Phytotaxa 538 (3): 241–248 https://www.mapress.com/pt/ Copyright © 2022 Magnolia Press ISSN 1179-3155 (print edition) Article PHYTOTAXA ISSN 1179-3163 (online edition) https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.538.3.7 Chrysopogon densipaniculatus (Poaceae: Andropogoneae): a new species from India ARJUN PRASAD TIWARI1,3* & SHAHID NAWAZ LANDGE2,4 1 Regional Museum of Natural History, Mysore–322 001, Karnataka, India. The Blatter Herbarium (BLAT), St. Xavier College, Mumbai–400001, India. 3 � arjuntiwari2007@gmail.com; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8026-6631 4 � shahidnawaz.landge@xaviers.edu; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6734-6749 *Corresponding author 2 Abstract Chrysopogon densipaniculatus, a remarkable new species has been described and illustrated from Korba district of Chhattisgarh, India. The species is allied to C. serrulatus but may be distinguished by the dense panicle inflorescence, glandular peduncle, upper lemma and palea of the pedicelled spikelet bi-dentate to tridentate, the latter of which is reduced a minute scale. Detailed morphological description, distribution, habitat and ecology, illustration of floral parts and colour photographs, IUCN conservation status and relevant taxonomic notes of the species are provided. A key for the identification of Chrysopogon species in India is also given to facilitate the proper identification. Keywords: Endemic species, Critically Endangered, Chhattisgarh, Gramineae, Taxonomy Introduction The genus Chrysopogon Trinius (1820: 187) comprises ca. 49 species, mostly distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World to Pacific, mainly in Asia and Australia (Clayton et al. 2006, POWO 2019). In India, the genus is represented by 24 species (Karthikeyan et al. 1989, Thoiba 2014, Kellogg 2015, Kellogg et al. 2020, POWO 2019, Tarbej et al.2020).Among them, C. castaneusVeldkamp & Salunkhe (2000: 59), C. copei N. Mohanan & Ravi (2001: 87), C. hackelii (Hooker 1896: 194) Fischer (1934: 1739), C.hamiltonii (Hooker 1896: 190) Haines (1924: 1036), C. lancearius (Hooker 1896: 190) Haines (1924: 1036), C. lawsonii(Hooker 1896: 187) Veldkamp (1999: 515), C. narayanii Sunil, Ratheesh & Sivadasan (2017: 249), C. polyphyllus (Hackel 1896: 194) Blatter & McCann (1928: 416), C. pseudozeylanicus Bhat & Nagendran (1985: 128), C. purushothamanii Ravi, N. Mohanan & Kiran Raj (2000:94), C. tadulingamii Sreekumar, Nair & Nair (1983: 198), C. velutinus (Hooker 1896: 194) Bor (1960: 119) and C. verticillatus (Roxburgh 1820: 267) Trinius ex Steudel (1840: 360) are endemic to India (Singh et al. 2015, Kellogg et al. 2020). Chrysopogon shrirangii Tarbej, Pooja & Potdar (2020: 1) has been recently added to the Indian flora from Karnataka. Chrysopogon can be distinguished by its laterally compressed racemes reduced to a triad of the spikelet on the filiform rhachis internode in the panicle. During a botanical tour to Chaiturgarh hills of Korba district of Chhattisgarh, India, the senior author came across an interesting population of Chrysopogon species in dry sal forest on rocky hill slopes. A critical study and perusal of relevant literature (Trinius 1820, Hooker 1896, Haines 1924, Blatter & McCann 1935, Bor 1960, Clayton & Renvoize 1986, Sreekumar & Nair 1991, Shukla 1996, Pullaiah 1997, Veldkamp 1999, Singh et al. 2001, Kabeer & Nair 2009, Shukla et al. 2009, Potdar et al. 2012) and protologues of the existing species revealed that the grass is quite different from the hitherto known species in the genus. Therefore, it is described and illustrated here as a new species. Accepted by Harsh Singh: 3 Feb. 2022; published: 8 Mar. 2022 241 Materials and methods The type collections of Chrysopogon species were processed for herbarium following the standard procedures (Forman & Bridson1991) and preserved at The Blatter Herbarium (BLAT). Morphological characters of the specimens were critically studied using a stereo-binocular microscope at BLAT. For the morphological comparisons, we consulted type materials of other congeners in the form of digital images, in different herbaria A, B, BM, C, CAL, E, FI, K, L, LD, LE, LINN, P, S, TUB, US, W (acronyms according to Thiers 2020). The IUCN conservation assessment has been proposed according to the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria (2016). The