Bwayo: Important Trees of Haiti

Joel Timyan

I go from the woods into the cleared field: A place no human made, a place unmade By human greed, and to be made again. Where centuries of leaves once built by dying A deathless potency of light and stone And mold of all that grew and fell, the timeless Fell into time. The earth fled with the rain, The growth of fifty thousand years undone In a few careless seasons, stripped to rock And clay- a "new land, " truly, that no race Was ever native to, but hungry mice And sparrows and the circling hawks, dry thorns And thistles sent by generosity Of new beginning. No Eden, this was A garden once, a good and perfect gift; Its possible abundance stood in it As it then stood. But now what it might be Must be foreseen, darkly, through many lives-Thousands of years to make it what it was, Beginning now, in our few troubled days.

BWAYO: IMPORTANT TREES OF HAITI I go from the woods into the cleared field: A place no human made, a place unmade By human greed, and to be made again. Where centuries of leaves once built by dying A deathless potency of light and stone And mold of all that grew and fell, the timeless Fell into time. The earth fled with the rain, The growth of fifty thousand years undone In a few careless seasons, stripped to rock And clay - a "new land," truly, that no race Was ever native to, but hungry mice And sparrows and the circling hawks, dry thorns And thistles sent by generosity Of new beginning. No Eden, this was A garden once, a good and perfect gift; Its possible abundance stood in it As it then stood. But now what it might be Must be foreseen, darkly, through many lives Thousands of years to make it what it was, Beginning now, in our few troubled days. Wendell Berry VIII, 1979 BWA YO: IMPORTANT TREES OF HAITI Joel Timyan South-East Consortium for International Development 1634 I Street, N. W, Suite 702 Washington, D. C. 20006 © 1996 by South-East Consortium for International Development. All rights reserved. First Edition Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 0-9645449-0-3 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 95-67100 Poems from SABBATHS by Wendell Berry. © 1987 by Wendell Berry. Reprinted by permission of North Point Press, a division of Farrar, Straus & Giroux, Inc. Figures 8.5, 12.8, and 14.6 from GID PEPINYERIS by Scott Josiah and Frantz Ewald. © 1989 by Pan American Development Foundation. Reprinted by permission of Pan American Development Foundation. This work was performed under USAID Contract No. 521-0217-C-0004-00. The author claims all responsibility for the accuracy of the information presented herein. The views expressed by the author are not necessarily those of the United States Agency for International Development, South-East Consortium fQr International Development, or Auburn University. Administration: SECID, 1634 I Street, N. W, Suite 702, Washington nc. 20006 Title Bwa-yo is the shortened version ofpye bwa yo, the Creole word for "trees." Front cover A 12-year-old eucalyptus tree (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) planted during the Agroforestry Outreach Project near St. Michel de l' Attalye in 1983. Contents Foreword Acknowledgments Introduction vi vii V111 PART I: Important Trees of Haiti Wood Species 1. Bayawonn 2. Bwa PIe 3. Bwa Soumi 4. Chenn 5. Fwenn 6. Kajou Peyi...Kajou Etranje 7. Palmis 8. Sed 9. Taveno Fruit Species 10. Kokoye 11. Mango 12. Sitwon...Zoranj ...Chadek 13. Zaboka Recent Exotics 14. Kasya 15. Lisina...Delen 16. Nim 17. Piyon 3 13 23 29 39 47 57 63 71 79 87 95 105 111 119 133 145 PART II: Technical Notes 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. Pests and Diseases Wood Properties and Energy Values Medicinal Uses Biomass and Volume Tables Common and Scientific Names of Trees Tree Proverbs References Index of Common and Scientific Tree Names v 155 183 207 223 231 334 336 351 Foreword As part of USAID's continuing efforts to address environmental degradation in Haiti and in an effort to provide information on selected economically important tree species, the Office of Economic Growth of USAID/Haiti funded this book: Bwa Yo: Important Trees ofHaiti. Much of the information contained in this book has been a result of research and extension activities in agroforestry supported by USAID since 1981. Beginning with the Agroforestry Outreach Project (1981-1987), through the Agroforestry II (1988-1992) and presently, the Productive Land Use Systems (PLUS) Project, more than 63 million trees have been planted as part of developing environmentally-sound farming systems in Haiti. Today, over 250,000 farmers, approximately 35 percent of Haiti's small farmer's, are reaping the benefits of the trees they planted since 1981. Most significantly, this includes the conservation of fertile top soil and an increase in wood assets as a store of value. The efforts of several institutions are greatly appreciated for their contribution to the information contained in this book and their continued commitment to improving Haiti's productive natural resources base: the Ministry ofAgriculture Natural Resources and Rural Development (MARNDR), the South-East Consortium for International Development (SECID), Auburn University, International Resources Group (IRG), Pan American Development Foundation (PADF), CARE, World Bank, and FAO. It is our sincere hope that this book would ,serve as a valuable reference tool to all those concerned with the· critical role of trees in agricultural production and environmental management in Haiti. Hyatt Abdul Wahab Chief Office of Economic Growth US Agency for International Development/Haiti vi Acknowledgments No book is ever the work of one person. A common interest about trees, shared by many people over the span of a decade, were involved in some way toward the creation of this book. The idea for the book was first suggested by Michelet Fontaine in ] 992. We shared the same concern about the loss of technical information that so often accompanies the termination of projects in Haiti. This attempts to address part of that concern. I greatly appreciate the generous support, encouragement and patience of the staff of USAID, SEClD, Auburn University, PADF, and CARE throughout the writing period. Special thanks are extended to those individuals and institutions who cooperated in the collection of photographs, as listed below. Many suggestions and improvements were made as a result of the reviews by Dennis Shannon, Carl Campbell, Paul Campbell, William Theobald, Luc Raymond, and Susan Berstler. Last, but not least, I am indebted to the many Haitian farmers who shared wi th me a part of their world that extends way beyond the covers of this book. Photo Credits (The numbers refer to the figure numbers in the text, unless otherwise stated). Paul Campbell: 2.6-2.8,4.7,5.5,6.7,7.3,7.6,9.4, 13.4, 15.5-15.6, back cover (man with Colubrina arborescens tree, man harvesting Cocos nucifera, Simarouba berteroana, Crescentia cujute fruit, Roystonea borinquena crown shaft, woman with Catalpa longissima. Yvon Elie: 6.1,9.3,10.2-10.3,11.9, 12.1, 13.2, 13.5, 15.2, 16.5a-d. Andrew Henderson: 7.1, back cover (Copernicia berteroana crowns). Scott Josiah: 2.9, 4.4 inset, 8.5, 12.8-12.10, 13.1, 14.3- J 4.5, 15.7, back cover (dead Cocos nucifera, Ceiba pentandra tree). PADF: 2.3,6.2,6.3,8.5,12.8,14.1 inset, 14.6, 15.1, l6.1 inset, 16.2, J6.4. Sam Reep: back cover (Altalea crassispatha). Kent Reid: 5.6. Paul Starr: 7.1 inset. Joel Timyan: Front cover, opposite poem # 1, 1.1-1.3, 1.7-1.9, 2.1, 2.2, 2.4, 2.5, 3.1-3.3,3.5,4.1-4.6,4.7 inset, 4.9, 4.10, 5.1-5.4, 6.4-6.6, 6.11, 7.2,7.4,7.5,7.7, 8.1-8.4,8.8,8.10,9.1,9.2,9.5,9.7,10.1, 10.5-10.8, I l.l-I 1.3, 11.5-11.7, 12.5, 12.6,14.1,14.2, 14.8,15.3,15.4,15.11,16.1, 16.3, 16.8, 17.1-17.5, opposite Tree Proverbs, opposite poem # 2, back cover (Prosopis juliflora trees, Citrus maxima fruit, Guacicum officinale flower, Ficus sp. tree, Haematoxylon campechianum bark, Pseudophoenix vinifera tree, Cedrela odorata tree, Mangifera indica log, Spondias mombin tree, Melia azedarach flowers). 14MI.) vii Introduction Trees and their forest habitats have played a major role in creating a fertileenvironment in Haiti. The ecological fabric that has nurtured the soil and supported life for millennia gradually has been unraveled by human activities. As population growth and economic development collide with the limits of a mountainous island, the makeup of the tree population has been altered considerably, shifting toward those species that supply the daily needs of Haitians and their lifestyles. All other species are at risk, including a significant number found only in Haiti or on the island of Hispaniola. There is a collection of native and exotic species that plays an essential role in the agricultural landscape. Several of the more important ones are included in Part I. This s~lection was based primarily on their versatility, the amount of information available in Haiti, and their economic value in the rural context. The group is biased toward the lowto mid-elevation regions where most Haitians live. Such a selection may be considered too narrow, because a much wider assortment of tree species is used regularly throughout Haiti. Their exclusion in no way diminishes their value, as diversity and potential economic benefits are essential safeguards for the future. Part II compiles useful information of a more technical nature and covers a wider range of species. It has always been difficult to find information about Haitian species, because the amount ofliterature that has been published about them is limited and often inaccessible. These chapters should serve as a useful reference tool to professionals trained in both the basic and applied sciences. A reference section has been included for those interested in studying these tree species in greater depth. Variations ofa perennial-based agricultural system are the most sensible oflanduse options for Haiti's mountains. However, economic insecurity and political instability combine to keep the land in a sort of flux with little time for rest and regeneration. Forests and their trees develop their full potential only in situations where people are relatively well-off and secure. In these situations, tree species are cultivated, provided that they supply valuable products and services and require low establishment costs. The species thus selected share many of the same attributes: tradition and myth, adaptability, and utility. Tradition and myth: In the world market of precious woods, Haiti has provided historical contributions of mahogany (Swietenia mahagoni), logwood (Haematoxylon campechianum), Spanish cedar (Cedrela odorata) and lignum vitae (Guaiacum officinale). Parts ofthe forest that once covered Haiti's mountains are now part of the world's wealth far from the country. Neither Haiti nor the rest of the worl4 would be the same without these species that have graced its heritage. However, beyond the rich texture and color of mahogany wood are the proverbs and beliefs that enrich Haitian culture even today. Within the towering Spanish cedar and giant mapou are a magic and a folklore that have sustained family customs for generations. The power of tradition, myth and heritage, extending beyond the realm ofthe scientific perspective, defines in large part the role that trees play in society. A great many species that would not be considered important in the economy of a developed nation are an integral part of Haitian life. . viii Adaptability: Survival of a tree species requires a regeneration strategy and suitable site conditions. As the land becomes disturbed and no longer favorable for the regeneration of native species, it is common for more hardy, often exotic, species to dominate. Silvicultural interventions are often necessary to cultivate those species more sensitive to environmental change. These measures might include various modes of artificial regeneration, site preparation and species mixing to manage light; nutrient and moisture factors. In the absence of outside assistance, making use ofthese interventions requires that the farmers sacrifice scarce resources that otherwise would be channeled toward more lucrative and immediate returns (e.g., goats, pigs, corn and beans). Given the resources and options available to rural Haitians, tree planting of many species, particularly those that require silvicultural inputs, is inadequate to meet the demands of both production and conservation. The ideal tree species for the Haitian farmer is one that "takes care of itself" ([eve pou kal). Simarouba (Simarouba sp.) and royal palm (Roystonea borinquena) are good examples of such species. Fauna aid in the dispersal of seed of both species for regeneration away from the mother tree. Farmers transplant the volunteers or leave them eventually to replace harvested trees. Both species are adapted to a wide variety of soils and fill a range of niches in local farming patterns with their excellent forms. As sites becomes more degraded, another group of tree species aids in restoring fertility. The more useful of these species are non-native to Haiti· and include mesquite (Prosopis juliflora), leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala ssp. glabrata), neem (Azadirachta indica), and cassia (Senna siamea). These trees, filling the role of pioneer species and being a component of improved fallows, are widely adapted, provide quick ground cover and arrest the processes that deteriorate the most important resource available to the Haitian farmer - the soil. Utility: Living on the production of a hectare of land allows little consideration for trees without immediate value to the household economy. Trees must provide myriad goods and services. A tree's failure to do so generally means its elimination, many times in favor of other agricultural activities, mainly grazing and land clearing for annual crops. Fruit trees, which provide a certain element of food security, as well as shade, fuelwood and lumber, are among the most important tree species. Mango (Mangifera indica), avocado (Persea americana), coconut (Cocos nucifera) and the Citrus group top the list. Next in importance are the species that provide construction material. Together, these form a key group that is surviving and playing a vital role in the peasant economy. They provide a basic level of goods and services, grow fast enough, tolerate a fair amount of disturbance, and are broadly adapted. The hope is that by better managing these few species, we can begin to learn what will be required to conserve the rest. Hispaniolan pine (Pinus occidentalis), the mangrove species, and the rare endemics are all worthy in their own right and are in critical need of a national management plan. Continued efforts to increase the productivity and value of tree products always will be a priority if arboriculture is to remain a viable alternative to current patterns of land use. ix PART I IMPORTANT TREES OF HAITI Figure].1 A large P julilfora provides shade for a roadside market near Thomazeau. 1 Bayawonn· Species: Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC. Family: Leguminosae - Mimosoideae Synonyms: Acacia cumanensis Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd., Algarobia juliflora (Sw.) Benth. ex Heynh., Mimosa juliflora Sw., M salinarum Vahl, Neltuma juliflora (Sw.) Raf., Prosopis bracteolata DC., P cumanensis (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Kunth, P dominguensis DC., P vidaliana Naves Common names: H - bayahonde (bayawonn), bayahonde fran<;ais (bayawonn fran), chambron, guatapana (gwatapana); RD - bayahon, bayahonda, bayahonda blanca, bohahunda, vallahonda; C - chachaca, plumo de oro, guatapaml, cambron; PR - algarroba, aroma, mesquite. Importance: Pjuliflora is valued for its tolerance of harsh, dry environments with soils that are typically alkaline and saline. In areas of Haiti with environments such as these, the tree provides shade, and is an important source of charcoal, timber, and fodder. It is a natural silvo-pastoral species that is dispersed by animals who eat the nutritious and succulent pods, and its thorny, bushy nature tolerates browsing pressure. Once established, the species is difficult to eradicate, forming pure stands that are disclimax in nature. Taxonomy and Botanical Features: The variation in the species has fostered debate about the true identity of the species. At least thre$l varieties of P juliflora are recognized by Burkhart (1976); others classify the species as a synonym of P palliCla (H. & B. ex Willd.) HBK. (Little and Wadsworth, 1964; Wojtusiket al. 1993). Taxonomy is difficult because the species is highly variable, partly as a result of its self-incompati:bility and octoploidy nature (8N=112), but also because P juliflora has spread for centuries with the travels and migrations of human settlement. This dispersal has given rise to many closely related land races that are difficult to separate. The variety in Haiti is recognized by its prostrate and spreading form as a seedling. Green zigzag twigs, with a pair of thorns 2-3 cm long at the base of the leaf petiole, support pinnate leaves with one or two pair of pinnae 10-15 cm long and narrow leaflets 6 mm wide. Flowers occur in pale yellow spikes 5-10 cm long, arising at the juncture of the thorns and leaves. The pale yellow pods, up to 20 cm long and containing 10-20 round brown seeds, do not split open when ripe. Distribution and Ecology: The species is believed to be the only one native to Central America, ranging from Mexico to Peru and throughout the Caribbean (Stewart et al., 1992). Little and Wadsworth (1964) list it as an introduced species from the continent, though the species probably has been in the Caribbean since before recorded history. Lee et al. (1992) postulate a Central American origin, though it could have spread into the Caribbean from Venezuela during the first human migrations. It has become naturalized in the dry regions of Africa and India, having been introduced there during the nineteenth century. In Haiti, the species occurs primarily in the dry coastal regions, extending inland where dry plains occur, as in the Cul-de-Sac, Gonai"ves, the Anse-Rouge coast, and the Northeast. These are areas that probably were comprised of a higher diversity of species, 4 Bavawonn but have become dominated by Prosopis and Acacia as a result of land use practices and changed soil conditions. Despite its reputation for adapting to a wide range of soils, the species performs poorly on extremely rocky sites where Acacia tortuosa and cactus grow. It is often the only tree species that can tolerate poorly drained, high pH (9.0+) sodic soils. The species is uncommon in Haitiat elevations higher than 400 m or in areas with annual rainfall amounts greater than 1000 mm. Tree Characteristics: Very large trees with heights of 15 m and trunk diameters greater than 1 m are found in Haiti. Most of the mature trees in Haiti have been pollarded, making it difficult to measure natural crown diameters. Crown widths have been measured up to 15 m. The tree is generally multi-stemmed, forking low when young (Fig. 1.2). Eventually, a single stem dominates, reinforced in practice as the inferior stems are harvested for firewood and small poles. Coppice stems grow faster and more erect, favoring a straight form that is ideal for construction material. On favorable sites, the tree is often seen to be spreading clusters of coppice and root suckers that regenerate for numerous harvesting cycles. The tree's shallow and deep root systems are both extensive. The common Creole name bayawonn is believed to be a corruption of the Spanish vaya hondo, which means" to go deep," a reference to the extraordinary root system. The main fruiting season of the species extends from May to November, though pods are available throughout the year. There are 20,000-35,000 seeds kg· l . During drought periods, the pods commonly are infested with insect larvae, particularly bruchid beetles. The heartwood is a dark red-brown that turns purplish upon exposure and contrasts sharply with the white sapwood. Durability is dependent on stem age; while the heartwood is durable, stem wood comprised mostly of sapwood is highly susceptible to powder post beetles and decay fungi. The wood is moderately hard and heavy (sp. gr. 0.8) Figure 1.2 P juliflora stands are managed near the horne as livestock parks for shade, feed, fuel and construction wood. Bayawonn S with calorific values ranging 15.7-17.1 megajoules kg- l at 14% moisture content (Maxwell, 1985; Timyan, 1987). Utilization: Mature stems of P juliflora are used as a source of beams, door and window frames, posts, and rai [ways ties in the dry areas of Haiti. Coppice stems generally are made into charcoal or used for light construction that does not require durability. The making of charcoal is the most lucrative method for converting young wood into a marketable product, because demand is generally steady and reliable, and the wood yields a high-grade charcoal (Fig. 1.3). Livestock relish the pods, which have a high sugar and protein content. Pod production during the winter drought, January to March, is an important mainstay for cattle; they should only be fed ripe, yellow pods as the green unripe ones are bitter and have little feed value. In areas of Peru, molasses and other confectionery products are made from the pods; dried pods have been ground into a meal as a dry land Dour and mixed with water as a beverage (Little and Wadsworth, 1964). Options for the local production of concentrated poultry feed, largely comprised of dried ground pods, are being considered in northeastern Haiti as an industry. The proximate analysis of P juliflora is shown in Table Ll. The tree is an important honey plant, with bees commonly being observed around the Dower clusters. Propagation: The species generally is raised from seed that requires scarification prior to sowlng. The simplest method for mass propagation is to immerse the seed in boiling water, stir it for one to two minutes in the hot water taken off the boil, and then soak it in cold water for 2-3 days. Nicking, filing, and sandpaper scarification of individual seeds is tedious, but is recommended for research accessions. Container volume is an important consideration for maximum early root development and survival under harsh environments. Decomposable fiber containers, 15 cm x Figure 1.3 P juliflora is valued as a source of charcoal in Haiti, commonly made from simple earthen kilns. 6 Bayawonn Table 1.1 Proximate analysis (% dry weight) of P. juliflora, after Gohl(l975). COMPONENT CRUDE PROTEIN CRUDE FIBER CRUDE FAT CARBOHYDRATES ASH Ca P Fresh leaves (Sudan) 19.0 ' 21.6 2.9 48.0 8.5 2.1 0.2 Fresh flowers (Sudan) 21.0 15.5 3.2 50.3 10.0 1.0 0.4 Pods (South Africa) 13.9 27.7 3.0 50.6 4.8 7.7 12.0 0.6 77.4 2.3 Fruit pulp Seed (Sudan) Pod husks 65.2 2.8 7.8 19.0 5.2 4.3 54.3 0.6 37.4 3.4 15 cm x 30 cm, have been used successfully on an experimental basis in Haiti (Dupuis, 1986a; Lee et aI., 1992). The major drawback is the cost involved in preparing the deep holes properly to avoid J-rooting. Furthermore, complete weed control one season prior to field establishment is recommended to build up soil moisture reserves on arid sites. No serious pests are associated with the species in containerized nurseries (Josiah, 1989). Two-year-old stumps, with basal diameters 1.5-2.5 cm and roots 25 cm long, also have been used in aridzones (Lamprecht, 1989). Vegetative methods for the species have been employed successfully in Haiti. A solar-powered mist system to root cuttings was experimented at Thomazeau with over 90% rooting success (Wojtusik et aI., 1994). Grafting techniques have been successful utilizing a cleft graft with scion material selected and transported from Haiti to Texas (Wojtusik and Felker, 1993; Wojtusik et aI., 1993). The rootstock selected for grafting was R alba because of its vigor and influence on scion growth under greenhouse conditions in Texas. Five clones, selected for desirable traits, achieved a 100% success rate. Biomass Studies: Regression equations were determined to estimate the amount of total dry biomass, wood, and pole volume of R juliflora as a function of stem diameter. One set of equations was developed from a sample of harvested trees at two sites near Cabaret and Ganthier (Ehrlich, 1985). A separate set of equations was determined for coppice stands near Bon Repos (Timyan, 1987). These equations are provided in Table 1.2. Growth Performance: R juliflora has been tested in several trials throughout Haiti, in most cases being compared to other species. The slow initial growth, thorny nature, and prostrate form of the local variety have discouraged a wider selection of the species in trials. It appears that the tree devotes its early years to establishing an extensive root system with the aboveground portion of biomass developing slowly. Table 1.3 summarizes the growth parameters for this species in Haiti. The Oxford Forestry Institute trials were established with a variety originating in Honduras that survived and grew very poorly in Haiti, confirming the wide genetic variability found in the species. Figure 1.4 compares the height growth of R juliflora across several sites in Haiti. Annual height increments do not exceed 0.8 m yr- 1 , even on the best sites and provenances. This level of growth amounts to very low yields of wood for the estimates based on basal diameters and regression equations developed in Haiti. The values cited in Wojtusik et aI. (1993) Bavawonn 7 Table 1.2 Equations used to estimate biomass components (kg dry weight) of P. juliflora in Haiti. REGRESSION EQUATION 1 COMPONENT R2 DIAMETER RANGE (em) SITE Cabaret & Ganthier Total aboveground biomass 00408(DBH)2 0.97 1.2-10.8 Usable wood weight 0.304(DBH)2 0.99 1.2-10.8 Cabaret & Ganthier Usable wood weight 0.195(sd)2 0.97 1.5-13.5 Cabaret & Ganthier Coppice biomass 0.158S(sd)/ + 0.163 0.123S(sd)n2 + 0.013 0.97 2.4-18.3 Bon Repos 0.98 204-18.3 Bon Repos Usable coppice wood weight I DBH = Stem diameter at 1.3 m above ground level, in em. sd = Stump diameter at 0.10 m above ground level, in em. n = Number of stems at 0.10 m above ground. for total biomass yields, corrected in Table 1.3 by a factor of 0.75 for estimated wood yields, are derived from regressions developed under different growing conditions and may be overestimates of local wood yields. Tree Improvement: The trial at Thomazeau is a genetic screening trial, established by Texas A & I University in 1987, and managed by the Convention Baptiste d'Haiti. A total of 70 Prosopis accessions, including 44 Haitian accessions, 12 Peruvian accessions, and several other Prosopis species from Nprth America, Chile, and Argentina are being assessed for economically important traits: biomass production, form and pod production. The early results indicate that the seed lots from Peru are a significant improvement in form, being more erect and achieving greater height growth than the Haitian accessions. Figures 1.5 and 1.6 compare the height and aboveground biomass growth of the top 15 accessions, which are dominated by the Peruvian accessions. The differences in the habit of the Haitian and introduced Peruvian types are significant (see Fig. 1.7 and Fig. 1.8). Among the Haitian selections, no geographic trends are evident in height or biomass yield, nor is there a significant correlation between the size of the parent tree and the growth rate of the progeny. Individual selections based on progeny testing would be appropriate for continued improvement of the local variety. The combination of superior genetic quality and proper silvicultural management is necessary to develop trees for high-value wood production (Fig. 1.9). Table 1.3 Site and growth parameters of Prosopis juliflora trials in Haiti. Dry wood yields for the Thomazeau site were estimated from Wojtusik et al. (1993). SITE ELEVAnON (m) ANNUAL RAINFALL AGE SURVIVAL (yr) (%) (mm) Nan Marron Mare Grand Bois Bekin Thomazeau (Peru) Thomazeau (Haiti) Fond-des-Blancs Cabaret 1 M.A.I. HEIGHT M.A.I. I (m) d2 M.A.I. (em) DRY WOOD YIELD (kg tree· I ) 450 600 3.3 28 0.2 0.2 0.1 20 1200 3.5 58 0.6 0.9 1.9 100 1397 3.5 96 0.8 0.7 25 970 3.8 89 0.8 1.2 5.0 4.1 25 970 3.8 94 0.6 250 1335 4.0 58 0.2 0.2 0.1 80 900 6.9 72 0.3 0.4 1.5 = Mean annual increment. 2d = Stem diameter at 0.3 m above ground level. 8 Bayawonn HEIGHT(m) 6 5 - 4 BEKIN, THOMAZEAU (P) THOMAZEAU (H) CABARE MAREGDBOIS 3 -- o FOND-DES-BLANCS NAN MARRON _~=-'----l_----l..._--..L_---'-_--l.-_...l..-_.L.-_'------l...---:--'-_---!...._---.L-_--'--_.!..-----l o 6 4 2 TREE AGE (yr) Figure 1.4 Height growth of P. juliflora in Haiti. D 8 MONTHS 0 27 MONTHS _ 46 MONTHS ACCESSIONS PERU 545 L//'/' PERU 552 1,//" PERU 537 1////· PERU 559 1/ / PERU 544 1/// / / .' PERU 419 1//,·' / HAITI 2 1//// ,.// HAITI 39 L//,//./ .' r,/ PERU 420 f'/'<'··'/·· 1// / / / PERU 438 HAITI 49 r/ . ' USAB2V50 .. HAITI 30 k//j.···· ,/ HAITI 10 r,///· r /' / HAITI 40 k"/) " o 2 3 HEIGHT GROWTH (m) 4 5 Figure 1.5 Height growth"ofthe top Prosopis accessions at Thomazeau after four years. 95% confidence interval bars are indicated for comparison of total height means. Accession origins are reported in Lee et al. (1992). Bayawonn 9 c:=J ACCESSIONS _ 27 MONTHS 46MONTHS PERU 545 PERU 552 PERU 544 HAITI 50 PERU 559 HAITI 44 HAITI 26 HAITI 32 PERU 419 HAITI 40 PERU 537 HAIT[ 30 USA B2V50 HAlT! [2 HAITI [0 HAmAN MEAN I o 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 ABOVEGROUND BIOMASS (KG DRY WEIGHT) Figure 1.6 Aboveground biomass (kg) of the top 15 Prosopis accessions at Thomazeau after nearly 4 years. 95% confidence interval bars are indicated for comparison of total aboveground biomass means. Accession origins are reported in Lee et al. (1992). Figure 1.7 TypicaJ spreading habit of a 6-year-old Haitian P juliflora. 10 Bavawonn Remarkably two Peruvian thornless accessions resistant to goat browsing were reported (Lee et aI., 1992). The accessions originate from Trujillo, Peru. The validity of this finding should be tested with exclosure trials designed to assess the impact of free goat grazing on the growth of the Peruvian selections. This assessment would be an important contribution to semi-arid agroforestry systems in Haiti and throughout the arid land tropics. The top four thornless accessions at Thomazeau have been cloned and await reentry to Haiti for establishment in a clonal bank. The Prosopis established at the Thomazeau site have not produced pod yields sufficient to permit early assessment of progeny as a source of animal feed. As of six years, only a few of the trees have ±lowered and set fruit. This trial has tremendous economic Figure 1.8 Erect habit of a 6-year-old importance to Haitian farmers, however, Peruvian Prosopis. broadening the genetic base of Prosopis and enabling selection of more productive varieties. It would be tragic if the opportunity for genetic gain in this species is lost. The greatest challenge lies ahead. Clonal seed orchards should be envisioned for the future. P juliflora is a primary source of fuelwood and charcoal for Haiti and an underutilized source of nutrition. The economic benefits to be gained through continued research of a broad geneti~ base should be significant. Bayawonn 11 Figure 1.9 The graceful form of a superior specimen of P julijlora showing the potential for lumber. Figure 2.1 C. arborescens is commonly planted near homes for shade and a source of lumber. 2 Bwa PIe Species: Colubrina arborescens (Mill.) Sarg. Family: Rhamnaceae Synonyms: Ceonothus arborescens Mill., Colubrina colubrina Millsp., C. ferruginosa Brongn., Rhamnus colubrinus Jacq. Common Names: H - bois capable (bwa kapab), bois pele (bwa ple), bois de fer (bwa fe), bois de fer blanc (bwa fe blan), bois mabi (bwa mabi), capable (kapab), kapab gran fey, kapab ti fey, gri-gri, gri-gri sovaj, rougeole (roujiol ), RD - corazon de paloma, cuerno de buey; C - bijaguara, birijagua, fuego; J - black velvet, greenheart, mountain ebony, snake-wood, wild ebony; US - coffee colubrina, snake-bark. Importance: A Haitian species of choice for rural house construction, the form of C. arborescens fits perfectly in the mid- to upper-canopy layer oftraditional perennial gardens. The tree grows rapidly with an excellent form and yields a quick return of goods and services to the farmer. It is a popular shade tree that is easily propagated. Taxonomy and Botanical Features: At least 5 species of Colubrina occur on' Hispaniola (Liogier, 1982). C. arborescens, the most common species, has several varieties, giving rise to a proliferation of common names used in Haiti. In tum, the common names have been used indiscriminately without careful taxonomic referencing. The popular large-leaf variety is known in Creole as bwa pte or bwa pete in the Cayes and Cap-HaYtien regions. Less utilized names are gri-gri, kapab granfey, bwa mabi and bwa fe . The small-leaf variety is known as bwa kapab, kapab, kapab ti fey, gri-gri sovaj or bwa fe blan. There is a less common long-leaf variety, occurring in the wet ravine cloud forests of the higher elevations. Several of the common names of C. arborescens also refer to C. elliptica (Sw.) Briz & Stern (syn: C. reclinata Brongn.) and Schaefferia frutescens Jacq. (Celastraceae). The latter species is also known as bwa kapab and is distinguished by smaller elliptical leaves 2.5-6 cm long and 0.8-2.0 cm wide, unisex-ual flowers, and an indehiscent red drupe 4-6 mm diameter. The varietal differences occur in tree size, leaf shape and branch. morphology. Differences in the seed are indistinguishable to the naked eye. Features of the large-leaf variety include: light green, thin, glabrous leaves 10-25 cm by 5-12 cm; puckered between recursive leaf veins; an open crown; and tree heights 20-25 m (Fig. 2.2). The small-leaf variety is distinguished by precocious fruiting, thicker dark green leaves 4-8 cm by 2-4cm, twigs with a conspicuous reddish pubescence, a dense crown, and tree heights to 12 meters with stem diameters to 25 cm (Fig. 2.3). The less common longleaf variety has leaves up to 18.5 cm long by 5 cm wide with a short 1.5 cm petiole. The grayish-brown bark of C. arborescens cracks and peels as the tree matures, revealing lighter patches of new bark and giving the stem a mottled appearance. Distribution and Ecology: The small-leaf variety occurs on the shallow red and black soils overlying limestone rock of the dry coastal areas and certain parts of the upper Central Plateau. This variety is found at sea level to 300 m elevation in the wetter spectrum of the subtropical dry forest. Annual rainfall ranges from 800-1200 mm and is highly variable from year to year. The large-leaf variety is common to the low-elevation humid mountain regions of Haiti (elevations between 150-1000 m and receiving 13 14 Billa Pie Figure 2.2 The large-leaf variety is distinguished by shiny, light green and thin leaves with puckered leaf veins. Figure 2.3 The small-leaf variety is noted for its prolific seeding and shiny, dark green leaves with a reddish pubescence on new growth. annual rainfall 1200-2000 mm) and the humid plains near sea level, located near Cayes and Cap-Ha"itien. These areas fall mostly within the subtropical humid forest zone. In several areas of Haiti, the natural range of the large-leaf variety overlaps with the range of the small-leaf variety, notably the mountain areas of southern Haiti and the Central Plateau. The long-leaf variety seems to be much rarer, definitely less cultivated, occurring in the lesspopulated higher and perhumid ranges along the southeastern and northern mountain chains. It is a canopy species of the broad-leaved forests above 1000 m elevation and 2000 mm annual rainfall. Tree Characteristics: The large-leaf variety of C. arborescens grows to 26 m, with stem diameters averaging 20-30 em and rarely larger than 50 em. Stem form is straight with primary forks, if present, at two-thirds total tree height. The new growth of the horizontal branches is regularly spaced and sparse, projecting a light shade to understory crops. The average crown width:stem diameter ratio is 30, with crown closures of mature stem diameters occurring at 200 trees ha- I . The large-leaf variety is the preferred variety as a result of its greater merchantable height, faster growth, lighter shade, self-pruning and less weedy nature (Fig. 2.4). However, this advantage is less evident on the Bwa Pie 1S drier, rocky sites of the lower el evations, particularly on the coastal and leeward slopes of mountain areas in Haiti. The leaves of C. arborescens are palatable to animals and damage IS extensive under free-grazing conditions. Basal sprouting occurs with the large-leaf variety in response to subhumid, droughty conditions (Fig. 2.5). This trait can be managed for mixed-aged stems by leaving a couple sprouts to develop in the shade of the main stem. The small-leaf variety rarely grows taller than 18 m, limited by the harsher site conditions of its natural range. Stem diameters are generally less than 20 em. Adaptations to drierconditions are evident in the small-leaf variety, with its Figure 2.4 The fast-growing, tall, straight, self-pruning thicker leaves and heavier stem of large-leaf varieties of C. arborescens is valued seeding. The crown is more for beams and joists. compact than that of the large-leaf variety, with lateral branching occurring more frequently along the stem axis and extending further down the stem. Self-pruning is less evident and the shade cast by the crown is denser than the large-leaf variety. C. arborescens coppices when cut on short rotations. The heartwood is reddish-brown with a small proportion of lighter brown sapwood on mature stems. The wood is hard and heavy, with a specific gravity ranging from 0.67--0.82 for samples taken from a 5-year-old stand in the Northwest. It seasons very hard so that sawing and nailing are difficult. The principal fruiting season of C. arborescens occurs from May tlU'ough July, with a smaller harvest from November through January. There are 50,000-65,000 seeds kg· l . Utilization: The most important use of C. arborescens is in house construction, where the timber is utilized in all parts of the structure (Fig. 2.6). Because the large-leaf variety provides one of the longest and straightest trunks of any of the lowland tree species, it is prized for joists, beams, ridgepoles and supports. As soon as the tree becomes usable, after reaching a 10 em stem diameter, it generally is cut for building material, with few stems left to grow larger than 25 em. Smaller-diameter trees are worked in the 16 Bwa Pie Figure 2.5 Basal sprouting of C. arborescens is typical ofthe large-leaf varieties on droughty sites. round form, providing long, straight poles used in roofing timbers. The larger diameter stems usually are split in quarters or squared for use as construction material or sawn into planks (Fig. 2.7). Posts are improved for durability by charcoaling the sapwood of the end that is buried in soil. The wood is used for rustic furniture and wood sculptures. A beverage derived from the astringent bark, containing various tannins, alkaloids and saponins, is used for medicinal purposes (Seaforth and Mohammed, 1988). Bark tea is considered a diuretic; mixed with anise, nutmeg, mace and sugar, the tea is taken as an aphrodisiac. A decoction made from boiled wood and mixed with milk is used to build up blood, especially after childbirth (Altschul, 1973). The shade of C. arborescens is not deep, allowing for flexibil- Figure 2.6 C. arborescens is valued as a construction timber used for building houses in Haiti. Bwa Pie 17 ity in the type of cash crops that can be grown in association with the tree. In field gardens, crops are grown right up to the base of the tree. Lateral branches are cut to control seasonal light demands, and to provide fodder and fuelwood. It is a common shade tree of the gardens grown near the home, particularly those associated with coffee and cocoa groves (Fig. 2.8). Propagation: C. arborescens is tricky to raise from seed. The hard seed coat inhibits germination, often giving erratic results in the nursery. The most common method to overcome seed dormancy is to immerse the seed in hot water and soak the seed for several days, changing the water daily (Josiah, 1989). However, experimental data do not support this method as being the best one. Probably the most important aspect of propagating the species in a containerized system is to keep the germinating seed environment humid by placing shade cloth over the containers. Generally, the seed is sown in greater quantities to compensate for poor germination, with multiple emergents being transplanted or thinned. Seedlings ready for field planting require about 4 weeks in the shade and a total of 14 weeks in containers, such as the Rootrainer or Winstrip. Sunscald and overwatering are common problems associated with nursery culture. The species can be top-pruned prior to planting in the field. A virus is postulated to attack the species in the nursery (Josiah, 1989), causing leaves to exhibit mosaic-type symptoms, with a mottled appearance and curled, shriveled leaf margins (Fig. 2.9). Tourigny (J 987) proposed that the virus is transmitted by the citrus aphid, Toxoptera aurantii, (B. de F), and that effective control of aphids might solve this problem. Barbour (1926) describes how Haitian farmers in the Cayes area " sow seed of a tree they call bois pete in wood lots behind their houses." However, in a detailed study Figure 2.7 Lumber of C. arborescens is used in construction and furniture making. Figure 2.8 A stand of C. arborescens used as coffee shade and timber. 18 Bwa Pie of traditional propagation methods in the Lascahobas area, sown seed accounts for only 5% of the C. arborescens tallied (Campbell, 1994). More than two-thirds of the trees were volunteer, with an additional 16% that were transplanted volunteers. An attempt was made to graft and bud the species in 1988 by the Double Harvest nursery, but all attempts failed with the split, inverted-T bud and cleft methods. No knowledge of vegetative methods has been reported in Haiti. Seed Research: The hard seed coat inhibits germination. Scarification by nicking the small seed results in a 4-fold increase in total germination. However, this is not costeffective for bulk seed and most nurseries compensate for low and irregular germination by sowing extra quantities of seed for transplants. An experiment designed to test scarification procedures showed that immersion in 80° C water, followed by a 24-hour soak, significantly reduced seed germination, whereas soaking in cold water for 24 hours had no effect. Furthermore, there was a poor correlation between laboratory germination tests and nursery emergence. No differences in germination were detected when ripe seed was harvested from the same orchard trees at 3-week intervals during the peak fruiting season (May to July). Planting Stock Quality: Various methods to establish C. arborescens in the field have been tested for their effect on survival and growth (Dupuis, 1986a; Reid, 1991). Direct seeding of the species has consistently failed in the field and can be recommended only if seed is plentiful. Container types and potting mixes showed no effects on a fertile site near Port-au-Prince. However, seedlings raised in a polythene sack survived better on a drier, less fertile site than did the smaller-containerized seedlings raised in the Rootrainer or Winstrip. This difference was accounted for by the larger soil volume of the sack and a more well-developed seedling root system. Figure 2.9 Deformed leaves of a C. arborescens nursery seedl ing probably are caused by an aphid-borne virus. Bwa Pie 19 Biomass Studies: Ehrlich (1985) developed total and fuelwood biomass tables for C. arborescens, sampled from a stand of trees located near Morne-a-Cabrit. The estimates are based on diameter-at-breast-height (DBH) and stump diameter measurements. Another set of biomass equations was developed on a drier site in the Northwest near Nan Marron in 1990. The 5-year-old stand had a narrow stem diameter range from 3-7 cm. These equations estimate total and wood(> I cm) dry weights on the basis of stem diameters measured at 0.3 m above ground level. The set of equations for C. arborescens is given in Table 2.1. Table 2.1 Equations used to estimate biomass components (kg dry weight) of C. arborescens in Haiti. COMPONENT REGRESSION EQUATION l R2 DIAMETER RANGE (CM) SITE Total aboveground biomass 0.25(DBH)2 0.98 3.0-12.5 Morne-a-Cabrit Usable wood weight 0.204(DBH)2 0.98 3.0-12.5 Morne-a-Cabrit Total aboveground biomass 0.Q33hLdn2 0.027hLd 2 0.99 2.8-6.6 Nan Marron 0.99 2.8--6.6 NaI).Marron Usable wood weight n DBH =Stem diameter at 1.3 m above ground level, in em. d =Stem diameter at 0.30 m above ground level, in em. h =Total tree height, in m. n = Number of stems at 0.30 m above ground level. 1 Growth Performance: The oldest trials of C. arborescens were established by the FAO project in the mid-I 970s. Later in the 1980s, several trials were established by the USAID Agroforestry Outreach and AFII projects and the World Bank Projet Forestier National. Table 2.2 compiles the growth rates and yield information available for several of the trials. The species failed at the highest elevation site (Tranquille) as well as on the coastal sites that receive severe drought, such as Cabaret and Jean Rabel. However, Nan Marron is probably the driest site and the species is performing well, being thesame small-leaf variety that is common in the area. The Haut Camp and Lapila sites have an adequate rainfall distribution, but the soils are extremely shallow and rocky. In contrast, the fastest growth occurs on alluvial, lowland sites such as Fauche, near Grand Goave, and Roche Blanche, near Croix-des-Bouquets. Early height growth of 2.5 m yr- 1 has been observed. The O'Gorman trial, located only 5 Ian east of Roche Blanche, is also an alluvial site, but with a combination ofless rainfall, poorer soils, and perhaps a poorly-adapted provenance. Moortele (1979) indicates that the source of the seed was from Grenier, a much higher (el. 800 m) and wetter location than the trial site. Figure 2.10 summarizes the height growth of the species in Haiti. Tree Improvement: There are distinct varieties in the species that are adapted to a wide range of growing conditions in Haiti. Farmers growing in moist and wetter sites prefer the taller and faster large-leaf variety for timber wood; the small-leaf variety is adapted .to shallow and rocky soils common to the dry regions of Haiti under 1000 mm rainfall. The first priority in the improvement of this species was to focus on the large-leafvariety for the moist regions of Haiti where the species is most developed as a timber tree. The establishment of seed orchards is the surest method to guarantee the harvest of pure large-leaf varieties and to achieve the uniformity in seedling performance that the farmer is seeking. 20 Bwa Pie Table 2.2 Site and growth parameters for C. arborescens trials in Haiti. SITE ELEVATION (m) ANNUAL RAINFALL AGE (yr) SURVIVAL (%) (mm) Laborde Tranquille HEIGHT M.A.I. I DBH 2 M.A.!. (m) (em) DRY WOOD YIELD (kg tree· l ) 2.7 13.7 1.6 4.9 0.9 1.4 0.9 1.8 4.9 90 1875 1.0 57 0.4 850 1385 2.7 48 0.5 5 1436 3.0 70 2.6 HautCamp 180 2281 3.0 69 0.5 Marmont 280 1450 3.0 21 1.3 75 1100 3.0 63 1.2 Terrier Rouge 20 1293 3.0 33 0.9 Bombardopolis 480 948 3.4 31 1.1 Lapila 350 1145 3.4 88 0.8 Fauche Roche Blanche 2 B6kin 3 Nan Marron Roche Blanche 1 Limbe O'Gorman 100 1397 3.5 93 1.4 1.4 450 600 4.8 87 0.8 0.8 2.8 75 1100 5.0 97 1.4 1.6 12.4 400 2057 5.2 78 1.2 1.0 5.5 70 830 5.2 19 0.4 0.5 1.3 1 M.A.I. = Mean annual increment. 