–1500 m (SK Ghimire, LR Joshi & B Awasthi NEP: ANCA-A61, 21 Oct 2013; TUCH!). PAPAVERACEAE Corydalis DC. in Lam. & DC., Fl. Franç., ed. 3. 4: 637 (1805). Corydalis calycina Lidén, Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. His.), Bot. 18 (6): 532 (1989). Lidén in Watson et al., Fl. Nepal 3: 60 (2011). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 361 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 290 (2018). Short-lived perennial herbs, 15–40 cm tall; stems few, suberect or diffuse, branched; flowers yellow. Habitat: Pastures, besides rock on grassland, moist grassy slopes. 212 Distribution: Endemic to Nepal, W & C; 2800–5500 m. KSL: Bajhang and Humla in KSL Nepal; 2800–3950 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Manane Lekh, 3932 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20915124, 14 Jul 2009; E00623886! image, KATH!). HUMLA: Dozam, 2812 m (TR Pandey & DR Kandel 2016931, 11 Sep 2016; KATH!). Corydalis cashmeriana Royle, Ill. Bot. Himal. Mts. 69, t. 16, f. 1 (1833). Lidén in Watson et al., Fl. Nepal 3: 73 (2011). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 361 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 290 (2018). Pl. 19. Nîlo gokul-dhūp (gLnf] uf]s'n–w"k). Himalayan blue corydalis. TIB: gabur zilnön (ག་ ར་ཟིལ་གནོན་), rékön ngön po (རེ་ ོན་ ནོ ་པོ་). NEP-L: ENG: Delicate perennial herbs, 5–25 cm tall; rhizome short, with a cluster of fleshy roots; stems erect, simple; flowers pale blue to blue or mauve. Habitat: Shrubberies, alpine meadows, open slopes, screes. Distribution: W & C Himalaya (Pakistan to Nepal), Tibetan Plateau. NEPAL: W & C; 2400–5500 m. KSL: Bajhang, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Doti and Mugu; 2950–4200 m [Bageshwar and Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Dhahidunga Kharka to Manane Lekh, 3412 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20915094, 13 Jul 2009; E00509876! image, KATH!); Surmasarovar, 3600 m (JF Dobremez 2138, 8 May 1973; E00726927! image); Kalagad – Dubai Pass, 3900 m (PR Shakya, MK Adhikari & MN Subedi 8125, 24 Jul 1984; KATH!). DARCHULA: Upper Chameliya, above Dhauliodar, 3600 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1161, 19 Jul 2015; TUCH!); upper Chameliya, Pilkanda, 4200 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, A Paudel, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1876, 22 Jul 2016; TUCH!). DOTI: Khaptad, 2950 m (PR Shakya, LR Sharma & KR Amatya 6305, 3 Jun 1981; KATH!). HUMLA: Above Phwaso, Changla Khola, Dozam, 3650 m (SK Ghimire, RP Chaudhary & team P10905, 22 May 2010; TUCH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon, Bageser to Munshari via Kathi & Namik, 1525–2375 m (Schlagintweit 9820, 24–31 May 1855; P02336923! image); Kumaon, Byans, c. 3960 m (JF Duthie [interpreted] s.n., 21 Jul 1886; E00676018! image). Local abund.: Occasional to frequent in Darchula and Humla; not known for other regions. Ethnobt. use: The whole plant is used in folk medicine to treat fever; and occasionally as incense. Consv. status: LOC., Near Threatened. It is threatened due to small population size, livestock grazing and occasional harvesting of the whole plant. Corydalis casimiriana Duthie & Prain, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pl. 2, Nat. Hist. 65(1): 27 (1896). Lidén in Watson et al., Fl. Nepal 3: 61 (2011). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 361 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 291 (2018). Pl. 19. Annual or short-lived perennial herbs, 20–70 cm tall; roots fascicled; stems slender, branched from base, leafy; flowers yellow. Habitat: Open grassy slopes, thickets, forests. Distribution: Himalaya (N India, Nepal), Tibetan Plateau. NEPAL: W, C & E; 2300–4200 m. KSL: Bajhang, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura; 2600–3900 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. 213 Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Nilkatti, 3640 m (PR Shakya, MK Adhikari & MN Subedi 8247, 26 Jul 1984; KATH!). BAJURA: Khaptad, 3000 m (NK Bhattarai 90/1052, 23 Aug 1990; KATH!). DARCHULA: Above Dhauliodar, 3450 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1178A; TUCH!); Nampa Gadh, 3660–3960 m (JF Duthie 5312, 26 Jul 1886; isosyntype BM000521712! image). HUMLA: Salli-Chungsa, 2600 m (SK Ghimire, LR Joshi, A Paudel, S Lo, P Subedi, C Thapa & S Lama CHH-1666, Sept 2012; TUCH!); above Singjungma, way to Nyalu La, 3950 m (SK Ghimire, LR Joshi, A Paudel, S Lo, P Subedi, C Thapa & S Lama CHH-1769, 29 Aug 2012; TUCH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Palang Garh, Byas, c. 2740 m (JF Duthie s.n., 19 Jul 1886; E00676299! image). Local abund.: Occasional to frequent. Corydalis chaerophylla DC., Prodr. 1: 128 (1824). Lidén in Watson et al., Fl. Nepal 3: 71 (2011). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 362 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 291 (2018). Pl. 19. Okhare-jhār (cf]v/]–emf/). Perennial herbs, 50–150 cm tall; rootstocks thick, woody; stems erect, leafy, branched; flowers yellow. Habitat: Open wet places, open forests, forest margins, streamsides, trailsides. Distribution: Himalaya (N India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1800–4200(–?5500) m. KSL: Baitadi, Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura, Dadeldhura and Doti; 1800–3500 m [also in Almora District, Uttarakhand, India]. Representative specimens. BAITADI: Shrivabhar, 2200–2300 m (HN Qin, P Bhandari, TR Pandey, BR Subedee, NEP: YC Yang & SR Zhang 0058, 10 Sept 2017; KATH!, PE!). BAJHANG: Tele Lekh, 2000 m (MS Bista & DP Joshi 98, 28 Jul 1972; KATH!); Dhalaun – Rasa 1980–2880 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9160825, 20 Aug 1991; E00152729! image, KATH!, TI). BAJURA/BAJHANG: Pategaon – Ghodi Lekh Deurali – Badigaon, 2190–3350 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9160703, 16 Aug 1991; E00104098! image, KATH!, TI). DARCHULA: Upper Chameliya Valley, Dhauliodar, way to Lolu, 3400 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Budha Magar, B Jnawali, S Nepal, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-3299B, 4 Sept 2017; TUCH). DOTI: Trail from Silgadi to Khaptad National Park, 2110 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20913011, 30 Jun 2009; E00623929! image). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Binsar, Kumaon, 2130 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 1; P02336912! image). Local abund.: Occasional to frequent. Corydalis cornuta Royle, Ill. Bot. Himal., Mts.: 69 (1834). Lidén in Watson et al., Fl. Nepal 3: 62 (2011). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 362 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 291 (2018). Pl. 20. Corydalis debilis Edgew.; Corydalis thalictrifolia Jameson ex Regel Annual or biennial herbs, 15–50 cm tall; stems erect or ascending, leafy, much branched; flowers yellow. Habitat: Forests, forest margins, open slopes. Distribution: E Africa, Afghanistan, W & C Himalaya (Pakistan to Nepal), Tibetan Plateau. NEPAL: W & C; 1900–3600 m. KSL: Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura and Doti; 2000–3300 m [Bageshwar and Pithoragarh in KSL India, and neighboring Almora]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Dhalaun – Rasa, 1980–2880 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9160799, 20 Aug 1991; E00477091! image, 214 KATH!, TI); trial from Budkhori to Dhahidunga Kharka, 3253 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20913103, 12 Jul 2009; E00509649! image, KATH!). BAJURA: Porakya – Serigaon, 1620–2540 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9160570, 13 Aug 1991; KATH!, TI). DARCHULA: Ngali, way to Sithi, Ghusa VDC, 2400 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1042, 17 Jul 2015; TUCH!); near Chhety, 2590 m (TB Shrestha 4221, 19 Jun 1965; KATH!). DOTI: Khaptad, 3180 m (LR Sharma & PP Kurmi 5710, 12 Sept 1983; KATH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kati, W Almora Division, Kumaon (Bis Ram 2327, 8 Jun 1933; E00124751! image); Near Joh, Darma, c. 3048 m (JF Duthie [interpreted] s.n., 4 Aug 1886; E00124737! image). Local abund.: Occasional in Darchula; not known for other districts. Corydalis diphylla Wall., Tent. Fl. Napal.: 54 (1826). Lidén in Watson et al., Fl. Nepal 3: 57 (2011). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 363 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 291 (2018). Corydalis hamiltoniana G. Don; Corydalis hamiltonii G. Don; Corydalis modesta Prain; Corydalis pauciflora Edgew. Perennial tuberous herbs to 15 cm tall; stems slender, erect, simple; cauline leaves 2, opposite or subopposite, 2–3-ternate, with unequal lobes; flowers purple, orange or white with purple tips. Habitat: Moist slopes in forests. Distribution: W & C Himalaya (Pakistan to Nepal). NEPAL: W; 2500–3000 m. KSL: Known from neighboring Mugu District, Nepal [also in Kumaon, Uttarakhand, India]. It is likely also to be present within the KSL area of Nepal. Representative specimens. MUGU: Kawa Kater Dara, 3030 m (O Polunin, WR Sykes & LHJ Williams 846, 16 Apr 1952; BM) fide RBGE (2014). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon (R Blinkworth 1430; K001113088! image). Corydalis elegans Wall. ex Hook. f. & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1: 265 (1855). Lidén in Watson et al., Fl. Nepal 3: 63 (2011). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 363 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 292 (2018). Pl. 20. Perennial herbs, 10–40 cm tall; stems 2–4, simple or branched; leaves fleshy; flowers yellow with dark tip. Habitat: Open moist slopes, rock shelter. Distribution: W & C Himalaya (NW India, Nepal), Tibetan Plateau (SW Xizang). NEPAL: W; 3800–4200 m. KSL: Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal; 3900–4200 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Kalagad – Dubai Pass, 3950 m (PR Shakya, MK Adhikari & MN Subedi 8107, 24 Jul 1984; KATH!); Surmasarowar, 4150 m (MS Bista & DP Joshi 652, 26 Aug 1972; KATH!). DARCHULA: Mechhra – Kalagad, 3900 m (PR Shakya, MK Adhikari & MN Subedi 8076, 23 Jul 1984; KATH!); upper Chameliya, Pilkanda, Baisand, 4150 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, A Paudel, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA 1868B, 21 Jul 2016; TUCH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon, Barji Kang Pass, 3960 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 6; K000653607! image); Kumaon, Lebong Pass, 4875–5180 m (JF Duthie 5322, 2 Aug 1886; K000653606! image). Local abund.: Occasional to frequent. Corydalis filiformis Royle, Ill. Bot. Himal. Mts. 1: 68 (1834). Lidén in Watson et al., Fl. Nepal 3: 60 (2011). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 364 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 292 (2018). Pl. 20. Annual or perennial herbs, 20–50 cm tall; stems ascending to subscandent; flowers yellow. Habitat: Fir forests, thickets, alpine meadows. 215 Distribution: W & C Himalaya (NW India, Nepal). NEPAL: W & C; 2500–4100 m. KSL: Darchula and Bajhang in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Achham, Bajura and Doti; 2800– 4100 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Manane lekh above Dhahidunga Kharka, 3528 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20913128, 14 Jul 2009; E00509642! image, KATH!); Ghodi Lekh, 4000 m (MS Bista & DP Joshi 513, 17 Aug 1972; KATH!); Bajhang, 4100 m (MS Bista & DP Joshi 631, 26 Aug 1972; KATH!). DARCHULA: Upper Chameliya Valley, way to Gaulaye Gad, below Ringde, Lolu, 3850 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Budha Magar, B Jnawali, S Nepal, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA 3304, 6 Sept 2017; TUCH!). DOTI: Solimgada, Choyakatne Odar, 2850 m (MS Bista & DP Joshi 174, 2 Aug 1972; KATH!); Khaptad National Park, trail from Bichpani to Ghodadaune, 3073 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20913031, 2 Jul 2009; E00623944! image). Local abund.: Occasional in Darchula; not known for other districts. Corydalis govaniana Wall., Tent. Fl. Napal [Fasc. 2]: 55 (1826). Lidén in Watson et al., Fl. Nepal 3: 63 (2011). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 365 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 292 (2018). Pl. 20. Gokul-dhūp (uf]s'n–w"k). NEP: Bhutkesh, Bhutkeshî (e"ts]z, e"ts]zL). ENG: Govan's corydalis. TIB: trazang zilpa ( ་བཟང་ཟིལ་པ་), tongzil ( ང ོ ་ཟིལ་). NEP-L: Perennial caespitose herbs, 20–40 cm tall, with few erect stems; flowers yellow. Habitat: Forests, forest margins, moist open slopes, alpine meadows, thickets. Distribution: W & C Himalaya (Pakistan to Nepal), Tibetan Plateau. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1900–5000 m. KSL: Bajhang, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura and Mugu; 3300– 4900 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Haute vallee de la Seti Khola, 3300 m (A Maire AMA 976, 16 May 1973; E00726943! image); nord de Dhuli, 3400 m (JF Dobermez 2324, 18 May 1973; E00726945! image, KATH!); north of Chainpur, 3475 m (TB Shrestha 4129, 20 May 1965; KATH!); Ramkot, 3500 m (JF Dobremez 2200, 13 May 1973; E00726933! image); Surmasarowar, 3500 m (JF Dobermez 2074, 5 May 1973; E00726944! image). DARCHULA: Ghusa VDC, Pilkanda, 3800 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain 1481, 27 Jul 2015; TUCH!). HUMLA: Above Seliman Tsho towards north-east, 4880 m (SK Ghimire, LR Joshi, A Paudel, S Lo, P Subedi, C Thapa & S Lama CHH-1799, Sept 2012; TUCH!). MUGU: Just south of Chankheli Lagna, 3570 m (CA Pendry, S Baral, S Noshiro, PP Kurmi, B Dell & B Adhikari, JRS B105, 12 Jun 2008; E00397268! image). Local abund.: Frequent. Ethnobt. use: The whole plant is used to treat fever and wounds. Corydalis longipes DC., Prodr. 1: 128 (1824). Lidén in Watson et al., Fl. Nepal 3: 58 (2011). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 366 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 292 (2018). Short-lived perennial herbs, 20–75 cm tall, ascending to subscandent; stems slender, branched. Habitat: Streamside rocks, forests, field margins, roadsides. Distribution: W & C Himalaya (Pakistan to Nepal), Tibetan Plateau. NEPAL: W, C & E; 2000–4500(–5300) m. 216 KSL: Known from neighboring Doti District, Nepal; 2000–2600 m. Representative specimen. DOTI: Jhing Danda, 2000 m (LP Kattel 1128, 8 Sept 1982; KATH!). Corydalis magni Pusalkar, Kew Bull. 66(4): 548 (2011). Lidén in Watson et al., Fl. Nepal 3: 68 (2011). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 367 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 293 (2018). Perennial herbs, 4–15 cm tall with long, slender rootstock; stems few or solitary, simple or branched; leaves bi- or tri-pinnate, leaflets deeply divided, lobes oblanceolate; flowers greyish-blue or white with darker apex (Lidén 2011; Pusalkar 2011). Habitat: Boulder, scree. Distribution: W & C Himalaya (NW India, Nepal), Tibetan Plateau. NEPAL: W & C; 4400–6100 m. KSL: Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal. Remarks: Presence of this species in Bajhang and Darchula has been indicated in Lidén (2011). In the ‘Flora of Nepal’ website (http://www.floraofnepal.org/data/specimens), following specimens have been listed with interpolated locality; JEM Arnold 164, BM (Bajhang), and JB Tyson 69, BM (Darchula). The later collection was made from Tinkar Khola (c. 4875 m), but was recorded as C. nana (Telenius & Shah 2020). Corydalis meifolia Wall., Tent. Fl. Napal [Fasc. 2]: 52, t. 41 (1826). Lidén in Watson et al., Fl. Nepal 3: 68 (2011). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 367 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 294 (2018). Pl. 20. Corydalis meifolia var. sikkimensis Prain Gokul-dhūp, Supghāns (uf]sn ' –w"k, ;'k–3f“;). tongri zilpa ( ོང་རི་ཟིལ་པ་). tongzil ( ངོ ་ཟིལ་). NEP-L: TIB: Erect or spreading perennial herbs, 20–50 cm tall, glaucous; stems several, simple or branched above; leaves bi- to tri-pinnate, with linear ultimate lobes; flowers yellow to orange, purplish brown at base. Habitat: Open grassy slopes, moist rocky slopes, scree slopes. Distribution: Himalaya (NW India to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau. NEPAL: W, C & E; 3900–5200 m. KSL: Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal, 3900–4800 m [also in Kumaon, Uttarakhand, India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Kalagad – Dubai Pass, 4150 m (PR Shakya, MK Adhikari & MN Subedi 8129, 24 Jul 1984; KATH!); Surmasarowar, 4400 m (MS Bista & DP Joshi 669, 26 Aug 1972; KATH!); Nilkatti, Kalagad – Dubai Pass, 4740 m (PR Shakya, MK Adhikari & MN Subedi 8223, 26 Jul 1984; KATH!). DARCHULA: Thadapani, Pilkanda, Ghusa VDC, 3900 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, A Paudel, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1808, 19 Jul 2016; TUCH); Baisand, towards east of Pilkanda, 4150 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1868A, 21 Jul 2016; TUCH!); Kalidhunga Tal, 4800 m (KM Ghimire & M Adhikari 1240, 20 Jul 2016; TUCH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon (R Blinkworth Cat no 1427; K001113084! image). Local abund.: Frequent in Darchula at higher elevations (>4100 m). Ethnobt. use: In Darchula, the whole plant is used to treat fever and wounds. Corydalis nana Royle, Ill. Bot. Himal. Mts.: 68 (1834). Pl. 21. Corydalis ramosa Hook. f. & Thomson var. nana (Royle) Hook. f. & Thomson Dwarf, rosulate perennial herbs, 5–10 cm tall; stems erect to ascending, simple or branched above; 1 217 leaves greyish-green, tri-pinnate, with narrowly elliptic ultimate lobes; flowers yellow. Habitat: Moist rocky slopes, scree slopes. Distribution: W & C Himalaya (NW India, Nepal). NEPAL: W & C; 4200–5700 m. KSL: Humla in KSL Nepal; 4700–5500 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. It is likely also to be present in upper Mahakali Valley in Darchula District, Nepal. Representative specimens. HUMLA: Upper Chungsa Valley, Nyalu La, 5010 m (SK Ghimire, LR Joshi, A Paudel, S Lo, P Subedi, C Thapa & S Lama CHH-1224, 6 Sept 2012; TUCH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon, Barji Kang Pass, 4420 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 17; K000653623! image). Local abund.: Occasional to frequent in Humla at higher elevations. Corydalis pseudojuncea Ludlow in Ludlow & Stearn, Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bot. 5: 62 (1975). Lidén in Watson et al., Fl. Nepal 3: 72 (2011). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 368 (2017). Pl. 20. Weak perennial herbs, 10–25 cm tall; stem simple, with 1 leaf; flowers yellow. Habitat: Grassy slopes, meadows. Distribution: Himalaya (NW India, Nepal), Tibetan Plateau. NEPAL: W & C; 3700–5500 m. KSL: Bajhang, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal; 3800–5450 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Surmasarowar Lekh, 3800 m (PR Shakya, LR Sharma & KR Amatya 6371, 9 Jul 1981; KATH!); Manane Lekh, 3895 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20915126, 14 Jul 2009; E00623777! image). DARCHULA: Upper Chameliya Valley, Pilkanda, below Kalidhunga Tal, 4100 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain 1339, 25 Jul 2015; TUCH!); Thadapani, Pilkanda, 4200 m (KM Ghimire & M Adhikari 1086, 19 Jul 2016; TUCH!). HUMLA: Margor Lagna, 5450 m (O Polunin, WR Sykes & LHJ Williams 4319; BM) fide RBGE (2014). Local abund.: Frequent in Darchula; not known for other districts. Corydalis shakyae Lidén, Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bot. 18(6): 519 (1989). Lidén in Watson et al., Fl. Nepal 3: 64 (2011). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 368 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 294 (2018). Perennial herbs; stems leafy, branched, ca. 40 cm; flowers yellow with dark tip. Habitat: Open steep slopes, rock crevices. Distribution: W & C Himalaya (NW India, Nepal). NEPAL: W; 3200–3900 m. KSL: Darchula in KSL Nepal; 3200–3900 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. DARCHULA: Near Mechhra, 3600 m (PR Shakya, MK Adhikari & MN Subedi 8022, 22 Jul 1984; paratype KATH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Above Budhi, Byans, 3200 m (JF Duthie [interpreted] s.n., 22 Jul 1886; E00676213! image). Corydalis stipulata Lidén, Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bot. 18(6): 522 (1989). Lidén in Watson et al., Fl. Nepal 3: 71 (2011). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 369 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 295 (2018). Perennial herbs to 1.2 m tall, puberulent; stems erect to ascending, leafy, branched. Habitat: Oak forests, marshy places, near streams. 218 Distribution: Endemic to Nepal, W & C; (2500–)2800–4000 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal; 2500–3200 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Between Dhalun & Panselegi, NE of Dhalun, 2300–2700 m (HN Qin, P Bhandari, TR Pandey, BR Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0512, 16 Sept 2017, KATH!, PE!); on the way to Deurali from Dhalun, 2500–3200 m (HN Qin, P Bhandari, TR Pandey, BR Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0424, 15 Sept 2017; KATH!, PE!). Local abund.: Rare. Corydalis stracheyi Duthie ex Prain, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 65: 37 (1896). Lidén in Watson et al., Fl. Nepal 3: 68 (2011). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 369 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 295 (2018). Pl. 21. Corydalis nana Royle var. jaquemontii Fedde Perennial glaucous herbs, 20–50 cm tall; stems erect or suberect, branched, leafy, tufted; leaves bi- or tripinnate, ultimate segments lanceolate to linear; flowers yellow with purplish brown and green lines. Habitat: Rocky slopes, among boulders, streamsides. Distribution: Himalaya (NW India to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, Myanmar. NEPAL: W, C & E; 3600–5200 m. KSL: Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura and Mugu; 4200–4570 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAJURA: Baudi Khola, cave below Budhinanda Nijar, 4189 m (BSH B105, 16 Aug 2017) fide RBGE (2014). HUMLA: Upper Chungsa Valley, Dharmashala, 4300 m (SK Ghimire, LR Joshi, A Paudel, S Lo, P Subedi, C Thapa & S Lama CHH-1072, 30 Aug 2012; TUCH!). MUGU: Khaptang, Mugu Khola, 4570 m (O Polunin, WR Sykes & LHJ Williams 5365, 21 Aug 1952; BM) fide Rajbhandari & Rai (2017). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon, Pindari, 3655 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 9; K000653622! image). Local abund.: Occasional to frequent. Corydalis terracina Lidén, Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bot. 18(6): 522 (1989). Lidén in Watson et al., Fl. Nepal 3: 70 (2011). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 370 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 295 (2018). Perennial herbs, 30–100 cm tall; stem erect, simple, leafy in upper half; flowers dirty yellow, with brown lines; upper petal crested with cylindric, slightly curved spur; lower petal with distinct pouch at base. Habitat: Forest margins, abandoned fields, terrace banks, track-sides. Distribution: Endemic to Nepal, W & C; 1300–2700 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal; c. 2380 m. Representative specimen. BAJHANG: Trail from Pasela to Banjh, 2383 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20915144, 16 Jul 2009; E00623902! image, KATH!). Corydalis uncinata Lidén, Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bot. 18(6): 520 (1989). Lidén in Watson et al., Fl. Nepal 3: 69 (2011). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 370 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 295 (2018). Perennial herbs, up to 20 cm tall; stems erect or ascending, branched, leafy; leaves pinnate or bi-pinnate, glaucous; leaflet lobes obovate, obtuse to mucronate; bracts to 1 cm broad, entire; flowers dull yellow. Habitat: Open stony slopes, among Caragana bushes on gentle slopes. Distribution: Endemic to Nepal, W & C; 3500–5500 m. KSL: Humla in KSL Nepal; 4300–4500 m. 219 Representative specimen. HUMLA: Talung Valley, near campsite, 4300 m (SK Ghimire, LR Joshi, A Paudel, S Lo, P Subedi, C Thapa & S Lama; CHH-1347, 13 Sept 2012; TUCH!). Local abund.: Occasional. Corydalis vaginans Royle, Ill. Bot. Himal. Mts.: 68 (1834). Lidén in Watson et al., Fl. Nepal 3: 62 (2011). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 370 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 296 (2018). Corydalis ramosa Wall. ex Hook. f. & Thomson; Corydalis ramosa var. glauca Hook. f.; Corydalis ramosa var. vaginans (Royle) Hook. f. & Thomson Perennial herbs, 10–60 cm tall; stem slender, erect or ascending, simple or branched, leafy; leaves bi- or tri-pinnate, glaucous; flowers yellow flushed brown, outer petals with dentate dorsal crest. Habitat: Open stony slopes. Distribution: Pakistan, W & C Himalaya (NW India, Nepal). NEPAL: W; 3000–3200 m. KSL: Known from Pithoragarh District, Uttarakhand in KSL India; and neighboring Mugu District, Nepal; 3000–3700 m. It is likely also to be present in Darchula and Humla districts in KSL Nepal. Representative specimens. MUGU: Mugu Khola, between Daura & Mugu, 3045 m (O Polunin, WR Sykes & LHJ Williams 5274, 17 Aug 1952; KATH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): W Rama, Darma, 3045 m (JF Duthie [interpreted] s.n., 4 Aug 1886; E00676238! image); Kumaon, Milam, 3655 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 11; P02338088! image). Dactylicapnos Wall., Tent. Fl. Napal. 2: 51 (1826). Dactylicapnos macrocapnos (Prain) Hutch., Kew Bull. 1921: 105 (1921). Lidén in Watson et al., Fl. Nepal 3: 53 (2011). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 371 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 296 (2018). Dicentra macrocapnos Prain, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 65: 12 (1896). Climbing perennial herbs with stout rootstock; stems thin, leafy, branched; flowers yellow in 5–15flowered racemes; sepals slightly dentate, not fringed. Habitat: Moist ground, forest understory. Distribution: W & C Himalaya (NW India, Nepal). NEPAL: W, C & E; 900–3200 m. KSL: Humla in KSL Nepal; 2880 m. Representative specimen. HUMLA: Dozam, 2882 m (TR Pandey & DR Kandel 2016940, 12 Sep 2016, KATH!). Local abund.: Rare. Dactylicapnos roylei (Hook. f. & Thomson) Hutch., Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1921: 104 (1921). Lidén in Watson et al., Fl. Nepal 3: 50 (2011). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 372 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 296 (2018). Pl. 21. Dicentra roylei Hook. f. & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1: 273 (1855). Climbing summar annual herbs; stems weak, leafy, branched; flowers yellow, usually in 2–flowered racemes; sepals fringed. Habitat: Forests, forest margins. 220 Distribution: Himalaya (N India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, Myanmar, SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 2000–3000 m. KSL: Humla in KSL Nepal; 2800–3000 m. Representative specimen. HUMLA: Salli-Chungsa, 2900 m (SK Ghimire, LR Joshi, A Paudel, S Lo, P Subedi, C Thapa and S Lama CHH-1665, 14 Sept 2012; TUCH!). Local abund.: Rare. Dicranostigma Hook. f. & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1: 255 (1855). Dicranostigma lactucoides Hook. f. & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1: 255 (1855). Pendry in Watson et al., Fl. Nepal 3: 95 (2011). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 372 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 297 (2018). Chelidonium lactucoides (Hook. f. & Thomson) Prain; Glaucium lactucoides (Hook. f. & Thomson) Benth. & Hook. f.; Stylophorum lactucoides (Hook. f. & Thomson) Baill. NEP: ENG: Dude-sāg, Kogle-sāg (b"w–] ;fu, sf]Un]–;fu). Himalayan horn-poppy. TIB: tsatak ( ་ཐག་). Short-lived perennial herbs, with yellow lactiferous juice; stems ascending to spreading, pubescent. Habitat: Among shrubs, dry rocky slopes, screes, gravel banks by riversides. Distribution: W & C Himalaya (NW India, Nepal), Tibetan Plateau, SC China. NEPAL: W & C; 2400–4500 m. KSL: Darchula in KSL Nepal; 3000–3600 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. DARCHULA: Tinkar Khola, 3350 m (JB Tyson 57, 22 Jun 1953; BM000071546! image); Chheti–Mechhra, 3600 m (PR Shakya, MK Adhikari & MN Subedi 8017, 22 Jul 1984; KATH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kali Valley, near Chalele, 3000–3500 m (JF Duthie 532, 23 Jul 1886; CAL). Hypecoum L., Sp. Pl. 1: 124 (1753). Hypecoum leptocarpum Hook. f. & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1: 276 (1855). Lidén in Watson et al., Fl. Nepal 3: 49 (2011). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 373 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 297 (2018). Hypecoum alpinum Z.X. An, Hypecoum chinense Franch., Hypecoum leptocarpum var. chinense (Franch.) Kanitz TIB: parpata (པར་པ་ཏ་). Annual herbs; stems procumbent to erect, 10–30 cm long, branched at the base. Habitat: Cultivated ground, grasslands, gravel slopes, river sands. Distribution: Tajikistan, Afghanistan, W Pakistan to E Himalaya, Tibetan Plateau, N & SC China, Mongolia. NEPAL: W & C; 2700–4800 m. KSL: Known from Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India; and Pulan Xian, SW Xizang in KSL China. It is likely also to be present in upper Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal. Representative specimens. UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kali Valley, 3050–3355 m (JF Duthle 5324, 28 Jul 1886; CAL); near ?Kangira in Kali Valley, 3350–3655 m (JF Duthie 2700, 12 Sept 1884; K000653354! image). XIZANG (CHINA): Pulan Xian, 30.29° N 81.17° E (Qinghai-Tibet team vegetation group 6623917, 1976; PE) fide Kong & Yang (2019). 221 Meconopsis Viguier, Hist. Nat. Pavots Argémones. 48 (1814). Meconopsis chankheliensis Grey-Wilson, Curtis's Bot. Mag. 23(2): 203 (2006). Egan & Shrestha in Watson et al., Fl. Nepal 3: 84 (2011). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 374 (2017). Papaver chankheliense (Grey-Wilson) Christenh. & Byng, Global Fl. 1(4): 70 (2018). Monocarpic herbs, 40–150 cm tall, covered with golden brown or yellowish barbellete hairs; leaves pinnatisect of bipinnatisect; flowers purple to dark red (Egan & Shrestha 2011). Habitat: Forests, among shrubs, rocky outcrops, beside stream in shade of shrubs, open grasslands. Distribution: Endemic to Nepal, W; 3100–4600 m. KSL: Bajhang and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Mugu; 3100–3700 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Khaptad, 3715 m (K Itoh & SB Rajbhandari 1273, 9 Sept 1963; KATH!). HUMLA: Chankheli Lekh 3230 m (JDA Stainton 6333, 20 Jun 1968; BM000884122! image). HUMLA/MUGU: Chanke Lekh (FM Bailey 181, 6 Jun 1936; E00060529! image); Chankheli Lagna, 3200 m (O Polunin, WR Sykes & LHJ Williams 4324, 19 Jun 1952; E00060528! image, KATH!). Meconopsis grandis Prain subsp. jumlaensis C. Grey-Wilson, Sibbaldia 8: 82 (2011). Egan & Shrestha in Watson et al., Fl. Nepal 3: 92 (2011). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 375 (2017). Nīlo kheldār (gLnf] v]nbf/). ENG: Himalayan blue poppy. TIB: utpel ngönpo ( ྤལ་ ོན་པོ་). NEP: Polycarpic herbs, usually <35 cm tall, covered with yellow to orange barbellete bristles; basal leaves simple, narrow; flowers purple to blue (Egan & Shrestha 2011). Habitat: Open grassy slopes, among grasses on rocky slopes, forest margins. Distribution: Endemic to Nepal, W; 3300–4400 m. KSL: Known from neighboring Mugu District, Nepal; 3500–3600 m. Representative specimens. MUGU: Ghurchi Lagna, 3505 m (O Polunin, WR Sykes & LHJ Williams 4371, 22 Jun 1952; holotype BM000001567! image, isotype E00045322! image); Chuchamara Danda, 3600 m (KR Rajhhandari & B Roy 3538, 19 Jul 1979; KATH). Meconopsis horridula Hook. f. & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1: 252 (1855). Egan & Shrestha in Watson et al., Fl. Nepal 3: 93 (2011). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 375 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 298 (2018). Pl. 21. Papaver horridulum (Hook. f. & Thomson) Christenh. & Byng, Global Fl. 1(4): 71 (2018). Kānde-phûl (sf“8]–km"n). Prickly blue-poppy. TIB: ajak tserngön (ཨ་ ག་ཚར་ ོན་). NEP-L: ENG: Monocarpic herbs, up to 35 cm tall; covered with yellow-orange bristly spines with blackish or purplish base; flowers blue. Habitat: Alpine slopes, rocky slopes, screes, rock crevices, cliffs. Distribution: C & E Himalaya (Nepal to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, Myanmar, C China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 3700–5800 m. KSL: Bajhang, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Mugu; 3800–5500 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Dubai Pass – Sunigad, 4100 m (PR Shakya, MK Adhikari & MN Subedi 8144, 24 Jul 1984; KATH!); Urai Lagna, below Saipal, 4265 m (JB Tyson 94, 10 Jul 1953; KATH!). DARCHULA: Upper Chameliya Valley, Channi-Api Base, 4200 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Budha 222 Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1430, 24 Jul 2015; TUCH!); Kalidhunga, 4600 m (KM Ghimire & M Adhikari 1253, 21 Jul 2016; TUCH!). HUMLA: Marghor Lagna, 3800 m (KR Rajbhandari & B Roy 4126, 29 Jul 1979; KATH!); Chungsa, Dharmashala, 4300 m (SK Ghimire, LR Joshi, A Paudel, S Lo, P Subedi, C Thapa & S Lama CHH-1025, 1 Sept 2012; TUCH!), Nyalu La, 5010 m (SK Ghimire, LR Joshi, A Paudel, S Lo, P Subedi, C Thapa & S Lama CHH-1229, 6 Sept 2012; TUCH!). Local abund.: Rare to occasional in Bajhang and Darchula, frequent to common in upper Humla. Ethnobt. use: The plant is used to treat wounds. Roasted seeds are occassionaly eaten by shephard. Meconopsis robusta Hook. f. & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1: 253 (1855). Egan & Shrestha in Watson et al., Fl. Nepal 3: 86 (2011). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 377 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 299 (2018). Pl. 21. Papaver robustum (Hook. f. & Thomson) Christenh. & Byng, Global Fl. 1(4): 72 (2018). Monocarpic herbs, 60–120 cm tall; plant covered with yellowish-brown bristles; flowers yellow. Habitat: Open areas in birch forests, alpine slopes, meadows, rocky cliffs. Distribution: Himalaya (NW India, Nepal). NEPAL: W; 2400–4200 m. KSL: Bajhang, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura and Doti; 2800–4200 m [Pithoragarh District, Uttarakhand and neighboring areas in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Surma Sarovar Lekh, north of Chainpur, 3533 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20917053, 8 Jul 2009; E, KATH!); Manane Lekh above Dhahidunga Kharka, 3580 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20913119, 13 Jul 2009; E, KATH!). DARCHULA: Above Domul, way to Pilkanda, 2850 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Budha Magar, B Jnawali, S Nepal, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-3288, 3 Sept 2017; TUCH!); upper Chameliya, Gauchhalighol, Pilkanda, 4150 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-2043, 31 Jul 2016; TUCH!). HUMLA: Marghor Lagna, 3650 m (KR Rajbhandari & B Roy 4112, 29 Jul 1979; KATH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon, 2400 m (Wallich 8124; isolectotype CAL) fide Samaddar (1991); Dwali, Pindari River, West Almora Div., Kumaon (Bis Ram 2331, 23 Jun 1933; E00500985! image); Jimba, Kumaon 3045 m (RC Thakur 836, 3 Jul 1948; MICH 1500886! image). Local abund.: Occasional to frequent. Ethnobt. use: Ripe seeds are eaten by shephard. Meconopsis simikotensis Grey-Wilson, Alpine Gardener 74(2): 220 (2006). Egan & Shrestha in Watson et al., Fl. Nepal 3: 91 (2011). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 377 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 299 (2018). Pl. 21. Papaver simikotense (Grey-Wilson) Christenh. & Byng, Global Fl., 1(4): 72 (2018). Monocarpic herbs, up to 1 m tall; covered with pale-yellow to orange barbellate bristles; flowers blue. Habitat: Rocky slopes, streamsides. Distribution: Endemic to Nepal, W; 3300–4000 m. KSL: Bajhang and Humla in KSL Nepal; 3300–4000 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Bajhang, 3700 m (PR Shakya, MK Adhikari & MN Subedi 8196, 26 Jul 1984; KATH!). HUMLA: Dojam Khola, near Simikot, 3505 m (O Polunin, WR Sykes & LHJ Williams 4270, 4 Jun 1952; holotype BM000001559) fide Rajbhandari & Rai (2017); above Tugling, Changla Khola, Dozam, 3600 m (SK Ghimire, RP Chaudhary & team P10751, 21 May 2010; TUCH!); Marghor Lagna, 3800 m (KR Rajbhandari & B Roy 4124, 29 Jul 1979; KATH!); Marghore Lekh, 3900 m (SB Malla 14224, 13 Jul 1968; BM000001458, KATH!); Simikot Lagna, above Simikot, 3900 m (CA Pendry, SR Baral, S Noshiro, S 223 Rajbhandary, PP Kurmi, B Dell & B Adhikari, JRS A195, 20 Jun 2008; E00607532! image, KATH!); Margor Lagna, 3962 m (O Polunin, WR Sykes & LHJ Williams 4317, 16 Jun 1952; BM000001561, KATH!). Local abund.: Rare to occasional. Meconopsis staintonii Grey-Wilson, Curtis's Bot. Mag. 23(2): 190 (2006). Egan & Shrestha in Watson et al., Fl. Nepal 3: 87 (2011). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 377 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 300 (2018). Papaver staintonii (Grey-Wilson) Christenh. & Byng, Global Fl. 1(4): 72. (2018). Monocarpic herbs, to 1.5 m tall; covered with yellow hairs; flowers reddish mauve, pink or white. Habitat: Open slopes, among shrubs, grassy places, rocky slopes. Distribution: Endemic to Nepal, W & C; 2500–4300 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal; 4100 m. Representative specimen. BAJHANG: Surmasarobar, 4100 m (MS Bista & DP Joshi 7126, 24 ?Oct 1972; KATH!) Papaver L., Sp. Pl. 1: 506 (1753). Papaver dubium L. subsp. glabrum (Royle) J.W. Kadereit, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh, 45(2): 247 (1989). Pendry in Watson et al., Fl. Nepal 3: 79 (2011). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 378 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 300 (2018). Papaver glabrum Royle, Intr. Bot. Himalaya. 67 (1834). Annual herbs, 20–40 cm tall. Habitat: Agriculture weed in moist places. Distribution: SE Europe, W Asia, W & C Himalaya, introduced into N America. NEPAL: W & C; 1900–3000 m. KSL: Baitadi in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Mugu; c. 2800–2900 m. Representative specimens. BAITADI: Ganger, 2896 m (TB Shrestha 4229, 20 Jun 1965; KATH!). MUGU: Rara, 2850 m (KR Rajbhandari & B Roy 3714, 21 Jul 1979; KATH!). LARDIZABALACEAE Stauntonia DC., Syst. Nat. 1: 511, 513 (1817). Stauntonia angustifolia (Wall.) Wall. ex Christenh., Curtis's Bot. Mag. 29: 264 (2012). Holboellia angustifolia Wall., Tent. Fl. Nepal 1: 25 (1824); Holboellia acuminata Lindl.; Holboellia latifolia var. angustifolia (Wall.) Hook. f. & Thomson; Stauntonia angustifolia Wall., nom. nud. Guphalā, Guphlā (u'kmnf, u'Ïnf). Sausage vine. HIN: Gomphal, Gukhniāl (uf]d\kmn, u'sl\ gofn). Evergreen, monoecious, twining vines; leaves palmate, with linear-lanceolate leaflets. Habitat: Mixed forests, forest margins. Distribution: Himalaya (N India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, Myanmar, C & SE China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1600–3000 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura; 2700–2800 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Majime – Kalauni, 2740 m (TB Shrestha 4098, 10 May 1965; KATH!). NEP: ENG: 1 224 BAJURA: Baudi Khola, 2810 m (BSH B144, 19 Aug 2017) fide RBGE (2014). Stauntonia latifolia (Wall.) Wall. ex Christenh., Curtis's Bot. Mag. 29: 269 (2012). Pl. 22. Holboellia latifolia Wall., Tent. Fl. Nep. 1: 24 (1824); Holboellia ovatifoliolata Y.C. Wu & T. Chen; Stauntonia latifolia Wall., nom. nud. Guphalā, Guphlā (u'kmnf, u'Ïnf). Sausage vine. HIN: Gomphal, Gukhniāl (uf]d\kmn, u'sl\ gofn). Evergreen, monoecious, twining vines; leaves palmate, with oblong-ovate leaflets. Habitat: Mixed forests, forest margins, shrublands, streamsides. Distribution: NW Pakistan to E Himalaya, Tibetan Plateau, Myanmar, SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; (800–)1500–4000 m. KSL: Baitadi, Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Mugu; 1900–2700 m [also in Kumaon, Uttarakhand, India]. Representative specimens. BAITADI: Shribhawar, 2440 m (TR Pandey & GD Bhatt 2016693, 6 Jun 2016, NEP: ENG: KATH!). BAJHANG: Along the Ghat Khola, near Kanda, 2270 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 1561, 24 Jul 1976; KATH!); between Dhalun & Panselegi, NE of Dhalun, 2300–2700 m (HN Qin, P Bhandari, TR Pandey, BR Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0538, 16 Sept 2017; KATH!, PE!). DARCHULA: Khar-2, 1960 m (BB Shrestha, M Pandey & R Chhetri 254, 30 Sept 2015; TUCH!); Paripatal Community Forest, Khar, 2214 m (CK Subedi, J Gurung & M Pandey 9, 5 Jun 2015; TUCH!); Khandeshowari, 2621 m (CK Subedi, J Gurung & S Thapa 7, 16 Jun 2014; TUCH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon (R Blinkworth Wall. Cat. no. 4950; isotype BM000541244! image, K001104285! image). Local abund.: Occasional to frequent. Ethnobt. use: Ripe fruits are edible. MENISPERMACEAE Cissampelos L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1031 (1753). Cissampelos pareira L. Sp. Pl. 2: 1031 (1753). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 380 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 302 (2018). Pl. 22. Cissampelos hirsuta Buch.-Ham. ex DC.; Cissampelos nepalensis Rhodes; Cissampelos pareira var. hirsuta (Buch.Ham. ex DC.) Forman Gajregān, Musbelo (uh|]ufg, d';\an ] f]). NEP-L: Bātulpāte, Gudergāno (af6'nk\ ft], u'b]/u\ fgf]]). ENG: False pareira, Velvetleaf. HIN-L/HIN: Bhātvel, Karjeurî, Pādh, Pādhā (ef6\j]n, s/\hp ] /L, kf9, kf9f). SAN: Amvasthā, Pāthā (cDji7f, kf7f). Climbing shrubs; usually densely pubescent, with orbicular to broadly ovate, peltate leaves. Habitat: Forests, forest margins, thickets. Distribution: Tropical and subtropical regions of the World. NEPAL: W, C & E; 150–2500 m. KSL: Baitadi, Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura and Doti; 800–2300 m. Representative specimens. BAITADI: Patan, 1150 m (LP Kattel 158, 30 Dec 1980; KATH!). BAJHANG: Majhi NEP-L: Gaon, 1100 m (NK Bhattarai 90/1283, 4 Sept 1990; KATH!); Jiauli Gad, 1400 m (JF Dobremez 2025, 3 May 225 1973; E00214655! image). DARCHULA: Okhal, way to Makari Gad, 1230 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1662, 2 Aug 2015; TUCH!); Khar VDC-4, 1930 m (BB Shrestha, M Pandey & R Chhetri 213, 29 Sept 2015; TUCH!); near Ghusa, 2100 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, A Paudel, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-2111, 2 Aug 2016; TUCH!). DOTI: Nahapani, 1400 m (JF Dobremez 1873, 18 Apr 1973; E00214654! image). Local abund.: Frequent. Ethnobt. use: Roots are used to treat cough, indigestion, diarrhoea, dysentery and piles. Cocculus DC., Syst. Nat. 1: 515 (1817). Cocculus laurifolius DC., Syst. Nat. 1: 530 (1817). Whitmore in Hara & Williams, Eum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 28 (1979). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 380 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 302 (2018). Pl. 22. Cocculus angustifolius Hassk., Holopeira laurifolia (DC.) Miers; Menispermum laurifolium (DC.) Roxb. Tilphorā (ltNkmf]/f). Laurel-leaved snailtree, Laurel-leaved snailseed. Shrubs or small trees, 2–6 m tall; leaves elliptic to lanceolate, palmately 3-veined. Habitat: Open forests, shrubland, riversides. Distribution: Tropical and subtropical regions in S Asia, S China, Japan, mainland SE Asia to Indonesia. NEPAL: W & C; 800–2000 m. KSL: Baitadi, Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura; 800–1600 m [Pithoragarh, and neighboring Almora District, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Chainpur – Surma, 1335 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, NEP-L: ENG: N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20912042, 6 Jul 2009; KATH!); Chainpur, 1370 m (TB Shrestha 4113, 14 May 1965; KATH!). DARCHULA: Darchula – Huti, 900 m (KR Rajbhandari & KJ Malla 5518, 24 Aug 1980; KATH!); Dharmaghar, way to Makarigad, 1150 m (SK Ghimire, LR Joshi, B Awasthi & CK Subedi ANCA 210, 21 Oct 2013, TUCH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Almora, Kumaon, 1675 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 1, Wall. Cat. 4965, 1843; P00323510! image). Local abund.: Occasional to frequent. Ethnobt. use: Roots and stems are used to treat headache and joint pain, and leaf juice to heal wounds. Stephania Lour., Fl. Cochinch. 2: 598 (1790). Stephania elegans Hook. f. & Thomson, Fl. Ind.: 195 (1855). Whitmore in Hara & Williams, Eum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 28 (1979). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 381 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 303 (2018). Stephania japonica (Thunb.) Miers var. elegans Kuntze Nimî-laharā (lgdL–nx/f). ENG: Elegant tape vine. Climbing herbs; leaves triangular or ovate-triangular, peltate. Habitat: Light forests, forest margins. Distribution: Himalaya (N India, Nepal, Bhutan), SC China, mainland SE Asia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 500–2450 m. KSL: Known from Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India, and neighboring Doti and Dadeldhura NEP: 1 226 districts, Nepal; 1700–2100 m. It is likely also to be present in KSL area of Far West Nepal. Representative specimens. DOTI: Trail from Silgadi to Khaptad National Park, 2130 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20913008, 30 Jun 2009; E00509868! image). DADELDHURA: Dadeldhura, 1730 m (I Sharma, R Joshi, RK Uprety & I Pandey 524, 17 Sept 1981; KATH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon, Pithoragarh, 2000 m (CM Arora 38420, 4 Aug 1969; L.1746839! image). Stephania gracilenta Miers, Contr. Bot. 3: 219 (1871). Whitmore in Hara & Williams, Eum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 28 (1979). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 382 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 304 (2018). Pl. 22. Musbelo (d';\an ] f]). Slender tape vine. Slender herbaceous vines; leaves orbicular or subtriangular, peltate; flowers pink-purple. Habitat: Forests, shrubland. Distribution: W & C Himalaya (NW India, Nepal), Tibetan Plateau, Myanmar. NEPAL: W, C & E; (600–)1800–2600 m. KSL: Bajhang, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura; 1900–2600 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Dhalaun – Rasa, 1990 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F NEP-L: ENG: Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9193355, 20 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB (2013–2020); Launi, 2450 m (JF Dobremez 2114, 7 May 1973; E00214680! image). DARCHULA: Makarigad – Khandeswori, 2090 m (PR Shakya, MK Adhikari & MN Subedi 7905, 18 Jul 1984; KATH!); Nahli Deurali, between Ghusa and Sithi, 2300 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain; ANCA1030, 17 Jul 2015; TUCH!). HUMLA: Dozam, near Simikot, 2590 m (O Polumin, WR Sykes and LHJ Williams 4197, 28 May 1952; E00140350! image). Local abund.: Occasional to frequent. Ethnobt. use: As a folk medicine in Darchula, root or leaf juice is applied to treat wounds. Stephania rotunda Lour., Fl. Cochinch.: 608 (1790). Hul et al., Phytotaxa 298(2): 110 (2017). Pl. 22. Cissampelos glabra Roxb., Fl. Ind., ed. 1820, 3: 840 (1832); Stephania glabra (Roxb.) Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. sér. 3, 18: 14 (1866). Gajregān (uh|]ufg). NEP-L: Barkulî-laharā, Nimî-laharā (as{'nL–nx/f, lgdL–nx/f). Gindaru, Purhā (luGb?, k'xf{). Climbing herbs; leaves broadly triangular-ovate or orbicular, narrowly peltate. Habitat: Forests, forest margins, thickets. Distribution: S Asia, Himalaya, Tibetan Plateau, mainland SE Asia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 300–2600 m. KSL: Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal; 1000–2600 m [also in Almora, Uttarakhand, India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Between Panalta to Kuwa, 1900–2000 m (HN Qin, P Bhandari, TR NEP-L: HIN-L: Pandey, BR Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0294, 13 Sept 2017; Stephania glabra KATH!, PE!). DARCHULA: Above Makari Gad, Khandeshori VDC, 1800 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Lo, C Thapa & MR Paudeyal ANCA-557, 15 Oct 2014; Stephania glabra TUCH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Ramganga River, East Almora Div., Kumaon (BisRam 2300, 2 Jun 1933; Stephania glabra E00140361! image). Local abund.: Occasional. Ethnobt. use: In Darchula, roots are given to cattle to treat cough, and as an anthelmintic medicine. 227 BERBERIDACEAE Berberis L., Sp. Pl. 1: 330 (1753). Berberis aristata DC., Syst. Nat. 2: 8 (1821). Tebbs in Hara & Williams, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 29 (1979). Adhikari et al., Edinburgh J. Bot., 69(3): 479 (2012). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 383 (2017). Pl. 23. Berberis ceratophylla G. Don; Berberis chitria Buch.-Ham. ex Ker Gawl.; Berberis sikkimensis (C.K. Schneid.) Ahrendt Chotto (rf]Qf]). NEP: Chutro (r'qf]). ENG: Nepal barberry, Tree turmeric. HIN: Chitrā, Dārhaldî (lrqf, bf/xNbL). SAN: Dāruharidra, Rasānjana (bf?xl/ı, /;f~hg). TIB: kyerpa ( རེ ་པ་). NEP-L: Spiny shrubs, 1.5–5 m tall, with arching branches; leaves obovate to elliptic, spinose dentate or entire; flowers many in stalked sub-paniculate racemes; berries blue-purple or black when ripe, oblong. Habitat: Open forests, forest clearings, forest margins, shrubberies, open slopes, moist slopes. Distribution: Himalaya (N India, Nepal, Bhutan), Peninsular India, Myanmar. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1200–3500(–4000) m. KSL: Baitadi, Bajhang, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura, Doti and Mugu; 1700–3200 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand and neighboring areas in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAITADI: Shribhawar, 2476 m (TR Pandey & GD Bhatt 2016619, 5 Jun 2016, KATH!). BAJHANG: Launi, 2400 m (JF Dobremez 2088, 6 May 1973; E00214645! image). BAJURA: Majpali – Pategaon, 2100 m (KR Rajbhandari 15092, 15 Aug 1991; KATH!). DARCHULA: Khar VDC-2, 2175 m (BB Shrestha, M Pandey & R Chhetri 190, 28 Sept 2015; TUCH!); Paripatal Community Forest, Khar, 2270 m (CK Subedi, J Gurung & M Pandey 19, 6 Jun 2015; TUCH!); above Sithi, way to Ghusa, 2300 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Budha Magar, B Jnawali, S Nepal, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-3485, 10 Sept 2017; TUCH!). DOTI: Trail from Silgadi to Khaptad National Park, 2134 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20915007, 30 Jun 2009; E00623905! image, KATH!); HUMLA/MUGU: Below Chankheli Lagna, 3048 m (O Polunin, WR Sykes & LHJ Williams 4110, 19 May 1952; BM000896977). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon (R Blinkworth Cat. no. 1474; K001113178! image); Kumaon, near Budhi, Byans (JF Duthie 5309, 17 Jul 1986; CAL) fide BSI (2021). Local abund.: Frequent to common. Ethnobt. use: Ripe fruits are eaten raw. Bark is used in folk medicine to treat fever, diarrhoea, liver diseases and eye affections. Inner bark is also used as a source of yellow dye. Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (BGCI & IUCN 2019b). LOC., Least Concern. Berberis asiatica Roxb. ex DC., Syst. Nat. 2: 13 (1821). Tebbs in Hara & Williams, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 29 (1979). Adhikari et al., Edinburgh J. Bot., 69(3): 505 (2012). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 384 (2017). Pl. 23. DOZ: Kyerbā, Kyervā (s]af{, s]jf{). NEP-L: Kilmodā, Kirmadā, Kirmado, Tilmudho, Tilkhudo, Tilkhuro (lsndf]8f, ls/d8f, ls/d8f], ltnd'8f], ltnv'8f], ltnv'/f])] . NEP: Chutro (r'qf]). ENG: Asian barberry, Common barberry. HIN-L: Dārhald, Dāruhaldî, Kilmodā, Kilmoru (bf/xNb, bf?xNbL, lsNdf]8f, lsNdf]?). SAN: Dāruharidra, Rasānjana (bf?xl/ı, /;f~hg). TIB: kyerpā ( རེ ་པ་). Spiny evergreen shrubs, 1–4 m tall, branched; leaves leathery, obovate to elliptic, margins spinose or entire; flowers many in short racemes; berries glaucous, dark purple when ripe, ovoid or globose. Habitat: Disturbed slopes, open degraded forests, secondary vegetation, shrubberies, dry hill slopes, rocky slopes, beside roads and trails, margins of agriculture. 228 Distribution: Himalaya (N India, Nepal, Bhutan), Bangladesh, Tibetan Plateau, Myanmar. NEPAL: W, C & E; 600–2700(–3150) m. KSL: Baitadi, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Dadeldhura, Doti and Mugu; 1200–2500 m. Representative specimens. BAITADI: Dyola, 2300 m (P Pradhan, RK Uprety, N Pradhan & N Dabadi 1339, 16 Apr 1984; KATH!). DARCHULA: Near Rabade, between Paribagar & Makarigad, 1240 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Budha Magar, B Jnawali, S Nepal, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA 3058, 30 Aug 2017; TUCH!); Khar VDC-2, 2300 m (BB Shrestha, M Pandey & R Chhetri 101P, 27 Sept 2015; TUCH!); Paripatal Community Forest, Khar, 2301 m (CK Subedi, J Gurung & M Pandey 49, 6 Jun 2015; TUCH!). DOTI: Paltune [Phaltunde], 1450 m (JF Dobremez 1806, 15 Apr 1973; E00214634! image); trail from Silgadi to Khaptad National Park, 2085 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20915008, 30 Jun 2009; E00509915! image, KATH!). HUMLA: Ghyaru, Thehe VDC, 2300 m (SK Ghimire, RP Chaudhary & team P12510, 26 May 2010; TUCH!); way to Syamne, near Simikot, 2400–2500 m (SK Ghimire, RP Chaudhary & team P10050, 18 May 2010; TUCH!). Local abund.: Frequent to common. Ethnobt. use: Ripe fruits are eaten raw. Bark is used in folk medicine to treat fever, diarrhoea, liver diseases and eye affections. Inner bark is also used as a source of yellow dye. Berberis glaucocarpa Stapf, Bot. Mag. 151: sub t. 9102 (1926). Tebbs in Hara & Williams, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 30 (1979). Adhikari et al., Edinburgh J. Bot., 69(3): 508 (2012). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 385 (2017). Pl. 23. DOZ/KER: Kyerbā, Kyervā (s]af{, s]jf{). NEP-L: Kilmodā, Kirmadā, Kirmado, Tilkhudo, Tilkhuro (lsndf]8f, ls/d8f, ls/d8f], ltnv'8f], ltnv'/f])] . NEP: Chutro (r'qf]). Spiny evergreen shrubs, 1.5–4 m tall, much branched; leaves obovate-oblanceolate, shining, coriaceous, margin usualy entire; flowers many in stiff stalked racemes; berries glaucous, dark purple when ripe. Habitat: Open slopes, riverside open broad-leaved evergreen forests, forest margins. Distribution: W & C Himalaya (NW India, Nepal). NEPAL: W & C; 2000–3900 m. KSL: Bajhang and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura, Doti and Mugu; 2000–3500 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Panalta, 2000 m (HN Qin, P Bhandari, TR Pandey, BR Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0227, 12 Sept 2017; KATH!); Naya Odar – Topu, 3090 m (PR Shakya, MK Adhikari & MN Subedi 8278, 28 Jul 1984; KATH!). BAJURA & BAJHANG: Pategaon – Badigaon, 2320 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9194208, 16 Aug 1991; E00236353! image, TI! image). BAJURA: Khaptad National Park to Kaudegaon, 2900 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9171012, 28 Aug 1991; TI! image). DOTI: On the trail between Jhigrana & Bichpani, 2892 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20918011, 1 Jul 2009; E00625025! image). HUMLA: Above Dozam, Changla Khola, 2600 m (SK Ghimire, RP Chaudhary & team P10380, 20 May 2010; TUCH!); below Saatthapla towards Rimi, 2640 m (CA Pendry, S Baral, S Noshiro, S Rajbhandary, PP Kurmi, B Dell & B Adhikari JRS A134, 13 Jun 2008; E00667717! image); Salli-Chungsa, 3000 m (SK Ghimire, LR Joshi, A Paudel, S Lo, P Subedi, C Thapa & S Lama 1793, Sept 2012; TUCH!). MUGU: Below Ghurchi Lagna, 3400 m (CA Pendry, S Baral, S Noshiro, S Rajbhandary, PP Kurmi, B Dell & B Adhikari JRS A80, 7 Jun 2008; E00667772! image). Local abund.: Frequent to common. Ethnobt. use: Fruits are eaten raw; bark is used to treat diarrhoea and eye affections. 229 Berberis hamiltoniana Ahrendt, Gard. Ill. 64: 426 (1944). Tebbs in Hara & Williams, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 30 (1979). Adhikari et al., Edinburgh J. Bot., 69(3): 491 (2012). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 385 (2017). Pl. 23. Chotto (rf]Qf]). NEP: Chutro (r'qf]). Spiny deciduous shrubs, 2–4 m tall; stem profusely branched; leaves obovate to elliptic, thinly coriaceous, margin spinose dentate or entire; flowers few in sub-umbellate racemes. Habitat: Disturbed forests, open hillsides, shrubberies. Distribution: W & C Himalaya (NW India, Nepal). NEPAL: W & C; 2700–4300 m. KSL: Bajhang, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Mugu; 3400–3700 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Dhahidunga Kharka to Manane Lekh, 3412 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M NEP-L: Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20915095, 13 Jul 2009; E00509877! image, KATH!). DARCHULA: Above Dhaulo Odar, 3480–3550 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1185, 19 Jul 2015; TUCH!). HUMLA: Norkeni, above Simikot, 3660 m (CA Pendry, S Baral, S Noshiro, S Rajbhandary, PP Kurmi, B Dell & B Adhikari JRS B165, 21 Jun 2008; E00667726! image). Local abund.: Occasional in Darchula; not known for other districts. Berberis jaeschkeana C.K. Schneid. var. usteriana C.K. Schneid., Bull. Herbs. Boissier, sér. 2, 5: 399 (1905). Tebbs in Hara & Williams, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 30 (1979). Adhikari et al., Edinburgh J. Bot., 69(3): 497 (2012). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 386 (2017). Berberis usteriana (C.K. Schneid.) Parker Low growing spiny deciduous shrubs, 0.2–1 m or more in height; stems profusely branched. Habitat: Dry exposed slopes, dry vertical cliffs, among scattered shrubs. Distribution: W & C Himalaya (Pakistan to Nepal). NEPAL: W & C; 2600–4000 m. KSL: Known from Pithoragarh District, Uttarakhand in KSL India; 3650–3950 m. It is likely also to be present in upper Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal (one specimen from Humla has been identified in the herbarium label as a probable hybrid of B. jaeschkeana var. usteriana). Representative specimens. HUMLA: Dojam, near Simikot, 2591 m (O Polunin, WR Sykes & LHJ Williams 4196, 28 May 1952; regarded as a possible hybrid of Berberis jaeschkeana var. usteriana E00663619! image). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon, Chalek, Byans, 3660–3960 m (JF Duthie 5307, 23 Jul 1986; unknown type K000644942! image). Berberis karnaliensis Bh. Adhikari, Edinburgh J. Bot. 69(3): 500 (2012). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 386 (2017). Pl. 24. Kyerbā, Kyervā (s]af{, s]jf{). NEP-L: Chotto (rf]Qf]). NEP: Chutro (r'qf]). Spiny deciduous shrubs, 1–3 m tall; stem much branched, with pubescent, drooping branches. Habitat: Forest margins, dry hill slopes, roadsides. Distribution: Endemic to Nepal, W; 1800–3600 m. KSL: Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Mugu; 1800–3600 m. Representative specimens. HUMLA: Humla Karnali, between Unapani & Limne 1820 m (CA Pendry, S Baral, S DOZ/KER/LIM: Noshiro, S Rajbhandary, PP Kurmi, B Dell & B Adhikari JRS A146, 15 Jun 2008; E00667716! image); Humla Karnali, way to Syamne, 2500 m (SK Ghimire, RP Chaudhary & team P10151, 18 May 2010; TUCH!); 230 Humla Karnali, near Simikot, 2600 m (SK Ghimire, RP Chaudhary & team P12810, 30 May 2010; TUCH!); below Saathapla, 2900 m (CA Pendry, S Baral, S Noshiro, S Rajbhandary, PP Kurmi, B Dell & B Adhikari JRS A132, 13 Jun 2008; E00667783! image). Local abund.: Frequent. Ethnobt. use: Fruits are eaten raw; bark is used to treat diarrhoea and eye affections. Berberis koehneana C.K. Schneid., Bull. Herbs. Boiss. sér. 2, 5: 814 (1905). Tebbs in Hara & Williams, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 30 (1979). Adhikari et al., Edinburgh J. Bot., 69(3): 486 (2012). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 386 (2017). Pl. 24. Berberis koehneana var. auramea Ahrendt Kyerbā, Kyervā (s]af{, s]jf{). NEP: Chutro (r'qf]). Spiny deciduous shrubs, 1–4 m tall, with long, paniculate inflorescence. Habitat: Forest margins, around settlements, agricultural fields. Distribution: W & C Himalaya (NW India, Nepal). NEPAL: W & C; 2400–4000 m. KSL: Humla District in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Mugu; 2600–3000 m [Pithoragarh District, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. It is likely also to be present in upper Darchula, Nepal. Representative specimens. HUMLA: Humla Karnali, below Kermi, 2400 m (SK Ghimire, LR Joshi, A Paudel, S DOZ/KER/LIM: Lo, P Subedi, C Thapa & S Lama CHH-1392, 15 Sept 2012; TUCH!); Dozam, near Simikot, 2590 m (O Polunin, WR Sykes & LHJ Williams 4272, 4 Jun 1952; E00663674! image). MUGU: Rara, 2990 m (GD Bhatta & DR Kandel 2016016, 23 Jan 2016; KATH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon, near Budhi in Byans, 2435–2740 m (JF Duthie 5309, 17 Jul 1886; holotype WU 0040033! image, K000644937! image). Local abund.: Occasional to frequent in Humla. Ethnobt. use: Fruits are eaten raw; bark is used to treat diarrhoea and eye affections. Berberis kumaonensis C.K. Schneid., Bull. Herbs. Boissier, sér. 2, 5: 397 (1905). Tebbs in Hara & Williams, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 30 (1979). Adhikari et al., Edinburgh J. Bot., 69(3): 467 (2012). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 386 (2017). Pl. 23. Chotto (rf]Qf]). NEP: Chutro (r'qf]). Spiny semi-evergreen shrubs, 10–30 cm tall; stem prostrate or suberect, mat-forming; leaves obovate, mucronate, margin subentire with 2–6 spinose teeth, subcoriaceous; flowers solitary. Habitat: Margins of conifer forests, dry rocky slopes, exposed grassy slopes, heavily grazed pastures. Distribution: Himalaya (NW India, Nepal). NEPAL: W; 2900–4200 m. KSL: Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Doti and Mugu; 2900–4000 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. DARCHULA: Near Nwagidanda, Pilkanda, GLORIA Summit SMA, 3850 m (SK NEP-L: Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Lo, C Thapa & MR Paudeyal ANCA-756, 22 Oct 2014; TUCH!); near Chameliya mool, Ringde, W of Lolu-Pilkanda, 3950 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1513, 28 Jul 2015; TUCH!). DOTI: Khaptad National Park, on trail from Bichpani to Ghodadaune, 2967 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20915029, 2 Jul 2009; E00509934, KATH!). HUMLA: Above Simikot, 3320 m (CA Pendry, S Baral, S Noshiro, S Rajbhandary, PP Kurmi, B Dell & B Adhikari JRS A172, 19 Jun 2008; E00667795! image); Norkeni, above Simikot, 3650 m (CA Pendry, S Baral, S Noshiro, S Rajbhandary, PP Kurmi, B Dell & B Adhikari JRS B163, 21 Jun 2008; E00667715! image). UTTARAKHAND 231 (INDIA): Palang Garh, Byans, 3045 m (JF Duthie s.n., 19 Jul 1886; E00623155! image); Kumaon, near Garbyang, Kali Valley, 3960 m (JF Duthie 2697; holotype G, isotype K) fide Adhikari et al. (2012). Local abund.: Occasional in Darchula; not known for other regions. Ethnobt. use: Fruits are eaten raw; bark is used to treat diarrhoea and eye affections. Berberis mucrifolia Ahrendt, J. Roy. Hort. Soc. 81: 135 (1956). Tebbs in Hara & Williams, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 31 (1979). Adhikari et al., Edinburgh J. Bot., 69(3): 472 (2012). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 387 (2017). Chutro, Muse chutro (r'qf], d';] r'qf]). TIB: kyerpa ( ེར་པ་), kyer nak ( ེར་ནག་). NEP: Dwarf, deciduous spiny shrubs, 20–100 cm tall. Habitat: Dry south facing slopes, rocky slopes, among boulders, shrubland. Distribution: Endemic to Nepal, W & C; 2000–4500 m. KSL: Bajhang and Humla in KSL Nepal; 2300–3000 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Kali Gad, 2286 m (JDA Stainton 4847, 10 May 1965; BM000897101, E00663646! image); Launi, 2450 m (JF Dobremez 2110, 7 May 1973; E00214628! image, KATH). HUMLA: Salli-Chungsa, 3000 m (SK Ghimire, LR Joshi, A Paudel, S Lo, P Subedi, C Thapa and S Lama CHH-1794, Sept 2012, TUCH!). Local abund.: Rare. Ethnobt. use: Fruits are eaten raw, inner bark is used in fever, liver disorders, and eye affections. Berberis petiolaris Wall. ex G. Don, Gen. Hist. 1: 116 (1831). Tebbs in Hara & Williams, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 31 (1979). Adhikari et al., Edinburgh J. Bot., 69(3): 492, 496 (2012). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 388 (2017). Semi-evergreen shrubs or small trees, 1–6 m tall; spines absent or few solirary; racemes 8–25-flowered. Habitat: Moist temperate forests. Distribution: W & C Himalaya (NW India, Nepal). NEPAL: W & C; 2600–3600 m. KSL: Known from neighboring Mugu District, Nepal; 3250 m. It is likely to be present in Humla District in KSL Nepal. Representative specimen. MUGU: North of Chankheli Lagna, 3250 m (CA Pendry, S Baral, S Noshiro, S Rajbhandary, PP Kurmi, B Dell & B Adhikari JRS A122, 12 Jun 2008; E00667719! image). Berberis petiolaris Wall. ex G. Don var. garhwalana Ahrendt, J. Bot. 79 (Suppl.): 82 (1942). Adhikari et al., Edinburgh J. Bot., 69(3): 497 (2012). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 388 (2017). Differs from above in its short, 3–9-flowered sub-umbellate racemes. Habitat: Moist temperate forests. Distribution: W & C Himalaya (NW India, Nepal). NEPAL: W; 2700–3350 m. KSL: Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Doti and Mugu; 2700–3350 m. Representative specimens. DOTI: Kaptar [Khaptad], 2700 m (JF Dobremez 1967, 24 Apr 1973; BM000897061, E00214627! image). HUMLA/MUGU: Chankheli Lagna, 3350 m (Polunin, Sykes & Williams 4123, 19 May 1952; E00663613! image). 232 Berberis thomsoniana C.K. Schneid., Bull. Herbs. Boissier, sér. 2, 5: 454 (1905). Adhikari et al., Edinburgh J. Bot., 69(3): 484 (2012). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 388 (2017). Spiny shrubs, 1–4 m tall, deciduous; stem grooved, branched. Habitat: Forests, forest margins, open slopes, thickets, rocky banks by river. Distribution: C & E Himalaya (Nepal to Bhutan), Myanmar. NEPAL: W, C & E; 2800–3600 m. KSL: Darchula in KSL Nepal; 2850–3550 m. Representative specimens. DARCHULA: Tipulchyakti, 2850 m (KR Rajbhandari & KJ Malla 5855, 9 Sept 1980; KATH!); Chhangru – Tinkar, 3300 m (KR Rajbhandari & KJ Malla 5790, 1 Sept 1980; KATH!). Mahonia Nutt., Gen. N. Amer. Pl. 1: 211(1818). Mahonia napaulensis DC., Syst. Nat. 2: 21 (1821). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 308 (2018). Berberis acanthifolia (Wall. ex G. Don) Wall. ex Walp.; Berberis napaulensis (DC.) Laferr.; Berberis nepalensis Spreng.; Mahonia acanthifolia Wall. ex G. Don; Mahonia sikkimensis Takeda Jamane māndro (hdfg] dfGıf]). Large evergreen shrubs, c. 1–4 m tall, profusely branched, unarmed; leaves unevently 1-pinnate. Habitat: Forests, forest margins, thickets. Distribution: Himalaya (N India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, S China, mainland SE Asia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1200–3570 m. KSL: Baitadi District in KSL Nepal; c. 2440 m [also in Kumaon, Uttarakhand, India]. Representative specimens. BAITADI: Shribhawar, 2443 m (TR Pandey & GD Bhatt 2016661, 6 Jun 2016, NEP: KATH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon (R Blinkworth s.n.; Mahonia acanthifolia BM00105003! image). Podophyllum L., Sp. Pl. 1: 505 (1753). Podophyllum hexandrum Royle, Ill. Bot. Himal. Mts. 1: 64 (1834). Tebbs in Hara & Williams, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 31 (1979). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 308 (2018). Pl. 24. Podophyllum emodi Wall. ex Hook. f. & Thomson; Podophyllum emodi var. hexandrum (Royle) R. Chatterjee & Mukerjee; Podophyllum hexandrum var. emodi (Hook. f. & Thomson) Selivan.; Sinopodophyllum hexandrum (Royle) T.S. Ying Deuphal, Tîte kānkro, Tîte kānkrî (b]pkmn, tLt] sf“qmf], tLt] sf“qmL). NEP: Laghupatra (n3'kq). ENG: Himalayan mayapple. HIN-L: Van kākrî (jg sfqmL]). TIB: olmosé (འོལ་མོ་སེ་). NEP-L: Perennial rhizomatous herbs to 40 cm tall; stem erect, unbranched; leaves 2, deeply 3-lobed, often purple spotted, long-stalked; flowers solitary, cup-shaped, pinkish; berry large, terminal, reddish. Habitat: Shady places in forests, forest margins, meadows, thickets, grassy slopes between boulders. Distribution: NE Afghanistan through W Pakistan to E Himalaya, Tibetan Plateau, C China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 2300–4600 m. KSL: Bajhang, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Mugu; 2800–4000 m [Pithoragarh District, Uttarakhand and neighboring area in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Budkhori Lekh, 2865 m (TB Shrestha 4071, 7 May 1965; US 1 233 00599811! image). DARCHULA: Simar, 2833 m (CK Subedi, J Gurung & S Thapa 50, 20 Jun 2014; TUCH!); Domul, 2970 m (SK Ghimire, LR Joshi & B Awasthi P13148, 25 Oct 2013; TUCH!); Thadapani, 4000 m (KM Ghimire & M Adhikari 1283, 22 Jul 2016; TUCH!). HUMLA: Seding, Changla Khola, Dozam, 3700 m (SK Ghimire, RP Chaudhary & team P11402, 23 May 2010; TUCH!); Chungsa Valley, above Singjungma, 3950 m (SK Ghimire, LR Joshi, A Paudel, S Lo, P Subedi, C Thapa & S Lama 1569, 13 Sept 2012; TUCH!). MUGU: Ghurchi Lekh, 3180 m (PR Shakya & B Roy 5432, 28 May 1980; KATH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Near Pindari, Kumaon, 3500 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom s.n.; P02327776! image). Local abund.: Rare to occasional. Ethnobt. use: Ripe fruits are edible; fruits and rhizome are used to treat cold, and menstrual disorders. Consv. status: NAT., Vulnerable (Tandon et al. 2001). LOC., Data Deficient. RANUNCULACEAE Aconitum L., Sp. Pl. 1: 532 (1753). Aconitum ferox Wall. ex Ser., Mus. Helv. Bot. 1: 160 (1823). Hara in Hara & Williams, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 9 (1979). Rau in Sharma et al. (eds.), Fl. India 1: 12 (1993). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 391 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 310 (2018). Pl. 24. Aconitum virosum D. Don Bikh, Vish (lav, ljif). Biennial tuberous herbs; stem erect, to 1.5 m high, simple, densely white pubescent above; leaves scattered, glabrous or sparingly hairy; lamina orbicular-cordate to reniform, 5-pedati-partite to the base; lobes acuminate, deeply incised with acute, divaricate ultimate segments; racemes laxly manyflowered, simple or branched below; sepals blue, hairy. Habitat: Alpine grassy slopes, among boulders on moist slopes. Distribution: C & E Himalaya (Nepal, Bhutan). NEPAL: W, C & E; 2100–4700 m. KSL: Darchula in KSL Nepal; 3900–4700 m. Representative specimen. DARCHULA: Thadapani ridge, NW of Dhauliodar, 4575 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, A NEP-L/NEP: Paudel, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1917, 27 Jul 2016, TUCH!). Local abund.: Rare. Ethnobt. use: Tubers are poisonous (once used as a source of arrow poison), and are occasionally traded. Aconitum heterophylloides (Brühl) Stapf, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 10: 171 (1905). Rau in Sharma et al. (eds.), Fl. India 1: 14 (1993). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 391 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 310 (2018). Pl. 24. Aconitum ferox Wall. ex Sér. var. heterophylloides Brühl, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 5: 110 (1896); Aconitum heterophylloides var. leucanthum (Brühl) Lauener; Aconitum leucanthum (Brühl) Stapf Atis (clt;). NEP: Atis, Nirvishî (clt;, lglj{ifL) Biennial tuberous herbs; stem erect, stout or slender, 30–50 cm, simple, angular, sometimes bent, hairy; leaves scattered, finely pubescent; lamina ovate to reniform, 3-partite, lobes subacuminate, ultimate segments roundly toothed; inflorescence a raceme or panicle, few- to many-flowered; sepals variable in colour, blue to bluish-white or white, pubescent. NEP-L: 234 Habitat: Forest margins, alpine slopes. Distribution: W & C Himalaya (NW India to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau. NEPAL: W, C & E; 2800–4500 m. KSL: Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Mugu; 2800–4300 m. Representative specimens. DARCHULA: Baisand, towards the E of Pilkand on right ridge from Kalidhunga, 4100 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, A Paudel, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1860, 21 Jul 2016; TUCH!). MUGU: Mugu, 2800 m (PK Shakya & MK Adhikari 9172, 18 Aug 1984; KATH!). Local abund.: Frequent at higer elevations. Ethnobt. use: Tubers are used to treat fever and are also occasionally traded. Aconitum hookeri Stapf, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 10: 147 (1905). Hara in Hara & Williams, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 10 (1979). Rau in Sharma et al. (eds.), Fl. India 1: 16 (1993). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 392 (2017). Biennial tuberous herbs; stem erect, 10–15 cm, simple; leaves few; lamina orbicular, deeply lobed, with narrow blunt ultimate segments; flowers deep blue or violet in few-flowered racemes or solitary. Habitat: Open grassy slopes, rock ledges. Distribution: C & E Himalaya (Nepal to Bhutan), SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 3800–4900 m. KSL: Known from neighboring Mugu District, Nepal; 3800 m. Representative specimen. MUGU: Chankheli, 3800 m (PR Shakya et al. 9092, 16 Aug 1984; KATH!). Aconitum laeve Royle, Ill. Bot. Him. Mts. 1: 56 (1834). Hara in Hara & Williams, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 10 (1979). Rau in Sharma et al. (eds.), Fl. India 1: 17 (1993). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 392 (2017). Aconitum lycoctonum sensu Hook. f. & Thomson (1872), non L. (1753); Aconitum vitifolium Royle ex Stapf Perennial herbs with elongate root; stem erect, to 1.5 m, simple or branched, hairy on the upper part; leaves scattered on stem; lamina orbicular or reniform, 5–9-partite, lobes incised or coarsely dentate; inflorescence panicled, elongated, many-flowered, leafy, pubescent; sepals white to purplish, hairy. Habitat: Forests, forest margins, among shrubs, open meadows. Distribution: NW Pakistan to Nepal. NEPAL: W; 2700–3500 m. KSL: Darchula in KSL Nepal; c. 2900 m [also in Almora, Uttarakhand, India]. Representative specimens. DARCHULA: Chirkiti Lekh, near Marma, 2895 m (TB Shrestha 4207, 15 Jun 1965; KATH!); Thulogaon (Marma), 2895 m (JDA Stainton 4926, 15 Jun 1965; KATH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Madhari Pass, Kumaon, 2895 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 4; P00201750! image); Kumaon, 3045 m (T Anderson 1016, May 1857; P00201765! image). Aconitum poluninii Lauener, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 26: 7 (1964). Hara in Hara & Williams, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 10 (1979). ). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 393 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 312 (2018). Biennial tuberous herbs; stem erect, 30–70 cm, simple or branched, pilose above; stem-leaves scattered; lamina suborbicular-cordate, 3-partite, segments further 2–3-partite, ultimate segments coarsely dentate or laciniate; inflorescence a raceme or panicle, laxly few- to many-flowered; sepals blue, minutely hairy. Habitat: Open places in coniferous forests, open slopes near streams. Distribution: Endemic to Nepal, W & E; 2600–3900 m. 235 KSL: Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Mugu; 3800–3900 m. Representative specimens. DARCHULA: Mechhra – Kalagad, 3900 m (PR Shakya, MK Adhikari & MN Subedi 8070, 23 Jul 1984; KATH!). MUGU: Between Mugu and Purana Mugu, 3810 m (O Polunin, WR Sykes & LHJ Williams 5338, 20 Aug 1952; holotype BM, isotype A 00038091! image, isotype E00438626! image). Aconitum spicatum (Brühl) Stapf, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 10: 165 (1905). Hara in Hara & Williams, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 11 (1979). ). Rau in Sharma et al. (eds.), Fl. India 1: 22 (1993). Kadota, J. Jap. Bot. 85(1): 14 (2010). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 394 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 312 (2018). Pl. 24. Aconitum ferox Wall. ex Sér. var. spicata Brühl, Ann. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 5: 110 (1895); Aconitum atrox (Brühl) Mukerjee; Aconitum ferox Wall. ex Seringe var. atrox Brühl; Aconitum balfourii Stapf DOZ: Duk (b's). NEP-L: Vish-jarā, Gobare vish, Gobarî (ljif–h/f, uf]a/] ljif, uf]a/L). NEP: Ativish, Vish (cltljif, ljif). ENG: Nepal aconite. HIN-L: Gobriyā (uf]la|of). TIB: bongnak (བོང་ནག་), tsenduk (བཙན་ ག་). Biennial tuberous herbs; stem robust, erect, 1–2 m, usually simple, pubescent above; stem-leaves few to many, scattered; lamina orbicular-cordate or reniform or broadly ovate, 3-partite to the base, segments further 2–3-partite, ultimate segments inciso-dentate or laciniate; inflorescence a raceme or panicle, usually densely many-flowered, pubescent; sepals deep blue, purple or greenish white, pubescent. Habitat: Moist and shady places in forests, forest margins, shrubberies, moist grasslands, grassy slopes, among boulders on moist grassy slopes, streamsides. Distribution: Himalaya (N India, Nepal to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau. NEPAL: W, C & E; (1800–)2600–4400 m. KSL: Bajhang, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura and Mugu; 2600– 4100 m [Pithoragarh District of Uttarakhand and neighboring area in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Mahadeosera, 3950 m (PR Shakya, MK Adhikari & MN Subedi 8147, 24 Jul 1984; KATH!); Khaptad, 3715 m (K Itoh & SB Rajbhandari 1264, 9 Sept 1963; KATH!); Dhansera – Nilkatti, 4090 m (PR Shakya, MK Adhikari & MN Subedi 8212, 26 Jul 1984; KATH!). BAJURA: Khaptad National Park to Kaudegaon, 2950 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9192632, 28 Aug 1991; KATH!, TI). DARCHULA: Khandeshowari, on the way Shiyela to Nete, 2600–3000 m (CK Subedi, J Gurung & S Thapa 23, 16 Jun 2014; TUCH!); above Dhauliodar, 3400 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Budha Magar, B Jnawali, S Nepal, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-3236, 4 Sept 2017; TUCH!); Shiyela–Nete, 3600 m (CK Subedi & KM Ghimire 1601, 22 Aug 2014; TUCH!); Chheti, 3971 m (TR Pandey & S Panthi, 2014904, 27 Sept 2014, KATH!). MUGU: Mugu, 2700 m (PR Shakya & MK Adhikari 9191 II, 18 Aug 1984; KATH!); Mugu, 3500 m (PR Shakya et al. 9058, 16 Aug 1984; KATH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon (Wallich 4721C; isosyntype of Aconitum balfourii BM013399493! image); Kumaon, Pindari, 3962 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 3; syntype of Aconitum balfourii BM013399494! image). Local abund.: Frequent. Remarks: Several speciments from KSL India and one from Nepal (Duthie 5274, collected in Nampa Gadh at 3658–3962 m) have been identified as A. balfourii by Staff (1905) in his monograph ‘The aconites of India’. Local abund.: Frequent in upper Chameliya Valley, Darchula. Ethnobt. use: Tubers are poisonous (once used as a source of arrow poison), and are occasionally traded. Tubers are medicinally used after proper detoxification by learned healers. Consv. status: NAT., Vulnerable (Tandon et al. 2001). LOC., Near Threatened. It is threatened mainly due to unsustainable collection of tubers for trade. 236 Aconitum violaceum Jacquem. ex Stapf, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 10: 144 (1905). Hara in Hara & Williams, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 11 (1979). Rau in Sharma et al. (eds.), Fl. India 1: 22 (1993). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 395 (2017). Aconitum multifidum Royle (1834), nom illeg., non Koch ex Rchb. (1827); Aconitum napellus L. var. multifidum (Royle) Hook. f. & Thomson Chîle vish (rLn] ljif). NEP: Madhu vish (dw' ljif). Biennial tuberous herbs; stem erect, 10–30 cm, simple, glabrous; leaves few, mostly clustered near base; lamina orbicular, 5-partite to the base, primary segments deeply lobed and laciniate with narrow linear ultimate segments; flowers few in lax racemes or corymbs, or solitary; sepals blue or violet, pubescent. Habitat: Glacial riverine beds, moist rocky places, dry scrub, open grassy slopes, forest edges. Distribution: NW Pakistan to Nepal. NEPAL: W & C; 3900–4500 m. KSL: Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal; 3900–4400 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Surmasarovar, 4400 m (MS Bista & DP Joshi 665, 26 Aug 1972; KATH!). NEP-L: Kalidhunga, 3900 m (KM Ghimire & M Adhikari 1076, 19 Jul 2016; TUCH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon, Milum Glacier, 3810 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 2, 1843; BM, P00201847! image); Kumaon, Barji Kang Pass, 4115 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 5, 1843; K, P00201848! image). DARCHULA: Local abund.: Rare in Darchula. Consv. status: GLB., Vulnerable A2cd (Ved et al. 2015). LOC., Data Deficient. A decline of >40% of the wild populations over the past few decades has been reported from NW India (Ved et al. 2015). The threat is mainly due to unsustainable collection of tubers for trade. Actaea L., Sp. Pl. 1: 504 (1753). Actaea acuminata Wall. ex Royle, Ill. Bot. Himal. Mts.: 57 (1834). Rau in Sharma et al. (eds.), Fl. India 1: 24 (1993). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 395 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 313 (2018). Pl. 25. Actaea spicata L. var. acuminata (Wall. ex Royle) H. Hara Vish-phal (ljif–kmn). ENG: Himalayan baneberry. Perennial rhizomatous herbs, 30–100 cm tall, glandular pubescent; stems erect; leaves 2 or rarly 3 pinnate; leaflets lanceolate, acuminate. Habitat: Coniferous and mixed forest understory, forest margins, open slopes. Distribution: Afghanistan to E Himalaya, Tibetan Plateau. NEPAL: W; 2400–3900 m. KSL: Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal; 2700–3600 m. Representative specimens. DARCHULA: Between Khayakot & Simar, 2800 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S NEP-L: Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1076, 19 Jul 2015; TUCH!); Simar, 2832 m (CK Subedi, J Gurung & S Thapa 56a, 20 Jun 2014; TUCH!). HUMLA: Manal, above Dozam, 2700 m (SK Ghimire, RP Chaudhary & team P10302, 20 May 2010; TUCH!); above Jabkung, Changla Valley, Dozam, 3200–3350 m (SK Ghimire, RP Chaudhary & team P10635, 21 May 2010; TUCH!); Chungsa Valley, below Singjungma, 3300 m (SK Ghimire, LR Joshi, A Paudel, S Lo, P Subedi, C Thapa & S Lama CHH-1685, 14 Sept 2012; TUCH!); Dozam Khola near Simikot, 3505 m (O Polunin, WR Sykes & LHJ Williams 4240, 31 May 1952; KATH!). Local abund.: Occasional in Darchula, frequent to common in Humla. 237 Ethnobt. use: Rhizomes are used as insect poison. Actaea frigida (Royle) Prantl, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 9: 246 (1888). Compton et al., Taxon 47: 621 (1998). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nep. 1: 395 (2017). Cimicifuga frigida Royle Ill. Bot. Himal. Mts. 2: t. 14 (1833); Actinospora frigida (Royle) Fisch. & C.A. Mey.; Cimicifuga foetida var. bifida W.T. Wang & Hsiao Perennial rhizomatous herbs, 1–4 m tall; stem erect, branched, pubescent; leaves ternately pinnate. Habitat: Edges of birch and fir forests, shrubberies, grassy slopes, river banks. Distribution: Himalaya (NW India to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, Myanmar, SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 2400–4000 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal; 3300–3500 m. Representative specimen. BAJHANG: Nilkatti – Naya Odar, 3450 m (PR Shakya, MK Adhikari & MN Subedi 8256, 27 Jul 1984; KATH!). Adonis L., Sp. Pl. 1: 547 (1753). Adonis aestivalis L., Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 1: 771 (1762). Hara in Hara & Williams, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 11 (1979). Rau in Sharma et al. (eds.), Fl. India 1: 26 (1993). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 396 (2017). Adonis inermis Stapf; Adonis inglisii Royle ENG: Pheasant's eye, Summer pheasant's eye. Annual herbs, 10–40 cm tall; stem erect, leafy, simple or branched above; leaves pinnate with filiform segments; flowers terminal, solitary; petals scarlet, blight orange or yellow with dark purple centre. Habitat: Open grassy places, edges of cultivated fields. Distribution: Temperate Eurasia, Afghanistan to Nepal. NEPAL: W; (2000–)2800–3300 m. KSL: Humla in KSL Nepal; c. 3050 m. Representative specimen. HUMLA: Between Khangalgaon & Pahung, Humla Karnali Valley near Simikot, 3048 m (O Polunin, WR Sykes & LHJ Williams 4304, 10 Jun 1952; KATH!). Adonis chrysocyathus Hook. f. & Thomson in Hook. f., Fl. Br. India 1: 15 (1872). Hara in Hara & Williams, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 11 (1979). Rau in Sharma et al. (eds.), Fl. India 1: 26 (1993). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 396 (2017). Pl. 25. Adonis pyrenaica Hook. f. & Thomson (1855), nom. illeg., non DC. (1815); Chrysocyathus falconeri Chrtek & Slavikova Perennial rhizomatous herbs, 10–40 cm tall; stems several, leafy, erect, simple or branched above; leaves pinnate with linear segments; flowers terminal, solitary, golden-yellow without dark purple cenre. Habitat: Forest margins, juniper woodlands, grassy slopes, alpine meadows. Distribution: C Asia, NW China (Xinjiang), Himalaya (Pakistan to Nepal), Tibetan Plateau. NEPAL: W, C & E; 3000–4600 m. KSL: Humla in KSL Nepal; c. 3650–4000 m. Representative specimens. HUMLA: Dozam Khola, near Simikot, 3658 m (O Polunin, WR Sykes & LHJ Williams 4231, 31 May 1952; E, KATH!); Chhudalunbo, Changla Khola, Dozam, 3900–4000 m (SK Ghimire, RP Chaudhary & team P11651, 23 May 2010; TUCH!). Local abund.: Occasional. 238 Anemonastrum Holub, Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 8: 158 (1973). Anemonastrum demissum (Hook. f. & Thomson) Holub, Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 8: 165 (1973). Anemone demissa Hook. f. & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1: 23 (1855). Perennial pubescent herbs with woody rootstock, scape erect or ascending, 5–30 cm high. Habitat: Forests, forest margins, scrubs, grassy slopes, alpine meadows, streamsides. Distribution: Himalaya (N India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, Myanmar, C China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 2700–5700 m. KSL: Darchula in KSL Nepal; 3850–4350 m. Representative specimen. DARCHULA: Shiyela, 3839 m (CK Subedi, J Gurung & S Thapa 88, 22 Jun 2014; TUCH!). upper Chameliya, below Thadapani Ridge, Pilkanda, 4100–4350 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1404, 23 Jul 2015; TUCH!). Local abund.: Rare to occasional. Anemonastrum elongatum (D. Don) Holub, Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 8: 165 (1973). Pl. 25. Anemone elongata D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal.: 194 (1825); Anemone rivularis Wall. (1831), nom. nud., non Buch.Ham. ex DC. (1817). Ratanjot (/tghf]t). Perennial puberulent or subglabrous herbs; scape erect, elongated, 30–100 cm, slender. Habitat: Moist places in sparse forests, meadows, open grassy slopes. Distribution: Himalaya (N India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, N Myanmar. NEPAL: W, C & E; (1800–)2300–4600 m. KSL: Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura and Doti; 2300–3700 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Thogundanda – Kaligad, 2895 m (TB Shrestha 4183, 10 Jun 1965; NEP: KATH!); BAJHANG & BAJURA: Pategaon – Ghodi Lehk Deorali – Badigaon (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9160652, 16 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB (2013–2020). DARCHULA: Upper Chameliya Valley, Dhauliodar, 3400 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1159B, 19 Jul 2015; TUCH!). DOTI: Khaptad Lekh, 2800 m (PR Shakya, LR Sharma & KR Amatya 6243, 1 Jul 1981; KATH); between Rhikula & Chuyadhara, 2850 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 1033, 8 Jul 1976; KATH!). Local abund.: Occasional in Darchula. Anemonastrum geum (H. Lév.) Mosyakin, Phytoneuron 2018-55: 7 (2018). Anemone geum H. Lév., Bull. Acad. Int. Géogr. Bot. 24: 25 (1915); Anemone bonatiana var. geum (H. Lév.) H. Lév.; Anemone geum subsp. ovalifolia (Brühl) R.P. Chaudhary; Anemone geum subsp. potentilloides (Cambess. ex Lauener) R.P. Chaudhary; Anemone obtusiloba D. Don var. orthocaula Brühl; Anemone obtusiloba var. potentilloides Cambess. ex Lauener; Anemone obtusiloba subsp. ovalifolia Brühl; Anemone ovalifolia (Brühl) Hand.-Mazz.; Anemone rupestris Hook.f. var. pilosa Marquand & Shaw; Anemone wardii C. Marquand & Airy Shaw Perennial pubescent herbs; scape erect, 5–15 cm high. Habitat: Open grassy slopes, meadows. Distribution: Himalaya (N India, Nepal), Tibetan Plateau, N & C China. NEPAL: W & C; (1900–)2400–5100 m. 239 KSL: Upper Mahakali Valley in KSL India and Nepal, and neighboring Doti District, Nepal; c. 3000–4570 m [also in Pulan Xian, SW Xizang in KSL China]. It is likely also to be present in upper Humla, Nepal. Representative specimens. DOTI: Khaptad, 2980 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 1129, 9 Jul 1976; Anemone obtusiloba var. potentilloides KYO) fide Tamura (1986). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon near the Lebong pass, 4265–4570 m (Duthie 5272, 1 Aug 1886; holotype of Anemone obtusiloba var. orthocaula BM) fide Ziman et al. (2007). XIZANG (CHINA): Pulan Xian, 30.29°N 81.17°E (Qinghai-Tibet team vegetation group 6626699, 1976; PE) fide Kong & Yang (2019). Anemonastrum obtusilobum (D. Don) Mosyakin, Phytoneuron 2018-55: 7 (2018). Pl. 25. Anemone obtusiloba D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nep.: 194 (1825); Anemone discolor Royle; Anemone govaniana Wall., nom. nud.; Anemone micrantha Klotzsch; Anemone mollis Wall., nom. nud.; Anemone obtusiloba var. leiocarpa Tamura; Anemone rupestris Hook. f. var. villosa Marquand & Shaw; Anemonidium obtusilobum (D. Don) Christenh. & Byng. Kāngre-jhār, Ratanjot (sfª\u|]–emf/, /tghf]t). ENG: Blue buttercup, Himalayan thimbleweed, Blue Himalayan anemone. Perennial densely villous herbs; scape erect, 10–20 cm. Habitat: Forests, forest margins, among thickets, alpine meadows, grassy slopes, trailsides. Distribution: C & SW Asia, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan, Tibetan Plateau, Myanmar, SC China, Mongolia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1800–4800 m. KSL: Bajhang, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura, Doti and Mugu; 2300–4100 m [Bageshwar and Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Between Dhalun & Panselegi, NE of Dhalun, 2300–2700 m (HN Qin, P NEP: Bhandari, TR Pandey, BR Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0547, 16 Sept 2017; KATH!, PE!). DARCHULA: Upper Chameliya, Lolu, Pilkanda, 3600–3700 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1159, 19 Jul 2015; TUCH!); Api Khola, 3648 m (JB Tyson 3, 6 Jun 1953; KATH!). DOTI: Khaptad National Park, trail from Bichpani to Ghoda daune, 2972 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20913039, 2 Jul 2009; E00623937, KATH!). HUMLA: Ridge above Simikot, 3760 m (CA Pendry, SR Baral, S Noshiro, S Rajbhandari, PP Kurmi, B Dell & B Adhikari A223, 21 Jun 2008; E00392126, KATH!). MUGU: Pipling, 2650 m (PR Shakya & B Roy 5518, 6 Jun 1980; KATH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kamaon, Bageser to Munshiari via Kathi and Namik, 1525–2375 m (Schlagintweit 9776, 24–31 May 1855; P00158130! image). Local abund.: Frequent. Ethnobt. use: Root juice is used to treat coughs and colds; and root paste is applied on wounds. Anemonastrum polyanthes (D. Don) Holub, Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 8: 165 (1973). Pl. 25. Anemone polyanthes D. Don, Prodr. FI. Nepal.: 194 (1825); Anemone govaniana Lindl.; Anemone longiscapa Wall., nom. nud.; Anemone narcissiflora L. var. polyanthes (D. Don) Finet & Gagnep.; Anemone scaposa Edgew.; Anemone villosa Royle Perennial herbs, densely silky hairy; scape 20–60 cm high. Habitat: Open pastures, grassy slopes, moist places, rocky slopes, rock cliffs. Distribution: NE Pakistan, N India, Nepal, Bhutan. NEPAL: W, C & E; (2300–)2700–4800 m. 240 KSL: Bajhang, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal; 2700–4200 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Khaptad, 2740 m (TB Shrestha 4072, 7 May 1965; KATH); Gurel Lekh, 3400 m (NK Bhattarai 90/1196, 1 Sept 1990; KATH!); Surmasarovar, 3800 m (PR Shakya, LR Sharma, KR Amatya 6368, 9 Jul 1981; KATH!). between Chaurapani & Dahachaur, 3696 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 2007, 1 Aug 1976; KATH!). DARCHULA: Upper Chameliya, between Dhauliodar & Pilkanda, 3550 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1195, 19 Jul 2015; TUCH!); Nampa Khola, 3566 m (JB Tyson 42, 16 Jun 1953; BM, KATH). HUMLA: Above Phwaso, Changla Khola Valley, 3650–3700 m (SK Ghimire, RP Chaudhary & team P10951, 22 May 2010; TUCH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon, Sumdum Pass on Jimba side, 3655 m (RC Thakur 842, 4 Jul 1948; MICH 1498688! image). Local abund.: Frequent. Ethnobt. use: Root paste is applied on wounds. Anemonastrum rockii (Ulbr.) Mosyakin, Phytoneuron 2018-55: 7 (2018). Anemone rockii Ulbr., Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem. 10: 876 (1929); Anemone obtusiloba D. Don subsp. rockii (Ulbr.) Lauener Perennial herbs, sparsely puberulent or glabrescent; scapes to 15 cm high. Habitat: Grassy slopes. Distribution: Nepal, Tibetan Plateau, C China. NEPAL: W & C; 2100–4000 m. KSL: Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Mugu. Representative specimen. HUMLA/MUGU: Chankheli Lagna (O Polunin, WR Sykes & LHJ Williams 4345, 30 Apr 1952; E) fide Ziman et al. (2007). Anemonastrum tetrasepalum (Royle) Holub, Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 8: 165 (1973). Pl. 25. Anemone tetrasepala Royle; Anemonidium tetrasepalum (Royle) Christenh. & Byng Perennial herbs, densely hairy when young, glabrescent at maturity; scapes 30–50 cm high. Habitat: Margins of broadleaved forests, open grassy slopes, wet grasslands, meadows. Distribution: Pakistan to Nepal. NEPAL: W; 2500–4200 m. KSL: Darchula in KSL Nepal; 2500–4200 m. Representative specimens. DARCHULA: Khandeshowari, 2500 m (CK Subedi, J Gurung & S Thapa 1, 16 Jun 2014; TUCH!); Kalidhunga, 4100–4200 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1319, 25 Jul 2015; TUCH!) Local abund.: Frequent at higher altitudes. Aquilegia L., Sp. Pl. 1: 533 (1753). Aquilegia pubiflora Wall. ex Royle, Ill. Bot. Him. Mts.: 55 (1834). Hara in Hara & Williams, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 13 (1979). Rau in Sharma et al. (eds.), Fl. India 1: 43 (1993). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 403 (2017). Pl. 26. Aquilegia vulgaris L. subsp. pubiflora (Wall.) Hook. f. & Thomson ENG: Himalayan columbine, Hairy-flowered columbine. 241 Perennial herbs, with woody rootstock; stems tufted, 15–70 cm, pubescent; flowers purple. Habitat: Confer forests, grassy slopes, meadows, amongst shrubs. Distribution: E Afghanistan, Pakistan to Nepal. NEPAL: W; 2400–3200 m. KSL: Bajhang, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura and Mugu; 2400– 3200 m (Pithoragarh and neighboring areas in KSL India). Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Kali Gad, 2438 m (JDA Stainton 4925, 14 Jun 1965; BM, KATH!). BAJURA: Berseni to Porakya, 2530 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9170514, 12 Aug 1991; TI! image); Porakya Lagna, 2743 m (JDA Stainton 4887, 24 May 1965; BM, KATH!). DARCHULA: Kachali – Jaban, 2590 m (TB Shrestha 4202, 14 Jun 1965; KATH!); Chheti (Marma), 2743 m (JDA Stainton 4941, 20 Jun 1965; KATH!). HUMLA: Chankheli Lagna, 2743 m (O Polunin, WR Sykes & LHJ Williams 4333, 19 Jun 1952; BM001217383). MUGU: South of Jhyari, 2620 m (CA Pendry, S Baral, S Noshiro, S Rajbhandary, PP Kurmi, B Dell & B Adhikari JRS A85, 7 Jun 2008; E00397527, KATH!); Ghurchi – Sukha Daha, 2800 m (PR Shakya, MN Subedi & R Uprety 8550, 7 Aug 1985; KATH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon (R Blinkworth s.n.; L.1736047! image); Kumaon, above Bona, 2740 m (RC Thakur 834, 1 Jul 1948; L.1736046! image). Callianthemum C.A. Mey. in Ledeb., Fl. Altaic. 2: 336 (1830). Callianthemum pimpinelloides (D. Don) Hook. f. & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1: 26 (1855). Hara in Hara & Williams, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 13 (1979). Rau in Sharma et al. (eds.), Fl. India 1: 46 (1993). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 403 (2017). Ranunculus pimpinelloides D. Don in Royle, Ill. Bot. Himal. Mts.: 45, 53, t. 1, f. 4 (1834); Callianthemum cachemirianum Cambess.; Callianthemum imbricatum Hand.-Mazz.; Callianthemum tibeticum Witasek Perennial rhizomatous herbs; stems several, slender, up to 10 cm long; leaves basal or subbasal, glaucous, pinnate or bipinnate, long petiolate; flowers solitary, white or pink. Habitat: Meadows, rocky or scree slopes. Distribution: Afghanistan to Bhutan, Tibetan Plateau, SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 2600–4100 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal; 3000–3650 m. Representative specimen. BAJHANG: Thar [interpreted] (JF Dobremez 2237, 15 May 1973; E00701580) fide RBGE (2018); Laune – Laingaon, 3658 m (TB Shrestha 4102, 13 May 1965; KATH). Caltha L., Sp. Pl. 1: 558 (1753). Caltha palustris L., Sp. Pl. 1: 588 (1753). Hara in Hara & Williams, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 13 (1979). Rau in Sharma et al. (eds.), Fl. India 1: 47 (1993). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 404 (2017). Pl. 26. Caltha asarifolia DC.; Caltha govaniana Wall. ex Royle; Caltha himalayanus Royle; Caltha himalensis D. Don; Caltha palustris var. himalensis (D. Don) Mukerjee; Caltha palustris var. normalis Hook. f. & Thomson Ek-ānkhle-phûl (Ps–cf“Vn]–km"n). ENG: Marsh marigold, Cowflock, Cowslip. Perennial glabrous herbs with thick creeping rootstock; stems 15–60 cm high, ascending to erect; basal leaves long-petiolate; blade orbicular-reniform or suborbicular or sometimes deltoid, deeply NEP: 242 cordate at base, margins crenate-dentate, obtuse at apex; upper cauline leaves smaller, shortly petiolate or sessile; flowers bright yellow, solitary or few in corymbs; pedicel much elongate in fruit. Habitat: Wet places along forest margins, wet grasslands, marshes, streamsides. Distribution: Temperate and subarctic regions of N Hemisphere. NEPAL: W, C & E; 2400–4600 m. KSL: Bajhang, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura, Doti and Mugu; 2900–4500 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand and neighboring areas in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Khaptad, 2900 m (NK Bhattarai 91/896, 22 Jun 1991; KATH!); Surmasarovar, 3800 m (PR Shakya, LR Sharma & KR Amatya 6361, 9 Jul 1981; KATH!); Surmasarowar, 4150 m (MS Bista & DP Joshi 675, 26 Aug 1972; KATH). DARCHULA: Above Domule, 2927 m (CK Subedi, J Gurung & S Thapa 112, 24 Jun 2014; TUCH!); Lolu, above Dhauliodar, 3600–3700 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1158, 19 Jul 2015; TUCH!). DOTI: Khaptad National Park, Trail from Bichpani to Ghoda daune, 2956 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20913036, 2 Jul 2009; E, KATH!). MUGU: Edge of Rara Lake, 2920 m (CA Pendry, S Baral, S Noshiro, S Rajbhandari, PP Kurmi, B Del & B Adhikari JRS A97, 8 Jun 2008; E00397498! image, KATH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon, Madhari Pass, 2925 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 1, 1843; P00194056! image); Kumaon, Sumto Rahlam [Ralam] Pass, 4570 m (RC Thakur 752, 17 Jun 1948; L.1723092, MICH 1498733! image). Local abund.: Frequent to common. Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Akhani 2014b). Clematis L., Sp. Pl. 1: 543 (1753). Clematis barbellata Edgew., Trans. Linn. Soc. London 20: 25 (1851). Hara in Hara & Williams, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 14 (1979). Rau in Sharma et al. (eds.), Fl. India 1: 59 (1993). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 405 (2017). Pl. 26. Clematis nepalensis Royle Dāntkhuso (bf“t\v; ' f]). NEP: Junge-laharā (h'“u–] nx/f). Woody climbers; stem often reddish, terete; leaves fascicled, 3-foliate; flowers in axillary fascicles; sepals brown-purple, hairy. Habitat: Open coniferous forests, forest margins, scrubs, along streams. Distribution: W Pakistan to Nepal, Tibetan Plateau. NEPAL: W, C & E; 2100–3600(–4000) m. KSL: Bajhang, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Mugu; 2300–3500 m [Bageshwar and Pithoragarh districts of Uttarakhand and neighboring areas in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Surmasarovar, 2500 m (JF Dobremez 2072, 5 May 1973; KATH!); Thar, NEP-L: 2900 m (JF Dobremez 2247, 15 May 1973; BM, KATH!); Thogan Danda, 3300 m (MS Bista & DP Joshi 699, 27 Aug 1969; KATH!). DARCHULA: Naupata, 2300 m (KM Ghimire & M Adhikari 347, 20 Jul 2016; TUCH!); Chameliya Valley, Domul, above Khayakot, 2800 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Lo, C Thapa & MR Paudeyal ANCA-666, 18 Oct 2014; TUCH!); Chheti, 2895 m (TB Shrestha 4227, 20 Jun 1965; KATH!). HUMLA/MUGU: Chankheli Lagna, 3505 m (O Polunin, WR Sykes & LHJ Williams 4349, 20 Jun 1952; BM) fide RBGE (2014). MUGU: Above Wangri, 3200 m (PR Shakya & B Roy 5660, 14 Jun 1980; KATH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kanta [Kanda], Kumaon, 2435 m (RC Thakur 765, 23 Jun 1948; L.1723713! image, MICH 1498807! image); Himalaya boréal occidental, Kumaon, 3045 m (T Anderson s.n., May 1857; P00125380! image); W Dwali, Kumaon, 3045 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 5; P00125384! image). 243 Local abund.: Occasional in Darchula; not known for other regions. Ethnobt. use: Leaf juice is used to treat stomach disorders. Clematis buchananiana DC., Syst. Nat. 1: 140 (1817). Hara in Hara & Williams, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 14 (1979). Rau in Sharma et al. (eds.), Fl. India 1: 60 (1993). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 406 (2017). Pl. 27. Clematis bucamara Buch.-Ham. ex DC.; Clematis buchananiana var. rugosa Hook. f. & Thomson; Clematis buchananiana var. sericea S.K. Agarwal; Clematis buchananiana var. tortuosa Hook. f. & Thomson; Clematis buchananiana var. vitifolia Hook. f. & Thomson; Clematis buchananii D. Don; Clematis loasifolia D. Don (1825), nom. illeg., non DC. (1817); Clematis tortuosa Wall., nom. nud.; Clematis vitifolia Wall., nom. nud. NEP-L: Dahile-belo, Dāntkhuso (blxn]–a]nf], bf“t\v; ' f]). NEP: Junge-laharā, Pināse-laharā (h'“u–] nx/f, lkgf;]–nx/f). Woody climbers, usually densely pubescent; stem and branches grooved; leaves opposite, ternate to 1pinnate, 3–7-foliate; flowers axillary in leafy panicles; sepals cream or greenish-yellow, densely hairy. Habitat: Forests, forest margins, scrubberies, along streams. Distribution: Himalaya (Pakistan to NE India), Tibetan Plateau, SC China, mainland SE Asia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 900–3900(–4170) m. KSL: Baitadi, Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Dadeldhura, Doti and Mugu; 1500–3200 m [also in Kumaon, Uttarakhand, India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Dhanhadhi (?) lekh, 3300 m (MS Bista & DP Joshi 466, 16 Aug 1972; KATH!); Khaptad, near Kuti, 3745 m (K Itoh & SB Rajbhandari 1261, 9 Sept 1963; KATH!). DARCHULA: Khar VDC-4, 1850 m (BB Shrestha, M Pandey & R Chhetri 169, 28 Sept 2015; TUCH!); between Ngali & Sithi, 2300 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Lo, C Thapa & MR Paudeyal ANCA-586, 16 Oct 2014; TUCH!); Chheti – Mechchra, 3120 m (PR Shakya, MK Adhikari & MN Subedi 8005, 22 Jul 1984; KATH!). DOTI: Khaptad, 2850 m (MS Bista & DP Joshi 243, 3 Aug 1972; KATH!). MUGU: Pina, 2000 m (PP Kurmi & N Thapa 7481, 27 Nov 1995; KATH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon (R Blinkworth 4677; K001039669! image); Kumaon, 1525–1825 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 11; P00125451! image). Local abund.: Frequent in Darchula; not known for other districts. Ethnobt. use: Roots, stems and leaves are used in folk medicine to treat toothache, sinusitis, indigestion, cuts and wounds. Clematis confusa Grey-Wilson, Kew Mag. 8(4): 161 (1991). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 406 (2017). Pl. 27. Clematis connata DC. var. confusa (Grey-Wilson) W.T. Wang Dāntkhuso (bf“t\v; ' f]). Woody climbers similar to C. connata (see below) but differs in having leflets which are shallowly 3lobed, with smaller reddish brown flowers, and hairy anther-connective. Habitat: Forest margins, thickets, streamsides, trailsides. Distribution: C & E Himalaya (Nepal to Bhutan). NEPAL: W, C & E; 2300–3600 m. KSL: Darchula in KSL Nepal; 2300–2500 m. Representative specimen. DARCHULA: Between Ngali & Sithi, 2350 m (SK Ghimire & B Awasthi P140180, 16 NEP-L: Oct 2014, TUCH!). Local abund.: Rare. Ethnobt. use: Roots, stems and leaves are used to treat toothache and indigestion. 244 Clematis connata DC., Prodr. 1: 4 (1824). Hara in Hara & Williams, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 14 (1979). Rau in Sharma et al. (eds.), Fl. India 1: 61 (1993). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 407 (2017). Pl. 27. Clematis amplexicaulis Edgew.; Clematis buchananiana DC. subsp. connata (DC.) Kuntze; Clematis connata var. lanceolata S.N. Biswas; Clematis gracilis Edgew.; Clematis velutina Edgew.; Clematis venosa Royle Dāntkhuso (bf“t\v; ' f]). NEP: Junge-laharā, Bhainse-laharo (h'“u–] nx/f, e}“;]–nx/f]). Large woody climbers, sparsely hairy in younger parts; branches shallowly grooved; leaves pinnate; leaflets 3–5, simple, settate, acute to acuminate at apex; petiole bases strongly dilated and connate, forming a broad collar; flowers yellowish or creamy or white; anther-connective glabrous. Habitat: Forests, forest margins, thickets, streamsides, trailsides. Distribution: Himalaya (Pakistan to NE India), Tibetan Plateau, SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1300–3600 m. KSL: Bajhang, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Doti and Mugu; 2000–3200 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Agara to Dhalun, near Dalun village, 2000–2100 m (HN Qin, P Bhandari, NEP-L: TR Pandey, BR Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0374, 14 Sept 2017; KATH!, PE!). DARCHULA: Near Domul, way to Pilkanda, 3000 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Lo, C Thapa & MR Paudeyal ANCA-666, 18 Oct 2014; TUCH!). DOTI: Khaptad, 3100 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 1134, 10 Jul 1976; KATH!). HUMLA: Dozam, 2700 m (TR Pandey & DR Kandel 2016922, 11 Sep 2016, KATH!); Salli Khola, 3200 m (SK Ghimire, LR Joshi, A Paudel, S Lo, P Subedi, C Thapa & S Lama 1689, 14 Sept 2012; TUCH!). MUGU: Rara Lake, 2909 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 3087, 27 Aug 1976; KATH!). Local abund.: Frequent. Ethnobt. use: Roots, stems and leaves are used to treat toothache and indigestion. Clematis gouriana Roxb. ex DC., Syst. Nat. 1: 138 (1817). Hara in Hara & Williams, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 14 (1979). Rau in Sharma et al. (eds.), Fl. India 1: 64 (1993). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 407 (2017). Clematis indica B. Heyne ex Roth; Clematis martinii H. Lév.; Clematis vitalba subsp. gouriana (Roxb. ex DC.) Kuntze Junge-laharā (h'“u–] nx/f). Bel kangu, Churanhar, Mûrva (a]n s+u', r'/gxf/, d"jf{). SAN: Morata (df]/6). Large woody climbers; sparsely pubescent when young; branches grooved; leaves 1–2-pinnate; leaflets simple, acute to acuminate, entire or with a few teeth; flowers yellowish to greenish-white. Habitat: Open forests, edge of broad-leaved forests, scrubs, shrublands, along streams or rivers. Distribution: Tropical and subtropical regions in S Asia, Himalaya, C & SE China, mainland SE Asia to New Guinea. NEPAL: W, C & E; 120–2100 m. KSL: Baitadi, Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal, and nearby Dadeldhura; 700–2000 m. Representative specimens. BAITADI: Patan, 1215 m (LP Kattel 157, 30 Dec 1980; KATH!). BAJHANG: Between NEP: HIN: Panalta & Kuwa, 1900–2000 m (HN Qin, P Bhandari, TR Pandey, BR Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0276, 13 Sept 2017; KATH!, PE!). DARCHULA: Api-13, Khalanga, 1020 m (BB Shrestha, M Pandey & R Chhetri 492, 9 Oct 2015; TUCH!). Clematis grata Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 1: 83, t. 98 (1830). Hara in Hara & Williams, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 14 (1979). Rau in Sharma et al. (eds.), Fl. India 1: 65 (1993). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 407 (2017). Pl. 27. Clematis cordata Royle; Clematis vitalba L. subsp. grata (Wall.) Kuntze 245 NEP: Junge-laharā (h'“u–] nx/f). Woody climbers; stem and branches grooved, pubescent; leaves usually 1-pinnate with 5 leaflets, each irregularly sharply toothed or further lobed; flowers creamy-white, scented. Habitat: Forests, forest margins, shrubland, roadside. Distribution: E Afghanistan, Pakistan, W & C Himalaya, Tibetan Plateau. NEPAL: W & C; 1300–3300(–3850) m. KSL: Baitadi, Bajhang, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Doti and Mugu; 1300– 3000 m [Bageshwar and Pithoragarh districts of Uttarakhand and neighboring areas in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAITADI: Khated – Patan, 1880–1200 m (I Sharma, R Joshi, R Uprety & J Pandey 587, 20 Sept 1981; KATH!). BAJHANG: Between Dhalun & Panselegi, 2300–2700 m (HN Qin, P Bhandari, TR Pandey, BR Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0550, 16 Sept 2017; KATH!, PE!). DARCHULA: Makarigad– Thumti, 1330–2060 m (MM Amatya & PM Regmi W690/82, 3 Sept 1982; KATH!); Khandeshwari – Kautel Gad, 2200 m (PR Shakya, MK Adhikari & MN Subedi 7925, 19 Jul 1984; KATH!). DOTI: Gayer, 1430 m (I Sharma, R Joshi, R Uprety & I Pandey 507, 16 Sep 1981; KATH). HUMLA: Humla-Karnali, Kudilla, below Simikot, 2130 m (CA Pendry, SR Baral, S Noshiro, S Rajbhandary, PP Kurmi, B Dell, & B Adhikari B157, 18 Jun 2008; E, KATH!); between Simikot & Dharapori, 2500 m (SK Ghimire, LR Joshi, A Paudel, S Lo, P Subedi, C Thapa & S Lama CHH-1690, 27 Aug 2012; TUCH!); Melchham, 2700 m (SB Malla 14207, 10 Jul 1968; KATH!). MUGU: Near Pina, 2190 m (PR Shakya, MN Subedi & R Uprety 8774, 22 Aug 1985; KATH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon (R Blinkworth 4668; K001039645! image); Almora, Sama to Kapkot (JG Shree & party 53980, 19 Nov 1958; L.1724562! image). Local abund.: Frequent. Clematis grewiiflora DC., Syst. Nat. 1: 140 (1817). Hara in Hara & Williams, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 15 (1979). Rau in Sharma et al. (eds.), Fl. India 1: 66 (1993). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 408 (2017). Clematis buchananiana DC. subsp. grewiiflora (DC.) Kuntze; Clematis loasifolia DC. Woody climbers, similar to C. buchananiana but plant more densely brownish tomentose; sepals broader, densely silky hairy outside. Habitat: Forest margins, shrubberies. Distribution: Himalaya (N India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, Bangladesh, Myanmar. NEPAL: W, C & E; 900–2800(–3100) m. KSL: Known from Pithoragarh District of Uttarakhand and neighboring areas in KSL India; and nearby Kalikot District, north-west Nepal. It is likely also to be present in KSL area of Nepal. Representative specimens. KALIKOT (NEPAL): Dillikot, 2220 m (NP Manandhar & NK Bhattarai 9120, 20 Sep 1982; KATH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon (R Blinkworth s.n.; L.1724577! image); Thul [Thal], Kumaon, 1370 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 10; P00114623! image). Clematis montana Buch.-Ham. ex DC., Syst. Nat. 1: 164 (1817). Hara in Hara & Williams, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 15 (1979). Rau in Sharma et al. (eds.), Fl. India 1: 69 (1993). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 408 (2017). Pl. 27. Clematis anemoniflora D. Don; Clematis montana var. grandiflora Hook.; Clematis punduana Wall., nom. nud.; Clematis wallichii W.T. Wang Bakryāulo, Chhitko-laharā, Junge-belo, Junge-laharo (aqmofpnf], l56\sf]–nx/f, h'“u–] a]nf], h'“u]– nx/f]). NEP: Junge-laharā, Junge-laharo (h'“u–] nx/f, h'“u]–nx/f]). ENG: Mountain clematis, Himalayan clematis. TIB: yimong karpo (ད ི་མོང་དཀར་པོ་). NEP-L: 246 Woody climbers; branches terete, glabrescent; leaves ternate, fascicled; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, acute, dentate or lobed; flowers solitary or 2–3 in axillary fascicles, usually white on long naked pedicels. Habitat: Open forests, forest margins, scrubs, along streams. Distribution: NE Afghanistan to E Himalaya, Tibetan Plateau, Myanmar, C & SE China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1300–4000(–4900) m. KSL: Baitadi, Bajhang, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura, Dadeldhura, Doti and Mugu; 1300–3500 m [also in Kumaon, Uttarakhand, India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Agara, way to Dhalun, 1700–2100 m (HN Qin, P Bhandari, TR Pandey, BR Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0596, 17 Sept 2017; KATH!, PE!); On trail from Surma Village to Thalara, 2335 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20911093, 10 Jul 2009; E, KATH!). BAJURA & BAJHANG: Pategaon – Ghodi Lehk Deorali – Badigaon, 2200 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9192408, 16 Aug 1991; TI! image). DARCHULA: Khandeshowari VDC, Paripatal, Khar, 2245 m (CK Subedi, J Gurung & S Thapa 8, 16 Jun 2014; TUCH!); Chameliya River, between Simar & Domul, 2500 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, A Paudel, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1716; 19 Jul 2016; TUCH!); Chameliya River, Simar, 2700 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1053, 19 Jul 2015; TUCH!). DOTI: Between Ritha & Rauttukatte,1390 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 657, 25 Jun 1976; KATH!). HUMLA: Above Syamane, below Simikot, 2440 m (CA Pendry, S Baral, S Noshiro, S Rajbhandari, PP Kurmi, B Del & B Adhikari JRS B161, 18 Jun 2008; E, KATH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon (R Blinkworth Cat. no. 4681; K001039679! image); Kumaon, 2740 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 7 1/2, 1843; P00140291! image). Local abund.: Frequent to common. Ethnobt. use: Roots and stems are used to treat toothache, sinusitis, indigestion, cuts and wounds. Clematis roylei Rehder, J. Arnold Arbor. 22: 575 (1941). Hara in Hara & Williams, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 15 (1979). Rau in Sharma et al. (eds.), Fl. India 1: 74 (1993). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 321 (2018). Clematis nutans Royle ENG: Royle’s clematis. Woody climbers; branches angled, densely or sparsely villous; leaves pinnately 3–5-foliate; leaflets entire or irregularly toothed or lobed; flowers cream-white or yellow in axillary panicles, pubescent. Habitat: Forests, river or stream banks. Distribution: India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar. NEPAL: W & C; 450–2200 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal; 1500–2000 m [also in Kumaon, Uttarakhand, India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Rupatola, 1500–2000 m (HN Qin, P Bhandari, TR Pandey, BR Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0081, 11 Sept 2017; KATH!, PE!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): The outer hills of Kumaon, 900–1200 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 13, 1843; P00140411! image). Clematis tibetana Kuntze, Verh. Bot. Vereins Prov. Brandenburg 26: 172 (1885). Rau in Sharma et al. (eds.), Fl. India 1: 78 (1993). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 410 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 322 (2018). Climbing shrubs; stem pubescent; leaves pinnately 5–9-foliate; leaflets linear to lanceolate, acute, entire or deeply 2–5-fid; flowers yellow spotted with brown, nodding, long pedicellate. Habitat: Amongst bushes, cultivated areas, riversides. 247 Distribution: NW China (Xinjiang), W & C Himalaya (NW India, Nepal), Tibetan Plateau. NEPAL: W & C; 1500–4000 m. KSL: Known from Pithoragarh District, Uttarakhand in KSL India; and from upper Karnali in adjoining Pulan County, SW Xizang in KSL China. It is likely also to be present in upper Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal. Representative specimens. UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Milam, Kumaon, 3500 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 3; syntype BM 000541175! image). XIZANG (CHINA): Pulan Xian, 30.29°N 81.17°E (QinghaiTibet Team 6148440, 1976; PE) fide Kong & Yang (2019). Remarks: Further records for upper Karnali fide GMBA (2012–2016). Delphinium L., Sp. Pl. 1: 530 (1753). Delphinium brunonianum Royle, Ill. Bot. Himal. Mts. 1: 56 (1834). Hara in Hara & Williams, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 16 (1979). Rau in Sharma et al. (eds.), Fl. India 1: 86 (1993). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 411 (2017). Pl. 27. Delphinium brunonianum var. aitchisoni Huth; Delphinium brunonianum var. jacquemontianum (Cambess.) Huth; Delphinium brunonianum var. schlagintweitii Huth; Delphinium foetidum Lomakin; Delphinium jacquemontianum Cambess.; Delphinium moschatum Munro ex Hook. f. & Thomson Bikh, Kasturî-phûl, Mangro-mûlo, Mauro-mûlo (lav, s:t'/L–km"n, dª\u|f]–d"nf], df}/f]–d"nf]). ENG: Musk larkspur. HIN-L: Kasturî, Laskar, Makhotî (s:t'/L, n:s/, dvf]6L). TIB: jagoepoe ( ་ ོད་ ོས་). NEP-L/NEP: Perennial herbs, up to 50 cm tall; stem erect, leafy, glandular pubescent above; leaf blade 5-fid to the middle; flowers few in racemes or corymbs; sepals inflated, blue to light blue, papery, veined, densely hairy. Habitat: Rocky slopes, gravelly places, screes, morainic deposits. Distribution: W & C Asia (South Caucasus to Tajikistan), Karakoram, W & C Himalaya (Pakistan to Nepal), Tibetan Plateau. NEPAL: W & C; 3500–5300(–6000) m. KSL: Bajhang, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Mugu; 3800–5300 m [Pithoragarh District, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Kalagad – Dubai Pass, 4100 m (PR Shakya, MK Adhikari & MN Subedi 8127, 24 Jul 1984; KATH); Mechhra – Kalagad, 4180 m (PR Shakya, MK Adhikari & MN Subedi 8090, 23 Jul 1984; KATH!); Surmasarovar, 4400 m (MS Bista & DP Joshi 588, 26 Aug 1972; KATH). DARCHULA: Upper Chameliya, Thadapani, 3800–3900 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Lo, C Thapa & MR Paudeyal 712, 18 Oct 2014; TUCH!); Pilkanda, 4100–4200 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Budha Magar, B Jnawali, S Nepal, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain 3377, 6 Sept 2017; TUCH!). HUMLA: Above Seding, Changla Khola, Dozam, 4300 m (SK Ghimire P11551, 23 May 2010; TUCH!); Chungsa, above Seliman, 4500 m (SK Ghimire, LR Joshi, A Paudel, S Lo, P Subedi, C Thapa & S Lama CHH-1095, 5 Sept 2012, TUCH!); Chungsa, above Seliman Tsho towards NE, 4880–5300 m (SK Ghimire, LR Joshi, A Paudel, S Lo, P Subedi, C Thapa & S Lama CHH-1236, 5 Sept 2012; TUCH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Bedang Pass [Sin La], Kumaon, 4875 m (RC Thakur 887, 13 Jul 1948; MICH 1498842! image). Local abund.: Frequent in Darchula and Humla above 4300 m, rare below 4100 m. Ethnobt. use: Whole plant extract is applied to treat infestation of lice and ticts both in the case of human and livestock. Aerial parts of the plant is used to treat fungal growth in household fabrics. Consv. status: LOC., Near Threatened. Threat is due to occasional harvesting for trade. 248 Delphinium caeruleum Jacquem. ex Cambess. in Jacquem., Voy. Inde 4 (Bot.): 7, t. 6 (1835). Hara in Hara & Williams, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 16 (1979). Rau in Sharma et al. (eds.), Fl. India 1: 88 (1993). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 411 (2017). Pl. 28. Delphinium grandiflorum L. var. kunawarensis Brühl Mudaulo (d'8f}nf]). jakang ( ་ ང་). NEP-L: TIB: Perennial herbs, 5–40 cm tall; stem erect, branched from the base, pubescent; basal leaves with long petiole; lamina divided to the base into linear segments; flowers blue, solitary or few in racemes. Habitat: Alpine meadows, gravelly slopes, rocky slopes, cliff-ledges. Distribution: Himalaya (NW India to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, Myanmar, C China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 3000–5000(–5800) m. KSL: Bajhang and Humla in KSL Nepal; 4000–4500 m (Pulan Xian, SW Xizang in KSL China). Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Chainpur (JDA Stainton 4856, 17 May 1965; KATH); Allechaur, 4330 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 1767, 29 Jul 1976; KYO) fide Rajbhandari & Rai (2017). Chungsa Valley, Dharmashala, 4300 m (SK Ghimire, LR Joshi, A Paudel, S Lo, P Subedi, C Thapa & S Lama CHH-1039, 2 Sept 2012; TUCH!). XIZANG (CHINA): Pulan Xian, 30.29°N 81.17°E (Qinghai-Tibet Team 6230361, 1976; PE) fide Kong & Yang (2019). HUMLA: Local abund.: Rare in Humla. Ethnobt. use: Leaves and tubers are used as an insecticide. Delphinium cashmerianum Royle, Ill. Bot. Himal. Mts.: 55 (1834). Rau in Sharma et al. (eds.), Fl. India 1: 89 (1993). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 411 (2017). Pl. 28. Delphinium aitchisonii Huth Mauro-mûlo, Nîlo bikh (df}/f]–d"nf], gLnf] ljif). Perennial herbs similar to D. brunonianum but stem slender, eglandular hairy or strigose, and flowers smaller, bluish-purple, less inflated. Habitat: Alpine meadows, grassy slopes, streamsides. Distribution: Afghanistan, W Pakistan, Karakoram, W & C Himalaya, Tibetan Plateau. NEPAL: W & C; 3000–4500 m. KSL: Darchula in KSL Nepal; 3700–4000 m. Representative specimen. DARCHULA: Upper Chameliya, Lolu, below Kalidhunga Tal, 3750–3950 m (SK NEP-L: Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1344, 22 Jul 2015; TUCH!). Local abund.: Frequent. Ethnobt. use: Leaves and tubers are used as an insecticide. Delphinium densiflorum Duthie ex Huth, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 20(3): 393 (1895). Hara in Hara & Williams, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 16 (1979). Rau in Sharma et al. (eds.), Fl. India 1: 90 (1993). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 412 (2017). Pl. 28. Delphinium brunonianum Royle var. densum Maxim.; Delphinium densiflorum var. platycentrum Brühl TIB: bongmar (བོང་དམར་). Perennial herbs, 30–60 cm tall; stem simple, leafy, reddish, pubescent; leaf blade mostly 5-fid to the base; flowers crowded in subcapitate to elongate raceme, pubescent; sepals grey-blue to reddish; spur 249 much shorter than the upper sepal. Habitat: Rocky slopes, among boulders, scrub, alluvial fans. Distribution: W & C Himalaya (NW India, Nepal), Tibetan Plateau, NC China. NEPAL: W & C; 4000–6000 m. KSL: Bajhang and Humla in KSL Nepal; 4400–5500 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. It is likely also to be present in upper Mahakali Valley, Darchula, Nepal. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Surmasarovar, 4400 m (MS Bista & DP Joshi 587, 26 Aug 1972; KATH!). HUMLA: Upper Chungsa, above Seliman Tsho, 5015 m (SK Ghimire, LR Joshi, A Paudel, S Lo, P Subedi, C Thapa & S Lama CHH-1092, 4 Sept 2012, TUCH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon, Lebong Pass, west side, 4265–4570 m (JF Duthie 5303, 2 Aug 1886; unknown type BM000565805! image); Kumaon, Bedang Pass [Sin La], 4875 m (RC Thakur 881, 13 Jul 1948; MICH 1498830! image); Kumaon, rocks on either side of the Ralam Pass, 4570–5180 m (JF Duthie 2677, 29 Aug 1884; isotype BM000926583! image, K000076980! image). Local abund.: Rare. Ethnobt. use: Detoxified leaves and tubers are used to treat stomach disorders and wounds. Delphinium denudatum Wall. ex. Hook. f. & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1: 49 (1855). Rau in Sharma et al. (eds.), Fl. India 1: 90 (1993). Pl. 28. Delphinium pauciflorum Royle (1834), nom. illeg., non D. Don (1825). Mudaulo, Nîlo bikh (d'8f}nf], gLnf] ljif). NEP: Nirvishî (lglj{ifL). Jadawār, Nirvishî (hbjf/, lglj{ifL). SAN: Apavishā, Nirvishā (ckljiff, lglj{ifF). Much branched perennial herbs, 40–80 cm tall, strigose above; lower leaves long-stalked, blades suborbicular, 3–5-parted; segments obovate, further lobed or toothed; inflorescence open panicle, widely branched, few-flowered but flowers more than one per branch; sepals grey-blue to violet, pubescent; follicles subglabrous. Habitat: Shrubland, forest margins, dry hill slopes. Distribution: E Afghanistan, W & C Himalaya (Pakistan to Nepal). NEPAL: W & C; 1500–2500 m. KSL: Bajhang and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Mugu; 1500–2500 m [also in Kumaon, Uttarakhand, India]. It is likely to be present in Darchula, Nepal. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Thogun Danda 1524 m (TB Shrestha 4111, 14 May 1965; US NEP-L: HIN: 03565001! image). HUMLA: Way to Syamne, near Simikot, 2400 m (SK Ghimire, RP Chaudhary & team P10150; 18 May 2010; TUCH!). MUGU: South of Jhyari, 2470 m (CA Pendry, S Baral, S Noshiro, S Rajbhandary, PP Kurmi, B Dell & B Adhikari JRS A90, 7 Jun 2008; E00397493! image, KATH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon (R Blinkworth Cat. no. 4719; K001039756! image). Local abund.: Rare. Ethnobt. use: Leaves and tubers are used in toothache and skin diseases. Delphinium himalayae Munz, J. Arnold Arbor. 49: 145, t. 17H (1968). Hara in Hara & Williams, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 17 (1979). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 412 (2017). Pl. 28. Delphinium himalayense Chowdhury ex Mukerjee, nom. nud. DOZ: 250 Alusî (cn';L). NEP-L: Atis, Jaunde-mûlo (clt;, hf}“8]–d"nf]). NEP: Atis, Nirvishî (clt;, lglj{ifL). Perennial herbs, 40–100 cm tall, sparsely retrorse-strigulose throughout; stem erect, simple; leaves few, ovate; lamina deeply 5-fid; segments broad, cuneate-obovate, further lobed and toothed; flowers many in a long one-sided raceme; sepals purplish blue, strigose; spur suberect; petals black, the upper bidentate, bristly at the apex; follicles hairy. Habitat: Open hillsides, partial shady places, meadows, amongst juniper scrubs. Distribution: Endemic to Nepal, W & C; 2000–4600 m. KSL: Bajhang, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura and Mugu; 2100– 4600 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Manane Lekh, 3490 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20915113, 14 Jul 2009; E00623892! image); Thogun Danda, 3800 m (MS Bista & DP Joshi 730, 27 Aug 1972; KATH!); Saipal, 4570 m (JEM Arnold 66, 19 Aug 1954; BM000894727! image). BAJURA: Berseni – Porakya, 2600 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9192302, 12 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB (2013–2020); Khaptad National Park – Kaudegaon, 3000 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9192575, 28 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB (2013–2020). DARCHULA: Kasoti – Chheti, 2620 m (PR Shakya, MK Adhikari & MN Subedi, 7977 II, 20 Jul 1984; KATH!); Chheti – Dethami Lekh, 2640–3350 m (MM Amatya & PM Regmi W793/82B, 8 Sept 1982; KATH!). DARCHULA & BAJHANG: Oathi – Chiltha, 1690–2120 m (MM Amatya & PM Regmi W 849/82; 12 Sept 1982; KATH!). HUMLA: Manal, above Dozam, 2700 m (SK Ghimire, RP Chaudhary & team P10500, 20 May 2010; TUCH!); between Kermi & Sallidanda, 2900 m (SK Ghimire, LR Joshi, A Paudel, S Lo, P Subedi, C Thapa & S Lama CHH-1377, 14 Sept 2012; TUCH!); Talung Valley, 4300 m (SK Ghimire, LR Joshi, A Paudel, S Lo, P Subedi, C Thapa & S Lama CHH-1354, 12 Sept 2012; TUCH!). MUGU: Ghurchi Lekh, between Lumsa & Nurma, 3048 m (O Polunin, WR Sykes & LHJ Williams 5128, 11 Aug 1952; KATH!). Local abund.: Occasional to frequent in Darchula and Humla. Ethnobt. use: Tubers are mostly collected for trade. Tubers are also locally used to treat cough and cold, fever, headache, vomiting, wounds and poisonings. Consv. status: NAT., Vulnerable (Tandon et al. 2001). LOC., Near Threatened. Threat is due to overharvesting of tubers for trade. In tade, ‘atis’ represents several species, including Delphinium himalayae. Atis has been subjected to heavy commercial harvesting since past many years, with an annual quantity of tubers traded to be 1,800 kg in 1997/1998 from Darchula District alone (Pyakurel 2018). No information is available for the amount traded in recent years. Delphinium incisum (Hook. f. & Thomson) Wall. ex Munz, J. Arnold Arbor. 48: 520 (1967). Hara in Hara & Williams, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 17 (1979). Rau in Sharma et al. (eds.), Fl. India 1: 93 (1993). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 413 (2017). Delphinium ranunculifolium Wall. ex Hook. f. & Thomson var. incisum Hook. f. & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1: 51 (1855); Delphinium elatum L. var. incisum (Hook. f. & Thomson) Hook. f. & Thomson Atis, Jaunde-mûlo, Nîlo bikh (clt;, hf}“8]–d"nf], gLnf] ljif). Like D. himalayae but leaf-lamina pentagonal, segments with narrower incised lobules; inflorescence racemose or few branched, each branch few flowered; flowers smaller; upper petals glabrous and entire. Habitat: Open slope, meadows, open fields. Distribution: W & C Himalaya (NW India, Nepal). KSL: Bajhang and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Mugu; 2100–4600 m [also in Kumaon, Uttarakhand, India]. NEP-L: 251 Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Nilkatti – Naya Odar, 3580 m (PR Shakya, MK Adhikari & MN Subedi 8250, 27 Jul 1984; KATH!). HUMLA: Daha Kharka, 3450 m (PR Shakya, MN Subedi & R Uprety 8742, 19 Aug 1985; KATH!). MUGU: Rara, 2880 m (PR Shakya, MN Subedi & R Uprety 8572, 8 Aug 1985; KATH!); Chankheli Lekh, 3400 m (PR Shakya, MN Subedi & R Uprety 8633, 14 Aug 1985; KATH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon (N Wallich 4717; isotype BM000570581! image, isotype P00198623! image, K000692503! image); Kumaon (R Blinkworth 4717; K001039753! image). Delphinium kamaonense Huth, Bull. Herbs. Boissier 1: 333 (1893). Hara in Hara & Williams, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 17 (1979). Rau in Sharma et al. (eds.), Fl. India 1: 93 (1993). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 413 (2017). Pl. 28. Delphinium grandiflorum L. var. kumaonense Huth ex Brühl & King Mudaulo, Nîlo bikh (d'8f}nf], gLnf] ljif). Perennial herbs, 20–60 cm tall; stem branched, subglabrous; leaf blade 5-parted, then 5-fid, the segments cuneate or narrower, laciniate; inflorescence open, widely-branched; flowers mostly 1 at the end of branches; sepals deep blue, spur straight or slightly curved; upper petals bluish to whitish, not darker than the sepals; follicles densely pilose. Habitat: Forest margins, shrubberies, open slopes, moist grassy slopes. Distribution: W & C Himalaya (NW India: Kumaon, Nepal), Tibetan Plateau, N & C China. NEPAL: W & C; 2900–4500 m. KSL: Humla in KSL Nepal; 2900–3500 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. It is likely also to be present in Darchula, Nepal. Representative specimens. HUMLA: , Khagalgaun 2400–3600 m (Madhu KC M2; KATH!); near Salli Pass, NEP-L: 2950 m (SK Ghimire, LR Joshi, A Paudel, S Lo, P Subedi, C Thapa & S Lama CHH-1408, 14 Sept 2012; TUCH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaun, Darma, Mulasia Ladh, 3350–3655 m (JF Duthie 5299, 5 Aug 1886; unknown type K000076966! image); Kumaun, Nipchang Valley in Darma, 3960–4265 m (JF Duthie 2675, 31 Aug 1884; isotype E00438682! image, unknown type K000076965! image). Local abund.: Rare. Ethnobt. use: Leaves and tubers are used in toothache and skin infections. Delphinium pyramidale Royle, Ill. Bot. Him. Mts: 56 (1834). Hara in Hara & Williams, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 17 (1979). Rau in Sharma et al. (eds.), Fl. India 1: 98 (1993). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 414 (2017). Delphinium elatum L. var. ranunculifolium (Wall. ex Hook. f. & Thomson) Hook. f. & Thomson; Delphinium hoffmeisteri Klotzsch; Delphinium pulchellum Chaudhury ex Mukerjee, nom. nud.; Delphinium ranunculifolium Wall. ex Hook. f. & Thomson; Delphinium speciosum M. Bieb var. pyramidale (Royle) Mukerjee; Delphinium speciosum subsp. ranunculifolium (Wall. ex Hook. f. & Thomson) Brühl & King Atis, Jaunde-mûlo (clt;, hf}“8]–d"nf]). Similar to D. himalayae but plant taller up to 1.5 m or more; stem glabrous or spreading-villous, usually more leafy; leaves larger; inflorescence branched, many-flowered; flowers somewhat smaller; sepals pubescent on both sides or on outer surface only; upper petal glabrous, lower ones bearded. Habitat: Open slopes. Distribution: Afghanistan, W & C Himalaya (Pakistan to Nepal), Tibetan Plateau. NEPAL: W & C; 1600–3500 m. KSL: Bajhang and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Doti and Mugu; 1700–3500 m. It is likely also to be present in Darchula, Nepal. NEP-L: 252 Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Talkot – Nayaodar, 1680–3270 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 9157, 22–23 Jul 1976; KYO) fide Rajbhandaru & Rai (2017). DOTI: Khaptad, 3300 m (MS Bista & DP Joshi 240, 3 Aug 1972; KATH!). HUMLA: Between Kermi & Sallidanda, 2900 m (SK Ghimire, LR Joshi, A Paudel, S Lo, P Subedi, C Thapa & S Lama CHH-1377B, 14 Sept 2012; TUCH!); MUGU: Ghurchi Lekh, between Lumsa & Nurma, 3350 m (O Polunin, WR Sykes & LHJ Williams 5120, 11 Aug 1952; A 01093193! image, BM). Local abund.: Occasional to frequent. Delphinium vestitum Wall. ex Royle, Ill. Bot. Himal. Mts. 55 (1834). Hara in Hara & Williams, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 17 (1979). Rau in Sharma et al. (eds.), Fl. India 1: 101 (1993). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 415 (2017). Pl. 28. Delphinium rectivenium Royle; Delphinium vestitum var. stenolobum Brühl ex Huth Kālo atis (sfnf] clt;). NEP-N/NEP: Mauro-mûlo, Maure-mûlo (df}/f]–d"nf], df}/–] d"nf]). Hairy delphinium, Himalayan clothed delphinium. HIN-L: Juhā, Juhî (h'xf, h'xL). Perennial herbs, 40–100 cm tall, with long spreading or retrorse hairs throughout; stem erect, simple or branched; leaf-blade suborbicular, stiff-hairy, shallowly 3–7-lobed; the lobes broadly cuneateobovate to rounded, coarsely incised-dentate; uppermost leaves smaller; flowers in long dense racemes; sepals purplish blue to dull-purple, hairy; petals black, lower ones bearded; follicles hairy. Habitat: Forest margins, open slopes, open grassland, thickets. Distribution: W & C Himalaya (N Pakistan to Nepal), Tibetan Plateau. NEPAL: W, C & E; 2400–4700 m. KSL: Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal; 3200–4300 m [Bageshwar and Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. DARCHULA: Above Dhauliodar, 3450 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Budha Magar, NEP-L: ENG: B Jnawali, S Nepal, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-3237, 4 Sept 2017, TUCH!); Lolu, Thadapani, 3700 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Lo, C Thapa & MR Paudeyal ANCA-722, 18 Oct 2014; TUCH!). HUMLA: Chungsa Valley, Sengjungma, 3600 m (SK Ghimire, LR Joshi, A Paudel, S Lo, P Subedi, C Thapa & S Lama CHH-1310, 14 Sept 2012; TUCH!); Kyermi [Kermi], 3655 m (FM Bailey 100, 6 Aug 1936; E00900566! image); above Juma Kharka, 3850 m (PR Shakya, MN Subedi & R Uprety 8738, 18 Aug 1985; KATH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon (N Wallich 4715B; isolectotype E00438691! image, BM000565807! image); Kumaon, Pindari, 3655 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 1; P00201235! image). Local abund.: Frequent. Ethnobt. use: The plant is considered as poisonous. Tubers are used to treat wounds. Delphinium williamsii Munz, J. Arnold Arbor. 48: 541, t. 11, I (1967). Hara in Hara & Williams, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 18 (1979). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 415 (2017). Perennial herbs close to D. kamaonense, but differs in having varigated leaves, centre portion being whitish; and with dull white flowers with greenish tips to outside (flowers sometimes pale pink or very dull purple), and a longer spur. Habitat: Open slopes, dry banks of cultivated fields. Distribution: Endemic to Nepal, W; 1500–2600 m. KSL: Bajhang, 1500–2000 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Environs de Chainpur, 1500 m (JF Dobremez 1988, 27 Apr 1973; E00701601! image); Bauli Gad, 2000 m (JF Dobremez 2041, 4 May 1973; E00701600! image). 253 Eriocapitella Nakai, J. Jap. Bot. 17: 267 (1941). Eriocapitella rivularis (Buch.-Ham. ex DC.) Christenh. & Byng, Global Fl. 4: 75 (2018). Pl. 26. Anemone rivularis Buch.-Ham. ex DC., Syst. Nat. 1: 211 (1817); Anemone dubia Wall. ex Wight & Arn.; Anemone geraniifolia Wall., nom. nud.; Anemone hispida Wall., nom. nud.; Anemone leveillei Ulbr.; Anemone longipes Tamura; Anemone saniculifolia H. Lév.; Anemone wightiana Wall. ex Wight & Arn.; Anemonidium rivulare (Buch.Ham. ex DC.) Starod. Kaude-phûl (sp8]–km"n). NEP: Bāgh-pāile, Kangrāte (af3–kfOn], sª\u|ft]). River anemone. HIN: Agelî, Charbini, Maruiri (cu]nL, rla{lg, df?/L). TIB: supka ( བ་ཀ་), supka NEP-L: ENG: karpo ( བ་ཀ་དཀར་པོ་). Perennial herbs; stem 30–100 cm; basal leaves sub-orbicular, ternate to the base, segments further lobed and toothed, silky-haired; flowers white in lax umbellate cyme, few to many-flowered. Habitat: Forest margins, grassy slopes, moist meadows, marshy land, streamsides. Distribution: Himalaya (India, Nepal Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, Peninsular India, Sri Lanka, C China, mainland SE Asia to Indonesia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1600–4300 m. KSL: Bajhang, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura and Doti; 1900–4100 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Between Panalta & Kuwa, 1900–2000 m (HN Qin, P Bhandari, TR Pandey, BR Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0318, 13 Sept 2017; KATH!, PE!); Khaptad, 2900 m (NK Bhattarai 91/913, 22 Jun 1991; KATH!). BAJURA: Tolebhir – Berma (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9160435, 9 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB (2013– 2020). DARCHULA: Dhauliodar, way to Pilkanda, 3400 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, A Paudel, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-2073, 1 Aug 2016; TUCH!). DOTI: Khaptad National Park, trail between Jhigrana & Bichpani, 2876 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20913020, 1 Jul 2009; E, KATH!); between Rhikula & Chuyadhara, 2850 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 1034, 8 Jul 1976; KATH!). HUMLA: SalliChungsa, below Singjungma, 3200 m (SK Ghimire, LR Joshi, A Paudel, S Lo, P Subedi, C Thapa & S Lama CHH-1687, 14 Sept 2012; TUCH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Namik, Kuamon, 2285 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 7; P00158379! image). Local abund.: Frequent. Ethnobt. use: Root juice or paste is applied to treat wounds. Eriocapitella rupicola (Cambess.) Christenh. & Byng, Global Fl. 4: 75 (2018). Pl. 26. Anemone rupicola Cambess. in Jacquem., Voy. Inde 4 (Bot.): 5, t. 2 (1838). ENG: Cliff anemone, Rock anemone. TIB: supka karpo ( བ་ཀ་དཀར་པོ་). Perennial herbs; stem to 30 cm, silky hairy; basal leaves ternate, long-hairy; leaflets broadly ovate to obovate, 3-lobed, segments sharply toothed; flowers solitary or rarely 2, white, light purple on the back. Habitat: Wet forest floors, open places, moist stony cliffs, gravelly slopes, streamsides. Distribution: E Afghanistan, Pakistan, Himalaya (Kashmir to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 2700–4800(–5300) m. KSL: Bajhang, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal; 2800–4300 m [Pithoragarh District, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. 254 Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Between Chaurapani & Dahachaur, 3696 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 2036, 1 Aug 1976; KATH!); Saipal, 3880 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 1626, 25 Jul 1976; KATH). DARCHULA: Chheti, 2896 m (TB Shrestha 4226, 20 Jun 1965; KATH!, US 03673980! image); Chheti (Marma), 3048 m (JDA Stainton 4944, 20 Jun 1965; KATH!). HUMLA: Dozam Khola near Simikot, 3658 m (O Polunin, WR Sykes & LHJ Williams 4234, 31 May 1952; KATH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Martoli, Kumaon, 2743 m (RC Thakur 714, 14 Jun 1948; MICH 1498650! image); Kumaon, 3048– 4267 m (T Anderson s.n., May 1857; P00158519! image). Eriocapitella vitifolia (Buch.-Ham. ex DC.) Nakai, J. Jap. Bot. 17: 269 (1941). Pl. 26. Anemone vitifolia Buch.-Ham. ex DC., Syst. Nat. 1: 210 (1817); Anemone elegans Decne.; Eriocapitella elegans (Decne.) Nakai NEP-L/NEP: Kapāse (skf;]). Perennial herbs; stem erect, stout, up to 100 cm, often branched above, white hairy; basal leaves longpetiolate; lamina orbicular-cordate, shallowly 3–7-lobed, segments sharply toothed, white-wooly beneath; involucral leaves much smaller; flowers white, many in lax umbellate cyme. Habitat: Forests, forest margins, shrubland, streamsides, open rocky slopes, roadsides. Distribution: Pakistan, Himalaya (Kashmir to NE India), Tibetan Plateau, Myanmar, SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1200–3300 m. KSL: Baitadi, Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura and Doti; 1200–2600 m [Pithoragarh District, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAITADI: Satbanj, 1900 m (I Sharma, R Joshi, R Uprety & I Pandey 607, 21 Sept 1981; KATH); Shribhawar, 2000 m (LP Kattel 1232, 14 Sept 1982; KATH!); Shribhawar, 2440 m (TR Pandey & GD Bhatt 2016684, 6 Jun 2016, KATH!). BAJHANG: Kaphalseri – Gareko Lekh, 1180 m (MM Amatya & PM Regmi W 860/82, 16 Sept 1982; KATH!); Bajhang, 1500 m (RK Uprety & NK Bhusal 229, 8 Aug 1983; KATH!); between Panalta & Kuwa, 1900–2000 m (HN Qin, P Bhandari, TR Pandey, BR Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0278, 13 Sept 2017; KATH!, PE!). DARCHULA: Rapla to Tangbang, 1800 m (KR Rajbhandari & KJ Malla 5589, 26 Aug 1980; KATH!); Khar-4, 2070 m (BB Shrestha, M Pandey & R Chhetri 137, 27 Sept 2015; TUCH!); Chameliya River, between Ngali & Sithi, 2300 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Lo, C Thapa & MR Paudeyal 606, 16 Oct 2014; TUCH!); Khandeshowari, 2600 m (CK Subedi, J Gurung & S Thapa 3003, 16 Jun 2014; TUCH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Budi, Kumaon, 2438 m (RC Thakur 910, 22 Jul 1948; L.1736277! image, MICH 1498644! image). Local abund.: Occasional to frequent. Ethnobt. use: Root juice or paste is applied to treat wounds and eye infection. Halerpestes E.L. Greene, Pittonia. 4: 207 (1900). Halerpestes tricuspis (Maxim.) Hand.-Mazz., Acta Horti Gothob. 13: 135 (1939). Rau in Sharma et al. (eds.), Fl. India 1: 103 (1993). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 416 (2017). Ranunculus tricuspis Maxim., Fl. Tangut.: 12 (1889); Halerpestes tricuspis var. variifolia (Tamura) W.T. Wang; Halerpestes variifolia (Tamura) Tamura; Ranunculus tricuspis var. variifolia (M. Tamura) H.B. Naithani & S. Biswas TIB: churuk bellak ( ་ ག་ ལ་ལག་). Small perennial herbs, with slender creeping stolons producing rosettes of leaves; plant glabrous; leaves all basal, petiolate; lamina broadly ovate or pentagonal, shallowly to deeply 3-lobed or 3partite; scapes up to 3 cm, shorter than leaves; flowers solitary; sepals green; petals 5–8, yellow. 255 Habitat: Damp places by rivers or lakes, swamps, wet meadows. Distribution: Himalaya (NW India to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, N & C China, Mongolia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 2600–4700 m. KSL: Known from Pulan Xian in KSL China and neighboring Mugu District, Nepal. It is likely also to be present in upper Humla, Nepal. Representative specimens. MUGU: Mugu, 3400 m (PR Shakya & B Roy 5574, 8 Jun 1980; KATH!). XIZANG (CHINA): Pulan Xian, 30.29° N 81.17° E (Qinghai-Tibet team vegetation group 6627265, 1975; PE) fide Kong & Yang (2019). Oxygraphis Bunge, Verz. Altai Pfl. 46 (1836). Oxygraphis endlicheri (Walp.) Bennet & Sum. Chandra, Ind. For. 108: 374 (1982). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 416 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 188 (2018). Pl. 28. Callianthemum endlicheri Walp., Repert. Bot. Syst. 1: 33 (1842); Oxygraphis polypetala (Royle) Hook. f. & Thomson, nom. illeg.; Ranunculus polypetalus Royle (1834), nom. illeg., non Raf. (1817); Ranunculus royleanus Qureshi & Chaudhri Dwarf stemless perennial herbs; plant glabrous; roots fibrous; leaves all basal, petiolate; lamina ovate to orbicular or reniform, entire, crenate or shallowly lobed; scapes several or solitary, 2–7 cm, 1flowered; sepals 5, pale green, enlarged and becomig reddish after flowering; petals 10–15, yellow. Habitat: Moist meadows, forest margins, damp places. Distribution: Himalaya (N Pakistan to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau. NEPAL: W, C & E; 2200–5000 m. KSL: Bajhang, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura and Doti; 2700–5000 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Khaptad, 2743–3048 m (TB Shrestha 4044, 31 Apr 1965; US 03679048! image); Surmasarowar, 4100 m (PR Shakya, LR Sharma & KR Amatya 6377A, Jul 1981; KATH!). DARCHULA: Upper Chameliya, Thadapani, 4250 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1421, 23 Jul 2015; TUCH!). DOTI: Khaptar, 3000 m (JF Dobremez 1941, 23 Apr 1973; E, KATH). HUMLA: Chungsa Valley, Seliman, 4650 m (SK Ghimire, LR Joshi, A Paudel, S Lo, P Subedi, C Thapa & S Lama CHH-1173, 5 Sept 2012; TUCH!); Chungsa Valley, Nyalu-La 5010 m (SK Ghimire, LR Joshi, A Paudel, S Lo, P Subedi, C Thapa & S Lama 1288, 10 Sept 2012; TUCH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Martoli, Kumaon, 3353 m (WN Koelz 20215, 4 May 1948; MICH 1498888! image). Local abund.: Frequent at higher elevations. Paraquilegia J.R. Drumm. & Hutch., Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew : 156 (1920). Paraquilegia microphylla (Royle) J.R. Drumm. & Hutch., Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1920: 157 (1920). Hara in Hara & Williams, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 18 (1979). Rau in Sharma et al. (eds.), Fl. India 1: 111 (1993). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 417 (2017). Pl. 29. Isopyrum microphyllum Royle, Ill. Bot. Himal. Mts. 54, t. 11, f. 4 (1834). TIB: yumo deujin ( ་མོ་མདེ ་འ ིན་). Densely tufted perennial herbs, woody at base; rootstock stout, covered with bases of old petioles; leaves many, basal, glabrous, 2-ternate, long petiolate; scapes erect, as long as or little longer than 256 leaves; flowers solitary, terminal, cup-shaped; sepals 5, white to lilac; petals 5, yellow, shorter than sepals. Habitat: Cliffs, open gravelly slopes, rock ledges, rock crevices. Distribution: C & N Asia, Himalaya (NW India to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, N & C China, Japan. NEPAL: W & C; 3400–4900 m. KSL: Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neigboring Mugu; 3500–4900 m. Representative specimens. DARCHULA: East of Chhety, 3505 m (TB Shrestha 4249, 22 Jun 1965; US 03559891! image); Mechhra, 3640 m (PR Shakya, MK Adhikari & MN Subedi 8041, 23 Jul 1984; KATH!). HUMLA: Above Seding, Changla Khola, Dozam, 4000 m (SK Ghimire P11550, 23 May 2010; TUCH!); Taktse, Talung Valley, 4300 m (SK Ghimire, LR Joshi, A Paudel, S Lo, P Subedi, C Thapa & S Lama CHH-1688, 11 Sept 2012; TUCH!). MUGU: Above Wangri, 3500 m (PR Shakya & B Roy 5696, 14 Jun 1980; KATH!). Local abund.: Frequent at higher elevations. Ethnobt. use: Plant juice is applied to treat wounds and warts. Ranunculus L., Sp. Pl. 1: 548 (1753). Ranunculus adoxifolius Hand.-Mazz., Acta H. Gotob. 13: 152 (1939). Hara in Hara & Williams, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 18 (1979). Rau in Sharma et al. (eds.), Fl. India 1: 115 (1993). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 418 (2017). Pl. 29. Ranunculus caespitosus Wall. ex Hook. f. & Thomson (1855), nom illeg., non Thuill. (1799). Perennial herbs; roots fibrous; stems many, suberect or ascending, 5–20 cm, branched from base. Habitat: Meadows, damp turf by streams, gravelly river bed, shrubland. Distribution: Himalaya (Pakistan to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau. NEPAL: W, C & E; 3100–4400 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal; 4100–4400 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Kalagad – Dubai Pass, 4100 m (PR Shakya, MK Adhikari & MN Subedi 8122, 24 Jul 1984; KATH!). HUMLA: Chungsa Valley, Dharmashala, 4300–4400 m (SK Ghimire, LR Joshi, A Paudel, S Lo, P Subedi, C Thapa & S Lama CHH-1032, 3 Sept 2012; TUCH!). Local abund.: Occasional to frequent. Ranunculus arvensis L., Sp. Pl. 1: 555 (1753). Rau in Sharma et al. (eds.), Fl. India 1: 115 (1993). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 418 (2017). ENG: Corn buttercup. Annual herbs; stem erect, 10–50 cm high, branched, sparsely hairy above. Habitat: Sandy places along roads, moist places. Distribution: Europe, N Africa, W & C Asia, Afghanistan, W Himalaya; naturalized elsewhere. NEPAL: W; 1300–1600 m (naturalized). KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal, and nearby Dadeldhura; 1300–1500 m. It is likely also to be present in Baitadi, Nepal. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Chir, 1300 m (P Pradhan, RK Uprety, N Pradhan & N Dabadi 1314, 14 Apr 1984; KATH!). DADELDHURA: Dotikhola, 1510 m (P Pradhan, RK Uprety, N Pradhan & N Dabadi 1104, 1 Apr 1984; KATH!). 257 Ranunculus brotherusii Freyn, Bull. Herbs. Boiss. 6: 885 (1898). Hara in Hara & Williams, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 19 (1979). Rau in Sharma et al. (eds.), Fl. India 1: 116 (1993). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 418 (2017). Pl. 29. TIB: chetsa ( ེ་ཚ་), gatsa ( ་ཚ་). Perennial herbs; roots fibrous; stem solitary or tufted, suberect or ascending, 5–25 cm; sparsely branched. Habitat: Open place in forests, grassy slopes, moist meadows, streamsides. Distribution: C Asia, Himalaya (India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, N & C China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 2600–5000 m. KSL: Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Mugu; 3200–4700 m. Representative specimens. DARCHULA: Dhauliodar, way to Pilkanda, 3400 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, A Paudel, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain 2074, 1 Aug 2016; TUCH!). HUMLA: Ridge above Simikot, 3760 m (CA Pendry, SR Baral, S Noshiro, S Rajbhandary, PP Kurmi, B Dell and B Adhikari JRS A222, 21 Jun 2008; E, KATH!); Chungsa Valley, Khyunkar La, 4650 m (SK Ghimire, LR Joshi, A Paudel, S Lo, P Subedi, C Thapa & S Lama CHH 1287, 9 Sept 2012; TUCH). MUGU: Mugu, 3400 m (PR Shakya & B Roy 5577, 8 Jun 1980; KATH!). Local abund.: Occasional to frequent. Ranunculus diffusus DC., Prodr. 1: 38 (1824). Hara in Hara & Williams, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 19 (1979). Rau in Sharma et al. (eds.), Fl. India 1: 119 (1993). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 419 (2017). Pl. 29. Ranunculus hydrocotyloides Wall., nom. nud.; Ranunculus mollis Wall. ex D. Don; Ranunculus nepalensis Spreng.; Ranunculus obtectus Wall., nom. nud.; Ranunculus vitifolius Royle ex D. Don Mardi-jhār (dlb{–emf/). Spreading buttercup. Perennial herbs; roots fibrous; stems prostrate or decumbent, branched, pubescent. Habitat: Grassy slopes, rocks, streamsides. Distribution: Afghanistan, Pakistan, Himalaya (Kashmir to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, SC China, mainland SE Asia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1200–4200 m. KSL: Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura and Doti; 1800–4050 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: near Army Camp, 1750 m (P Pradhan, RK Uprety, N Pradhan & N NEP: ENG: Dubadi 1248, 4 Sept 1984; KATH!). BAJURA: Berseni to Porakya (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9191324, 12 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB (2013–2020). DARCHULA: Khar VDC-5, 1840 m (BB Shrestha, M Pandey & R Chhetri 110, 27 Sept 2015; TUCH!); Paripatal Community Forest, Khar, 2211 m (CK Subedi, J Gurung & M Pandey 30, 4 Jun 2015; KATH!); upper Chameliya, Lolu, below Kalidhunga Tal, 4050 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Lo, C Thapa & MR Paudeyal ANCA-776, 23 Oct 2014; TUCH!). DOTI: Napani, 2330 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 897, 1 Jul 1976; KATH). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kalimundi [Kalamuni], Kumaon, 2710 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 11; 1843; P00186277! image). Local abund.: Frequent. Ranunculus distans Royle, Ill. Bot. Himal. Mts. : 53 (1834). Ranunculus laetus Wall. ex Royle (1834), nom. illeg., non Salisb. (1796); Ranunculus pseudolaetus Tamura Perennial herbs, with creeping rhizomes bearing fibrous roots; stems up to 1.5 m, pubescent. 258 Habitat: Open grassy slopes, forests, marshy places. Distribution: C Asia, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Himalaya (Kashmir to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, Myanmar, SC China. NEPAL: W; 1100–3000(–3800) m. KSL: Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura and Dadeldhura; 1500–3000 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Jimkot – Khaptad National Park, 1480–2980 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9161029, 26 Aug 1991; E, KATH!, TI! image); between Panalta & Kuwa, 1900–2000 m (HN Qin, P Bhandari, TR Pandey, BR Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0319, 13 Sept 2017; KATH!, PE!). BAJURA: Tolebhir – Berma (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9191274, 9 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB (2013–2020). DADELDHURA: Gairadoti, 1750 m (LP Kattel 128, 31 Dec 1980; KATH!). DARCHULA: Chamaliya Nadi, below Ghunsa, 1969 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, K Yonekura, K Akai, O Yano, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, A Elliott, M Pathak & GD Bhatt 1217013, 11 Jul 2012; KATH). Local abund.: Occasional to frequent. Ranunculus himalaicus Tamura, J. Geobot. 26(3): 68, 9 (1978). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 420 (2020). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 328 (2018). Pl. 29. Perennial aquatic herbs; stems spreading, branched; submerged leaves divided into capillary segments; floating leaves deeply or shallowly lobed with broad segments; flowers white; base of petals yellow. Habitat: Shallow peaty lakes, glacial lake. Distribution: Endemic to Nepal, W; 4300–5650 m. KSL: Bajhang and Humla in KSL Nepal; 4300–5650 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Saipal, 5.5 miles NE of Saipal, 5630 m (JEM Arnold 282, 26 Aug 1954; paratype BM) fide Rajbhandari et al. (2019). HUMLA: Talung Valley, near Ning Tsho, 4300 m (SK Ghimire, LR Joshi, A Paudel, S Lo, P Subedi, C Thapa & S Lama CHH-1341; 12 Sept 2012, TUCH!); Sisne Himal, 4570 m (O Polunin, WR Sykes & LHJ Williams 257, 23 Jul 1952; holotype BM000521594! image). Local abund.: Frequent in Talung Valley, Humla; not known for other regions. Note: This taxon has remained under doubtful status as Kadota in 1991 used the same epithet (Ranunculus himalaicus) to describe another species from Eastern Nepal (Kadota 1991), the later name automatically becomes illegitimate. The available online resources (e.g., Catelogue of Life and Plants of the World Online, but GBIF regarded Tamura’s species as ‘doubtful’), however, recognize only Kadota’s species and do not even mention the species described by Tamura. However, in a recent paper, Wiegleb et al. (2017) treated Ranunculus himalaicus Tamura (with a question mark) as a synonym under Ranunculus mongolicus (Krylov) Serg. Both of these taxa are morphologically close, but are geographically far apart. Even R. mongolicus has been placed under the synonymy of R. aquatilis L. (Catelogue of Life 2021). Recent Nepalese publications (Rajbhandari & Rai 2017; Shrestha et al. 2018; Rajbhandari et al. 2019), however, accepted R. himalaicus Tamura as a distinct species endemic to Nepal. Therefore, we follow the Nepalese works to accept Tamura’s circumscription of this taxon. Ranunculus hirtellus Royle, Ill. Bot. Himal. Mts.: 53 (1834). Hara in Hara & Williams, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 19 (1979). Rau in Sharma et al. (eds.), Fl. India 1: 121 (1993). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 420 (2017). Pl. 29. Ranunculus attenuatus Royle; Ranunculus glabratus Hook. f. & Thomson Tîte-phūl (tLt]–km"n). Perennial herbs; roots fibrous; stems erect or decumbent, 5–25 cm, simple or branched, puberulent. NEP-L: 259 Habitat: Moist places, open pastures, shady floors, open fields, weedy places. Distribution: E Afghanistan, Pakistan, Himalaya (Kashmir to NE India: Sikkim), Tibetan Plateau, Myanmar, SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; (2200–)2800–5000(–5500) m. KSL: Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Doti and Mugu; 2200–3900 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand and neighboring area in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Thogudanda – Kaligad, 3658 m (TB Shrestha 4186, 10 Jun 1965; KATH!); Surmasarovar, 3800 m (PR Shakya, LR Sharma & KR Amatya 6363; KATH). DARCHULA: Khandeswori – Kautel Gad, 2200 m (PR Shakya, MK Adhikari & MN Subedi 7927, 19 Jul 1984; KATH!); Chameliya River, betwen Simar & Domule, 2800 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1086, 18 Jul 2015; TUCH!); Thadapani, 3824 m (KM Ghimire & M Adhikari 1023, 17 Jul 2016; TUCH!). DOTI: ? Khaptad (JF Dobremez 1917; 22 Apr 1973; E00904306) fide RBGE (2018); Khaptar forest (Bis Ram 512, 2 Jun 1929; BM). MUGU: Pina – Ghurchi, 3200 m (PR Shakya, MN Subedi & RK Uprety 8793, 23 Aug 1985; KATH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): District de Kumaon, Himalaya boreali-occidental (T Anderson s.n.; P00186450! image); Kumaon, above Lahor [Lohar], 2895 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 6; P00186470! image); Kumaon, Milum Glacier, 3658 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 7; P00186471! image). Local abund.: Frequent to common in Darchula. Ranunculus hirtellus var. leiocarpus Tamura in Kitamura, Fl. Afghanistan: 130 (1960). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 420 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 328 (2018). Perennial herbs; roots fibrous. Habitat: Open moist places, screes. Distribution: Afghanistan, Nepal. NEPAL: W, C & E; 3100–4200 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal; 4150 m. Representative specimen. BAJHANG: Kariganga – Allechaur, 4150 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 1867, 31 Jul 1976; KYO) fide Tamura (1986). Ranunculus longicaulis Ledeb. ex A. Spreng., Tent. Suppl.: 15 (1828). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 421 (2017). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 328 (2018). Pl. 29. Ranunculus longicaulis C.A. Mey. (1830), nom. illeg.; Ranunculus nephelogenes Edgew. var. longicaulis (Trautv.) W.T. Wang; Ranunculus pulchellus C.A. Mey. var. longicaulis Trautv. Perennial herbs; roots fibrous; stems elongated, up to 30 cm, branched, mostly glabrous; leaves ovate or linear-lanceolate, entire; flowers solitary, terminal; petals as long as or little longer than sepals. Habitat: Moist meadows, swamps, streamsides. Distribution: C & N Asia, Afghanistan, W & C Himalaya (N Pakistan to Nepal), Tibetan Plateau, N China, Mongolia. NEPAL: W & C; 3000–4500 m. KSL: Humla in KSL Nepal; 3500–3700 m. Representative specimens. HUMLA: Tugling, Changla Khola Valley, Dozam, 3520 m (SK Ghimire, RP Chaudhary & team P10681, 21 May 2010; TUCH); Dozam Khola, near Simikot, 3650 m (O Polunin, WR Sykes & LHJ Williams 4238, 31 May 1952; KATH!). Local abund.: Frequent in Changla Khola Valley, Humla. 260 Ranunculus membranaceus Royle, Ill. Bot. Himal. Mts. 53 (1834). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 328 (2018). Ranunculus pulchellus C.A. Mey. var. membranaceus (Royle) Mukerjee; Ranunculus pulchellus var. sericeus Hook. f. & Thomson Perennial herbs, densely silky pubescent; roots fibrous; stems 5–10 cm, simple; radical leaves lanceolate, entire or crenate or shallowly 2–3 lobed near apex; cauline leaves deeply divided (Yonekura 2008). Habitat: Alpine meadows, gravelly places, dry boulder slopes, damp turf by stream. Distribution: Pakistan, Himalaya (Kashmir to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 3900–5600 m. KSL: Darchula and Bajhang in KSL Nepal [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]; 3950–4600 m. Representative specimen. BAJHANG: Kaliganga, 3940 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 1851, 31 Jul 1976; KYO) fide Tamura (1986). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon, Byans, 4267–4572 m (JF Duthie 5292, 1 Aug 1886; K000692693! image). Ranunculus membranaceus Royle var. stracheyanus (Maxim.) Yonek. in H. Ohba, Y. Iokawa & L.R. Sharma, Fl. Mustang [Nepal]: 89 (2008). Shrestha et al., Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 328 (2018). Ranunculus affinis R. Br. var. stracheyanus Maxim., Fl. Tangut.: 14 (1889); Ranunculus popovii Ovcz. var. stracheyanus (Maxim.) W.T. Wang; Ranunculus pulchellus C.A. Mey. var. stracheyanus (Maxim.) Hand.-Mazz. Perennial herbs; roots fibrous; stems 5–15 cm, simple or branched, white puberulent; radical leaves elliptic, 3–5-lobed; cauline leaves more finally dissected into narrow linear segments (Yonekura 2008). Habitat: Alpine meadows, grassy slopes, among rocks, streamsides. Distribution: C & E Himalaya (Nepal to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, NW & C China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 3000–5600 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal; 4100–4200 m. Representative specimen. BAJHANG: Kaliganga to Allechaur, 4150 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 1867-bis, 31 Jul 1976; KYO) fide Tamura (1986). Ranunculus microphyllus Hand.-Mazz., Symb. Sin. 7: 299 (1931). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 421 (2017). Ranunculus bonatianus Ulbr.; Ranunculus ficariifolius H. Lév. & Vaniot; Ranunculus flaccidus Hook. f. & Thomson (1855), nom illeg., non Pers. (1795). Prostrate or decumbent perennial herbs, forming dense patches, sparsely puberulent or subglabrous. Habitat: Moist stony places in foersts, forest margins, damp grassland, moist meadows, streamsides. Distribution: Himalaya (N India [Kumaon, Sikkim], Nepal), S China, SE Asia (Thailand). NEPAL: W, C & E; 2500–4200 m. KSL: Known from Pithoragarh District, Uttarakhand in KSL India, and neighboring Doti District, Nepal; c. 3000 m. It is likely also to be present in KSL Nepal. Representative specimens. DOTI: Khaptad, 3000 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 1112, 9 Jul 1976; KYO) fide Tamura (1986). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon, Madhari pass (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom s.n.; 11 May 1848; Ranunculus flaccidus CAL) fide BSI (2021); Kumaon, above Lohar, 3048 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 2; BM000564412! Image, isolectotype K000357850! image, P00186410! image). Ranunculus munroanus J.R. Drumm. ex Dunn, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1925(6): 279 (1925). Hara in Hara & Williams, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 19 (1979). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 422 (2017). 261 Ranunculus munroanus var. minor Tamura Perennial herbs; roots fibrous; stem 5–20 cm, simple or branched. Habitat: Alpine slopes, meadows, damp crevices, moist stony places. Distribution: N Pakistan, W & C Himalaya (Kashmir to Nepal), Tibetan Plateau. NEPAL: W & C; 3500–4300 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal; 4200 m. Representative specimen. BAJHANG: Between Saipal & Aletsoura, 4210 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 1764, 26 Jul 1976; KYO) fide Tamura (1986). Ranunculus natans C.A. Mey. in Ledeb., Fl. Altaic. 2: 315 (1830). Hara in Hara & Williams, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 19 (1979). Rau in Sharma et al. (eds.), Fl. India 1: 124 (1993). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 422 (2017). Ranunculus hyperboreus Rottb. var. natans (C.A. Mey.) Regal Perennial subaquatic herbs; roots fibrous; stems 10–40 cm, almost glabrous, branched. Habitat: Wet banks, marshes, shallow water of small streams. Distribution: C & N Asia, Afghanistan, Pakistan, W & C Himalaya (Kashmir to Nepal), Tibetan Plateau, N China. NEPAL: W & C; 2600–3800 m. KSL: Humla in KSL Nepal; c. 3800 m. Representative specimen. HUMLA: Dozam Khola, near Simikot, 3810 m (O Polunin, WR Sykes & LHJ Williams 4249, 1 Jun 1952; BM). Ranunculus pulchellus C.A. Mey. in Ledeb., Fl. Altaic. 2: 333 (1830). Hara in Hara & Williams, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 20 (1979). Rau in Sharma et al. (eds.), Fl. India 1: 125 (1993). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 422 (2017). Perennial herbs; roots fibrous; stems erect, 5–20 cm, simple or branched, glabrous or nearly puberulent. Habitat: Moist meadows, river beds. Distribution: C & N Asia, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Himalaya (Kashmir to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, N & C China, Mongolia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 2700–4900 m. KSL: Darchula and Bajhang in KSL Nepal; 4000–4200 m. Representative specimen. BAJHANG: Saipal – Allechaur, 4210 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 1763-bis, 26 Jul 1976; KYO) fide Tamura (1986). Ranunculus trichophyllus Chaix, Pl. Vapicens.: 31 (1785). Hara in Hara & Williams, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 20 (1979). Rau in Sharma et al. (eds.), Fl. India 1: 130 (1993). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 425 (2017). Ranunculus flaccidus Pers.; Batrachium trichophyllum (Chaix) Bosch; Ranunculus aquatilis L. var. trichophyllus (Chaix) A. Gray ENG: Thread-leaved water-crowfoot. Perennial aquatic herbs, similar to R. himalaicus but leaves submerged, divided into filiform segments; floating leaves absent. Habitat: Swamps, drainage ditches, ponds, lakes, streams, slow-flowing rivers. Distribution: Temperate Eurasia, N Africa, Afghanistan to E Himalaya, China, Australia, S, C & N America. 262 NEPAL: W, C & E; 3000–4800 m. KSL: Known from neighboring Mugu District, Nepal; 3400–3500 m. It is likely also to be present in KSL area of Far West Nepal. Representative specimen. MUGU: Mugu, 3400 m (PR Shakya & B Roy 5543, 8 Jun 1980; KATH!). Consv. status: GLB., Least Concern (Lansdown 2013f). Thalictrum L., Sp. Pl. 1: 545 (1753). Thalictrum alpinum L., Sp. Pl. 1: 545 (1753). Hara in Hara & Williams, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 21 (1979). Rau in Sharma et al. (eds.), Fl. India 1: 133 (1993). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 425 (2017). Pl. 30. Thalictrum alpinum var. microphyllum (Royle) Hand.-Mazz.; Thalictrum microphyllum Royle ENG: Alpine meadow-rue, Arctic meadow-rue. Perennial glabrous herbs; stem absent; leaves all basal, rosulate, pinnate or bipinnate; leaflets small, orbicular-ovate, 3-lobed or 3-partite, crenate, glabrous, veins prominent beneath; scape solitary, erect, up to 15 cm, simple, with 1 scale-like leaf; flowers greenish, in simple raceme; sepals 4, elliptic. Habitat: Oak forests, short turf amongst shrubs in semi-shade, grassy slopes, moist meadows. Distribution: Arctic-alpine regions in Europe, Asia and N America. NEPAL: W, C & E; 2700–5000 m. KSL: Bajhang, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Doti; 2700–5000 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India, and Pulan Xian, SW Xizang in KSL China]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Chimnya, way to Kalapani, NE of Dhalun, 2700–3200 m (HN Qin, P Bhandari, TR Pandey, BR Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0545, 16 Sept 2017; KATH!, PE!); DARCHULA: Thadapani ridge, Pilkanda, 4575 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, A Paudel, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1932, 27 Jul 2016; TUCH!). DOTI: Khaptad, 2940 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 1260 & 1273, 14 Jul 1976; KYO) fide Tamura (1986). HUMLA: Sisne base Camp, 4000 m (PR Shakya & B Roy 5745, 17 Jun 1980; KATH!); Chungsa Valley, above Seliman Tsho, 4880 m (SK Ghimire, LR Joshi, A Paudel, S Lo, P Subedi, C Thapa & S Lama CHH-1160, 5 Sept 2012; TUCH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon, Barji Kang Pass, 4420 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 1, 1843; P00145597! image); Sum to Rah Lam [Ralam] Pass, Kumaon, 4570 m (RC Thakur 750, 17 Jun 1948; MICH 1500122! image). XIZANG (CHINA): Pulan Xian, 30.29° N 81.17° E (Qinghai-Tibet team vegetation group 6627001, 1976; PE) fide Kong & Yang (2019). Local abund.: Frequent to common. Thalictrum chelidonii DC., Prodr. 1: 11 (1824). Hara in Hara & Williams, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 21 (1979). Rau in Sharma et al. (eds.), Fl. India 1: 134 (1993). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 426 (2017). Thalictrum chelidonii var. cysticarpum (Wall.) Hook. f. & Thomson; Thalictrum cysticarpum Wall. Dāmpāte (bfDkft]). Perennial glabrous herbs; stems 50–200 cm or more, much branched; leaves 2–3-pinnate; leaflets broadly ovate or suborbicular, 15–35  10–30 mm, coarsely crenate or lobed, minutely pubescent; flowers 15–25 mm across, many in rigid panicles; sepals usually 4, conspicuous, ovate, pink or lilac. Habitat: Forests, forest margins, grassy slopes, open places. Distribution: Himalaya (N India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau. NEPAL: W, C & E; (500–)1300–3800 m. NEP: 263 KSL: Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura; 2100–3300 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Between Dhalun & Panselegi, NE of Dhalun, 2800 m (HN Qin, P Bhandari, TR Pandey, BR Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0549, 16 Sept 2017; KATH!, PE!). BAJHANG & Pategaon – Ghodi Lek Deorali – Badigaon, 2160–3300 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9160663, 16 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB (2013–2020). DARCHULA: Chheti – Lukhani, 2640–2810 m (MM Amatya & PM Regmi W771/82, 6 Sept 1982; KATH). BAJURA: Local abund.: Occasional. Thalictrum cultratum Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 2: 26 (1831). Hara in Hara & Williams, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 21 (1979). Rau in Sharma et al. (eds.), Fl. India 1: 134 (1993). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 426 (2017). Pl. 30. Thalictrum chelidonii DC. var. cultratum (Wall.) Hook. f. & Thomson TIB: ngotrin ( ོ་ ིན་). Perennial glabrous herbs; stems erect, to 1.5 m, branched; leaves shortly petiolate or subsessile, 2–3pinnate; leaflets ovate or obovate, 3–10  2–9 mm, incised-lobed or crenate or dentate, glabrous or hairy beneath; flowers in lax panicles; sepals reduced, 2–4 mm long, greenish, tinged purple, deciduous. Habitat: Open slopes, damp rock ledges, wet meadows, scrubs, moist forest floor. Distribution: Pakistan, N India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Myanmar. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1500–4500 m. KSL: Bajhang, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal; 3500–4100 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: On trail between Dhahidunga Kharka & Manane Lek, 3496 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20919049, 13 Jul 2009; E00625021) fide RBGE (2018); Dhansera–Nilkatti, 3770 m (PR Shakya, MK Adhikari & MN Subedi 8200, 26 Jul 1984; KATH!). DARCHULA: Above Dhauliodar, 3500 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1174, 19 Jul 2015; TUCH!); Pilkanda, GLORIA Summit S5m, SMA, 3950 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1295, 21 Jul 2015; TUCH!). HUMLA: Abobe Juma Kharka, 3840 m (PR Shakya, MN Subedi & RK Uprety 8731, 18 Aug 1985; KATH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon, Milum, 3350 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 4, 1843; P00145906! image). Thalictrum elegans Wall. ex Royle, Ill. Bot. Himal. Mts. 1: 51 (1834). Hara in Hara & Williams, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 21 (1979). Rau in Sharma et al. (eds.), Fl. India 1: 135 (1993). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 427 (2017). Thalictrum samariferum B. Boivin Perennial herbs; stems slender, 15–40 cm, simple or branched above; leaves shortly petiolate or sessile, blade 2–3-pinnate; leaflets many, small, 2–5  1–2 mm, shallowly 3-lobed; flowers in short few-flowered panicle; sepals purplish-green. Habitat: Stony slopes, gravelly places, moraines. Distribution: Himalaya (N Pakistan to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 3100–4600 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal; 3800–3900 m [also in Kumaon, India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Saipal, 3878 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 1828, 31 Jul 1976; KATH!); Saipal, 3900 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 1975, 30 Jul 1976; KYO) fide Tamura (1986). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon (R Blinkworth 4728; K001039775! image). 264 Thalictrum foetidum L., Sp. Pl. 1: 545 (1753). Hara in Hara & Williams, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 21 (1979). Rau in Sharma et al. (eds.), Fl. India 1: 135 (1993). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 427 (2017). Thalictrum minus L. var. foetidum (L.) Hook. f. & Thomson; Thalictrum vaginatum Royle NEP: ENG: Dāmpāte, Ganāune dāmpāte, Masino dāmpāte (bfDkft], ugfpg] bfDkft], dl;gf] bfDkft]). Foetid meadow-rue, Lesser meadow-rue. TIB: ngotrin ( ་ོ ིན་). Perennial herbs; stems erect or ascending, 50–80 cm, widely branched; leaves ternately compound, glandular-pubescent beneath; leaflets obovate, 3–15  2–10 mm, irregularly lobed or toothed; inflorenscene lax, few-flowered; sepals small, greenish-yellow, sometimes tinged purple. Habitat: Forest margins, open grassy slopes, meadows, damp rock ledges. Distribution: Temperate Eurasia, Himalaya (Pakistan to Bhutan). NEPAL: W, C & E; 2000–4700 m. KSL: Bajhang and Humla in KSL Nepal; 2500–3900 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Above Surma Village, north of Chainpur, 3890 m (H Ikeda, S Noshiro, M Amano, T Tanaka, N Yamamoto, CA Pendry, B Dell, Y Wang, GD Bhatta & AP Bhattarai 20915069, 8 Jul 2009; E, KATH!). HUMLA: Between Syamane & Simikot, 2580 m (CA Pendry, S Baral, S Noshiro, S Rajbhandari, PP Kurmi, B Dell & B Adhikari JRS A170, 18 Jun 2008; E, KATH!). Thalictrum foliolosum DC., Syst. Nat. 1: 175 (1817). Hara in Hara & Williams, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 21 (1979). Rau in Sharma et al. (eds.), Fl. India 1: 136 (1993). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 427 (2017). Pl. 30. Thalictrum dalingo Buch.-Ham. ex DC. Juke-jhār (h's–] emf/). NEP: Bansûlî, Dāmpāte (jG;"nL, bfDkft]). Asian meadow-rue. HIN: Mamira, Piljarî (dld/f, lkn\h/L). TIB: ngotrin ( ་ོ ིན་). NEP-L: ENG: Perennial robust herbs, 0.3–2.5 m tall, glabrous; stem diffuse, much branched, leafy; leaves ternately decompound, with petioles sheathing and auriculate at base, glabrous; leaflets ovate, 10–30  5–20 mm, crenate-dentate or lobed; inflorescence paniculate, large, many flowered; sepals small, greenishwhite to purple, early deciduous; stamens much longer. Habitat: Forests, forest margins, open thickets, open moist slopes. Distribution: Tropical and subtropical S Asia, Himalaya (Pakistan to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, SC China, mainland SE Asia. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1300–3400 m. KSL: Baitadi, Bajhang, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura, Doti and Mugu; 1300–3400 m. Representative specimens. BAITADI: Shribhawar, 2480 m (TR Pandey & GD Bhatt 2016642, 6 Jun 2016; KATH!). BAJHANG: Between Dhargaon & Dilbagar, 1575 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 1336, 17 Jul 1976; KATH!); Rasa – Roshiadanda, 1980–2540 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9160873, 21 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB (2013–2020). DARCHULA: Makarigad – Thumti, 1330–2060 m (MM Amatya & PM Regmi W681/82, 3 Sept 1982; KATH!); Khar VDC-4, 1930 m (BB Shrestha, M Pandey & R Chhetri 165P, 28 Sept 2015; TUCH!); Chameliya River, between Nali & Thapaligad, 2390 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Budha Magar, B Jnawali, S Nepal, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-3169, 1 Sept 2017; TUCH!); Khandeshwari, 2631 m (CK Subedi, J Gurung & S Thapa 2, 16 Jun 2014; TUCH!). HUMLA: Salli-Chungsa, Nabalthang, 3400 m (SK Ghimire, LR Joshi, A Paudel, S Lo, P Subedi, C Thapa & S Lama CHH-1764, 29 Aug 2012; TUCH!). Local abund.: Common. 265 Thalictrum javanicum Blume, Bijdr.: 2 (1825). Hara in Hara & Williams, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 21 (1979). Rau in Sharma et al. (eds.), Fl. India 1: 136 (1993). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 428 (2017). Thalictrum glyphocarpum Wight & Arn. Differs from T. foliolosum in having shorter anthers which are hardly exserted, and achnes with persistent hooked style (style deciduous and achne unhooked in T. foliolosum). Habitat: Open moist slopes. Distribution: Tropical and subtropical S Asia, Himalaya (N India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, C & SE China, SE Asia (Indonesia: Jawa, Lesser Sunda Is.). NEPAL: W, C & E; 1500–3200 m. KSL: Known from neighboring Mugu District, Nepal; 2900 m. Representative specimen. MUGU: Rara, 2900 m (NP Manandhar & DP Joshi 8029, 10 Aug 1981; KATH!). Thalictrum platycarpum Hook. f. & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1: 13 (1855). Hara in Hara & Williams, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 22 (1979). Rau in Sharma et al. (eds.), Fl. India 1: 139 (1993). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 428 (2017). Thalictrum cultratum Wall. subsp. platycarpum (Hook. f. & Thomson) Brühl Perennial herbs; stems erect, 30–60 cm, simple or branched; cauline leaves petiolate or subsessile, blade 2–3-pinnate; leaflets many, ovate or obovate, 2–6  1–5 mm, acutely 3–5-lobed or deeply inciseddentate all around, glandular pubescent beneath; flowers small, greenish, in loose terminal panicles. Habitat: Open moist slopes. Distribution: Himalaya (NE Pakistan to Sikkim), Tibetan Plateau. NEPAL: W, C & E; 2800–4700 m. KSL: Known from Pithoragarh District, Uttarakhand, India; 3500 m. It is likely also to be present in KSL Nepal. Representative specimen. UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Milum, Kumaon, 3505 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 4, 1843; GH 00038628! image). Thalictrum punduanum Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 2: 26 (1831). Hara in Hara & Williams, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 22 (1979). Rau in Sharma et al. (eds.), Fl. India 1: 139 (1993). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 428 (2017). Pl. 30. Thalictrum punduanum var. glaucum Hook. f. & Thomson Perennial herbs, 15–50 cm tall; stems erect, branched; leaves simply ternate or biternate, petiolate; upper leaves smaller, 3-foliate or rarely simple; leaflets broadly ovate, obovate or suborbicular, 6–25  7–30 mm, simple or shallowly 3–5-lobed, apex obtuse, base cordate, margins coarsely crenate, glabrous or pubescent beneath; flowers in loose corymbose panicles; sepals 4–6, white, pale pink or pinkish-purple. Habitat: Forests, rocky slopes along forest margins, mossy rocks on shady slopes. Distribution: Himalaya (NW India to Bhutan), E India (W Bengal), mainland SE Asia (N Thailand). NEPAL: W, C & E; 1200–2800 m. KSL: ?Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal; 1200–2400 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: ? (NK Bhattarai 90/1238; KATH). DARCHULA: Between Okhal & Makarigad, Guljar VDC, 1260 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1663, 2 Aug 2015; TUCH!); Chameliya Valley, below Ghusa, 2100 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Lo, C Thapa & MR Paudeyal ANCA-542, 15 Oct 2014; TUCH!); Ghusa, between Ngali 266 & Sithi, 2350 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA1046, 17 Jul 2015; TUCH!). Local abund.: Frequent in Chameliya Valley, Darchula. Thalictrum reniforme Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 2: 26 (1831). Hara in Hara & Williams, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 22 (1979). Rau in Sharma et al. (eds.), Fl. India 1: 140 (1993). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 429 (2017). Thalictrum chelidonii DC. var. reniforme (Wall.) Hook. f. & Thomson; Thalictrum neurocarpum Royle Perennial herbs similar to T. chelidonii, but differs in having larger flowers in lax weak panicles, and glandular hairy leaflets and pedicel. Habitat: Forests, scrub, open slopes, damp humus-rich banks. Distribution: Himalaya (N India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau. NEPAL: W, C & E; 2000–3800 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal; 2350–2650 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAJURA & BAJHANG: Pategaon – Ghodi Lehk Deorali – Badigaon, 2630 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9170711, 16 Aug 1991; KATH!, TI). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon, Madkot, Gori Valley (Inayat 24211, 25 Aug 1900; U.1547393! image). Local abund.: Occasional. Thalictrum rostellatum Hook. f. & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1: 15 (1855). Hara in Hara & Williams, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 22 (1979). Rau in Sharma et al. (eds.), Fl. India 1: 140 (1993). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 429 (2017). Perennial glabrous herbs; stems slender, 40–100 cm, branched; leaves ternately decompound; leaflets broadly ovate or suborbicular, shallowly lobed at apex, toothed, glabrous or minutely puberulent beneath; inflorenscene monochasial, few-flowered; sepals small, 2–3 mm, white. Habitat: Forests, damp rocky ledges, open slopes. Distribution: Himalaya (NW India to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 2000–3800(–4100) m. KSL: Humla in KSL Nepal; 3200 m. Representative specimen. HUMLA: Chankheli Lekh, 3200 m (PR Shakya, MN Subedi & R Upreti 8661, 14 Aug 1985; KATH!). Thalictrum saniculiforme DC., Prodr. 