International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (The Shenzhen Code, Turland et al. 2018) has been used for the nomenclature of a new species. Taxonomic Treatment Chrysopogon densipaniculatus Landge & A.P.Tiwari, sp. nov. (Figs. 1 & 2) Diagnosis:—It is a very distinct species, may easily be distinguished by the presence of transverse glandular patches on the laterally compressed peduncle; very dense panicle inflorescence i.e. 15 × 8.0 (–10) cm; 35–76 racemes from the lower nodes on rhachis; rhachis terminally divided; leaf blades ca. 90 × 2.0 cm, indistinct from the sheath (quite continuous); sheaths distinctly terete not keeled; lemma and palea in the pedicelled spikelet bi-dentate to tridentate, the latter of which is reduced to a minute scale, ca. 1.0 mm long. Type:—INDIA. Chhattisgarh, Korba district, Chaiturgarh hills, 22°30’ 50.1” N lat. and 82°16’ 41.5” E long., ca. 898 m above sea level, 11 November 2019, A. P. Tiwari 21 (holotype: BLAT; isotype: BLAT). Description Perennial, tall, glaucous, unbranched (if branched then sparsely), robust herb. Culms glabrous, erect, not ascending, 150–210 cm high, as thick as a little finger at the base, terete; cataphylls at base several and woody, ovate-lanceolate, 2.0–2.3 cm long, glabrous, vernicose, pungent, ribbed, laterally compressed and convex on the back. Sheath glabrous, tightly clasping the culm, longer than the internodes (at least the basal one) upper ones shorter, keel-less (terete), ribbed, indistinct from the blade, 10–17 cm long. Ligule reduced to a minute rim of dense white hairs, up to 0.8 mm long. Blades oblong-lanceolate, ca. 90 × 2.0 cm, glaucous, glabrous, scabrous, margin minutely pectinate, multinerved (up to 24 nerves), apex acuminate, mid-nerve prominently broad, pale yellowish, dilated base-wards, base broad, sub-cordate at the base. Inflorescence a pyramidal dense panicle, congested, with 35–76 spiciform-racemes on each node along the tough, inarticulate rhachis (central axis); rhachis consists of up to 12 nodes, terminally divided into 1–3 secondary branches bearing few racemes; peduncle laterally compressed, flexuous, scabrid, sometimes with distinct glandular bands in long discrete patches; panicle up to 15 cm long and 8 (–10) cm wide when spread (broadest at/near the base). Raceme consists of triad of spikelets in which one is sessile (hermaphrodite) and two pedicelled (barren or staminate) on a long, slender, scaberulous, rhachis internode up to 0.5–5.3 (–6.0) cm long (tip, when raceme disarticulates, is somewhat swollen, oblique, excavated and bearded with brownish hairs); few racemes at the lowest node are either reduced or depauperate, but distinctly hairy. Sessile spikelet: ca. 6.0 mm long (excluding a pungent callus ca. 1.0 mm long with dark brown hairs), laterally compressed, hermaphrodite; lower glume ca. 5.0 × 1.2 mm (spread out), oblong-elliptic, broader little above the middle, laterally compressed, slightly keeled but mostly rounded, apex acute, somewhat setose downwards, somewhat herbaceous, 4-nerved (green), margin hyaline, ciliolate (hairs caducous), surface scabrous; upper glume ca. 6.0 × 2.3 mm (spread out), elliptic, laterally compressed, curved, subcoriaceous on the obtuse keel broader near the base, sparsely hairy (hairs not brownish) in the middle or not, 1-nerved on either side of a keel, ciliolate, scabrous, setaceous near the tip and somewhat over the arista with white hairs (arista ca. 7.0 mm long) but near the base only, awn slender, scaberulous not twisted; lower lemma equal to the lower glume, elliptic, epaleate, barren, hyaline, membranous, 2-nerved, margin ciliate, tip acute; upper lemma linear 4.5–5.0 mm long, epaleate, distinctly bi-lobed, glabrous, hyaline-membranous with a geniculate awn issuing from the sinus, ca. 26 mm long (column puberulous 8.0–9.0 mm long (brownish) and bristle scaberulous 15–17 mm long (pale yellow)); stamens 3, anthers 3.0–3.2 mm long, orangish (when dried); stigma densely plumose, laterally exserted from below the middle in the sessile spikelet; caryopsis not seen. Pedicelled spikelet equal to the sessile, ca. 6.0 mm long, sparsely hairy, scabrid, awned, staminate or barren; pedicel flattened, 2.0–2.2 mm long (confluent into the callus of the sessile 242 • Phytotaxa 538 (3) © 2022 Magnolia Press TIWARI & LANDGE spikelet), less than half as long as the sessile spikelet, ciliate