2 DBH Schaefferia frutescens. = Stem diameter at 1.3 m above ground level, in em. 3 Reported as HEIGHT (nl) 101--------;=======;_~ 4 NAN MARRON 2 o__ ~_---'--------'-----_---'----------"-_--'--~_--'---~_--J 024 10 TREE AGE (yr) Figure 2.10 Height growth of C. arborescens in Haiti. Between 1988 and 1991, 53 trees of the large-leaf variety were selected for superior traits: straight stem form, wide and horizontal branch pattern, small crown size, and vigor. An additional 6 trees of the small-leaf variety were selected for inclusion in progeny trials on drier sites. Seed was collected from more than two-thirds ofthe candidate trees and seedlings were propagated for seedling seed orchards, progeny trials, and arboreta throughout Haiti. The seed orchard at Roche Blanche contains the entire progeny collection and perhaps the widest genetic base of the species in Haiti. There is significant variation in vigor among half-sib families of the large-leaf variety, particularly on droughty sites such as Lapila (Fig. 2.11). The top-ranked family is growing at twice the rate as the lowest-ranked family. Certain families are consistently the top-ranked families across a range of sites, being managed in the orchards for seed production and future progeny testing. It is Bwa Pie 21 expected that seed from such a wide genetic base shows a level of increased vigor. Continued germplasm work with C. arborescens should not neglect the small-leaf varieties for the drier regions where the species is under severe pressure from grazing and charcoal making activities. These varieties show adequate and steady growth, tolerating the severe droughts and rocky limestone sites common to these areas. Family HEIGHT (m) 4 A 321 (Mersan) 309 (Grande Plaine) 3 308 (Belladere) 310 (Source Crab) 2 305 (Band Roche) 306 (Paridon) 304 (Band Roche) 302 (Nan Roi) 303 (Nan Roi) o 1.0 2.2 3.3 4.4 TREE AGE (yr) Figure 2.11 Comparison of height growth among C. arborescens half-sib families at Lapila, near Pignon. Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at p=O.05. Figure 3.1 C. alliodora selected as a perennial garden species near Port SaJut. 3 Bwa Soumi Species: Cordia alliodora (Ruiz Lopez & Pavon) Oken. Family: Boraginaceae Synonyms: Cerdana alliodora Ruiz & Pavon, Cordia alliodora (Ruiz Lopez & Pavon) Cham., C. geracanthus Jacq. Common Names: H - bois de rose (bwa woz), bois soumis (bwa soumi), chene caparo (chenn kapawo), chene franc (chennfran), chene noir (chenn nwa); RD - capa, capa de olor, capa de sabana, capa 0 laurel, capa prieto, guacimilla; C - varia, varia prieta, varia colorada, varia amirilla. Importance: This species is an ideal timber species for traditional agroforestry models utilizing multi-tiered perennial crops characteristic of the lakou garden. The natural form of the tree provides an excellent mix of shade, as well as valuable lumber, and should be considered as an integral component in coffee-growing regions of Haiti. Taxonomy and Botanical Features: The genus Cordia includes some 200 species ranging from shrubs to large. trees (Liegel and Stead, 1990). Large differences in morphological and phenological features exist among varieties of C. alliodora and have created considerable taxonomic confusion. Two distinct races are recognized in Costa Rica. The distinguishing features of the tree are the whorled branches extending in horizontal layers from the main stem and the showy white flowers that cover the canopy during the dry season (Fig. 3.2). The flowers are clustered tightly in terminal branches, each flower with a tubular calyx that is 5-lobed and white, turning to brown. Leafblades are 6.5-15 cm long, with the undersides finely hairy, extending from hairy petioles 9.5-19 mm long. They smell like garlic when crushed. The terminal branches are swollen at the nodes. Distribution· and Ecology: This species is a native to Haiti, though it is common in restricted regions. The native range of the species covers the entire Caribbean area and extends from central Mexico to a broad belt across South America from Peru to Bolivia and Brazil (Little and Wadsworth, 1964). This extensive range includes an annual rainfall from 1000-4500 mm and 0-4 dry months. In Haiti, the species grows from sea level to about 600 m, mostly confined to the lower foothills of the moist subtropical forest (sensu Holdridge, 1967) and extending into the wet forest, where there is annual rainfall between 1200-2000 mm. It is common in southern Haiti, particularly along the southwest coast from Port Salut to Tiberon, and in the foothills extending west of the Chaine de Selle. Dr. Ekman collected plant specimens of the species in the Chaine de Mathieu on Morne-a-Cabrit in 1927. The soils where C. alliodora is found along the coastal regions are typically sandy and gravelly, commonly associated with ravines and river flood plains. The tree is adapted to a wide range of soils, including deep clayey and calcareous soils on gently rolling slopes, but it grows poorly on degraded sites and steep slopes. It naturally regenerates on abandoned fields and pastures. Seedlings have been found beneath 2- to 4-year-old stands at several sites where C. alliodora had been planted for the first time. 23 24 Bwa So,~mi Tree Characteristics: Tree heights up to 20 m have been measured in Haiti with stem diameters 20-40 cm and exceptionally straight and cylindrical stems. The tree attains heights over 40 m in Costa Rica. Clear boles to 12 m are not uncommon for mature trees, with a narrow crown reaching 4-5 meters (Fig. 3.3). The tree is self-pruning and deciduous, though differences occur among provenances for leaf retention and branch patterns. Most of the wood volume is concentrated in the main stem of medium-sized trees, an ideal characteristic for pole and lumber production and agroforestry systems that optimize spatial factors. This species has superb features as an agroforestry tree, with superior vertical form, self-pruning lateral branches and a narrow crown. The tree generally does not Figure 3.2 A shower of white flowers coppice, but root suckers can be prolific on spreads over the canopy of a four-yearmoist sites. old C. alliodora tree during the dry seaThe olive-brown heartwood has a decorason. tive appearance with black streaks and a specific gravity 0.44-0.52. The grain is straight to slightly interlocked and seasons well with only a slight warp (Chudnoff, 1984). It is easy to work, finishes smoothly and is readily glued. The durability of the heartwood varies according to the color of the heartwood, though it is generally resistant to dry-wood termites but not to borers. The tree flowers throughout the year in the Caribbean, with a peak during the dry season (December to February). Seed develops within 1-2 months after flowering and is ready for harvest from February onward. The seeds are borne in the tubular calyxes of the flower clusters and require cl imbing of the tree for harvest about 2-3 weeks prior to natural seedfall. The trees at Cazeau began bearing full crops of seed at 5 years with good germination. There are between 20,000-30,000 seeds kg-I, though as many as 100,000 seeds kg-I are found in its native range. Utilization: In areas where the species is common, Haitians consider the wood similar to the fine quality of C. longissima and use it for the same basic purposes. Poles harvested from the coppice or thinnings are utilized mostly in ,house construction and as climbing stakes for crops. It yields an excellent lumber that is used for furniture, carvings, construction, doors, windows, ±looring, and crossbeams, fetching an equivalent price to C. longissima. The erect form and short crown, with evenly-spaced branch whorls, cast an excellent shade that is not too dense for a wide assortment of understory crops. As such, it is widely planted in Central America for coffee shade and ornament. The tree's potential has not been fully utilized in Haiti, where C. alliodora could Bwa Soumi 25 easily replace shade species such as Inga vera and Albizia saman with a more valuable harvest potential. The flowers of the tree are an important source of food for bees during the dry season. The seeds and leaves are used in home medicines, mostly for ailments related to throat infections and chest colds. A leaf decoction compress is applied to sores (Liogier, 1990). Propagation: Seedlings are raised from seed either as stumps, striplings, or in containers for field planting. The seed loses viability rapidly after several weeks unless it is properly stored at low moisture contents « 10 % moisture content and 4-5 0 C). Seed is sown directly in containers and lightly covered with potting medium. Propagation in small containers, such as Rootrainers and Winstrips, require approximately 18-20 weeks for seedlings to reach sufficient size for field planting. Shade is required for the first 3--4 weeks prior to full sun. No serious pests or diseases have been encountered with propagating the species from seed in Haiti. Stump planting is a slower and less-utilized method, though cost saving, to propagate the species. Raised nursery beds are sown in rows 15 cm apart and thinned to a Figure 3.3 C. alliodora grows tall and spacing of 15 cm x 15 cm. Stumps are prestraight, with a self-pruning bole that is pared when root collar diameters reach 1 harvested for lumber. cm; shoots are pruned to 5-10 cm and roots are pruned to 10-20 cm. Seedlings up to 3 m tall have been balled and transplanted with 100% survival (Johnston and Morales, 1972). Transplanting of volunteers from beneath select stands is another alternative that is utilized in Asia and Central America. Grafting methods are employed for clonal seed orchard stock:, with the side-veneer technique (Boshier and Mesen, 1987), though techniques are difficult and are not practiced for general purposes. Growth Performance: The species has failed at Cabaret and Terrier Rouge, both sites being too severe for the species with droughts extending 3-5 months. Table 3.1 summarizes the data that are available for the growth of this species in Haiti. Survival is mediocre, averaging 50-60%. After 3 years, annual growth in the Central Plateau can be considered marginal with annual height increments under a meter. In contrast, at low elevation sites with soils ranging from sandy loams (Berault, Fauche, Cazeau) to clayey loams (Pemel, Roche Blanche), annual height increments of 1.5-2.0 m are normal (Fig. 3.4). Trees selected for superior traits at Cazeau, the oldest trial known to exist in Haiti, are averaging annual height and stem diameter increments of 2.3 m yr- I and 2.9 cm yr- I , 26 Bwa Soumi Table 3.1 Site and growth parameters of C. alliodora trials in Haiti. SITE ELEVATION (m) ANNUAL RAINFALL AGE SURVIVAL (yr) (%) (mm) Berau1t FaucM Mannont HEIGHT M.A.I.! DBH2 M.A.I. (m) (em) 25 1950 3.0 61 1.9 5 1436 3.0 40 1.5 1.5 280 1450 3.0 53 0.7 0.5 75 1875 3.0 69 1.1 1.2 130 1030 3.0 85 1.6 1.7 Terrier Rouge 20 1293 3.0 5 0.1 Cazeau 5 30 1200 5.5 90 2.3 Peme1 Roche Blanche 2.9 IM.A.I. = Mean annual increment. 2DBH = Stem diameter at 1.3 m above ground level. respectively. Because of the tree's high light requirements, stands need to be thinned intensively for good crown development. Densities of 180 stems ha- 1 are used for cocoa plantations in Costa Rica (Lamprecht, 1989). Tree Improvement: The earliest introduction of provenances for testing in Haiti occurred in 1984 when Operation Double Harvest introduced a single provenance, CATIE 1382, from San Carlos, Costa Rica. Four candidate trees were selected from this provenance in 1989 for progeny testing in aboreta and a seedling seed orchard in Marmont. An additional 6 provenances were introduced by International Resources Group in 1988 from Central America. After 3 years, the COHDEFOR 7488 provenance from northwestern Honduras appears to be better adapted than the Costa Rican provenances on drier sites, retaining its leaves and branches for longer periods during the dry months and producing seed as early as 2 years. However, significant variation in HEIGHT(m) height growth occurs within each prove6r---------,:===~~ nance as well as across sites (i.e., significant site x provenance interactions) suggesting that selection at both the individual and provenance levels merit consideration for breeding purposes. No significant differences in survival have been observed among provenances. There is considerable variation among 2 the seed lots that have been tested in Haiti. As in Cedrela odorata, differences among provenances are readily observable in the bark, branching pattern and leaf phenology (Fig. 3.5). Because the species has excellent TREE AGE (yr) potential as an agroforesty candidate, such differences among the varieties may play an Figure 3.4 Height growth of C. alliodoimportant role as selection criteria. ra in Haiti. However, the current provenance trials rep- Bwa Soumi 27 resent a fairly narrow range of growing conditions in Haiti. This can be remedied only by testing the species on a wider range of sites, particularly in the higher-elevation coffee-growing areas. The tree is a natural shade/lumber candidate and should be tested with several agroforestry options and additional seed from advanced generations of the tree improvement program in Costa Rica. Figure 3.5 Differences in leaf retention and branching pattern are striking among C. alliodora provenances collected from its extensive native range. Figure 4.1 A mature C. longissima, valued by Haitians for shade and lumber. Insetflowers of C. longissima. 4 Chenn Species: Catalpa longissima (Jacq.) Dum. Cours. Family: Bignonaceae Synonyms: Bignonia longissima Jacq., B. quercus Lam., Catalpa longissima (Jacq.) Sims, Macrocatalpa longissima (Jacq.) Britton Common Names: H - chene (chenn), bois chene (bwa chenn), chene hattien (chenn peyi), chene noir (chenn nwa), chenier; RD - roble, roble de olor; J - Jamaica-oak, mastwood, yokewood; PR - roble Dominicano, Haitian catalpa; US - Haitian oak; M - radegonde. Importance: C. longissima is one of the best-known lumber species in Haiti. Ask the Haitian fishermen what their boats are made of and the response is usually chenn. The superior wood quality and local demand for chenn are reflected in local lumber prices that are higher than the price of the renowned West Indies mahogany (Swietenia mahagoni). The tree typically is distributed along the coastal and river plains, where farmers manage the species with important food crops such as plantains (Musa x paradisiaca) and sweet potato (Ipomea batatas). The sparse crown does not compete with understory crops as with other tree species with denser shade. Taxonomy and Botanical Features: The common name of this species is derived from the French and Spanish names for oak (Quercus: Fagaceae). The Catalpa genus is comprised of few species in Haiti, of which C. longissima is the largest in size. As is typical of other Catalpa members, the showy white flowers are bell-shaped with a faint pinkish tinge on the inside of the 5-10bed corolla (Fig. 4.1 inset). The tree is recognized immediately by an abundance of long, stringy pods, up to 40 cm long, that are light green turning to brown and twisting open to scatter hundreds of soft cottony seeds to the wind. The pods are persistent, hanging on the outside of the crown and giving it a stringy appearance. From a distance, the crown has a soft, bushy texture with slightly wavy branches forming a cylindrical canopy; Chenn nwa may refer to a darker heartwood variety or anyone of several Cordia species that exist in Haiti. Distribution and Ecology: C. longissima is native' to the islands of Hispaniola and Jamaica, but has become naturalized throughout the Caribbean as an ornamental and timber species (Adams, 1972). Natural stands of Haitian oak are most typically found near the coastal flood plains and alluvial fans of rivers, below an elevation of 250 m, that receive an annual rainfall of 1000-2000 mm (Fig. 4.2). It tolerates seasonal flooding and it is common to see nearly pure stands of the species, as along the Ennery River near Passe Reine or in the valley of the Limbe river. As one travels into the mountains up to an elevation of 1000 m, the tree is found mostly as an occasional specimen of ravines and courtyards of Haitian homes, associated with other common species of the subtropical moist forest: mango (Mangifera indica), avocado (Persea am'ericana), simarouba (Simarouba glauca), colubrina (Colubrina arborescens), mahogany (Swietenia mahagoni) and coconut (Cocos nucifera). The soils most commonly associated with Haitian oak are the calcareous alluvial deposits of sand, silt and gravel common to the coastal plains as well as the rivers and ravines that drain the mountains. Typically, these soils have a pH range of 7.0-8.2 and 29 30 Chenn Figure 4.2 Stands of C. longissima are common along stream courses and river flood plains, as shown here near Baie-de-Henne. good drainage. Though Haitian oak is found on a wide range of sites, it performs poorly where the dry season drought is combined with shallow and rocky soils. It rarely is found in the lowland dry forest that is comprised mostly of the thorny Prosopis and Acacia species and becomes just as rare as one reaches 1000 m in elevation. It is shade intolerant. Average size-class distributions of the species, as cultivated by Haitian farmers, were studied in Lascahobas (Campbell, 1994). Less than 8% of the tallied stems were in the saw timber class, defined as having trunks larger than 25 em. Over half of the population were seedlings and saplings under 10 cm DBH. The balance of the population was in the I-2 pole merchantable class. Tree Characteristics: The juvenile form is often multi-stemmed and bushy, eventually developing into a single-stemmed tree with a narrow crown:DBH ratio. Dominant heights in Haiti reach up to 28 meters, with an average around 19 ill. Stem diameters of most of the mature trees in Haiti are between 25--40 cm, though individuals up to 80 cm are sighted occasionally. Natural crown diameters spread to 18 m. However, Haitian oak growing in field gardens is pruned heavily and rarely does the crown exceed 6 m (Fig. 4.3). The traditional method of pruning the lateral branches keeps the crown narrow and is a common feature where the tree is associated with understory crops such as plantains, sweet potatoes, corn and beans. The tree tolerates pruning well, which not only allows more light and rainfall penetration, but provides fuelwood and aids in the development of the bole for lumber production. Chenn 31 Figure 4.3 C. longissima is typically pruned to allow more sunlight to reach understory crops and to increase its value as lumber. Haitian oak begins to flower at an early age, usually within 2 years from seed. The flowers of the species range in color from white to pink. During the months of June, July and November, most trees are fruiting with long, stringy, cylindrical pods up to 40 em that split open and scatter hundreds of small brown seeds, 1 mm wide and 8 mm long, and enclosed with cotton-like fiber. Throughout the year, caterpillars and beetles attack mature trees sometimes causing serious defoliation. At other times of the year, mostly at the beginning of the rainy season, it is common to see juvenile trees defoliated by caterpillars, tortoise-shell beetles, and skeletonizers (Fig. 4.4). The wood exhibits hues of light gray to a darker nearcbocolate color. A local seed collector claims that the darkerwooded variety, sometimes known as chenn nwa (black oak), can be distinguished by the reddish hue of the maturing seed pod. The wood varies in density from 0.60 to 0.80 g/cm 3 with a straight grain that is easily worked (Longwood., 1962). Utilization: As a living tree, Haitian oak provides a light shade that is influenced in part by defoliation and is controlled further by pruning. As mentioned previously, an important byproduct of pruning the tree is fuelwood. However, where the tree grows well, the primary importance of Haitian oak is for the production of lumber. It ranks second to mango as the main source of lumber in Haiti, though its wood is much more valuable. Haitian oak is the wood of choice for fishing boats (Fig. 4.5). As a furniture wood, it is favored over mahogany for its resistance to wood borers and for the natural grayishbrown, lustrous color of its heartwood. The color of the wood is not as age-sensitive as the color of mahogany. Statues and woodcarvings made of Haitian oak generally are left in their natural color (Fig. 4.6). 32 Chenn The poles commonly are harvested from coppice stems that sprout from mature stumps. In the urban areas of Port-auPrince, the poles are used mostly as supports for the pouring of concrete ceilings and building multi-story buildings. In the rural areas, the poles are used chiefly for house construction, both as vertical posts and horizontal beams and rafters. The leaves of Haitian oak are used in a decoction and taken orally for fevers, dysentery, hemorrhoids and respiratory problems (Weniger, 1985; Rouzier, 1990). Propagation: Haitian oak is regenerated naturally by seed that is wind blown great distances from the mother tree. Volunteers left in place were the source of 60% of the trees of known origin in the Lascahobas regIon (Campbell, 1994). The rest were volunteers that were transplanted Figure 4.4 C. longissima is heavily attacked by a to another location. In many number of defoliating insects. Inset - Caterpillar areas of Haiti, farmers transplant feeding on C. longissima. volunteers to more secure and fertile areas of their land and thus guarantee the eventual harvest of wood. After the mature tree is harvested, basal sprouts regenerate to provide a second, more valuable harvest (Fig. 4.7). Up to 20% of the C. longissima stems that one tallies on a farm is coppice. However, alternative means to propagating the species are numerous, the only limiting factors being the technical knowledge and input costs of the various options. Josiah (1989) summarized the methods of propagating Haitian oak utilizing containerized systems, such as the Rootrainer or Winstrip. Problems associated with raising Haitian oak seedlings in the nursery are I) variability in seed viability among seed lots and seasons, 2) seed predation in the nursery by ants, rats and mice, 3) occasional insect infestations of mites, caterpillars, aphids, leafminers and white fly, 4) occasional fungal diseases such as leafspot (Alternaria, Botrytis, and Cercospora), and anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum (Runion et al., 1990). Seed germination rarely exceeds 40% in the nursery. Factors that greatly affect the seed quality of Haitian oak are many, the most important being parent source, seed crop season and storage conditions. It is more critical to store the seed at low moisture content than at low temperature. Moisture content should be maintained between 5-7% (wet weight basis); storage temperatures Chenn 33 Figure 4.5 C. longissima is an important source of wood for boat building. between 4-19° C, the equivalent to the range between a refrigerator and an air-conditioned room, are adequate, provided that the seed is stored in air-tight containers. Vegetative techniques have been observed in Haiti, though the practice is not widely utilized. Campbell (1994) tallied only one tree that was established as a cutting by farmers in Lascahobas. Branch cuttings have rooted successfully at a CARE nursery near Barbe Pagnol. In another case, a farmer near Petit Goave demonstrated air-layering and stooling methods with the species. These methods were successful in propagating superior phenotypes. The advantages of vegetative methods are 1) insured genetic superiority and uniformity, 2) low technological costs and 3) increased survival and growth of the propaguJe. Considering the Figure 4.6 The beauty and working ease of C. longissima is a favorite among Haitian wood carvers. 34 Chenn limited number of seedlings that the average Haitian farmer demands, vegetative propagation of Haitian oak will be a distinct feature of this species' future in Haiti. Five grafting methods were experimented with C. longissima at Double Harvest in October, 1988. The methods utilized scion material collected from superior tree candidates and rootstock propagated in 10 cm polythene bags. None of the grafting methods was successful. However, the experiment was not exhaustive and such factors as season, rootstock vigor and budwood quality were not studied. Biomass Studies: Ehrlich et al. (1986) developed biomass and volume tables for this species based on a stand of Haitian oak near Limbe that ranged in stem diameters from 2 to 20 cm. Figure 4.7 C. longissima coppice, ready for second These tables are based on the lumber harvest. Inset - Close up of coppicing allometric relationship between stump. an easily measured parameter, such as DBH, and biomass. These relationships are expressed in the equations provided in Table 4.1. Compared to species such as Leucaena leucocephala, the tree has low biomass coefficients, meaning that most of the wood is contained within a stocky single stem rather than in a heavily branched canopy. This attribute is one that makes C. longissima a favorite lumber species, especially if the tree is managed on a regular pruning cycle. No volume tables for lumber have been recorded for Haitian oak. Growth Performance: The tree grows moderately fast on freely-drained alluvial sites that receive at least 1000 mm annual rainfall. The best early growth of the species has been observed at the progeny trial near Laborde (Cayes) and the seed orchard at Roche Blanche (Croix-des-Bouquets), where average height increments of 1.2-1.4 my-I during the first 3 years and survival rates above 90% were recorded (Fig. 4.8). The oldest trial of Haitian oak was established by FAO at Vaudreuil (Bihun, 1982). Average heights of2.5 m in 2 years, 6 m in 7 years and 7.5 m in 10 years were recorded at a survival rate of 65 %. However, Haitian oak performs poorly on sites where soils are extremely shal- Chenn 35 Table 4.1 Equations used to estimate biomass components (kg dry weight) of C. longissima in Haiti, after Ehrlich (1986). COMPONENT REGRESSION EQUAnON1 DBH RANGE SITE (em) Total aboveground biomass 0.242(DBH)2 - 0.54 0.95 1.7 - 10.8 Limbe Usable wood weight 0.179(DBH)2 - 0.83 0.96 1.7 - 10.8 Limbe Usable wood weight 0.12(sd)2 - 2.28 0.93 3.0 - 13.5 Limbe Pole volume (x 10-3 m 3 ) 0.277(DBH)2 - 2.031 0.95 5.0 - 10.8 Limbe 1 DBH = Stem diameter at 1.3 m above ground level, in em. sd = Stem diameter at 0.1 m above ground, in em. low and rocky, such as the Haut Camp and Lapila sites, or in areas that experience lengthy droughts, such as the Terrier Rouge and Nan Marron sites. On these sites, the species never achieves growth rates worthy of wood production. A summary of several trials in Hqiti is provided in Table 4.2. The tree does not sprint in height growth like Leucaena, but develops more slowly. The poor height rankings are mostly indicative of the early fast growth of the exotics that were established in the same trial. After 3 years, wood yield is negligible at such off-site locations as Bombard, 0' Gorman and Lapila. The species would be considered a failure at these sites. Growth ranges at the Terrier Rouge and Fauche sites are suboptimal for the potential of these sites for the species, because of inadequate management during the first years of establishment. The Roche Blanche trial is averaging annual wood yields of 6.7 kg tree- I for the first 3 years. The Vaudreuil site, about 10 km to the east of HEIGHT (m) Roche Blanche, yielded about 1.5 kg tree- I 9 r-----;::=======::::::;-,---~ Yf- I over the 10 year period (1975-1985). The Laborde site is remarkable in that the 8 VAUDREUIL species is conspicuously absent in the area. The former use of the land was fa1- 7 low pasture, as shown in the illustrations (see Fig. 4.9 and Fig. 4.10). The tree is 6 growing very well on the sandy loam soil in association with Cedrela odorata and is 5achieving annual wood yields of 1.7 kg tree-I. 4 Tree Improvement: An effort began in 1988 to improve the quality of the species as a timber species. A country-wide se1ec- 2 tion of candidate trees was made for qualitative characteristics that contribute to the economic value of Haitian oak. These traits include stem form, height to the pri- o mary fork, branching patterns, and resis0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 tance to disease, insects and wind. A total TREE AGE (yr) of 127 mother trees were selected throughout Haiti. Seed was collected Figure 4.8 Height growth of C. longissima from two-thirds of the selected candi- in Haiti. ~--'--l....-..l.-...l..-...C..--l........J,---"--'---'---l........J----'---'-----l---'--J.---"--'---'--'---'-,-J--'--J 36 Chenn Table 4.2 Site and growth parameters of C. longissima trials in Haiti. SITE ELEVATION ANNUAL RAINFALL (m) AGE (yr) SURVIVAL (%) (mm) Lapila 350 Bombard Plaisance Cazeau HEIGHT M.A.!.' OBH' M.A.!. (m) (elll) DRY WOOD YIELD (kg tree") 1145 10 480 948 10 76 06 360 1900 1.5 62 0.1 90 0.6 30 1200 2.J 97 17 Colin 650 1300 2.2 78 06 Passe Catabois 120 987 2.2 65 0.8 Grand Bassin 70 1300 2.3 40 0.4 Crocra 30 1490 3.0 89 06 0.6 0.6 1436 3.0 39 10 J3 19 2280 3.0 90 0.4 Fauche HaUl Camp 180 90 1875 3.0 99 1.4 1.9 5.2 Marmol1r 280 1450 3.0 72 1.0 1.1 1.1 Roche Blanche 2 130 1030 3.0 86 0.4 20 J293 3.0 57 0.5 0.5 02 Laborde Terrjer Rouge Nan Manon 450 600 3.4 32 0.3 Roche Blanche I 130 1030 5.0 96 12 2.2 O'Gorman I 70 830 5.3 74 0.5 0.6 1.2 O'Gonnon 2 70 830 5.3 89 0.5 0.4 0.1 Vaudreuil 55 830 10.0 65 0.8 0.9 14.7 I .M.A.I. ::: Metln annual increment. 2 DBH::: Stem diameter at 1.3 III above ground level, in em. Figure 4.9 Pasture site before trial establishment... 20.0 Chenn 37 dates and established in a series of progeny trials and seedling seed orchards throughout Haiti. All progeny tests and orchards are comprised of open-pollinated stock. No maternal effects have been detected for 3-year survival and height growth. Within-family variation is as large as inter-family differences. For example, at the Laborde progeny trial near Cayes, a 23% difference between the firstand last-ranked families in height growth (4.7 m v. 3.8 m) at 3 years was not significant. Survival likewise was the same across families, ranging from 96-100%. This finding directs further breeding strategies towards selection of individuals that can be vegetatively propagated and installed in second-generation orchards. The orchard of 55 half-sib families at Roche Blanche probably Figure 4.10 ... and 4 years later, showing excel- contains the broadest genetic base of C. longissima in its native range. lent growth of C. longissima. The orchard began yielding seed in the second year. The photo in Fig. 4.4, taken at this orchard, shows the seasonal insect defoliation that often attacks the species when it is under drought stress. But it also underscores the worth of an investment to conserve a genetic diversity that can better cope with changes in pests and growing conditions of such an economically important tree species. Several periodic studies on the intensity of defoliation exhibited no family differences. However, the effect of annual attacks may be causing growth differences among families, with the top families showing superior vigor and an advantage of 40-50% in height growth over 5 years. The 2 largest individuals in the orchard come from the same mother tree, a positive indication that improvement can be made in Haiti. Figure 5.1 Farmers like S glauca growing in their fields because it grows tall, straight, and reaps good lumber. 5 Fwenn Species: Simarouba glauca DC. var. latifolia Cronq. Family: Simaroubaceae Synonyms: Simarouba medicinalis Endl., S. officinalis Macfad., S. officinalis DC. Common names: H - bois frene (bwafwenn), bois blanc (bwa blan), d'olive (doliv), frene ifwenn); RD - daguilla, daguillo, juan primero, laguilla, olivio, palo amargo; C gavihin; J - bitter damson; G/M - acajou blanc; US - simarouba, princess tree; F - bois amer, quinquina d'Europe. Species: Simarouba berteroana Krug. and Urban Family: Simaroubaceae Common names: H - bois frene (bwa fwenn), frene ifwenn), frene etranger ifwenn etranje); RD - aceituna, daguilla, juan primero, olivio. Importance: S. glauca is one of the major sources of fast-growing, medium-grade lumber in Haiti. It is well adapted to the agricultural landscape, regenerating naturally beneath mango and other mature trees. The fast, straight growth and wide adaptability on shallow soils of Haiti's mountains combine to make this tree an attractive choice for agroforestry. The seed kernel is underutilized and has potential for supplying Haitains with a source of oil. Taxonomy and Botanical Features: There are 6 species of Simarouba in tropical America, two of which are native to Haiti (Liogier, 1985). The common S. glauca var. latifolia is easily distinguished from the less common S. berteroana by the leaves. Those of the former are dark, shiny green above, oblong, and often notched or smooth at the apex. S. berteroana leaves are a lighter dull green, lanceolate and have a prominent beak at the apex (Fig. 5.3 inset). A third Simarouba species, planted during the 1950s and 1960s in the vicinity of Lake Peligre, probably was introduced from abroad. Locally known as doliv, it is distinguished from S. glauca by a smaller bivalved seed and young growth that is light green rather than reddish. It appears to have a shorter bole and a heavier crown. Fwenn is the Creole name derived from the French word for ash (Fraxinus: Oleaceae). Bwa blan is heard more often in the northern part of Haiti, whereas fwenn is used for the species in the south. Where S. glauca co-exists with S. berteroana, the latter sometimes is referred to as fwenn etranje (foreign ash), though both are native to Haiti. The specimen identified as S. glauca (Ekman 3036), collected in 1925 by Dr. Ekman near Ganthier, is S. berteroana, as described by Liogier (1985). Distribution and Ecology: S. glauca is a common native of the Greater Antilles, Florida, Mexico and Central America. It is found mostly in Haiti as an associated species ofthe subtropical moist forest (sensu Holdridge, 1976), occurring from sea level to about 800 m. It shares the overstory position with the other common trees of the home and humid perennial gardens: mango (Mangifera indica), royal palm (Roystonea borinquena), avocado (Persea americana), plantain (Musa xparidisiaca) and as shade for coffee (Fig. 5.2). The species is found on the rocky, shallow calcareous soils of mountain slopes and ridges as well as on the deeper soils of the ravines and alluvial plains. 39 40 Fwenn S. berteroana is endemic to Hispaniola and found scattered throughout the country at elevations 100-600 m. The range of the species overlaps with S. glauca in the wetter regions, though much less common, and extends into the drier zones which S. glauca does not prefer. S. glauca is shade tolerant and occurs as an understory tree, particularly under the canopy of large fruit trees where birds perch and deposit the seed. Birds relish the ripe drupes and play an important role in seed dispersal from March to July. The species does poorly on severely degraded sites and approaches the limits of its optimal range in regions ofI-laiti receiving less than 1200 mm annual rainfall. Stressed seedlings in these areas often are attacked by caterpillars and stem borers during the dry months. However, the bitter leaves are avoided by livestock, an advantage for seedlings that develop slowlyon tough sites. Tree Characteristics: A remarkable attribute of Simarouba is the straightness of the bole across sites varying widely in soil depth and quality. The tree develops a shallow root system that is well adapted to mountain soils. Mature trees of S. glauca attain heights of 25-27 m and stem diameters of 40-50 cm, often with a clear, cylindrical bole to 9 m. S. berteroana, being found frequently on less-fertile sites, rarely grows taller than 20 m with stem diameters ranging from 30--40 cm. The form is not as straight as S. glauca and tends to fork at lower heights (Fig. 5.3). The crown of both species is narrow, widths averaging 4-6 m, with a crown width:DBH ratio of 22-25. Boles clear of branches often extend to two-thirds total tree height and are managed by pruning the lateral branches. Pruning allows the flexibility to grow the tree as part of the upper story of a perennial garden or in pure, dense stands of rak bwa (woodlot). The species coppices, though not vigorously. Approximately 10% of the trees tallied by Campbell (1994) were coppice stems. At least 2 branch stories or whorls must be left when pruning S. glauca to avoid impairing growth rates (Lamprecht, 1989). Plantations have been reported to resist storms and drought and are favored over cashew (Anacardium occidentale) for such reasons in India (Satpathi, 1984). The wood is light (sp. gr. 0.38) and soft with strength properties normal for a wood of its density. The creamy white color of the heartwood is barely distinguishable from the sapwood. It is commonly reported Figure 5.2 S. glauca is managed with mixed in Haiti and other Caribbean islands annual and perennial food crops in the moist that the wood has a tendency to split regions of Haiti. Fwenn 41 during sawing. Seasoning with prolonged weather exposure causes severe surface and end splitting. It exhibits variability in decay resistance, though it is generally considered low in resistance to decay fungi and highly susceptible to dry-wood termites and marine borers, contrary to a widely held belief that the characteristic bitter taste of the bark and wood impart a resistance to insects (Longwood, 1962). The plant is dioecious with both unisexual and bisexual flowers. The seed orchard at Roche Blanche began bearing seed at 3 years, though full seed production is achieved at 6 years. Male trees made up approximately 40% of the population in a plantation established in India (Satpathi, 1984). These were eliminated and replaced with bisexual plants for seed production. There are 1600-1800 seeds kg-I for S. glauca and 1100-1300 seeds kg-I for S. berteroana. Utilization: The moderate density, softness, and ease of working, make S. glauca a popular wood for house construction and common furniture of the Haitian farmer. The combination of fast growth, broad adaptibility, and ample natural regeneration provides an adequate supply for local wood industries in such regions as Maniche in the southwestern Haiti (Fig. 5.4). The wood generally is sawn into planks Figure 5.3 S. berteroana, showing the that are easy to work as a general utility typical habit of the species. Inset - wood. Certain staining fungi that attack the wood actually enhance its appearance for Slender and pointed leaf shape of S. decorative uses. The wood industry in berteroana Central America uses the species in match manufacture, plywood core, veneer, wood chips and lumber. S. glauca yields an edible oil from its seeds. The aceituno fat also is used for soap production in India, where plantations have been established for commercial production. Methods for processing the seed to produce and refine the crude fat, as well as the physical and chemical characteristics of the aceituno oil, are given in Rath (1987). Armour (1959) mentions a toxin in the residual cake that is produced during the oilextraction process. All parts of the tree are used for medicinal purposes. The bark is taken as a decoction or tea for diarrhea and fever. Leaves are used for rheumatism or are applied in the form of a lotion for body pain, bruises or skin itch. The fruit is edible. During the flowering season, it is visited by swarms of bees and is considered an important honey plant. Propagation: S. glauca regenerates well under the deep shade of mango, where birds perch and drop the seed after eating the sweet pulp (Fig. 5.5). It also is dispersed by other small fauna that feed on the fruit. A lizard species (Ctenosaura similis) in Costa Rica has been observed to ingest the fruit and disperse intact seeds away from the mother trees (Traveset, 1990). 42 Fwenn Figure 5.4 Men sawing S. glauca in the Maniche area, where the species supplies a local lumber industry. For the most part, trees found in the Haitian landscape are regenerated naturally. However, farmers occasionally transplant volunteer seedlings or sow seeds in new locations. Nursery beds for stumps or bare-root seedlings are a recent development of agroforestry and forestry projects in Haiti (Fig. 5.6) and are better suited for local production of seedlings where natural regeneration is scarce. Stumps or balled seedlings are transplanted during the rainy season when root collar diameters reach 0.7-1.0 em. Vegetative techniques include air-layering, cuttings and grafting (Satpathi 1984; Armour, 1959). Special considerations are needed to propagate the species efficiently in containers. It is preferred to sow fresh seed, within a month following harvest, and prepare the seed by cracking the endocarp to overcome dormancy barriers. Emergents have a tendency to loop or lie on their sides. Sowing the seed on its side partially overcomes this problem; extra seed is sown in germination beds for replacing deformed seedlings. Young seedlings under shade are susceptible to root- and stem-rot diseases that should be controlled by proper watering and fungicide treatments. Sunsca1d is a problem when seedlings are placed in the sun directly from the shade. This problem is avoided if the seedlings are conditioned properly. Approximately 12 weeks are required to raise seedlings in the rigid cell containers, with the initial 4 weeks in the shade and the final month being hardened off (Josiah, 1989). Seed Research: Seed of this species exhibits dormancy as a result of the hard seed coat. Seed that are viable by the tetrazolium test fail to germinate. Furthermore, the high oil content of the seed causes the seed to lose viability after a couple of months when it is stored at ambient conditions. Drying to seed moisture contents below 10% and storing in air-tight containers improves seed longevity. Fwenn 43 Figure 5.5 Natural regeneration of S. glauca under a harvested mango tree, where birds once perched and dropped seed after eating the sweet pulp. Seed-coat dormancy can be overcome by extracting the kernel from the endocarp or by cracking the endocarp prior to sowing (Timyan and Vaval, 1993). Both these treatments showed significant improvements in germination over the control, increasing total germination 2-fold in the nursery. Soaking the seed in either cold or hot (80 0 C) water for 24 hours did not affect germination. However, height growth was slower for seedlings that germinated from the extracted kernels than for the other seed treatments. Growth Performance: Both species generally exhibit good to excellent survival, even on poor sites with shallow soils and drought periods extending to 4 months (e.g., Bombard and Lapila). However, the species are out of their range on low-elevation sites receiving less than J 000 mm rainfall or sites above 900 m elevation (see Table 5.1 and Table 5.2). Annual stcm increments are slightly higher for S. glauca than S. berteroana, with the latter species exhibiting a more slender stem, less erect form, and branchier crown. Figure 5.6 S. glauca is propagated as bare-root seedlings in a CARE nursery. 44 Fwenn Height growth has never been observed to exceed 2 m yr- 1 for either species (see Fig. 5.7 and Fig. 5.8). The fastest growth has been measured at the Fauche site (1.8 m yr- 1 for S. glauca; 1.6 m yr- 1 for S. berteroana), with the average for the species close to a meter per year. The oldest trial at O'Gorman in the Cul-de-Sac plain was measured at 9 years and showed a mean annual height increment of 0.5 m and stem-diameter increment of 0.6 cm for S. berteroana. S. glauca exhibited height increments of 0.7 m and stem-diameter increments of 0.6 cm in the same trial. However, the O'Gorman site is not typical of the growing conditions where S. glauca is commercially exploited for lumber. Fauche and La Jeune are typical sites where the native population is vigorous and the species is regarded as a valuable shade and timber species. These trials should be observed carefully to estimate the profitability of growing the species for timber. Tree Improvement: The selection of S. glauca provenances for superior wood properties has been examined in Africa, based in part on seed collected in Haiti (Ergo and Deschamps, 1984). A great deal of heterogeneity was found among the seed sources throughout its native range in the Caribbean and Central America. Most variability was attributed to genetic differences, indicating the potential of tree improvement within the species. Between 1988 and 1991, a selection of superior phenotypes was conducted in areas of Haiti where significant populations occur: La Jeune area of the Plateau Central, Maniche area of the southwest, the Grand-Anse, and areas of Bainet and Jacmel. A total of 79 plus trees were selected, of which 35 trees were harvested for seed and propagated for establishment in seedling seed orchards, progeny trials, and arboreta. The same approach was employed for the endemic S. berteroana. Nine of 14 selected trees were harvested and established in orchards and progeny trials. Some of the orchards of the Table 5.1 Site and growth parameters of S. glauca var. latifolia trials in Haiti. SITE ELEVATION (m) ANNUAL RAINFALL AGE SURVIVAL (yr) (%) (mm) Laborde 2 90 La Jeune 400 Paillant 600 Tranquille 76-11 900 1450 Bombard 480 948 1436 Fauche 1875 HEIGHT M.A.!.l DBUZ M.A.I. (m) (em) 1.0 92 1145 2.0 88 1.2 1300 2.0 69 0.4 2.9 41 0.2 3.0 75 0.8 3.0 77 1.8 2.0 3.0 82 0:4 0.5 0.8 HautCamp 180 2280 0.5 0.8 Marmont 280 1450 3.0 48 0.9 Roche Blanche 130 1030 3.0 84 1.6 2.0 Terrier Rouge 20 1293 3.0 57 0.7 0.8 Lapila 2 350 1145 3.2 52 0.7 0.9 Lapi1a 1 350 1145 3.4 90 1.2 1.3 a'Gorman 76-10 70 830 5.3 85 0.9 0.8 a'Gorman 76-9 70 830 5.3 74 1.2 0.5 a'Gorman 76-6 70 830 9.0 41 0.7 0.4 Vaudreuil 75-1 55 830 10.0 53 1.0 1.2 I M.A.I. = Mean annual increment. 2 DBH =Stem diameter at 1.3 m above ground level. Fwenn 45 Table 5.2 Site and growth parameters of S. berteroana trials in Haiti. SITE ELEVATION (m) ANNUAL RAINFALL (mm) AGE (yr) SURVIVAL (%) HEIGHT M.A.I. l (m) 0.9 90 1875 1.0 100 Tranquille 76-10 850 1385 2.7 32 0.3 Marmont 280 1450 3.0 36 1.2 1436 3.0 66 1.6 Laborde 2 Fauche DBH 2 M.A.I. (em) 1.1 1.5 Roche Blanche 130 1030 3.0 80 1.6 1.8 Terrier Rouge 20 1293 3.0 62 0.9 0.8 350 1145 3.2 69 0.8 0.8 70 830 9.0 49 0.4 0.6 Lapi1a 2 O'Gorman 1 1 M.A.I. =Mean annual increment. 2 DBH = Stem diameter at 1.3 m above ground level. latter species are isolated from S. glauca; others are adjacent and may produce hybrid seed. There is evidence that the two species hybridize, with seed collected from wild populations of S. glauca showing traits of S. berteroana. Future studies should be oriented toward better understanding the role that hybrids may play in wood properties, survival and growth rates. Attempts to broaden the genetic diversity of S. glauca by importing seed from the OFI collection (UK) and the Dominican Republic were unsuccessful, with the seed failing to germinate in the nursery. No maternal effects have been shown for either species in survival or height growth after 3 years. There is as much variance within the half-sib families as there is between them. The populations in Haiti appear to be quite uniform, though selection at the individual level in the progeny and seed orchards is planned at the time of the first thinning. The seed orchard at Roche Blanche, established in 1989, began bearing seed in May, 1993 at 3 112 years. HEIGHT(m) HEIGHT(m) 12,---------------------" 12 I------;::=========;_~ 11 11 MlYRLINE 11 10 VAUDREUIL 10 11 MlYR LINE I 8 7 - FAUCHE E BLANCHE O'GORMAN RMONT _------------- -R~;;~OUGE 3 - LAPILA TRANQUILLE o 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 TREE AGE (yr) Figure 5.7 Height growth of S. glauca in Haiti. #"i---'--'--~-'--'---'--'---'--'---'---'--L..J-L..J-L..J-L.......JL.......J o 1 2 3 4 56 7 8 9 10 11 12 TREE AGE (yr) Figure 5.8 Height growth of S. berteroana in Haiti. Figure 6.1 A mature S. mahagoni shelters the courtyard of a rural residence. 6 Kajou Peyi...Kajou Etranje Species: Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq. Family: Meliaceae Synonyms: Cedrela mahagoni L., Cedrus mahagoni L., C. mahogani (L.) Miller, Swietenia fabrilis Salisbury, S. mahogoni (L.) Lam. Common Names: H - acajou (kajou), acajou pays (kajou peyi); C, PR, RD - caoba, caoba de Santo Domingo, caoba dominicana; J, PR, US - Dominican mahogany, smallleaf mahogany, West Indian mahogany, West Indies mahogany. Species: Swietenia macrophylla G. King Family: Meliaceae Synonyms: Swietenia belizensis Lundell, S. candollei Pittier, S. krukovii Gleason & Panshin, S. tessmannii Harms Common Names: H - acajou etranger (kajou etranje), acajou du Venezuela (kajou venezwela), acajou du Honduras; RD - caoba hondurefia; PR - caoba de Honduras; PR, US, J - big-leaf mahogany, Honduras mahogany, mahogany, Venezuelan mahogany. Importance: S. mahagoni, one of the world's premier cabinet woods, was the original mahogany in the commercial trade and was exported from Hispaniola as early as the sixteenth century. It is broadly adapted to dry rocky sites where other premier timber species are not productive. It naturally regenerates well and hybridizes with S. macrophylla for faster growth and superior form. S. macrophylla, introduced from Central America and naturalized in the wetter regions of Haiti, offers expanded opportunities for agroforestry and lumber production. Taxonomy and Botanical Features: Most botanists recognize 3 species in the genus Swietenia (s. mahagoni, S. macrophylla, and S. humilis), though the degree of hybridization and intermediate types among the species blurs this distinction (Pennington and Styles, 1975). The broad symmetrical crown and short trunk is characteristic of the native S. mahagoni. The leaves are even pinnate, 10-18 cm long, and bearing 4-10 pairs of shiny, dark green leaflets, lance-shaped, 2.5-5.0 cm long by . 