1: 12 (1824). Hara in Hara & Williams, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 22 (1979). Rau in Sharma et al. (eds.), Fl. India 1: 141 (1993). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 429 (2017). Thalictrum radiatum Royle Perennial herbs, 12–30 cm tall; stems erect, branched; radical and lower stem leaves long-petioled, 5– 15 cm across, upper ones smaller; leaf blade 3–4-ternate; leaflets broadly ovate or obovate, 11–25  9–21 mm, glabrous, base cuneate, rounded or subcordate, shallowly 3-lobed at apex; lobes crenate; inflorescence terminal or axillary, monochasial, few flowered; sepals early deciduous, greenish white. Habitat: Mossy rocks, tree trunk, open places in forests, open grassland. Distribution: Himalaya (N India, Nepal), Peninsular India (W Ghats), Tibetan Plateau, SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1600–2900 m. 267 KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura; 2200–2500 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Between Dhuli & Kanda, 2272 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 2550, 5 Aug 1976; KATH005302); Dhuli – Inuldar, 2450 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 1648, 26 Jul 1976; KYO) fide Tamura (1986). BAJURA: Porakya – Serigaon, 1660–2500 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9160577, 13 Aug 1991; TI) fide SHB (2013–2020). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Kumaon, Dwali, 2438 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 8, 1843; P00147891! image). Thalictrum secundum Edgew., Trans. Linn. Soc. London 20: 26 (1846). Rau in Sharma et al. (eds.), Fl. India 1: 141 (1993). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 430 (2017). Thalictrum macrostigma Edgew.; Thalictrum pauciflorum Royle; Thalictrum secundum var. hazaricum H. Riedl Perennial glabrous herbs, 25–50 cm tall; stems erect, simple or branched; leaves cauline, subsessile, 2ternate; leaflets broadly ovate or obovate, 5–17  4–20 mm, base cuneate, rounded or subcordate, mostly 3-lobed or incised, lobes crenate; flowers purplish, small, 4–8 mm across, solitary at the end of lateral branches and in terminal leafy racemes; sepals 4. Habitat: Forests, forest margins. Distribution: Afghanistan, W & C Himalaya (Pakistan to Nepal). NEPAL: W & C; 3000–3300 m. KSL: Known from Pithoragarh District, Uttarakhand, India; c. 2300 m. It is likely also to be present in KSL Nepal. Representative specimen. UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Pilti River, Kumaon, 2286 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 5, 1843; P00147742! image). Thalictrum squamiferum Lecoy., Bull. Soc. Roy. Bot. Belgique 16: 227 (1880). Rau in Sharma et al. (eds.), Fl. India 1: 143 (1993). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 430 (2017). Thalictrum cultratum Wall. var. tsangense Brühl; Thalictrum glareosum Hand.-Mazz. Perennial glabrous herbs, 10–15 cm tall; stems ascending or erect, divaricately branched, surrounded by scales at base; leaves cauline, shortly petiolate or subsessile, 3- or 4-pinnate; leaflets sessile, ovate or triangular-ovate, small, 1–3 mm long, glaucous; flowers 1–3, axillary; sepals 4, purplish, deciduous. Habitat: Open slopes, moist grassy, rocky meadows. Distribution: C & E Himalaya (Nepal to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, SC China. NEPAL: W & C; 3500–5600 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal; 3800–3900 m. Representative specimen. BAJHANG: Saipal, 3880 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 1828-bis, 31 Jul 1976; KYO) fide Tamura (1986). Trollius L., Sp. Pl. 1: 556 (1753). Trollius acaulis Lindl., Bot. Reg. 28(Misc.): 56 (1842). Hara in Hara & Williams, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 22 (1979). Rau in Sharma et al. (eds.), Fl. India 1: 144 (1993). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 430 (2017). Pl. 30. Perennial glabrous herbs, with stout rootstock; flowering stems simple, 5–15 cm, elongating in fruit, enclosed with fibrous remains of the previous year’s petioles at the base; basal leaves long-petioled, blade 1 268 rounded, deeply 5-lobed, lobes deeply incised; cauline leaves few, similar but smaller, alternate; flowers solitary, 4–6 cm across; sepals 5–15, broadly ovate, obtuse, orange-yellow; petals (nectaries) irregular in number, yellow, linear, short-clawed, rounded at the apex, shorther than numerous stamens. Habitat: Moist alpine meadows, moist ground. Distribution: E Afghanistan, W & C Himalaya (Pakistan to Nepal). NEPAL: W; 3600–3900 m. KSL: Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal; 3600–3900 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: ? (A Maire AMA1024, 14 Jun 1973; E00821769) fide RBGE (2018). DARCHULA: Chameliya Valley, Pilkandaha, 3841 m (CK Subedi, J Gurung & S Thapa 3018, 25 Jun 2014; TUCH). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Tola, Kumaon, 3658 m (RC Thakur 727, 15 Jun 1948; L.1740507! image, MICH 1500089! image); Pindari, Kumaon, 3810 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 1, 1843; P00194272! image). Local abund.: Rare in KSL Nepal. Trollius pumilus D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal.: 195 (1825). Hara in Hara & Williams, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 22 (1979). Rau in Sharma et al. (eds.), Fl. India 1: 145 (1993). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 431 (2017). Trollius gammieanus Stapf; Trollius geranifolius (Brühl) Mukerjee; Trollius pumilus subsp. geranifolius Brühl Perennial herbs similar to T. acaulis, but differs in having smaller flowers which are 2–3.5 cm across, with shallowly notched sepals and long-clawed petals (nectaries). Habitat: Moist grassy slopes, peaty marshes, moist grasslands, moist alpine meadows. Distribution: Himalaya (NW India to Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, Myanmar, SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 3500–5700 m. KSL: Bajhang in KSL Nepal; 3700–3800 m [Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in KSL India]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Saipal, 3700 m (JF Dobremez 2296, 16 May 1973; KATH!); Chaurapani, 3790 m (H Tabata, KR Rajbhandari & K Tsuchiya 8946, 1 Aug 1976; KYO) fide Tamura (1986). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Ralam Valley, Kumaon (Inayat 24136, 16 Aug 1900; U.1534358!); Kumaon, Barji Kang Pass, 3962 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom 2; BM000946091! image). SABIACEAE Meliosma Blume, Catalogus. 10 (1823). Meliosma dilleniifolia (Wall. ex Wight & Arn.) Walp., Repert. Bot. Syst. 1: 423 (1842). Sutton in Hara & Williams, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 99 (1979). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 431 (2017). Millingtonia dilleniifolia Wall. ex Wight & Arn., Edinburgh New Philos. J. 15: 179 (1833). Deciduous trees, 6–10 m tall; leaves simple, serrate at margins. Habitat: Broad-leaved forests. Distribution: Himalaya (N India, Nepal, Bhutan), Tibetan Plateau, N Myanmar, SC China. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1600–3400 m. KSL: Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal; 2300–2900 m. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: Dhalaun – Rasa, 2400 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9192486, 20 Aug 1991; KATH!, TI); between Dhalun 269 & Kakarkot, below Deurali, 2900–2200 m (HN Qin, P Bhandari, TR Pandey, BR Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0563, 16 Sept 2017; KATH!, PE!). DARCHULA: Palaa – Kuntisau, 2300 m (KR Rajbhandari & KJ Malla 5700, 29 Aug 1980; KATH!); Chameliya River, between Khayakot & Bayeli, 2300 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Budha Magar, MR Paudeyal & DJ Chapagain ANCA-1073B, 18 Jul 2015; TUCH!). Local abund.: Rare to occasional. BUXACEAE Buxus L., Sp. Pl. 2: 983 (1753). Buxus wallichiana Baill., Monogr. Buxac.: 63 (1859). Hara in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 3: 199 (1982). Rajbhandari & Rai, Handbk. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 434 (2017). Pl. 30. Pāpdo (kfk\8f]). ENG: Himalayan boxwood. HIN-L: Pāprî (kfk|L). Evergreen shrubs or small trees, 2–6 m tall; young shoots puberulous; leaves opposite, short-petioled, glabrous; blade lanceolate to elliptic-oblong, entire, coriaceous, shining above, veins conspicuous; flowers unisexual, greenish-yellow, in globular clusters; fruits ovoid capsules, 3-beaked. Habitat: Forests, forest margins. Distribution: E Afghanistan, Himalaya (Pakistan to Bhutan), mainland SE Asia. NEPAL: W & C; 2000–2900 m. KSL: Bajhang, Darchula and Humla in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Mugu; 2000–2700 m [Bageshwar and Pithoragarh Districts of Uttarakhand in KSL India and also neighboring Almora]. Representative specimens. BAJHANG: (A Maire AMA855, 3 May 1973; E00877838) fide RBGE (2018); ?Bauli NEP-L: Gad (JF Dobremez NEP 2049, 4 April 1973; E00877839) fide RBGE (2018). DARCHULA: Makari Gad – Khandeswori, 2050 m (PR Shakya, MK Adhikari & MN Subedi 7908, 18 Jul 1984; KATH!); between Ngali & Sithi, 2300 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Lo, C Thapa & MR Paudeyal ANCA-565, 15 Oct 2014; TUCH!); Dhaulo Community Forest, Khandeshowri, 2643 m (CK Subedi, J Gurung & S Thapa 18, 16 June 2014; TUCH!). HUMLA: Melcham Khola – Lepra, 2500 m (PR Shakya, MN Subedi & R Uprety 8754, 20 Aug 1985; KATH!). MUGU: Karwa, Khater Dara, 2134 m (O Polunin, WR Sykes & LHJ Williams 828, 24 Apr 1952; P02789008! image); Dhunde Dhara – Phalko Odar, 2220 m (PR Shakya & B Roy 5492, 5 Jun 1980; KATH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): Bagdwar, Kumaon, 2438 m (R Strachey & JE Winterbottom s.n.; isosyntype K000768245! image, P02333484! image). Local abund.: Occasional in KSL Nepal. Ethnobt. use: Wood is cut for firewood; leaves, stems and bark are used in traditional medicine. Sarcococca Lindl., Edwards’s Bot. Reg. 1012 (1826). Sarcococca hookeriana Baill., Monogr. Buxac.: 53 (1859). Hara in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 3: 200 (1982). Sarcococca pruniformis Lindl. var. hookeriana (Baill.) Hook. f. Telpār, Telpāuro (t]n\kf/, t]nk\ fp/f]). Evergreen shrubs, 0.5–1 m tall; stems branched, young branches pubescent; leaves alternate, petiole 4–7 mm; leaf blade lanceolate or narrowly elliptic, 30–92  5–20 mm, obscurely pinnate-veined, puberulent beneath, acute to acuminate at apex; flowers unisexual, fragrant, white or greenish white, in axillary NEP-L: 270 racemes or clusters with male flowers borne apically and female ones inserted basally or female flowers solitary in separate axils; fruits globose berries with 3 persistent styles, blue-black when ripe. Habitat: Moist and shady places, evergreen forests. Distribution: Himalaya (N India, Nepal, Bhutan), E India (West Bengal), Tibetan Plateau. NEPAL: W, C & E; 1550–3500 m. KSL: Darchula and Bajhang in KSL Nepal, and neighboring Bajura, Doti and Mugu; 1550–2000 m. Representative specimens. BAITADI: Shrivabhar – Dhole, 2330 m (PR Shakya, MK Adhikari & MN Subedi 8331, 8 Aug 1984; KATH!). BAJHANG: Military Chhana, 1650 m (P Pradhan, RK Uprety, N Pradhan & N Dabadi 1256, 9 Apr 1984, KATH!); Khaptad – Lokhanda, 2000 m (NK Bhattarai 90/1076, 24 Aug 1990; KATH!). BAJURA: E of Martadi, 1555 m (BSH D12, 8 Aug 2017; E) fide RBGE (2014). DARCHULA: Darchula – Dalilekh, 840 – 1810 m (MM Amatya & PM Regmi W529/82, 28 Aug 1982; KATH!). DOTI: Gadchhera – Sawarigad, 1700 m (PR Shakya, LR Sharma & KR Amatya 6191, 26 Jun 1981; KATH!). MUGU: Pina, 2000 m (PP Kurmi & N Thapa 7479, 27 Nov 1995; KATH!). Sarcococca saligna (D. Don) Müll. Arg. in DC., Prodr. 16(1): 11 (1869). Hara in Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 3: 200 (1982). Pl. 30. Buxus saligna D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 63 (1825); Sarcococca laurifolius Kunth; Sarcococca nepalensis Royle; Sarcococca pruniformis Lindl. var. angustifolia Lindl.; Sarcococca salicifolia Baill. Telpār, Telpāuro (t]n\kf/, t]nk\ fp/f]). ENG: Willow-leaf sweet-box. HIN-L: Geru, Pirulî, Tiliārā (u]?, lk?nL, ltlncf/f). Evergreen shrubs similar to S. hookeriana but young branches glabrous; petiole 5–15 mm; leaf blade lanceolate, much longer, 55–110 mm, with long acuminate apex. Habitat: Shady places, evergreen forests, field margins. Distribution: Afghanistan, W & C Himalaya (Pakistan to Nepal), Tibetan Plateau, Taiwan, mainland SE Asia to Indonesia. NEPAL: W & C; 800–2900 m. KSL: Baitadi, Bajhang and Darchula in KSL Nepal; 1900–2500 m [also in Kumaon, Uttarakhand, India]. Representative specimens. BAITADI: Shrivabhar, 2200–2300 m (HN Qin, P Bhandari, TR Pandey, BR NEP-L: Subedee, YC Yang & SR Zhang 0056, 10 Sept 2017; KATH!, PE!); Shribhawar, 2443 m (TR Pandey & GD Bhatt 2016658, 6 Jun 2016; KATH!). BAJHANG: Agar–Kinara, 1390–2180 m (M Suzuki, H Hatta, N Kurosaki, M Mikage, F Miyamoto, KR Rajbhandari, H Takayama & K Terada 9160975, 23 Aug 1991; KATH!, TI! image); Thar, 2500 m, (JF Dobremez 2269, 15 May 1973; BM000949682! image). DARCHULA: Chameliya Valley, Patu, near Ghusa Village, 2100 m (SK Ghimire, B Awasthi, S Thapa, S Lo, C Thapa & MR Paudeyal ANCA-511, 15 Oct 2014; TUCH!); above Janjari, way to Ghusa, 2130 m (SK Ghimire, LR Joshi & B Awasthi ANCA-P13070; 22 Oct 2013, TUCH!); Paripatal Community Forest, Khar, 2245 m (CK Subedi, J Gurung & M Pandey 17, 7 Jun 2015; TUCH!). UTTARAKHAND (INDIA): E Kumaon (R Blinkworth 7979, 1836; K000768280! image). Local abund.: Occasional to frequent in KSL Nepal. Ethnobt. use: The whole plant is used for shamanic healing. 271 References Geography, Climate, Plant Taxonomy, Flora, Vegeration, Biodiversity Use Adams R.P. 2014. Junipers of the World: the Genus Juniperus. Fouth Edition. Trafford Publishing Co., Bloomington, IN, USA. 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Type Specimens Housed in the Various Herbaria of Botanical Survey of India. Accessed at https://bsi.gov.in/page/en/guidelines-for-management-of-zoos CIAT (Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical). 2018. A Global Database for the Distributions of Crop Wild Relatives. Version 1.12. Crop Wild Relatives Occurrence Data Consortia, Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT). Occurrence dataset https://doi.org/10.15468/jyrthk accessed via GBIF.org [2020-10-09]. Cubey R. 2018. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh Herbarium (E). Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. Occurrence dataset https://doi.org/10.15468/ypoair accessed via GBIF.org [2020-10-09 to 2021-01-24]. Efloraofindia (2007 onwards). Database of Indian Plants – Developed by the Members of Efloraofindia Google Group. Accessed at https://sites.google.com/site/efloraofindia/ [2020-12-24]. Gaisberger H. and Endresen D. 2019. Bioversity Collecting Mission Database. Version 1.10. Bioversity International. 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National Herbarium and Plant Laboratories (KATH) Herbarium Plant Database. National Herbarium and Plant Laboratories, Department of Plant Resources, MoFE, Government of Nepal, Lalitpur, Nepal. Accessed at https://plantdatabase.kath.gov.np/ [2020-10-10 to 2021-01-24]. Kennedy J. 2020. Harvard University Herbaria: All Records. Harvard University Herbaria. Occurrence dataset https://doi.org/ 10.15468/o3pvnh accessed via GBIF.org [2020-10-09 to 2021-03-18]. Kong H. and Yang L. 2019. 500,000 plant Specimens from PE Herbarium in China from 1950 to 1999. Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). Occurrence dataset https://doi.org/10.15468/44r5e4 accessed via GBIF.org [2020-07-24 to 2021-01-24]. MNHN, Chagnoux S. 2020–2021. The Vascular Plants Collection (P) at the Herbarium of the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN – Paris). Version 69.187–69.195. MNHN – Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle. 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National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution. Occurrence dataset https://doi.org/10.15468/hnhrg3 accessed via GBIF.org [2021-01-14 to 202102-07]. Ramirez J., Tulig M., Watson K. and Thiers B. 2020. The New York Botanical Garden Herbarium (NY). Version 1.28. The New York Botanical Garden. Occurrence dataset https://doi.org/10.15468/6e8nje accessed via GBIF.org [2020-11-21 to 2021-0124]. RBGE (Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh) – Flora of Nepal. 2014. Data: Specimens from Nepal. Royal Botanic Gardens Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. Accessed at http://www.floraofnepal.org/data/specimens [2019-2-10 to 2021-02-07]. RBGE (Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh). 2018. Herbarium catalogue. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. Accessed at https://data.rbge.org.uk/search/herbarium/ [2019-2-10 to 2021-02-07]. RBGK (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew). 2020–2021. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew - Herbarium Specimens. Occurrence dataset https://doi.org/10.15468/ ly60bx accessed via GBIF.org [2020-11-11 to 2021-01-24]. RBGK (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew). 2020–2021. The Herbarium Catalogue. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Kew, UK. Accessed at http://www.kew.org/herbcat [2020-11-11 to 2021-03-30]. Shrestha B.B. 2020. Endemic Flora of Nepal TUCH. Version 1.1. Central Department of Botany, Tribhuvan University. Occurrence dataset https://doi.org/10.15468/ywaw6u accessed via GBIF.org [2021-01-24]. SHB (Society of Himalayan Botany). 2013–2020. Flora of Nepal Database – Seed Plants [updated in 2020.11.12]. The University Museum, The University of Tokyo, Japan. Accessed at http://umdb.um.u-tokyo.ac.jp/ DShokubu/nepal/Seedplants/ specimen_dic/ findrecords.php?-langTop=jp [2019-2-10 to 2021-01-24]. Telenius A. and Shah M. 2020. Phanerogamic Botanical Collections (S). GBIF-Sweden. Occurrence dataset https://doi.org/ 10.15468/yo3mmu accessed via GBIF.org [2020-11-11]. Ueda K. 2020. iNaturalist Research-grade Observations. iNaturalist.org. Occurrence dataset https://doi.org/10.15468/ab3s5x accessed via GBIF.org [2020-12-12]. UM Herbarium Data Group, IPT Admin L. 2020. University of Michigan Herbarium. Version 1.18. University of Michigan Herbarium. Occurrence dataset https://doi.org/10.15468/nl8bvi accessed via GBIF.org [2020-11-11]. US National Plant Germplasm System. 2018. United States National Plant Germplasm System Collection. Occurrence dataset https://doi.org/10.15468/ce7fox accessed via GBIF.org [2020-12-13]. 285 286 Colour Plates 287 288 Ephedra gerardiana [Somlatā] Lolu, Darchula Abies pindrow [Gobre, Kānpar] Jabkung, Humla Cedrus deodara [Devadār] Satbanjh, Baitadi Photo: T.R. Pandey [Plate 1] Abies spectabilis [Gobre sallā, Human] Dozam, Humla Photo: R.P. Chaudhary Pinus roxburghii [Khote sallā] Patan, Baitadi Photo: T.R. Pandey Picea smithiana [Jhule sallā, Jhulo, Thingo] Dozam, Humla Pinus wallichiana [Ranî sallā] Photo: R.P. Chaudhary Tsuga dumosa [Thinge sallā, Thingre sallā] Dhalaun, Bajhang Photo: T.R. Pandey Tsuga dumosa Dhalaun, Bajhang Photo: T.R. Pandey [Plate 2] Juniperus indica [Dhūpî] Phwaso, Dozam, Humla Juniperus squamata [Bhuin dhūpî] Talung, Humla Taxus contorta [Launtho, Lauth sallā] Simikot, Humla Photo: T.R. Pandey Schisandra grandiflora [Singate-laharā] Gyaldorje, Dozam, Humla Aristolochia punjabensis [Bhāngkhopade, Bhainsî-laharā] Shribhavar, Baitadi Photo: T.R. Pandey Cinnamomum tamala [Tejpāt] Darchula Inset: A. punjabensis from Khar, Dharchula (photo: C.K. Subedi) [Plate 3] Lindera pulcherrima [Van kāulo, Phusre] Darchula Photo: C.K. Subedi Neolitsea pallens [Kitkite kāulo, Khapate] Khayekot, Darchula Arisaema concinnum [Bānko, Sarpako-makai] Darchula Arisaema flavum [Bhāle bānko] Gyaldorje, Dozam, Humla Arisaema consanguineum [Raksyā Arisaema propinquum [Bānko, Sarpako-makai] Arisaema tortuosum [Vîr bānko, Gau bānkoi] bānko] Dozam, Humla Bayeli - Simar, Darchula Ghusa - Sithi, Darchula [Plate 4] Arisaema tortuosum Khayekot, Darchula Arisaema jacquemontii [Charî bānko, Māle bānko] Pilkanda, Darchula Remusatia vivipara Lattenath, Darchula Sauromatum diversifolium [Lāpchikpā, Talu] Makarigad, Darchula Aletris pauciflora Pilkanda, Darchula Dioscorea bulbifera [Van taud, Van tarul] Lattenath, Darchula [Plate 5] Dioscorea deltoidea [Bhyākur, Kukur tarul] Changla Khola, Dozam, Humla Dioscorea hamiltonii [Van taud, Van tarul] Lattenath, Darchula Dioscorea deltoidea [Bhyākur, Kukur tarul] Ghusa, Darchula Dioscorea hamiltonii [Van taud, Van tarul] Paris polyphylla [Satuwā] Changla Khola, Dozam, Humla Paris polyphylla [Satuwā] Sithi, Darchula [Plate 6] Smilax aspera [Kukurdāino] Okhal, Darchula Smilax elegans [Kukurdāino] Ngali, Darchula Disporum cantoniense [Khiraunle] Khayakot, Darchula Cardiocrinum giganteum Photo: C.K. Subedi Trillium govanianum [Lek satuwā] Dhauliodar, Darchula Cardiocrinum giganteum Dhalaun, Bajhang Photo: T.R. Pandey Gagea lutea Tugling, Dozam, Humla [Plate 7] Lilium nepalense [Pindarā] Patu, Darchula Lilium nanum [Nān podyā] Thadeule, Darchula Clintonia udensis Domul, Darchula Fritillaria cirrhosa [Ghāndevish, Kākolî, Podyā] Pilkanda, Darchula Photo: C.K. Subedi Lilium oxypetalum [Kākolî, Podyā] Lolu, Darchula Photo: C.K. Subedi Gagea serotina [Nān kākolî] Gauchhalighol, Pilkanda, Darchula Lloydia longiscapa [Nān kākolî] Lolu, Darchula Photo: C.K. Subedi [Plate 8] Streptopus simplex [Khiraunlo] Domool, Darchula Photo: B. Awasthi Streptopus simplex [Khiraunlo] Domul, Darchula Aerides multiflora [Sunākharî] Darchula Photo: C.K. Subedi Calanthe tricarinata Darchula Photo: C.K. Subedi Calanthe mannii Darchula Photo: C.K. Subedi Cephalanthera erecta Darchula Photo: P. Bhandari Cephalanthera longifolia Darchula [Plate 9] Corallorhiza trifida Tugling, Dozam, Humla Cypripedium cordigerum [Jibre] W. Nepal Crepidium acuminatum Makarigad, Darchula Cypripedium himalaicum [Kaunphale, Lek jibre] Pilkanda, Darchula Cypripedium elegans Dhauliodar, Darchula Dactylorhiza hatagirea [Hattājadî, Pānchaun- Dendrobium amoenum Mallikarjun, le] Dozam, Humla Photo: R.P. Chaudhary Darchula Photo: T.R. Pandey [Plate 10] Epipactis helleborine Simar, Darchula Anaphalis triplinervis [spra rgod] Goodyera biflora [Nakkali jîvantî] Goodyera repens Dozam, Humla Gymnadenia orchidis Dhauliodar, Darchula Arctium lappa [byi bzung] Habenaria intermedia [Junge tîtmirido] Ghusa, Darchula Herminium edgeworthii Ghusa, Darchula Herminium monorchis Pilkanda, Darchula Herminium monophyllum Ngali, Darchula [Plate 11] Pholidota articulata [Bhālkelā, Bhālu-kelā] Mallikarjun, Darchula Photo: T.R. Pandey Platanthera japonica Domul, Darchula Phalaenopsis taenialis Darchula Photo: P. Bhandari Ponerorchis cucullata var. calcicola Darchula Pinalia spicata [Bhālkelā, Bhālu-kelā] Makarigad, Darchula Ponerorchis chusua [Kaunphalo] Darchula Rhynchostylis retusa Darchula Satyrium nepalense [Kaunphalo] Ngali, Darchula Photo: P. Bhandari [Plate 12] Spiranthes australis Ngali, Darchula Hypoxis aurea [Karshûl] Darchula Iris kemaonensis [Piperî] Dozam, Humla Photo: R.P. Chaudhary Iris decora [Piperî, Padmapuskar] Dozam, Humla Crinum latifolium [Hāde-phûl] Lattenath, Darchula Allium prattii [Jangalî lasun] Pilkanda, Darchula Allium stracheyi [Danu, Jimbu] Ngali, Darchula Allium wallichii [Danu, Jimbu] Pilkanda, Darchula [Plate 13] Asparagus filicinus [Van kurilo] Dozam, Humla Chlorophytum nepalense Ngali, Darchula Dipcadi serotinum Makarigad, Darchula Maianthemum purpureum [Tîte kaunphalo] Darchula Photo: C.K. Subedi Ophiopogon clarkei [Dhachade] Simar, Darchula Ophiopogon intermedius [Dhachade] Polygonatum curvistylum [Khiraunlo] Humla Polygonatum verticillatum [Khiraunlo] Dozam, Humla [Plate 14] Polygonatum graminifolium [Nān khiraunlo] Pilkanda, Darchula Polygonatum verticillatum Darchula Photo: C.K. Subedi Polygonatum singalilense [Khiraunlo] Dhauliodar, Darchula Polygonatum singalilense Darchula Photo: C.K. Subedi Theropogon pallidus [Dhachade] Khandeswari, Darchula Theropogon pallidus Darchula Photo: B. Awasthi [Plate 15] Phoenix loureiroi var. pedunculata [Thākal] Betale, Darchula Commelina maculata [Kanjado, Vishkāpado] Khandeswari, Darchula Murdannia divergens [Vishkāpado] Khandeswari, Darchula Cyanotis vaga [Kaukhutte] Khandeswari, Darchula Cautleya gracilis [Van haldo, Gagleto, Hardî-jhār] Bhattar - Khayakot, Darchula [Plate 16] Streptolirion volubile [Thūlo kānejhār] Dharapori - Kermi, Humla Cautleya spicata [Van haldo, Gagleto, Hardî-jhār] Khayakot - Bayeli, Darchula Cautleya spicata Khayakot - Bayeli, Darchula Hedychium ellipticum [Van haldo, Sarro] Paribagar - Makarigad, Darchula Hedychium spicatum [Van haldo, Sarro] Darchula Roscoea purpurea [Bhuin sarro, Katare, Rāsgarî] Roscoea alpina [Nān katare] Khayakot - Dhauliodar, Darchula Ngali - Sithi, Darchula [Plate 17] Juncus allioides Pilkanda, Darchula Juncus benghalensis Pilkanda, Darchula Juncus concinnus Pilkanda, Darchula Juncus himalensis Dhauliodar, Darchula Juncus sphacelatus Nyaula La, Humla Juncus thomsonii Chungsa Valley, Humla Carex atrata Seliman Tsho, Humla Carex microglochin Pilkanda, Darchula [Plate 18] Carex condensata [Kathero, Pārtay-ghāns] Makarigad, Darchula Carex ovoidispica Nyalu La, Humla Carex atrofusca subsp. minor Seliman Tsho, Humla Erioscirpus comosus [Phurke-jhār, Rānî bābiyo] Ghusa, Darchula Dactylis glomerata Ngali, Darchula Panicum miliaceum [Chino] Simikot, Humla [Plate 19] Setaria italica [Kāguno, Kāun, Kāunî] Kermi, Humla Corydalis casimiriana Pilkanda, Darchula Corydalis cashmeriana [Nîlo gokul-dhūp] Darchula Corydalis chaerophylla [Okhare-jhār] Dhauliodar, Darchula Corydalis cornuta Ngali, Darchula Corydalis elegans Pilkanda, Darchula [Plate 20] Corydalis filiformis Ngali, Darchula Corydalis pseudojuncea Lolu, Darchula Corydalis govaniana [Gokul-dhūp] Lolu, Darchula Corydalis meifolia [Gokul-dhūp, Supghāns] Bainsadh, Lolu-Pilkanda, Darchula Corydalis stracheyi Nyalu La, Humla Corydalis nana Seliman Tsho, Humla [Plate 21] Dactylicapnos roylei Salli-Chungsa, Humla Meconopsis robusta Lolu-Pilkanda, Darchula Meconopsis simikotensis Dozam, Humla Meconopsis horridula Seliman Tsho, Humla Stauntonia latifolia [Guphalā] Darchula Photo: C.K. Subedi Cissampelos pareira [Gajregān, Musbelo] Okhal, Darchula [Plate 22] Stephania gracilenta [Musbelo] Sithi, Darchula Cocculus laurifolius [Tilphorā] Makarigad, Darchula Stephania rotunda [Gajregān, Barkulî-laharā] Kasoli, Darchula Stephania rotunda [Gajregān, Barkulî-laharā] Kasoli, Darchula Berberis asiatica [Kirmadā, Tilkhudo, Chutro] Darchula Photo: C.K. Subedi Berberis asiatica [Kirmadā, Tilkhudo, Chutro] Thehe, Humla [Plate 23] Berberis aristata [Chotto, Chutro] Dhauli Odar, Darchula Berberis hamiltoniana [Chotto, Chutro] Lolu, Darchula Berberis glaucocarpa [Kirmadā, Tilkhudo, Chutro] Simikot, Humla Berberis kumaonensis [Chotto, Chutro] Lolu, Darchula Berberis koehneana [Chotto, Chutro] Kermi, Humla Berberis karnaliensis [Chotto, Chutro] Simikot, Humla [Plate 24] Podophyllum hexandrum [Deuphal, Laghupatra] Khayakot - Simar, Darchula Aconitum ferox [Bikh, Vish] Lolu, Darchula Podophyllum hexandrum Darchula Photo: C.K. Subedi Aconitum heterophylloides Lolu, Darchula Aconitum spicatum [Gobare vish] Lolu, Darchula Actaea acuminata [Vish-phal] Simar, Darchula Actaea acuminata [Vish-phal] Chhungsa Valley, Humla [Plate 25] Anemonastrum obtusilobum [Kāngre-jhār, Ratanjot] Lolu-Pilkanda, Darchula Anemonastrum elongatum Lolu, Darchula Anemonastrum polyanthes Lolu, Darchula Adonis chrysocyathus Seding, Dozam, Humla Anemonastrum tetrasepalum Lolu, Darchula Eriocapitella rivularis [Kaude-phûl, Bāgh-pāile] Singjungma, Humla Eriocapitella rupicola Dozam, Humla [Plate 26] Eriocapitella vitifolia [Kapāse] Sithi, Darchula Caltha palustris Dhauli Odar, Darchula Aquilegia pubiflora Darchula Photo: C.K. Subedi Clematis barbellata [Dāntkhuso, Junge-laharā] Domul, Darchula Clematis buchananiana [Dahile-belo, Dāntkhuso] Ngali - Sithi, Darchula Clematis confusa [Dāntkhuso] Ngali - Sithi, Darchula [Plate 27] Clematis connata [Dāntkhuso] Ghusa, Darchula Clematis grata [Junge-laharā] Simikot - Dharapori, Humla Clematis montana [Bakryāulo, Junge-belo] Simar, Darchula Delphinium brunonianum [Bakryāulo, Junge-belo] Thadapani - Lolu, Darchula Delphinium caeruleum [Mudaulo] Humla Delphinium cashmerianum [Mauro-mûlo, Nîlo bikh] Kalidhunga, Darchula Delphinium densiflorum [Bongmar] Seliman Tsho, Humla [Plate 28] Delphinium denudatum [Mudaulo, Nirvishî] Syamne, Humla Delphinium kamaonense [Mudaulo] Salli Danda, Humla Delphinium himalayae [Atis] Kermi, Humla Delphinium vestitum [Kālo Atis] Kermi, Humla Oxygraphis endlicheri Jogi Tal, Darchula Paraquilegia microphylla [Yumo deujin] Changla Khola, Dozam, Humla Ranunculus adoxifolius Chungsa Valley, Dharmashala, Humla [Plate 29] Ranunculus brotherusii Chungsa Valley, Seliman Tsho, Humla Ranunculus diffusus Ngali, Darchula Ranunculus himalaicus Talung Valley, Ning Tsho, Humla Ranunculus hirtellus Dhauli Odar, Darchula Ranunculus longicaulis Changla Khola, Humla Thalictrum alpinum Thadapani, Darchula Thalictrum cultratum Dhauli Odar, Darchula Thalictrum foliolosum Khayakot, Darchula [Plate 30] Thalictrum punduanum Ngali, Darchula Photo: B. Awasthi Trollius acaulis Darchula Photo: C.K. Subedi Buxus wallichiana [Pāpdo] Ngali, Darchula Sarcococca hookeriana [Telpāuro] Sithi, Darchula Index to Scientific Names Accepted names and corresponding page numbers that appear as main citations in the checklist are given in bold type; names that appear in the introductory part or secondary mentions in the checklist are given in roman type; and synonyms are in italics. Colour plates are indicated by Pl. Abies, 2 brunoniana, 6 deodara, 4 dumosa, 6 pindrow, xvi, xix, xx, xlii, 2, pl. 1 smithiana, 4 spectabilis, xviii, xix, xx, xlii, 3, pl. 1 var. langtangensis, 3 webbiana, 3 var. pindrow, 2 Acer, xviii, xix acuminatum, xx caesium, xix, xx cappadocicum, xix pectinatum, xx sterculiaceum, xix Achnatherum, 142 brandisii, 142 staintonii, xli, 142 Aconitum, xxiii, xl, 234 atrox, 236 balfourii, 236 ferox, 234, Pl. 24 var. atrox, 236 var. heterophylloides, 234 var. spicata, 236 heterophylloides, 234, Pl. 24 var. leucanthum, 234 hookeri, 235 laeve, 235 leucanthum, 234 lycoctonum, 235 multifidum, 237 napellus var. multifidum, 237 poluninii, xxvi, xli, 235 spicatum, xlii, 236, Pl. 24 violaceum, xlii, 237 virosum, 234 vitifolium, 235 ACORACEAE, xxxvii, xxxviii, 20 Acorales, xxxviii Acorus, 20 calamus, 20 Acratherum miliaceum, 148 Acronema tenerum, xxx Actaea, 237 acuminata, 237, Pl. 25 frigida, 238 spicata var. acuminata, 237 Actinospora frigida, 238 Adina cordifolia, xvii Adonis, 238 aestivalis, 238 chrysocyathus, 238, Pl. 25 inermis, 238 inglisii, 238 pyrenaica, 238 Aerides, 46 affinis, 46 cristata, 81 lasiopetala, 56 multiflora, 46, pl. 8 spicatum, 78 taenialis, 73 Aesculus, xix indica, xviii, xix Agave, 87 americana, 87 Agropyron, 142 antiquum, 170 canaliculatum, 170 flexuosissimum, 170 longearistatum, 170 microlepis, 170 nepalense, 171 pinnatum, 151 schrenkianum, 171 semicostatum, 172 sikkimense, 172 striatum, 172 thomsonii, 142 Agrostis, xl, 143 clarkei, 143 diandra, 205 divaricata, 143 fertilis, 205 himalayana, 143 japonica, 206 maxima, 210 micrantha, 143 munroana, 143 myriantha, 143 nervosa, 143 pendryi, 144 petelotii, 154 pilosula, xx, 144 var. alpestris, 144 var. wallichiana, 144 royleana, 144 sikkimensis, 143 wallichiana, 144 Aira cespitosa, 164 cristata, 181 gracilis, 181 indica, 201 macrantha, 181 Albizia chinensis, xvii julibrissin, xvii Alectoridia quartiniana, 147 Aletris, 30 mairei, 30 319 nepalensis var. delavayi, 30 pauciflora, xxi, 30, pl. 5 ALISMATACEAE, xxxviii, 27 Alismatales, xxxviii Alismorkis alpina, 47 mannii, 48 puberula, 49 tricarinata, 49 Allium, xl, 83 aitchisonii, 83 blandum, 83 caeruleum, 85 cannifolium, 83 carolinianum, 83 clarkei, 85 ellipticum, 83 jacquemontii, 84 junceum, 84 lancifolium, 85 longistaminum, 84 obtusifolium, 83 polyphyllum, 83 prattii, xxi, xlii, 83, pl. 13 var. ellipticum, 83 przewalskianum, 84 roxburghii, 85 spicatum, 84 stenophyllum, 84 stoliczkii, 84 stracheyi, xlii, 84, pl. 13 sulvia, 85 thomsonii, 83 tuberosum, 85 victorialis var. angustifolium, 83 violaceum, 85 wallichianum, 85 wallichii, xlii, 85, pl. 13 Alnus nepalensis, xviii, xix AMARYLLIDACEAE, xxxvii, xxxviii, xl, xlii, 83 Amesia latifolia, 57 Amphilophis pertusa, 151 Anaphalis, xxi Anatherum parviflorum, 157 Androcorys josephi, 66 monophylla, 67 Andropogon, 145 aciculatus, 159 alternans, 157 annulatus, 164 320 assimilis, 157 binatus, 176 bladhii, 150 coeruleus, 160 contortus, 180 crinitus, 197 distans, 160 echinulatus, 159 glaber, 150 glabratus, 159 glaucopsis, 157 gryllus, 159 subsp. echinulatus, 159 hexastachyus, 175 himalayensis, 161 hookeri, 145 intermedius, 150 ischaemum, 150 jwarancusa, 161 lancifolius, 147 micans, 147 micranthus, 157 monandrus, 197 monticola var. trinii, 160 munroi, xx, 145 nardus var. stracheyi, 161 notopogon, 176 pendulus, 161 pertusus, 151 pospischilii, 161 prionodes, 147 punctatus, 150 royleanus, 159 scandens, 164 schoenanthus, 162 serrulatus, 147 speciosus, 189 subrepens, 157 trinii, 160 trispicatus, 175 tristachyos, 175 tristis, 145 Androscepia anathera, 208 gigantea var. armata, 209 Aneilema divergens, 98 herbaceum var. divergens, 98 nudiflorum, 98 radicans, 98 spiratum, 99 Anemonastrum, xl, 239 demissum, 239 elongatum, 239, Pl. 25 geum, 239 obtusilobum, 240, Pl. 25 polyanthes, xxi, 240, Pl. 25 rockii, 241 tetrasepalum, 241, Pl. 25 Anemone bonatiana var. geum, 239 demissa, 239 discolor, 240 dubia, 254 elegans, 255 elongata, 239 geraniifolia, 254 geum, 239 subsp. ovalifolia, 239 subsp. potentilloides, 239 govaniana, 240 hispida, 254 leveillei, 254 longipes, 254 longiscapa, 240 micrantha, 240 mollis, 240 narcissiflora var. polyanthes, 240 obtusiloba, 240 subsp. ovalifolia, 239 subsp. rockii, 241 var. leiocarpa, 240 var. orthocaula, 239 var. potentilloides, 239 ovalifolia, 239 polyanthes, 240 rivularis, 239, 254 rockii, 241 rupestris var. pilosa, 239 var. villosa, 240 rupicola, 254 saniculifolia, 254 scaposa, 240 tetrasepala, 241 villosa, 240 vitifolia, 255 wardii, 239 wightiana, 254 Anemonidium obtusilobum, 240 rivulare, 254 tetrasepalum, 241 ANGIOSPERMS, xxxii, xxxv, xxxvi, xxxvii, xxxviii, xxxix, 11 Anguillaria indica, 37 Annona hexapetala, 14 uncinata, 14 ANNONACEAE, xxxviii, 14 Anogeissus latifolia, xvii Anthericum nepalense, 89 Anthistiria anathera, 208 australis, 209 caudata, 209 hookeri, 209 imberbis, 209 Anthoxanthum, 145 hookeri, 145 laxum, xxi, 145 Aorchis roborovskii, 58 spathulata, 58 Apluda, 146 aristata, 146 mutica, xx, 146 subsp. aristata, 146 varia, 146 var. aristata, 146 Aquilegia, 241 pubiflora, 241, Pl. 26 vulgaris subsp. pubiflora, 241 ARACEAE, xxix, xxxvii, xxxviii, xxxix, 20 Arecales, xxxix ARECACEAE, 95 Arenaria, xxii Argentina anserina, xxii Arisaema, xxxvii, xl, 20 affine, 20 alienatum, 20 biflagellatum, 22 concinnum, 20, pl. 3 var. alienatum, 20 consanguineum, 21, pl. 4 cornutum, 22 curvatum, 24 erubescens, 21 var. consanguineum, 21 exile, 22 flavum, 22, pl. 3 subsp. abbreviatum, 22 helleborifolium, 24 intermedium, 22 f. biflagellatum, 22 jacquemontii, 22, pl. 4 propinquum, 23, 25, pl. 4 sikkimense, 23 speciosum, 23 stracheyanum, 22 tortuosum, 24, pl. 4 utile, 24 verrucosum var. utile, 24 wallichianum, 23 wightii, 22 Aristida, 146 adscensionis, 146 arundinacea, 185 bromoides, 146 depressa, 146 maritima, 146 vulgaris, 146 Aristolochia, 13 punjabensis, 13, pl. 3 ARISTOLOCHIACEAE, xxxviii, 13 Artabotrys, 14 hexapetalus, 14 uncinatus, 14 Artemisia, xxi, xxii hedinii, xxii rutifolia, xxii vestita, xxii Arthraxon, 147 ciliaris, 147 hispidus, 147 lancifolius, 147 micans, 147 prionodes, 147 quartinianus, 147 Arum erubescens, 21 flavum, 22 speciosum, 23 tortuosum, 24 viviparum, 26 Arundinaria aristata, 208 falcata, 167 intermedia, 167 interrupta, 167 spathiflora, 208 Arundinella, 148 bidentata, 148 capillaris, 148 glabra, 148 miliacea, 148 mutica, 148 nepalensis, 148 rigida, 148 setosa, xx, 148 var. esetosa, 148 virgata, 148 Arundo, 149 bambusifolia, 149 bengalensis, 149 bifaria, 149 donax, 149 madagascariensis, 185 pseudophragmites, 156 ASPARAGACEAE, xxxvii, xxxix, xl, xlii, 87 Asparagales, xxxix Asparagus, 87 curillus, 87 filicinus, 87, pl. 13 var. brevipes, 87 var. lycopodineus, 88 var. microclada, 87 lycopodineus, 88 nepalensis, 87 racemosus, 88 var. subacerosus, 88 Aster diplostephioides, xxi Astragalus, xxi rhizanthus, xxi Ataxia hookeri, 145 Aulacolepis petelotii, 