on both the angles with brownish hairs (hairs towards the apex reaching 4.0 mm in length and reduce downwards); lower glume ca. 6.0 × 1.8 mm, elliptic, broadest little below the middle, aristate (3.0–5.0 mm long, scaberulous, pale yellow), herbaceous, membranous, 7-nerved (green) evanescent downwards, hairy and scabrous on the dorsal side, slightly purplish; upper glume ca. 5.5 × 1.8 mm, elliptic, acute, sub-hyaline-membranous, 3-nerved, margin ciliate, inflexed, rounded on the keels, with a slight tinge of purple; lower lemma ca. 5.5 × 1.1–1.2 mm, oblong-elliptic, acute, epaleate, barren, hyaline-membranous, 2-nerved, margin hairy; upper floret staminate; upper lemma ca. 5.0 × 1.0 mm, oblong-sub-elliptic, paleate, staminate, margin ciliate, hyaline, membranous, distinctly 1-nerved, tip bifid (lobes ca. 0.5 mm long), lobes acute ciliolate or glabrous; palea ca. 0.7–1.0 mm long, oblong or somewhat elliptic or not, nerveless, glabrous, apex acute to bidentate or irregularly tridentate, hyaline tiny reduced scale; stamens 3, anthers 3.0–3.5 mm long. FIGURE 1. Chrysopogon densipaniculatus. A. Habit. B. Branch bearing axillary and terminal inflorescence. C1. Panicle. C2. Sessile & Pedicelled spikelets. D1. Ligule. D2. Sheath without keel. E. Basal portion with cataphylls (Photography by: Shahid Nawaz & Arjun Tiwari) A NEW SPECIES OF CHRySoPogoN deNSIPANICuLATuS Phytotaxa 538 (3) © 2022 Magnolia Press • 243 Etymology:—The epithet “densipaniculatus” alludes to the nature of highly dense panicle inflorescence. Distribution:—Chhattisgarh, Korba district, Chaiturgarh hills, India. Hitherto, it is the only locality where this species occurs, apparently endemic to the region. Habitats and associated species:—In dry sal forest on rocky hill slopes at an altitude of 898 m. where it grows along with other grass species, such as: Apluda mutica Linnaeus (1753: 82), Capillipedium assimile (Steudel 1855: 397) Camus (1922: 314), Heteropogon contortus(Linnaeus 1753: 1045) Beauvois ex Roemer & Schultes (1817: 836), Indochloa clarkei (Hackel 1891: 49) Bor (1954: 76), oplismenus compositus (Linnaeus 1753: 57) P. Beauvois (1812:54) and Panicum notatum Retzius (1786: 18). FIGURE 2. Illustration of Chrysopogon densipaniculatus. A–F Sessile spikelet: A. Sessile spikelet. B1. Lower glume (dorsal). B2. Lower glume (ventral). C. Lower lemma. D. Upper lemma with geniculate awn. E. Upper glume. F. Anthers. G–L Pedicelled spikelet: G1. Pedicelled spikelet with pedicel (dorsal). G2. Pedicelled spikelet with pedicel (ventral). H1. Lower glume (dorsal). H2. Lower glume (ventral). I1. Upper glume (dorsal). I2. Upper glume (ventral). J1. Lower lemma (dorsal). J2. Lower lemma (ventral). K1.Upper lemma (dorsal). K2. Upper lemma (ventral). L. Palea. M. Anthers. N. Portion of the peduncle showing glandular bands. O. Magnified portion of glandular bands (Illustrated by Shahid Nawaz) 244 • Phytotaxa 538 (3) © 2022 Magnolia Press TIWARI & LANDGE Flowering & Fruiting:—October to December. Conservation Status:—Hitherto, Chrysopogon densipaniculatus is only known from the type locality where about 50 mature individuals were observed. The species is confined to an area of less than 5.0 km2 on rocky hills of Chaiturgarh which are prone to local tourism and grazing. Since, the population is located on the roadside and regular movement of the vehicles may cause a serious disturbance in the habitats and which is capable of making the population vulnerable to destruction. According to IUCN (2016) criteria the species is classified as Critically Endangered (CR), based on the criteria B2b (i,ii,iii) and D. Nevertheless, further explorations and studies are required to ascertain its current status. Note:—It can be easily segregated from the other species of Chrysopogon in transverse-glandular bands on the peduncle, 35–76 racemes emerging from the lower nodes of central axis of the panicle. Moreover, the character of bifid upper lemma and acute to bidentate or tridentate reduced palea of pedicelled spikelet are quite unique features may be reported first time in the genus. The central axis of the panicle is terminally further divided into 2 to 3 secondary branches or rhachises (each branch comprises 1 to 2 nodes) that in turn bear racemes in the whorls. Sometimes these secondary branches bear only 2 racemes on highly reduced rhachis internodes, appearing almost sessile. For the detailed comparison with an allied species, refer to (TABLE 1). TABLE 1. Morphological comparison between C. densipaniculatus and C. serrulatus. Characters Chrysopogon densipaniculatus Chrysopogon serrulatus* Plant height 150–210 cm. Up to 150 cm. Leaves Ca. 90 cm long and 2.0 cm broad; blade and sheath indistinct and continuous. 