0.7-2.0 cm broad. The light brown seed capsule stands upright, about 6-10 cm long by 4~5 cm diameter, with 5 valves splitting upward from the base. Each valve releases about 20 flat brown winged seeds, 4-6 cm long. Features that are characteristic of the natural~zed S. macrophylla are the smoother and lighter bark, straighter and longer bole, narrower crown in proportion to total tree height, and larger leaves. The leaves are 20-40 cm, with 6-12 pairs of shiny leaflets, 6.5-15.0 cm long. The seed capsule is 12-18 cm long and 7.5 cm diameter, with 5 valves that split from thebase,each with 2 rows of 10-14 winged brown seeds, 8-11 cm long (Fig. 6.2). S. macrophylla outcrosses with S. mahagoni in Haiti to produce hybrids with intermediate leaf sizes, but inherits more the form and growth rate of S. macrophylla and the wood qualities and dro~ght resistance of S. mahagoni (Whitmore and Hinojosa, 1977). Distribution and Ecology: S. mahagoni is native to the western Caribbean, including Hispaniola, Jamaica, Cuba, Bahamas and south Florida. It now occurs throughout the tropics as a timber species, having problems naturalizing in other countries. 47 48 Kajou Peyi... Kajou Etranje S. macrophylla occurs naturally from the Yucatan in Mexico to Brazil. It is a lowland species, most frequently found from sea level to 450 m. In Haiti, S. mahagoni is common at elevations of 100-500 m, mostly inhabiting the drier hillsides where it is better adapted than the introduced S. macrophylla. Soils are mostly calcareous and annual rainfall ranges from 800-2000 mm with a 2-3 month winter drought. The seed capsules fully ripen during the dry season, with the winged seed dispersed widely by the winds. Pure and dense stands of the species occur rarely, observed only in areas of the Plateau Central where the species is very common. Typically, the species is scattered as isolated Figure 6.2 Five-parted seed capsules trees across the agricultural landscape and are a characteristic feature of Swite- occurs in remnant populations. In the drier tenia. The capsules of S. macrophylla, habitats of the Northwest, commonly associated species are bwa blan (Phyllostylon shown here, are larger than those of S. brasilense), divi-divi (Caesalpinea coriaria), mahagoni. bwa kapab (Colubrina arborescens) and gayak (Guaiacum sp.). In the moist forest, associates are sed (Cedrela odorata), bwa doti (Petitia domingensis), chenn (Catalpa longissima) and bwa pIe (Colubrina arborescens). S. macrophylla was introduced into Haiti during the 1940s by SHADA (Societe Hai·tienne-Americaine pour le Developpement Agricole) at Bayeux, on the northern coast, and at Franklin, in the southwest (Fig. 6.3). Since that time, it has been Figure 6.3 One of the original S. macrophylla stands at Franklin, about 40 years after its introduction to Haiti. Kajou Peyi ... Kajou Etranje 49 distributed as roadside plantings and has been established in small private plantations in the Cap-Hai"tien and Jeremie areas. The species performs poorly on alkaline soils, particularly on the soft whitish limestone clays, locally known as tif, and on shallow rocky soils of the dry slopes and ridges. It prefers sheltered conditions and well-drained soils in areas of Haiti that receive more than 1800 mm annual rainfall and below 500 m elevation. Natural S. macrophylla x S. mahagoni hybrids are found in most areas where S. macrophylla has been introduced, notably in the Limbe/Riviere Sale region and Fonddes-Negres. Additionally, seed lots of the hybrid have been imported from Puerto Rico and St. Croix since 1989 and have been established in growth trials with both of the parent species. S. humilis occurs in scattered trials throughout the country and has been introduced to Haiti only since 1989. Tree Characteristics: The typical form of mature S. mahagoni has a short, buttressing trunk, up to I m diameter and 2-3 meters high, with a large, spherical crown, many heavy branches and dense shade. The bark is smooth and gray on young trees, turning to a scaly dark reddish brown on large trees. Superior individuals have been selected with clear bole lengths up to 12 m. Maximum tree heights rarely exceed 24 m and average 18 m with spreading crown diameters up to 15 m. Average crown:DBH ratio for this species is 22.4 (sd 2.74). The tree is deciduous where there are severe droughts, with a characteristic reddish flush of new leaves at the beginning of the rains (Fig. 6.4). The form of S. macrophylla is superior for lumber production, having a narrower crown and clear boles up to 16 m. Tree heights have been measured up to 30 m at Franklin, with stem diameters 40-60 cm, averaging an annual increment of I cm yr- 1 during the past 50 years. The crown of young trees is narrow; that of older trees becomes broad, dense, and highly branched. Wood properties of the two species differ. S. mahagoni is harder, with a heartwood that is brownish red, deepening with exposure and age. S. macrophylla is lighter pink brown, with a grain not as fine_ Both woods have similar density (0.5-0.8) with straight grain that is sometimes wavy, roey, and figured. The sapwood of both species is very susceptible to decay and insects. Many farmers and Figure 6.4 S. mahagoni is deciduous in the woodworkers in Haiti complain of the drier regions of Haiti. attack (pikin on juvenile S. mahagoni SO Kajou Peyi ... Kajou Etranje trees by various borers. However, the heartwood of S mahagoni is highly resistant to decay and insect attack, performing better than all other mahoganies on the world market (Moses, 1955). West Indies mahogany is noted for its low and uniform shrinkage and its ability to hold its shape much better than other woods of similar density (Longwood, 1962). The wood works well and finishes to an exceptionally smooth, lustrous surface. Both species flower in Haiti during the fall and produce seed during the late winter period from January to March. Seed weights range from 2100-2800 seeds kg-I for S macrophylla to 6000-8700 seeds kg- J for S mahagoni. The seed of neither species stores well. The best storage conditions are at very low seed moisture contents (3 % wet weight basis) and low storage temperatures (-20 to 2° C). Seed does not remain viable for longer than 2 months when stored at ambient conditions in Haiti. Figure 6.5 Detail of classic mahogany furniture made in Haiti. Utilization: This is the wood of choice for high-class furniture and cabinetwork, joinery, yachts, and pattern work (Fig. 6.5). Logs usually are hauled in from the rural areas in short 3-meter lengths rather than being sawn (Fig. 6.6). Woodcarvers use a significant amount .~~ Figure 6.6 Logs of Smahagoni in Port-au-Prince waiting to be sold for wood carving and furniture making. Kajou Peyi... Kajou Etranje S1 of the wood in turnery and sculpture. Much of the branchwood and crooked stems is converted to charcoal, particularly in the regions of Haiti isolated from the urban markets by poor roads. High-grade timber is used locally for window frames, doors, sills and interior woodwork, or is exported to the urban market. S. mahagoni is a medicinal plant throughout the Caribbean. The bark is considered an astringent and taken orally as a decoction for diarrhea, as a source of vitamins and iron, and as a medicine used to induce hemorrhage. When the bark is steeped to a red liquid, it is taken to clear blood, increase appetite, and regain strength in cases of tuberculosis (Ayensu, 1981). Farmers generally plant the species along the boundary of gardens or around the courtyard garden, where it provides deep shade. A widespread belief in Haiti is that S. mahagoni dries the soil and makes it "hot." This is particularly true in the drier regions where soil moisture is already marginal for adequate crop production. S. macrophylla does not suffer this reputation, being planted in regions of Haiti where rainfall is greater than 1500 mm and used as shade for coffee. Figure 6.7 Transplanting volunteer seedlings is the easiest method for establishing S. mahagoni at new locations. Propagation: Most farmers in Haiti who transplant seedlings do so from naturally-regenerated stock in the field (Fig. 6.7). The species generally is propagated from seed for mass production of seedlings in containerized systems, such as the Winstrip and Rootrainer. Seed is sown shortly after harvest, considering the short viability of the seed under ambient conditions. Seed usually is prepared by breaking the seed wing to facilitate germination. The heavy part of the seed is planted into the soil with the top portion slightly exposed. Looping of the hypocotyl is a problem and these seedlings are replaced with transplants from a germination bed. Both species require about 18 weeks to prepare seedlings for outplant, with the initial 3 weeks in the shade and the final 4 weeks for hardening off. Sunscald is a problem if the seedlings are exposed 52 Kajou PeyieeeKajou Efranje directly to the sun from shade, requiring acclimation to full-sunlight conditions. Damping off and root-rot problems are the most serious nursery diseases and can be controlled by proper watering and fungicide treatments. The root plug of the species is loose and special precautions are required in lifting out the seedlings. Growth Performance: The growth data on S. mahagoni in Haiti are surprisingly sparse considering the widespread occurrence of the species (Table 6.1). It is more drought hardy than S. macrophylla (Table 6.2) and generally exhibits higher survival and growth on sites receiving less than 1000 mm rainfall. The trial at O'Gorman is typical of the performance of S. mahagoni in Table 6.1 compared to S. macrophylla in Table 6.2 on a dry site. Survival is 4-fold and mean annual diameter increments are 2fold. .Even height growth is faster for the more drought-tolerant native species. On favorable and wetter sites such as Fauche, growth of S. macrophylla is rapid, achieving twice the annual height increments of S. mahagoni. Whereas S. macrophylla can achieve 2 m yr- 1, S. mahagoni rarely grows faster than 1 m yr-l, even on sites where moisture and soil depth are not limiting. Figure 6.8 and Figure 6.9 compare the height Table 6.1 Site and growth parameters of S. mahagoni trials in Haiti. SITE ELEVATION ANNUAL RAINFALL (m) AGE SURVIVAL (yr) (%) (rom) Fauch e HEIGHT M.A.!.1 DBH2 M.A.I. (m) (em) 5 1436 3.0 84 1.4 1.4 Marmont 280 1450 3.0 71 1.2 1.2 Marmont 280 1450 3.0 44 1.0 0.9 Roche Blanche 130 1030 3.0 48 1.1 1.2 Terrier Rouge 20 1293 3.0 71 0.6 0.3 O'Gorman 70 830 9.0 85 0.6 0.6 Vaudreuil 55 830 10.0 89 0.8 1.1 =Mean annual increment. 1M.A.I. 2 DBH =Stem diameter at 1.3 m above ground level, in em. Table 6.2 Site and growth parameters of S. macrophylla trials in Haiti. SITE ELEVATION (m) ANNUAL RAINFALL AGE SURVIVAL (yr) (%) (mm) Berault Labordette Fauch- HEIGHT M.A.I. 1 DBW M.A.I. (m) (em) 25 1950 3.0 53 2.0 375 1350 3.0 44 0.6 2.2 1.0 5 1436 3.0 47 2.2 2.1 Marmont 280 1450 3.0 32 1.4 1.5 Marmont 280 1450 3.0 44 1.0 1.0 Roche Blanche 130 1030 3.0 30 1.0 1.0 O'Gorman 70 830 5.3 22 0.4 0.3 Vaudreuil 55 830 10.0 75 1.0 1.2 1M.A.I. =Mean annual increment. 2 DBH =Stem diameter at 1.3 m above ground level, in em. Kajoll Peyi ... Kajou Etranje S3 HEIGHT (m) 12.--------------------.1 11 10 9 8 - 0---- 7 // 6 ,0' , // 4 FAUCHr r;j!, // 1/ ONT OCHE BLANCHE 1;/ 1/ ,/. TERRIER ROUGE 2 I ,'/ A/ , / 1 ;' 0~---L....'----'----'------'-----'------.l----'---'------"-----'------"---l........l---'---.l........L--'---'----'--~ o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 TREE AGE (yr) Figure 6.8 Height growth of S. mahagoni in Haiti. HEIGHT(m) 12.---------------------" 11 10 9 7 6 4 2 oFI---L.-C--...l--'---.l...--'---'-----'---L...L---'------.L---'----'---l...-.l........L...J-.L---'--,--"-, o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 TREE AGE (yr) Figure 6.9 Height growth of S. macrophylla in Haiti. growth of the two species on several sites in Haiti. The trials are more typical of sites that are preferred by S. mahagoni, biasing the true potential of S. macrophylla. The best examples are the former SHADA plantations near Anse d'Hainault and Bayeuxand several private plantations near CapHai'tien. The tree grows poorly on the shallow, rocky soils of steep slopes and ridges, as in the case of the Labordette trial. The trial at Marmont is situated in the Central Plateau where S. mahagoni is a dominant species. Early growth rates are favoring S. macrophylla and the hybrid, S. macrophylla x S. mahagoni, over the native species. However, survival rates are still higher for S. mahagoni and a steady growth rate over a longer period may be superior. Survival is not a problem for S. mahagoni, tolerating drought better than S. macrophylla. However, the broad canopy of the tree discourages pure wood lots and the slow growth makes it difficult for farmers to seriously consider this species for intensive silviculture. For this reason, farmers rarely propagate the species, preferring instead to rely on natural regeneration and transplanting wildings at wide spacings. It is difficult at this stage to predict the role of the hybrid. It is reported to be more drought resistant than S. macrophylla, though this will be difficult to prove with so few sites where the hybrid and both parents occur at the same age. At Roche Blanche and Marmont, where such a situation occurs, the hybrid has not shown any advantage in survival. Results in height growth are mixed (Fig. 6.10). Growth rates for the few sites where it has been established in 54 Kajou Peyi ••• Kajou Etranje trials are provided in Table 6.3. HEIGHT(m) Tree Improvement: A total of 17 S. mahagoni and 18 S. macrophylla were selected between 1988 and 1991 for superior traits. The major selection areas for S. mahagoni were in the Central Plateau, the Northwest, and in scattered populations in the southern peninsula. Superior phenotypes of S. macrophylla were selected in even-aged plantations in the Jeremie and Cap-Hai:tien areas. Several provenances of S. macrophylla were introduced from Central America and established in provenance trials and seed orchards to broaden the genetic base of the introduced species. The open-pollinated S. macrophylla x S. mahagoni hybrid was imported from Puerto Rico and St. Croix on three occasions and established with both parent ~ARMONT ARBORETUM R. BLANCHE ORCHARD species in stands for growth comparisons MARMONT ORCHARD and to encourage back-crossing of the TRIAL SITE hybrid with the local S. mahagoni for more Figure 6.10 Height growth comparisons drought-resistant stock. The hybrid, with a of Swietenia spp. after three years. narrow crown and a straight clean stem, resembles more the traits of the mother MAC = S. macrophylla; HYBRID = S. macroph~lla x S. mahagoni; MAH = S. parent, S. macrophylla, and appears to be a mahagom. good choice for agroforestry (Fig. 6.11). Problems of variability and a narrow genetic base inherent to hybrids should be studied further to improve their potential for widescale forestry purposes. I • MAC 0 HYBRID 0 MAH I Table 6.3 Site and growth parameters of S. macrophylla x S. mahagoni hybrid trials in Haiti. SITE ELEVATION (m) ANNUAL RAINFALL (mm) AGE SURVIVAL (yr) (%) HEIGHT M.A.I. 1 (m) DBW M.A.I. (em) Marmont 1 280 1450 3.0 52 1.3 1.2 Marmont2 280 1450 3.0 68 1.2 1.2 Roche Blanche 1 130 1030 3.0 32 0.9 0.9 Roche Blanche 2 130 1030 4.0 80 1.6 1.9 1 M.A.I. = Mean annual increment. 2 DBH = Stem diameter at 1.3 m above ground level, in em. Kajou Pevi ... Kajou Etranje ss Figure 6.11 Comparison of S. mahagoni (left) with a S. macrophyl/a x S. mahagoni hybrid (right) after three years of growth in the Cul-de-Sac Plain. Figure 7.1 R. borinquena is an important source of food, fiber and construction material for rural populations in Haiti. Inset - The royal palm is displayed proudly in the Haitian coat of arms. 7 Palmis Species: Roystonea borinquena O. F. Cook Synonyms: Oreodoxa borinquena (O.F. Cook) Reasoner ex L.H. Bailey, Roystonea hispaniolana Bailey, R. hispaniolana f. altissima Moscoso, R. peregrina L. H. Bailey Family: Arecaceae (=Palmae) Common Names: H - palmiste (palmis), palmier royale; RD - palma, palma deyagua, palma real; US - Hispaniolan royal palm, Puerto· Rico royal palm, royal palm. Importance: This is one of the most useful trees in the moist lowlands of Haiti, providing a source of food for pigs, fiber for weaving and thatch, and construction material. Nearly every part of R. borinquena can be utilized for domestic purposes or for sale in the market. The stately tree is a symbol of patrimony, and is positioned in the center of the Haitian flag (Fig. 7.1 inset). Taxonomy and Botanical Features: The genus is native to the Caribbean, and is named in honor of General Roy Stone (1835-1905), who served in Puerto Rico during the Spanish-American War. Bailey and Moore (1949) recognized 12 species, though there may be fewer than this when a revision of the genus is completed (Henderson et al. 1990). The center of diversity for the genus is recognized as eastern Cuba (Zona, 1993). R. borinquena and R. hispaniolana, though often reported as distinct species, may be considered synonyms (S. Zona, personal communication). The palm is recognized by a smooth gray and solitary trunk up to 0.5 m diameter that is slightly swollen at midheight; a light green column of leaf sheaths about 1.5 m high between the trunk and the crown of large pinnate leaves; leaf blades about 2.5- 3.5 m long, with many paired pinnae 0.4-0.6 m long, the youngest unfolded leaf projecting as a spire from the middle of the crown; male and female flower clusters at the base of the leaf sheaths; and light brown, slightly fleshy, elliptical fruits approximately 1 cm in diameter. Distribution and Ecology: R. borinquena occurs in Puerto Rico, Vieques, St. Croix (Little and Wadsworth, 1964) and throughout the island of Hispaniola, from below sea level near Lake Enriquillo to about 1000 m elevation (Zanoni, 1991). It is found most frequently in the lower mountain areas beginning at 150 m, preferring the moist to wet forest regions that receive 1000-2000 mm annual rainfall. It does not occur in the dry limestone regions except near water .sources. The tree is abundant in the upper Artibonite watershed (Fig. 7.2). In one study of the courtyard gardens around Lascahobas, royal palm was the most common species, including all size classes, and ranked third behind mango and avocado in the number of mature trees over 25 cm stem diameter (Campbell, 1994). Though a dominant tree of the upper canopy layer in the gardens near rural residences, most of the population is distributed in favor of the juvenile-size classes that are not considered mature for timber harvest. The species is dispersed largely by farmers who harvest the fruit to feed pigs, but also by· birds and rodents. Tree Characteristics: Mature palms reach 20 m tall with crown diameters approaching 5 ill (Fig. 7.3). The grayish smooth trunk has a slightly broad base that narrows before swelling some distance above. The evergreen crown has more than a dozen S7 S8 Palmis Figure 7.2 R. borinquena is particularly abundant in the lower elevations of the moist regions of Haiti. gracefully curved and spreading leaves that separate smoothly from the trunk after they die. Faint leaf scars at the nodes form a distinctive pattern along the trunk and are variably spaced according to growth rate and tree age. The tree flowers throughout the year. Utilization: The species is one of the most utilized tree species in the subtropical moist forest. It is planted as a stately ornamental in the urban residential areas. In the rural areas, the standing tree is often used to store grain. A hole is cut through the trunk at about 6 m above ground and corn is balanced on each end of a pole running through the hole (Fig. 7.4). This practice discourages rats from getting to the corn. As an important honey plant, the flowers attract bees that also make their hive in trunk segments prepared by farmers (Fig. 7.5). The fruit clusters are served to pigs that are often tethered at the base of the trunk or in deep shade (Fig. 7.6). When pigs are given fresh fruit, they eat the fleshy outer part and leave the kernel to dry for later consumption. The proximate analysis of Roystonea fruit from Cuba, on a dry weight basis, is as follows: 6.1 % crude protein, 23.6 % crude fiber, 26.6% crude fat, 39.4% carbohydrates, and 4.3% ash (G6hl, 1975). The palm generally is felled when the hard outer trunk is mature for lumber, about 15-25 years of age (Campbell, 1994). Thin planks are hewn with a machete along the stem axis, about 10 cm wide and 4-6 m long, and are utilized mainly for roof lattice, flooring, and siding in the construction of houses and granaries (Fig. 7.7). The lumber is reportedly very susceptible to attack by dry-wood termites (Little and Wadsworth, 1964). The palm cabbage (i.e., heart of palm) is wrapped carefully in the leaf sheath and sold as a food item, particularly at Easter time. Leaf segments of the young furled fronds are used for weaving chair seats and hats. The dried sheaths (lash) of mature fronds, when pressed flat, are used as roofing and siding material and are readily sold in local Palmis 59 Figure 7.3 R. borinquena is planted for its majestic beauty as well as ils useful products. 60 Palmis markets as a cheaper substitute for corrugated tin sheets. The sheaths also are prepared for packing tobacco and molasses sugar (rapadou) or for insulating glass bottles. The leaf blades serve as thatch for graineries, outdoor kitchens, and field huts. The frond ribs are used as fuel. Propagation: The majority of seedlings are volunteers that are left to grow wherever they germinate. Seed dispersal is aided significantly by transporting the ripe seed to feed pigs and the almost continuous availability of fruit to wild animals. Very few seedlings are transplanted once they have germinated, though it is possible to transplant the tree even at very large sizes. Next in importance are those seedlings that are cultivated by sowing the seed in selected areas of the property. Very rarely is the tree propagated from seed in containers, except as an ornamental in the urban residential areas. Figure 7.4 R. borinquena is typically used for dry grain storage high and away from rats. Figure 7.5 A Roystonea grove provides an excellent site for an apiary, providing both hives made from the trunks and a source of nectar and pollen from flowers. Palmis 61 Seedlings are propagated easily from seed. The exocarp is removed from the kernel prior to sowing. Germination takes 2-4 weeks under constantly moist conditions. Good drainage is necessary to keep the seed from rotting. Figure 7.6 The fruit of R. borinquena is a valued source of food for pigs and birds that act as important dispersal agents for regeneration to new sites. Figure 7.7 R. borinquena is an important source of construction material for granaries and houses, particularly in the Central Plateau. Figure 8.1 C. odorata planted in a typical residential setting in Bombardopolis. 8 Sed Species: Cedrela odorata L. Family: Meliaceae Synonyms: Cedrela dugessii Watson, C. glaziovii C. DC., C. guianensis Adr. Juss., C. mexicana M.1. Roemer, C. occidentalis C. DC., C. pavaguariensis Martius, C. sintenisii DC., C. velloziana MJ. Roemer., Surenus brownei Ktze. Common Names: H - acajou a planches (kajou planch), acajou femelle (kajoufemel), cedre (sed), cedre blanc (sed blan), cedre espagnol (sed panyol), cedre rouge; C, RD, PR - cedro, cedro del pais, cedrohembra, cedro macho; PR - Spanish cedar. Importance: Cedrela odorata is prized for its valuable aromatic wood. In Haiti, as elsewhere in the tropical America, the species is exploited heavily for domestic use or for sale in the urban market. The tree provides a wide variety of products and services, making it a good choice for traditional perennial-orientedcropping systems. Because of the value of the wood, local populations have been reduced severely. Optimal conditions necessary for natural regeneration are deteriorating, thus adding importance to continued efforts in provenance testing and genetic conservation of the species in Haiti. Taxonomy and Botanical Features: The genus Cedrela has involved several systematic revisions, causing some confusion in the taxonomy of C. odorata L. Styles (1981) reduced the number of species within the genus to 7 and considers 28 other named species, including C. mexicana M. 1. Roem., as C. odorata. Naturally, there is a significant amount of population variation in the species, with differences expressed in the bark, foliage and wood. The common native variety is close in appearance to the provenances imported from Colombia and Costa Rica and is distinguished as sed wouj (red cedar). Characteristic features include a rough fissured bark, reddish-green color of new growth, and sessile leaflets. In contrast, the provenances from Honduras, Belize and Guatemala exhibit a light green color of new growth, smoother bark, larger leaflets with petioles, and varying degrees of pubescence. Mature trees of this variety are less common in Haiti and are known as sed blan (white cedar). Both varieties have alternate leaves, about 20-60 em long, consisting of 8-20 pairs of elliptical leaflets. The inconspicuous flowers are 4-parted, greenish-white, and about 10-16 mm across. Seeds are borne in a reddish-brown capsule, are nearly round with light-colored dots, 16-20 mm in diameter, and split into four parts to release 30--40 winged seeds. Tree parts give off a bitter, characteristic scent that smells like garlic (Little and Wadsworth, 1964). Distribution and Ecology: The natural distribution of the species extends from Mexico and the Caribbean to Argentina (Longwood, 1962; Smith, 1965). Optimum growth conditions for the species are found in the moist forest, with annual precipitation of 1200-1800 mm and 4-5 dry months. The majority of the remnant population in Haiti is located in the mountain elevations extending from 200-800 m elevation and over 1500 mm rainfall. However, scattered native populations have been located in drier habitats, such as Bombardopolis (900 mm rainfall) and on coastal plains of wetter locations, including the Plaine du Nord, Cayes, Petit-Goave, Arcahaie and Anse-a-Veaux regions. The tree usually is seen isolated among other tree species of the subtropical moist forest, occuring near ravines and courtyard gardens. Occasionally, stands of C. odorata are found as shade for coffee groves. 63 64 Sid The species is not demanding of soil nutrients, tolerating soils high in calcium, though exacting in its soil physical requirements. The species is shallow-rooted and requires good soil aeration. It prefers sites where the upper root system remains in dry soil ("ankles dry") with the major roots near saturated conditions ("feet wet"). Holdridge (1943) recommended only 11 trees ha- I in its native range, presumably to avoid Hypsipyla grandella (shoot borer moth). Trees prefer sheltered conditions and limited exposure to severe drought. The difficulty in establishing the tree is exacerbated by deteriorating site conditions and the genetic quality of the existing population. Tree Characteristics: Mature trees in Haiti have been measured up to 65 cm in stem diameter and 25 m in height. The average size of trees being cut for saw timber range from 15-20 m tall with stem diameters 25--40 cm . The trunk is average length, ranging from 4 m and extending up to 13 m for superior trees. The spreading crown averages 7-8 m in diameter with a crown diameter:DBH ratio of 19.4 (sd 3.62). The species flowers during the late summer and bears fruit during the winter from October to March. Trees in higher elevations have been observed to bear later than those in lower elevations. The species is monoecious and yields seed in isolation, with an occasional seed lot suffering from a high degree of albinism. Albino seedlings eventually die in the nursery. The tree bears seed for the first time at about 15 years (Lamprecht, 1989). There are 40,000-55,000 seed kg-I. The natural quality of Spanish cedar wood is known to be variable according to age and growing conditions of individual trees (Record and Hess, 1943). Rapidly-grown or young wood is reported to be less fragrant, lighter in color, and tougher than the denser, pungent-odored timber of old or slowly-grown trees. The heartwood is· pinkish to reddish brown, becoming richer in color upon exposure, and sometimes poorly distinguished from the pinkish to white sapwood. The grain is usually straight, with a texture that ranges from fine and uniform to coarse and uneven. The distinctive cedar-like odor is usually pronounced. The average specific gravity ranges from 0.42-0.64, depending upon location, site, age of tree, and rapidity of growth. C. odorata is moderately durable, being resistant to dry-wood and subterranean termites, but not to marine borers. It is occasionally infested with pinhole borers. It has excellent weathering properties without the protection of paint (Longwood, 1962). Utilization: Spanish cedar is a premier timber for furniture, decorative veneer, musical instruments, wooden novelties and doors. The scent ofthe wood is used for storage containers, such as jewelry boxes, wardrobes and cigar boxes. The wood is reported to protect against insects such as moths. Because ofthe scarcity ofthe wood in Port-au-Prince, such storage containers usually are built from mahogany and lined with thinner sheets of Spanish cedar for the scent. Coffins made of the wood demand a premium price, as they are reputed to protect against theft of zombi (dead souls). The tree is used for shade and windbreak in courtyard gardens and coffee groves (Fig. 8.2). Branches are used as live fence material and as a source of fuelwood. The flowers are visited by bees as a source of nectar for honey production. The tree provides many ingredients as a medicinal plant (Ayensu, 1981). The root bark is used to reduce fever and pain, the trunk bark is harvested to prepare a decoction for inducing abortions, and the seeds are believed to have vermifugal properties (Fig. 8.3). Protection against Sed 6S witches is provided by planting the tree at the entrance of house-and-yard compound, bathing in a bark bath, or placing pieces of wood and bark above windows and doors. Figure 8.2 C. odorata combines high-value wood production with coffee shade. Propagation: The transplanting of naturally regenerated seedlings or establishment of branch and stem cuttings are the most common propagation methods used by Haitian farmers. However, natural regeneration from seed is sparse and widely scattered. The more practical method is to propagate the species from branch cuttings harvested during the late winter dry period and prior to the onset of the spring rains. Cuttings often are established as living fences or border plantings in southern Haiti (Fig. 8.4). Propagation from seed is most efficient with containerized systems and this has been done in Haiti with the Rootrainer and Winstrip. Seed stores well at 6-7% moisture content and a Figure 8.3 The bark of C. odorata is harvested for magical and medicinal purposes. Figure 8.4 C. odorata is commonly propagated from cuttings to establish border plantings and live fence rows. 66 Sed temperature of 4° C for up to 10 years (Timyan, 1990). The seed is sown with the heaviest part in the soil. Seedlings are raised in 14 weeks with the initial 6 weeks in the shade and the final 6 weeks hardening off prior to outplant. Seedlings are susceptible to sunscald and require a gradual acclimation to full-sunlight conditions. Insect infestations are occasional, such as the citrus aphid (Toxoptera aurantii) and spider mites (Fig. 8.5). The former may be a vector in a leaf virus that occasionally attacks nursery seedlings. Common nursery diseases are leafspot (Alternaria, Cercospora), stem blight combined with vascular wilt, and anthracnose (Colletotrichum) as reported by Runion et al. (1990). Striplings, stumps or balled seedlings are lower input techniques that have been used successfully for the species. Grafting and budding methods have been successful for this species, utilizing the T-bud, veneer and cleft grafts in Haiti. Scion material was collected during the end of the dry season from mature trees and grafted onto 4-month-old rootstock grown in plastic polythene bags. These techniques are reserved for the propagation of orchard trees. Figure 8.5 Spider mite infestations on C. odorata are occasionally a problem in container nurseries. Growth Performance: A summary of the trials in Haiti (Table 8.1) shows the species living up to its reputation as a tree exacting in its site Table 8.1 Site and growth parameters of C. adO/'ala trials in Haiti. Within site parameters are distinguished between several Central American (CA) varieties and the local Haitian (HAl) variety. SITE ELEVAnON (m) ANNUAL RAINFALL AGE SURVIVAL (yr) (%) (nun) HEIGHT M.A.!.' (m yr') DBA' M.A.!. (cmyr- l ) Paillant 600 1300 2.0 75.0 0.4 Tranquille (HAO 900 1450 2.7 55.5 0.2 O'Gorman (HAl) 70 830 2.9 29.6 08 Berault (CA) 25 1950 3.0 562 2.2 Fauche (Hai) 5 1436 3.0 41.3 2.1 1.9 Laborde (CA) 90 1875 30 93.5 1.7 15 Labordette (CA) 375 1350 3.0 62.3 0.7 1.l MaI'mont (HAl) 280 1450 30 [2.0 07 1.6 Marmont (CA) 280 1450 3.0 36.0 1.3 1.4 Lapila (HA[) 350 1145 3.2 25.0 0.3 Lapila (CA) 350 1145 32 43.3 0.6 Bombard (HAl) 480 948 34 4.8 0.2 Bombard (CA) 480 948 3.4 54.8 0.5 I M.A.I. = Mean annual increment. 2 DGH = Stem diameter <H 1.3 m above ground level, in em. 2.9 0.6 Sid 67 BOMBARDOPOLIS 1989 - 1992 LAPILA 1989 - 1992 SURVIVAL (%) <== 401 TREE AGE (yr) TREE AGE (yr) Figure 8.6 Survival of C. odorata accessions from Haiti (401, 402, 1381) compared to Central Am~rican provenances. requirements. Assuming that most of the trials established before 1989 were planted from unselected sources in Haiti, at least some of the poor results can be attributed to the performance of the local variety. In trials where certain provenances from Central America are planted alongside the local variety, the former outperform in survival and height growth, even on poor sites (shallow, rocky soil and annual rainfall less than 1200 mm) such as Bombard and Lapila (Fig. 8.6). The only trial in which the local variety is growing well with acceptable survival is at Fauche, a coastal site with alluvial, sandy loam soils and a high water table. After 3 years, height increments are exceeding 2 m yr-l. The trial at Lapila indicates that there is variability in the performance of the local variety, with 2 accessions exhibiting 6% survival and 0.6 m height growth after 3 years and 1 accession with 63 % surHEIGHT (Ill) vival and 1.0 m height growth. 9r------------;:========:::;--~ The latter seed lot was collected 11 MlYR LINE' 8 from a healthy stand of C. odorata in the mountains behind Petit 7 Goave where the species is grown for lumber and coffee 6 shade. 5 The high survival and growth rates of the Central 4 American varieties is impressive 3 (Fig. 8.7) and may correspond to LABORDETTE(CA) the faster growth formerly attrib~ MARMONT(HAI) 2 /~/ BOMBARD (CA) uted to C. mexicana (Cintron, 1990). The best sites have the " ;~._._._._._._* BOMBARD (HAl) , J::~::'>---'" TRANQUILLE (HAl) characterisitic soil and climate 023 456 7 8 9 features that the species seems to TREE AGE (yr) require: well-drained, sandy loams with annual rainfall above Figure 8.7 Height growth of C. odorata in 1500 mm. Annual height increHaiti. Imported accessions from Central ments over 2.0 m with high surAmerica (CA) are distinguished from local accessions (HAl). ".",'" / Olil!""="---'~--.L~---L-~~----.l.~---'-~-L-~'------'----.J 68 Sed vivals, ranging from 60-95%, are not uncommon. The Labordette trial is typical of mountain garden conditions, with adequate rainfall, hut shallow soil and damages incurred by annual agricultural activities. Two-thirds of the trees survive with annual height increments under a meter. Over a period of 25 years, the species can achieve average heights of 32 m and mean annual increments of 12.6 m 3 ha· ' (Lamb, 1968). It is too early to draw conclusions on the importance of this trend. Wood qualities may differ with differences in the rate of growth and variety. Susceptibility to wind damage and pest attacks may take its toll with unpredictable events, particularly infestations by larvae of the small moth, H. grandella, and a fungi, Armillaria mellea, that causes damage to the roots of young trees. The species also succumbs to a die-back of uncertain causes (Marshall, 1939) after early years of good growth. Tree Improvement: There are two important trends in Haiti that are placing C. odoraat a disadvantage as a cultivated species. First, the exploitation of the species for its high-quality lumber has resulted in a highly scattered population comprised of isolated individuals of questionable genetic worth. Second, typical sites that favor natural regeneration, survival and growth of the local variety are deteriorating as these soils are compacted and eroded. For these reasons, the major focus since 1988 has been to conserve and broaden the genetic base of the species by (I) collecting seed from superior phenotypes, (2) introducing new provenances from other origins within the species' natural range and (3) establishing provenance trials throughout Haiti to identify the varieties that exhibit broad adaptability in Haiti. Between 1988 and 1991, a total of 36 superior phenotypes of the sed wouj variety and 7 sed blan variety were selected throughout the natural range of the species in Haiti: The progeny of these trees were established in arboreta and provenance trials along with over a dozen provenances from Central and South America (Fig. 8.8). Several commercial seed lots from Central American sources were also tested. The provenances from Belize (OFI 23/77), Honduras (OFI 52/79 & COHDEFOR 6888) and Nicaragua (OF I 36/78) are performing significantly better than the provenances from Haiti, Guatemala (OFI 42/79), Costa Rica (CATIE 2532) and Colombia (OFI 25/80) for both survival and height growth. The Central American provenances that appear to exhibit the broadest adaptation are from the drier regions of the species' natural range. Seedlings from the drier regions have been observed to exhibit different patterns of leaf retention than Figure 8.8 Four-year-old C. odorata those from the wetter provenances in Costa provenance trial at the Laborde trial Rica and Colombia (Fig. 8.9). This may be an near Cayes. The imported proveimportant criteria in the selection of C. odorata nances are faster growing and surprovenance, indicating a potential for the selecvive better than local provenances. fa Sed 69 o NO LEAYES G.J LEAF BUDS 0 YOUNG LEA YES o MATURE LEAYES • LEA YES FALLING PROPORTION OF TREES BY LEAF STATUS 100 e---_r- 80 60 40 20 OL......J...._--"---'-_---'---J-'--'--''--'"---J------'-...L..------l-L-_L--'---_-"-'-_---'------J 23177 52179 6888 DRY .. 14175 2532 36178 42179 25/80 PROVENANCE - WET Figure 8.9 The Central American population of C. odorata exhibits considerable variation in leaf phenology. The provenances are arranged in order of mean annual rainfall that occurs in their native regions. The data was collected at the onset of the Spring rains in March, J992. Figure 8.10 A 6-year-old Honduran provenance on a degraded site in southwestern Haiti, offering hope that such sites can be restored both economically and ecologically. tion of provenances optimally matched with the agronomic calendar of understory crops. Ideally, the period of leaf fall should coincide with the flowering and fruiting of commonly cultivated understory crops to minimize light competition. Long-term considerations for provenance selection should include wood quality, insect resistance (particularly to Hypsipyla grandella), leaf phenology, and wind resistance. Growing C. odm'ata with a mix of tree species aids in controlling pest and disease problems and fits into the traditional methods of silviculture already practiced by the Haitian farmer. As site conditions across the country become more degraded, a shift to hardier provenances may be required to sustain the productivity of the species (Fig. 8.10). Figure 9.1 L. sabicu, showing excellent form as a source of high-quality lumber and nitrogen-fixing shade tree in a coffee grove near Thiotte. 9 Tavello Species: Lysiloma sabicu Benth. Synonyms: Acacia latisiliqua Willd., L. latisiliqua Benth., Mimosa latisiliqua L. Family: Fabaceae (= Leguminosae) Subfamily: Mimosoideae Common Names: H - tabemon (tabeno), taverneau (taveno), tavemon; RD - caracoli, caracolillo; C - abey, bacona morada, frijolillo, jigiie, sabicu, sabicu amarillo, zapatero; J, PR - horseflesh tree, West Indian sabicu, wild tamarind. Importance: As one of Haiti's premier timber trees, this species has suffered extensive exploitation in its native range. It is well-adapted to a wide range of sites and is a hardy survivor of the shallow limestone soils common to the low-elevation mountains. The spreading canopy casts a light shade and, with its ability to fix nitrogen, makes L. sabicu a natural selection for agroforestry systems. Taxonomy and Botanical Features: Two species of Lysiloma occur on the island of Hispaniola (Liogier, 1985). L. sabicu is the larger tree, up to 20 m tall and distinguished by 3-7 leaflet pairs, oval to obvoid and 1-2 cm long, with a glabrous calyx at the base of the petiole. L. bahamensis is a shorter tree up to 15 m, with 10-33 leaflet pairs, oblong to lanceolate, 8-15 rnm long, with a pubescent calyx. The latter species is reported to occur along the northern coast of Haiti, from Port-de-Paix to Fort Liberte. Distribution and Ecology: Lysiloma is chiefly a Mexican genus, extending into Central America, the southernmost parts of the United States, and the Greater Antilles. L. sabicu occurs throughout the subtropical moist forest of Haiti, though local populations are often scattered and isolated by mountain ranges. It is found mostly on rocky sites of low-elevation mountains at elevations between 100-750 m with rainfall ranging from 1000-2000 mm. The tree generally occupies well-drained drier sites along with other pioneer species. The tree is not particularly demanding of soil requirements, thriving on soils saturated with calcium, and it grows adequately on the shrink swell clays characteristic of vertisols. It often is found located in wooded fallows, woodlots and along property boundaries. Tree Characteristics: Mature trees can reach heights of 25 m with stern diameters to I meter. The stern varies considerably in form and length, with a natural tendancy to fork low in open conditions. Typically, the tree has a short trunk, about 2-3 meters, though individuals have been found with sterns free of branches to 10 m (Fig. 9.2). The large spreading canopy can extend to a diameter of 20 m, casting a light shade. A distinct feature of young trees is the curved single stern that gradually straightens with age. The light grayish brown bark is shaggy and peels away from mature sterns. The heartwood is a lustrous brown with a coppery or purplish tinge and is sometimes faintly striped. Mature sterns have a thin white sapwood that contrasts sharply with the heartwood. The grain ranges from straight to interlocked. Specific gravity ranges from 0.58-0.70 with the heartwood considered to be very durable. Fruiting of the species begins in December and peaks during March and April. Seed production is generally light, with pods containing only 3-4 seeds and attacked heavily by insects. There are 50,000-55,000 seeds kg-I. 71 72 Talleno Utilization: The tree is valued most for its high-quality wood, and is esteemed for furniture, interior trim, knife handles, turnery and parquet (Fig. 9.3). Boards have a tendency to surface and end check when they are dried too quickly. The wood is considered easy to work, finishes smoothly and takes a high natural polish. The trce otten is pruned to increase the value of the main stem as lumber. The branches provide an excel- Figure 9.2 Collecting seed from a superior specimen of 1. sabicu in the humid forest region of the Grand-Anse. Taveno 73 Figure 9.3 L. sabicu is traditionally prized as a fine wood for furniture. lent fuelwood. Crops are planted up to the base of the tree in field gardens (Fig. 9.4) or are underplanted with coffee and other perennial crops (Fig. 9.5). In Haiti, the leaves are crushed and applied as a bath for skin infections (Weniger, 1985). The bark is boiled with other bushes to cure hemorrhoids in the Turk and Caicos islands (Morton, 1981). The tree is regarded as a honey plant. Figure 9.4 L. sabiat is broadly adapted and survives well in the dry site conditions of a field garden. Propagation: Natural regeneration from the sparse seed crops is poor, making the population vulnerable to overcutting. The papery-thin seed pods are attacked easily by weevils, which damage a great percentage of the seed crop. The species is propagated easily from seed in small containers, such as the Rootrainer or Winstrip. Seedlings for transplanting require about 14 weeks in the nursery, with the initial 6 weeks under shade and 74 Taveno the final 4 weeks hardening off. Seed is scarified for mass propagation by immersing it in hot water, at least 49° C, and soaking it for 2 days. Seed should be inspected for insect infestations and stored with a light dusting of an insecticide. lnnoculation with the proper Rhizobium strain is recommended for best growth in the field. Occasionally, damping-off is a problem in the nursery and treatment of the disease should be followed Figure 9.5 L. sabicu occupies the upper canopy layer of a humid perennial garden. Common understory crops include coffee, plantain and Citrus spp. Tavino 75 by a repeated application of Rhizobium (Josiah, 1989). Growth Performance: Very few trials have been established with the species. It has a reputation of being a slow grower and has therefore fallen in disfavor with reforestation projects promoting fast-growing species. The tree consistently ranks near the bottom in height growth among the faster-growing exotics and many of the local timber species (Table 9.1). However, on shallow, rocky limestone sites, such as the Lapila site in the Central Plateau, the tree is growing exceptionally well compared to many of the exotics that cannot tolerate the alkalinity and shallow soils. Early height growth rates are steady on the drier sites (Lapila, Crocra, Terrier Rouge), while they are beginning to decline after the first year of rapid growth on wetter sites such as Fauche (Fig. 9.6). Table 9.1 Site and growth parameters of L. sabicu trials in Haiti. SITE ANNUAL RAINFALL (mm) ELEVATION (m) Fauehe 1436 5 AGE (yr) SURVIVAL (%) 3.0 78 HEIGHT M.A.I. 1 (m) DBH2 M.A.I. (em) 1.3 1.7 1.1 Marmont 280 1450 3.0 48 1.1 Mireba1ais 110 2150 3.0 78 1.1 20 1293 3.0 17 0.8 0.3 350 1445 3.2 81 0.8 1.0 1490 4.0 67 0.9 0.9 Terrier Rouge Lapila 2 Crocra 30 1 M.A.I. = Mean annual increment. 