154 Austrobaileyales, xxxviii Avena, 149 fatua, 149 var. glabrata, 149 var. pilosa, 149 flaccida, 182 flavescens var. virescens, 182 japonica, 149 roylei, 211 sativa var. sericea, 149 Axonopus, 150 Axonopus compressus, 150 Baimo cirrhosa, 41 Bambusa aristata, 208 Basal Angiosperms, xxxviii Batrachium trichophyllum, 262 Batratherum micans, 147 321 Benzoin nacusua, 16 BERBERIDACEAE, xxxvii, xxxix, xli, xlii, 228 Berberis, xxxvii, xl, 228 acanthifolia, 233 aristata, 228, Pl. 23 asiatica, 228, Pl. 23 ceratophylla, 228 chitria, 228 glaucocarpa, 229, Pl. 23 hamiltoniana, 230, Pl. 23 jaeschkeana, xxi var. usteriana, 230 karnaliensis, xli, 230, Pl. 24 koehneana, xxv, 231, Pl. 24 var. auramea, 231 kumaonensis, xxi, xxv, 231, Pl. 23 mucrifolia, xxi, xli, 232 napaulensis, 233 nepalensis, 233 petiolaris, 232 var. garhwalana, 232 sikkimensis, 228 thomsoniana, xxi, 233 usteriana, 230 Bergenia, xxiii Betula alnoides, xix utilis, xix, xx Biermannia taenialis, 73 Bistorta affinis, xxi macrophylla, xxi perpusilla, xxii vacciniifolia, xxii vivipara, xxi Blysmocarex macrantha, 123 subsp. nudicarpa, 123 nudicarpa, 123 Blysmus, 111 compressus, xxii, 111 Boehmeria, xviii Bombax ceiba, xviii Bothriochloa, 150 bladhii, 150 glabra, 150 intermedia, 150 var. punctata, 150 ischaemum, 150 parviflora, 157 pertusa, 151 322 Brachiaria villosa, 212 var. barbata, 212 Brachycorythis, 46 obcordata, xxiii, xlii, 46 Brachypodium, 151 longearistatum, 170 pinnatum, 151 sylvaticum, 151 var. khasianum, 151 var. longe-aristatum, 151 var. luzoniense, 151 var. pseudodistachyon, 151 Briza, 152 media, 152 Bromopsis himalaica, 152 Bromus, xl, 152 australis, 154 dubius, 172 giganteus, 182 glomeratus, 163 grandis, 153 himalaicus, 152 var. grandis, 153 japonicus, 153 patulus, 153 pinnatus, 151 porphyranthos, xxi, 153 staintonii, 153 staintonii var. pilosiusculus, 153 tectorum, 154 Buddleja crispa, xx Bulbocodium serotinum, 42 Bulbophyllum, 47 alopecurus, 47 mackeeanum, 47 micranthum, 47 triste, 47 Bulbostylis, 112 barbata, 112 capillaris var. trifida, 112 densa, 112 Bupleurum, xxi BUXACEAE, xxxv, xxxix, 270 Buxales, xxxix Buxus, 270 saligna, 271 wallichiana, xx, 270, Pl. 30 Caladium pumilum, 25 viviparum, 26 Calamagrostis, xl, 154 abnormis, 154 compacta, 155 emodensis, 154 garhwalensis, 154 holciformis, 155 jacquemontii, 144 lahulensis, 155 littorea var. tartarica, 156 munroana, 143 var. stricta Hook. f., 143 nepalensis, 156 nivicola, 155 petelotii, 154 pilosula, 144 var. alpestris, 144 pseudophragmites, 156 subsp. tartarica, 156 pulchella, 155 scabrescens, 156 var. humilis, 156 Calanthe, xl, 47 alpina, 47 amoena, 49 australis, 79 brachychila, 48 fimbriata, 47 himalaicum, xl, xli, 48 mannii, 48, pl. 9 occidentalis, 49 pantlingii, 49 plantaginea, 48 puberula, 49 pusilla, 48 similis, 49 tricarinata, 49, pl. 8 Callianthemum, 242 cachemirianum, 242 endlicheri, 256 imbricatum, 242 pimpinelloides, 242 tibeticum, 242 Callicarpa macrophylla, xvii, xviii Callista amoena, 54 denudans, 55 eriiflora, 55 fimbriata, 55 primulina, 56 Caltha, 242 asarifolia, 242 govaniana, 242 himalayanus, 242 himalensis, 242 palustris, xxii, 242, Pl. 26 var. himalensis, 242 var. normalis, 242 Camphora glandulifera, 15 Capillipedium, 157 assimile, 157 glaucopsis, 157 parviflorum, 157 subrepens, 157 Caragana, xxi versicolor, xxi Cardiocrinum, 40 giganteum, 40, pl. 6, 7 Carex, xxii, xxxvii, xxxix, 112 alpina var. gracilenta, 117 angustifructus, 113 atrata, xxii, 112, Pl. 18 subsp. pullata, 113 var. glacialis, 113 var. pullata, 113 var. subglacilenta, 113 atrofusca subsp. minor, 113, Pl. 18 var. angustifructus, 113 var. minor, 113 bengalensis, 115 bhutanica, 118 breviculmis, 113 subsp. royleana, 113 cardiolepis, 114 caricina, 116 celsa, 125 clavispica, 114 condensata, 114, Pl. 18 cruciata, 115 var. argocarpus, 115 cruenta, 115 deasyi, 115 diffusa, 128 duthiei, 117 var. glacialis, 113 echinochloiformis, 128 esbirajbhandarii, xli, 116 esenbeckii, 116 filicina, 116 fissiglumis, 117 foliosa, 128 fusiformis, 117 gracilenta, xxi, xxii, 117 griersonii, 126 griffithii, 122 haematostoma, xxi, 118 heterolepis, 115 inanis, 118 infuscata var. gracilenta, 117 kokanica, 118 kumaonensis, 119 lebrunii, 128 lehmannii, 119 linearis, 127 var. elachista, 127 longicruris, 119 longipes, 120 var. nepalensis, 120 melanantha var. moorcroftii, 121 microglochin, xxii, 120, Pl. 18 monopleura, 125 montis-everestii, 120 moorcroftii, 121 muricata var. foliosa, 128 mutans, 116 myosurus, 121 subsp. spiculata, 121 var. praestans, 121 neesii, 127 nepalensis, 120 nivalis, 122 var. griffithii, 122 notha, 122 notoleia, 128 nubigena, 122 nudicarpa, 123 obscura, 123 var. brachycarpa, 123 ovoidispica, 123, Pl. 18 pachyrrhiza, 126 parvula, 124 praestans, 121 pseudofilicina, 116 pseudolaxa, 124 psychrophila, 125 rara, 125 remota subsp. rochebrunei, 125 subsp. stewartii, 125 var. rochebrunei, 125 rochebrunei, 125 royleana, 113 rufulistolon, 126 schlagintweitiana, 126 subsp. deformis, 126 setigera var. fasciculata, 128 var. schlagintweitiana, 126 setosa, 126 speciosa, 126 spiculata, 121 stracheyi, 127 supina, 127 trinervis, 116 unciniiformis, xxii, 127 ustulata var. minor, 113 vesiculosa, 128 wallichiana, 128 winterbottomii, 128 Carpinus faginea, xix viminea, xix Cassiope fastigiata, xxi Catabrosa himalaica, 157 wallichii, 188 Catabrosella, 157 himalaica, 157 Cautleya, 100 gracilis, 100, 101, pl. 16 lutea, 100 petiolata, 101 robusta, 101 spicata, 101, Pl. 16 Cedrus, 4 deodara, xvi, xvii, xix, 4, pl. 1 indica, 4 libani subsp. deodara, 4 var. deodara, 4 Celtis australis, xix Cenchrus, 158 americanus, 158 flaccidus, xx, 158 granularis, 179 orientalis, 159 parviflorus, 203 Cephalanthera, 49 acuminata, 50 erecta, 49, pl. 9 var. oblanceolata, 49 longifolia, 50, pl. 9 Chaetochloa parviflora, 203 verticillata, 204 Chelidonium lactucoides, 221 323 Chimonobambusa intermedia, 167 Chlorocyperus rotundus, 134 Chlorophytum, 89 flaccidum, 89 khasianum, 89 nepalense, 89, pl. 13 undulatum, 89 Chrysocyathus falconeri, 238 Chrysopogon, 159 aciculatus, 159 echinulatus, 159 fulvus var. serrulatus, 160 glabratus, 159 gryllus, xx, 159 royleanus, 159 serrulatus, 160 Chusua donii, 76 nana, 76 pauciflora, 76 roborovskii, 58 Cimicifuga foetida var. bifida, 238 frigida, 238 Cinnamomum, 15 albiflorum, 15 glanduliferum, 15 tamala, xxiii, xlii, 15, pl. 3 Cissampelos, 225 glabra, 227 hirsuta, 225 nepalensis, 225 pareira, 225, Pl. 22 var. hirsuta, 225 Clematis, xxxvii, xl, 243 amplexicaulis, 245 anemoniflora, 246 barbellata, 243, Pl. 26 bucamara, 244 buchananiana, 244, 246, Pl. 27 subsp. connata, 245 subsp. grewiiflora, 246 var. rugosa, 244 var. sericea, 244 var. tortuosa, 244 var. vitifolia, 244 buchananii, 244 confusa, 244, Pl. 27 connata, 244, 245, Pl. 27 var. confusa, 244 var. lanceolata, 245 324 cordata, 245 gouriana, 245 gracilis, 245 grata, 245, Pl. 27 grewiiflora, 246 indica, 245 loasifolia, 244, 246 martinii, 245 montana, 246, Pl. 27 var. grandiflora, 246 nepalensis, 243 nutans, 247 punduana, 246 roylei, 247 tibetana, 247 tortuosa, 244 velutina, 245 venosa, 245 vitalba subsp. gouriana, 245 subsp. grata, 245 vitifolia, 244 wallichii, 246 Clinelymus dahuricus, 170 nutans, 171 sibiricus, 172 tangutorum, 170 Clintonia, 41 alpina, 41 udensis subsp. alpina, 41 var. alpina, 41, pl. 7 Cocculus, 226 angustifolius, 226 laurifoliuss, xx, 226, Pl. 22 Coelogyne, 50 articulata, 74 corymbosa, 50 cristata, 51 humilis, 76 imbricata, 74 COLCHICACEAE, xxxvii, xxxviii, 36 Coleus barbatus, xx Colocasia pumila, 25 Colpodium himalaicum, 157 subspicatum, 157 wallichii, 188 Colquhounia coccinea, xx Commelina, 96 agraria, 96 benghalensis, 96 caespitosa, 96 cavaleriei, 96 cristata, 97 cucullata, 96 diffusa, 96 donii, 97 gracilis, 96 maculata, 96, Pl. 15 mollis, 96 nana, 99 nervosa, 96 nudiflora, 98 obliqua, 97 var. viscida, 96 obtusifolia, 96 paludosa, 97 var. viscida, 96 spirata, 99 COMMELINACEAE, xxxvii, xxxix, 96 Commelinales, xxxix Convallaria cirrhifolia, 92 cirrhosa, 92 leptophylla, 94 verticillata, 94 Corallorhiza, 51 anandae, 51 foliosa, 71 jacquemontii, 51 trifida, 51, pl. 9 innata, 51 Cornus macrophylla, xix Corydalis, xxviii, xxxvii, xxxix, 212 calycina, xli, 212 cashmeriana, xlii, 213, Pl. 19 casimiriana, 213, Pl. 19 chaerophylla, 214, Pl. 19 cornuta, 214, Pl. 20 debilis, 214 diphylla, 215 elegans, 215, Pl. 20 filiformis, 215, Pl. 20 govaniana, 216, Pl. 20 hamiltoniana, 215 hamiltonii, 215 longipes, 216 magni, 217 meifolia, 217, Pl. 20 var. sikkimensis, 217 modesta, 215 nana, 217, Pl. 21 var. jaquemontii, 219 pauciflora, 215 pseudojuncea, 218, Pl. 20 ramosa, 220 var. glauca, 220 var. nana, 217 var. vaginans, 220 shakyae, xxviii, 218 stipulata, xli, 218 stracheyi, 219, Pl. 21 terracina, xli, 219 thalictrifolia, 214 uncinata, xli, 219 vaginans, 220 Corylus jacquemontii, xviii, xix Cotinus coggygria, xix Cotoneaster acuminatus, xxv bisramianus, xxv ignotus, xxv microphyllus, xxi Courtoisia cyperoides, 133 Courtoisina cyperoides, 133 Cremanthodium nepalense, xxii oblongatum, xxii Crepidium, 51 acuminatum, 51, pl. 9 Crinum, 86 latifolium, 86, pl. 12 Crotalaria, xx CUPRESSACEAE, xxxvii, xxxviii, xlii, 7 Cupressus, 7 doniana, 7 karnaliensis, 7 subsp. mustangensis, 7 var. mustangensis, 7 lusitanica subsp. torulosa, 7 nepalensis, 7 pakistanensis, 7 torulosa, xvi, xvii, xix, 7, 8 subsp. karnaliensis, 7 Curculigo graminifolia, 81 Cyanotis, 97 barbata, 98 cristata, 97 vaga, 97, pl. 15 Cymbidium imbricatum, 74 speciosissimum, 51 Cymbopogon, xl, 160 distans, xx, 160 hookeri, 145 jwarancusa, 161 munroi, 145 pendulus, 161 pospischilii, 161 schoenanthus, 162 stracheyi, 161 tibeticus, 145 Cynodon, 162 dactylon, 162 ternatus, 166 Cynosurus aegyptius, 163 coracanus, 169 indicus, 169 CYPERACEAE, xxxvii, xxxix, xl, xli, 111 Cyperus, xxxvii, xxxix, 129 albescens, 129 alulatus, 129 angustifolius, 130 aristatus, 135 atratus, 135 breviculmis, 134 brevifolius, 129 caricinus, 116 commutatus, 134 compressus, 130 cuspidatus, 130 cyperinus, 130 cyperoides, 131 delicatulatus, 135 difformis, 131 donianus, 133 flavidus, 132 iria, 132 kleinianus, 133 metzii, 132 nitens, 134 niveus, 133 obliquus, 133 paniculatus, 133 pauciflorus, 133 pectinatus, 130 pilosus, 133 var. obliquus, 133 pseudokyllingioides, 133 pumilus, 134 punctatus, 134 rotundus, 134 sanguinolentus, 135 setifolius, 130 squarrosus, 135 strictus, 132 tenuispica, 135 tuberosus, 134 Cypripedium, 52 cordigerum, xlii, 52, pl. 9 elegans, xlii, 52, pl. 10 himalaicum, xlii, 53, pl. 9 macranthos var. himalaicum, 53 Cyrtococcum, 162 patens, 162 Dactylicapnos, 220 macrocapnos, 220 roylei, 220, Pl. 21 Dactylis, 163 glomerata, 163, Pl. 19 subsp. himalayensis, 163 Dactyloctenium, 163 aegyptium, 163 mucronatum, 163 Dactylorhiza, 54 hatagirea, xxii, xxiii, xlii, 54, pl. 10 Daiswa polyphylla, 35 Dalbergia sericea, xvii Danthonia cachemyriana, 207 var. minor, 207 cumminsii, 207 exilis, 207 jacquemontii, 207 minor, 207 schneideri, 207 Daphne, xxiii Daphnidium pulcherrimum, 16 Dasiphora arbuscula, xxi Debregeasia, xviii longifolia, xviii saeneb, xviii Delphinium, xxxvii, xl, 248 aitchisonii, 249 brunonianum, xlii, 248, 249, Pl. 27 var. aitchisoni, 248 var. densum, 249 var. jacquemontianum, 248 var. schlagintweitii, 248 325 caeruleum, 249, Pl. 28 cashmerianum, 249, Pl. 28 densiflorum, xxv, 249, Pl. 28 var. platycentrum, 249 denudatum, 250, Pl. 28 elatum var. incisum, 251 var. ranunculifolium, 252 foetidum, 248 grandiflorum var. kumaonense, 252 var. kunawarensis, 249 himalayae, xli, xlii, 250, 251, 252, Pl. 28 himalayense, 250 hoffmeisteri, 252 incisum, 251 jacquemontianum, 248 kamaonense, xxv, 252, 253, Pl. 28 moschatum, 248 pauciflorum, 250 pulchellum, 252 pyramidale, 252 ranunculifolium, 252 var. incisum, 251 rectivenium, 253 speciosum var. pyramidale, 252 subsp. ranunculifolium, 252 vestitum, 253, Pl. 28 var. stenolobum, 253 williamsii, xl, xli, 253 Dendrobium, xl, 54 amoenum, 54, pl. 10 cretaceum, 56 denudans, 55 egertoniae, 54 eriiflorum, 55 fimbriatum, 55 var. oculatum, 55 mesochlorum, 54 normale, 55 polyanthum, 56 primulinum, 56 Dendrolirium, 56 lasiopetalum, 56 Deschampsia, 164 cespitosa, xxii, 164 Deutzia compacta, xix Deyeuxia abnormis, 154 compacta, 155 326 holciformis, 155 nivicola, 155 petelotii, 154 pulchella, 155 var. laxa, 155 scabrescens, 156 var. humilis, 156 Diandranthus nepalensis, 184 Dicentra macrocapnos, 220 roylei, 220 Dichanthium, 164 annulatum, 164 assimile, 157 ischaemum, 150 Dicranostigma, 221 lactucoides, 221 Dienia, 56 cylindrostachya, 56 muscifera, 69 Digitaria, xl, 165 abludens, 165 adscendens, 165 chinensis, 166 ciliaris, 165 cruciata, 165 fusca, 166 granularis, 165 longiflora, 166 pedicellaris, 165 ternata, 166 violascens, 166 Dillenia pentagyna, xvii Dioscorea, xl, 31 alata, 31 belophylla, 31 bulbifera, 31, pl. 5 deltoidea, xlii, 32, pl. 5 glabra, 33 hamiltonii, xlii, 33, pl. 5 jacquemontii, 34 kamoonensis, 33 var. vera, 33 melanophyma, 34 nepalensis, 32 nummularia var. belophylla, 31 pentaphylla, 34 var. jacquemontii, 34 var. suli, 34 spinosa, 34 tenii, 34 triphylla, 34 DIOSCOREACEAE, xxxvii, xxxviii, xl, xlii, 31 Dioscoreales, xxxviii Dipcadi, 89 hysudricum, 89 reidii, 89 serotinum, 89, pl. 13 Disporum, 36 cantoniense, 36, pl. 6 var. parviflorum, 37 parviflorum, 37 Dodecadenia, 16 grandiflora, xviii, 16 var. griffithii, 16 griffithii, 16 Donax arundinaceus, 149 Doritis braceana, 73 taenialis, 73 Draba amoena, xxv poluniniana, xxvi, xl Dracocephalum heterophyllum, xxii Drepanostachyum, 167 falcatum, 167 intermedium, 167 Duhaldea cappa, xviii Echinochloa, 168 colona, 168 crus-galli, 168 subsp. colona, 168 Eleocharis, xl, 136 affinis, 137 atropurpurea, 136 congesta, 136 obscura, 137 palustris, 136 pauciflora, 137 purpurascens, 136 quinqueflora, xxii, 137 uniglumis, xxii, 137 var. affinis, 137 Eleusine, 169 aegyptia, 163 coracana, 169 indica, 169 Elymus, xl, 170 antiquus, 170 canaliculatus, 170 dahuricus, 170 longearistatus, 170 subsp. canaliculatus, 170 subsp. flexuosissimus, 170 microlepis, 170 nayarii, 142 nepalensis, xli, 171 nutans, 171 pamiricus, 171 schrenkianus, 171 semicostatus, 172 sibiricus, 172 sikkimensis, 172 tangutorum, 170 thomsonii, 142 Elyna kokanica, 118 laxa, 124 schoenoides, 115 stenocarpa, 118 Engelhardia, xvii spicata, xvii Ephedra, xxi, 1 gerardiana, xxi, xlii, 1, pl. 1 gerardiana var. saxatilis, 2 pachyclada, 1 saxatilis, 2 EPHEDRACEAE, xxxvii, xxxviii, xlii, 1 Ephedrales, xxxviii Epidendrum geniculatum, 46 hippium, 78 humile, 76 retusum, 78 triste, 69 Epipactis, 57 amoena, 57 consimilis, 57 corallorhiza, 51 erecta, 49 helleborine, 57, pl. 10 latifolia, 57 longifolia, 50 macrostachya, 57 veratrifolia, 57 wallichii, 57 Equisetum debile, xxii Eragrostis, xl, 173 amabilis, 174 atropurpurea, 173 deqenensis, 173 indica, 173 minor, 173 nigra, 173 pilosa, 173 plumosa, 174 rubens, 174 tenella, 174 tenella var. plumosa, 174 tenuiflora, 173 unioloides, 174 Eria alba, 74 convallarioides, 75 flava, 56 lasiopetala, 56 pubescens, 56 spicata, 75 Erianthus filifolius, 199 fulvus, 200 hexastachyus, 175 hookeri, 199 longesetosus, 199 longisetosus var. hookeri, 199 mollis, 175 nepalensis, 184 pallens, 200 rufipilus, 200 tristachyus, 175 Erigeron multiradiatus, xxi Eriocapitella, 254 elegans, 255 rivularis, xxii, 254, Pl. 26 rupicola, 254, Pl. 26 vitifolia, 255, Pl. 26 ERIOCAULACEAE, xxxix, 104 Eriocaulon, 104 cinereum, 104 nepalense, 104 sieboldianum, 104 viride, 104 Eriophorum comosum, 137 microstachyum, 138 Erioscirpus, 137 comosus, xx, 137, Pl. 18 microstachyus, 138 Eskemukerjea, xxvii megacarpum, xxvii nepalensis, xxvii Eudicots, xxxix Eulalia, 175 mollis, xx, 175 nepalensis, 184 staintonii, 175 trispicata, 175 tristachya, 175 Eulaliopsis, 176 angustifolia, 176 binata, 176 duthiei, 176 Euonymus frigidus, xx Euphorbia royleana, xix stracheyi, xxi Evansia nepalensis, 82 Fagopyrum, xxvii Festuca, xxii, xl, 176 gigantea, 182 glomerata, 163 leptopogon, 176 modesta, 176 nitidula, 177 ovina, 177 subsp. polycolea, 178 parvigluma, 177 polycolea, 178 var. brevis, 178 subulata var. leptopogon, 176 sylvatica, 151 tectorum, 154 tibetica, 178 valesiaca var. tibetica, 178 Ficus palmata, xix Fimbristylis, xl, 138 bisumbellata, 138 chaetorrhiza, 139 complanata, 139 dichotoma, 139 falcata, 139 junciformis, 139 pallescens, 138 rigidula, 140 schoenoides, 140 Flueggea intermedia, 91 jacquemontiana, 91 wallichiana, 91 Fritillaria, 41 cantoniensis, 37 cirrhosa, xxiii, xlii, 41, pl. 7 subsp. roylei, 41 gardneriana, 43 macrophylla, 45 327 oxypetala, 44 roylei, 41 stracheyi, 43 Gagea, 42 elegans, 42 lutea, 42, pl. 7 pulchella, 45 serotina, 42, 45, pl. 8 Galearis, 58 roborovskii, 58 spathulata, 58 stracheyi, 58 Galeorchis spathulata, 58 Galium saipalense, xxvi, xl Gastrochilus, 58 distichus, 58 Georchis biflora, 59 foliosa, 59 Geum elatum, xxi Glaucium lactucoides, 221 Globba, 101 macroclada, 101 Gloriosa, 37 doniana, 37 nepalensis, 37 superba, 37 Glyceria, 178 kashmiriensis, 178 ovatiflora, 178 rivularis, 178 tonglensis, 178 Gnetidae, xxxviii Gonatanthus pumilus, 25 sarmentosus, 25 Goodyera, 59 biflora, xlii, 59, pl. 10 foliosa, 59 marginata, 59 repens, 59, pl. 10 secundiflora, 59 Gymnadenia, 60 calcicola, 77 cucullata, 77 cylindrostachya, 60 himalayica, 60 obcordata, 47 orchidis, 60, pl. 10 pauciflora, 76 secundiflora, 78 328 spathulata, 58 violacea, 60 GYMNOSPERMS, xxxii, xxxiv, xxxv, xxxvi, xxxvii, xxxviii, 1 Gynura, xx Habenaria, xl, 60 aitchisonii, 60 amanoana, 63 arcuata, 75 arietina, 61, 62 aurantiaca, 62 bakeriana, 75 chusua, 76 clavigera, 64 commelinifolia, 61 constricta, 72 densa, 64 diceras, 60 edgeworthii, 64 elisabethae, 65 fallax, 65 flavescens, 62 fusifera, 62 gigantea, 71 goodyeroides, 73 var. affinis, 73 intermedia, xlii, 61, 63, pl. 10 var. arietina, 61 japonica, 75 latilabris, 66 marginata, 62 nepalensis, 63 obcordata, 47 omeiensis, 75 orchidis, 60 pectinata, xlii, 62, 63 var. arietina, 61 plantaginea, 63 var. nepalensis, xli, 63 prainii, 73 promensis, 62 secundiflora, 78 stenantha, 76 stenopetala, 63 sutepensis, 63 triflora, 72 uniflora, 72 Habenella latilabris, 66 Hackelochloa, 179 granularis, 179 Halerpestes, 255 tricuspis, 255 var. variifolia, 255 variifolia, 255 Hedychium, 102 acuminatum, 102 album, 102 ellipticum, 102, Pl. 16 fastigiatum, 102 spicatum, 102, Pl. 16 var. acuminatum, 102 trilobum, 102 Helictotrichon virescens, 211 roylei, 211 Helleborine consimilis, 57 Hemarthria, 179 compressa, 179 glabra, 179 laxa, 179 Hemicarex laxa, 124 linearis, 127 pygmaea, 124 Hemihabenaria stenantha, 76 Hemipilia, 64 bulleyi, 64 cordifolia, 64 cruciata, 64 Herminium, xxxvii, xl, 64 angustifolium, 66 clavigerum, 64 congestum, 67 constrictum, 72 duthiei, 66 edgeworthii, 64, pl. 11 elisabethae, 65 fallax, 65 forrestii, 66 gramineum, 67 josephi, 66 lanceum, 66 latilabre, 66 macrophyllum, 67 monophyllum, 67, pl. 11 monorchis, 68, pl. 11 Heteropogon, 179 contortus, 179 Hierochloe elongata, 145 hookeri, 145 laxa, 145 Hippophae tibetana, xxi Hippuris vulgaris, xxii Holboellia acuminata, 224 angustifolia, 224 latifolia, 225 var. angustifolia, 224 ovatifoliolata, 225 Holcus parviflorus, 157 pertusus, 151 Holopeira laurifolia, 226 Hordeum, 180 sibiricum, 172 vulgare, 180 Houttuynia, 12 cordata, 12 Hyacinthus serotinus, 89 Hydrangea, xix Hypecoum, 221 alpinum, 221 chinense, 221 leptocarpum, 221 var. chinense, 221 Hypolytrum argenteum, 129 HYPOXIDACEAE, xxxviii, 81 Hypoxidopsis pumila, 37 Hypoxis, 81 aurea, 81, pl. 12 minor, 81 Ilex dipyrena, xviii Impatiens, xxv bajurensis, xxxi scullyi, xxv Imperata, 180 arundinacea, 180 cylindrica, 180 Incarvillea diffusa, xx Indocourtoisia cyperoides, 133 Indoschulzia garhwalica, xxx Iphigenia, 37 indica, 37 IRIDACEAE, xxxviii, 82 Iridorkis falconeri, 70 pachyrachis, 71 Iris, 82 decora, 82, pl. 12 duthiei, 82 kemaonensis, 82, pl. 12 kingiana, 82 nepalensis, 82 var. khasiana, 82 tigrina, 82 Isachne, 181 albens, 181 Ischaemum angustifolium, 176 crinitum, 197 robustum, 189 speciosum, 189 Isodon rugosus, xx Isolepis, 140 atropurpurea, 136 densa, 112 oryzetorum, 141 setacea, xxii, 140 tenuissima, 112 Isopyrum microphyllum, 256 Isotrema punjabense, 13 Juglans regia, xviii, xix JUNCACEAE, xxxvii, xxxix, 105 JUNCAGINACEAE, xxxvii, xxxviii, 28 Juncus, xxxvii, xxxix, 105 allioides, xxii, 105, Pl. 17 articulatus, 105 benghalensis, xxii, 105, Pl. bhutanensis, 108 bracteatus, 105 campestris var. multiflorus, 110 clarkei, 106 concinnus, xxii, 106, Pl. 17 duthiei, 106 effusus, 107 elegans, 106 glaucus, 108 var. leptocarpus, 108 himalensis, xxii, 107, Pl. 17 var. schlagintweitii, 107 hoffmeisteri, 109 indicus, 110 inflexus, 108 lampocarpus, 105 leschenaultii, 109 leucanthus, 108 var. alpinus, 108 leucomelas, 108 var. thomsonii, 110 luteocarpus, 106 membranaceus, xxii, 109 monticola, 110 prismatocarpus subsp. leschenaultii, 109 var. leschenaultii, 109 schlagintweitii, 107 sinensis, 109 sphacelatus, xxii, 109, Pl. 17 var. himalensis, 107 sphenostemon, 105, 106 tanguticus, 108 thomsonii, xxii, 110, Pl. 17 wallichianus, 110 Juniperus, 8 excelsa, 9 indica, xxi, xlii, 8, pl. 2 jarkendensis, 9 recurva var. squamata, 9 semiglobosa, 9 squamata, xxi, 9, pl. 2 tianschanica, 9 wallichiana, 8 Junopsis decora, 82 Kadsura grandiflora, 11 propinqua, 11, 115 Kingidium taeniale, 73 Kitigorchis foliosa, 71 Kobresia, xxii deasyi, 115 duthiei, 114 esbirajbhandarii, 116 esenbeckii, 116 var. fissiglumis, 117 fissiglumis, 117 foliosa, 116 laxa, 124 macrantha, 123 var. nudicarpa, 123 microglochin, 120 nepalensis, 127 var. elachista, 127 nitens, 123 nudicarpa, 123 pamiroalaica, 115 pseudolaxa, 124 pygmaea, 124 var. filiculmis, 124 royleana, 118 schoenoides, 115 seticulmis, 116 stenocarpa, 118 329 var. royleana, 118 Koeleria, 181 cristata, 181 gracilis, 181 macrantha, 181 pyramidata, 181 spicata subsp. himalaica, 182 spicata subsp. virescens, 182 Koenigia, xxi tortuosa, xxi Krascheninnikovia, xxi ceratoides, xxi Kryptostoma intermedium, 61 pectinatum, 62 Kyllinga albescens, 129 brevifolia, 129 cristata, 132 cyperina, 130 cyperoides, 133 metzii, 132 squamulata, 132 sumatrensis, 131 Lagerstroemia parviflora, xvii Lagotis nepalensis, xxvi, xl Lagurus cylindricus, 180 Lancea tibetica, xxii LARDIZABALACEAE, xxxvii, xxxviii, xxxix, 224 Larix deodara, 4 LAURACEAE, xxxvii, xxxviii, xlii, 15 Laurales, xxxviii Laurus glandulifera, 15 lanceolaria, 19 macrophylla, 16 nacusua, 16 odoratissima, 18 salicifolia, 19 sericea, 18 tamala, 15 umbellata, 16 Lepidium capitatum, xxii Leptatherum nudum, 183 royleanum, 183 Leptodermis lanceolata, xx Leptorkis campylostalix, 68 glossula, 68 Leucocephala spathacea, 104 Leycesteria formosa, xix 330 LILIACEAE, xxxvii, xxxviii, xlii, 40 Liliales, xxxviii Lilium, xx, 43 cordifolium subsp. giganteum, 40 giganteum, 40 macrophyllum, 45 nanum, xlii, 43, pl. 7 nepalense, 43, pl. 7 ochroleucum, 43 oxypetalum, 44, pl. 7 oxypetalum var. insigne, 44 triceps, 44 Lindera, 16 nacusua, 16 pulcherrima, xviii, 16, pl. 3 Liparis, 68 campylostalix, 68 glossula, 68 Lipocarpha argentea, 129 chinensis, 129 Listera lindleyana, 70 longicaulis, 70 Litsea consimilis, 19 grandiflora, 16 Lloydia, 45 longiscapa, 45, pl. 8 serotina, 42 f. parva, 42 var. parva, 42 Lolium, 182 giganteum, 182 Lonicera, xxi hispida, xxi myrtillus, xxi obovata, xxi spinosa, xxi Luisia, 69 alpina, 80 striata, 81 tristis, 69 zeylanica, 69 Luzula, 110 multiflora, 110 oligantha, 111 Lyonia ovalifolia, xvii, xviii Macaranga denticulata, xviii Machilus, xviii, 17 bombycina, 18 duthiei, xviii, 17 gamblei, 18 indica, 18 odoratissima, xxiii, xlii, 18 sericea, 18 Magnolia, 14 kisopa, 14 MAGNOLIACEAE, xxxviii, 14 Magnoliales, xxxviii Magnoliids, xxxviii Mahonia, 233 acanthifolia, 233 napaulensis, 233 sikkimensis, 233 Maianthemum, 90 fuscum, 90 purpureum, 90, pl. 13 Malaxis, 69 acuminata, 51 cylindrostachya, 56 muscifera, 69, xlii, 70 Mallotus philippensis, xvii, xviii Manisuris granularis, 179 speciosa, 189 Mariscus aristatus, 135 cyperinus, 130 cyperoides, 133, 134 setaceus, 140 squarrosus, 135 sumatrensis, 131 Mays zea, 212 Meconopsis, xl, 222 chankheliensis, xli, 222 grandis subsp. jumlaensis, xxvi, xli, 222 horridula, 222, Pl. 21 robusta, 223, Pl. 21 simikotensis, xxvi, xl, xli, 223, Pl. 21 staintonii, xli, 224 MELANTHIACEAE, xxxviii, xlii, 35 Melanthium indicum, 37 Melica, 183 jacquemontii, 183 latifolia, 210 onoei, 183 persica, 183 scaberrima var. micrantha, 183 Meliosma, 269 dilleniifolia, 269 MENISPERMACEAE, xxxix, 225 Menispermum laurifolium, 226 Michelia kisopa, 14 Microschoenus duthiei, 106 Microstegium, 183 nudum, 183 Microstylis biloba, 51 cylindrostachya, 56 muscifera, 69 wallichii, 51 Milium compressum, 150 laterale, 191 panicum, 188 Millettia nepalensis, xxv, xl Millingtonia dilleniifolia, 269 Milula spicata, 84 Miscanthus, 184 nepalensis, 184 Mnesithea granularis, 179 Mondo dracaenoides var. clarkei, 91 intermedium, 91 wallichianum, 91 Monochoria, 100 vaginalis, 100 Monocots, xxxviii Monorchis duthiei, 66 fallax, 65 forrestii, 66 herminium, 68 josephi, 66 monophylla, 67 Monstera decursiva, 26 glauca, 26 Morus serrata, xix Muhlenbergia, 184 duthieana, 184 geniculata, 185 himalayensis, 185 huegelii, 185 viridissima, 185 Murdannia, 98 divergens, 98, pl. 15 nudiflora, 98 spirata, 99 Murraya koenigii, xvii Myrica esculenta, xviii Myricaria, xxi wardii, xxi Narcissus, 86 tazetta, 86 Nardostachys jatamansi, xxiii NARTHECIACEAE, xxxviii, 30 Neolitsea, 19 pallens, xviii, 19, pl. 3 umbrosa, 19 Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora, xxiii Neottia, 70 amoena, 79 australis, 79 corallorhiza, 51 lindleyana, 70 listeroides, 70 longicaulis, 70 macrophylla, 67 monophylla, 67 Neottianthe calcicola, 77 cucullata, 77 var. calcicola, 77 mairei, 78 secundiflora, 78 Neubeckia decora, 82 sucala, 82 Neyraudia, 185 arundinacea, 185 madagascariensis, 185 Noccaea nepalensis, xxvi Nomocharis nana, 43 oxypetala, 44 Notholirion, 45 macrophyllum, 45 Nothoscordum sulvia, 85 Oberonia, 70 calcicola, 70 falconeri, 70 pachyrachis, 71 siamensis, 70 umbraticola, 71 Ochyrorchis arietina, 61 intermedia, 61 pectinata, 62 Ocotea lanceolata, 19 Octomeria alba, 74 spicata, 75 Olea, xix Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata, xix Ophiocordyceps sinensis, xxiii Ophiopogon, 91 clarkei, 91, pl. 13 intermedius, 91, pl. 14 pallidus, 95 parviflorus, 91 wallichianus, 91 Ophrys corallorhiza, 51 lancea, 66 monorchis, 68 Oplismenus, 186 burmanni, 186 compositus, 186 decompositus, 186 hirtellus subsp. undulatifolius, 186 lanceolatus, 186 undulatifolius, 186 ORCHIDACEAE, xxxvii, xxxviii, xxxix, xl, xli, xlii, 46 Orchis chusua, 76 clavata, 62 commelinifolia, 61 cucullata, 77 cylindrostachya, 60 diantha, 58 gigantea, 71 habenarioides, 60 hatagirea, 54 japonica, 75 latifolia var. indica, 54 roborovskii, 58 spathulata, 58 stracheyi, 58 stylosanthes, 61 Oreorchis, 71 foliosa, 71 Origanum vulgare, xx Orinus thoroldii, xxii Ornithogalum luteum, 42 reidii, 89 serotinum, 42 Orthoraphium, 187 roylei, 187 Oryza, 187 sativa, 187 331 Oryzopsis aequiglumis, 190 brachyclada, 191 fasciculata, 190 gracilis, 191 lateralis, 191 munroi, 191 stewartiana, 191 Oxygraphis, 256 endlicheri, 256, Pl. 28 polypetala, 256 Palmae, 95 Panicum, 188 abludens, 165 adhaerens, 204 adscendens, 165 albens, 181 americanum, 158 burmanni, 186 ciliare, 165 colonum, 168 compositum, 186 cruciatum, 165 crus-galli, 168 dactylon, 162 densepilosum, 188 excurrens, 203 flavidum, 201 forbesianum, 201 geniculatum, 203 glaucum, 158 grossarium, 212 homonymum, 202 hookerianum, 202 indicum, 201 intermedium, 202 italicum, 202 longiflorum, 166 miliaceum, 188, Pl. 19 nanum, 212 neurodes var. blepharoneuron, 203 orientale, 159 pallide-fuscum, 204 palmifolium, 203 patens, 162 plicatum, 203 psilopodium, 188 pumilum, 204 sanguinale var. ciliare, 165 332 sumatrense, 188 subsp. psilopodium, 188 ternatum, 166 tomentosum, 202 undulatifolium, 186 verticillatum, 204 villosum, 212 violascens, 166 viride, 205 Papaver, 224 chankheliense, 222 dubium subsp. glabrum, 224 glabrum, 224 horridulum, 222 robustum, 223 simikotense, 223 staintonii, 224 PAPAVERACEAE, xxxvii, xxxix, xl, xli, xlii, 212 Paracolpodium, 188 wallichii, 188 Paraquilegia, 256 microphylla, 256, Pl. 29 Paris, 35 daiswus, 35 polyphylla, xxiii, xlii, 35, pl. 6 var. wallichii, 35 Paspalidium flavidum, 201 Paspalum, 189 cartilagineum, 189 commersonii, 189 compressum, 150 depressum, 150 fuscum, 166 granulare, 165 longiflorum, 166 macropodium, 150 notatum, 189 orbiculare, 189 pedicellare, 165 pedicellatum, 165 sanguinale var. cruciatum, 165 scrobiculatum, 189 ternatum, 166 Pecteilis, 71 candida, 72 gigantea, 71 triflora, 72 Pedicularis longiflora var. tubiformis, xxii odontoloma, xxii roylei var. speciosa, xxvii saipalensis, xxvii Pennisetum americanum, 158 flaccidum, 158 geniculatum, 203 glaucum, 158 italicum, 202 orientale, 159 parviflorum, 203 spicatum, 158 triflorum, 159 verticillatum, 204 viride, 205 Peperomia, 12 duclouxii, 12 heyneana, 12 pellucida, 12 tetraphylla, 13 Peristylus, 72 constrictus, 72 duthiei, 66 var. inayatii, 67 elisabethae, 65 fallax, 65 goodyeroides, 72 macrophyllus, 67 prainii, 73 secundiflorus, 78 Persea bombycina, 18 duthiei, 17 gamblei, 18 odoratissima, 18 wallichii, 18 Phacelurus, 189 speciosus, 189 Phaeneilema divergens, 98 Phaius albus, 80 Phalaenopsis, 73 taenialis, 73, pl. 11 Phalangium nepalense, 89 Phalaris hispida, 147 Philadelphus tomentosus, xix Phippsia himalaica, 157 Phleum, 190 alpinum, 190 commutatum, 190 Phoebe, 19 lanceolata, 19 sericea, 18 Phoenix, 95 humilis var. pedunculata, 95 loureiroi var. pedunculata, 95, Pl. 15 var. humilis, 95 pedunculata, 95 Pholidota, 74 articulata, 74, pl. 11 bracteata, 74 griffithii, 74 imbricata, 74 obovata, 74 Phyllomphax obcordata, 47 Phyllorkis alopecurus, 47 tristis, 47 Picea, 4 khutrow, 4 morinda, 4 pindrow, 2 smithiana, xvi, xvii, xix, xx, xlii, 4 var. nepalensis, 4 Picrasma quassioides, xix Pimpinella kawalekhensis, xxx, xl PINACEAE, xxxvii, xxxviii, xlii, 2 Pinales, xxxviii Pinalia, 74 leucantha, 74 spicata, 75, pl. 11 Pinidae, xxxviii Pinus, 5 brunoniana, 6 deodara, 4 dumosa, 6 excelsa, 6 griffithii, 6 khutrow, 4 longifolia, 5 nepalensis, 6 pendula, 4 pindrow, 2 roxburghii, xviii, xlii, 5, pl. 1 smithiana, 4 spectabilis, 3 wallichiana, xvi, xix, xx, xlii, 6, pl. 1 webbiana, 3 Piper pellucidum, 12 reflexum, 13 saxatile, 13 tetraphyllum, 13 PIPERACEAE, xxxviii, 12 Piperales, xxxviii Piptatherum, 190 aequiglume, 190 var. fasciculatum, 190 brachycladum, 191 fasciculatum, 190 gracile, 191 laterale, 191 munroi, 191 Pistacia chinensis subsp. integerrima, xix Plantaginorchis plantaginea, 63 Platanthera, 75 acuminata, 66 angustifolia, 66 arcuata, 75 bakeriana, 75 candida, 72 clavigera, 64 commelinifolia, 61 constricta, 72 edgeworthii, 64 fallax, 65 gigantea, 71 japonica, 75, pl. 11 latilabris, 66 marginata, 62 obcordata, 47 orchidis, 60 stenantha, 76 triflora, 72 uniflora, 72 Platantheroides clavigera, 64 densa, 64 latilabris, 66 Pleione, 76 corymbosa, 50 humilis, 76 speciosissima, 51 Poa, xxxvii, xxxix, 192 alberti subsp. arnoldii, 192 subsp. poophagorum, 195 subsp. kunlunensis, 193 subsp. lahulensis, 194 alpina, 192 amabilis, 174 angustifolia, 196 annua, 192 var. nepalensis, 194 var. sikkimensis, 196 arnoldii, xxvii, 192 calliopsis, 193 chalarantha, 195 eragrostis, 173 hylobates, 193 indica, 173 jaunsarensis, xxv, 194 koelzii, 193 lahulensis, 194 lhasaensis, xxv, 194 lithophila, 195 media, 152 nepalensis, 194 nitida, 181 pagophila, 194 phariana, 193 pilosa, 173 plumosa, 174 polycolea, 195 poophagorum, 195 pratensis, 195 subsp. angustifolia, 196 pyramidata, 181 rajbhandarii, 196 rubens, 174 sikkimensis, 196 stapfiana, 197 var. micrathera, 197 tenella, 174 tremula, 197 var. micranthera, 197 triglumis, 195 trivialis, 197 unioloides, 174 POACEAE, xxxvii, xxxix, xl, xli, 142 Poales, xxxix Podophyllum, 233 emodi, 233 var. hexandrum, 233 hexandrum, xlii, 233, Pl. 24 var. emodi, 233 Pogonatherum, 197 crinitum, 197 molle, 175 Pollinia mollis, 175 monandra, 197 nuda, 183 333 Pollinidium angustifolium, 176 binatum, 176 Polygonatum, xl, 92 cirrhifolium, xlii, 92 curvistylum, 93, pl. 14 geminiflorum, 94 graminifolium, 93, pl. 14 jacquemontianum, 94 kansuense, 94 leptophyllum, 94 singalilense, 93, Pl. 14 verticillatum, xlii, 94, Pl. 14 Polypogon, 198 fugax, 198 higegaweri, 198 littoralis var. higegaweri, 198 Ponerorchis, 76 chusua, 76, pl. 12 cucullata, 77, 78 var. calcicola, 77, pl. 11 secundiflora, 78 Pontederia pauciflora, 100 plantaginea, 100 vaginalis, 100 PONTEDERIACEAE, xxxix, 100 Populus ciliata, xix Potamogeton, 29 asiaticus, 29 indicus, 29 leschenaultii, 29 morongii, 29 natans, 29 nodosus, 29 octandrus, 29 panormitanus, 30 parvifolius, 29 pusillus, 30 roxburghianus, 29 POTAMOGETONACEAE, xxxviii, 29 Potentilla, xxxii argyrophylla, xxii multifida, xxii Pothos, 25 cathcartii, 25 chinensis, 25 decursivus, 26 glaucus, 26 wallichii, 26 334 yunnanensis, 25 Pouzolzia rugulosa, xviii Primula tibetica, xxii Prinsepia utilis, xx Protasparagus curillus, 87 filicinus, 87 racemosus, 88 Proteales, xxxix Prunus cornuta, xviii, xix, xx rufa, xx Pseudocaryopteris foetida, xviii Pseudopogonatherum trispicatum, 175 Ptilagrostis, 198 concinna, xxii, 198 dichotoma, 199 macrospicula, 199 milleri, 199 yadongensis, 199 Ptilocnema bracteata, 74 Pycreus flavidus, 132 nitens, 134 pumilus, 134 sanguinolentus, 135 Pyracantha crenulata, xx Quercus, xviii dilatata, xviii floribunda, xviii incana, xviii lanata, xviii lanuginosa, xviii leucotrichophora, xviii oblongata, xviii semecarpifolia, xviii, xix, xx RANUNCULACEAE, xxxvii, xxxix, xl, xli, xlii, 234 Ranunculales, xxxix Ranunculus, xxii, xxxvii, xxxix, 257 adoxifolius, 257, Pl. 29 affinis var. stracheyanus, 261 aquatilis, 259 var. trichophyllus, 262 arvensis, 257 attenuatus, 259 bonatianus, 261 brotherusii, 258, Pl. 29 caespitosus, 257 diffusus, 258, Pl. 29 distans, 258 ficariifolius, 261 flaccidus, 261, 262 glabratus, 259 himalaicus xxii, xxvi, xl, xli, 259, Pl. 29 hirtellus, 259, Pl. 29 var. leiocarpus, 260 hydrocotyloides, 258 hyperboreus var. natans, 262 laetus, 258 longicaulis, 260, Pl. 29 membranaceus, 261 var. stracheyanus, 261 microphyllus, 261 mollis, 258 mongolicus, 259 munroanus, 261 var. minor, 262 natans, 262 nepalensis, 258 nephelogenes var. longicaulis, 260 obtectus, 258 pimpinelloides, 242 polypetalus, 256 popovii var. stracheyanus, 261 pseudolaetus, 258 pulchellus, 262 var. longicaulis, 260 var. membranaceus, 261 var. sericeus, 261 var. stracheyanus, 261 royleanus, 256 trichophyllus, 262 tricuspis, 255 var. variifolia, 255 vitifolius, 258 Remusatia, 25 garrettii, 25 pumila, 25 vivipara, 26, pl. 4 Rhaphidophora, 26 affinis, 26 decursiva, 26 eximia, 26 glauca, 26 grandis, 26 insignis, 26 Rheum australe, xxiii Rhodiola, xxii himalensis subsp. bouvieri, xxv Rhododendron, xxi anthopogon, xxi arboreum, xviii, xix, xx barbatum, xx campanulatum, xx lepidotum, xxi nivale, xxi Rhus, xix Rhynchostylis, 78 retusa, 78, pl. 12 Rosa sericea, xxi Roscoea, 103 alpina, 103, Pl. 17 var. minor, 103 gracilis, 100 intermedia, 103 longifolia, 103 lutea, 100 procera, 103 purpurea, 103, Pl. 17 var. gigantean, 103 var. minor, 103 var. procera, 103 spicata, 101 Rosularia alpestris subsp. marnieri, xxii Rottboellia compressa, 179 glabra, 179 speciosa, 189 Rubus, xxi Rumex, xx SABIACEAE, xxxix, 269 Sabina indica, 8 semiglobosa, 9 squamata, 9 wallichiana, 8 Saccharum, 199 canaliculatum, 200 chinense, 200 cylindricum, 180 filifolium, 199 hookeri, 199 insulare, 200 longesetosum, 199 propinquum, 200 rufipilum, 200 semidecumbens, 200 spontaneum, 200 Sacciolepis, 201 indica, 201 Saccolabium distichum, 58 Sagittaria, 27 sagittifolia var. diversifolia, 27 trifolia, 27 Salix, xxi denticulata, xxi lindleyana, xxi sclerophylla, xxi serpyllum, xxi Sampacca kisopa, 14 Sapindus mukorossi, xxiii Sapium insigne, xviii Sarcococca, 270 hookeriana, 270, 271 laurifolius, 271 nepalensis, 271 pruniformis var. angustifolia, 271 var. hookeriana, 270 salicifolia, 271 saligna, 271, Pl. 30 Satyrium, 79 albiflorum, 79 ciliatum, 79 monorchis, 68 nepalense, 79, pl. 12 var. ciliatum, 79 repens, 59 Sauromatum, 27 diversifolium, 27, pl. 4 SAURURACEAE, xxxvii, xxxviii, 12 Saussurea, xxxi ramchaudharyi, xxxi, xl talungensis, xxxi, xl Saxifraga alpigena, xxii hypostoma, xxii Schedonorus tectorum, 154 Schisandra, 11 grandiflora, 11, pl.2 propinqua, 11 SCHISANDRACEAE, xxxv, xxxvii, xxxviii, 11 Schoefnoplectiella, 141 fuscorubens, 141 juncoides, 141 lateriflora, 141 Schoenoplectus fuscorubens, 141 juncoides, 141 lateriflorus, 141 setaceus, 140 supinus subsp. lateriflorus, 141 Schoenoxiphium laxum, 124 Schoenus compressus, 111 duthiei, 106 Scindapsus decursivus, 26 glaucus, 26 Scirpus atropurpureus, 136 barbatus, 112 bisumbellatus, 138 chinensis, 129 comosus, 137 complanatus, 139 compressus, 111 cyperoides, 131 densus, 112 dichotomus, 139 donianus, 141 falcatus, 