17–30 cm long and 2.2–5.5 mm broad; blade and sheath distinct not continuous. Sheaths Never compressed rather distinctly terete, never keeled. Basal ones often compressed, keeled. Inflorescence Very congested or dense panicle, 8.0 –10 cm wide; all the Panicle not congested, mostly 1.0–2.5 cm wide; lowest branches in whorl, secondary branches absent. branches in whorl with or without secondary branches. Peduncle Glandular with glands in distinct transversely depressed patches; laterally compressed and scabrous. Eglandular; mostly terete, not scabrous. Rhachis Terminally divided. Never divided. Branches 35–76 spiciform-racemes emerging from lower nodes on rhachis. Spiciform-racemes less than 30, emerging from lower nodes on rhachis. Upper glume Setaceous near the tip and somewhat over the arista with distinct white hairs (arista ca. 7.0 mm long) Mid rib distally glabrous to setulose, aristate (arista 6.0–12 mm long). Pedicel Hairs of pedicel ca. 4.0 mm long (upper hairs). Hairs of pedicel 1.25–2. 1 mm long (throughout). Lower glume Exaristate. Aristate (arista ca. 3.0–7.0 mm long). Upper glume Acute not mucronate or aristate. Muticous to mucronate (mucro ca. 6.0 mm long). Upper lemma 5.0 × 1.0 mm, tip bifid, lobes ciliate. 3.0 mm long, tip acute. Upper palea 0.7–1.0 mm long, reduced scale, bidentate or irregularly tridentate. Not known to be present, if present then not reduced. *The information is taken from literatures such as (Trinius 1820, Blatter & McCann 1928, 1935, Bor 1960, Veldkamp 1999, POWO 2021) and also based on the herbarium specimens studied at BSI, BLAT, BSJO, BAMU, WCAS, K, US & E. A NEW SPECIES OF CHRySoPogoN deNSIPANICuLATuS Phytotaxa 538 (3) © 2022 Magnolia Press • 245 Key to the species of Chrysopogon in India 1. 1. 2. 2. 3. 3. 4. 4. 5. 5. 6. 6. 7. 7. 8. 8. 9. 9. 10. 10. 11. 11. 12. 12. 13. 13. 14. 14. 15. 15. 16. 16. 17. 17. 18. 18. 19. 19. 20. 20. 21. 21. 22. 22. 23. Racemes short, reduced to a triad of 1 sessile and 2 pedicelled spikelets (rarely with 1–4 spikelet pairs in C. gryllus); lower glume smooth, not tuberculated ....................................................................................................................................................................2 Racemes long, multi-spiculated; lower glume tuberculated (Vetiveria group) ................................................................................22 Pedicels half as long as the sessile spikelets or longer .......................................................................................................................3 Pedicels shorter than half as long as the sessile spikelets ................................................................................................................15 Pedicels of the pedicelled spikelets glabrous or nearly so .................................................................................................................4 Pedicels of the pedicelled spikelets villous with rusty or pale hairs ..................................................................................................7 Culms creeping at the base; sessile spikelets 3.5–4.5 mm long; callus 3.0–6.0 mm long, decurrent, needle like ......... C. aciculatus Culms erect; sessile spikelets 5.0–10 mm long; callus less than 2.5 mm long, not decurrent or needle like ....................................5 Panicle lax, bearing a few racemes; sessile spikelets 8.0–10 mm long; geniculate awn 6.0–7.0 cm long .....................C. castaneus Panicle contracted, bearing several racemes; sessile spikelets 5.0–8.0 mm long; geniculate awn 2.5–5.0 cm long .........................6 Culms robust, more than 95 cm high; leaves sparsely pilose on ad-axial surface; lower glume of sessile spikelets with a row of black spicules on each side of the midrib; upper glume witharista ca. 6.5 mm long ...........................................................C. gryllus Culms slender, less than 95 cm high; leaves glabrous; lower glume of sessile spikelets minutely scaberulous-spinulose