2 DBH = Stem diameter at 1.3 m above ground level, in em. HEIGHT (m) 4.5 4 3.5 2.5 o ~----'--'----'---'--'----'--'---'----'~--'---L-----'-----'---'----'---'---"_ o 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 TREE AGE (yr) Figure 9.6 Height growth of L. sabicu in Haiti. Tree Improvement: This species is a prime example of a high-value timber tree that is being over-exploited in Haiti, with severe consequences to the local gene pool. The scattered populations of the species are isolated and might be considered remnant. Early seed collection strategies targeted the areas of Haiti where significant populations still occur: the region south of Thiotte, the Trouin area, the lower Voldrogue River basin, and the upper Artibonite River basin. Fifty trees were selected between 1988 and 1991 for superior form traits, such as straight, cylindrical boles that are clear of branches and without signs of defects and decay. Seed was collected from 23 of 76 Tal/eno Figure 9.7 Three-year-old L. sabicu seed orchard tree at Mirebalais. Ta"eno 77 the trees, propagated as half-sib families and established in arboreta, seedling seed orchards and progeny trials with private landowners and volunteer organizations in Haiti (Fig. 9.7). The signficance of these trials as gene conservation banks is as important as the objective of genetic testing to study the variation within the Haitian population. Three-year results have revealed differences in mean stem length as an indicator of vigor. Generally, half-sib families are exhibiting as much difference in growth rates as are found within the population as a whole. Further selection of the species should target those individuals that show ex~eptional form in the progeny trials and seed orchards. Family rankings and differences are not consistent across sites, indicating genotype interaction with growing conditions. Orchard trees bear seed crops as early as three years on optimal sites. Figure 10.1 C. nucifera in a perennial garden setting near Camp Coq. 10 Kokoye Species: Cocos nucifera L. Family: Arecaceae (= Palmae) Synonym: Palmas cocos Miller Common Names: H - cocotier, cocoyer (kokoye), noix de coco (nwa koko), coq au lait (kok); RD - palma de coco; US - coconut Importance: C. nucifera is planted widely as an ornamental and a source of food and fiber in Haiti. Anywhere it occurs in the tropics, coconut ranks as one of the most useful trees. Its graceful form, with often slanting stems, is a symbol of tropical landscapes. In recent years, the spread of lethal yellowing in Haiti has increased local awareness about how vulnerable to disease such a common and economically important tree species can be. Taxonomy and Botanical Features: The Cocoeae tribe of the palm family is represented in Haiti by at least 5 species, including Attalea crassispatha, one of the rarest palms in the world, and Cocos nuciftra, probably the best known palm. Coconut is a monotypic species with only one species occurring within the genus. The cultivated forms of coconut fall into 2 main classes: the tall and dwarf varieties. The dwarf has been postulated to be a mutation of the tall varieties. The most common variety one sees in Haiti is referred to as the Jamaican Tall and is known locally as misket or tres picos (Fig. to.2). Much less common is the Panama Tall, known as panyol. The most common dwarf variety is the Malayan Dwarf, which is further subdivided into the Red, Yellow and Green, all present in Haiti (Fig.tO.3). Other varieties of both tall and dwarf occur, having been introduced largely on an experimental basis by the Ministry of Agriculture. The Jamaican Tall is distinguished by a slender, often leaning, solitary trunk enlarged at the base; with prominent leaf scars alternately arranged up the stem; up to 20 m tall; and large elongated, triangular fruit, green to bronze, 20-30 cm long, weighing about 1.5 kilo fresh. The Panama Tall is generally larger in trunk diameter with large, round bronze fruit. The Malayan Dwarf is recognized by its smaller size; up to 10 m tall; and brilliantly colored fruit, either light yellow (Malayan Yellow), apricot-orange color (Malayan Red) or light green (Malayan Green). The fruit is 15~20 cm long, weighing less than a kilo fresh, with a small nut 8 cm in diameter. Hybrids of the Tall and Dwarf occur in Haiti as a result of natural outcrossing with characteristics that are intermediate of the parent types. Distribution and Ecology: The native range of C. nucifera is uncertain, because the species has been introduced throughout the tropics for so long. It is believed to have originated from the Pacific islands and to have been introduced to Brazil in the 1500s by the Portuguese and into the Caribbean during the 1600s by the Spanish (Rosengarten, 1986). The Malayan Dwarf varieties were brought to Haiti during the 1930s by the Ministry of Agriculture (Morin, 1977). Large coconut plantations are not common in Haiti, but do occur in the Jean Rabel, St. Louis du Sud, Cayes, and Port-au-Prince areas. The majority of the coconut population is distributed along the coastal regions of the island (Fig. 10.4), where it forms 79 80 Kokoye Figure 10.2 The most common variety in Haiti is the Jamaican Tall. Inset - Mature greenish fruit. Figure 10.3 Malayan Dwarf specimen with coconut cluster. Inset - Mature apricot color of the Malayan Red Dwarf fruit. pure stands along the beaches (Fig. 10.5). Though it naturally tolerates a salty environment, coconuts require good drainage and fresh water to grow well, usually with an annual rainfall above 1000 mm. The Jamaican Tall is broadly adapted to the calcareous soils of the low-elevation mountains and can be found up to 1000 m elevation. It is scattered throughout the lower elevations of the mountain ranges, normally occurring in the courtyards associated with other timber and fruit trees, as a boundary planting around field gardens or along travel routes where it has been distributed (Fig. 10.6). The Malayan Dwarfs are concentrated along the principal roads of Haiti around urban areas and small towns. Here they are found in the vicinity of the courtyards, occurring as 1-2 individuals and often overtopped by Jamaican Tall. Theobald (1989) estimated less than I % of the coconut population in the Fauche area was Malayan Dwarf. However, the population varies greatly. Fifty percent of the coconuts tallied in the Lascahobas region were dwarf varieties (Campbell, 1994). There is a wide spread among estimates of the number of Jamaican Tall in the country. Morin (1977) estimated that a half million Jamaican Tall occur in Haiti, while the Ministry of Agriculture estimated that 1.5 million existed in 1978 (Wiltbank, 1982). Agricorp (1984) tallied 137,000 coconuts in the Plateau Central. The major coconut growing regions, in descending order of importance are: Cayes, Jeremie, Petit-Goave, Cap-Haiti en, Port-au-Prince and Jacmel. Kokoye 81 74 73 72 ATLANTIC OCEAN~ 20 20 N W+E 1988 S MILES 0 19 25 I I " II I 0 20 40 KILOMETERS 19 CARIBBEAN SEA 18 74 73 I 72 FigUl'e lOA Distribution of coconut and the progression of Lethal Yellowing (red area) in Haiti. The Malayan Dwarf is more site sensitive and does not occur on the range. of sites as does the Jamaican TalL As a recently introduced variety, it is not as widely distributed nor as common. It is often seen as the only survivor of lethal yellowing in areas where the disease wiped out the Jamaican Tall variety, such as regions in the Northwest, along the coast between Arcahaie and Montrouis and in northern Haiti. Figure 10.5 Coconuts along the coast are symbolic of the Caribbean paradise, attracting tourists from the world over. Tree characteristics: The Jamaican Tall begins bearing fruit at approximately 6-8 years and lives to about 60-70 years. Malayan Dwarfs bear at 3-4 years, live to about 30 years, and are resistant to lethal yellowing, a disease caused by a mycoplasmic-like organism. Both varieties flower and fruit throughout the year, about 70 nuts yea(' for the dwarf varieties and 30 nuts year-' for the tall varieties. 82 Kokoye Male and female flowers occur on the same panicle, with the female flowers maturing later in the tall varieties and typically being cross-pollinated from male flowers of neighboring palms. Insects are the predominate pollination vector. Dwarf varieties normally have female flowers becoming receptive (about a week) while the male flowers on the same inflorescence are maturing. Dwarf varieties are largely self-pollinated. Utilization: The most valued product of the coconut is the fruit, processed at the household level rather than on large plantations for industrial purposes. A major portion of the harvest is consumed prior to maturity when the volume of coconut water, or milk, is greatest and the fleshy meat is the Figure 10.6 A typical agricultural landscape consistency of jelly (Fig. 10.7). It in southwestern Haiti, showing the four most takes from 120-160 days for the fruit useful palms in Haiti - C. nucifera, R. borin- to develop to this stage. Otherwise, quena, Sabal causiarum and Coccothrinax the coconut is allowed to ripened, about 330-360 days, with the meat argentea. being used for cooking and confectioneries. The coconut fat contained in the meat serves as an important ingredient in many recipes of the Haitian cuisine. Coconut, either shredded, roasted or raw, is used in popular snacks such as tablet, dous makos (Petit Goave), komparet (Jeremie) and kasav (Cap-Ha·itien). The leaves are used as thatch, mostly for temporary structures, and for weaving mats, baskets, and hats. The wood is used as pilings and posts, being fairly resistant to decay under moist conditions. In countries where the coconut industry is well developed, coconut meal is a byproduct of oil extraction and is fed to livestock. The proximate analysis of various C. nucifera products is summarized in Table 10.1. Coconuts are an important source of nectar and pollen for bees and honey production, which in turn, are important in cross pollination. Propagation: The farmer either plants the fruit directly in the soil or purchases seedlings when a local crop is not available. Coconuts are harvested carefully for propagation as many farmers are suspicious ofthe damage that may occur from coconuts left to drop on the ground. Fruit should be selected from trees with large crops of high-quality nuts. In most cases, propagation consists of laying the fruit on its side, set apart 30 cm, with the eyes slightly raised. Germination can be improved by burying the seed nuts three-quarters deep. The sprout emerges through the eye on the side that has the longest Kokove 83 Figure 10.7 A healthy snack of coconut milk and the immature meat is a favorite in Haiti. part of the triangular hull. The root penetrates the hull and enters the soil after a month. Leaves appear at about 2 months and seedlings are ready to transplant at 6-8 months. Controlled pollination methods have been developed in Jamaica to develop hybrids that are more resistant to lethal yellowing. One of the most successful hybrids is the Maypan, a cross between Malayan Dwarf as the seed parent and Panama Tall as the pollen parent. Several techniques are utilized, the most common of which entails a monthly emasculation (removal of the male flowers), followed by isolation of the female flowers and fertilizing them with pollen from selected Panama TaJl specimens. The Red Malayan Dwarf is selected, since hybridization is easily identified by the color of the seedlings (Harries, 1976). Lethal Yellowing Disease: Among the pests and diseases that attack coconut, none is more deadly than lethal yellowing (LY). It is caused by a mycoplasma-like organism (MLO) transmitted by a plant hopper (Myndus sp.). Death occurs 3-6 months from the time that the first symptoms are evident. The order of symptoms are as follows: I) premature nut fall, 2) necrosis of the inflorescence, 3) flag leaf, 4) yellowing of the lower fronds upward, and 5) spear leaf yellows and decays. There is no evidence that the MLOs can be transmitted by seed (Illingworth, 1992). LY first was observed in the Caribbean as early as 1832 in the Cayman Islands and in Cuba, Jamaica and Haiti in the late 1800s (Howard and Bat-rant, 1989). Reports of its first occurring in northern Haiti seem to indicate this was the region where LY began in Haiti. Morin (1977) reported that LY had been in this area since the mid-1950s, though it may have been in the country much earlier. lllingworth (1992) notes that the disease occurred in Haiti fifty years before having been observed in the Dominican Republic in 1969. The first area of infection extended from Cap-Haitien to Ouanaminthe and Table 10.1 Proximate analysis (% dry weight) of C. nucifera, after Gohl (1975). COMPONENT CRUDE PROTEIN CRUDE j<-lBER CRUDE FAT CARBOHYDRATES ASH Ca P Coconut warer 4.4 6.5 60 70.8 12.3 5.77 3.85 Copra, Malaysia 7.4 3.0 68.0 19.6 2.0 003 0.26 Oi Icake. Malaysia 20.0 8.3 11.7 54.1 5.9 Oil cake, expelJer. Trinidad 25.2 to.8 5.2 52.8 6.0 84 Kokoye reached into the interior at Camp Coq, about 10 km south of Limbe. Theobald (1989) found the disease to be well developed in the Port-de-Paix area during his survey. During the latter part of the 1980s, the disease had spread to the southern coast of the northwest peninsula at Baie-deHenne (Fig. 10.8), traversed the Artibonite, and extended as far south as Arcahaie. By 1992, lethal yellowing progressed to the southern peninsula, attacking spots between Port-auPrince and Leogane. Figure lOA shows the distribution of the disease in Haiti. The spread of the disease appears to be spotty and slow in Haiti. A program was initiated by the Ministry of Agriculture during the mid-1970s to test new cultivars that might be more resistant to lethal yelFigure 10.8 Lethal yellowing can reach epi- lowing and at the same time be more demic levels, as shown here in Baie-de-Henne productive. Two experimental trials, located at Grand Pre and Levy, were in 1988. established in 1976. Four Tall x Dwarf hybrid varieties from West Africa were compared with the local Jamaica Tall variety in a randomized complete block design. These trials were evaluated in 1989 by International Resources Group, Inc. The Levy trial showed no symptoms of lethal yellowing, though several palms were missing of unknown causes and two palms showed typical bud rot symptoms. By contrast, at Grand Pre, individuals of all cultivars showed symptoms of LY. The status of the trial at the time of the 1989 visit is summarized in Table 10.2. The susceptibility of the Jamaica Tall variety to LY, well known in the literature (Whitehead, 1968; Harries, 1974; Been, 1981; Howard and Barrant, 1989) appears to be supported by the data in the trial. The susceptibility of the Yellow Malayan Dwarf Table 10.2 Status of the Ministry of Agriculture Grand Pre trial in 1989, 13 years after establishment. VARIETY NON-INFECTED DEAD TOTAL Yellow Malayan Dwarf x West African Tall 81 LYINFECTED 18 100 Red Cameroon Dwarf x Wesl African Tall 81 15 100 Green Malayan Dwarf x West African Tall 68 29 100 Yellow Malayan Dwarf 55 42 100 Local Jamaica Tall 53 42 100 Kokoye 85 probably is exacerbated by suboptimal site conditions for this variety and shows that no coconut variety is completely resistant to LY. So far the only practical solution in Haiti is the controlled breeding of Malayan Dwarfs, particularly in areas where the population has survived LY infestations, The preferred pollen parent is the Panama Tall for the propagation of 'Maypan' hybrids. The Panama Tall parent would preferably originate from LlCinfected areas and exhibit resistance. Hybrids with the Jamaica Tall pollen parent are susceptible to LY. Figure 11.1 Mango is the all-around favorite tree among Haitian farmers, providing shade, food, wood and a source of cash income. 11 Mango Species: Mangifera indica L. Family: Anacardiaceae Common Names: H - mango, mangue, manguier; RD, C, PR - mango Importance: Mango is the most important tree species in Haiti, with an estimated 4.5 million trees scattered throughout the country (Wiltbank, 1982). The fruit is second to coffee in agricultural exports at about 8 million. metric tons (Estublier and Lingley, 1990). The lengthy fruiting season of the tree in Haiti gives the country an export advantage, while providing a reliable food source during hunger months. Mature trees are a major asset to meet cash contingencies, being lopped or harvested entirely for fuelwood, charcoal, and lumber. Taxonomy and Botanical Features: Mango is probably the best known member of the Anacardiaceae family that includes cashew (Anacardium occidentale), hogplum (Spondias mombin) and Com 0 cladia, the important genus for live fences. No one is sure how many varieties exist in Haiti nor the extent of hybridization among·the recognized cultivars. Estimates range from 30-100 varieties, with one source listing as many as 83 in the upper Artibonite watershed (Agricorp, 1984). Most of the mangos in Haiti are polyembryonic with a genetic parentage that probably originated in southeast Asia and the Philippines (Wiltbank, 1982). Selected monoembryonic cultivars, mainly from India and Florida, are identified by their horticultural names in the country of origin (e.g., Tommy Atkins, Ingowe, St Kitts). Varietal differences are notable in the fruit, varying in size, shape, skin color and thickness, pulp and fiber content, and nutritional properties (Table 11.1). Mango leaves are lanceolate, about 30 cm long, reddish-purple when young, and dark green when mature. Bisexual and staminate t10wers occur on the same panicle of the tree. Their relative percentages vary among varieties, with more bisexual flowers toward the apex of the panicles. Bisexual flowers are distinguished by a yellow ovary on a white disk in the center of the flower. Distribution and Ecology: Mango is a native of tropical Asia, probably from the IndoBurmese monsoon region (Rehm and Espig, 1991) where it has been cultivated for 4000 years. The greatest diversity of mango is in India, which has more than 1000 types and claims two-thirds of the world's production. It has spread throughout the tropics, having been introduced into Mexico and Brazil during the late 17th century and spreading to the West Indies through Barbados around 1742 and from Jamaica on board a ship destined for Haiti in 1782 (Leonard and Sylvain, 1931). The mango tree is very abundant in the lowland areas of Haiti to approximately 400 meters above sea level. A typical landscape view of the valleys is dominated by trees, with mango being the principal species among other common home-and-garden species such as coconut, royal palm, breadfruit and avocado (Fig. 11.2). Mango thrives in areas that receive an annual rainfall between 1000'-2000 mm distributed mostly during the summer months and a 2-3 month dry season prior to flower and fruit production. It is drought tolerant and can survive the drier regions of Haiti, rainfall between 600-800 mm, if additional subterranean moisture or irrigation is available for growth. Soil requirements are moderate, the best soils being well-drained sandy or gravelly loams·of 87 88 Mango Table 11.1 Differences in fruit characteristics among selected Haitian mango varieties, after Saint Hilaire (1990). VARIETY PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION LENGTH (em) WEIGHT FIBER PULP (g) (%) (%) SUGAR b-earotene (%) (mg/IOO g) Baptiste oblong - oval, slight beak and sinus, 12.2-13.8 thick skin, juicy, yellow to deep orange and firm, aromatic meat 300-350 5.9 57.4 13.7 6.0 Blanc oval- reniform, slight prominent beak, slightly deep sinus, dark skin spots, light whitish-yellow and soft meat, fiprous 13.9-15.1 380-500 14.4 41.2 12.4 1.3 Carotte rounded, no beak or sinus, slight cavity, light yellow skin dots, skin and meat taste like carrot 8.5-10.0 230-270 Come oblong-elliptical, slight prominent beak, slight sinus, golden yellow skin and meat, juicy, aromatic and fibrous 14.8-15.8 207-245 7.5 34.9 18.1 4.0 Doudouce oblong - oval, slight beak, sinus and 10.4-12.6 cavity, juicy and very aromatic 235-320 11.7 49.8 16.2 Fi1 oblong, slight beak and sinus, absent cavity, light yellow, thin skin, light acid taste, juicy and fibrous 11.7-12.9 178-211 7.8 43.0 15.5 2.3 Francisque oblong - reniform, slightly prominent beak, deep sinus and slightly deep cavity, apricot colored firm meat, non-fibrous 16.4-18.0 420--486 6.2 63.2 13.4 6.4 Jean Marie 13.7-15.9 oblong - oblique & reniform, slightly deep sinus and slight cavity, bright yellow, firm, juicy, aromatic meat 264-341 10.1 41.2 15.5 6.0 KOdok oblong - reniform, slight beak and sinus, slightly deep cavity, dark orange meat, juicy, acid and fibrous 13.5-16.1 276--419 18.8 42.1 12.9 Muscat round - ovoid, absent beak and sinus, deep cavity, light gray skin dots, apricot color skin and meat, juicy and aromatic 11.8-13.4 252-307 9.0 48.1 15.7 1.6 Rosalie oblong - oval, slight beak and sinus, deep cavity, fibrous 10.4-12.8 250-320 8.4 53.5 15.6 2.3 1.8 medium fertility and pH 6-7. Trees growing above 400 m are characterized by a poor and inferior crop, exhibiting less color, and fewer soluble solids at these elevations (Wiltbank, 1982). Altitude delays the flowering period about 4 days for each 120 meter increase in elevation and coupled with increased humidity and more constant rainfall, results in erratic flowering and fungal disease problems. Imported grafted varieties are scattered throughout the country, but mainly are concentrated in the Leogane, Cul-deSac Plain, and Plaine-du-Nord regions. Tree Characteristics: The most common varieties of mango in Haiti are recognized by large, evergreen trees with short, but thick boles to 1 m diameter, and heights to 25 meters. Trunk buttresses vary from small to prominent with a spreading crown that is about half as large as the tree is tall (Fig. 11.3). The tree develops a strong and deep Mango 89 Figure 11.2 Mango thrives in Haiti and has become the most common fruit tree at lower elevations. Figure 11.3 Typical form of a mature mango tree. taproot system that aids in drought tolerance. The imported horticultural varieties are recognized by their dwarf stature; short main stem with dense, compact crowns; and massive branching as a result of pruning and grafting management regimes. The growth of mango occurs in periodic flushes, with a tendency of bearing every other year. Its growth is influenced by variety, climate, and soil conditions. Rain and high humidity at blossoming reduce pollination and fruit setting. It takes about 2-5 months to develop fruit after fertilization, depending on cultivar and temperature (Purseglove, 1968a). Fruit is produced between 6-10 years from seed and 3-5 years from grafts. 1\ typical yield from a mature tree is 35 kg of fresh fruit. The regional differences in climate, particularly the distribution of rainfall as affected by the mountainous landscape, play an important role in the fruiting cycles of mango. The typical savanna pattern of low rainfall in the cooler months (November to March) and higher rainfall in warmer months controls mid-winter flowering and provides the major crops from May through August. A short dry period occurs during the midsummer that coincides with a second flowering period and yielding early mango harvests from November through April. Figure 11.4 compares the differences in fruiting seasons for the major varieties and growing regions of Haiti. The polyembryonic varieties in Haiti, derived from genetic parentage originating in Southeast Asia, are not seriously affected by anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporiodes), scab (Elsinoe mangiferae) or pow- 90 Mango VARIETY REGION BLANC Cui-dc-Sac Nord Plateau Central FIL Cul-de-Sac Sud JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN ,jUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 1/ / / ~I~;~au Central / / ~I / k / , ": .-I 1/ ( ; Art i bon i le >//70 Lz:::::=::2J 1 ---------------------------------------------------------------------~~~-de-Sac FRANCISQUE Anibonite Plateau Central JEAN MARIE ~~lli-~~~~~c ~ 1 'I'> / Plateau Central Nord Bf\P1fIS1FE----N~~--------------- A "',_ '.._ ,,_~ 1 _ I /.- ......... Plateau Central ____ C-6RNE-------1~fb~::------------T~---(~-~~-J-----;------------------1f6S-ALIEf-----A,ti~;~---------------_---Nord 11lfSCf\t-----S~d--------------I;-;-J~7-7-;I-------------------------- _______________A..:~b~~i~_______________ DOUDOUCE I / / J/ / / /t _ Nord Figure 11.4 Differences in harvest period by major production regions and mango variety, dery mildew (Oidium spp,), In contrast, most of the improved varieties derived from Indian parentage are susceptible to anthracnose. The low relative humidity in the primary growing areas is an advantage against fungal problems, allowing for the production of mangos that can be labeled 'organic' for the North American fresh fruit market. Figure 11.5 Mango has become a major source of lumber in Haiti because of its abundance and low cost in comparison with other lumber species, Utilization: Mango is prized for its aromatic flavor as a fresh fruit, having twice the sugar content of oranges and a substantial source of vitamins A, C, and K. The most important variety exported from Haiti is the Francisque, with lesser amounts of Baptiste, Carotte, Corne, and Muscat. Preserves, juice, chutney and pickle condiments efficiently use the mango grades that are not marketable as fresh fruit. The fruit is preserved by canning, pickling, dehydration and freezing. Francisque, Baptiste, Kodak and Carotte are considered for jams; Mango 91 Blanc and Francisque, with their firm pulp, are considered for mango conserves; all varieties are acceptable for mango juice. Livestock, particularly pigs, consume excess quantities of fruit and seed kernel that are collected as feed. Proximate analysis of mango is shown in Table 11.2. In other countries, the seed is roasted or boiled for human consumption and dried for flour milling or processed for edible fats. The fruit skin is used as source of pectin. The bark serves as a source of tannin, exhibiting antibacterial properties (Kerharo, 1974). Leaves and roots are prepared in decoctions for liver problems, fever, lower back problems and urethritis (Weniger, 1985). Latex of bark, leaves and fruit has an allergenic constituent (3-pentadecyl catechol) that may cause dermatitis and itching in some people (Campbell, 1992). Table 11.2 Proximate analysis (% dry weight) of M. indica, from Gohl(1975). CRUDE PROTEIN CRUDE FIBER 80 280 2.7 51.2 100 23 9.5 22.6 4.8 50.0 13.1 3.1 0.2 Unripe fruit pulp, Nigeria 35.0 2.8 0.3 601 1.8 - - Mature fruit pulp, Nigeria 56 23 0.5 894 22 - - COMPONENT Fresh leaves, India Fresh leaves, Pakistan CRUDE FAT ASH CARBOHYDRATES I Ca P 10.0 The heartwood is light pinkish brown, sometimes with black streaks, and is not always clearly defined from the sapwood. Wood texture is coarse with an interlocked, wavy grain that makes for only fair woodworking characteristics. The wood is moderately heavy and hard, with a specific gravity between 0.45-0.62 (Chudnoff, 1984; Little and Wadsworth, 1964). Though the wood is difficult to work, it is one of the most available lumbers in Haiti, providing the widest planks for general construction purposes (Fig. 11.5). Mango has become a major source of fuelwood to small urban industries, such as bakeries, dry cleaners and raw rum distilleries (11.6), and of charcoal from regions such as the Southwest and the Plateau Central (11.7). Figure 11.6 Mango is a major fuelwood source for guild industries such as the klerin (raw rum) mills. Propagation: Methods of mango propagation in Haiti depend upon the variety and resources of the farmer. Traditional low-input methods are to plant the seed directly on site or to transplant volunteers for the commercial varieties and leave volunteers in place of germination for the lowvalued varieties. Figure 11.8 compares the traditional methods of farmers in the Lascahobas region for regeneration of mango. Occasionally, coppice sho'ots are managed for a second rotation if the tree has been cut for wood or required space in the garden. 92 Mango Figure 11.7 Mango wood supplies a charcoal industry throughout Haiti to supply the urban demand. Because most of the local varieties are polyembryonic, seedlings propagated from seed have a high chance of being identical to the maternal parent. However, shoots develop that are of sexual origin and not true to seed. The best way to guarantee a superior selection is by vegetative techniques, such as grafting or budding. An additional advantage of grafting is the shortened time period required to yield a significant crop, about three to four years compared with six to ten NUMBER OF TREES years for trees propagated 300 , - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - , from seed. Seedling trees VOLUNTEER TRANSPLANTED are also larger and more dif~ 250 DIRECT SEED ficult to manage than grafted trees. 200 Vegetative methods generISO ally are selected to propagate commercial varieties. 100 The most common method is a type of veneer graft or SO chip bud, with budwood prepared and collected from BLAN FIL JANM/\RI KODOK FRANSIK BAPTIS WON 15 VARIETIES superior yielding cultivars MANGO VARIETIES and grafted onto rootstock Figure 11.8 Propagation methods of the principal selected for vigor and dismango varieties in the Lascahobas region, after ease resistance. The most Campbell (1994). o • Mango 93 common rootstock in Haiti is the 'FiI,' being widely available and adapted to a broad range of growing conditions. Other varieties are used, depending upon local preferences. Rootstocks are propagated from seeds that are planted as soon as they are mature, though storage in polythene bags at 21 0 C is possible for about 2-4 weeks. The kernel is extracted from the tough endocarp and germinated preferably in a sterile medium, being transplanted about a month later to polythene bags. However, most nurseries plant the seed kernel directly in the bags. Budding is best done when rootstocks are 2-3 weeks old and in the succulent red stage. Most grafting methods in Haiti use rootstock that has reached stem diameters 6-8mm with seedling heights 30-40 cm. Budwood is prepared from hardened terminal growth, 6-10 mm in diameter, which the leaves have been Figure 11.9 The commercial 'Corne' variety removed 2-3 weeks prior. Ringing the is grafted onto the common and broadly base of the shoot 10 days before severadapted 'FiI' variety. Inset - Close up of ing increases carbohydrate reserves in graft union. the budwood and promotes faster healing (Hartmann and Kester, 1983). Techniques and training materials for grafting mango varieties have been experimented in Haiti by non-governmental organizations such as the Organisation de Rehabilitation Environment (ORE) and CARE. In an experiment of grafting and budding methods, Blaise (1990) found no significant differences in successful takes between the veneer graft and the cleft graft (both greater than 50%), but did find that the latter grafting method had more disease problems in the nursery. T-budding methods were unsuccessful in the experiment. Inferior varieties can be converted to more productive commercial varieties by topworking the trees. The advantage is that the top-worked plant returns to flowering and fruiting faster than one started from grafted seedlings, allowing for a faster conversion to more profitable cultivars. Veneer grafting has been successful in top-working mature mango trees in Haiti (Fig. 11.9). However, it is preferable to work with young, healthy wildings and allow them room for growth. Conversion of old, mature stems runs the risk of their being diseased and thus causing the grower an economic loss. Air-layering and cuttings are less frequently used for mango, though layering has been shown to be successful with methods outlined in Mukherjee and Bid (1965). Using cuttings is difficult, but can be done, with leafy cuttings under mist with lEA hormone treatments. These methods are not considered economically feasible for large-scale production. Figure 12.1 C. aurantium is never too far from the kitchen, playing an important role in the diet and health of Haitians. 12 Sitwon...Zoranj...Chadek Species and Common Names: Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle H - citron (sitwon); RD - lima boba; US - Key lime, West In,dian lime. Citrus aurantium L. subsp. aurantium H - orange amer (zoranj si); RD - naranja agria (DR); US - sour orange. Citrus maxima (Burman) Merr. H - chadeque (chadek); RD - pomelo, toronja, toronja de la India; US - pummelo, haddock. Citrus x paradisi Macfad. H - pamplemouse; RD - pomelo; US - grapefruit. Citrus reticulata Blanco H - mandarine (mandaren); RD - naranja mandarina; US - tangerine, mandarin orange, Satsuma orange. Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck H - orangier, orange dous (zoranj dous); RD - naranja, naranja dulce; US - sweet orange. Family: Rutaceae Importance: The Citrus group of species and cultivars provides an important source of nutrition and health to Haitians. Citrus products from Haiti turn up in some of the finest liquers and perfumes of the world. This genus provides Haiti an important livelihood, integrated into the traditional agriculture of most every farmer in Haiti. All parts of the tree are utilized as a source of food, medicine, shade and wood. Taxonomy and Botanical Features: Fruits commonly known as citrus belong to three genera: Poncirus, Fortunella and Citrus. The taxonomy of Citrus is confused and complicated by hybridization, by polyembryony, by mutations, and by autotetraploid forms (Purseglove, 1968b). As many as 16 species divided into 2 subgenera, Papeda and Eucitrus, are recognized (Webber and Batchelor, 1948). The cultivated Citrus in Haiti fall under the Eucitrus subgenus. The fruits represent natural groups of horticultural varieties, having been selected and bred since remote times. C. sinensis alone comprises about 1100 cultivars divided into several groups: common orange (e.g., 'Valencia,' 'Shamouti'), navel oranges (e.g., 'Washington,' 'Thomson'), blood oranges from the Mediterranean region, and sugar oranges. C. reticulata has about 500 cultivars grouped into 2 varieties: var. deliciosa Swingle (yellow-fruited mandarin and orange-fruited tangerine cultivars) and var. unshui Swingle (satsuma cultivars). C. aurantifolia is divided into 2 varieties: the Mexican variety recognized by small fruits with many seeds and the Tahiti variety that is seedless and large-fruited. C. aurantium is divided into 2 subspecies that are considered by some authors as separate species: aurantium, which is common in Haiti and bergamia (Risso & Poit.) Engler that is cultivated in the Mediterranean (Terrell et aI., 1986). C. maxima is divided into the common, pigmented, and sweet or nonacid group. C. paradisi is divided into the common and pigmented groups. The differences among species are recognized by the morphology of the leaves, flowers and fruit. Table 12.1 summarizes the morphological differences among the major citrus species in Haiti. Distribution and Ecology: The genus Citrus originated in southeast Asia. It has been reported that Columbus introduced at least two of the species (c. limon and C. sinen- 95 96 Sitwon...Zoranj ...Chadek Table 12.1 Morphological differences among major Citrus species in Haiti, after Little and Wadsworth (1989) and Purseglove (l968b). Bold-faced characteristics are important in distinguishing the species. FLOWER FRUIT Less than 2.5 cm dia.; white, saucer-shaped calyx; 4-5 oblong petals, 8-12 mm long; 20-25 stamens Small, elliptic to round, 4-6 cm dia.; thin peel, 1.5 mm thick; green, turning yellow; very sour pulp; small oval seeds; polyembryonic; white cotyledons C. aurantium Broadly-winged petiole, sour orange, zoranj 2-4 em long, 1-1.6 em wide; green, slightly si shiny blade, 6.4-14 em long, 3.8-10.2 em wide Light green, 4-5 toothed calyx; 5 oblong petals, 1.9 em long; 20-24 stamens Round to subglobose, 6.4-11.4 em diameter; usually hollow core; rough peel, 0.6-1 em thick, strongly aromatic, green; bitter and very sour pulp; small pulp vesicles; numerous polyembryonie seeds C.limon lemon, limon frans Short, narrowly-margined petioles; 5-10 em long, 3-6 em wide; ovate, serrate Solitary or clustered; 3.8-5 .cm dia.; reddish buds; petals white above, purplish below; 20-40 stamens Oval with terminal nipple, 5-10 em long, light yellow when ripe; thick adherent peel, predominate gland dots, slightly rough; oviod polyembryonic seeds; white cotyledons C. maxima Broadly-winged petiole; 5-20 em long, 2-12 em wide; undersurface of midrib often pubescent Solitary or clustered flowers, 3-7 em dia.; cream colored petals; 20-25 stamens Very large pear-shaped, 10-30 em dia.; yellowish when ripe; thick peel; sweetish juice; large, ridged, monoembryonic seeds C. medica citron, sitwon Short wingless petiole, not clearly articulated at top; elliptic, serrate, 8-20 em long, 3-9 em wide 3-4 em dia.; 5 pinkish petals; 30-40 stamens Large oblong, 10-20 em long; bumpy, very thick peel, yellow; sour, greenish pulp; small white polyembryonic seeds C. paradisi grapefruit, pamplemouse Broadly-winged petiole; Single or clustered, 4-5 em dia.; usually 5 white petals; leaves smaller than C. grandis, pale green when 20-25 stamens young, glabrous beneath C. reticulata mandarin, mandaren Narrowly-winged or margined petiole; small and narrow, 4-8 em long, 1.5-4 em wide; dark shiny above, yellowish-green below Small, 1.5-2.5 em dia.; 5 white petals; about 20 stamens Top of fruit depressed; globuse, 5-8 em dia.; thin peel, loose and easily separating from segments, green turning to yellow or orange-red when ripe; sweet and juicy pulp; small, polyembryonie seed; green embryos C. sinensis sweet orange, zoranj dous Narrowly-winged, articulated petiole, 1-2 em long; dark green or yellow-green blade, 6.4-15.2 em long, 3.2-8.9 em wide Greenish-white broad saucer-shaped calyx; 5 white eliptie petals, 1.3-2.2 em long Round, 6.4-9.5 em diameter; smooth peel, 0.6 em thick, tightly adherent; green to yellowish-green; sweet pulp; nil to numerous polyembryonie seeds; white embryos SPECIES C. aurantifolia lime, sitwon pummelo, ehadek LEAF Narrowly-winged petiole, 1-2 em long; dull green blade, 4-10 em long, 2-6 em wide, rounded base Large globuse fruit, 8-15 em dia. greenish or pale yellow when ripe; rind thinner and pulp vesicles smaller than C. grandis; white polyembryonic seeds; white cotyledons sis) to Haiti on his second voyage in 1493 (Pursglove, 1968b). C. aurantifolia and C. aurantium were introduced to the Western Hemisphere by the Spanish early in their colonization. C. maxima was brought to Barbados during the seventeenth century by Captain Shaddock, giving rise to its common names, 'shaddock' and 'chadek'. The origin of C. paradisi is not certain, though a close relative of C. maxima supports the idea, that it resulted as a cross between C. maxima and C. sinensis or as a bud mutation of C. maxima. Though most of the citrus species occur throughout Haiti, the best production of the different species depends upon elevation and rainfall: hot and high-rainfall regions of the low elevations favor lime, grapefruit, shaddock and some sweet orange cultivars; the mid elevations favor most of the sweet orange cultivars and mandarins (Wiltbank, 1982). The prinicipal production regions of the newer imported cultivars are Sitwon ...Zoranj ...Chadek 97 La Chapelle for Tahiti lime, La Vallee de Jacme! for mandarin, and the Cul-de-Sac and Cap-Haitien for grapefruit. Lemon (c. limon) and citron (c. medica) are not widely cultivated in Haiti. The genus is notably absent in regions of Haiti that receive less than 1000 mm of rainfall without irrigation and in high-elevation mountain areas above 1000 m. Dry periods up to 2 months can be endured only during the winter dormant period (Rehm and Espig, 1991). Salt and drought tolerance are higher in such cultivars as the 'Cleopatra' mandarin and the 'Rangpur' lime. Citrus are sensitive to salty and poorly-drained soils, requiring fertile conditions and a pH 5-7 for consistently high production. Mineral fertilizing with about 0.6 kg N, 0.3 kg P and 0.6 kg K tree- 1 year- 1 is recommended for oranges (Cohen, 1976). In the West Indies, nitrogenous fertilizers are the most important and are applied at a rate of 0.2 kg N tree- 1 year- 1 where fruit is regularly harvested. An unbalanced, high-nitrogen fertilization gives high yields, but impairs fruit quality by lowering the sugar:acid ratio. Potash is used to improve fruit quality. Citrus are not truly wild, having been cultivated for so long. However, natural regeneration plays an important role in establishment, particularly in the case of sour orange and, to a much lesser extent, the other more marketable species. Practically all sweet orange cultivars are cultivated. The species are shade-tolerant, though good fruit production requires full sun. Typically, Citrus form the middle canopy layer of traditional perennial gardens and coffee groves, along with Musa (plantain, banana), Annona (soursop, custard apple) and Crescentia cujete (callebash). The Citrus group ranks third in the quantity of fruit trees found in Haiti, after mango (Mangifera indica) and avocado (Persea americana). C. aurantium is the most abundant Citrus species. Tree Characteristics: Tree height varies among the Citrus species. Lime (c. aurantifolia), lemon (c. limon), citron (c. medica) and mandarin (c. reticulata) are small trees,ranging 2-5 m. Sweet orange (c. sinensis) grows to about 10 m and pummelo (c. grandis) and grapefruit (c. paradisi) up to 15 m. Stem diameters average 15 em. The species can be considered evergreen, with leaves that usually live for a year or more. The degree of thorniness varies among species, with spines developing at the base of the leaf nodes. The presence of spines depends upon the stage of development for many species. There are few or no spines on the fruit-bearing twigs of those species that have thorns. The tree produces new leaves several times a year, the first growth being the strongest and producing the most flowers. The following growth phases are irregular with few or no flowers. However, the crops from these off-season growth phases can be of considerable economic importance locally. Sweet orange does not develop the orange color of US cultivars, but retains a green color. Sweet oranges from the Cap-Haitien region have a higher sugar and juice content, because of higher temperatures and insolation during maturation (Wiltbank, 1982). The wood does not vary significantly among the citrus species, ranging from light yellow to yellowish brown, hard and fine-grained. Growth rings usually are clearly defined. Sweet orange, shaddock, grapefruit and mandarin flower between March and May, with fruit being harvested between November and April. Lime flowers throughout the 98 Sifwon...Zoranj...Chadik year, peaking between March and July with fruit maturing between June and November. Sour orange flowers throughout the year. However, the main season for anyone region can be considerably different from another region, as affected by microclimate differences. This variance is illustrated for production areas of the Central Plateau (Figures 12.2-12.4). Utilization: The entire citrus tree is used in Haiti. Though the fruit is by far the most important product, the trees are valued as honey plants. They provide a diverse source of ingredients in traditional medicine, yield wood products -requiring strength and hardness, and are planted as shade or ornamentals. Each of the species is unique in the contribution of products that are harvested from the plant. REGION JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC St. Michel de l'Attalaye Cornillon Saut d'Eau Carice Belladere Morne Organise Cerca Carvajal Thomassique Pignon Mirebalais Marmelade Lascahobas Hinche Mombin Crochu Cerca la Source Figure 12.2 Harvest periods of C. aurantium across regions in the Central Plateau, after Agricorp (1984). REGION JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC Savanelte St. Michel de l'Attalaye Cornillon Saut d'Eau Carice Belladere Maissade Cerca Carvajal Thomassique St. Raphael Mirebalais Marmelade Lascahobas Hinche Dondon Cerca la Source Figure 12.3 Harvest periods of C. sinensis across regions in the Central Plateau, after Agricorp (1984). Sitwon ... Zoranj ...Chadek 99 REGION Maissade Lascahobas Thomassique Dondon Cerca Carvajal Hinche Pignon St. Raphael Mombin Crochu JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC ~"- Savanette St. Michel de J'Attalaye Cerca la Source Mirebalais Belladere Saul d'Eau Carice Figure 12.4 Harvest periods of C. aurantifotia across regions in the Central Plateau, after Agricorp (1984), Sour orange juice is essential in Haitian cuisine as a cleaning agent, particularly for meat. The peel is used in marmelades and is processed in Haiti for export in the making of fine Iiquers such as Curacao and Cointreau. The species is the most important medicinal plant in Haiti, being utilized as a remedy for 23 of 25 major types of illness (Rouzier, 1990). As one of the most important rootstocks for grafting in the citrus industry, sour orange has a good influence on the vigor, yield, and fruit quality of grafted varieties, while being resistant to many of the major diseases such as Phy/ophthora, xyloporosis and exocortis. The highpriced nero Ii oil used in perfumes, known as "neroli Bigarade," is disFigure 12.5 Farmer carving a pilon (pestle) tilled from the flowers of sour orange; from the hard wood of C. auran/ium. the subspecies bergamia is used for bergamot oil, expressed from the peel in southern Italy. An aromatic oil is produced from leaves. The wood is valued for its strength and hardness. The most common uses are tool handles and pestles (Fig. 12.5). Sweet orange is consumed mostly as a food or squeezed for its juice, rich in vitamin C. Several oils are extracted from sweet orange, An essential oil is pressed from the peel, an aromatic oil is "expressed from the leaves, and orange flower oil, known as "neroli Portugal," is distilled from the flowers. Sweet orange is used almost as frequently as sour orange in the folk medicine of Haiti. Several byproducts of citrus juice and oil-extracting facilities, including excess fresh citrus, pulp, pulp meal, molasses and 100 Sitwon...Zoranj ...Chadik Table 12.2 Proximate analysis (% dry weight) of C. sinensis, after Gohl(1975). COMPONENT CRUDE PROTEIN CRUDE FIBER CRUDE FAT CARBOHY· DRATES ASH CA P Fresh whole fruit, Israel 7.8 9.4 1.6 76.5 4.7 0.47 0.23 Peels, Israel 6.8 6.2 1.9 81.4 3.7 1.30 0.12 7.1 1.13 0.08 Dried citrus pulp, Trinidad 6.9 131 2.8 70.1 Citrus meal, USA 8.1 11.4 3.9 71.1 5.5 Citrus molasses, USA 5.8 0.0 0.3 87.3 6.6 Citrus seed meal, USA 40.0 8.8 6.7 37.5 7.0 .~ Figure 12.6 C. maxima is kept in a field garden to provide fruit during the dry season and a source of income. • Planted Seed 0 Sown Seed • Wild Transplants 57.4% D Nursery Bed. Volunteers 2.,.8% seed meal, are used as animal feed, Seed meal contains limonin, a factor toxic to pigs and poultry, but acceptable to ruminants (Gohl, 1975). Proximate analysis (% dry weight basis) of sweet orange as animal feed is provided in Table 12.2. Lime juice is the base for many beverages, with the fruit being the main source of citric acid and lime oil that is extracted from the peel. All parts of the tree are used in folk remedies. The fruiting season occurs when other citrus are not bearing, thus giving lime an important role in stabilizing cash income, Shaddock juice is one of the most popular drinks in Haiti. Along with sweet orange, the fruit often is eaten as a refreshment during working hours in the field (Fig. 12.6), The shaddock rind is peeled in a single piece, dried in the sun and candied as a preserve. The plant is less utilized than the other citrus for medicinal purposes. 