139 fuscorubens, 141 junciformis, 141 juncoides, 141 lateriflorus, 141 microstachyus, 138 oryzetorum, 141 pallescens, 138 palustris, 136 pauciflorus, 137 quadrangulus, 141 quinqueflorus, 137 schoenoides, 140 setaceus, 140 supinus var. lateriflorus, 141 uniglumis, 137 Scrophularia laportifolia, xxvii, xl Searsia parviflora, xx Sedum bouvieri, xxv Sehima notata, xxxiii Semecarpus anacardium, xvii Senecio, xx Serapias erecta, 49 helleborine, 57 var. latifolia, 57 var. longifolia, 50 Setaria, xx, xxxvii, xl, 201 excurrens, 203 335 flavida, 201 forbesiana, 201 geniculata, 203 glauca, 158 homonyma, 202 intermedia, 202 italica, 202, Pl. 19 subsp. viridis, 205 pallide-fusca, 204 palmifolia, 203 var. blepharoneuron, 203 parviflora, 203 plicata, 203 pumila, 204 var. pallide-fusca, 204 tomentosa, 202 verticillata, 204 viridis, 204 weinmannii, 205 Shorea robusta, xvii Sibbaldianthe bifurca, xxii Silene, xxii Sinarundinaria falcata, 167 intermedia, 167 Sinopodophyllum hexandrum, 233 SMILACACEAE, xxxviii, 38 Smilacina fusca, 90 var. pilosa, 90 Smilax, 38 aspera, 38, pl. 6 capitata, 38 elegans, 39, pl. 6 subsp. glaucophylla, 39 ferox, 39 glaucophylla, 39 luteocaulis, 39 maculata, 38 menispermoidea, 39 rubriflora, 39 Sorbus cuspidata, xviii, xx foliolosa, xx microphylla, xx Spermadictyon suaveolens, xviii Sphaerostema grandiflorum, 11 propinquum, 11 Spiranthes, 79 amoena, 79 australis, 79, 12 lancea, 66 macrophylla, 67 336 monophylla, 67 sinensis subsp. australis, 79 var. amoena, 79 var. australis, 79 Spirillus natans, 29 pusillus, 30 Spodiopogon angustifolius, 176 Sporobolus, 205 ciliatus, 206 diandrus, 205 var. major, 205 var. nanus, 205 fertilis, 205 indicus var. diandrus, 205 var. fertilis, 205 var. flaccidus, 205 var. major, 205 japonicus, 206 pilifer, 206 stachyanthus, 206 villosus, 206 Stachyopogon pauciflorus, 30 Staphylea emodi, xix Stauntonia, 224 angustifolia, 224 latifolia, 225, Pl. 22 Stauropsis alpina, 80 Stephania, 226 elegans, 226 glabra, 227 gracilenta, 227, Pl. 22 japonica var. elegans, 226 rotunda, 227, Pl. 22 Stipa, xxii, 206 aliciae, 206 brandisii, 142 breviflora, 206 capillacea, xxii, 206 concinna, 198 koelzii, 206 krylovii, xxii, 207 milleri, 199 orthoraphium, 187 roborowskyi, xxxiii roylei, 187 sareptana var. krylovii, 207 staintonii, 142 Stipella staintonii, 142 Stipellula staintonii, 142 Stranvaesia nussia, xvii Streptolirion, 99 cordifolium, 99 volubile, 99, Pl. 16 Streptopus, 46 simplex, 46, pl. 8 Stylophorum lactucoides, 221 Swertia, xx, xxiii Symplocos paniculata, xviii Syringa emodi, xix Tamarix dioica, xvii Tamus nepalensis, 32 Tapanava chinensis, 25 Taraxacum nepalense, xxv TAXACEAE, xxxvii, xxxviii, xlii, 10 Taxus, 10 contorta, xx, xxiii, xlii, 10, pl. 2 fuana, 10 wallichiana subsp. contorta, 10 Tenaxia, 207 cachemyriana, xxii, 207 cumminsii, xxii, 207 Terminalia alata, xvii anogeissiana, xvii elliptica, xvii, xviii Tetradenia consimilis, 19 umbrosa, 19 Tetranthera grandiflora, 16 pallens, 19 Thalictrum, xxxvii, xxxix, 263 alpinum, 263, Pl. 30 var. microphyllum, 263 chelidonii, 263 var. cultratum, 264 var. cysticarpum, 263 var. reniforme, 267 cultratum, 264, Pl. 30 subsp. platycarpum, 266 var. tsangense, 268 cysticarpum, 263 dalingo, 265 elegans, 264 foetidum, 265 foliolosum, 265, 266, Pl. 30 glareosum, 268 glyphocarpum, 266 javanicum, 266 macrostigma, 268 microphyllum, 263 minus var. foetidum, 265 neurocarpum, 267 pauciflorum, 268 platycarpum, 266 punduanum, 266, Pl. 30 var. glaucum, 266 radiatum, 267 reniforme, 267 rostellatum, 267 samariferum, 264 saniculiforme, 267 secundum, 268 var. hazaricum, 268 squamiferum, 268 vaginatum, 265 Thamnocalamus, 208 aristatus, 208 nepalensis, 208 occidentalis, 208 spathiflorus, 208 subsp. nepalensis, 208 subsp. occidentalis, 208 Themeda, 208 anathera, xx, 208 australis, 209 caudata, 209 gigantea subsp. caudata, 209 var. longispatha, 209 hookeri, 209 imberbis, 209 triandra, 209 Theropogon, 95 pallidus, 95, Pl. 15 Thunia, 80 alba, 80 Thylacospermum caespitosum, xxii Thysanolaena, 210 latifolia, 210 maxima, 210 Toona, xvii ciliata, xvii sinensis, xix Tovaria fusca, 90 Tradescantia cordifolia, 99 vaga, 98 Trichelostylis chaetorrhiza, 139 junciformis, 139 Triglochin, xxii, 28 himalensis, 28 maritima, 28 palustris, 28 Trilepis royleana, 118 Trillidium govanianum, 36 Trillium, 36 govanianum, xxiii, xlii, 36, pl. 6 Tripogon, 210 filiformis, 210 var. tenuispicus, 210 Trisetopsis, 211 virescens, 211 Trisetum flaccidum, 182 spicatum subsp. himalaicum, 182 subsp. virescens, 182 subspicatum, 182 virescens, 182, 211 Triticum, 211 aestivum, 211 schrenkianum, 171 semicostatum, 172 striatum, 172 vulgare, 211 Trollius, 268 acaulis, 268, Pl. 30 gammieanus, 269 geranifolius, 269 pumilus, xxii, 269 subsp. geranifolius, 269 Trudelia alpina, 80 cristata, 81 Tsuga, 6 brunoniana, 6 dumosa, xvi, xviii, xix, xx, xlii, 6, pl. 2 dura, 6 wardii, 6 Typhonium alpinum, 27 diversifolium, 27 Ulmus wallichiana, xix Uncinia microglochin, 120 nepalensis, 127 Urochloa, 212 villosa, 212 var. barbata, 212 Uropetalon hysudricum, 89 Uvaria uncata, 14 Uvularia parviflora, 37 umbellata, 37 Vanda, 80 alpina, 80 cristata, 81 striata, 81 Viburnum mullaha, xix Vicatia nepalensis, xxvii, xl Vignea wallichiana, 128 Vilfa pilifera, 206 Woodfordia fruticosa, xviii, xx Youngia gracilipes, xxii Zea, 212 mays, 212 Zerna himalaica, 152 ZINGIBERACEAE, xxxix, 100 Zingiberales, xxxix 337 Index to Vernacular Names A. English Acorn peperomia, 13 Adder’s mouth orchid, 69 Aerial yam, 31 African millet, 169 Air yam, 31 Alpine bluegrass, 192 cat's-tail, 190 meadow-grass, 192 meadow-rue, 263 timothy, 190 American aloe, 87 Annual bluegrass, 192 bristle grass, 146 meadow-grass, 192 three-awn, 146 wintergrass, 192 Arctic meadow-rue, 263 Ashy pipewort, 104 Asia minor bluegrass, 198 Asian barberry, 228 broomgrass, 210 meadow-rue, 265 rice, 187 spikesedge, 132 Asiatic dewflower, 99 Austral ladies tresses, 79 Australian bluestem, 150 Awned flatsedge, 135 Awnless barnyard grass, 168 Baby pondweed, 30 Bahiagrass, 189 Bamboo reed, 149 Barefoot panicgrass, 188 Barley, 180 Barundi dropseed, 206 Basketgrass, 186 Bearded flatsedge, 135 Bedding grass, 180 Benghal commelina, 96 338 Bermuda grass, 162 Bird's grass, 168 Bitter turpentine grass, 161 yam, 31 Black alpine sedge, 112 juniper, 8 spear-grass, 180 Blackseed crabgrass, 166 Bloomsbury grass, 205 Blue pine, 6 Bluestem, 164 Bread wheat, 211 Bristle clubrush, 140 Bristleleaf bulrush, 140 Bristly foxtail, 204 Broad-leaved bristlegrass, 203 carpet grass, 150 helleborine, 57 pondweed, 29 Broomcorn millet, 188 Broomgrass, 210 Bug's egg grass, 174 Bunchflower daffodil, 86 Bunch-flowered narcissus, 86 Bur bristlegrass, 204 Burmann's basketgrass, 186 Calamus, 20 Camel grass, 162 Cat grass, 163 Cat’s tail orchid, 46 Caucasian bluestem, 150 Century plant, 87 Chameleon, 12 Chase's glenwoodgrass, 201 Cliff anemone, 254 Chinese chives, 85 lovegrass, 174 millet, 188 sacred lily, 86 Chir pine, 5 Climbing dayflower, 96 lily, 37 Coastal plain flatsedge, 130 Cobra lily, 24 Cocksfoot, 163 Cogon grass, 180 Coiled-leaf solomon seal, 92 Common alplily, 42 bahia, 189 barberry, 228 crowfoot grass, 163 fringe-rush, 139 meadow-grass, 195 quick grass, 162 rattlesnake orchid, 74 rush, 107 smilax, 38 spikerush, 136 wheat, 211 woodrush, 110, 111 Corn, 212 Corn buttercup, 257 Couch grass, 162 Cowflock, 242 Cowslip, 242 Creeping lady's-tresses, 59 paspalum, 189 Crowfoot, 163 Crowsfoots grass, 169 Daffodil, 86 Dahurian wildrye, 170 Day flower, 96 Deccan grass, 168 Deltoid yam, 32 Diaz bluestem, 164 Dirty-Dora, 131 Ditch fimbry, 140 grass, 189 Dorrington grass, 150 Doveweed, 99 Drooping brome, 154 wildrye, 172 Dwarf hitchhiker arum, 25 rattlesnake plantain, 59 taro, 25 Early coralroot, 51 East Himalayan fir, 3 Eastern marsh helleborine, 57 Egyptian finger grass, 163 Elegant cypripedium, 53 slipper orchid, 53 tape vine, 226 English meadow-grass, 195 False brome, 151 bromegrass, 151 couchgrass, 166 wood brome, 151 Fan-leaved bristlegrass, 202 Fern asparagus, 87 Few-flower spikerush, 137 Fewseeded bog sedge, 120 Finger millet, 169 Fish mint, 12 Fiveleaf yam, 34 Flaccidgrass, 158 Flaky juniper, 9 Flatsedge, 130 Fly-bearing Malaxis, 69 Fodder cane, 200 Foetid meadow-rue, 265 Forked fimbry, 139 Four-leaf peperomia, 13 Fox brush orchid, 46 Foxtail orchid, 46 bristlegrass, 202 millet, 202 Fuzzy flatsedge, 133 Gerard jointfir, 1 Giant fescue, 182 Himalayan lily, 40 parramatta grass, 205 ryegrass, 182 -reed, 149 Ginger lily, 102 Glenwoodgrass, 201 Golden false beardgrass, 159 stargrass, 81 yellow habenaria, 62 -beard, 157 Goosegrass, 192 Govan's corydalis, 216 Graceful Himalayan iris, 82 Grand cobra lily, 24 Grasshopper's cyperus, 132 Greater yam, 31 Green bristlegrass, 205 foxtail, 205 Guyana arrowroot, 31 Hairy cottongrass, 138 crabgrass, 165 delphinium, 253 jointgrass, 147 lovegrass, 173 -flowered columbine, 242 Hard rush, 108 Heart-shaped lip cypripedium, 52 Heath falsebrome, 151 Highland pitpit, 203 Himalayan bamboo, 167, 208 baneberry, 237 blue corydalis, 213 blue pine, 6 blue poppy, 222 boxwood, 270 brome, 152 cedar, 4 clematis, 246 clothed delphinium, 253 columbine, 242 cypress, 7 cypripedium, 53 fairy grass, 184 fountain grass, 158 fritillary, 41 hemlock, 6 horn-poppy, 221 lily turf, 91 marsh orchid, 54 mayapple, 233 mondo grass, 91 pencil cedar, 9 pencil juniper, 9 silver fir, 3 slipper orchid, 53 weeping bamboo, 167 white pine, 6 Hitchhiker elephant ear, 26 Hog millet, 188 Hooked bristlegrass, 204 India lovegrass, 173 Indian bay leaf, 15 couch grass, 151 crabgrass, 166 cupscale-grass, 201 dropseed, 205 goosegrass, 169 grass lily, 37 paspalum, 189 Intermediate cane bamboo, 167 Jacquemont's cobra-lily, 23 Japanese brome, 153 Jointed rush, 105 Jointhead, 147 Joint-leaf rush, 105 Jove grass, 179 Jungle-rice, 168 Kangaroo grass, 210 Kans grass, 200 Karnkusa grass, 161 Kentucky bluegrass, 195 Kleberg's bluestem, 164 Knotroot bristlegrass, 203 Kodomillet, 189 Kumaon iris, 82 Ladies tresses, 79 Laurel-leaved snailseed, 226 snailtree, 226 Lesser love grass, 173 meadow-rue, 265 pondweed, 30 rattlesnake plantain, 59 Little lovegrass, 173 millet, 188 Loddon pondweed, 29 Lovegrass, 159, 174 Low flatsedge, 134 Mackie's pest, 159 Maize, 212 339 Marsh arrowgrass, 28 bristlegrass, 203 grass, 168 marigold, 242 Mauritian grass, 146 Mountain clematis, 246 timothy, 190 yam, 33 Musk larkspur, 248 orchid, 68 Nakedstem dewflower, 99 Narrow-leaved helleborine, 50 meadow-grass, 196 Necklace orchid, 74 Nepal aconite, 236 barberry, 228 cinnamon, 15 iris, 82 lily, 43 yam, 32 Nepalese broomgrass, 210 juniper, 9 Nutgrass, 134 Nutsedge, 134 Old World flatsedge, 130 Onescale spikerush, 137 Orchardgrass, 163 Oriental fountain grass, 159 Oxypetalum lily, 44 Pacific island flatsedge, 131 Palmgrass, 203 Pearl millet, 158 Pencil cedar, 9 Perennial quaking grass, 152 Pheasant's eye, 238 Pickerel weed, 100 Pigeon grass, 204 millet, 168 Pindrow fir, 2 Pink-striped trumpet lily, 86 Pipewort, 104 Pitscale grass, 179 Pitted beardgrass, 151 bluestem, 151 Pondweed, 29 Poorland flatsedge, 130 Potato yam, 31 340 Prairie crested hair grass, 181 June grass, 181 Prickly blue-poppy, 222 ivy, 38 Proso millet, 188 Puerto Rico fimbry, 139 Purple crabgrass, 166 nutsedge, 134 sikesedge, 136 spikerush, 136 yam, 31 -glume flatsedge, 135 Pygmy elephant ear, 25 Red Himalayan bamboo, 208 Reed grass, 148 Rice, 187 Ricefield flatsedge, 132 Ricegrass, 189 Ringed dichanthium, 164 River anemone, 254 Rock anemone, 254 butterfly lily, 102 Rough bindweed, 38 bluegrass, 197 bristlegrass, 204 -stalked meadow grass, 197 Royle’s clematis, 247 Running mountaingrass, 186 Sabaigrass, 176 Sarsaparilla, 38 Sausage vine, 224, 225 Scaly-leaved Nepal juniper, 9 Scented top, 157 Sea arrowgrass, 28 Seaside arrowgrass, 28 Shaggy eria, 56 Shaving brush ginger, 102 Sheep fescue, 177 Shining bush, 12 Shiny bush, 12 Shortleaf spikesedge, 127, 129 Siberian wildrye, 172 Silver bush, 12 Six-rowed barley, 180 Slender false brome, 151 pondweed, 30 spikerush, 137 spikesedge, 135 tape vine, 227 Small carpetgrass, 147 pondweed, 30 -flower umbrella sedge, 131 Smooth meadow-grass, 195 Smutgrass, 205 Snow white sedge, 133 Snowdon alplily, 42 Soft lovegrass, 173 rush, 107 Southern crabgrass, 165 Spanish-reed, 149 Spear-grass, 180 -leaved yam, 31 Spiked ginger lily, 102 Spikerush, 136 Spreading buttercup, 258 Spring wild-oat, 149 Stick-grass, 180 Sticky bristlegrass, 204 Summer pheasant's eye, 238 Sweet flag, 20 Sword grass, 180 -leaved helleborine, 50 Tail grape, 14 Tall fringe-rush, 139 Tanglehead, 180 Thatch grass, 180, 200 Thread-leaved water-crowfoot, 262 Threeleaf arrowhead, 27 Tiger grass, 200 Tor-grass, 151 Tree turmeric, 228 Tropical fingergrass, 165 spiderwort, 96 Tufted hair grass, 164 Tussock dropseed, 205 Umbrella sedge, 132 Velvet orchid, 69 Velvetleaf, 225 Violet crabgrass, 166 Wallich's juniper, 8 Wandering jew, 96 Water yam, 31 Watergrass, 112 Wavyleaf basketgrass, 186 Webb fir, 3 West Himalayan fir, 2 spruce, 5 yew, 10 West Indian lemon grass, 162 Wheat, 211 Whip grass, 179 White eria, 74 mondo grass, 91 pinalia, 74 Whorled Solomon's-seal, 94 Wild asparagus, 88 cane, 200 sugarcane, 200 -oat, 149 Wildrye, 170 Willow-leaf sweet-box, 271 Wire crabgrass, 166 Woolly orchid, 56 Yellow bluestem, 150 bristlegrass, 204 cobra-lily, 22 coralroot, 51 foxtail, 204 Himalayan lily, 44 star of bethlehem, 42 Ylang ylang vine, 14 B.1. Nepali, Hindi and Sanskrit (Transliteration) Agelî, 254 Agnimukhî, 37 Akchhata, 180 Alusî, 250 Amvasthā, 225 Amriso, 210 Apavishā, 250 Arthunge, 180 Atis, 234, 250, 251, 252 Ativish, 236 Aule sallā, 5 Ãggar, 7 Badā nal, 149 Bakryāulo, 246 Bandhan-jhār, 205 Banso, 165, 174, 189 Bansûlî, 265 Barkulî-laharā, 227 Bābiyo, 176 Bāgh-mungrî, 24 Bāgh-pāile, 254 Bājrā, 158 Bākhrelaharo, 38, 39 Bālā banso, 204 Bānko, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 27 Bāns keorā, 87 Bātulpāte, 225 Bhālkelā, 74, 75 Bhāle bānko, 22 banso, 158 Bhālu-kelā, 74, 75 -kerā, 74 Bhāngkhopade, 13 Bhārbhûsî, 174 Bhātvel, 225 Bel kangu, 245 Bhābar-ghāns, 176 Bhainse-laharo, 245 Bhainsî-laharā, 13 Bhuin dhūpî, 9 khajûr, 81 sarro, 103 Bhurî-ghāns, 104 Bhuse kharî, 197 Bhutkesh, 216 Bhutkeshî, 216 Bhuttā, 212 Bhyāgutephûl, 81 Bhyākur, 32 Biār, 6 Bikh, 234, 248 Biralchhe, 158 Bojho, 20 Chapare-jhār, 150 Charbini, 254 Chare bānko, 22 Charî bānko, 23 Charindā, 174 Chāndephûl, 80 Chāndî gābhā, 50, 51 Chhitko-laharā, 246 Chirāito, xxiii Chîle vish, 237 Chilla, 6 Chino, 188 Chiple kāulo, 18 Chitrā, 228 Chitre banso, 165 -ghāns, 147 Chîd, 5 Chîr, 5 Chobchinî, 38 Chotto, 228, 230, 231 Chunero, 208 Churanhar, 245 Chutro, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232 Dhol, 22, 24 Dhūpî, 7, 8, 9 Diu nigālo, 167 Diyār, 4 Dhurāsalā, 6 Duk, 236 Dude-sāg, 221 Dûb, 162 Dûbo, 162 Dûrvā, 162 Dvîpāntaravachā, 38 Dahile-belo, 244 Danu, 83, 84, 85 Datyāune-jhār, 163 Dālchinî kāulo, 16 Dāmpāte, 263, 265 Dānkle khar, 146 Dāntkhuso, 243, 244, 245 Dāpsu khar, 180 Dārhald, 228 Dārhaldî, 228 Dāruhaldî, 228 Dāruharidra, 228 Deuphal, 233 Devadār, 4 Devadāru, 4 Devār, 4 Dhachade, 91, 95 Dhādadî, 145 Dhaddî, 208 Dhalke khar, 146 Dhān, 187 Dhāple-ghāns, 159 Ek-ānkhle-phûl, 242 Gagleto, 100, 101 Gahun, 211 Gāî sarro, 102 Gajregān, 225, 227 Ganāune dāmpāte, 265 Gane, 12 Gau bānko, 24 Gājyo, 144, 148, 159 Gāmdol, 47, 79 Gāngdol, 47 Gehūn, 211 Genthî, 34 Geru, 271 Ghāndevish, 41 Ghar tarul, 31 Ghiupāt, 40 Ghode dûbo, 179 banso, 204 gābhā, 78 Ghore nigālo, 167 Gindaru, 227 341 Githā, 31 tarul, 31 Githe tarul, 31 Gobare vish, 234, 236 Gobarî, 236 Gobre, 2, 3 sallā, 2, 3, 6 sallo, 2, 3 Gobriyā, 236 Godhûm, 211 Gokpā, 85 Gokul-dhūp, 216, 217 Gomphal, 224, 225 Gudergāno, 225 Gukhniāl, 224, 225 Gunakesarî, 86 Guphalā, 224, 225 Guphlā, 224, 225 Hardî-jhār, 100 Harichampā, 14 Hastajodî, 54 Hattājadî, 54, 60 Hāde kukurdāino, 39 -phûl, 86 Hātejadî, 54, 60 Hāth-kelā, 74 Hātî-khurkî, 157 Human, 3 Jadawār, 250 Jalukā, 25, 26 Jamane māndro, 233 Jambu, 84 Janai-ghāns, 189 Jangalî jau, 149 lasun, 83 marwā, 169 pyāj, 95 tarul, 34 Jarkhare-ghāns, 205 Jau, 180 Jaunde-mûlo, 250, 251, 252 Jām, 4 Jatāmasî, xxiii Jîngārî, 169 Jhānkrî-kāth, 19 Jhijhelkānd, 88 Jhijhelkāndî, 88 342 Jhule sallā, 4 Jhulo, 4 Jhuse kāgune-ghāns, 204 mothe, 135 -jhār, 112 Jhyāmte-ghāns, 147 Jhyāple-ghāns, 198 Jibre, 52 Jimbu, 84 -ghāns, 85 Juhā, 253 Juhî, 253 Juke-jhār, 265 Junge, 61 Junge banso, 174 -belo, 246 -laharā, 243, 244, 245, 246 -laharo, 246 tîtmirido, 61 Jwāne-ghāns, 107 Kachal, 5 Kail, 6 Kanakchampā, 14 Kangrāte, 254 Kanike kāguno, 203, 204 Kanjadā, 96 Kanjado, 96 Kapāse, 255 Karaunte, 131 Kalihārî, 37 Karjeurî, 225 Karajodî, 54 Karshûl, 81 Kasthadāru, 4 Kastha devadāru, 4 Kasturî, 248 -phûl, 248 Katare, 103 Kathero, 114, 115 Kathelā, 5 Kaude-phûl, 254 Kaukhutte, 98 Kaunphale, 53 Kaunphalo, 50, 51, 52, 53, 57, 61, 62, 69, 76, 77, 78, 79 Kāgatî-ghāns, 161 Kāgchāro, 1 Kāgune-ghāns, 201, 205 -jhār, 203, 204 Kāguno, 202 Kākolî, 41, 44 Kālo atis, 253 bānko, 22 pindālu, 26 muslî, 103 Kānde-phûl, 222 Kānejhār, 96, 97, 99 Kāngre-jhār, 240 Kānpar, 2 Kānpāte, 27 Kāns, 200 Kāthe kāulo, 17 Kāule, 16, 17, 18 Kāulo, 18 Kāun, 202 Kāune banso, 201 Kāunî, 202 Ketukî, 87 Kewarî, 37 Khapate, 19 Khar, 180 Kharāne, 16 Kharāyo-pāile, 198 Kharukî, 197 Khilaudo, 94 Khiraunlā, 92, 93, 94 Khiraunle, 37, 42, 43 Khiraunlo, 37, 46, 90, 92, 93, 94 Khote sallā, 5 Khude-ghāns, 205 Kilmodā, 228, 229 Kilmoru, 228 Kirmadā, 228, 229 Kirmado, 228, 229 Kitkāulo, 17 Kitkite kāulo, 19 Kode banso, 189 -ghāns, 169, 189 -jhār, 169 Kodî-ghāns, 189 Kodo, 169 Kogle-sāg, 221 Kukryāulo, 38, 39 Kukudeulo, 38, 39 Kukurjarî, 38 Kukur tarul, 32 Kukurdāino, 38, 39 Kurre-ghāns, 159 Kutkî, xxiii Kyerbā, 228, 229, 230, 231 Kyervā, 228, 229, 230, 231 Laghupatra, 233 Lasan, 83, 84, 85 Laskar, 248 Lasunesãg, 83 Latpate, 12 Launtho, 10 Lauth sallā, 10 Lāngalî, 37 Lāpchikpā, 27 Lek jibre, 53 -ānkhle, 1 satuwā, xxiii, 36 Loktā, xxiii Luinth, 10 Madhusnuhî, 38 Madhu vish, 237 Mahājarî, 37 Mahākāya, 212 Mahāmedā, 92 Makai, 212 Makaiya-ghāns, 179 Makāya, 212 Makhotî, 248 Makkā, 212 Mamira, 265 Manduā, 169 Manduwā, 169 Mandwā, 169 Mangro-mûlo, 248 Mardi-jhār, 258 Maruiri, 254 Maruwā, 169 Masino dāmpāte, 265 Maure-mûlo, 253 Mauro-mûlo, 248, 249, 253 Mālāgiri, 15 Māle bānko, 23 Māne, 25 Medā, 92 Mithe githo, 34 Morata, 245 Morindā, 2, 3, 5 Mothe, 131, 132, 134, 139, 140 -jhār, 130, 132 Mudaulo, 249, 250, 252 Mukhālu, 31 Munjātaka, 54 Musbelo, 225, 227 Muse chutro, 232 -jhār, 197 khar, 157 kharukî, 157 Mustā, 134 Mustakā, 134 Mûrva, 245 Nakalî satuwā, 36 bhringrāj, 59 harchûr, 81 jîvantî, 59 pānchaunle, 60 Naldurā, 149 Nāgdantî, 38 Nāgarmothā, 134 Nāgarmothe, 134 Nān kākolî, 42, 45 khiraunlo, 93 podyā, 42, 43, 45 katare, 103 Nepāle keorā, 37 Nepālî dālchinî, 16 Nigālî-sāg, 92, 93, 94 Nigālo, 167, 208 bāns, 167 Nîlo bikh, 249, 250, 251, 252 gokul-dhūp, 213 jaluke, 100 jaluko, 100 kheldār, 222 Nimî-laharā, 226, 227 Nirmasî, xxiii Nirvishā, 250 Nirvishî, 234, 250 Okhare-jhār, 214 Padamchāl, xxiii Padmapuskar, 82 Pahenlo khapate, 16 sarvajā, 37 singate, 11 Pankhā-phûl, 102 Patapate khar, 159 Paterî-ghāns, 117 Patthar-kerā, 74 Pādh, 225 Pādhā, 225 Pākhanved, xxiii Pāmā, 8 ‐dhūp, 8 Pāmo, 8 Pānchaunle, 54 Pānî mothe, 139 sarro, 101 Pānu tarul, 31 Pāpdo, 270 Pāphe sallo, 6 Pāprî, 270 Pārtay-ghāns, 114 Pātalî tarul, 33 Pāthā, 225 Phulero, 146 Phurke-jhār, 137 khar, 148, 173 Phusre, 16 Piljarî, 265 Pinarā, 43 Pināse-laharā, 244 Pindarā, 43 Pindrau, 2 Piperî, 82 Pirre-ghāns, 161 khar, 161 Pirulî, 271 Pode-ghāns, 192 Podyā, 41, 43, 44 Purhā, 227 Pyākse, 25 Ragate mothe, 135 Raksyā bānko, 21 Rasānjana, 228 Rasmalo, 92 Ratanjot, 239, 240 Rāgî, 169 Rāghā, 2, 3, 5 Rai, 5 Raisallā, 2, 3, 7 Rājsallo, 7 Rānî bābiyo, 137 bhyākur, 33 khar, 148 sallā, 6 Rāsgarî, 103 Rāto jibre, 53 nigālo, 208 Riār, 5 Rithā, xxiii Rukh pindālu, 26 Salāmpanjā, 54 Sallā, 5 Sallisāg, 90 Sarala, 5 Sarpa-makai, 21 Sarpako-makai, 20, 22, 23, 24 Sarro, 102 Sato, 35 Satuwā, 35 Satwā, xxiii, 35 Sāmā, 168 -ghāns, 168 Sāngāshing, 10 Sāno kānejhār, 97 kāns, 200 kukurdāino, 37 phyūncho, 127, 207 Sānp-kî-makkî, 24 Setakchinî, 94 Seto kāulo, 18 khapde, 16 mothe, 133 muslî, 89 Shatāvar, 88 Shatāvarī, 88 Shyukpā, 8 Singate, 11 -laharā, 11 Sinkaulî, 15 Siru, 180 Snigdhadāru, 4 Somlatā, 1 Sotî-ghāns, 161 Sunākharî, 46 Sup-ghāns, 217 Talu, 27 Tamālapatra, 15 Tarul, 31 Taud, 31 Tālîsam, 3 Tālîspatra, 3 Tālîsapatram, 3 Tālîspatrî, 3 Tāuke-ghāns, 190 Tejpāt, xxiii, 15 Tejpattā, 15 Telpār, 270, 271 Telpāuro, 270, 271 Thākal, 95 Thāling, 90 Thesing, 6 Thinge, 6 sallā, 6 Thingo, 4 Thingre sallā, 6 Thūlo kāgun, 188 kākolî, 52 kānejhār, 99 mothe, 132 narkat, 149 phyūncho, 118 Thuner, 10 Thuno, 10 Tikhria, 165 Tikpā, 87 Tiliārā, 271 Tilke-jhār, 174 Tilkhudo, 228, 229 Tilkhuro, 228, 229 Tilmudho, 228 Tilphorā, 226 Tinchu, 21, 22 Tînpāte bānko, 24 Tîntale bānko, 35 Tîte kānkrî, 233 kānkro, 233 kaunphalo, 90 nigālo, 167 -phūl, 259 Tîtmirido, 61, 62 Tokle kāulo, 17 Tosh, 2, 5 343 Tunde sāmā, 168 Turar, 31 Twākphūl, 37 Ugragandhā, 20 Uwā, 180 Vach, 20 Vachā, 20 Van besār, 100, 101 chānp, 14 haldî, 102 haldo, 100, 101, 102 kākrî, 233 kasur, 91 kāulo, 16 kode, 169 kurilo, 87, 88 lasun, 41, 43, 85 pindālu, 26 pyāj, 89 siru, 81 tarul, 31, 33, 34 taud, 31, 32, 33 Varāhakanda, 34 Varāhî, 34 Vîr bānko, 21, 24 Vish, 234, 236 -jarā, 236 -phal, 237 Vishkāpado, 96 lsNdf]?, 228 s's'8p ] nf], 38, 39 s's/' t?n, 32 s's/' h/L, 38 s's/' 8fOgf], 38, 39 s'Sof{pnf], 38, 39 s'/–]{ 3f“;, 159 s]ts ' L, 87 s]af{, 228, 229, 230, 231 s]jf{, 228, 229, 230, 231 s]j/L, 37 s}n, 6 sf]Un]–;fu, 221 sf]bL–3f“;, 189 sf]b]–3f“;, 169, 189 –emf/, 169 aG;f], 189 sf]bf], 169 sf}“kmn], 53 sf}“kmnf], 50, 51, 52, 53, vf]6] ;Nnf, Yava, 180 Yārtsā gümbu, xxiii Zimîkand, 31 B.2. Nepali, Hindi and Sanskrit (Devanāgari) cIft, 180 cu]nL, 254 clUgd'vL, 37 cltljif, 236 clt;, 234, 250, 251, 252 ckljiff, 250 cld|;f], 210 cDji7f, 225 cy{'Ë,] 180 cn';L, 250 cfUu/, 7 pu|uGwf, 20 pjf, 180 Ps–cf“Vn]–km"n, 242 cf]v/]–emf/, 214 cf}n] ;Nnf, 5 sp8]–km"n, 254 sª\u|ft], 254 s5n, 5 s~h8f, 96 s~h8f], 96 s6/], 103 s7]/f], 114, 115 sy]nf, 5 sgsrDkf, 14 slgs] sfu'gf], 203, 204 skf;], 255 s/\hp ] /L, 225 s/hf]8L, 54 344 sz{"n, 81 s/f}“t], 131 slnxf/L, 37 s:t'/L, 248 –km"n, 248 sf“8–] km"n, 222 sf“k/, 2 sf“;, 200 sfpg, 202 sfpgL, 202 sfpg] aG;f]], 201 sfpn], 16, 17, 18 sfpnf], 18 sfsf]nL, 41, 44 sfurf/f], 1 sfutL–3f“;, 161 sfu'g–] 3f“;, 201, 205 –emf/, 203, 204 sfu'gf], 202 sfª\u|]–emf/, 240 sf7] sfpnf], 17 sfg\kft], 27 sfg]emf/, 96, 97, 99 sfnf] clt;, 253 lk“8fn', 26 af“sf], 22 d':nL, 103 sfi7 b]jbf?, 4 sfi7bf?, 4 lsTsfpnf], 17 lslTst] sfpnf], 19 ls/d8f, 228, 229 ls/d8f], 228, 229 lsndf]8f, 228, 229 57, 61, 62, 69, 76, 77, 78, 79 sf}v'§], 98 vk6], 19 v/, 180 v/fg], 16 v/fof]–kfOn], 198 v?sL, 197 lv/f}“nf, 92, 93, 94 lv/f}“n,] 37, 42, 43 lv/f}“nf], 37, 46, 90, 92, 93, 94 lvnf}8f], 94 v'b–] 3f“;, 205 5 uUn]6f], 100, 101 uh|]ufg, 225, 227 ugfpg] bfDkft], 265 ug], 12 ux'“, 211 ufO{ ;/f]{, 102 ufª\8f]n, 47 ufHof], 144, 148, 159 ufd8f]n, 47, 79 lu¶f, 31 t?n, 31 lu¶] t?n, 31 luGb?, 227 u'sl\ gofn, 224, 225 u'b]/\ufgf]], 225 u'gs];/L, 86 u'kmnf, 224, 225 u'Ïnf, 224, 225 u]+7L, 34 u]?, 271 u]x"“, 211 uf]sn ' –w"k, 216, 217 uf]Skf, 85 uf]wd " , 211 uf]a/L, 236 uf]a/] ljif, 236 uf]la|of, 236 uf]a|], 2, 3 ;Nnf, 2, 3, 6 ;Nnf], 2, 3 uf]dk\ mn, 224, 225 uf} af“sf], 24 3/ t?n, 31 3f“8l] jif, 41 l3pkft, 40 3f]u] ufef, 78 aG;f], 204 3f]8] b"af], 179 3f]/] lgufnf], 167 rk/]–emf/, 150 rl/Gbf, 174 r/L af“sf], 23 r/] af“sf], 22 rla{lg, 254 rf“bL ufef, 50, 51 rf“b]km"n, 80 lrqf, 228 lrq]–3f“;, 147 aG;f], 165 lrgf], 188 lrKn] sfpnf], 18 lrNnf, 6 rL8, 5 rL/, 5 rLn] ljif, 237 r'qf], 228, 229, 230, 231, hLª\uf/L, 169 h'“u], 61 aG;f], 174 –a]nf], 246 –nx/f, 243, 244, 245, 246 –nx/f], 246 tLt\ldl/8f], 61 h's]–emf/, 265 h'xf, 253 h'xL, 253 hf}, 180 hf}“8–] d"nf], 250, 251, 252 Hjfg]–3f“;, 107 emf“qmL–sf7, 19 lemem]nsf“8, 88 lemem]nsf“8L, 88 em'n] ;Nnf, 4 em'nf], 4 em';] sfu'g–] 3f“;, 204 df]y,] 135 –emf/, 112 ‰ofKn]–3f“;, 198 ‰ofD6]–3f“;, 147 232 r'g/] f], 208 r'/gxf/, 245 rf]Qf], 228, 230, 231 rf]alrgL, 38 6fps]–3f“;, 190 6'“8] ;fdf, 168 6f]Sn] sfpnf], 17 6\jfskm"n, 37 l56\sf]–nx/f, l7ª\u], 6 ;Nnf, 6 l7ª\uf], 4 l7ª\u|] ;Nnf, 6 7"nf] sfsf]nL, 52 sfu'g, 188 sfg]emf/, 99 g/s6, 149 Ïo"“rf], 118 df]y,] 132 246 hª\unL hf}, 149 t?n, 34 Kofh, 95 d/jf, 169 n;'g, 83 hbjf/, 250 hg}–3f“;, 189 hdfg] dfGıf], 233 hDa', 84 h/v/]–3f“;, 205 hn'sf, 25, 26 hfd, 4 lha|], 52 lhdLs+b, 31 lhDa', 84 –3f“;, 85 8f“Sn] v/, 146 9•L, 208 9Ns] v/, 146 tdfnkq, t?n, 31 15 tn', 27 tfln;kq+, 3 tfnL;+, 3 tfnL;kq, 3 tfnL;kqL, 3 ltSkf, 87 ltGr', 21, 22 ltnv'8f], 228, 229 ltnv'/f]], 228, 229 ltnd'8f], 228 ltlncf/f, 271 ltNs]–emf/, 174 ltNkmf]/f, 226 tLt] sf“qmL, 233 sf“qmf], 233 sf}“kmnf], 90 –km"n, 259 lgufnf], 167 tLt\ldl/8f], 61, 62 tLgtn] af“sf], 35 tLgkft] af“sf], 24 t'//, 31 t]hkQf, 15 t]hkft, 15 t]n\kfp/f], 270, 271 t]n\kf/, 270, 271 tf]z, 2, 5 tf}8, 31 yfsn, 95 yflnª\, 90 y'g/] , 10 y'gf], 10 bTofpg]–emf/, 163 bg', 83, 84, 85 blxn]–a]nf], 244 bf“t\v; ' f], 243, 244, 245 bfK;' v/, 180 bfDkft], 263, 265 bf/xNb, 228 bf/xNbL, 228 bf?xl/ı, 228 bfnlrgL sfpnf], 16 lbp lgufnf], 167 lbof/, 4 b's, 236 b'/f;nf, 6 b"w–] ;fu, 221 b"a, 162 b"af], 162 b"jf{, 162 b]pkmn, 233 b]jbf/, 4 b]jbf?, 4 b]jf/, 4 åLkfGt/jrf, 38 wr8], 91, 95 wfb8L, 145 wfg, 187 wfKn]–3f“;, 159 w"kL, 7, 8, 9 gSsnL hLjGtL, 59 kf“rcf}“n], 60 e[Ë/fh, 59 ;t'jf, 36 x/r"/, 81 gnb'/f, 149 gfubGtL, 38 gfu/df]yf, 134 gfu/df]y,] 134 gfg lv/f}n “ f], 93 s6/], 103 sfsf]nL, 42, 45 kf]8\of, 42, 43, 45 lgufnL–;fu, 92, 93, 94 lgufnf], 167, 208 af“;, 167 lgdL–nx/f, 226, 227 lglj{ifF, 250 lglj{ifL, 234, 250 gLnf] v]nbf/, 222 uf]s'n–w"k, 213 hn's], 100 hn'sf], 100 ljif, 249, 250, 251, 252 g]kfnL bfnlrgL, g]kfn] s]j/f, 37 16 kª\vf–km"n, 102 k6k6] v/, 159 kt]/L–3f“;, 117 kTy/–s]/f, 74 kßk'is/, 82 345 kx]“nf] vk6], 16 ;j{hf, 37 l;“u6], 11 kf“rcf}“n], 54 kf7f, 225 kf9, 225 kf9f, 225 kftnL t?n, 33 kfgL df]y], 139 ;/f]]{, 101 kfg' t?n, 31 kfk\8f], 270 kfk|L, 270 kfkm] ;Nnf], 6 kfdf, 8 –w"k, 8 kfdF], 8 kft]{–3f“;, 114 lk+8/f, 43 lkg/f, 43 lkgf;]–nx/f, 244 lkG8«f,} 2 lkk]/L, 82 lk?nL, 271 lk/]{ v/, 161 –3f“;, 161 lkn\h/L, 265 k'xf{, 227 kf]8–] 3f“;, 192 kf]8\of, 41, 43, 44 KofS;], 25 km's]{ v/, 148, 173 –emf/, 137 km'n]/f], 146 km';|], 16 aqmofpnf], 246 aGwg–emf/, 205 aG;f], 165, 174, 189 as{'nL–nx/f, 227 af“sf], 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 27 af“; s]j/f, 87 afv|]nx/f], 38, 39 af3–kfOn], 254 –d'ª\u|L, 24 af6'n\kft], 225 a8f gn, 149 346 afh/f, 158 aflaof], 176 afnf aG;f], 204 lav, 234, 248 laof/, 6 la/N5], 158 a]n s+u', 245 af]emf], 20 efª\vf]k8], 13 efa/–3f“;, 176 ef6\j]n, 225 ef/e";L, 174 efNs]nf, 74, 75 efn"–s]/f, 74 –s]nf, 74, 75 efn] af“sf], 22 aG;f], 158 e'O“ vh"/, 81 w"kL, 9 ;/f]{+, 103 e'§f, 212 e'/L–3f“;, 104 e';] v/L, 197 e"ts]z, 216 e"ts]zL, 216 e}“;L–nx/f, 13 e}“;–] nx/f], 245 Eofs'/, 32 Eofu't]km"n, 81 d+8jf, 169 d+8c ' f, 169 dsfo, 212 ds}, 212 ds}of–3f“;, 179 dSsf, 212 dvf]6L, 248 dª\u|f]–d"nf], 248 d8'cf, 169 dw' ljif, 237 dw':g'xL, 38 dld/f, 265 d?jf, 169 dlb{–emf/, 258 dl;gf] bfDkft], 265 dxfsfo, 212 dxfh/L, 37 dxfd]bf, 92 dfg], 25 df?/L, 254 dfnflul/, 15 dfn] af“sf]], 23 dL7] lu¶f], 34 d'vfn', 31 d'~hfts, 54 d'8f}nf], 249, 250, 252 d';] v/, 157 v?sL, 157 r'qf], 232 –emf/, 197 d':tsf, 134 d':tf, 134 d';\an ] f], 225, 227 d"jf{, 245 d]bf, 92 df]y], 131, 132, 134, 139, 140 –emf/, 130, 132 df]/6, 245 df]l/08f, 2, 3, 5 df}/]–d"nf], 253 –d"nf], 248, 249, 253 oj, 180 /S:of af“sf], 21 /ut] df]y], 135 /tghf]t, 239, 240 /;dnf], 92 /;f~hg, 228 /fuL, 169 /f3f, 2, 3, 5 /fh;Nnf], 7 /ftf] lha|], 53 lgufnf], 208 v/, 148 aflaof], 137 Eofs'/, 33 ;Nnf, 6 /f;u/L, 103 l/of/, 5 ¿v lk“8fn', 26 /}, 5 /};Nnf, 2, 3, 7 n3'kq, 233 nt\kt]], 12 n;g, 83, 84, 85 n;'g; ] fu, 83 n:s/, 248 nfª\unL, 37 nflKrSkf, 27 n'O7{+ , 10 n]s–cf“Vn], 1 lha|], 53 ;t'jf, 36 nf}“7f], 10 nf}7 ;Nnf, 10 jr, 20 jrf, 20 jg s;'/, 91 sfpnf], 16 sfqmL], 233 s'l/nf], 87, 88 sf]b], 169 rf“k, 14 t?n, 31, 33, 34 jg tf}8, 31, 32, 33 lk“8fn', 26 Kofh, 89 a];f/, 100, 101 n;'g, 41, 43, 85 l;?, 81 xNbL, 102 xNbf], 100, 101, 102 jG;"nL, 265 j/fxsGb, 34 j/fxL, 34 ljif, 234, 236 –h/f, 236 –kmn, 237 ljisfk8f], 96 jL/ af“sf], 21, 24 ztfj/, 88 ztfj/L, 88 ;tjf, 35 ;t'jf, 35 ;tf], 35 ;/n, 5 ;k{–ds}, 21 ;k{sf]–ds}, 20, 22, 23, 24 ;/f]{, 102 ;nfdk~hf, 54 ;Nnf, 5 ;lNn;fu, 90 ;f“k–sL–dSsL, 24 ;fËfl;ª\, 10 ;fgf] sf“;, 200 sfg]emf/, 97 s's/' 8fOgf], 37 Ïo"“rf], 127, 207 ;fdf, 168 –3f“;, 168 l;“u6], 11 –nx/f, 11 l;Gsf}nL, 15 l;?, 180 ;'gfv/L, 46 ;'k–3f“;, 217 ;]tslrgL, 94 ;]tf] sfpnf], 18 vK8], 16 d':nL, 89 df]y,] 133 ;f]tL–3f“;, 161 ;f]dntf, 1 l:gUwbf?, 4 :o'Skf, 8 xbL{–emf/, 100 x:thf]8L, 54 xf8] s's'/8fOgf], km"n, 86 xftL–v'sL{, 157 xft]h8L, 54, 60 xfy–s]nf, 74 x'dg, 3 39 xQfh8L, 54, 60 xl/rDkf, 14 C. Tibetan Transcription abisha ajak tserngön bongmar bongnak chetsa churuk bellak dagoe dawa drema drema po drönshing gabur zilnön gatsa gyagok gyashuk jagoepoe jakang khujukpa kyer nak kyerpa lhashuk loma dünchen dawa naram né ngotrin nyeshing olmosé parpata ramnyé rékön ngön po rigok rukgok Transliteration Tibetan script a bi sha a byag tsher sngon bong dmar bong nag lce tsha chu rug sbal lag dwa rgod dwa ba gres ma gres ma pho sgron shing ga bur zil gnon sga tsha rgya sgog rgya shug bya rgod spos bya rkang khu byug pa skyer nag skyer pa lha shug lo ma bdun can dwa ba na ram nas sngo sprin nye shing 'ol mo se par pa ta ra mnye re skon sngon po ri sgog rug sgog ཨ་བི་ཤ་ ཨ་ ག་ཚར་ ོན་ བོང་དམར་ བོང་ནག་ ་ེ ཚ་ ་ ག་ ལ་ལག་ ་ ོད་ ་བ་ གྲེས་མ་ གྲེས་མ་ཕོ་ ོན་ཤིང་ ག་ ར་ཟིལ་གནོན་ ་ཚ་ ་ ོག་ ་ ག་ ་ ོད་ ོས་ ་ ང་ ཁུ་ ག་པ་ ེར་ནག་ ེར་པ་ ་ ག་ ལོ་མ་བ ན་ཅན་ ་བ་ ན་རམ་ ནས ོ་ ིན་ ཉེ་ཤིང་ འོལ་མོ་སེ་ པར་པ་ཏ་ ར་མཉེ་ རེ་ ོན་ ོན་པོ་ རི་ ོག་ ག་ ོག་ 41 222 249 236 258 255 24 22, 23 82 82 5, 6 213 258 83 7 248 249 53 232 228, 232 8 35 28 180 264, 265 87, 88 233 221 92, 94 213 83 83 347 Transcription Transliteration Tibetan script sangshing shingtsa shudak shuktser supka supka karpo tangnak tangshing tongri zilpa tongzil trazang zilpa tsatak tsedum tsenduk utpelngönpo wangpo lakpa yimong karpo yumo deujin zimnak bsang shing shing tsha shu dag shug tsher srub ka srub ka dkar po thang nag thang shing stong ri zil pa stong zil skra bzang zil pa rtsa thag mtshe ldum btsan dug ut+pala sngon po dbang po lag pa dbyi mong dkar po yu mo mde'u 'byin 'dzim nag སང་ཤིང་ ཤིང་ཚ་ ་དག་ ག་ཚར་ བ་ཀ་ བ་ཀ་དཀར་པོ་ ཐང་ནག་ ཐང་ཤིང་ ོང་རི་ཟིལ་པ་ ོང་ཟིལ་ ་བཟང་ཟིལ་པ་ ་ཐག་ མཚ་ མ་ བཙན་ ག་ ྤལ་ ོན་པོ་ དབང་པོ་ལག་པ་ ད ི་མོང་དཀར་པོ་ ་མོ་མདེ ་འ ིན་ འཛིམ་ནག་ 348 10 15 20 9 254 254 3 3 217 216, 217 216 221 1 236 222 54 246 256 84, 85 About the Authors and Editor Authors Suresh Kumar Ghimire, PhD, is Professor at the Central Department of Botany, Tribhuvan University. His research interests include systematic botany, ethnoecology and conservation biology, with special focus on endemic, threatened and human-valued species. He employs participatory field experiments, ecological monitoring and modelling to understand the dynamics of alpine plants in response to the changing environment and human use. Email: sk.ghimire@cdbtu.edu.np Chandra Kanta Subedi is Assistant Professor at the Research Centre for Applied Science and Technology, Tribhuvan University. He obtained master’s degree in Botany from Tribhuvan University and master’s degree in natural environmental studies from the University of Tokyo, Japan. He has conducted research on ecology and biodiversity conservation. Currently, he is a PhD scholar doing research work on spatial distribution of vegetation composition and structure in KSL Nepal. Email: chandraks2000@yahoo.com Shanta Budha-Magar received her master’s degree in Botany from Central Department of Botany, Tribhuvan University with specialization in plant systematics. She is currently doing her PhD at School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand. She has conducted research in plant taxonomy, ecology, ethnobotany and conservation. Email: shantabmgr@gmail.com Minu Adhikari is Assistant Research Fellow at Nepal Academy of Science and Technology, Lalitpur, Nepal. She received her master’s degree in Botany from Central Department of Botany, Tribhuvan University with specialization in Ecology and Resource Management. Email: minuadhikari12@gmail.com Tirtha Raj Pandey has served as a Research Officer at Ministry of Forests and Environment, Department of Plant Resources, National Herbarium and Plant Laboratories, Lalitpur, Nepal. He is a PhD scholar at Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. He has conducted research in plant diversity of Nepal including inventory, taxonomy, utilization and conservation. Email: tirtharpandey@gmail.com Bandana Awasthi is an MSc (Botany), MA and LLB graduate. Her work of interest includes a holistic approach to understanding the conservation and management perspective of the environmental resources. Currently, she is working as watershed management specialist in DAI USAID Paani program. Email: bandanawasthi@gmail.com Santosh Thapa Magar received his master’s degree in Botany from Central Department of Botany, Tribhuvan University with specialization in plant systematics. Email: thapasantosh42@gmail.com Mukti Ram Paudeyal is Assistant Professor of Botany in Tribhuvan University, Nepal and is presently working as a PhD scholar. He is broadly interested to understand the ways in which local use and management of medicinal plants and rare-threatened species can be compatible with ecological and socio349 cultural conservation. He has made several field-assessments for Himalayan flora, and published nearly a dozen of articles in peer-reviewed journals and as book chapters. Email: muktipoudeyal@gmail.com Kamal Mohan Ghimire received his master’s degree in Botany from Central Department of Botany, Tribhuvan University. He is currently doing his PhD at the Research Centre for Applied Science and Technology (RECAST), Tribhuvan University. Email: ghimirekamal2010@yahoo.com Bharat Babu Shrestha, PhD, is a plant ecologist working at the Central Department of Botany, Tribhuvan University, Nepal. His areas of research interests include biological invasions, forest ecosystems, and mountain environment. Currently, he is working on plant invasions in Nepal with particular focuses on distribution patterns of the invasive alien plant species, their impacts, and management options. Email: shresthabb@gmail.com Ganga Datt Bhatt is currently working as a Research Officer in the National Herbarium and Plant Laboratories (KATH), Department of Plant Resources, Ministry of Forests and Environment, Nepal. He has been in the government service for more than 25 years. He has travelled many parts of Nepal for the survey and collection of herbarium specimens. Mr. Bhatt has authored three books and several research articles related to plant science. Email: gdb742gdb@gmail.com Laxmi Raj Joshi is an MSc (Botany) graduate from Tribhuvan University. His areas of interests include climate change, biodiversity conservation and ethnobotany. He is Project In-Charge of Suklaphanta Conservation Programme, National Trust for Nature Conservation. Email: lrjoshi@ntnc.org.np Asha Paudel has a M.Sc. degree in Botany from Tribhuvan University. Currently, she is a PhD candidate at the Department of Geosciences, Florida Atlantic University, USA. Her areas of interests include biogeography, fire ecology, alpine plant ecology and spatial data analysis. Email: paudelasha@gmail.com Deep Jyoti Chapagain is a PhD Scholar at the Central Department of Botany, Tribhuvan University and University of Copenhagen, Denmark. Her areas of interests include population sampling, modelling and R programming. Presently, she is working on the sustainability of harvest of medicinal and aromatic plants of Nepalese Himalaya. Email: chapagaindeep@gmail.com Janita Gurung, PhD, is a mountain ecologist with 25 years of experience in biodiversity conservation and natural resource management. Her interest lies in the interface of culture and traditional knowledge with natural resource management. She currently coordinates the transboundary Kailash Sacred Landscape program at ICIMOD. Email: janita.gurung@icimod.org Editor Ram Prasad Chaudhary, PhD, Professor Emeritus in Tribhuvan University has been actively involved in the research activities in systematics and biodiversity conservation. Currently, he is senior technical advisor for Landscape Programme (Kailash Sacred Landscape Conservation and Development Initiative and Kangchenjunga Landscape Conservation and Development Initiative), a collaborating programme between MoFE, RECAST and ICIMOD under RECAST. He has published books and peer-reviewed research articles in the areas of systematics, conservation biology, traditional knowledge, climate change and livelihoods. Email: ram.chaudhary53@gmail.com 350

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