towards the truncate-notched apex; upper glume exaristate or shortly aristate from the notch................................................................. C. copei Lower glume of pedicelled spikelet not awned ..................................................................................................................................8 Lower glume of pedicelled spikelet awned ......................................................................................................................................10 Leaves up to 2.0 mm broad; upper glume of pedicelled spikelet awned; awn of upper lemma of sessile spikelet more than 4.5 cm long .............................................................................................................................................................................C. tadulingamii Leaves more than 3 mm broad; upper glume of pedicelled spikelet awnless; awn of upper lemma of sessile spikelet less than 4.0 cm long ...............................................................................................................................................................................................9 Basal sheaths silky; leaf bladesca. 50 cm long, glabrous; sessile spikelets ca. 5.0 mm long; pedicelled spikelets 4.0–5.0 mm long ..................................................................................................................................................................... C. pseudozeylanicus Basal sheaths glabrous; leaf bladesca. 30 cm long, pubescent or pilose; sessile spikelets 5.0–8.0 mm long; pedicelled spikelets 7.0–15 mm long (longest in the genus) ................................................................................................................... C. nodulibarbis Leaves conspicuously distichous, often plicate; sheaths much compressed at the basal, acutely keeled, often beset with bulbousbased bristles .......................................................................................................................................................................... C. asper Leaves not conspicuously distichous; sheaths rounded on back not keeled ....................................................................................11 Leaf blades convolute, panicle less than 12 cm long ................................................................................................... C. narayaniae Leaf blades flat; panicle more than 12 cm long ...............................................................................................................................12 Culms slender; leaf blades less than 25 cm long; sessile spikelets hispidulous, 7.5–9.0 mm long................................. C. orientalis Culms robust; leaf blades more than 25 cm long; sessile spikelets glabrous, 6.0–7.0 mm long......................................................13 Leaf blades less than 10 mm wide, margins scabrous; panicle ovoid or lanceolate, very dense; pedicelled spikelets more than 10 mm long; lower glume of pedicelled spikelet with 10–12 mm long arista ....................................................................C. hamiltonii Leaf blades more than 10 mm wide, margins spinulose; panicle oblong, dense; pedicelled spikelets less than 10 mm long; lower glume of pedicelled spikelet with 5.0–7.0 mm long arista ...............................................................................................................14 Leaves linear with long white hairs; ligule an eciliate membrane; sessile spikelets lanceolate, callus hairs red ........C. verticillatus Leaves narrowly-lanceolate, glabrous; ligule a fringe of hairs; sessile spikelets oblong, callus hairs dark brown .......C. lancearius Leaves puberulous ............................................................................................................................................................................16 Leaves glabrous, occasionally with few tubercle-based hairs, not puberulous ................................................................................17 Sheaths not strongly laterally compressed; leaf blade less than 4.0 mm wide, margins tuberculate-ciliate; pedicelled spikelets 6.0–10 mm long, usually both the glumes with 4.0–7.0 mm long awned (sometimes lower glume exaristate);callus base of sessile spikelets