21,3% 14.8% C. maxima C. sinensis 0.7% 8,8% 61.4% C. aurantifolia ~O% 74]" C. aurantium Figure 12.7 Traditional methods used by Haitian farmers to establish Citrus, after Campbell (1994). Propagation: Most of the trees one sees in the countryside are cultivated from seed and are the result of low management techniques adopted by farmers. Figure 12.7 provides a glimpse of the way most Citrus in Haiti are established. The more intensive methods (transplanting volunteers, nursery bed preparation and planting seed directly in the soil) are Sitwon ...Zoranj ... Chadek 101 Figure 12.8 Aphids are a major Citrus pest, transmitting virus and other pathogens, and directly damaging stems and leaves through their feeding habits. Shown here is the result of a citrus aphid attack on C. maxima. reserved for the more marketable fruit - shaddok, sweet orange and lime. Sour orange is generally left to grow as a volunteer, many times near the courtyard kitchen where the fruit is used in food preparation. Due to the presence of zygotic embryos, Citrus cultivars do not reproduce true by seed. Though the nucellar embryos of the polyembryonic varieties are genetically identical with the mother tree, the offspring tend to be more thorny, more vigorous, and are slower to come into bearing. Vegetative propagation techniques, designed to conserve the genetic quality of a given cultivar and decrease the time required for full fruit production, are notably absent from the cultivation practices of most Haitian farmers. However, as market demand for fruit quality and disease-resistant cultivars increases, there is all likelihood that farmers gradually will employ these methods as part of their propagation strategy. Nurseries that regularly graft Citrus usually have established a budwood orchard of various commercial cultivars. A partial list of the cultivars that have been introduced to Haiti is provided in Table 12.3. The method most frequently utilized by the commercial nurseries employs T-budding onto sour orange rootstock. Rootstock generally is propagated from seed in polythene bags for 4-6 months prior to budding. During this stage, seedlings face any number of diseases, pests, and nutrient-related problems that must be controlled carefully for healthy plants (Figures 12.8-12.10). Sour orange exhibits many excellent traits as a rootstock, being well adapted to a variety of site conditions. It is hardy and favorably influences the fruit quality of the cultivars worked on it. However, other rootstocks should be considered, particularly for 102 Sitwon ... Zoranj ... Chadek Table 12.3 Partial list of Citrus cultivars and their locations in Haiti, after Wiltbank (1982), SPECIES Citrus aurant/folia c. depressa C. jambhir; C. loti/ai/a C. limon C. macrophylla C. x paradis; C. paradisi x Poncirius'ri/oliata C. reliCldata C. sinensis C. sunk; C. volkamericClfw CULTIVAR (LOCATION) Persian (Tahiti) lime (Haiti Citrus Corp., ODH/Roche Blanche) 'Shekwasha' (MARNDR/Grnnd Pre) (MARNDRJGrand Pre) 'Eureka' (Grand Pre) 'Meyer' (BHM/Fairmalhe) 'Aleman' (MARNDR/Grand Pre) 'Isle of Pine' and 'Thompson' (MARNDRJGrand Pre, US Embassy residence); 'Marsh Seedless' (Haili Citrus Corp., MARNDRJGrand Pre, and US Embassy residence); 'Ruby Red' (ODH/Roche Blanche, US Embassy residence, MARNDRIGrand Pre): 'Star Ruby' (Haili Citrus Corp,) 'Swingle' (MARNDRIGrand Pre) 'Oreco' (US Embassy residence, MARNDR/Grand Pre); 'Lee,' 'Murcou' and 'Satsllme' (BHM/Fairmarhe) 'Bon Ami,' 'Camp Louise,' 'La Chine' and 'Pineapple' (US EmQassy residence); 'Jacrnel' (MARNDRIDamien); 'Temple' (US Embassy residence, MARNDRIGrand Pre, ODH/Roche Blanche); 'Valencia' (US Embassy residence, MARNDRIGrand Pre, ODH/Roche Blanche); 'Washington Navel' (US Embassy residence, MARNDRlDamien, ODl-llRoche Blanche, BHMIFairmathe); 'Carrizo' (MARNDRJGrand Pre) 'Sunki' (MARNDRIGrand Pre) 'Vol karner' (MARNDR/Grand Pre) Figure 12.9 As many as a dozen species of scale insects and mealybugs attack Citrus, with heavy infestations killing young trees, Figure 12.10 The high pH of water and soil derived from calcareous rock causes nutrient deficiencies, particularly iron, in Citrus seedlings, Sitwon...Zoranj ...Chadik 103 Table 12.4 Various traits of major rootstock species used in vegetative methods. SPECIES ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES C. sinensis Hardier than lemon (C. limon); resistant to Susceptible to gummosis (Phytophthora); less tristeza (' quick decline') and scab; juicy, fairly hardy than C. aurantium; shallow rooted; slow high-quality fruit; long lived; 70-95% nucellar grower; low branched, bushy. embryos. C. aurantium Hardy, with a deep tap root; resistant to gummosis (Phytophtora), xyloporosis, and exocortis; vigorous; high fruit yield and quality; 85-95% nucellar embryos; best stock for 'Marsh' grapefruit and 'Valencia' orange. Susceptible to tristeza ('quick decline') and scab. Poor scion compatibility with limes. C. reticulata 'Cleopatra' Resistant to gummosis (Phytophthora) and tristeza ('quick decline'); salt tolerant. Slow growth; slow bearing; susceptible to gummosis (Phytophtora) and xyloporosis. C.limon Drought hardy; sandy, well-drained soils; vigorous early fruiting; resistant to tristeza ('quick decline'); 100% nucellar embryos. Lower-quality fruit (thick skinned, more acid); susceptible to gummosis (Phytophtora) and scab. C. aurantifolia x C. reticulata 'Rangpur lime' Vigor; resistant to tristeza ('quick decline'); tolerant of wet and salty site conditions. Susceptible to exocortis and gummosis (Phytophtora). specific cultivars and site conditions (Table 12.4). Furthermore, sour orange is susceptible to the citrus tristeza virus that is transmitted by an insect vector or from infected budwood. As this disease becomes more widespread in the West Indies and Central America, the selection of alternate rootstock is highly recommended. Figure 13.1 P americana is an excellent source of energy and vitamins, playing an important role in the Haitian diet. 13 Zaboka Species: Persea americana L. Family: Lauraceae Synonyms: Laurus persea L., Persea edulis Raf, P. gratissima Gaertner, P. leiogyna Blake, P. persea (L.) Cockerell. Common Names: H - avocat (zaboka), avocatier, zabelbok; DR - aguacate; C - pagua; US - avocado, alligator pear. Importance: The fruit is an important source of oil and nutrition in the Creole cuisine, while the tree provides shade and wood in an agroforestry setting. It is well adapted to a wide variety of soil types and, along with mango, citrus and coconut, adds an element of food security to the harvest of annual crops. Taxonomy and Botanical Features: The Lauraceae family is well known in Haiti for its timber genera, including Ocotea (lorie blan), Cinnamomum (lorie woz) and Licaria (lorie jon). But the best-known member of the family is the avocado. Though there are 10 recognized species represented in the Persea genus, P americana is by far the most popular and is cultivated throughout the tropics and subtropics for its edible fruit. The species is divided broadly into 3 races as distinguished by the characteristics of the fruit. 'Mexican' (P. americana var. drymifolia Mez = P. drymifolia Cham. & Schlecht.), sometimes considered a distinct botanical variety, is a small-fruited race that is adapted to poor growing conditions and can withstand frost to _6° C. 'Guatemalan' is large-fruited, with thick, rough skin, and a small kernel, being able to withstand frost to -4.5° C. The race in Haiti is known as the 'West Indian,' and is also large-fruited with a smooth and leathery skin, but it is more tropical and not able to withstand temperatures below _2° C (Rehms and Espig, 1991). The West Indian race is distinguished by 1) the foliage lacking an anise-like scent of the Mexican race, 2) the young branches and leaves being lighter green than the Guatemalan race, 3) the smooth and leathery skin of the large fruit, weighing up to 1.3 kg and ranging in color from yellow-green to maroon, 4) the kernel being large in proportion to the fruit, often loose in the seed cavity, and 5) the t10wering season from January through May with fruit maturing from June to November. Varieties are classified into A and B types according to the manner in which the t10wers function. "A" type stigmas are receptive in the morning and anthers shed pollen in the afternoon of the following day; "B" type stigmas are receptive in the afternoon and anthers shed pollen in the morning of the next or second day (Malo and Campbell, 1988). It is disputed whether this is of practical significance, because bees and other insects are the main pollinators of avocados. Hybrids have been developed among the 3 races, some of which are described in Table 13.1. Many of these are available in Haiti through private owners and non-governmentalorganizations. Distribution and Ecology: The species is considered native to Mexico and Central America, but not to the Caribbean. It was introduced to Jamaica around 1650 and spread later to the rest of the Caribbean, where it has become naturalized (Purseglove, 1968a). Most of the avocados in Haiti occur in the moist and wet regions, with annual rainfall above 1200 mm and elevations from sea level to 800 m elevation. The West Indian race 105 106 Zaboka Table 13.1 Characteristics of several commercial avocado varieties. VARIETY RACE FLOWER TYPE & SEASON FRUIT COLOR AND SIZE A (Nov-Feb) Green 0.4-0.7 YIELD RESISTANCE TO AVOCADO SCAB (Sphaceloma per.ae) (KG) High Lui" Guatemala x Mexican hybrid Susceptible Choquertc Guatemalan x W. Indies hybrid A (Nov-Feb) Green 0.7-·1.1 Medium Resistanr Waldin W. Indies A (Sepr-Nov) Green 0.4-0.8 Medium Resisranr Pollock W. Indies B (July-Sept) Green 0.5-1 I Low Resistant Boorh 7 or 8 Guatemalan x W. Indies hybrid B (Oct-Dec) Green OJ-0.8 High Moderately Susceptible Monroe Guatemalan" W. lndies hybrid i-\ (lul-Sep) Green 0.5-1 I Medium Moderately Susceptible requires the most tropical climate of the 3 races, preferring a mean annual temperature of 24-26° C (Geilfus, 1989). It is particularly abundant in the mid-elevation mountains, becoming more common than mango above 500 m elevation. The tree is not demanding in specific soil requirements and produces adequately on the shallow and rocky limestone soi Is common to the mountain slopes of Haiti (Fig. 13.2). The tree tolerates neither salinity nor poorly drained soils. The distribution of avocado is more restricted than that of mango in the low elevations of Haiti, because the tree is not as drought tolerant and more importantly, it is susceptible to avocado root rot (Phytophtora cinnamon£) that is common to wet and heavy soils (Wiltbank, 1982). The tree often is seen in humid perennial gardens in association with other fruit species (mango, coconut, citrus) and serves as shade for coffee. As a fruit tree, the size-class distribution is unlike those of mango and coconut, in which mature trees dominate. The species was found to be evenly distributed among seedlings, young fruit-bearing, and mature trees in the Lascahobas area (Campbell, 1994). Figure 13.2 P americana is well adapted to rocky mountain slopes. Tree Characteristics: Wild trees in the mid-elevation mountains reach heights of 20 m and stem diameters up to 50 cm, sometimes with a long clean bole typical of other timber trees in the Lauraceae. Mature trees have a narrow or rounded crown; they often lean and are shaped by wind damage to the brittle branches and trunk. The combination of the longer clear bole for lumber and the less dense canopy are advantages over mango, permitting more light to reach other perennial crops in the understory. The tree coppices well and is allowed to regrow. Zaboka 107 REGION Savanette Pignon Comillon Saut d'Eau Thomonde St. Michel de l'Attalaye Mont Organise Mombin Crochu Thomassique St. Raphael Mirebalais Marmelade Lascahobas Hinche Dondon Cerca La Source Carice Maissade Belladere JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC L'"'" '" '" '"'" '" '"'"'" '"'"'"'" '"'" '1 1",- "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "'I I"" "" '" '" "" "" '" "" "" "" '"'"'"'" 1 I'"'"'"'"'"'""'''''"'"'"'"I Figure 13.3 Major harvest periods of P americana in the Central Plateau, after Agricorp (1984). The brown, reddish or pinkish heartwood contrasts sharply with the cream-colored sapwood. Planks sawn from avocado are medium to coarse in texture with straight to irregular grain. Specific gravity ranges from 0.39-0.54. The wood is easy to work and finishes smoothly. Avocado wood is not durable in the ground and is susceptible to decay fungi (Chudnoff, 1984). The tree flowers from January through May with fruits maturing from June to November. However, microclimate differences, such as elevation and rainfall distribution, greatly influence the fruiting schedules for anyone region (Fig. 13.3). Higher elevations delay fruit maturity because of lower temperatures. Introduced cultivars with genetic parentage from the Guatemalan variety flower and· fruit later than the West Indian variety does and are of local economic importance. Utilization: The tree is cultivated in Haiti for its fruit, which is an important source of vitamins (A, B complex and E), protein (0.8--4.4 g /100 g fresh wt) and digestible fat (5-25 g /100 g fresh wt.). The major portion of Haiti's harvest is consumed and sold locally, while an estimated 12% is transported to urban markets (Wiltbank, 1982) (fig. 13.4). Surplus fruit is an important food source for pigs and other livestock. Avocado oil is extracted from the pulp and used in cosmetic preparations and salad oil. The oil is approximately 77% oleic acid, which demands a price 10 times higher than that of peanut oil (Rehms and Espig, 1991). The wood of the tree has a wide range of uses. Because of its relative abundance, like mango, the tree is an important source of lumber in certain areas of Haiti (Fig 13.5). The wood is used for furniture, house construction, and turnery, though it is brittle and susceptible to attack by termites. Avocado is visited by bees, important for pollination and honey production. All parts of the tree are utilized in traditional medicines. Leaf and bark teas contain tannin and are taken as an anti-diarrhetic, for high blood pressure, colds, and jaundice. Poultices are made from the leaves for pain, headaches, rheumatism, and sprains (Eldridge, 1975). 108 Zaboka Figure 13.4 Avocados ready for transport to the Port-au-Prince market from the Lascahobas region. Figure 13.5 P americana lumber is common in the urban market as traditional timber species become depleted. Propagation: Most of the trees found in Haiti are propagated from seed, though seedlings are not true to type. In the lakou, rotten fruit or seeds thrown away in a shady and composted area are left to germinate. By far the most common method is to plant the seed directly in a restricted location of the courtyard. Volunteers hardly ever are transplanted, but are allowed to grow where they germinate. No traditional method of vegetatively propagating the species by cuttings has been observed in Haiti. Grafting and budding techniques are preferred for the propagation of local selections and imported commercial cultivars. Much of the most recent work in Haiti has been to introduce late-maturing Guatemalan hybrids to expand the avocado fruiting season. Rootstock is usually of the locally available West Indian variety and is grown in polythene bags. The large seed produces a pencil-size shoot suitable for cleft grafting in 2--4 weeks Zaboka 109 after germination. Seedlings are 15-20 em high and 6-10 mm in diameter and scion material are shoot terminals 5-8 em long with a terminal bud taken as it resumes growth. Care is taken to sterilize the seed in hot water (49° C) to avoid root rot (Phytophthora cinnamomi) infection. Figure 14.1 A superior specimen of S. siamea selected for seed collection. Inset Yellow flowers and thin pods of S. siamea. 14 Kasya Species: Senna siamea (Lam.) Irwin & Barneby Synonyms: Cassia arborea Macfad., C. florida Vahl, C. gigantea Bertero, C. siamea Lam., Sciacassia siamea (Lam.) Britton Family: Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) Subfamily: Caesalpinioideae Common Names: H - casse de Siam, cassia (kasya); RD - acacia amarilla, casia de Siam, flamboyan amarillo, la casia amarilla; C, PR - casia, casia siamea; J, PR,US kassod-tree, Siamese senna, Siamese shower. Importance: There are several reasons that Senna siameabecame one of the most popular species ofthe Haitian farmer. It grows fast on a wide range of sites to provide quick shade and a moderately dense wood for small timber and fuelwood. It coppices well to yield successive crops. It is not weedy and generally is refused by animals as a browse. The crown is erect and the seedling is more shade tolerant than most other fast-growing exotics. It fits well into the traditional lakou system, besides being suitable for hedgerows, boundary plantings, and woodlots. Taxonomy and Botanical Features: The species first was described in Thailand, formerly Siam, as the common and scientific names indicate. A major revision of the Cassieae tribe distinguishes three closely-related genera (Cassia, Senna and Chamaecrista) based on the stamen and bract features (Irwin and Barneby, 1982). The medium-sized tree is recognized by the large terminal clusters of showy yellow flowers and numerous bunches of flat, narrow, slightly curved, dark brown pods which split open to release more than a dozen shiny, circular, dark brown, flat seeds 8 mm indiameter (Fig. 14.1 inset). The 6-14 paired leaflets, 3-7.5 cm long and 1.3-2.3 cm wide, are attached to a reddish tinged axis and have a dark green upper surface and a gray green lower surface. The flower stalks and new growth have a yellowish tint. Distribution and Ecology: The natural range of the species is southeast Asia from southern India to the Malay peninsula. It has been planted throughout the tropics as a fast-growing reforestation species and the time of its entry to Haiti is uncertain. Little and Wadsworth (1964) reported the species' introduction to Jamaica prior to 1837. SHADA planted the species in the Bayeux and Franklin areas in the 1940s. As the most-planted species during the USAID Agroforestry Outreach Project (1981-1989) and Agroforestry II (1990-1991), the gene pool, mostly from the Bayeux population, has been distributed throughout Haiti. The main distribution of the species still is centered along travel ways, commonly occurring as a combination ornamental, boundary planting, and shade tree in the residential sections of small towns. During 1988, additional seed lots were imported from Central America and Africa and were incorporated into a program to broaden the genetic base of the species and to begin selection of superior trees. The tree prefers elevations under 500 m and annual rainfall amounts from 1000-2000 rom. It fails on sites with a combination of alkaline soils, particularly heavy clays, and 4-5 months of drought with no access to deep soil moisture. It survives poorer than Leucaena leucocephala ssp. glabrata and Azadirachta indica on shallow and rocky soils. The tree tolerates the poorly-drained vertisols, but prefers the sandy loams 111 112 Kasya and the sandstone-derived soils of the Plateau Central as well as basaltic soils. Seedlings and coppice shoots are shade tolerant and exhibit a yellowish-green growth under its own deep shade. The species prefers to grow in full light and caphlres the site to the exclusion of other species once it is established. However, it is not as aggressive as other fast-growing species, with a much lower rate of natural seeding than Leucaena and Azadirachta indica. Tree Characteristics: The tree rarely grows taller than 18 m in Haiti, having stems that range from a low-forking bole to a single main stem that may reach to 10m, partiClIlarly in pure stands (Fig. 14.2). Stem form appears to be sensitive to soil conditions; scattered stands of excellent form occasionally are seen throughout Haiti, mainly on basaltic and sandy loams. Multiple and low-forking stems require early pruning to develop straight wood for construction purposes. The tree coppices well in partial shade; boundary and fence trees can be pol larded for fuelwood and light management for understory crops. Crown diameters extend up to 8 m, with an average crown width:DBH ratio of 29.6. Peak fruiting occurs around December, but seed is available between October and February and again during April and May. There are approximately 30,000-40,000 seeds kg· l • Wood density is moderate, ranging from 0.57-0.83 for samples taken from 5-yearold trees in the Northwest. The dark brown-black heartwood of S. siamea is streaked and hard, while the sapwood is light brown and moderately hard, but not durable. Utilization: S. siamea traditionally was planted as an ornamental and shade tree in areas of southeast Asia where it is native. It forms a good windbreak with a closed and erect crown. In Haiti, it has become a general-purpose tree, providing a quick source of wood for construction material and fuelwood (Fig. 14.3 and Fig. 14.4). The bark is used as a source of tannin. It is not a preferred browse species and is reported to be toxic to pigs. However, ruminants can eat it as part of the diet (Geilfus, 1989). As a fodder, it generally is planted along the garden boundary and lopped as required. The proximate analysis is shown in Table 14.1. The wood is susceptible to decay and termite attack, with 60% of untreated posts tested in Puerto Rico considered unserviceable after 1 year (Englerth, 1960). The grain is interlocked, but takes a good polish and is acceptable for turnery. Charcoal made from the wood is considered medium grade and inferior to Figure 14.2 Five-year-old S. siamea proveProsopis. Acacia and Casuarina nance trial at Mirebalais. Kasya 113 (Grosenick, 1986a). The fuelwood tends to be smoky. There are no records of S. siamea being used as a medicinal plant in Haiti, though it is considered a honey plant. Its use as a hedgerow species is not as widely spread in Haiti as for Leucaena, with greater problems in seed availability and germination in the field. However, studies have indicated that S. siamea may be less competitive for soil moisture in alleycropping designs. It has the advantage of being less browsed as a green manure than Leucaena. Figure 14.3 Men sawing S. siamea into planks for house construction. Propagation: The seed of S. siamea would seem ideal for direct seeding in the field. However, most direct seeding experiments in Haiti have failed to establish seedlings. Direct seeding seems to require more constant rainfall conditions than is typical in the drier regions of Haiti. Unless copious quantities of the seed are available . , A ~( Figure 14.4 S. siamea firewood is smoky and likely to be made into charcoal for sale or use as a cooking fuel. 114 Kasva Table 14.1 Proximate analysis of S. siamea (% dry weight basis), after Gohl (1975). COMPONENT CRODE PROTEIN CRODE FIBER CRODE FAT CARBOHYDRATES ASH Leaves 16.8 19.8 11.2 46.8 5.4 Fresh twigs 20.0 l6.5 56 52.6 5.3 Ca P l.l4 Ol4 and cheap, this technique is not recommended. The growing of seedlings in containerized systems, such as the Rootrainer and Winstrip, has been the principal propagation method used for S. siamea since the 1970s. Seed germination, following immersion in hot water and soaking for a couple of days, ranges from 65-80%. As with other Senna species, S. siamea seedlings are sensitive to overwatering and precautions are required in the preparation of the potting medium. It is highly susceptible to leaf spot diseases, particularly Cercospora, requiring a regular schedule of foliar fertilizer and fungicide treatments (Fig. 14.5). Runion et al. (1990) indicate at least 8 genera of fungi causing leaf spot, a single genus (Colletotrichum) associated with anthracnose, and a powdery mildew that Tourigny (1987) attributed to Oidium (Fig. 14.6). It takes approximately 14 weeks to prepare seedlings for outplanting with the initial 3 weeks under shade and the final 4 weeks hardening off (Josiah, 1989). Seedlings do not respond well to top-pruning. The growing of root suckers and the transplanting of volunteers and stumps are low-input methods that are sometimes used. Stumps are left to grow to a I cm root col·· lar diameter in a deeply-dug nursery bed at 15 cm x IS cm, and are prepared by pruning the shoot to 10 cm and the roots to 25-30 cm (Geilfus, 1989). Biomass and Volume Studies: Ehrlich (1985) developed biomass and pole volume tables from a stand located in Limbe. In 1990, an additional set of regression equations was analyzed in a biomass study conducted at the CARE trial near Nan Marron. The equations in Table 14.2 can be utilized Lo estimate biomass components based on stem and tree height measurements. Figure 14.5 Cercospora leaf-spot on S. siamea seedling. Growth Performance: The fastest early growth rate that has been observed for S. siamea is 3.2 m yr- I during the first 2 years at Cazeau (Fig. 14.7). This site is well-drained with a deep sandy loam and approximately 1200 mm rainfall that is sup- Kasya 115 Figure 14.6 Powdery mildew on S. siamea seedling. plemented by a high water table. S. siamea has no problem growing faster than 2 m yr- l on alluvial sites such as Roche Blanche or the deeper loams of Marmont in the Central Plateau. The sites where the tree is growing under 1 m yr- l in Figure 14.7 are extremely shallow and rocky (Haut Camp, Bombard) or experiencing lengthy drought periods with about 800 mm rainfall (Nan Marron). Survival is generally high for this species, regardless of growth rates, if droughts are not severe (i.e., <3 months with negligible rainfall). There is a wide range in wood yields as shown in Table 14.3. For all practical purposes, the species is a failure on extremely rocky sites, such as Haut Camp near Camp Perrin, and on sites that endure lengthy drought periods combined with shallow soils, such as Nan Marron, Jean Rabel, Bombard, and Lapila. The species has suffered in the northeast at Terrier Rouge, where soil depths are adequate, but rainfall is variable and Table 14.2 Equations used to estimate biomass components (kg dry weight) of S. siamea in Haiti. COMPONENT REGRESSION EQUATION' R' DJA. RANGE SITE (em) Total aboveground biomnss 0.364(DBH)' 0.97 10-13.8 Limbe Usable wood weight 0432(DBH)' - 1.5(DBH) 097 \0-13.8 Limbe Limbe Usable wood weight 4.00I(sd)' - 9461 086 1.7-27.6* PoJe volume (x 10·3 m') 0.338(DBH)' 0.91 5.0-13.8 Limbe Total aboveground biomass 0.023hLd,; 099 14-12.7 Nan l\1arron Usable wood weight 0.023hLd,' 099 14-12.7 I'\an Marron , DBH = Stem diameter measlired at ground level, in elTl. h range. 1.3 m above grollnd leve], in em. sd = Stump diameter measured at 0.1 m above Total tree height, in m. n = Number of stems at 0.1 m above ground level. :i<Stump diameter = 116 Kasya Table 14.3 Site and growth parameters of S. siamea trials in Haiti. SITE ELEVATION (m) ANNUAL RAINFALL (mm) AGE (yr) SURVIVAL (%) HEIGHT M.A.!.I (m) 1.8 Colora 247 0.5 100 Colin 2 750 1300 0.8 52 0.8 Passe Catabois 2 120 987 0.8 60 0.7 Bassin Zim 400 1950 1.1 96 2.3 30 1200 2.1 96 3.2 Colin 1 650 1300 2.2 52 0.8 Passe Catabois I 120 987 2.2 73 1.6 70 1300 2.3 80 1.0 0.7 Cazeau 4 Grand Bassin Bergeau DBH 2 M.A.!. (em) DRY WOOD YIELD (kg tree-I) 1.4 2.1 0.4 35 2000 2.9 52 Fond-des-Blancs 350 900 2.9 62 1.1 Jean Rabel 107 1045 2.9 22 0.6 0.6 HautCamp 180 2280 3.0 92 0.6 0.4 Marmont 280 1450 3.0 59 2.3 3.4 28.5 Mirebalais 110 2150 3.0 79 2.6 2.4 11.1 Roche Blanche 50 1100 3.0 77 2.8 2.9 19.1 Terrier Rouge 20 1293 3.0 91 1.2 1.0 2.0 Lapila 350 1145 3.4 53 1.0 1.1 2.0 Bombard 480 948 3.4 68 1.0 0.8 1.7 Bekin 100 1445 3.5 100 2.0 1.9 8.5 450 600 4.8 83 0.5 0.6 0.4 Nan Marron 1 M.A.I. =Mean annual increment. 2 DBH = Stem diameter at 1.3 m above ground level, in cm. drought periods ever present. The highest yields occur on the deeper, well-drained sites of the Central Plateau and the Cul-de-Sac. The Marmont site is averaging an annual wood yield of 9.5 kg tree- 1 after 3 years. Given the 56% survival rate at this site and the original stocking density of 1600 trees ha- 1, annual yields are estimated at 8.5 metric tons ha- 1 • HEIGHT (m) IO -----------;::::========;-/I I 8 - 0-----kj .f NAN MARRON t/~HAUT CAMP 'JEAN RABEL // .. i o........ o -l..-.L-.L----'---.L-.L----'-----'------.L----'-----'------'~--'------'-~--'------'-J 3. 10 TREE AGE (yr) Figure 14.7 Height growth of S. siamea Haiti. III Tree Improvement: Most of the S. siamea in Haiti likely are descended from the SHADA stands between Port Margot and Bayeux. The species was widely planted in the North of Haiti since the late 1960s by the reforestation efforts of the Limbe hospital, then redistributed to the rest Kasya 117 of Haiti through the USAID-funded agroforestry projects during the 1980s and early 1990s. S. siamea became the most widely-planted species in the project. Up to a million seedlings were produced annually by PADF alone. An effort was made in 1988 to import as many seed lots as possible from international sources, including southeast Asia where it is native. These seed lots, though not strictly considered provenances, were established in 1989 as "provenance" trials to test for genetic differences among seed sources (Fig. 14.8). Also, 37 trees were selected based on superior traits throughout Haiti. Many of these were harvested, propagated from seed, and established in seedling seed orchards and arboreta. Several of these trials are represented in Table 14.3 and Figure 14.7. The remarkable degree of uniformity in qualitative traits among the Figure 14.8 A four-year-old provenance trial seed lots suggests that the germplasm available in Haiti and abroad have a of S. siamea after selective thinning. fairly homogenous genetic base. It should be noted that the 10 imported accessions were from countries where S. siamea is an exotic and could very well be derived from the same provenance as the species found its way around the tropics. An attempt in 1988 to import a wider genetic diversity of S. siamea from native stands in Thailand failed, but should continue to be a goal, particularly if significant improvements are to be made in terms of disease resistance and vigor. The seed orchards at Marmont and Terrier Rouge are comprised of progeny from trees possessing superior stem form, and these should be studied carefully to assess the environmental effect on form. There is significant form x site interaction in this species. Figure 15.1 One of the most practical uses of Leucaena leucocephala subsp. glabrata is to conserve mountain soil. Shown here is the earliest known demonstration of Leucaena hedgerows in Haiti, established near Jeremie in 1982. Inset - White flowers of 1. leucocephala ssp. glabrata. 15 Lisina...Delen Subspecies: Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit subsp. glabrata (Rose) S. Zarate Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit subsp. leucocephala Synonyms: Subsp. glabrata: 1. glabrata Rose Subsp.leucocephala: Acaciaglauca Willd., 1. glauca (Willd.) Benth., 1. latisiliqua(L.) Gillis & Stearn, Mimosa leucocephala Lam. Family: Fabaceae (= Leguminosae) Subfamily: Mimosoideae Common Names: Subsp. glabrata: DR, H - leucaena (lisina); US - giant leucaena, Salvador leucaena, Peru leucaena. Subsp. leucocephala: H - bois bourro (bwa bouwo), tcha-tcha marron (tcha tcha mawon), graines de lin (delen), graines de lin pays (delen peyi), madlenn; DR granadillo bobo, granadino, granolino, lino, lino criollo; C - aroma blanca, aroma boba, aroma mansa, soplillo; PR - acacia, acacia paJida, barcill 0 , campeche, hediondilla, tamarindillo, wild tamarind; US - Hawaiian leucaena, leadtree. Importance: The shrubby subspecies leucocephala is considered a weed in Haiti, but plays an important role in there-vegetation of fallow or degraded sites where it is grazed by goats and converted to charcoal. The arboreal subspecies glabrata is a fast-growing general utility tree for shade, house construction and other wood products. Multiple uses as fodder, fuelwood, green manure and soil conservation are combined when the species is managed as hedgerows along the contour of mountain slopes. The advantages of easy propagation, wide adaptability, and fast growth must be weighed against the low wood durability, weediness, and psyllid (Heteropsylla cubana) attacks when selecting the ideal niche for subspecies glabrata in Haiti. Taxonomy and Botanical Features: Leucaena is a New World genus comprising about 17 species (Hughes, 1993). The confusing taxonomy surrounding one of the more common species, 1. leucocephala, was resolved by Zarate (1987), who recognized 2 subspecies: leucocephala and glabrata. Subspecies leucocephala, locally known as delen and known internationally as the 'Hawaiian' variety, rarely grows taller than 6 m, with leaves comprised of 6-9 pairs of pinnae, 9-18 pairs of leaflets, 9-12 cm long, and pods 13-16 cm long with a dense pubescence. Subspecies glabrata, known as the 'Giant,' 'Salvador,' or 'Peru' variety, is represented in Haiti mostly by the K series of cultivars developed in Hawaii (e.g., K8, K28, K636). It can grow up to 20 m tall, with leaves comprising of 3-8 pairs of pinnae, 11-24 pairs of glabrous leaflets, 8-15 mm long, and glabrous pods 11-18 cm long by 1.5-2.3 mm wide. Natural hybrids may occur between the 2 subspecies, though levels of outcrossing are low, with both subspecies being highly self-compatible. The much more common hybrid in Haiti is the result of subspecies glabrata as the pollen parent and;(Ei. diversifolia as the maternal parent. The latter is represented in Haiti as the tetraploid 1. diversifolia subsp. diversifolia, introduced mostly as K156 from Hawaii. 119 120 Lisina ... Delen Distribution and Ecology: The local naturalized subspecies leucocephala probably was introduced to Haiti by Spanish traders from Mexico during the early colonization of Hispaniola in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Much of the present population of subspecies glabrata was introduced to Haiti in 1978, derived from a mix of the K8, K28, and K67 cultivars developed at the University of Hawaii (Benge, 1985). It spread throughout the low-elevation areas of the country, mostly as a result of local reforestation projects supported by USAID and the Ministry of Agriculture during the 1980s. Additional cultivars (K636, K584, K387) were established in 1988 at the Operation Double Harvest seed orchards in Roche Blanche. An interspecific hybrid (KX3) between L. diversifolia subsp. diversifolia and L. leucocephala ssp. glabrata was also introduced at this time. Subspecies glabrata is widely adapted to the calcareous soils of Haiti. However, the species develops as a multi-stemmed bush on degraded sites that are rocky and shallow or that experience severe drought periods that extend beyond 4 months. To live up to its reputation as a rapidly-growing tree, relatively fertile sites are required, with at least 800 mm rainfall and elevations below 600 m. Subspecies leucocephala occurs abundantly throughout Haiti, particularly as a lowland (0-500 m elevation) fallow species in the subtropical dry and moist forest zones (Fig. 15.2). It is mainly found on calcareous soils with rainfalls ranging from 750-1200 mm usually with a 2-4 month winter drought. The species is commonly associated with Chrysophyllum oliviforme, Acacia spp., Senna atomaria, and Prosopis juliflora that are common to the subtropical dry forest and degraded sites of the moist forest. Tree Characteristics: Both species exhibit characteristics of pioneer species: rapid growth, tolerance of disturbed areas, and are prolific seeders that regenerate from coppice shoots, forming dense pure stands where established. Subspecies leucocephala usually is seen as a multi-stemmed shrub, rarely taller than 6 m, and flowering or fruiting almost continuously during the year. The species is difficult to eliminate from the land and sprouts back after the land is burned for cropping. In pasture land, the shrub is kept low with browsing, and harvested with other woods for charcoal manufacture and fuelwood. Subspecies glabrata grows quickly to 16-20 m tall and 20-30 em stem diameter on fertile, lowland sites (Fig. 15.3). The tree suffers seasonal die-back and devel- N"A'n~rl,'; Figure 15.2 A typical fallow in the moist regions of Haiti contains L. leucocephala subsp. leucocephala, shown here in association with Chrysophyllum oliviforme. Lisina... Delen 121 Figure 15.3 A remarkable feature of L. leucocephala ssp. glabrata is its exceptionally fast growth rates, up to 5 cm yr- I stem diameter on favorable sites. 122 Lisina ... Delen Figure 15.4 The high wood yield of L. leucocephala ssp. glabrata yields a charcoal that competes well with native species. ops into a multi-stemmed tree in regions of severe winter drought extending beyond 4 months or under free-grazing conditions. The flowering of subspecies glabrala is more seasonal than that of subspecies leucocephala, with peak fruiting occurring from February through March and October through November. There are 17,000-20,000 seed kg l . Both subspecies are tetraploid (Brewbaker, 1987). The light yellowish sapwood is distinguished from the brown heartwood. The grain tends to be interlocked and rough. Wood density of subspecies glabrala is affected by growing conditions. Differences have been detected in Haiti across sites for the same provenance and stand age. The average specific gravity of wood from a 5-year-old stand in the Northwest was 0.68 as compared to 0.61 for trees growing in the Southwest. Typical specific gravity ranges in Haiti are between 0.59 and 0.79. These ranges are significantly lower than those of L. shannonii (0.83-0.93) and L. collinsii (0.80-0.96) that also have been tested in Haiti. Utilization: The wide adaptability and fast growth of the tree make it a convenient species to plant for fodder, poles, fuelwood and charcoal. However, short rotation (2-3 year) poles are not durable, being highly susceptible to wood borers and are used only incases in which durability is not important. The advantage of higher wood production is best achieved by transforming to charcoal (Fig. 15.4), which is considered to be of moderate quality, but inferior to the traditional Prosopis and Acacia charcoals and the exotic Casuarina equisetifolia (Grosenick, 1986a). The utilization of subspecies glabrata in hedgerows probably has surpassed its importance as a single stemmed tree since the mid- I980s when USAID-funded agro- Lisina... Delen 123 forestry projects began promoting this technology (Fig. 15.5). Seed is sown directly along the contour made by a shallow trench in the soil. If properly managed, the hedgerow can serve a multi-purpose role: soil conservation structure and source of green manure, fodder, and fuelwood. As a fodder, L. leucocephala is an important source of protein and is highly palatable. Ideally, fodder banks are established near the courtyard to provide a c6nvenient grazing area near tethered livestock and where browsing can be controlled to maintain productivity (Fig. 15.6). However, open and staked grazing in annually-cropped fields is more common, in which case it can be expected that hedgerows and seedlings will suffer extensive damage. The tree cannot be grazed hard and continuously without its productivity diminishing to very low levels. Mimosine toxity also limits the amount that can be consumed by livestock without impairing their health. Proximate analyses are summarized Figure ]5.5 Pruned Leucaena hedgerow. in Table 15.1. As a medicinal plant, roots and leafy twigs of subspecies leucocephala are boiled in a decoction for severe back pain; the twigs are boiled and taken for menstrual cramps; the leaves are consumed as a tea for gas and typhoid; and the roots are boiled and taken orally for fever (Eldridge, 1975; Morton, 1970). A popular febrifuge is prepared by roasting the seed and grinding them with coffee. Propagation: The species is easily direct seeded, emerging rapidly several days after sowing. The ease with which it is propagated in this way has contibuted to its importance as a hedgerow species. However, large amounts of seed are required for mass distribution during peak planting seasons and adequate supervision of seed quality is difficult. Despite the species' known self-compatibility, gene exchange between co-existing subspecies leucocephala is possible and could playa role in the development of less Table 15.1 Proximate analysis (% dry weight) of L. leucocephala, after Gbhl(1975). COMPONENT CRUDE PROTEIN CRUDE FIBER CRUDE FAT CARBOHYDRATES ASH Fresh leaves (Thailand) 21.0 181 6.5 46.0 Fresh twigs (Malaysia) 27.8 10.4 35 55.1 35 Fresh browse (Hawaii) 24.2 24.2 2.7 400 8.9 Pods (Zimbabwe) 21.7 25.6 1.4 45.5 5.8 Seed (Zimbabwe) 358 11.4 7.5 40.9 4.4 Ca P 0.54 029 8.4 124 Lisina ... Delen desirable genotypes. Efforts to maintain the genetic vigor of the hedgerows with improved glabrata varieties must be ensured with isolated and secure seed orchards. A variety of container types have been used to propagate the species, the most appropriate being a function of nursery costs. Rootrainer and Winstrips were utilized during most of the 1980s in Haiti, though ODH utilized a much smaller Styrofoam SpeedJing tray for seedlings planted on fertile land. Manual scarification, by nicking the cotyledon end of the seed, is recommended for research and experimental seed lots; immersion in hot water, at least 49° C, followed by a 2-day soak, is the method most often used for mass propagation purposes. Inoculation by Figure 15.6 Leucaena fodder banks are an Rhizobium, either coating the seed or excellent source of nutrition to complement drenching the sown seed, is a safeguard food rations of goats and other livestock. for insufficient field inoculum. Inoculation procedures are recommended following pesticide applications for psyllid and root rot attacks. Generally 14 weeks is sufficient to raise seedlings, with an initial 3 weeks of shade and a final 4 weeks of hardening off. Psyllid (H. cubana) (Fig. 15.7), damping off and root rot diseases (Pythium, Rhizoctonia, Phytophtora, Alternaria, Fusarium, Myrothecium) have been observed to attack nursery seedlings (Tourigny, 1987; Runion et aI., 1990). The species can be top-pruned, if necessary, prior to outplanting. Stump propagation and vegetative methods, including root cuttings and tissue culture have not been experimented in Haiti, though these have been reported from other countries and are examined in Pound and Martinez (1984). Biomass Studies: Regression equations to estimate the biomass of subspecies glabrata were conducted at four sites for 5-7-year-old trees and once for a 2-year-old coppice rotation. These equations a]Jow one to estimate various tree dry weights based on easily measured stem and height measurements. There is a significant difference in the coefficients between coppice and seedling rotations because of the difference in stem and canopy forms, with the coppice stem concentrating a much greater amount of the total tree weight as polewood rather than as fuelwood. The differences in estimates among the equations for the standards (i.e., seedling rotation) are mainly because of the differences in sampling distribution rather than differences in form. A summary of the biomass equations is provided in Table 15.2. Charcoal and Lumber Conversion Rates: When 3-4-year-old L. leucocephala is converted to charcoal, only about 17-20% of the wood dry weight becomes merchantable Lisina ... Delen 12S Table 15.2 Equations used to estimate biomass components (kg dry weight) of L. leucocephala subsp. f!labrata in Haiti. COMPONENT REGRESSION EQUATION 1 R' DBH RANGE SITE (em) Usable wood volume (~ 10" m') 0.50 I (DBH)' - 3.422 0.97 3.0-14.5 Bon Repos TOlal aboveground biomass 0.524(DBH)' 097 08~17.7 Camp Perrin Usable wood weight 0.642(DBH)' - 2.707*(DBH) 0.98 0.8-17.7 Camp Perrin Usable wood weight 0.275(sd)' 0.97 1.8-236 Camp Perrin Total aboveground biomass 0.47l(DBH)' 0.98 3.0-162 Bon Repos Fuelwood minus pole weight 0.210(DBH)' 0.97 3.0-16.2 Bon Ropos Pole weight 0.198(DBH)' 098 5.5-162 Bon Ropos Total coppice biomass o 260(DBH)' 096 20-10.0 Bon Repos Coppice fuel wood minus pole weight 0035(DBH)' 0.96 2.0-10.0 Bon Repos Coppice pole weight o 175(DBH)' 0.99 5.0-10.0 Bon Ropos Total aboveground biomass 0.030hId,' 0.99 5.4--12.3* Nan Marron Usable wood weight O.192 Id,' 0.99 5.4--12.3* Nan M-alTon Aboveground dry biomass (kg) 0.2 10 Id,' 099 5.8-136* Fond-des- Blanes Fuelwood and polewood (kg) 0.0284h Id,~ 098 5.8-13.6* Fond-des- Blancs DBH cm. sd 1 at 0.1 =Stem diameter at 1.3 m above ground level, in cm. d =Stem diameter measured at 0.3 m above ground level, in = Stem diameter measured at 0.1 ITl m above ground level, in cm. h =Total tree height, in m. n = Number of stems above grollnd level. :l:Stem diameter range at 0.3111 above ground level. charcoal. Another 10% of the wood is a fine and shattered charcoal that generally is not sold (Timyan, 1987). The relationship between the volume of subspecies glabrata logs, ranging from 0.015-0.09 m 3 , and lumber yield is shown in Figure 15.8. The use of the regression equation allows for the estimation of lumber volume based on the topend diameter and length of the log. The lumber was sawn with a Woodmizer, a portable bandsaw unit, at the former ODH nursery site in Cazeau. As shown, recovery rates up to 67% were achieved, though the average was only 44%. However, slabs are sold for cheaper construction purposes, such as for building pig sties. Figure 15.7 PsyUids are a common pest of L. teucocephafa ssp. gfabrata, but rarely fatal to the tree in Haiti. Growth Performance: Since 1983, several species trials have 126 Lisina.. eDelen Lumber Volume (cu. m) 0.06 r-----------'------------------~___, Lumber Volume = 0.440D 2L + 0.0002 r 2 = 0.818, s = 0.0333 x·y 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 _ O~_"-_"- o 0.02 _ " _ _ _ . l . . _ __ 0.04 _'____~_ 0.06 _'___...!....__...l....__...l....__...l....__...!....__...l....__ 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 D2L (cu. m) Figure 15.8 Relationship between the amount of recovered Leucaena lumber and saw log volume. been established in Haiti with the giant leucaena. The species is clearly a winner in height growth during the first several years, ranking first in three-quarters of the trials and achieving high survival rates between 70-100% after 3 years (Table 15.3). The orily other species that consistently surpass giant leucaena in height growth are Eucalyptus camaldulensis and E. tereticornis. One can expect over 3 m yr- 1 height growth on good sites for the first couple of years, tapering off to 1.5 m yr- 1 at 4 years and 1.0 m yr- 1 at 6 years. However, on poorer and dry sites with 3-5 months drought, common to the northwest (Nan Marron; Jean Rabel), the eastern Cul-de-Sac plain (Ganthier) and northeast (Terrier Rouge) of Haiti, annual height increments do not exceed 1 m yr 1 (Fig. 15.9) and seasonal die-back of new growth is common. Browsing by goats and cattle on such sites is a problem. The average wood yield of giant leucaena ranges from 0.8-2.3 kg tree- 1 yr 1 on marginal sites such as Jean Rabel, Terrier Rouge and Cabaret to nearly 6 kg tree- 1 yr- 1 after 3 years on average sites such as Marmont (near Hinche) in the Plateau Central. This yield is equivalent to 9.6 dry metric tons (DMT) ha- 1 yr-l at stocking levels of 1,600 trees ha- 1• Growth rates on a leucaena plantation near Port-au-Prince ranged from 1.7-14.4 DMT ha- 1 yr- 1 for the first 2 years, averaging 4.1 DMT ha- 1 yr 1 over 28 hectares (Timyan, 1983). Subspecies glabrata has been used widely as a nursery species for higher-valued hardwoods that respond favorably to the competition for light, moisture and nutrients. This use has been reported for Tectona grandis, where giant leucaena is sown during the first year of teak establishment (Lamprecht, 1989). In the Cul-de-Sac plain of Haiti, the Lisina... Delen 127 Table 15.3 Site and growth parameters of L. leucocephala subsp. glabrata trials in Haiti. SITE ELEVAnON (m) ANNUAL RAINFALL (mm) AGE (yr) SURVIVAL (%) HEIGHT M.A.!.I (m) 2.3 Colora 247 1471 0.5 93 Colin 2 775 1300 0.8 100 1:4 Passe Catabois 2 120 987 0.8 83 1.5 Ganthier 90 700 1.8 90 1.2 Cazeau 4 30 1200 2.0 90 3.1 Passe Catabois 1 120 987 2.2 78 1.8 Colin 1 775 1300 2.2 41 2.2 1.0 DBH 2 M.A.!. (em) 1.8 DRY WOOD YIELD (kg tree· I ) 6.4 70 1300 2.3 95 Jean-Rabel 107 1045 2.9 98 1.0 0.8 2:4 Marmont 280 1450 3.0 96 1.9 2.0 17:4 Terrier Rouge 20 1293 3.0 86 1.0 0.9 3.2 Mare Grand Bois 40 1200 3.3 59 1.7 2.0 3 9.1 Fond-des-Blanes 250 1335 4.0 100 1:4 1:4 9.2 Papaye 250 1450 4:4 44 1:4 1.1 17.0 Nan Marron Grand Bassin 450 600 4.8 68 1.3 1:4 16:4 Cabaret 1 80 900 6.9 77 0.8 0.8 15.8 Cabaret 2 80 900 6.9 81 0.9 0.9 19.9 I M.A.I. = Mean annual increment. 