acute..................................................................................................................................................................... C. aucheri Sheaths very strongly laterally compressed with a prominent keel; leaf blade more than 4.0 mm wide, margins spinulose; pedicelled spikelets 5.0 mm long, both glumes always muticous; callus base of sessile spikelets truncate .....................................C. velutinus Leaves conspicuously distichous; panicle interrupted .....................................................................................................................18 Leaves not distichous; panicle oblong, not interrupted ....................................................................................................................19 Callus densely bearded throughout; pedicel and callus brownish hairy; upper glume of the sessile spikelets aristate, with an arista 4.0–8.0 mm long ................................................................................................................................................. C. purushothamanii Callus densely bearded at the base only; pedicel and callusfulvous hairy; upper glume of the sessile spikelets exaristate ................ ...................................................................................................................................................................................... C. polyphyllus Pedicelled spikelets shorter than the sessile, hairs chocolate-brown or rufous-brown; lower glume of pedicelled spikelets muticous .............................................................................................................................................................................C. hackelii Pedicelled spikelets equal or longer than the sessile, hairs golden or golden-brown; lower glume of pedicelled spikelets aristate ... ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................20 Upper glume of the sessile spikelets with a prominent dorsal tuft of brown hairs ...............................................................C. fulvus Upper glume of the sessile spikelets without a dorsal tuft of hairs (if hairy then slightly but not brownish) ..................................21 Peduncle glandular; panicle very dense ca. 15 × 8.0 (–10) cm with 35–76 racemes from lower nodes; upper lemma of pedicelled spikelet bifid and its palea reduced (ca. 1.0 mm long), acute, bidentate or irregularly tri-cuspidate.................. C. densipaniculatus Peduncle eglandular; panicle not dense, 3.0–15 × 1.0–2.5 cm, racemes less than 30 from the lower nodes; upper lemma of pedicelled spikelet and its palea (if present then not reduced) with acute apices .......................................................................... C. serrulatus Lower glume of pedicelled spikelets distinctly aristate .................................................................................................... C. lawsonii Lower glume of pedicelled spikelets exaristate................................................................................................................................23 Roots aromatic; apex of upper glume of the sessile spikelets muticous; upper lemma muticous or briefly awned (awns less than 2.0 mm long, enclosed ......................................................................................................................................................... C. zizanioides 246 • Phytotaxa 538 (3) © 2022 Magnolia Press TIWARI & LANDGE 23. Roots not aromatic; apex of upper glume of the sessile spikelets mucronate (mucro 0.4 mm long); second lemma awned (awns exerted, 2.5–3.0 cm long) ..............................................................................................................................................C. festucoides Acknowledgments The first author (A. P. Tiwari) is thankful to Smt. Naaz Rizvi, Director, National Museum of Natural History, and New Delhi for encouragement. The second author (Shahid Nawaz Landge) thanks the director of The Blatter Herbarium (BLAT) and authorities at St. Xavier’s College (Autonomous) Mumbai, for their co-operation and support. We also would like to thank to A, B, BM, C, CAL, E, FI, K, L, LD, LE, LINN, P, S, TUB, US and W herbaria for allowing us to consult the type specimens. 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