2 DBH = Stem diameter at 1.3 m above ground level, in em. 3 Stem diameter at 0.1 m above ground level, in em. HEIGHT(m) 8r------------;=====::::;-----;;'I ] 1 MlYR LINE I 7 TREE AGE (yr) Figure 15.9 Height growth of L. leucocephala subsp. glabrata in Haiti. shade-tolerant neem (Azadirachta indica) had improved stem form and exhibited less taper of the stump log when planted in a 2: 1 ratio with subspecies glabrata (Welle et aI., 1985). Giant leucaena is the principal species selected in Haiti for alley cropping systems, being easy to establish and. productive on a wide range of sites. In an alley cropping trial at Barbe Pagnol in the Northwest, L. leucocephala subsp. glabrata was compared with· an incountry source of L. diversifolia subsp. diversifolia and 20 provenances of Gliricidia sepium for biomass production. The trial was harvested at intervals of 4-6 months over a 28 month period and exhibited total yields as shown in Figure 15.10. The Leucaena species did not differ significantly in total dry biomass or leaf and small wood yields, 128 Lisina ••• Delen 28 MONTH YIELD (DRY KGIM) 12 r-------------------------, LEAF AND WOOD < 1 eM • WOOD>ICM 10 8.2 6 4 2 o LELE LED! GLSE 6287 GLSE MEAN ALLEY CROPPING SPECIES Figure 15.10 Dry yield of subspecies glabrata (LELE) compared with 1. diversifolia (LEDI), the highest-yielding -Gliricidia sepium (GLSE) provenance, 6287, and the average of 20 G. sepium provenances. though both were 2-3 times more productive than the top G. sepium accession. With regard to wood> 1 cm, subspecies glabrata yielded higher than 1. diversifolia subsp. diversifolia. Both species exhibited more than twice the wood yield of the top G. sepium accession. Cunard (1991) conducted fresh biomass measurements of2 harvests in a direct-seeded hedgerow trial near Camp Perrin. He did not find subspecies glabrata to be superior to Calliandra calothyrsus, though both were more productive than 4 other legumes, including G. sepium. He measured total fresh yields of about 1 kg m- I after 5 months of coppice growth for 1. leucocephala subsp. glabrata. Other hedgerow trials have confirmed the broad adaptability of 1. leucocephala subsp. glabrata, usually ranked at the top until one reaches the upper elevations (Isaac et aI., 1994). The hybrid, KX3, is showing comparable yields with subspecies glabrata and may be better adapted to sites above 1000 m than either of its parent varieties. Dry yield estimates for Leucaena species in hedgerow/alley cropping designs are summarized in Table 15.4. Tree Improvement: A recent status of a network of seed-production areas and treeimprovement trials involving subspecies glabrata is given in Timyan (1993). The introduction of the subspecies to Haiti in the latter part of the 1970s was most probably of narrow genetic base, representing the self-pollinated K8, K28 and K67 isolines from the University of Hawaii.K8, the most widely cultivated variety, originally was collected from one -or a few cultivated trees in the northern Mexico state of Zacatecas in 1959 (Hughes, 1993). Though the Asian psyllid epidemic of the mid-1980s did not happen in Haiti, the indiscriminate distribution of such a narrow genetic base is risky. The continued improvement of Leucaena in Haiti requires the importation of a wider genetic base than that which was introduced in the late 1970s. It was not until 1985 that another Lisina ... Delen 129 Table 15.4 Dry biomass yields of Leucaena species in hedgerow and alley cropping trials in Haiti. The harvest period indicated is the time from establishment to the last harvest. Yields are equivalent to the sum of the individual harvests,which includes the initial seedling harvest. SPECIES NO. OF DENSITY (trees m· l ) HARVESTS HARVEST PERIOD (months) DRY LEAF YIELD (kgm· l ) DRY WOOD YIELD (kgm· l ) SITE L. diversifolia K156 2 4 28 (1988-1991) 4.6 6.5 Bab Panyo1 L. leucocephala K8 2 4 28 (1988-1991) 4.8 8.2 Bab Panyo1 L. diversifolia K156 10 3 23 (1991-1993) 0.7 1.1 Bergeau, Cayes L. diversifolia x L. leucocephala hybrid (KX3) 10 3 23 (1991-1993) 2.0 3.6 Bergeau, Cayes L. leucocephala K636 10 3 23 (1991-1993) 2.0 3.8 Bergeau, Cayes L. salvadorensis 10 23 (1991-1993) 0.1 0.2 Bergeau, Cayes L. shannonii 10 3 23 (1991-1993) 0.7 1.5 Bergeau, Cayes L. diversifolia K156 10 3 24 (1991-1993) 0.9 1.2 Ft. Jacques L. diversifolia x L. leucocephala hybrid (KX3) 10 3 24 (1991-1993) 1.1 1.7 Ft. Jacques L. leucocephala K636 10 3 24 (1991-1993) 0.8 1.7 Ft. Jacques L. diversifolia K156 10 2 23 (1991-1993) 0.2 0.3 St. Georges L. diversifolia x L. leucocephala hybrid (KX3) 10 2 23 (1991-1993) 0.6 0.8 St. Georges L. leucocephala K636 10 2 23 (1991-1993) 0.8 1.6 St. Georges L. salvadorensis 10 2 23 (1991-1993) 0.3 0.5 St. Georges L. shannonii 10 2 23 (1991-1993) 0.1 0.2 St. Georges source of giant leucaena was brought to Haiti. A seed lot from Choluteca, Honduras, OFI 19/81, was established at 5 locations in the country as part of the OFI dry zone species trials. Also included in the trials was the introduction of 2 new Leucaena species: L. shannonii subsp. shannonii and L. collinsii subsp. zacapana. Neither species outperformed the survival and height growth of L. leucocephala subsp. glabrata, though local farmers soon noted the difference in wood qualities and seed production. In 1988, International Resources Group introduced K636, K605, and K584, along with the interspecific hybrid KX3, a cross between L. diversifolia subspecies diversifolia and L. leucocephala. These were established in seed-production stands and isolated varietal blocks throughout sites in Haiti, from sea level to 1500 m (Fig. 15.11). The stands were culled of individuals exhibiting early flowering and inferior form charac- 130 Lisina... Delen Figure 15.11 L. leucocephala ssp. glabrata x L. diversifotia hybrid (KX3) stand managed for seed production in the Cul-de-Sac Plain. teristics. Hybrid stands generally were culled of individuals exhibiting strong characteristics of the K8 pollen parent, favoring the K156 seed parent and its tolerance of higher elevations. Despite L. leucocephala subsp. glabrata's known self-compatibility, gene exchange with the local subspecies is possible and could playa role in the development of genotypes less desirable than the giant variety (Zarate, 1987). Natural outcrossing of L. leucocephala subsp. glabrata, as the pollen parent, with L. diversifotia subsp. diversifolia is common where the two species co-exist, and produces progeny with a variable range of traits common to uncontrolled crosses. In 1991, several new species of Leucaena from the OFI collections in Central America, were introduced in both high- (> 1200 m) and low-elevation sites. These included additional L. diversifolia subsp. diversifotia seed lots to broaden the K 156 genetic base for high-elevation areas, L. esculenta subsp. esculenta, L. esculenta subsp. paniculata, L. lanceolata, L. macrophylla subsp. nelsonii, L. pulverulenta, and L. salvadorensis. The military coup of 1991 forced suspension of continued germplasm improvement activities, with most of the new species requiring re-introduction. Lisina ... Delen 131 There is continued need to assess the progeny from the K636 and KX3 seed production stands for levels of pod production, segregation, and outcrossing rates, as these varieties are tested across sites in hedgerows and as single-stemmed trees. Decline in hybrid vigor of the KX3 and the genetic maintenance of pure L. leucocephala subsp. glabrata in close proximity with other Leucaena species and subspecies is the challenge of future germplasm improvement activities. A wider genetic base at both the species and subspecies levels is also necessary to secure the future of the species and of the people who have come to depend on the tree. In addition to the germplasm that is already in Haiti, it is wise to continue importing new diversity for specific end-purposes. Figure 16.1 This 26-year-old specimen at the Ministry of Agriculture is among the oldest A. indica in Haiti, brought to the country from Senegal, W. Africa in 1967. 1nsetEllipsoidal drupes of A. indica. 16 Nim Species: Azadirachta indica Adr. Juss. Synonyms: Antelaea azadirachta (L.) Adelbert, Melia azadirachta L., Melia indica (Adr. Juss.) Brandis Family: Meliaceae Common Names: neem (nim), neeb, nimba Importance: A. indica is the model of a multi-purpose tree species, providing an important mix of goods and services that benefit Haitian farmers. The fruit is a source both of insecticides and fertilizer that keep vulnerable food crops healthy, while con- . tributing to the diet of Haiti's wild fauna that disperse the seed. A significant amount of oil that is contained in the kernel can be utilized in a range of products from cooking oil to soaps and lubricants. Its quick growth and abundant natural regeneration ensure a supply of fuelwood, construction wood and shade. The tree can be invasive and must be managed to protect the natural regeneration of native tree species. Taxonomy and Botanical Features:. A. indica is a member of the mahogany family, comprising many of the most important wood species in Haiti: Swietenia mahagoni (kajou peyi), S. macrophylla (kajou etranje), Trichilia hirta (monben bata), Guarea guidonia (bwa wouj) and Cedrela odorata (sed). The species is considered by some botanists to be comprised of two varieties. A. indica var. indica is the common variety from India that has been introduced as an exotic throughout the tropics. A. indica var. siamensis has bigger leaves and a smoother leaf margin with two races that- are distinguished by a red and green top shoot (Bhumibhamon, 1987). The fruit is an ellipsoidal drupe, up to 2 cm long, that turns from light green to yellow (Fig. 16.1 inset). The sweet mucilaginous pulp surrounds a seed that is composed of a shell and a light green kernel. The small, white, bisexual flowers ofA. indica are arranged in axillary clusters and have a honey-like scent that attracts bees (Fig. 16.2). A closely-related species, Melia azedarach L., locally known as lila, also occurs in Haiti and is distinguished from A. indica by the slighter stem, less dense canopy, light lavender flowers, and sparser fruit clusters with spherical drupes, 1 cm in diameter. Distribution and Ecology: A. indica is believed to be indigenous to India, Java and the lesser Sunda Islands -(Burkill, 1966). It spread throughout the drier tropical regions of Africa and into the Caribbean as early as the latter part of the nineteenth century (Pliske, 1984). Neem was introduced to Haiti in 1967 from seed believed to have originated in Senegal. Trees originating from this narrow genetic base still can be found at several locations, including the Faculte d' Agronomie et Medecine Veterinaire (Damien) and Place St. Anne in Port-au-Prince. The species spread quickly after being planted along the national highways to the north and south of Haiti during the mid-1970s. As a major species of the USAID agroforestry projects (1981-1991), neem has been distributed to nearly every part of Haiti. The Operation Double Harvest (ODH) nursery at Cazeau distributed more than 1.4 million seedlings between 1981 and 1986. The distribution included the planting of 0.3 million seedlings on 10 plantations in the Cul-de-Sac (Timyan, 1987). Additional provenances of A. indica were introduced to Haiti from Burma in 1984, India in 1986, and Africa in 1991, by the corribined efforts of USAID, 133 134 Him ODH, and Agridyne, Inc. In 1984, neem was shipped to the Dominican Republic from seed collected in Haiti and was planted at the lnstituto Superior de Agricultura, Santiago, under the auspices of the National Energy Policy Commission (Knudson et aI., 1988). Neem performs best between sea level and 600 m elevation with annual rainfall above 800 mm. Though the species has a reputation for being hardy, wood and fruit production are marginal on the dry, stony sites that typically are invaded by such thorny species as Acacia tortuosa. Neem is not as salt tolerant as Prosopis juliflora and failed when planted on the salty, poorly-drained land (pH = 9.0) between Thomazeau and Croix-des-Bouquets by ODH in 1981. It exhibits chlorosis when planted on calcareous rock and shallow soils commonly found near the coast (Fig. 16.3). Once neem is established, it has a tendency to become weedy and form pure stands, growing thickly under its own shade and eliminating the natural regeneration of other species. Wild animals, particularly birds and lizards, are fond of the yellow ripe seed and disperse the species gradually away from the seed source. Goats, sheep, and cattle do not prefer neem as a forage and tend to leave it alone except under severe drought pressure when other food is not available. However, damage is generally extensive under open grazing conditions because of trampling, breaking of the growing portion of the stem, and soil compaction. Tree Characteristics: The oldest trees in Haiti, aged 26 years, are approximately 20 m tall with stem diameters that range from 45-75 em. Open-grown, the tree is shortstemmed with a heavily-branched, dense, and evergreen canopy that fruits abundantly. Grown under denser conditions, the tree develops a straight, high-forking stem with negligible fruit production. Fruiting of neem peaks twice during the year, in June and November, with most of the seed available for harvest between May and July and from October to December. Mature trees can yield between 30-50 kg of fresh fruit (Ahmed Figure 16.2 White flowers of A. indica. Nim US Figure 16.3 Lime-induced chlorosis is common on calcareous sites near the coast. et aI., 1984) at approximately 4000 seeds kg· l. The heartwood of mature trees is reddish brown, though most of the wood harvested in Haiti is closer to straw color with a tinge of pink. The grain is interlocked, with a moderately coarse texture. The wood ranges from dull to somewhat lustrous, having, when freshly cut, a slight cedary smell that fades on drying. Neem lumber seasons well and becomes stable with varying atmospheric conditions. It works well and produces a smooth finish, though it has a tendency to split when nailed. Neem is rated as durable to moderately durable (Chudnoff, 1984; UKFPRL, 1968). Neem poles have a reputation of not being attacked quickly by borers and they sell well in the Port-au-Prince market (Welle et a!., 1985). About 60% of the total tree weight can be used for charcoal or poles (Ehrlich, 1985). Wood density is moderate (sp. gr. 0.52-0.65) with an energy equivalent of 16.92 megajoules kg'l at 14% moisture content. Utilization: In Haiti, neem has been planted primarily for its quick yield of wood and deep shade. Trees generally are planted along field boundaries, serving as both a boundary marker and a windbreak (Fig. 16.4). The tree pollards well and is managed on a lopping cycle that coincides with the light and moisture needs of the understory crops. Stems are utilized as roundwood for house construction. The ODH plantations in the Cul-de-Sac plain were managed for a mixture of fuelwood, charcoal and poles in an attempt to commercialize wood production. Stands located on more fertile sites at Cazeau and Bon Repos were managed for fuelwood and lumber. Consumer preference tests conducted in Port-au-Prince showed that neem charcoal was considered inferior to charcoal made of Casuarina equisetifolia, Prosopisjuliflora and Acacia spp., superior to Leucaena Leucocephala and Senna siamea and no different from Eucalyptus camalduLensis and Albizia lebbeck (Grosenick, 1986a). Despite its recent introduction to Haiti, neem is being utilized as a febrifuge. In the La Chapelle area, neem ranks fifth among plant species as a source of leaf decoctions for fever (Rouzier, 1990). It is recognized in other countries for its fungicidal, antibacterial and antiviral properties (NRC, 1992). 136 Nim Figure 16.4 A. indica is planted typically along the boundary of land devoted to annual food crops. It has a tendency to gradually invade on moist sites. Utilization of neem as a natural source of insecticide has increased gradually over the past decade. In 1981, early experiments on La Gonave were conducted by applying crushed seed into vegetable pots planted with cabbage, cucumber and tomatoes. Increased vigor and protection against major pests was observed (Welle et aI., 1985). It was also noted that tilapia fry were killed by neem seed dropping into an outdoor fish tank. Neem has been used as an alternative to Chlordane in nurseries by CARE and PADF throughout Haiti (Josiah, 1989) and on an agri-business scale by ODH in the Culde-Sac (Fig. 16.5a-d). The active ingredients extracted from the seed kernel, primarily azadirachtin, are responsible for disrupting the metamorphosis of insects and act as a feeding deterrent. The biochemicals are systemic, being taken up by the host plant (NRC, 1992). The cake of the oil seeds is used as fertilizer and the aromatic leaves are reported to be used as fodder in India. The proximate analysis of A. indica is shown in Table 16.1. Propagation: The propagation of neem in Haiti has been largely from seed sown in rigid container systems such as the Rootrainer and the Winstrip. Fresh seed does not require pre-treatment when sown within a couple of weeks from harvest. As in other species of the Meliaceae, looping of the hypocotyl is a problem, affecting up to 7% of emergents in Winstrips, with deformed root systems and poor vigor (Larson et a!., 1985). These emergents are replaced by transplanting pre-germinated seed or by proportionally increasing the sowing rate and selecting out the deformed seedlings. Most common nursery disease problems include: leaf spot caused by Cercospora, perhaps C. Nim 137 Figure 16.5 a) Pulverized neem kernel for wet pesticide application. b) Applying wet neem seed solution to tomato seedlings. c) Pulverized neem kernel for dry pesticide application. d) Applying dry neem seed to papaya. 138 Nim Table 16.1 Proximate analysis (% dry weight) of A. indica, after Gohl(1975). COMPONENT CRUDE PROTEIN CRUDE FIBER CRUDE FAT CARBOHYDRATES ASH Ca P Fresh leaves (India) 15.4 12.7 4.2 56.5 11.2 2.65 0.24 Fresh leaves (Pakistan) 13.4 14.7 6.2 55.5 10.3 1.94 0.17 leucostica or C. meliae (Tourigny, 1987), under humid or poorly-ventilated conditions; a "carrot top" foliar disease of uncertain cause; and leaf chlorosis caused by using potting medium contaminated with nematodes (Josiah, 1989; Runion et aI., 1990). Seedlings normally require 14 weeks in a Rootrainer or Winstrip prior to outplanting, with the initial 4 weeks under shade and the last 4 weeks reserved for hardening off. There are several alternative propagation methods that are less costly and simpler than the containerized seedling. The two methods that are the most practical for neem is stump propagation and the transplanting of volunteers from beneath selected mother trees. Stumps are prepared by raising seedlings directly in a raised bed and pruning both stem and roots prior to outplant. Reid (1991) .showed· no differences in survival or growth between stumps and containerized seedlings at 2 sites in Haiti following a year of growth. Volunteers are lifted from beneath selected mother trees and transplanted during the rains. A portion of the lifted seedlings are rejected because of natural root deformities associated with looping and poor vigor. One study revealed that up to 22% of the volunteers had root deformities, while 39% had excellent taproot formation (Larson et aI., 1985). While transplanting volunteers increases mortality rates and poorer root development, the trade-off has to be measured in terms of the economics and practicality'of managing a containerized nursery under typical Haitian farm conditions. Seed Handling: One of the most serious limitations in artificial propagation is the problem of seed longevity and adequate germination procedures to test seed viability. Howeve.r, neem seed may be stored successfully up to 4 months if the seed is dried immediately following harvest in the sun for 3 days and stored in cotton bags at 15° C at reduced levels of humidity (Chaisurisri, 1986). Seed can be stored for longer periods of time if moisture content is lowered to 6.6-7.3% (dry weight basis) and stored continuously in sealed containers at 4°C. Furthermore, dormancy factors associated with the seed hull must be overcome to maximize germination capacity. Removal of the seed coat has shown a 10-fold increase in germination of stored seed in Haiti (Timyan, 1991). Similar results were shown for 2 seed lots from Africa: 2-year-old seed germinated 24% compared to 62% with the endocarp removed, while 8 1h-year-old seed exhibited differences of 20% and 70% (Bellefontaine and Audinet, 1993). Azadirachtin Levels: Azadirachtin levels in neem seed were analyzed for tree andseed maturity effects in 1989 (Timyan and Walter, 1990). This study was initiated based on reports from W.R. Grace & Co. that certain seed lots from Africa tested 2- to 10-fold higher than seed lots from Haiti. It was suspected that both genetic and environmental effects contributed to this difference. No differences were detected between 3 levels of seed maturity, ranging from green seed on the tree and fallen seed on the ground. However, differences were detected among trees, sites, and seed collected during different seasons. There is reason to believe that even with the narrow genetic base that is Him 139 present in Haiti, genetic improvement can be made on azadirachtin levels in neem. Azadirachtin levels ranged from 2.40-3.50 mg per dry gram seed kernel. Silviculture: ODH experimented with the direct seeding of neem and failed primarily because the neem germinated too slowly and rotted in the field (Welle et aI., 1985). Fruits, dried seed, and pre-soaked seed were tested. The latter had a germination rate of 25%, but failed to establish as seedlings. However, the transplanting of top-pruned volunteers planted during the same period exhibited 60% survival after a month of only 10 mm of rainfall. Reid (1991) measured a 4% survival of direct-seeded neem after 1 year at Cazeau. Container and potting mix trials have shown mixed results in survival and early height growth (Dupuis, 1986a; Reid, 1991). However, these studies have never been continued beyond 2 years and should be considered with caution as to the real impact that nursery treatments have on longer term field productivity. Neem appears to be weed sensitive during the first year that the seedling is developing a root system. Stunting of the tree has been observed by several foresters at trials that were neglected, particularly under droughty site conditions. Subsequent weeding of the trials generally does not exert a positive height-growth response. The only pests that have been observed to attack mature trees are the stem borer Apate monachus and a carpenter bee (Hymenoptera: Xylocopinae). A. monachus penetrates deeply into the branches, forming galleries that retard growth and make the branches susceptible to wind breakage (Knudson et aI., 1988). This same pest is known to attack Casuarina equisetifolia, Swietenia mahagoni, S. macrophylla, and Melia azedarach (CATIE, 1992). The carpenter bee attacks in a similar fashion, boring into apical stems, and forming galleries that weaken the tree. It is likely that these pests are only a problem when neem is under drought stress, since the observations were reported in the drier regions of Haiti and the Dominican Republic. Double rows of neem alternating with a single row of L. leucocephala developed more vigorously with less stem fluting, higher forking, and less canopy volume than pure stands of A. indica at an equivalent spacing and age. The use of L. leucocephala as a nurse crop maximizes the potential of neem as a source of poles and lumber, always of a higher value than fuelwood or charcoal in the urban area. Pure stands of neem at stocking densities ranging from 2000-2500 stems ha- 1 consistently have yielded poor seed harvests, with any significant production occurring at the stand edge. A neem stand, established in 1991 near Croix-des-Bouqets, produced seed within 2 years at a density of 800 stems ha- 1 • This appears to be the optimal density to maximize fruit yields. Biomass and Volume Studies: Equations developed to estimate various components of A. indica have been completed over the past decade. The first study was conducted to estimate fuelwood volume based on stem diameters. This was done in 1983 on a 2-yearold stand near Bon Repos (Timyan, 1983). Ehrlich (1985) conducted a biomass study from a 4-year-old stand at Thomazeau and included pole volume tables. A third study was completed in 1986 for a coppice stand and regression equations were analyzed to estimate fuelwood and pole biomass separately (Timyan, 1987). The volume and biomass equations from these studies are provided in Table 16.2. Because of the difference 140 Him Table 16.2 Equations used to estimate biomass components (kg dry weight) of A. indica in Haiti. REGRESSION EQUATION} COMPONENT R2 DIA.RANGE SITE (em) Usable wood volume (x 10-3 m3 ) 0.48 I (DBH)2 - 10.227 0.94 6.9-10.4 Bon Repos Total aboveground biomass 0.313(DBH)2 0.98 1.3-12.6 Thomazeau Usable wood weight 0.282(DBH)2 - 0.707(DBH) 0.99 1.3-12.6 Thomazeau Usable wood weight 0.203(sd)2 - 1.02(sd) 0.99 2.6-15.8* Thomazeau Pole volume (x 10-3 m3) 0.226(DBH)2 0.97 5.0-12.6 Thomazeau Total coppice weight 0.268(DBH)2 0.95 2.0-10.0 Bon Repos Coppice fuelwood weight 0.189(DBH)2 0.96 2.0-10.0 Bon Repos Coppice polewood weight 0.152(DBH)2 0.98 5.0-10.0 Bon Repos DBH = Stem diameter measured at 1.3 m above ground level, in em. sd = St~mp diameter measured at 0.1 m above ground level, in em. *Stump diameter range. 1 in form between the first rotation and the coppice rotation, the amount of biomass changes significantly for the same stem diameter, as shown by the difference in coefficients of equations. Lumber Conversion Rate: A study to estimate lumber volumes based on log dimensions was performed at Operation Double Harvest in 1987. Figure 16.6 shows the relationship between log volume and the amount of recovered lumber. About 25% ofthe log volume was recovered in lumber. The poor recovery rate is a result of the irregularities in logs of various lengths and the strong taper that is common in A. indica. Until further refinements can be made in milling and Lumber Volume (cu. m) better-formed logs are available for har0.05,----------------, vest, the regression function is not a Lumber Volume (m =O.249D'L (m + 0.009 precise estimator of lumber yield. 3 ) 3 ) R' =0.235, S =0.0794 x·y 0.04 .. 0.03 0.02 .. 0.01 - ... O'----L......J---l---l----l.----l.--L----'-----'-----'-----'------'-----"---J 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07. 0.08 D2L (CU. m) Figure 16.6 Relationship between A. indica log volume and recovered lumber. D = log top end diameter (m); L = log length (m). Growth Performance: Neem has been evaluated on a range of sites in a series of trials that began in 1975 with the FAa trials in the Cul-de-Sac (Moortele, 1979; Bihun, 1982; Hernandez, 1991). Among the 13 trials that Dupuis (l986b) evaluated in 1985, neem ranked consistently in the upper quartile in height growth for sites below an elevation of 400 m and with a mean annual precipitation between 700-1000 mm (Table 16.3). On the best of these sites, height increments do not exceed 2.8 m yr- 1 • Over a longer period of time, height growth tapers off to 1.0-1.2 m yr- 1 with mean annual diameter increments between 1.5-3.0 em. Figure 16.7 summarizes the height Him 141 Table 16.3 Site and growth parameters for A. indica trials in Haiti. SITE ELEVATION (m) ANNUAL RAINFALL AGE (yr) SURVIVAL HEIGHT M.A.I.! (%) (mm) Ganthier 2.9 1.3 1.4 0.4 2.8 2.7 7.3 1.2 2.0 88 2.3 2.1 90 2.3 1300 2.2 67 0.3 987 2.2 61 20 2035 2.3 48 70 1300 2.3 15 0.5 1.8 130 1030 30 1200 Colin 650 Passe Catabois 120 Cayes Grand Bassin Cazeau 2.4 (m) 740 Roche Blanche (em) DRY WOOD YIELD (kg tree-I) 90 75 DBW M.A.!. 107 1045 2.9 40 0.8 0.9 1.2 20 1293 3.0 71 1.7 1.9 5.1 Mirebalais 244 1731 3.2 90 1.8 1.6 3.7 Limonade 20 1000 3.5 55 1.4 2.1 5.3 Cabaret 80 900 6.9 74 0.6 0.6 2.0 O'Gorman 1 70 830 9.0 93 1.0 1.1 21.1 Jean-Rabel Terrier Rouge Q'Gorman 2 70 830 9.0 100 1.2 1.3 29.7 Vaudreuil 55 830 10.0 97 1.1 1.7 73.7 I M.A.I. = Mean annual increment. 2DBH = Stem diameter at 1.3 m above ground level, in em. growth of neem on sites througho:ut Haiti.. Most sites can achieve greater than 1 m yr- l . Exceptions are the Cabaret and Jean Rabel sites, where exceptionally droughty conditions may have combined with poor weed management to exhibit poor performance. Mean annual wood production in the trials ranged from a low of 0.2 kg tree- l yr- l at Passe Catabois to 7.3 kg tree- l yr- l at the partially irrigated site ofVaudreuil. Most of the sites exhibited mean annual wood yields of 1-3 kg tree- l yr- l for a period of 2-9 years. HEIGHT(m) 14 r-----;======:::::::;--~-I 12 o 'GORMAN 10 8 6 CABARET 4 2 - o----'--'--'---'---'------'-------'-------'------'----'-----'-----'------'-----'-----~ o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 TREE AGE (yr) Figure 16.7 Height growth of A. indica in Haiti. 16 Tree Improvement: Genetic improvement of neem in Haiti began in 1984. The rapid deterioration of neem seed in closed shipping containers severely hampered attempts to enlarge the genetic base of the species. Furthermore, the two seed lots that were established successfully at Cazeau did not yield significant 142 Nim Figure 16.8 Widely-spaced double rows of A. indica are necessary for adequate fruiting in this genetic trial. amounts of seeds during the time that neem seedlings were being mass distributed throughout Haiti. However, a significant step was made in 1990 with the importation of a West African and Caribbean collection made by Agridyne, Inc. (Salt Lake City, UT). These seed lots were established in a 1991 genetic test designed to evaluate differences in survival, growth, seed yield, and azadirachtin concentration over a period of 5 years. The results after 2 years are encouraging, though differences in height growth have only been detected between the top seed lot from Niger (4.8 m) and the slowest-growing seed lot from Puerto Rico (3.6 m). There were no differences in survival. Several of the neem have flowered and fruited, indicating that the trial may yield seed of sufficient quantities for early azadriachtin assays (Fig. 16.8). The Neem Vision: Continued research must be directed toward enlarging and improving the genetic base of neem in Haiti. Currently, only a narrow genetic base is available for wide-scale management of neem seed production. Every effort must be made to keep abreast of progress being made to conduct provenance-wide collections of A. indica. The use of sterilized seedlings grown in the source country and packed in moist peat moss should be investigated as an alternative to seed for shipment of germplasm to Haiti. Currently, neem is being harvested from unimproved trees growing as windbreaks, shade and roadside plantings. Silvicultural research must continue to study the optimal conditions for fruit production. The relationship between tree density (trees ha· l ) and azadirachtin yield (kg ha ol ) must be determined for various site conditions if neem is to be managed economically for the pesticide industry. An operational method already has Him 14i been developed by ODH for the primary separation of neem oil and azadirachtin. Though the neem oil is being used as a pesticidal spray against fungal diseases, it may have a greater return on investment as a base for the local production of soap. In-country demand for azadirachtin may compete for prices paid by importers in North America. All of these factors must be considered in the future to realize the extraordinary potential of neem in Haiti. Figure 17.1 G. sepium is a popular live-fence species in regions of southern Haiti, as shown here near Fond-des-Negres. 17 Piyon Species: Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp. Family: Fabaccae (=Leguminosae) Subfamily - Lotoideae (Faboideae, Papilionoideae) Synonyms: Cliricidia lambii, G. sepium (Jacq.) Steud., Lonchocarpus sepium, Robinia maculala HBK., R. sepium Jacq. Common Names: H - pinon (piyon, piyong), IiI as etranger (lila etranje), immortelle (mOlel); DR - almacigo extranjero, palo de parque, pinon de Cuba, pinon cubano, varita de San Jose; C, DR - pinon amoroso; C - acacia, amor y celos, bien vestida, desnudo florecido, floresco, pinon florido; J - quick stick, St. Vincent plum; PR - madre de cacao, mata raton, mother-of-cocao Importance: G. sepium is one of the easiest nitrogen-fixing trees to establish by stem cuttings, making it a valuable live fence species to protect property. Grown as a tree, it serves as shade for perennial crops and is easily lopped as a source of fuelwood, forage and green manure. Larger stems are a source of rough lumber. Anywhere soil stabilization is required, the living fence technology can be employed in alley cropping or in gully plug arrangements. The species improves the soil. Ease in propagation, fast growth and low risk of being invasive offer an easily-managed component for agroforestry systems. Taxonomy and Botanical Features: The generic name Gliricidia refers to "mouse killer" in Latin (Barrett, 1956) and the species epithet is named from the Latin saepes meaning "hedge." There are at least 3 species in the genera that are native to Central America, though confusion has surrounded the taxonomy of the species. G. maculala, a closely related species, is distinguished by its white flower and different leaf morphology, although some botanists consider it synonymous with G. sepium (Hughes, 1987). Piyon is one of the popular names used for this species ir; Haiti, most likely derived from the Dominican common name,piiion cubano (Liogier, 1974). G. sepium is a multistemmed tree, often with spindly branches forming a loose crown (Fig 17.2). The alternate leaves are recognized by 7-9 pairs of elliptic leaflets 2-7 em long. Flowers range from pink to lavender and are arranged in a short, erect inflorescence usually preceding the leaves. The dehiscent pods turn from greenish yellow to brown and explode when mature. Each pod contains 5-6 seeds and twists into spirals after shedding the seed. Figure 17.2 G sepium is a light seeder in Haiti. 145 146 Piyon Distribution and Ecology: G. sepium is a native of Central America and Mexico, ranging as far south as the northern portion of South America. The species may have been introduced into the Caribbean by the Spanish during the last century for cacao shade and as a living fence (Ford, 1987). The species seems to have been established in Cuba before spreading to Hispaniola and Puerto Rico (Liogier, 1974). The distribution of the species is very scattered in Haiti, tending to occur in pockets along the major trade routes, particularly in the lower elevations of the coffee-growing regions. Here it thrives best in moist-to-humid forest conditions with rainfall greater than 1000 mm and elevations below 600 m. The most conspicuous concentration of the species is in the Fondsdes-Negres area spreading toward l:Asile in southern Haiti, where is found the best example of its use as a live fence. In other regions of Haiti, the species usually is mixed with other live fence species or occurs as a single tree near residences. G. sepium is rarely found along the dry coastal regions, the thorn scrub areas on the leeward side of mountains or mountain elevations above 800 m. Since the early 1980s, many provenances of Gliricidia sepium have been distributed throughout Haiti by various natural resource management projects, by both the Ministry of Agriculture and non-governmental organizations involved in soil conservation, forestry and agroforestry strategies with Haitian farming communities. In due time, it is expected to be more widespread and more common as farmers become familiar with utilizing the species and thus have easy access to planting material. Figure 17.3 Large trunk of G. sepium near petionville. Tree Characteristics: In its natural form, the tree is lowforked and multiple stemmed, rarely reaching heights above 12 meters. Occasionally, trees with stem diameters up to 40 em can be found (Fig. 17.3). Most of the forms of juvenile trees are pruned as a result of being incorporated Piyon 147 as a living fence. Trees developing from branch cuttings do not appear to be different from those that are propagated from seed, except when cuttings longer than a meter are utilized, as in the case of live fencing. Branching in this case occurs at the distal end of the cut when trees are seasonally pollarded as a boundary around a field garden. There are significant inter-provenance differences in branching habit, erectness and canopy density. The heartwood is dark brown, hard and of moderate density. Specific gravity ranged from 0.51-0.74 for wood samples taken from 5-year-old trees in the Northwest. Durability of the wood is reported to be good with resistance to termites. The wood is fine-grained and shiny. The tree flowers during the winter and bears seed from February to June. Light seed crops are the norm for this species in Haiti, with trees growing in more humid zones, such as Fond-des-Negres, bearing less seed than those in the drier regions of the country that have a more severe drought season. Other factors that may explain low seed production in Haiti are the degree that neighboring trees are related, the negative effect that pruning has on flower production and fruit set and types of insects that visit the species, either as pests or as pollinators (Hughes, 1987). There are 6000-9000 seeds kg-I. Table 17.1 Proximate analysis (% dry weight) of G. sepium, after Gohl(1975). COMPONENT CRUDE PROTEIN CRUDE FIBER CRUDE FAT CARBOHYDRATES ASH Fresh twigs (Trinidad) 20.5 30.2 1.5 37.6 10.5 Fresh young twigs (Malaysia) 18.8 15.5 3.7 55.7 6.3 Fresh leaves (Trinidad) 30.0 14.1 4.3 43.6 8.0 Ca 0.66 'p 0.11 Utilization: The utilization·of G. sepium in Haiti is not as extensive as it is in the countries where the species is native. Large trees are seen occasionally, planted as an ornamental or as shade for coffee. The most common use of the tree is as a living fence or single line of trees planted along the boundary of gardens. Here it is lopped to provide fue1wood, planting stakes, green manure and, occasionally, fodder. There is great variation among provenances in palatability, with the provenances originating from Costa Rica and Nicaragua being significantly more palatable than those from Guatemala and Mexico (Larbi et al. 1993). The proximate analysis of G. sepium is provided in Table 17.1. Bees are attracted to the flowers for honey production. As a medicinal plant" G. sepium is used in a number of ways throughout the Caribbean region. The leaves are used as a poultice for bruises and sores. A leaf decoction is taken orally for fatigue and colds, often mixed with the leaves from soursop (Annona squamosa). A leaf tea is taken for gonorrhea. The roots are scraped fo~ kidney trouble, jaundice and dropsy (Ayensu, 1981). The heartwood is durable and hard, useful for posts and making a charcoal that burns with little spark and long-lasting embers. The wood is pretty and takes a fine polish, being used for tool handles, furniture and turnery. 148 Piyon Figure 17.4 G. sepium cuttings exhibit significant differences in rooting and vigor at both individual and provenance levels. Figure 17.5 Propagation methods have a significant effect on establishing G. sepium. Rooted cuttings (right) is superior to seedlings sown from seed (left) in both survival and early growth. Propagation: Propagation by stem and branch cuttings is the method preferred by Haitian farmers to establish the species. Normally, cuttings are harvested at the beginning of the rains and are cut in lengths 1-2 m to facilitate establishing a living fence. They usually are planted as soon as possible, because the cuttings mold easily and begin to rot. Smaller stock, about 20 em long, are rooted in polythene bags to establish clonal seed orchards. The ends are cut parallel at a 45degree angle to increase the rooting surface below the soil and to keep water from penetrating the pith of the stem from the top. Notable differences in rooting and vigor have been observed among provenances and individual selections within provenances (Fig. 17.4). Propagation methods appear to have a significant effect on the early surivival and growth rate of outplanted seedlings (Fig. 17.S), with rooted cuttings being supenor to seedlings started from seed. The tree can be direct seeded, though seed is scarcely available in large enough quantities for this method to be efficient on a large scale. Seedlings propagated from seed do not pose any problems. Seed prepared for mass propagation is immersed in hot water and left to soak for a couple of days prior to sowing. About 10 weeks are required to raise seedlings in containers such as the Rootrainer or Winstrip, with the initial 3 weeks under shade and the final 4 weeks hardening off. No major insect or dis- Piyon 149 Table 17.2 Equations used to estimate biomass components (dry weight) of G. sepium in Haiti. COMPONENT R2 REGRESSION EQUATION I d RANGE (em) SITE Total aboveground biomass 0.085Ld; 0.98 1.8 - 8.1 Nan Marron Usable wood weight 0.079Ld; 0.98 1.8 - 8.1 Nan Marron Usable wood weight 0.021hLd; (cross-site regression) 0.96 1.8 - 15.3 10 world-wide sites wi 1 in Haiti d = Stem diameter measured at 0.3 m above ground level, in em. h 0.3 m above ground I = Total tree height, in m. n = Number of stems at ease problems have been associated with this species in Haitian nurseries. Biomass Studies: Equations to estimate the yield of total and wood biomass of G. sepium are provided in Table 17.2. The study was conducted in 1990 at Nan Marron in northwest Haiti. These equations allow one to estimate the amount of total and wood weights, in dry kilograms, based on stem measurements. Stewart et al. (1992) published a cross-site equation to estimate wood yield forthe species based in part on data collected from the Nan Marron site. Growth Performance: G. sepium was established in several species trials during the 1980s. The species has exhibited very mixed results, failing or showing poor growth on most of the sites (Table 17.3). Height growth is inferior to most of the tree species con::' sidered for timber, hardly achieving annual height increments of 1 m yr-l (Fig. 17.6). Reasons for this performance are not easily understood, except that the species does not appear as drought hardy as one would expect from reading the literature. Furthermore, factors such as stock quality and genetic source of the seed seem to have been underestimated as they influence the productivity of G. sepium greatly. Significant differences between the survival and early growth of seedling stock compared with rooted cuttings were observed at Lapila (Fig. 17.4). Whereas, rooted cuttings exhibited an average 85% survival rate and 2.5 m height growth in 18 months, seedlings averaged 40% survival and grew to only 1.5 m. Since much of the seed is imported from Central American Table 17.3 Site and growth parameters of G. sepium trials in Haiti. SITE ELEVATION (m) ANNUAL RAINFALL AGE (yr) SURVIVAL (%) (nun) HEIGHT M.A.I. l (m) Lapila 350 1145 1.6 85 1.6 Paillant 600 1300 2.0 22 0.2 d2 M.A.I. (em) DRY WOOD YIELD (kg tree· l ) 80 900 2.0 38 0.4 0.7 0.2 Jean Rabel 107 1045 2.9 23 0.6 1.1 0.8 Marmont 280 1450 3.0 72 1.4 1.5 3 1.7 80 900 3.3 52 0.5 Cabaret Cabaret Mare Grand Bois 20 1200 3.3 12 0.4 0.9 '0.2 Fond-des-Blancs 250 1335 4.0 49 0.6 0.8 0.4 Papaye 250 1450 4.4 40 1.0 1.0 1.8 Nan Marron 450 600 4.8 96 0.7 1.0 1.5 M.A.I. = Mean annual increment. 2 d = Stem diameter measured at 0.3 m above ground level, in em. 3Stem diameter at 1.3 ill above ground level, in em. I 150 Piyon sources, ill-adapted provenances cannot be discounted as a factor. The species was established as a single provenance (13/82 11 MlYR LINE I from Nicaragua) in the OFI trials, which may not be broadly adapted in Haiti. While the species failed with poor survival at Mare PAPAYE Grand Bois (12% after 12 months) and 4 Papaye (42% after 6 months), high survival was achieved at Nan Marron (96% after 4.8 years). Wood yield at all sites where the species has been tested is low. The highest yield in Table 17.3 has been observed at the Marmont site with an annual wood yield of 0.6 kg tree- I compared with 9.5 kg tree- I for the top species, Senna siarnea. The story is slightly different when managed as an alley cropping species. Figure 17.6 compares the performance of G. sepi4 urn at 2 alley cropping trials in the TREE AGE (yr) Northwest. Total aboveground biomass proFigure 17.6 Height growth of G. sepiduction averaged over 2 dry kg m- I during a urn in Haiti. period of 34 months at Bombardopolis, a subhumid site typical of shallow soils. Production at a humid site, with deeper and more fertile soils, averaged over 3 dry kg m- I during a 28-month period. The hedgerows were established as seedlings spaced 0.5 m in-row and 4 m between rows, with survival above 95% at both sites. Wood biomass, greater than 1 cm diameter, was found to comprise about 80% of the aboveground biomass lopped for alley cropping purposes. HEIGHT (m) Tree Improvement: This species is considered naturalized in Haiti where local populations are highly homogenous and probably derived from a narrow genetic base, being distributed as cuttings. The primary focus of germplasm improvement since 1987 has been to establish a wider genetic base in Haiti and to screen for improved productivity. During the late 1980s, several trials were established in the co~ntry from seed originating in Costa Rica. A seed production area, comprising 7 Costa Rican provenances, was established by ODH at Cazeau. These same provenances were established in the Maissade area by Save the Children and near Pignon and Thomonde by PADF. During the same period, the Ministry ofAgriculture established a trial at Cabaret, with 7 provenances from Costa Rica and 4 provenances from Guatemala (Beliard, 1989). In 1988, 26 provenances from the Oxford Forestry Institute collection were introduced and estah.. lished in alley cropping trials at Bombard and Barbe Pagnol in northwest Haiti. The trials were the first serious attempts to screen the best-adapted provenances for dry biomass yield. A clonal seed orchard was established at Lapila in 1991 from selections made at the Barbe Pagnol trial and a second clonal orchard was established in 1993 at Passe Catabois from selections made at the Bombard trial. The Lapila orchard had its first significant seed crop in 1993, exhibiting relatively high seed yields for the species. Piyon 151 Early trial evaluations show considerable provenance variation in terms of dry biomass production managed as an alley-cropping species (Fig. 17.7). The highest-yielding accession at both .:Jites is 62/87 from UTA, Nigeria. Other promising accessions originate from Nicaragua, Honduras, and Guatemala. Provenances from Panama, Venezuela, and Mexico are consistently low yielding. The accession originating in Thailand (75/87) performed poorly in the provenance trials, but is the top-ranked provenance at the Lapila orchard in height growth and in the upper quartile in survival (91 %) after 18 months. Normal selection procedures based on the top-yielding provenances in the alley cropping trials would have eliminated this accession from further selection; selection at the individual level included the accession in the orchard. A commercial seed lot from Honduras (C) and the F2 of 13/82, introduced to Haiti in 1985, were both inferior to the productivity of the top 5 accessions at Bombard. The remarkable difference in performance between a commercial seed lot used as a control and the top yielding provenances at the Bombard trial is a helpful reminder of the importance in identifying the right seed source prior to any importation and distribution to the Haitian farmer. Furthermore, statistical differences have been validated among provenances in rooting ability, coppice habit, phenology and palatability. There is high potential to improve the tree for desirable features in agroforestry systems. BARBE PAGNOL BOMBARDOPOLIS PROVENANCE PROVENANCE 62/87~rl 60/87 25/84 13/84 30/84 40/85 13/82 14/86 31/84 24/86 37/85 12/86 38/85 16/84 24/84 29/84 41/87 58/87 35/85 1/86 75/87 ~~~ 13/86 c I 34 MONTHS 1.0 I D 20 MO. SEEDLING II 6 MO. COPPICE • 8 MO. COPPICE MEAN~~~~~~~ 0.0 30/84 60/87 13/82 25/84 24/84 38/85 14/86 12/86 15/84 31/8416/84 35/85 13/84 1/86 29/84 75/87 58/87 40/85 13/86 2.0 ~ 3.0 4.0 ABOVEGROUND PRODUCTION (drykg/m) F2 I 28 MONTHS I D 10 MO. SEEDLING II 5 MO. COPPICE • • 6 MO. COPPICE 7 MO. COOPICE MEANP"• • •_ 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 ABOVEGROUND PRODUCTION (dry kg/m) Figure 17.7 Comparison of dry aboveground production among G. sepium accessions at the Bombard (left) and Barbe Pagnol (right) alley cropping trials. Provenance numbers follow seed lot accessions assigned by Oxford Forestry Institute, UK. PART II TECHNICAL NOTES PREVIOUS PAGE BLANK 18 Pests and Diseases Damaging agents, such as pests and diseases, reduce the productivity of Haitian trees and cause considerable economic loss. However, very little has been reported on the nature of tree pests and diseases in Haiti. Much of this lack has to do with the fact that basic scientific research nearly has ceased in the country during recent decades. For example, the only entomological work specific to Haiti is a dated treatment by Wolcott (1927). Recent investigations of the pests and diseases that attack young seedlings in the artificial environments of tree nurseries (Tourigny, 1987; Runion et al., 1990; Josiah, 1990; Josiah and Allen-Reid, 1991) are by design quick and superficial. The rapid reconnaissance work of consultants cannot possibly keep up with the longterm evolution of tree pests and diseases. Such studies, requiring institutional commitments, expertise and funding, fall hopelessly low on the national and international agendas of governmental and development agencies operating in Haiti. Aside from a few of the commercially important non-native species, the information we have about the pests and diseases of Haitian trees is seriously inadequate. Given the scarcity of data specific to Haiti, a preliminary investigation of the literature was conducted to summarize the most important pests and diseases known to attack tree species found in Haiti. Even if a particular pest or disease never has been confirmed in the country, its spread to Haiti must always be considered possible. Biological factors such as these have little respect for political boundaries. Furthermore, as stresses to the island's ecosystems increase and the genetic erosion of tree populations continues unabated, the situation becomes of greater concern. The following information is arranged in alphabetical order by species. For each species or genus, a summary of the pests and diseases are listed, followed in many cases by a brief description of the type of damage or attack symptoms and the location(s) in which the observations were made. No attempt has been made to include control measures, though these occasionally can be found in the cited literature. Species: Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth. Creole Names: akasya, zakasya Family: Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) Insect Pests: Seedlings are vulnerable to crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) that clip the stems or defoliate in the nursery. Other Pests: Rabbits severely damage seedlings in Florida. Birds, attracted to the bright orange aril, consume and disperse the seed in Haiti. Diseases: Notable fungal diseases attacking nursery seedlings in Haiti include leaf spot (Pestalotia), powdery mildew (Oidium), and damping off (Fusarium and Rhizoctonia). References: Josiah and Allen-Reid, 1991; Morton, 1983; Runion et aI., 1990; Tourigny, 1987. Species: Acaciafarnesiana (L.) Willd. Creole Name: zakasya jon Family: Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) Insect Pests: The twig girdler (Oncideres pustulatus LeConte) attacks the tree in southern Texas. Bruchid beetles (e.g., Caryedon gonagra Fabricius) infest seeds and pods in Puerto Rico and India. The pomegranate butterfly (Virachola livia Klug) attacks green pods in Egypt. PREViOUS PAGE BLANK 1SS 156 Pests and Diseases Other Pests: Root knot nematodes (Meloidogyne javanica (Treub) Chitwood) infest stands in India. Diseases: Pink disease (Corticum salmonicolor Berk. & Br.) occurs in Sierra Leone. Fungal pathogens include: Ravenelia australis Dict. & Neger; R. hieronymi Speg., and R. siliquae Long in Texas; R. spegazziniana Lindquist in Hawaii, continental US, Mexico, Guatemala, Cuba, and Puerto Rico; R. acaciae-farnesianae P. Henn. in Brazil; R. formosana Syd. in Taiwan; Uromycladium notabile (Ludw.) McAlp in N. Zealand and Australia; Phylachora acaciae P. Henn in the West Indies and Ecuador; Camptomeris albizziae (Petch) Mason in Dominica, Sudan, Kenya, and S. Africa; root rot, including Clitocybe tabescens Scop. ex Bres. in Florida and Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear) Dug. in Texas. A wilt caused by Dothiorella sp. has been reported in Italy. Reference: Parrotta, 1992a. Species: Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq.) Lodd. ex Mart. Creole Name: koko ginen Family: Arecaceae (=Palmae) Insect Pests: Larvae of the palm bruchid beetles (Pachymerus bactris Linne, P. carda Fahraeus, P. nucleorum Fabricius, Speciomerus revoili Pic) feed in the seed and exit as adults that feed on the flowers, nectar, and pollen. Reference: Johnson et aI., 1995. Species: Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. Creole Name: tcha tcha Family: Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) Insect Pests: Oxyrhachis tarandus Fabr. attacks young shoots of seedlings and saplings; Indarbela quaduinotate Walker damages the bark; Eurema blandasilhetana Wallace and E. hecabe Linn. larvae defoliate young leaves; and psyllids (Heteropsylla sp.) suck sap from young leav~s and tender stems in India. Xystrocera festiva and X. globosa Oliver larvae feed on inner bark and sapwood in Burma, Malaysia, Java and Egypt. The long-homed beetle (Chloridafestiva) attacks trees in the Caribbean. Sixty other insect pests ofColeoptera, Hemiptera, Homoptera and Lepidoptera feed on young shoots, leaves, roots, sap, seeds, and dead wood in SE Asia. Diseases: Fungal pathogens (Endodothella albiziae (Syd.) von Arx and E. deightonii (Syd.) von Arx) infect leaves, causing small yellow spots on which fruiting structures appear as minute black dots in Africa, Pakistan, Philippines, and S. Asia. Foliar necrosis (Camptomeris albizae (Petch) Mason) occurs in Africa, S. Asia, and the Dominican Republic. Helminthosporium albiziicola Thirum & Naras. forms brownish pustules on reddish leaf spots in India. Collectotrichum lebbek (Syd.) Petrak infests seed pods in Pakistan, Philippines, and Jamaica. Powdery mildew (Leiveillula taurica (Lev.) Arnaud) causes leaf necrosis. Rusts include: Sphaerophragmium acaciae (Cooke) Magnus in W. Africa, SE Asia, and the United States; Ravenelia sessilis Berk. in S. Asia and China; and Uredo spp. in E. Africa and India. Dieback caused by Nectria ditissima TuI. with bark cracking, leaf shedding, and eventual dieback; and Phomopsis mendax (Sacc.) Trav., is found in SE Asia. Wilt (Fusarium oxysporum SchI. f. sp. perniciosum (Hept.) Toole) invades the fine roots and causes gummosis of vessels, wilting, and eventual death. Heart and butt rot include: Phellinusfastuosus (Lev.) Ryv., P. gilvus (Schw.) Pat. and Flavodonflavus (KI.) Ryv. A mushroom root rot (Clitocybe tabescens (Scop. Pests and Diseases 157 ex Fr.) Bres.), an algal leaf spot (Cephaleuros virescens Kunze), a twig dieback (Diplodia natalensis P. Evans), a pod spot (Phyllosticta divergens Sacc.), galls, and gumming caused by Stilbella erythrocephala (Ditm.) Lindau, are known to attack the tree in its growing range in Florida and Hawaii. References: CATIE, 1992; Hegde and Relwani, 1988; Morton, 1983; Parrotta, [n.d.]. Species: Albizia procera (Roxb.) Benth. Family: Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) Insect Pests: Insects that attack the tree in India include: Oxyrhachis tarandus Fabr. which attacks young shoots of seedlings and saplings; larvae of Ascotis selenaria imparata Walker, Rhesala imparata Walker, and R. inconcinnalis Walker which defoliate; a caterpillar (Indarbela quadrinotata Walker) eats the bark; and a red borer (Zeuzera coffeae) attacks woody stems and branches of saplings. Fifty other insect pests of Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Homoptera and Lepidoptera feed on young shoots, leaves, roots,. sap, seeds, and dead wood in SE Asia. Diseases: Stem canker (Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc.) appears as a pinkish scar, turning black after secondary infection by bacteria and sap7staining fungi, usually followed by insect infestation in Asia and the Caribbean. Another stem canker (Nectria haematococca Berk. & Br.) attacks young trees in India. Rusts include: Sphaerophragmium acaciae (Cooke) Magnus and Ravenelia sessilis Berk. in S. Asia and China; R. clemensiae Syd. in India, Burma, and Papua New Guinea; R. indica Berk. in India; and Uredo albiziae P. Henn. in Papua New Guinea. Wilt (Fusarium oxysporum SchI. f. sp. perniciosum (Hept.) Toole) invades the fine roots and causes gummosis of vessels, wilt, and eventual death: Root and butt rot are caused by Ganoderma lucidum ((W. Curt.) Fr.) Karst., G. applanatum (Pers. ex Wallr.) Pat., and Polyporus anebus Berk. Reference: Parrotta, [n.d.]. Species: Albizia saman (Jacq.) F. MuelI. Creole Name: saman Family: Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) Insect Pests: The bean maggot (Hylemya platura Meig.) infests seed cotyledons and kills seedlings in Haiti. The nymph of the psyllid (Heteropsylla cubana Crawford) attacks young shoots that die back in Haiti. Larvae of Gymnanadrosoma pithecolobiae infest seed. Diseases: Sooty mold (Capnodium) is an occasional problem of nursery seedlings in Haiti. A "carrot-top" disease affecting crown shape and leaf development of seedlings has been observed in Haiti. References: CATIE, 1992; Josiah and Allen-Reid, 1991; Runion et aI., 1990; Tourigny, 1987. Species: Anacardium occidentale L. Creole Name: nwa kajou Family: Anacardiaceae Insect Pests: Major pests include the white fly (Aleurodicus cocois)~ a caterpillar (Anthistarcha binoculares), a red beetle (Crimissa sp.), and a thripid (Selenothripes rubrocinctus). The larvae of the cashew borer (Mococerynus coripes) bores into the 158 Pests and Diseases trunk and roots, causing gum leakage and eventually killing the tree. Thrips damage leaves and include: Heliothrips rubrocinctus Giard in the West Indies; and Idolothrips halidaji Newm., and Phloeothrips anacardii Newm. in India. The leaf miner (Acrocercops syngramma M.) attacks young plants. The tea mosquito (Helopeltis antonii S.) attacks the shoot tips and causes them to dry up and shed nuts prematurely. The caterpillar (Cricula trifenestrata H.) occasionally infests and defoliates the tree. The mealy bug (Ferresiana virgata) attacks the inflorescence. An unidentified mite infests the tree in Haiti, yellowing the leaves, and causing a severe reduction in nut yield. Other pests include leaf webbers, flea beetles, spider mites, and scales. Fruit flies sometimes attack the cashew apple. Other Pests: Nematode species of the genera Criconemoides, Scutellonema, and Xiphinema are prevalent in Brazil. Diseases: Cashew anthracnose is caused by a fungus (Glomerella cingulata) and is characterized by the destruction of flower sets, resulting in little or no fruit production. Pink disease, caused by Gloeosporium spp., results in tip dieback and possibly pitting of the nut surface. A disease with leaf-blight symptoms occurs on mature trees in Haiti, but may be confused with severe infestations of mites. Powdery mildew attacks young leaves and inflorescences during dry weather. An additional 26 genera of pathogenic fungi have been reported, none of which is considered to be of economic importance. References: Duke, 1989; Morton,1961; Tourigny, 1987. Species: Andira inermis (W. Wright) DC. Creole Name: bwa palmis Family: Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) Insect Pests: Seed weevils (Cleogonus spp.) and fruit flies attack seeds and pods in Costa Rica. Pinhole borers, powder post beetles, and termites attack the sapwood. Drywood termites attack the heartwood in tropical America. Other Pests: Field mice clip the stems of seedlings in Puerto Rico. Reference: Weaver, 1989. Species: Annona muricata L. Creole Name: kowosol Family: Annonaceae Insect Pests: Insect pests causing the most damage include Bephata maculicollis, Ceconota annonella, Talponia backeri, and Thecla ortygnus. Disease: Fungus damage (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz) is serious in Venezuela and Puerto Rico. Dieback of an uncertain cause occurs in Hawaii. Reference: CAB, 1988 Species: Araucaria heterophylla (Salisb.) Franco Creole Name: arokariya Family: Araucariaceae Insect Pests: The mealybug (Octaspidiotus araucariae) infests the tree in Hawaii and Puerto Rico. Ericocus araucariae Muskell attacks the tree in Brazil. Disease: Dieback of an uncertain cause has been reported in its native Norfolk Island. Reference: Francis, [n.d.] Pests and Diseases 159 Species: Avicennia germinans (L.) L. Creole Name: mang nwa Family: Verbenaceae Insect Pests: Wood borer (Sphaeroma terebrans Bate) attacks the tree in Florida. A scale (Icerya seychellarum Westw.) causes defoliation in the Indo-Pacific. Larvae of Cleora injectaria Walker infest leaves and defoliates in the Indo-Pacific. High intensity of leaf miner activity has been reported in Puerto Rico. Marine borers (Toredo spp.) attack wood in Puerto Rico. Disease: Fungal pathogens (Alternaria alternata and Phytophtora spp.) cause defoliation and occasionally kill the tree in Australia. Reference: Jimenez and Lugo, 1985. Species: Azadirachta indica Adr. Juss. Creole Name: nim Family: Meliaceae Insect Pests: A beetle (Apate monachus) attacks both living and dead wood, retarding growth, deforming trunks, and making them susceptible to wind damage in· Central America and the Caribbean. A carpenter bee (Hymenoptera: Xylocopinae) penetrates deep into stems and branches of drought-stressed trees in Haiti and makes them prone to wind damage. Scale insects attack nursery seedlings in Haiti, turning leaves yellow and causing them to fall prematurely. Furthermore, their honeydew secretions attract ants and the development of sooty molds. Other insect pests include: scale (Aonidiella orientalis in Africa and Pinnapsis strachni) in Asia, Africa, and Latin America; leaf-cutting ants (Acromyrmes spp.) in Central and S. America; the tortricid moth (Adoxophes aurata) in Asia and Papua New Guinea; a tea mosquito (Helopeltis theivora) in S. India; and the pyralid moth (Hypsipyla spp.) in S. Australia. Diseases: Fungal diseases attacking nursery seedlings in Haiti include leaf spot (Cercospora leucostica, C. meliae, and Phyllosticta sp.) that forms lesions on the leaf and also infects stems and petioles; and damping off (Fusarium and Rhizoctonia). A "carrot top" disease attacks seedlings and deforms leaf development and crown shape sporadically in Haiti. Fungal diseases reported in other parts of the world include root rot (Ganoderma lucidum), blight (Corticum salmonicolor), and leaf spot (Cercospora subsessilis). A bacterial blight (Pseudomonas azadirachtae) attacks the tree in India. A canker disease that discolors the wood has been reported. References: Josiah and Allen-Reid, 1991; NRC, 1992; Runion et aI., 1990; Tourigny, 1987. Species: Buchenavia capitata (Vahl) EichI. Creole Name: grigri jon Family: Combretaceae Insect Pests: Numerous insects infest and feed on seeds in Puerto Rico. Marine borers (Toredo spp.) attack the heartwood. Powder post beetles (Lyctus spp.) attack the sapwood in Puerto Rico. Other Pests: Rats split the endocarp and eat the seed embryos in Puerto Rico. Reference: Weaver, 1991. 160 Pests and Diseases Species: Bucida buceras L. Creole Name: bwa grigri Family: Combretaceae Insect Pests: An unidentified mite species causes horn-shaped gall in the Caribbean. A whitefly (Aleurodicus dispersus) attacks the tree in Florida. Marine borers (Toredo spp.) and wet-wood termites (Nasutitermes spp.) attack the wood in Puerto Rico. Reference: Francis, 1989a. Species: Bursera simaruba (L.) Sarg. Creole Name: gomye Family: Burseraceae Insect Pests: Several species of Homoptera feed on leaves and twigs in Puerto Rico. Ambrosia beetles (Xyleborus spp. and Platypus spp.) attack green logs in Puerto Rico. Powder post beetles (Lyctus spp.) attack seasoned lumber. Wood borers (Lagochirus araneiformis L.) feed on live and dead wood in Puerto Rico. Termites (Incisitermes snyderi Light, Cryptotermes brevis Walker, Nasutitermes costalis Holmgren, and Neotermes castaneus) attack both live and dead wood in the Caribbean. Reference: Francis, 1990a. Species: Byrsonima spicata (Cav.) HBK. Creole Name: lian towo Family: Malpighiaceae Insect Pests: Several species of Coleoptera, Homoptera, and Lepidoptera, including Megalopye krugii Dewitz, defoliate trees in Puerto Rico. The dry-wood termite (Cryptotermes brevis Walker) and marine borers (Toredo spp.) attack the wood. Reference: Francis, 1990b. Species: Calliandra calothyrsus Meissen Creole Name: kaliandra Family: Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) Insect Pests: A undetermined stem borer, similar to the mahogany shoot borer (Hypsipyla robusta), attacks the tree in the Philippines. Reference: Luego, 1989. Species: Calophyllum calaba L. Creole Name: damari Family: Clusiaceae (=Guttiferae) Insect Pests: Marine borers (Toredo spp.), the dry-wood termite (Cryptotermes brevis Walker), and the subterranean termites (Heterotermes convexinotatus, H. tennis, and Nasutitermes corniger) attack the wood in Panama. Neodryocetes devius attacks the tree in the Caribbean. An unidentified seed borer has been reported in Puerto Rico. Thrips cause splotches on leaves and premature defoliation in Puerto Rico. Diseases: Wilt (Cephalosporium sp.) induces gummosis of vascular tissue as evidenced by dry branches in the tree top, followed by chlorotic foliage and death of the tree in Central America. Thread blight (possibly Corticium stevensii) and a root fungus (possibly Rosellinia sp.) occur in Trinidad. References: CATIE, 1992; Weaver, 1990a. Pests and Diseases 161 Species: Carica papaya L. Creole Name: papay Family: Caricaceae Diseases: A virus related to the cucurbit mosaic and transmitted by the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) from cucumbers and watermelons causes a bitter flavor in fruits. Anthracnose (Glomerella cingulata and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) enters wounds in ripe fruit. Dieback by an unidentified pathogen attacks crowns and leaves, causing rot. Stem end rot (Ascochyta caricae) affects young fruits, causing premature fruit drop and attacks mature fruit as black circular spots. Root rot (Phytophtora spp.) results in wilt and eventual death. The powdery mildew (Oidium spp.) attacks leaves of seedlings under humid, poorly-ventilated conditions. References: Mortensen and Bullard, 1970; Tourigny, 1987. Species: Casuarina equisetifolia L. ex J.R. & G. Forst. Creole Names: bwa pen, pich pen, kazowina Family: Casuarinaceae Insect Pests: A stem borer (Apate monachus) attacks both living and dead wood, retarding growth, deforming trunks, and making them susceptible to breakage in high winds in Central America and the Caribbean. A buprestid beetle (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) feeds on the inner bark and outer wood tissues of the stem and a cossid moth (Lepidoptera: Cossidae) bores into the stems of trees in the Philippines. The larvae of an undetermined twig-girdling insect bore into the stem and feed on the stem bark and cambial tissues in the· Philippines. Long-horned beetles (Neoclytus cordifer and Chloridafestiva) attack trees in Central America. The stingless bee (Trigonia silvestriana) wounds trees by cutting bark incisions. Larvae of Bootamomyia infest seed in the Caribbean. Nymphs of the spittle bug (Clasoptera undulata) suck sap from flowers, leaves, stems, and soft branches. Other insect pests include: crickets and grasshoppers (Chondracis rosea, Schistocerca gregaria), a defoliator (Lymantia xylina), and sap feeders (Icerya spp.). Several species of ants eat the seed, hampering sowing success in the nursery, and inhibiting natural regeneration of the species worldwide. The species is vulnerable to crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) that clip seedling stems or defoliate in the nursery. Twig girdlers attack the tree in southern Florida, cutting off new shoots and branches, resulting in deformed stems. Major seedling pests in India are the cricket (Brachytrupes achatinus), a bark-eating caterpillar (Arbela tetronis), a longicorn (Coelosterna scabrata), and grubs of the rhinoceros beetle (Oryctes rhinocerus). Diseases: Notable fungal diseases observed among tree nurseries in Haiti include: the powdery mildew (Oidium spp.) that attacks leaves of seedlings under humid, poorlyventilated conditions; foliar blights (Alternaria, Cercospora, and Phytophtora); and root rot (Pythium, Phytophtora, and Rhizoctonia). Trees grown in unfavorable conditions succumb to major root diseases caused by Pseudomonas solanacearum, Trichosporium vesiculorum, and Rhizoctonia spp., particularly on wet and poorlydrained sites. The mushroom root rot (Clitocybe tabescens (Scop.) Bres.) causes a high rate of mortality on sandy soils in S. Florida. Dieback and stem canker caused by Diplodia natalensis occur in southern Florida and Puerto Rico. References: Brazza, 1987a; Brazza, 1988a; CATIE, 1992; Josiah and Allen-Reid, 1991; Morton, 1980; NFTA 1990; Runion et al., 1990; Tourigny, 1987. 162 Pests and Diseases Species: Catalpa longissima (Jacq.) Dum. Cours. Creole Name: chenn Family: Bignoniaceae Insect Pests: Caterpillars (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) tie leaves together prior to pupation and defoliate in Haiti. A tortoise beetle (Coleoptera: Cassidenae) is a common defoliator of nursery seedlings and mature trees in Haiti. The wet-wood termite (Nasutitermes spp.) and the dry-wood termite (Cryptotermes brevis Walker) consume dead wood in Puerto Rico. The citrus aphid (Toxoptera aurantium B. de F.) shrivels young leaves, reduces vigor, and promotes development of black sooty mold in Haiti. Aphids are an occasional problem of nurseries in Haiti. Diseases: Notable fungal diseases observed among tree nurseries in Haiti include: leaf spot (Alternaria, Botrytis and Cercospora); anthracnose (Collectotrichum); and an unidentified aphid-borne virus that causes leaves of young seedlings to shrivel with mosaic-type symptoms. References: Francis, 1990c; Josiah and Allen-Reid, 1991; Runion et aI., 1990; Tourigny, 1987. > Species: Cecropia peltata L. Creole Name: twompet Family: Moraceae Insect Pests: Larvae of several species (Correbidia terminalis, Gynaecia dirce, Historis odious, Prepodes spp., and Sylepta salicalis) defoliate the seedling and sapling stages and cause heavy damage to leaves of mature trees. The cotton aphid (Aphisgossypii) commonly is observed on leaves of the tree in Puerto Rico. Other Pests: Vines of Fabaceae, Convolvulaceae and Malpighiaceae strangle saplings in S. America. Reference: Silander and Lugo, 1990. Species: Cedrela odorata L. Creole Name: sed Family: Meliaceae Insect Pests: The citrus aphid (Toxoptera aurantium B. de F.) shrivels young leaves, reduces vigor, and promotes development of black sooty mold in Haiti. The mahogany shoot borer (Hypsipyla grandella Zeller), common throughout the species' natural range, bores into buds, shoots, and stems, causing death in the apical meristem. Jumping plant lice (Coelocara ernestii) attack the tree in the Caribbean. The termite (Neotermes castaneus) attacks both live and dead wood in Central American and the Caribbean. Beetle damage is a problem on some plantations in Africa. Other Pests: Snails and slugs cause damage to plantations in Malaysia, Africa, and the Virgin Islands. Diseases: Fungal diseases of seedling nurseries in Haiti include: leaf spot (Alternaria and Cercospora), anthracnose, and stem blight (Colletotrichum). An unidentified aphidborne virus causes leaves of young seedlings to shrivel with mosaic-type symptoms in Haiti. Dieback of previously healthy 1-2 year old stands is a common phenomenon in Central America and the Caribbean, characterized by poor crowns going out of leaf at frequent intervals, dead-looking bark, and dieback from the top. References: CATIE, 1992; Cintron, 1990; Marshall, 1939; Runion et aI., 1990. Pests and Diseases 163 Species: Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. Creole Name: mapou Family: Bombacaceae Insect Pests: Defoliators include: Perieallia ricini Fabr., Oiketieus kirbiyi Guilding, Bueeulatrix spp., Eulepidotis modestula Herrich-Schaeffer, Ephyriades areas Drury, and Diaprepes abbreviatus L. in Puerto Rico and India. Seed eaters include: Dysdereus andreae L. and D. bimaeulatus in Puerto Rico. Tree girdlers include: Analeptes trifasciata Fabr. and Paranaleptes retieulata Thoms in Africa. Other insect pests have been reported including 9 Coleoptera, 11 Hemiptera, 6 Lepidoptera and 1 Thysanoptera species around the world. Other Pests: The tree is a host to parasitic plants (Dendropthoe faleata, Loranthus spp.). Diseases: Twenty-eight pathogenic fungi of the following genera have been reported to attack the tree: Armillaria, Caloneetria, Camillea, Cereospora, Chaetothyrium, Coniothyrium, Cortieum, Corynespora, Daldinia, Fomes, Glomerella, Phllostieta, Physalospora, Polyprous, Polystietus, Pyenoporus, Ramularia, Sehizophyllum, Septoria, Thanatephorus, and Ustulina. The following viruses attack kapok: Cacao virus lA, Ie, and 1M, Swollen Shoot, Offa Igbo (Nigeria) and viruses that also attack Adansonia digitata. References: Chinea-Rivera, 1990; Duke, 1989. Species: Chrysophyllum eainito L. Creole Name: kaymit Family: Sapotaceae Disease: An unidentified fungal pathogen shrivels immature fruit in Florida. Reference: Mortensen and Bullard, 1970. Species: Citharexylum frutieosum L. Creole Name: madam klod Family: Verbenaceae Insect Pests: The lepidopteran pest (Pyrausta eertata E) occasionally defoliates the tree in Puerto Rico. Insects of the orders Homoptera, Isoptera and Lepidoptera also feed on the tree. The dry-wood termite (Cryptotermes brevis Walker), and rarely the wetwood termite (Nasutitermes eostalis), attack the wood. Diseases: Heart rot fungi attack old trees. Other Pests: Mistletoe is common in Puerto Rico. Reference: Francis, 1990d. Species: Citrus spp. Creole Names: zoranj, sitwon, chadek Family: Rutaceae Insect Pests: The cottony cushion scale (Ieerya purehasi Mask.) and the citrus snow scale (Unaspis eitri Comstock) infest leaves and twigs in Haiti. An additional 23 species of scales and mealybugs are widespread where Citrus is cultivated. The citrus rust mite (Phylloeoptruta oleivora Ashm.) and citrus red mite (Paratetranyehus eitri MeG.) attack all green parts of the plant. The citrus aphid (Toxoptera aurantium B. de E) shrivels young leaves, reduces vigor, and promotes development of black sooty mold. 164 Pests and Diseases Several species of ants harvest the honey dew secretions of aphid and scale pests. Leafcutting ants harvest leaves and defoliate. The stingless bees (Trigonia corvina and T. sit:vestriana) cut flower buds to extract resin. Fruit fly maggots (Anastrepha spp. and Ceratitis capitata) enter fruits and cause decay. A gray larvae of Papilio spp., known as orange dog, infest young leaves and impart an offensive odor. The citrus root weevil (Diprepes spp.) is reported in the Caribbean. Thrips (Scirtothrips spp.) and whiteflies (Dialeurodes spp.) are widespread. The moth borer (Citripestis sagittiferella Moore) is an important pest in SE Asia. Other Pests: .The burrowing nematode (Radopholus similis (Cobb) Thorne), citrus nematode (Tylenchulus semipenetrans), and Pratylenchus spp. attack the tree. Diseases: Gummosis (Phytophtora citrophthora (Sm. & Sm.) Leon. and P. parasitica Dastur) is characterized by lesions in the crown and the graft union that exude gum prior to death of the tree. Phytophtora spp. also cause a brown rot on fruit. The scab (Elsinoe fawcetti Bitanc. & Jenk.) produces corky lesions on twigs, leaves and fruit. Melanose (Diaporthe citri (Fawc.) Wolf) produces brown pustules on young twigs, leaves and fruits. Anthracnose of limes (Gloeosporium limetticolum Claus.) causes branch tips to die. Anthracnose of oranges, grapefruit and lemons (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz.) attacks branches, leaves, and fruits which have become injured or weakened. Citrus canker (Xanthomonas citri (Hasse) Dowson) is dangerous and requires uprooting and burning of all infected trees. Fungi that endanger post-harvested fruit include: Penicillum spp., Alternaria citri Ellis & Pearce, Guignardia citricarpa Kiely, and numerous others. The Tristeza virus, transmitted by diseased budwood and aphids, suppresses new growth, causing leaf yellowing, wilting, and tree death. Other virus diseases include exocortis, psorosis and xyloporosis. "Stubborn," "greening," and "yellow shoot" diseases are caused by mycoplasms and transmitted by psyllids. Fungal diseases attacking seedlings in Haitian nurseries include leaf spot (Alternaria, Fusarium, and Phoma), anthracnose (Colletotrichum), and scab (Sphaceloma). References: CATIE, 1992; Josiah and Allen-Reid, 1991; Mortensen and Bullard, 1970; Purseglove, 1968b; Runion et aI., 1990; Tourigny, 1987. Species: Cocos nucifera L. Creole Name: kokoye Family: Arecaceae (=Palmae) Insect Pests: More than 100 species of insects afflict the tree. The rhinoceros beetles (Orycetes rhinoceras in SE Asia and O. moceros in Africa) are serious pests, penetrating the terminal bud and causing damage to unfolded leaves, and death if the central growing part is attacked. The coconut mite (Aceria guerreronis Keifer) is probably the most prevalent pest in Haiti, deforming nut development and reducing crop yield. The coconut weevils (Rhynchophorus cruentatus in S. Florida, R. palmarum in the West Indies and S. America, R. ferrugineus in S. Asia, and R. schach in Malaysia) are dangerous, attacking the bud and causing death of the tree when the growing point is destroyed. Other important coleopteran pests include: Strategus spp. that attack the soft wood and the heart of the tree; Brontispa spp., most notably B. longissima in the Pacific and SE Asia, that severely damages leaves; and the leafminers (Promecotheca spp. in SE Asia and Coelaenomenodera spp. in Africa and Madagascar) that render the leaves non-functional. The larvae of several lepidopteran species are important defoliators, Pests and Diseases 165 including Artona catoxantha in SE Asia, Brassolis sophorae and Castina daedalus in S. America, Hidari irava in Indonesia, Nephantis serinopa in S. India, Setora nitens and Tirathaba spp. in SE Asia. The planthopper (Myndus crudus) feeds on phloem while transmitting mycoplasmalike organisms .that cause lethal yellowing. The scale (Aspidiotus destructor) infests the leaves, causing discoloration and loss of vigor. Populations in Haiti appear to be controlled by a ladybug predator (Chilocorus cacti). Long-hom grasshoppers (Sexava spp.) attack coconuts in almost all the coconut-growing areas and occasionally cause serious defoliation. Other Pests: Bird pests include the Hispaniolan Woodpecker (Melanerpes striatus), which attacks the trunk for nesting sites and damages immature nuts, and the Village Weaver (Ploceus cucullatus), which strips the leaves for nest building. The nematode (Rhadinaphelenchus cocophilus (==Aphelenchus cocophilus)) invades the stem and crown base, causing red ring disease. It is transmitted by the coconut weevil (Rhynchophorus palmarum). Diseases: Diseases prevalent in the Caribbean include: red ring, infesting the trunk with a characteristic red ring, rapid wilting of the leaves, and eventual death of the palm; lethal yellowing, caused by mycoplasmalike organisms transmitted by the planthopper Myndus crudus Van Duzee (and perhaps other Myndus species), and devastating local populations in Haiti and throughout the Caribbean basin; bud rot fungus (Phytophtora palmivora Butl.) which wilts and kills the terminal bud; leaf blight fungus (Pestalotia palmarum) which invades stressed plants by attacking the leaves with yellow spots that finally tum to gray and coalesce; leaf break fungus (Botryodiplodia palmarum) which attacks trees weakened by unfavorable growing conditions and causes the leaves to break at their distal ends; leaf stalk rot fungus (Phytophtora parisitica) on the stalks and limbs of infected leaves; stem bleeding and leaf spot fungus (Thielaviopsis paradoxa (De Segn.) Hoehn); butt rot fungus (Ganoderma spp.) which kills the lower fronds and eventually the entire tree; and fatal wilt flagellate (Phytomas) which attacks the coconut bud and kills the tree. References: Morin, 1977; Ohler, 1984. Species: CojJea arabica L. Creole Name: kafe Family: Rubiaceae Insect Pests: The citrus aphid (Toxoptera aurantium B. de E) shrivels young leaves, reduces vigor and promotes development of black sooty mold in Haiti. The bean borer (Hypothenemus hampei) attack beans in Africa and Brazil. The green scale (Coccus viridis) attacks leaves along the veins. Diseases: The most serious disease is Hemileia rust caused by Hemileia vastatrix Berk. & Br. that attacks the leaves. Leaf spot (Mycena citricolor) results in defoliation of the plant. Another leaf spot (Cercospora cojJeicola) is occasionally a problem in humid areas of Haiti, resulting in chlorotic leaves, berry lesions, and pulp sticking to the beans. Fungal diseases attacking seedlings in Haitian nurseries include: leaf spot (Alternaria, Cephalosporium, Cercospora, Mycena, Pestalotia, and Phyllosticta); anthracnose (Colletotrichum); and damping off (Rhizoctonia). A stem blight attacks seedlings under humid conditions in Haiti. References: Mortensen and Bullard; 1970; Runion et al., 1990; Tourigny, 1987. 166 PestS and Diseases Species: Colubrina arborescens (Mill.) Sarg. Creole Names: bwa pIe, kapab Family: Rhamnaceae Insect Pests: The citrus aphid (Toxoptera aurantium B. de E) shrivels young leaves, reduces vigor, and promotes. development of black sooty mold in Haiti. The stingless bee (Trigonia silvestriana) extracts resin by making bark incisions. Seedlings are vulnerable to crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) that clip stems or defoliate in the nursery. Diseases: Fungal diseases attacking seedlings in Haitian nurseries include: leaf spot (Alternaria, Cercospora, and Myrothecium); anthracnose (Colletotrichum); damping off (Alternaria and Fusarium); and stem blight (Alternaria, Fusarium, and Colletotrichum). An unidentified aphid-borne virus causes leaves of young seedlings to shrivel with mosaic-type symptoms in Haiti. References: CATIE, 1992; Josiah and Allen-Reid, 1991; Runion et aI., 1990; Tourigny, 1987. Species: Cordia spp. Creole Names: bwa soumi, bwa chik, fle dan Family: Boraginaceae Insect Pests: Larvae of a bean weevil (Amblycerus pygidialis) destroy flowers, young fruit or seeds in the Caribbean. The stingless bee (Trigonia silvestriana) wounds C. alliodora by cutting bark incisions. A root-cutter beetle (Phyllophagus spp.)' attacks seedlings in Venezuela. The Spanish elm lacewing bug (Dictyla monotropidia) infests seedlings and damages leaves. The leaf hoppers (Draculocephala cubana and Hortensia similis) damage and deform leaves of trees in the Caribbean. Larvae of Conchylodes diptherali bore into concealed areas of the tree to feed. Ants commonly infest the swollen nodes of the lateral branches in Central and S. America, but cause no significant damage to planted seedlings. The tree is very susceptible to various defoliators. More than 212 insect taxa were found on C. alliodora in Panama, none causing serious injury. Other Pests: Birds and rodents destroy much of the seed in exposed areas. Extracts from a grass (Melinis minutiflora) has adverse effects on seedling growth of C. alliodora. Diseases: C. alliodora is susceptible to canker-causing rust (Puccina cordiae), attacking at the base of young branches, in the West Indies, Guatemala, and South America. A black fungal or viral canker of an unknown species, causing severe damage to nodes on main stems of C. alliodora, has been reported from the Pacific. Leaf spot disease attacks nursery seedlings in Puerto Rico. References: CATIE, 1992; Liegel and Stead, 1990; Webb et aI., 1984. Species: Cupania americana L. Creole Name: satanye Family: Sapindaceae Insect Pests: Homoptera species feed on trees, causing twig mortality, in Puerto Rico. Lepidopteran caterpillars defoliate lightly in Puerto Rico. Unidentified insect larvae destroy seeds in Puerto Rico. The wet-wood termite (Nasutitermes costalis Holmgren) Pests and Diseases 167 feeds on dead limbs and twigs of live trees in Puerto Rico. The dry-wood termite (Cryptotermes brevis Walker) attacks the wood in the Caribbean. Reference: Francis, 1991 a. Species: Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. Family: Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) Insect Pests: A defoliator (Plecoptera reflexa) and a leaf binder (Dichomeris eridantis) attack the tree in India. Pinhole borers and termites attack the wood. A cricket (Brachytrypes portentosus) attacks seedlings in India. Other Pests: Parasitic plants include Loranthus longiflorus and Tapinenthus dodoneifolius in India. Porcupines and rats damage root systems in India. Diseases: Powdery mildew (Phyllactinia dalbergiae Pirozynski) appears on leaves of young and old trees late in the growing season in India. Other common fungal diseases in India include: leaf spot (Cercospora sissoo Syd., Cochliobolus lunatus Nelson & Haasis, Colletotrichum sisoo (Sydow.) Sutton, Phomopsis dalbergiae Sahni, Phyllachora dalbergiae Syd. & Butler, and Phyllosticta sisoo Died.); leaf blight (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penzig); leaf wilt (Fusarium solani (Mart.) App. & Wollenw. f. dalbergiae Gordon); leaf rusts (Eudarluca caricis (Fr.) C. Eriks, Maravalia achora (Syd.) Arth. & Cunm., and Uredo sisoo Syd. & Butler); wood rots (Daedalea flavida Lev., Daldinia erschscholzii (Ehrenb.) Rehm., Favolus canadensis Klotzsch., , Fomes fastuosus (L.) Berk., Ganoderma applanatum (Pers.) Pat., G. lucidum (Leyss.) Kaist., Hymenochaeta damaecornis (Link.) Lev" Irpex flavus Klotzsch., Marasmius pangerangensis P. Renn., Peniophora indica Thind & Rattan, and Polyporus gilvus Schw.); stump rot (Fomes durissimus Lloyd and F. lucida); root rot (Ganoderma lucidum (Leyss.) Kaist.); and blister canker (Nummularia cinnalbarina P. Renn.). Reference: Parrotta, 1989. Species: Elaeis guineensis Jacq. Creole Name: kwokwo ginen Family: Arecaceae (=Palmae) Insect Pests: Larvae of the palm bruchid beetle (Pachymerus bactris Linne) feed in the seed and exit as adults that feed on the flowers, nectar, and pollen. Caterpillars (Saturniidae: Automeris liberia, A. cinctistiga, A. bilinea, Periphoba hircia, and Pseudodirphia gregatus) defoliate oil palms throughout the Neotropics. References: Couturier and Kahn, 1993; Johnson et aI., 1995. Species: Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Jacq.) Griseb. Creole Name: bwa tanis wouj Family: Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) Insect Pests: Wood-boring insects (buprestids, cerambicids, and scolitids) attack diseased areas caused by Fusarium oxyosporum var. perniciosum in Puerto Rico. The gallforming fly (Asphondylia enterolobii) destroys flowers in Costa Rica. A sucking insect (Umbonia crassicorni) attacks trees in Costa Rica. Stator generalis attacks dormant seeds in Costa Rica. Numerous insects attack the sapwood. 168 Pests and Diseases Other Pests: Parrots (Amazona spp.) eat green seeds in Costa Rica. A rodent (Liomys salvini) and peccaries consume seeds on the ground in Costa Rica. Diseases: Fusarium oxyosporum var. perniciosum causes exudation from bark fissures on infected trunks and branches, attracting wood borers and eventually resulting in limb breakage in Puerto Rico. Reference: Francis, 1988. Species: Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) LindI. Creole Name: lokwat Family: Rosaceae Disease: The fire blight (Erwinia amylovora) is the most serious disease of the tree, causing branches to die back. Scab (Spilocaea eriobotryae) spoils the fruit. Reference: Mortensen and Bullard, 1970. Species: Eucalyptus spp. Creole Name: kaliptis Family: Myrtaceae Insect Pests: The snout beetle (Euscelus aureolus) damages fruit of the tree in the Caribbean. The stingless bee (Trigonia silvestriana) wounds by cutting bark incisions. Several species of ants eat the seed, hampering sowing success in the nursery, and inhibiting natural regeneration of the species in Haiti. Seedlings are vulnerable to crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) that clip the stems or defoliate in the nursery. The tree is susceptible to attack by the snout beetle (Gonipterus) in South Africa. Additional pests include: Phoracantha semipunctata in Israel; and Platypus, Pantomorus, and Atta in Uruguay. Diseases: Fungal diseases attacking seedlings in Haitian nurseries include: leaf spot (Alternaria, Cercospora, Curvularia, Myrothecium, Phytophtora, and Spaeropsis); anthracnose (Colletotrichum); powdery mildew (Oidium); and damping off (Colletotrichum, Fusarium, Myrothecium, Phomopsis, Phytophthora, and Scolecotrichum). A canker (Phomopsis) occasionally attacks the tree in Haiti. Basal canker (Cryphonectria cubensis) infects E. grandis plantations in S. Florida, Brazil and Surinam. References: CATIE, 1992; Josiah and Allen-Reid, 1991; Meskimen and Francis, 1990; Runion et aI., 1990; Webb et aI., 1984. Species: Genipa americana L. Creole Name: jinpa Family: Rubiaceae Insect Pests: Numerous insects of the orders Coleoptera, Homoptera, and Lepidoptera, use the tree as a host, though none appears to cause significant damage. Pinhole borers, the dry-wood termite (Cryptotermes brevis Walker), powderpost beetles (Lyctus spp.), and marine borers (Toredo spp.) attack the wood in the Caribbean and Central America. Reference: Francis, 1993. Pests and Diseases 169 Species: Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp. Creole Names: piyon, piyong, lila etranje Family: Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) Insect Pests: Scale (Orthezia praelonga Douglass), a mealybug (Puto barberi), and an aphid (Aphis liburni) cause minor damage in Trinidad. Aphids (Aphis spp.) suck sap from young leaves and twigs, secrete honeydew as a nutritive medium for sooty molds, and cause a decline in vigor of trees in Haiti. The species is host to several agricultural pests: Ceutorhynchus asperulus, a weevil that attacks pigeon pea; Oligonychus biharensis Hirst and Eutetranychus orientalis Klein, both polyphagous mites in India. The species is an alternate food plant for lepidopteran pests (Orgyia postica Wlk. and Dasychira mendosa Hb.) and for the peanut aphid (Aphis crassivora Koch.) in India. Other Pests: Rats and mice girdle bark and kill seedlings in Haiti, despite its reputation as a source of rat poison. Diseases: A leaf spot (Cercospora gliricidiae Syd. and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz.) is reported in Puerto Rico and Nigeria. A thread blight (Pellicularia koleroga Cke.) occurs in Puerto Rico. Cladosporium sp. causes severe defoliation in Costa Rica. A root fungal pathogen (Sphaerostilbe repens Berk. & Br.) is reported in Trinidad. References: Josiah and Allen-Reid, 1991; Parrotta, 1992b; Tourigny, 1987. Species: Guarea guidonia (L.) Sleumer Creole Name: bwa wouj Family: Meliaceae Insect Pests: The mahogany shoot borer (Hypsipyla grandella Zeller) bores into buds, shoots, and stems in Central America and the Caribbean. Several insect species attack seedlings, causing mortality in Trinidad. Disease: Minor leaf spot damage has been reported in Puerto Rico. References: CATIE, 1992; Weaver, 1988. Species: Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. Creole Name: bwa dam Family: Sterculiaceae Insect Pests: The seed crop is heavily attacked by a bruchid beetle (Amblycerus cistelinus) in Costa Rica. Phelypera distigma, Lirimiris truncata, and Hylesia lineata beetles feed on leaves in Costa Rica. The wet-wood termite (Nasutitermes costalis Holmgren) attacks dead trees and dead limbs of live trees in Puerto Rico. The dry-wood termite (Cryptotermes brevis Walker) attacks the wood in the Caribbean and Central America. Reference: Francis, 1991b. Species: Hevea brasiliense (HBK.) Mue1!. Arg. Creole Name: kawotchou Family: Euphorbiaceae Diseases: Anthracnose (Glomerella cingulata) attacks young leaves and results in premature leaf drop. The leaf spot (Helminthosporium heveae) causes spotting on leaves and premature leaf drop. The South American leaf blight (Dothidella ulei) causes severe defoliation. Reference: Mortensen and Bullard, 1970. 170 Pests and Diseases Species: Hibiscus elatus Sw. Creole Name: maho ble Family: Malvaceae Insect Pests: Cotton stainer bugs occasionally infest trees in the Caribbean. Several species of ants consume seeds in the Caribbean. The long-homed beetles (Acanthoderes circumflexa and Plectomerus dentipes) attack Hibiscus spp. in the Caribbean. Nymphs and adults of Dysdercus andreae, D. ocreatus, and D. sanguineus suck on seeds, deforming them, and causing premature seed fall in the Caribbean. Other Pests: Bats and other predators consume immature seed while it is still on the tree. Diseases: Leaf spot (Septoria sp. and Pestalstia heterocornis Guba) is reported in Jamaica. Dieback characterized by crown branching, leaf wilt, and trunk blackening occurs in Puerto Rico. References: CATIE, 1992; Weaver and Francis, [n.d.]. Species: Hura crepitans L. Creole Names: sabliye, rabi Family: Euphorbiaceae Insect Pests: The wet-wood termites (Nasutitermes costalis Holmgren and N. nigriceps Haldeman) consume dead limbs in Puerto Rico. Homopteran insects feed on foliage in Puerto Rico. Disease: Heart rot enters basal scars and reaches interior of trees. Reference: Francis, 1990e. Species: Hymenaea courbaril L. Creole Name: koubari Family: Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) Insect Pests: A weevil (Rhinochenus sp.) bores through seed pods and eats the seed in Costa Rica and Trinidad and Tobago. Other insects (Acanthoscelides sp., Hypothenemus busch Hopkins, and Myelois decolor Zeller) feed inside seed pods in Puerto Rico. An unidentified insect cuts twigs and small branches after depositing eggs in Trinidad and Tobago. Leaf-cutter ants (Aua spp.) harvest young leaves in Costa Rica. Wet-wood termites (Nasutitermes costalis Holmgren and N. nigricepts Haldeman) eat dead wood in the Caribbean. Marine borers (Toredo spp.) attack wood in the Caribbean. Reference: Francis, 1990f. Species: Inga vera Willd. Creole Names: sikren, pwa dou Family: Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) Insect Pests: An ant (Myrmelachista ramulorun Wheeler) attacks older trees and tunnels through trunks and branches in Puerto Rico. A leaf webber (Tetralopha scabridella Ragonot) causes severe defoliation and a beetle (Xyleborus affinis Eichhoff) attacks both healthy and stressed trees in Puerto Rico. A wood borer (Platypus ratzenburgi Chapuis) causes severe damage to live trees in Puerto Rico. Disease: An unidentified root fungus or bacterium causes a loss of sap from trees, necrosis, and eventual death in Puerto Rico. Reference: Rodriguez, 1990. Pests and Diseases 171 Species: Laguncularia racemosa (L.) Gaertn. f. Creole Name: mang blan Family: Combretaceae Insect Pests: A wood borer (Sphaeroma terebrans Bate) attacks trees in Florida. A beetle (Chrysobothris tranqueborica Gmelin.) and a borer (Psychonoctua personalis Grote) attack trees and cause mortality in Puerto Rico. Reference: Jimenez, 1985a. Species: Leucaena diversifolia (Schlecht.) Benth. subsp. diversifolia Creole Name: lisina ti fey Family: Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) Insect Pests: The coffee bean weevil (Araecerus fasciculatus De Geer) and an undetermined moth species attack seeds in the Philippines, feeding on the seed cotyledon and seed coats. Reference: Brazza, 1988b. Species: Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit Creole Names: lisina, delen, madlenn Family: Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) Insect Pests: The nymph of the psyllid (Heteropsylla cubana Crawford) attacks young shoots that die back in Haiti and causes considerable damage throughout SE Asia. Natural enemies, both parasitic and predatory, keep psyllids from reaching epidemic levels in the Caribbean. Lepidopteran larvae (Heliothis zea) defoliate young trees in Puerto Rico. Mealy bugs (Pseudococcus citri Risso and Ferrisia virgata Ckll.) feed on seed pods in Indonesia and the Philippines. A twig girdler (Oncideres rhodosticta) attacks trees in Texas. The coffee bean weevil (Araecerus fasciculatus De Geer) attacks seeds in the Philippines, feeding on the cotyledon. Other insect pests of the Philippines include: the scarab beetles (Anomala sp., Adoretus sp., and Holotrichia sp.) that feed on seedling roots; coleopteran and lepidopteran stem borers, including Zeuzera coffeae and Cossus sp.; lepidopteran defoliators (Orgyia australis postica, Lymantria sp.); an undetermined microlepidopteran species that feeds on the cotyledons and seedcoats of seeds inside pods; Gryllotalpa africana (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae) and Phaneroptera furcifera (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) that feed on the roots and flowers, respectively; an undetermined diaspidid (Homoptera: Diaspididae) that sucks sap from seedling stems and leaves, causing defoliation; and a burrowing cydnid (Hemiptera: Cydnidae) that sucks sap from the roots. Other Pests: The Hispaniolan Woodpecker (Melanerpes striatus) and Yellow-bellied Sapsucker (Sphyrapicus varius) wounds the bark to feed on insects and sap, usually at the crown base. Diseases: Leaf spot (Exosporium leucaenae EL. Stevens & Dalby) occurs in Puerto Rico. Leaf pustules caused by Camptomeris leucaenae (EL. Stevens & Dalby) Syd. has been reported in Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, Colombia, and Venezuela. Dieback (Botryosphaeria ribis var. chromogena Shear, Stevens & Wilcox and Phylsalospora obtusa (Schw.) Cke.) affects branches in Hawaii. Seed pod rot includes the following fungi: Colletotrichium gloeosporioides (Penzig) Penzig & Sacco occurs in Mauritius; Pseudomonas fluorescens and Fusarium sp. occurs in Colombia. Root rot includes the following fungi species: Fomes lamaoensis (MuIT.) Sacco & Trott, Helicobasidium compactum Boed., Rosellinia arcuata Petch, R. bunodes (Berk. & Br.) Sacco and Ustulina 172 Pests and Diseases deusta (Fr.) Petro in the East Indies; Fusarium moniliforme and F. oxysporum in Sri Lanka; Fomes lignosus (Klotzsch) Bres. in the Pacific and Congo basin; and Rhizoctonia choussii Crandall & Arillaga in EI Salvador. Pink disease (Corticium salmonicolor BerI. & Br.) occurs in the East Indies. Heart rot includes: Ganoderma lucidum (Fr.) Karst. in the Philippines and G. pseudoferreum Walkef. in the Pacific. Wilt (Verticillium albo-atrum Reinke. & Br.) is reported in the Congo basin. Gummosis and canker diseases, caused by Fusarium semitecum, has been observed in India. Damping off (Pythium and Rhizoctonia) and root lesions (Phytophtora) have been reported in nurseries in Haiti. References: Bandara, 1987; Brazza, 1987b; Brazza and Salise, 1988; Josiah and AllenReid, 1991; Moreno et aI., 1988; Parrotta, 1992c; Tourigny, 1987. Species: Malpighia glabra L. Creole Name: seriz dayiti Family: Malpighiaceae Insect Pests: Weevil larvae (Anthonomus unipustulatus) feeds in the fruit. Other Pests: The species is highly susceptible to nematodes. Reference: Mortensen and Bullard, 1970. Species: Mammea americana L. Creole Name: zabriko Family: Clusiaceae (=Guttiferae) Insect Pests: Several insect species feed on leaves and fruit of the tree in the Caribbean. Wet-wood termites attack dead trunks and branches. Dry-wood termites attack seasoned lumber. Diseases: A black mildew (Aulographum melioloides Cke. & Mass.) attacks leaves in the Caribbean. Heart rot infects older trees, entering through basal scars. ~eference: Francis, 1989b. Species: Mangifera indica L. Creole Name: mango Family: Anacardiaceae Insect Pests: The cottony cushion scale (Icerya purchasi Mask.) infests leaves and twigs of seedlings that tum chlorotic and eventually die in Haiti. Other scale and mealy bug pests include: Aulacaspis tubercularis in India; the lesser snow scale (Pinnaspis strachani Cooley); the false oleander scale (Pseudaulacaspis cockerelli Cooley); the citrus mealybug (Pseudococcus citri Risso); the mango shield scale (Coccus mangiferae Green); and the Florida red scale (Chrysomphalus aoaidum L.), attacking all parts of the tree in Florida. Mites include: the avocado red mite (Oligonychus yothersi McGregor); the tumid mite (Tetranychus tumidus Banks); and the broad mite (Polyphagotarsonemus latus Banks), causing damage mostly to flowers, young fruits, and new leaves in Florida. Thrips include red-banded thrips (Selenothrips rubrocinctus Giard) that defoliate and blossom thrips (Frankliniella spp.) that cause poor fruit set in Florida. The long-horned beetle (Chloridafestiva) attacks trees in the Caribbean. An ambrosia beetle (Xylosandrus compactus Eichoff) burrows deep into the wood, potentially causing the death of large branches and entire trees. The band cucumber beetle (Diabrotica-balteata Leconte) attacks the terminal leaves of seedlings and young trees. Pests and Diseases 173 Larvae of the leaf tier (Argyrotaenia amatana Dyar) and the cotton square borer (Strymon melinus Hubner) feed on blossom panicles. The blossom anomala (Anomala undulata Melsheimer) makes sporadic attacks on mango blooms. Maggots of the fruit flies (Anastrepha spp. and Toxotrypara curvicauda Gerst) infest the fruit. Other fly pests include the citrus whitefly (Dialeurodes citri Ashmead) and the citrus blackfly (Aleuroncanthus woglumi Ashby) that infest leaves and lower their vigor. A treehopper (Aconophora pugionata) feeds on leaves. Diseases: Anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz) infects young fruit, leaves, and blossoms, causing much damage under humid conditions. Mango scab (Elsinoe mangiferae Bit. and Jenkins) attacks the plant parts of young trees. Mango malformation (Fusarium spp.) deforms the flower panicle and inhibits fruit from developing properly. It also attacks the bud tissue of branches, causing bud swelling and shortening of the internodes. Powdery mildew (Oidium spp.) infects the blossom, inhibits fruit set, and deforms leaf development, a problem also in the nursery under humid conditions. Additional diseases include Verticulum wilt, stem end-rot, and red rust. References: Mortensen and Bullard, 1970; Tourigny, 1987; Young and Sauls, [n.d.]. Species: Manilkara bidentata (A. DC.) Chev. Creole Name: sapoti nwa Family: Sapotaceae Diseases: Sooty molds attack lower leaves of canopy in Puerto Rico. A canker of an unidentified pathogen causes branches to die in Puerto Rico. Reference: Weaver, 1990b. Species: Manilkara zapota (L.) v. Royen Creole Name: sapoti Family: Sapotaceae Insect Pests: The Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata Wied.), the Mexican fruit fly (Anastrepha ludens Lw.), and A. serpentina are the most damaging pests of the fruit in its native range. Moth larvae (Eucosmophora sp.) have been observed feeding on young leaves. The mining scale (Howardia biclavis Comst.), the green shield scale (Pulvinaria psidii Mask.), the pustule scale (Asterolecanium pustulans Ckll.), and other scale species typically infest the tree. Diseases: Rust (Scopella sapotae Mains ex Cumm. and Uredo sapotae Arth. & lR. Johnson) attacks the tree in its native range. A leaf spot (Septoria sp.) has been observed to cause defoliation of trees in Florida. Reference: Mortensen and Bullard, 1970. Species: Melia azedarach L. Creole Name: lila Family: Meliaceae Insect Pests: The stem borer (Apate monachus) attacks both living and dead wood, retards growth, deforms trunks, and makes them susceptible to breakage in high winds in the Caribbean. Reference: CATIE, 1992. 174 Pests and Diseases Species: Melicoccus bijugatus Jacq. Creole Name: kenep Family: Sapindaceae Insect Pests: The wet-wood termite (Nasutitermes costalis Holmgren) feeds on dead limbs and twigs of live trees in Puerto Rico. The dry-wood termite (Cryptotermes brevis Walker) and ambrosia beetles attack the wood in the Caribbean. Reference: Francis, 1992a. Species: Moringa oleifera Lam. Creole Name: benzoliv Family: Moringaceae Insect Pests: Fruit fly species of Gitona infest the fruits that dry out and rot in India. Several weevil species of Myllocerus attack seedlings and freshly-planted stumps. Other Pests: The tree is occasionally parasitized by the flowering plant, Dendrophthoe jlacata, in India. Diseases: Pathogenic fungi reported to attack the tree in India include a leaf spot (Cercospora moringicola), a spot anthracnose (Sphaceloma morindae), and a rust (Puccinia moringae). Powdery mildews include Oidium spp., Polyporus gilvus, and Leveillula taurica. References: Kareem et aI., 1974; Ullasa and Rawal, 1984. Species: Musa sp. Creole Names: bannann, fig mi Family: Musaceae Insect Pests: Larvae of the root weevil (Cosmopolites sordidus) feed in the corm. Larvae of the scab moth (Nacoleia octasema) feed on female flowers and young fruit. Larvae of the stem borer (Metamasius hemipterus sericeus) feed in the stems. Diseases: Panama disease (Fusarium oxysporum var. cubense) causes wilting and death of trees by destroying roots. Sigatoka (Mycosphaerella musicola) produces yellow spots and dead areas on leaves. Freckle disease (Macrophoma musae) discolors fruits and causes uneven ripening. Moko bacterial wilt (Xanthomonas solanacearum) causes wilt and occurs in wild Heliconia plants that commonly infect adjacent plantations. References: Mortensen and Bullard, 1970; Tourigny, 1987. Species: Ochroma pyramidale (Cav.) Urb. Creole Name: mahodem Family: Bombacaceae Insect Pests: A shoot borer (Anadasus porinodes Meyrick) causes severe damage in plantations throughout Central and South America. Ants (Paraponera sp.) feed on sapfilled tissue beneath petioles and leaf veins, protecting the tree from herbivores in its native range. Wood is highly susceptible to marine borers, pinhole borers, powderpost beetles (Lyctus spp.), and dry-wood termites (Cryptotermes brevis Walker) in its native range. Wet-wood termites (Nasutitermes costalis Holmgren) consume dead limbs and fallen wood in Puerto Rico. Reference: Francis, 1991c. Pests and Diseases 175 Species: Persea americana Miller Creole Name: zaboka Family: Lauraceae Insect Pests: Mites of Oligonychus spp. suck and damage leaves. Scales (Melanaspis aliena) occur on twigs and fruits. Larvae of the seed weevil (Conotrachelus perseae) feed in or near the seed. The most important insect pests in Florida are scales, mites, borers, and thrips. Diseases: Root rot (Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands) causes branches to wilt and die and feeder roots to decay, eventually killing the tree. Cercospora spot (Cercospora purpurea) results in lesions on the fruit and leaves. Avocado scab (Sphaceloma perseae) infects young tissue, deforming leaf development and producing a corky, cracked fruit peel. The Lula variety is highly susceptible to this disease. Anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporoides) infects injured fruit, resulting in rot as the fruit ripens. Powdery mildew (Oidium spp.) attacks the underside of leaves and impairs leaf vigor. Reference: Mortensen and Bullard, 1970. Species: Phoenix dactylifera L. Creole Name: dat Family: Arecaceae (=Palmae) Insect Pests: Scales (Parlato ria spp.) attack leaves near the trunk. Wasps of several species, including Polistes spp., feed on ripe or nearly-ripe fruit. Diseases: The species is highly susceptible to lethal yellowing, caused by mycoplasmalike organisms and transmitted by planthoppers, in Florida. References: Howard, 1992; Mortensen and Bullard, 1970. Species: Pinus caribaea Morelet Creole Name: bwa pen Family: Pinaceae Insect Pests: Pine bark beetles (Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmerman and D. mexicanus Hopk.) are serious pests in Central America, frequently attacking healthy trees. Less destructive are Hypothenemus eruditus, Ips calligraphus Germar, I. interstitialis, I. grandicollis, I. avulsus Eich., and Xyleborus affinis in Central America and the Caribbean. Gall midges (Retinodiplosis forsii) form galls at the base of needles in which are found brightly-colored larvae in the Caribbean. Stingless bees (Trigonia silvestriana) cut seedlings in Central America and the Caribbean. Conifer sawflies (Neodiprion insularis) attack trees, causing massive defoliation in Central America. Lepidopteran stem borers (Dioryctria clarioralis and D. horneana) bore into flowers, fruit, and buds in Central America. Larvae of the Nantucket pine tip moth (Rhyacioniafrustrana) bore into the base of needles and feed on bud tissue in Central America. The snout beetles (Lachnopus sp. and Exophthalmus hybridus) perforate cones and nuts, as well as defoliate, in the Caribbean. The pinhole borers (Platypus linearis and P. poeyi) attack lessvigorous trees, constructing galleries in the wood to cultivate fungi. Less widespread damage is caused by aphids, weevils, buprestid beetles, spider mites, leaf cutter ants, termites, and moths. Diseases: Damping off fungi (Thanatephorus cucumeris (Frank) Donk., Rhizoctonia solanti Kuhn, Pithium, and Fusarium) are common in nursery seedlings. Root patho- 176 Pesfs and Diseases genic fungi that occur worldwide in plantations include Armillaria mellea (Vahl) Kummer, Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands., Fomes annosus (Fr.) Cooke, and Gylindrocladium spp. References: CATIE, 1992; Francis, 1992b. • Species: Pinus occidentalis Sw. Creole Name: bwa pen Family: Pinaceae Insect Pests: Bark beetles (Ips interstitialis, I. calligraphus and Dendroctonus frontalis) attack wood or xylem surface by constructing galleries and leaving pellet-size round exit holes. Dirphia plana defoliates trees. The larvae of the Nantucket pine tip moth (Rhyacionia frustrana) bore into the base of needles and feed on bud tissue. The cottony cushion scale (Icerya purchasi) attacks seedlings in Haiti. The gall midge (Retinodiplosis forsii) forms galls in the base of pine needles in which are found brightly-colored larvae. An unidentified defoliator (Lepidoptera: Citheroniinae) causes serious damage to the tree in Haiti. Many insect pests of P. caribaea are potential pests of P. occidentalis, though few studies have been conducted. Other Pests: Parasitic mistletoe (Arceuthobium bicarinatum, Dendropemon pycnophyllis, and Dendrophtoras spp.) is considered a serious pest on Hispaniola, severely restricting growth potentials. Diseases: A foliar blight and damping off diseases of uncertain causes have been reported in seedling nurseries in Haiti. References: CATIE, 1992; Darrow and Zanoni, 1991; Josiah and Allen-Reid, 1991; Runion et aI., 1990. Species: Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth. Family: Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) Insect Pests: Larvae of Subpandesma anysa Gn. attack the fruit and seeds in Hawaii. A hemipteran insect (Umbonia crassicornis Amyot & Serville) is a pest in Puerto Rico. Larvae of Indarbela sp. bore into the bark of trees in India. Polydesma umbricola is a serious pest on the island of Reunion in the Indian Ocean. Diseases: Leaf spot pathogens include Cercospora mimosae Agarwal & Sharma, Colletotrichum dematium Pers. ex Fr., C. pithecellobii Roldan, Phyllosticta ingae-dulcis Died., and P. pithecellobii Shreemali in India. Heart rot (Phellinus sp.) has been reported in India. Reference: Parrotta, 1991. Species: Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC. Creole Names: bayawonn, gwatapana Family: Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) Insect Pests: The bruchid beetle (Algarobius prosopis) invades the seed pods. Psyllids have been reported to defoliate the tree. Wood is subject to attack by marine borers (Toredo spp.). The sapwood is highly susceptible to powder post beetles (Lyctus spp.). Reference: NFTA, 1987. Pests and Diseases 177 Species: Psidium guajava L. Creole Name: gwayav Family: Myrtaceae Insect Pests: Aphids (Aphis spp.) feed on young growth, causing the curling of leaves. Fruit fly maggots (Anastrepha striata and Dacus spp.) attack the fruit. The green scale (Coccus viridis) occurs on branches. Diseases: Fruit rot (Glomerella cingulata) shrivels green fruit and rots ripe fruit. Mushroom root rot (Clitocybe tabescens) rots the roots and eventually kills the tree. Reference: Mortensen and Bullard, 1970. Species: Rhizophora mangle L. Creole Name: mang wouj Family: Rhizophoraceae Insect Pests: Wood borers (Poecilips rhizophorae Hopkins and Sphaeroma terebrans Bate) invade prop roots of trees along tidal channels and occasionally cause extensive damage in .Florida. Other Pests: Crabs and monkeys eat freshly planted seedlings in Panama and Malaysia. Diseases: A fungal pathogen (Cylindrocarpum didymum (Hartig) Wollenw.) produces a gall disease that results in malformation of the trunk and prop roots in Florida. Heavily infested trees are killed by the disease or secondary agents. Reference: Jimenez, 1985b. Species: Sabal causiarum (0. F. Cook) Becc. Creole Names: latanye fran, latanye jon Family: Arecaceae (=Palmae) Insect Pests: Larvae of the palm bruchid beetles (Caryobruchus sp., C. gleditsiae Johansson & Linne) feed in the seed and exit as adults that feed on the flowers, nectar, and pollen. Reference: Johnson et aI., 1995. Species: Sabal domingensis Becc. Creole Names: latanye chapo, pay Family: Arecaceae (=Palmae) Insect Pests: Larvae of the palm bruchid beetles (Caryobruchus sp., C. gleditsiae Johansson & Linne) feed in the seed and exit as adults that feed on the flowers, nectar, and pollen. Reference: Johnson et aI., 1995. Species: Schefflera morototoni (AubI.) Maguire Steyerm. & Frodin Creole Name: bwa kano Family: Araliaceae Insect Pests: Several lepidopteran and coleopteran insects consume foliage or woody material in Puerto Rico. Other Pests: Stranglers (e.g., Clusia griesebachiana) and climbers (e.g., Ipomea spp.) are common on wet montane sites in Puerto Rico. Reference: Leigel, 1990. 178 Pests and Diseases Species: Senna siamea (Lam.) Irwin & Barneby Creole Name: kasya Family: Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) Insect Pests: Leaf-cutter ants harvest nursery seedlings in Haiti. Asterolecanium pustulans Cockerell (Homoptera), Saisetia oleae Oliver (Homoptera), Nasutitermes costalis Holmgren (Isoptera) and Megalopyge krugii Dewitz, feed on leaves, branches, and bark in Puerto Rico. Larvae of Eurema blanda Boisduval defoliate the tree in Sri Lanka. Catopsilla pomona Fabricus causes damage in China. Other Pests: Parasitic plants include Cuscuta reflexa Roxb., Dendrophthoe falcata (L.f.) Ettingsh., and Tapinanthus sp. in Sri Lanka and India. Nematodes are an occasional problem in tree nurseries in Haiti. Diseases: Leaf spot (Cercospora sp.) is the most serious seedling disease in Haiti, characterized by small brown- to chestnut-colored leaf spots that remain separate, later becoming ashen-gray and papery. Leaf spot is also caused by Alternaria, Curvularia, Fusarium, Fusoma, Macrophomina, Pestalotia, and Rhizoctonia. Leaf spot caused by Cercospora cassiae-siameae Chiddarwar and Cochliobolus nodulosus Luttrell is reported in India. Other diseases attacking nursery seedlings in Haiti include: anthracnose (Colletotrichum); damping off (Alternaria, Cercospora, Diaporthe, Fusarium, Macrophomina, Myrothecium, and Rhizoctonia); a stem blight of uncertain cause; and powdery mildew (Oidium sp.). Pink disease (Corticum salmonicolor Berk. & Br.) attacks trees in Mauritius and Tanzania. A bark necrosis (Botryidiplodia theobromae Pat.) is reported in E. Africa. Nectria spp. are associated with cankers and dieback of trees in W. Africa. A vascular wilt (Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc.) has been reported in several countries. Root pathogens include: Armillariella mellea (Fr.) Karst. in Uganda; Ganoderma lucidum (Leyss.) Karst. in India, Java, and Taiwan; Polyporus baudoni Pat. in Ghana and Tanzania; and Phellinus noxius (Corner) G.H. Cunn. in Ghana. Rot fungi include: Flavodon flavus (KI.) Ryv., Nothopanus hygrophanus (Mont.) Singer, Trametes cotonea (Hart. & Pat.) Ryv., Schizopora paradoxa (Schrad. ex Fr.) Donk, Trametes meyenii (KI.) Lloyd in Sierra Leone; and Phaeolus manihotis Heim. in Ghana. The latter kills roots and causes dieback. References: Josiah and Allen-Reid, 1991; Parrotta and Francis, 1990; Runion et aI., 1990; Tourigny, 1987. Species: Simarouba glauca DC. var. latifolia Cronq. Creole Names: fwenn, bwa blan Family: Simaroubaceae Insect Pests: Tent caterpillars defoliate seedlings under drought stress in Haiti. Diseases: Fungal diseases attacking seedlings in Haitian nurseries include damping off and stem blight caused by Fusarium. Reference: Runion et aI., 1990. Pests and Diseases 179 Species: Spathodea campanulata Beauv. Creole Name: motel etranje Family: Bignoniaceae Insect Pests: Insect species of the orders Homoptera, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, and Thysanoptera, feed on various parts of the tree in Puerto Rico. A bark beetle, two lepitdopterans and two termite species attack the tree in Uganda. Wet-wood termites (Nasutitermes costalis Holmgren) consume dead trees and limbs in Puerto Rico. Diseases: Butt and heart rot attack trees in Hawaii. Reference: Francis, 1990g. Species: Spondias mombin 1. Creole Names: monben, monben fran Family: Anacardiaceae Insect Pests: A leaf-cutting ant (Atta cephalotes 1.) attacks the tree in Costa Rica. Fruoit flies (Anastrepha mombinpraeoptans Seln, Drosiphila ampelophila Leow, and D. repleta Wollaston) infect fruits in Puerto Rico. Reference: Francis, 1992c. Species: Swietenia macrophylla G. King Creole Names: kajou etranje, kajou venezwela Family: Meliaceae Insect Pests: The stem borer (Apate monachus) attacks both living and dead wood, retards growth, deforms trunks, and makes them susceptible to breakage in high winds. The mahogany shoot borer (Hypsipyla grandella Zeller) bores into buds, shoots and stems. The snout beetle (Pachnaeus litus) attacks fruit and defoliates in the Caribbean. Wet-wood termites (Nasutitermes costalis Holmgren) consume dead branches and occasionally the trunks of the tree in Puerto Rico. Marine borers (Toredo spp.) attack the heartwood and powderpost beetles (Lyctus caribeanus Lesne) attack the sapwood. The leaf hoppers (Draculocephala cubana and Hortensia similis) damage and deform leaves of trees in the Caribbean. Diseases: Damping off (Fusarium and Macrophoma) is a common problem of nurseries in Haiti. Less common nursery diseases include: leaf spot (Alternaria); anthracnose (Colletotrichum); leaf blister (Taphrina); and stem blight (Colletotrichum, Fusarium, and Macrophoma). References: CATIE, 1992; Runion et aI., 1990; Tourigny, 1987. Species: Swietenia mahagoni (1.) Jacq. Creole Names: kajou, kajou peyi Family: Meliaceae Insect Pests: The mahogany webworm (Macalla thyrsisalis Walker) causes defoliation and webbing throughout the Greater Antilles. The mahogany shoot borer (Hypsipyla grandella Zeller) bores into buds, shoots, and stems in the Caribbean and H. robusta Moore attacks trees in Asia. The coffee tree borer (Apate monachus F.) attacks both live and dead trees, penetrating deeply into branches, deforming trunks, and causing them to be susceptible to breakage in high winds. An unidentified shoot borer and caterpillar is reported to attack the tree in Haiti. The snout beetle (Pachnaeus litus) attacks the seed capsules and defoliates. Wet-wood termite (Nasutitermes costalis Holmgren) con- 180 Pests and Diseases sume dead branches and occasionally tree trunks in Puerto Rico. Marine borers (Toredo spp.) attack the heartwood and powderpost beetles (Lyctus caribeanus Lesne) attack the sapwood. The long-horned beetles (Acanthoderes circumflexa and Plectomerus dentipes) attack trees in Central America. The leaf hoppers (Draculocephala cubana and Hortensia similis) damage and deform leaves of trees in the Caribbean. Other Pests: The tree is occasionally attacked by heavy infestations of mistletoe in Haiti. Diseases: Heart and butt rot are common in older trees, apparently entering through basal scars and branch stubs. Leaf blight (Phyllosticta swietenia) results in defoliation under humid nursery conditions in Puerto Rico. Diseases of seedling nurseries in Haiti include: leaf spot (Alternaria); anthracnose (Colletotrichum); leaf blister (Taphrina); damping off (Fusarium and Macrophoma); and stem blight (Colletotrichum, Fusarium, and Macrophoma). References: CATIE, 1992; Francis, 1991d; Josiah and Allen-Reid, 1991; Runion et aI., 1990. Species: Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston Creole Name: porn woz Family: Myrtaceae Insect Pests: An ant (Myrmelachista ramulorum Wheeler) bores into twigs and kills terminal shoots of trees in Puerto Rico. Numerous other insect species feed on leaves, twigs, flowers, and fruit. Wet-wood termite (Nasutitermes costalis Holmgren) consume dead wood. The wood is highly susceptible to dry-wood termites (Cyrptotermes brevis Walker). Diseases: The rust fungus (Puccinia psidii) attacks leaves of the tree in Brazil. A fungus grows naturally on the upper leaf surface giving them a darker, grayish appearance, but is not known to cause significant damage. Reference: Francis, 1990h. Species: Tabebuia heterophylla (DC.) Britton Creole Name: pwaye Family: Bignoniaceae Insect Pests: Cutworms (Hyblaea puera) destroy seedlings and defoliate trees in Central America and the Caribbean. Larvae of Bonchys munitalis bore into concealed areas of the tree to feed. Reference: CATIE, 1992. Species: Tamarindus indica L. Creole Name: tamarenn Family: Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) Insect Pests: The most serious insect pests in India are the scale insects (Aonidiella orientalis Newst., Aspidiotus destructor Sign. and Saisetia oleae 01.), mealy bugs (Nipaecoccus viridis Newst. and Planococcus lilacinus Ckll.), and a borer (Pachymerus gonagra Fabr.). Other minor pests in India include bruchid beetles (Caryoborus gonagra Fabr.), lac insects (Kerria lacca Ker), and bagworms (Pteroma plagiophleps Hampson). Beetle larvae of Lochmaecles sp. cause damage to branches in Brazil. Pests and Diseases 181 Beetles (Calandra linearis) attack ripe pods in Florida and Hawaii. Termites (Cryptotermes hainanensis) attack the tree in China. Stored fruit is commonly infested with Paralipsa gularis Zellar and Corcyra cephalonia Stnt. in India. Larvae of the groundnut bruchid beetle (Caryedon serratus Oliver) are serious pests that attack the fruit and seed in India and have been reported in Colombia and Puerto Rico. Diseases: The major diseases in India include: leaf spot (Bartalinia robillardoides Tassi, Exosporium tamarindi Syd., Hendersonia tamarindi Syd., Pestalotia poonensis V. Rao, Phyllosticta tamarindicola V. Rao, P. tamarindina Chandra & Tandon, Prathigada tamarindi Muthappa, Sphaceloma sp., and Stigmina tamarindii (Syd.) Munjal & Kulshreshta); powdery mildews (Erysiphe polygoni DC. and Oidium spp.); a sooty mold (Meliola tamarindi Syd.); stem disease (Fracchiaea indica Talde); root and wood rot (Ganoderma lucidum (Leyss.) Karst and Lenzites palisoti Fr.); stem rot (Pholiota gollani P. Henn.); trunk and root rot (Stereum nitidulum Berk.); collar rot (Phytophtora nicotianae var. nicotianae); stem canker (Hypoxylon nectrioides Speg.); and a bark parasite (Myriangium tamarindii Tendulkar). References: Morton, 1958; Parrotta, 1990. Species: Tectona grandis L. Creole Name: tek Family: Verbenaceae Insect Pests: Termites (Neotermes castaneus) attack both live and dead wood in Central American and the Caribbean. Reference: CATIE, 1992. Species: Terminalia catappa L. Creole Name: zamann Family: Combretaceae Insect Pests: Thripids (Selenothrips rubrocinctus Giard) cause leaf discoloration and premature leaf fall of trees in Puerto Rico. Beetles, grasshoppers, leaf rollers,and leaf miners defoliate young trees in India and Malaya. The tree is a major host of the Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata) in Costa Rica. The tree is susceptible to attack by dry-wood termites (Cryptotermes brevis Walker) and powder post beetles (Lyctus spp.) in the Caribbean. References: Francis, 1989c; Morton, 1985. Species: Theobroma cacao L. Creole Name: kakawo Family: Sterculiaceae Insect Pests: The citrus aphid (Toxoptera aurantium B. de F.) shrivels young leaves, reduces vigor, and promotes development of black sooty mold in Haiti. Leaf-cutting ants (Alta spp.) harvest and defoliate the tree, particularly as a seedling. Larvae of Xyleborus spp. bore into the trunk. The pod borer (Acdrocercops cramerella) bores into the fruits. Diseases: The most important diseases in the Western Hemisphere include: witches' broom (Marasmius perniciosus Stathel.), resulting in abnormal branching and premature fruit drop; Monilia pod rot (Monilia sp.); and black pod rot (Phytophtora palmivo- 182 Pests and Diseases ra Butl.). A serious disease in W. Africa is swollen shoot caused by viruses. The infected branches of the tree swell and small yellow spots appear all over the mature leaves. Eventually, the leaves drop and the branches die. Cushion gall (Fusarium decemcellulare and F. roseum) forms a gall on seedlings and adult trees through seeds and wounds. References: Mortensen and Bullard, 1970; Tourigny, 1987. Species: Thrinax morrisii H. Wendl. Creole Name: latanye lame Family: Arecaceae (=Palmae) Insect Pests: Larvae of the palm bruchid beetle (Caryobruchus gleditsiae Johansson & Linne) feed in the seed and exit as adults that feed on the flowers, nectar, and pollen. Reference: Johnson et al., 1995. Species: Trichilia hirta L. Creole Name: monben bata Family: Meliaceae Insect Pests: Larvae of Hypsipyla grandella bore into buds and shoots of the tree to feed. Reference: CATIE, 1992. Species: Vitex spp. Creole Names: bwa leza, bwa savann, grigri F~mily: Verbenaceae Insect Pests: Cutworms (Hyblaea puera) destroy seedlings and defoliate trees in the Central America and the Caribbean. Reference: CATIE, 1992. Species: Zanthoxylum spp. Creole Name: bwa pine Family: Rutaceae Insect Pests: The lepidopteran pest (Papilio pelaus imerius Godard) eats the leaves of Z. martinicense in Trinidad and Tobago. Snout beetles (Apion martinezi) bore into fruits and defoliate in the Caribbean. Wet-wood termites (Nasutitermes costalis Holmgren) attack dead limbs and exposed trunks. Wood is extremely susceptible to dry-wood termites (Cryptotermes brevis Walker) and several genera of pinhole borers in the Caribbean. Other Pests: Numerous bird species relish the oily seed in Haiti and may aid in dispersal. Diseases: Heart and butt rots of unidentified fungal pathogens attack older trees in its native range. References: CATIE, 1992; Francis, 1991e. 19 Wood Properties and Energy Values The most widely used product of trees is wood. Though many of the tree species in Haiti are harvested indiscriminately during land-clearing activities, others are cultivated because of their wood quality. General utility species combine adequate form with structural strength and durability. Those harvested for high-quality craftsmanship are selected for their combination of beauty, working properties and stability. The best charcoal species are generally those with the densest wood, with some species achieving high densities at remarkable growth rates. As wood properties vary, so does the wood quality that determines the species' usefulness to society. The information summarized below is arranged in Tables 19.1 and 19.2, compiling the available information on wood properties and energy values. Each table is arranged alphabetically by species and should be a helpful guide to the diversity found in Haiti. Introduced species are included for those that have become naturalized in Haiti. Wood Properties: Two-thirds of the tree families and genera known to occur in Haiti are represented in Table 19.1 for major wood property categories. Data is unavailable or incomplete for many of the lesser-known and -utilized species, some of which play an important role in local areas of the country. The information has been compiled from the literature for the more common, internationally known species. The literature includes Commercial Timbers of the Caribbean by F. R. Longwood (1971); Common Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, Volume I by E. L. Little, Jr. and F. H Wadsworth (1964) and Volume II by E. L. Little, Jr., R. O. Woodbury and F. H. Wadsworth (1974); and Tropical Timbers of the World by M. Chudnoff (1984). Previously unpublished data from Haiti has been reviewed to broaden the information base. Wood characteristics include sapwood (8) and heartwood (H) color, grain, odor, texture, and other characteristics that describe the wood. Specific gravity is a measure of wood density calculated as the ratio of oven-dry weight to green volume. Specific gravity should be stated as a range of values, though it is not uncommon that only an average value is published in the literature. Durability is a measure of the resistance of the heartwood to decay fungi, not necessarily to insect attack. It is assumed that the wood is in contact with the soil. Shrinkage values ate given for radial (R), tangential (T), and volumetric (V) changes in dimension, as a percentage, from green to oven-dry conditions. Generally, woods with low shrinkage values exhibit higher dimensional stability after seasoning. Hardness is a measure of resistance to indentation and ability to withstand abrasion. Janka side hardness is the pressure, in pounds, required to embed a 11.3 mm diameter steel ball to a depth of 5.6 mm on the side-grain of wood dried to 12% moisture content (Chudnoff, 1984). 183 184 Wood Properties Energy Values: The Cul-de-Sac Plain of Haiti and the Mao region of the DominiCan Republic are important sources of charcoal and fuelwood for the urban markets of Port-au-Prince and Santo Domingo. Studies were conducted in these areas to detennine the, heat of combustion values for the common species being harvested in these regions (Maxwell, 1985; Timyan, 1988). These values (Table 19.2), measured in megajoules (mj) kg-I, were detennined using standard procedures with a bomb calorimeter as described in Maxwell (1985). The maximum amount of heat available under oven-dry conditions is given in the second column.· Standard error of the estimates follows in parentheses. The heat available at 14% moisture content is shown in the third column. This is a close, approximation of the' heat values provided by air-dry fuelwood. For comparative purposes, one barrel of oil is approximately equal to 6,100 mj of energy. Pierre-Louis (1990) calculated that 1.7 kg of Prosopis juliflora wood at a moisture content of 15% is equivalent to the heating value of a liter of fuel oil. A dry kg of wood yields the same amount of heat as 0.3 kg of butane gas. Table 19.1 Summary of wood properties for tree and shrub species found in Haiti. SPECIES SPECIFIC GRAVrfy WOOD CHARACTERISTICS - - 0.80-1.07 Very Durable - - 51H - pale brown with pinkish tinge; medium luster, odorless, uniform and fine texture, interlocke~ grain, easy to work, takes a high polish. 0.52--0.65 Nondurable - S - straw-colored, H - golden to dark brown; lustrous, odorless, fine to medium texture, straight, interlocked or wavy grain, dark streaks. 0.52--0.65 0.77--0.84 Acacia macracantha - JANKA SIDE HARDNESS Obs.) Durable Acacia famesiana 5 - white to yellowish, H - red to reddish zakasyajon (%) - 0.60-0.80 zakasya SHRINKAGE - 5 - pale brown, H - pale brown to dark amber red; hard, fine~grained, attractive, figure, finishes well, little checking. Acacia auriculiformis DURABILITY brown; hard, close-grained. - zakasya pikan Acacia meamsii Acacia I m,'a~xy'an Acacia muricata 1,750 Hard Moderately Durable R- 3.4 T-9.0 ·1,100 5lightly Hard Durable - - Durable - - - - - - - - - - - - - S - light brown, H - reddish brown; hard, strong. ~ Acacia nilotica Acacia scleroxyla 5 - whitish, H - pinkish to reddish brown wI darker steaks; straight to cross grain, fine texture, hard, tough and strong. 0.80 - 0.88--0.94 bwasavann, kandelon, tandrakayou Acacia /ortuosa zakasya nwa, zakasya wouj 5 - light brown, H - dark to reddish brown; hard. 51H - light brown; hard. Acnis/us arborescens beIadonn, fe~l doule I Wood Properties 185 SPECIES WOOD CHARACTERISTICS SPECIFIC GRAVITY DURABILITY SHRINKAGE. JANKA SIDE (%) HARDNESS Obs.} Acrocomia aculeata Very hard wood from the outer part wI black markings. - - - - SIH - light brown; hard. - - - - - - koko ginen Adelia ricinella grenad mawon S - light brown, H - reddish; hard, strong. 0.60-0.80 Durable Albizia guachapele S - whitish, H -light yellowish to rich dark brown and streaked; medium luster, odorless, medium to coarse texture, deeply interlocked grain, decorative, difficult to work, finishes well. 0.55--0.60 Moderately Durable R-2.9 T-5.8 V-9.6 1,240-1,440 Hard Albizia lebbeck s - whitish, H - light orange brown to brown; golden luster, rIO odor, medium to coarse texture, interlocked grain, easy to work 0.43--0.68 Durable R-2.9 T-4.5 V-7.6 1,040 Slightly Hard Albizia procera S - whitish, H - light yellowish brown to light brown; moderately hard, straight to interlocked grain, strong. 0.60-0.90 Moderately Durable Albizia saman S - yellowish, H - light to golden brown, streaked; medium luster, no odor, medium to coarse texture, straight or cross grained, takes a fine polish. 0.42--0.64 Durable 0.39 Nondurable - - 0.40-0.50 Perishable - - Adenanthera pavonina reglis tcha tcha saman Alchornea latifolia bwa krapo, fey krapo, pwa vach S - whitish to light brown, H - light brown; soft, strong, medium texture, straight to slightly wavy grain, without growth rings. - R-2.0 T- 3.4 V-6.0 - 850 Soft Alchorneopsis floribunda S - whitish, H - pale brown; soft. Aleurites moluccana SIH - whitish; soft. - - - - SIH - light brown; hard. - - - - nwazet Allophylus occidentalis twa fey, twa pawol Alnus acuminata SIH - light to reddish brown; lustrous surface, fine texture, straight grain, no odor. 0.50-0.60 Nondurable - - Amyris .spp. S - whitish, H - light ye1l0w; very resinous wI strong odor, very hard, fine-grained, strong, takes a good polish. 0.79-1.11 Very Durable - - SIH - whitish, grayish, reddish-brown, pinkish; moderately strong and hard, irregular grain, easy to work. 0.40-0.52 - - bwa chandel, twa pawol Anacardium occidentale nwa kajou Andira inermis bwa palmis, pwa palmis S - pale brown to grayish yellow, H yellowish-brown to dark reddish brown; distinctive figure, low luster, odorless, texture very coarse, moderately irregular grain, easily worked, strong. Annona spp. S - whitish to light brown, H - brown; soft kowosol, kachiman and weak. Antirhea lucida bwa patat, zaboka mawon SIH - light brown; hard. - 1,600 Hard 0.64 Moderately Durable R-4.6 T-9.8 V -12.5 0.40-0.50 Nondurable - - - - - - 186 Wood Properties SPECIES WOOD CHARACTERISTICS SPECIFIC GRAVITY DURABILITY 0.45 Nondurable SHRINKAGE (%) R-3.5 T- 5.3 V - 8.9 JANKA SIDE HARDNESS Obs.) 650 Araucaria heterophylla arokariya SIH - cream to light tan; lustrous, fine and even texture, no odor, knotty, straight grain, easy to work, sapwood vulnerable to stain. Ardisia obovata S - pinkish, H - light reddish brown; hard, heavy. Artocarpus spp. jakiye, laba pen, lam veritab S -light yellow to yellowish brown, H yellow to golden brown, sometimes with olive green tinge; moderate luster, coarse texture, interlocked grain, high silica content. Averrhoa carambola karambola SIH - whitish; soft. Avicennia genninans mangnwa S - light brown, H - yellow to dark brown; coarse texture, interlocked and uneven grain, very hard, prominent growth rings. 0.8-1.0 Azadirachta indica nim S - straw colored to pale red, H - reddish brown; dull to medium luster, faint cedary smell, moderately coarse texture, interlocked grain, works well, fine smooth finish. 0.52-0.65 Bauhinia monandra de jimel, jimel S - whitish, H - brown; hard. - - - - Bauhinia variegata SIH - whitish to light brown; soft. - - - - Beilschmiedia pendula bwanwa S - pale brown, H - pinkish brown, moderately hard and strong. - - - Bemardia dichotoma SIH ~ light brow~; hard. - - - Bixa orellana woukou S - whitish, H - light brown or yellowish; soft, porous, weak. - - H - brown to orange red; soft wi a large Bocconia pith. frutescens bwa janis, bwa kak denn 0.27-0.40 - 0.54 0.40 Variable: Perishable to Highly Durable R-2.9 T- 5.5 Moderately Soft - 1,250 Moderately Hard - - - - - - Moderately Durable Nondurable R-2.2 T-4.3 V -6.5 1,460 Hard - - - - Bontia daphnoides doliv bata, mang rnawon SIH -light gray brown; hard, fine texture, fairly straight grain, spicy odor. - - - - Bourreria spp. kafemawon, rnapou gri SIH -light brown; hard. - - - - Brunellia comocladiifolia bwamabel SIH - light brown; hard. - - - Buchenavia capitata bwa mago, grigri jon S - light yellow brown, H - yellowish brown; high luster, spicy odor, medium to coarse texture, roey or straight grain, strong, distinct growth rings. 0.30 0.52-0.65 Moderately Durable R-2.8 T-5.7 V - 8.6 1,220 Hard Wood Properties 187 WOOD CHARACTERISTICS SPECIES SPECIFIC GRAVITY DURABILITY SHRINKAGE 0.75-0.93 Durable R-404 T-7.9 V - 12.2 - Durable - - Moderately Durable - - - - (%) JANKA SIDE HARDNESS Obs.) I Bucida buceras grigri mon S - yellowish, light brown, H - yellowish to dark greenish brown, olive-hued; roey grain, high luster, tarry odor, fine to mediu~ texture, very hard, very strong. Bumelia cubensis bwadenn SIH - light brown; hard. Bumelia salicifolia koma wouj, sip S - light brown, H - reddish or dark brown; medium to fine texture, fairly straight grain. Bunchosia giandulosa bwa kaka, bwa poulet S - light brown; hard. Bursera simaruba gomye SIH - white, yellowish or light brown; moderate luster, no odor, fine to medium texture, straight to irregular grain, prone to sap-stain discoloration. Buxus spp. bwa ti ley SIH - light yeIlow; hard, very fine texture Byrsonima crassifolia H - reddish brown; hard, strong, brittle. Byrsonima Iucida S - light brown, H - dark brown; hard, fine texture. 0.90-0.99 - 0.26--0.40 - 0.70 - - Perishable Moderately Durable - R-2.6 T-4.2 V -7.3 270 Extremely Soft - - - - - 1,530 Hard Byrsonima spicata S - gray to reddish-brown, H - pale to dark reddish brown with a purple cast; medium liann koIik, Iiann luster, no odor, fine texture, straight to towo, towo tig slightly interlocked grain. 0.52-0.65 Nondurable R-4.0 T-8.2 V -12.2 Caesalpinia coriaria divi divi, gwatapana S - yellowish- or pinkish-white, H - dark red, chocolate brown to nearly black; medium luster, no odor, medium to coarse texture, straight to irregular grain. 0.90-1.20 Very Durable - - Callistemon citrinus S - light brown; hard. - - Calophyllum calaba darnari S - pink to yellowish pink, H - pink to rich reddish brown; medium to low luster, no odor, uniform, medium texture, generally interlocked grain. R-4.6 T-8.0 V -13.6 1,150 Moderately Hard Calotropis procera koton swa S/H - whitish; soft. Calycogonium spp. S - yellow, H - pinkish brown to pale brown, streaked; hard and strong, fine texture, straight grain. Calyptranthes spp. S -light brown, H - brown tinged, sometimes tinged wI red; hard, fine grain. ti bwapen S/H - pinkish buff, yellowish to light gray; coars~texture, straight grain, no odor, easy to work, finishes smoothly. Cananga odorata Han Han Canelia winterana S - olive brown, H - blackish; very hard. kanel S - light brown, H - yellow to reddish tinged; hard. Capparis cynophallophora bwa dajan, bwa 0040-0.52 0.74 - Moderately Durable Nondurable - - - - - - - 0.30 Perishable R- 3.3 T-8.0 0.90-1.00 - - - - - --:- - kaka C~8v~ O<5-C.~ Ce&.cfu) r?vt; o 0.5'\ - 0:1& CD .Co 2. w:eA V~ St ~ t} . 330 Very Soft 188 Wood Properties SPECIES Capparis flexuosa bwakaka WOOD CHARACfERISTICS S - light brown; hard. Capparis frondosa SIH - whitish; soft: bwa bourik, sentespri Capparis hastata SIH - light brown; hard. Capparis indica S - light brown; hard. Carapa guianensis S - pale brown or grayish, H - light salmon to reddish brown; low'to high luster, odorless, fine to coarse texture, straight or roey grain. Carica papaya papay SIH: whitish to pale yellow; soft, lightweight and fleshy, c.enter of trunk is hollow. Casearia spp. bwa neges, kafemawon S - light brown, H - dark brown, hard, fine texture, brittle. Cassia fistula H - reddish; very hard and strong. SPECIFIC GRAVITY DURABILITY SHRINKAGE (%) JANKA SIDE HARDNESS (Ibs.) - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0.79-0.86 0.52-0.65 - Moderately Durable R-3.l T-7.6 V-IO.4 - 1,220 Hard - - - 0.70 - - - 0.90 - - - kas dou, kas panyol Cassia grandis baton kas S - whitish to brownish, H - variegated brown wI streaks, often purplish; hard and tough, coarse texture, straight to very irregular grain. - - - - Cassia javanica S - whitish; soft. - - - - kas Cassine xylocarpa SIH -light brown; hard, fine texture. strong. Cassipoure~ guianensis Castilla elastica subsp. elastica Durable - S - yellowish, H - pale brown; moderately hard, strong, fine texture. - Moderately Durable - - H - yellow brown; moderately soft. - Nondurable - - S - buff colored, H - light red to reddish Casuarina spp. kazowina, pich pen brown; low luster, odorless. fine texture, straight to interlocked grain, some species have wide rays and attractive figure, splits during drying, difficult to work, finishes smoothly. 0.78-1.20 Nondurable R-6.4 T-I1.7 V-17.6 Catalpa longissima chenn S - light to pinkish brown, H - grayish to light brown with darker lines; fairly high luster, kerosene odor, medium to coarse texture, straight grain. 0.60-0.80 Durable - Cecropia peltata twompet SIH - whitish to pale brown or oatmeal; fairly lustrous, no odor, coarse texture, generally straight grain, soft, weak and brittle. 0.26-0.40 Perishable R-2.0 T-6.2 V - 8.3 320 Very Soft Cedrela odorata sed S - pinkish to white. H - pinkish- to reddish-brown; golden luster, cedary odor, fine to coarse texture, usually straight, sometimes interlocked grain. 0.37-0.60 Moderately Durable R-4.2 T- 6.3 V - 10.3 600 Soft Ceiba pentandra mapou SIH - pinkish-white to ashy brown; low 0.23-0.40 Perishable R-2.1 T-4.l V -7.7 240 Extremely Soft luster, no odor, coarse texture, straight to irregular grain, soft and weak, prone to sap stain discoloration. 3,200 Very Hard - Wood Properties 189 SPECIES Celtis trinervia bwa fey. blanch, bwa raj WOOD CHARACTERISTICS SIH - yellowish; hard. SPECIFIC GRAVITY - DURABILITY SHRINKAGE (%) JANKA SIDE HARDNESS (Ibs.) - - - Cestrum diurnum SIH - whitish; hard. - - - Cestrum macrophyllum SIH - whitish to light brown; slightly soft. - - - - Ch!onanthus compactus H - pinkish; hard. - - - - Chionanthus domingensis kaypon S - light brown; hard, takes a fine polish. 0.90 Durable - - Chlorophora tinctoria bwajon S - white, H - bright to golden yellow; high luster, no odor, medium to fine texture, nearly straight to interlocked grain. 0.65--0.85 Very Durable Chrysobalanus icaco ikak SIH - light brown; hard. Chrysophyllum argenteum ti kaymit S - light brown; hard and tough, strong. Chrysophyllum cainito kaymit SIH - reddish brown to dark brown; strong, fine to medium texture, fairly straight grain. 0.70 Chrysophyllum oliviforme kaymit mawori SIH - light brown; hard and strong. 0.90 Cinnamomum spp. S - whitish or brownish, H - brownish yellow wI green cast, or olive to light lorie olive brown to blackish brown, medium to coarse texture, satiny or silky luster, straight and often roey grain, spicy odor, excellent working qualities. 0.80 - - - Durable - - Nondurable R-6.4 T-8.6 V -15.2 - - - Durable 0.47 Moderately Durable S - light brown, H - pinkish wI darker stripes, moderately soft and strong, straight to irregular and tightly interlocked grain, medium texture, medium to high luster. Cinnamomum verum kanel S -lightbrown, slightly soft. - Citharexylum caudatum kafe mawon, kafe sovaj SIH - light brown; hard. - Citharexylum fruticosum grenad mawon, kafe mawon, madamklOd SIH - ivory to light tan; dose-grained, Citrus spp. chadek, sitwon, zoranj' S - whitish, H -light yellow, yellowish brown, light brown; hard and fine-grained, prominent growth rings. Clusia clusiodes SIH - light brown; hard. 0.65--0.95 2,380 Extremely Hard - 0.43--0.61 Cinnamomum elongatum lorie kanel, lorie ti fey R- 3.4 T-5.4 V -7.8 R- 3.4 T-6.0 V -9.8 1,060 Slightly Hard - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Durable hard, strong, sands to a fine finish. - 0.90 190 Wood Properties SPECIES WOOD CHARACTERISTICS SPECIFIC GRAVITY DURABILITY SHRINKAGE (%) JANKA SIDE HARDNESS Obs.) C/usia minor S - whitish; soft. - - - - S - light reddish brown, H - reddish brown; hard, strong, medium to fine texture, straight grain. - - - - - - - - 0.80 - - - 0.82-Q.97 - - - - - - - - bwa pal, figye modi C/usia rosea bwa pal, figye modimawon Cocc%ba costata SIH - whitish; slightly soft. rezen Cocc%ba diversifolia S - whitish or light brown, H - dark reddish brown; hard, strong, brittle. mevis, rezen, rezen bouzen - Cocc%ba /eoganensis Cocc%ba microstachys SIH - light brown; hard. Cocc%ba pubescens rezen gran ley S - whitish, H - reddish brown wI pores filled with dark gum; very hard. Cocc%ba swartz;; S - whitish; hard. Cocc%ba uvifera S - light brown, H - reddish brown; hard, rezen lame te, rezen 1.00-1.10 Durable 0.70 - - - 0.70 - - - takes a fine polish. Cocc%ba venosa SIH - whitish; hard. Coch/ospermum vitifolium SIH - whitish to light brown; soft and spongy. Cocos nucifera kokoye Outer 7.5-10 em, very hard and heavy. Center, softer and lighter, prone to sap stain discoloration. Coffea arabica SIH - whitish; hard, heavy and tough. 4-fold decrease from cortex to center - - - Perishable - - Nondurable - - - - - - kafe Co/ubrina arborescens S - whitish or light brown, H - yelIowish brown; hard. 0.55-Q.82 Moderately Durable - - S - light brown, H - dark brown; hard and strong. 0.80 Moderately Durable - - - - Very Durable - - Very Durable R-4.0 T-7.4 V -11.6 Nondurable - bwa pIe, kapab Co/ubrina elliptica bwamabi Comocladia spp. SIH - light brown; hard. - - breziyet, bwa panyol Conocarpus erectus S -light brown, H - yellow brown; very hard, strong, fine texture. 0.90-1.00 mangnwa Cordia spp. (dark-wooded) bwa denn, ti soley S - grayish to yellowish, H - reddish 0.52-Q.78+ brown with black streaks and variegations; variable luster, mildly fragrant, fine to medium texture, variable grairr. Cordiaa/ba SIH - light brown; soft. bwachik - 2,200 Very Hard - Wood Propert'ies 191 SPECIES WOOD CHARACIERISTICS SPECIFlC GRAVITY DURABILITY SHRINKAGE (%) JANKA SIDE HARDNESS (lbs.) Cordia alliodora S - light yellowish brown, straw color, H yellowish to brown, streaked and variegated; high, rich and golden luster, spicy scent, fine to coarse texture, straight and shallow interlocked grain. 0.40-0.52 Durable R-3.4 T-7.l V-9.2 1,000 Slightly Hard - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - bwa soumi, chenn kapawo Cordia collococca SIH - whitish brown; soft. twapye S - light brown, H - dark brown; fine texture. 0.70 kokeliko, ti soley Cordia sulcata SIH - light brown; soft, easily worked. 0.60 S - pinkish to reddish brown, H - light brown; hard. 0.50-0.80 Cordia sebestena Nondurable paresol Crescentia cujete kalbas Crossopetalum rhacoma S - light brown; hard. - sewal Cupania americana SIH - light brown; hard. 0.40 satanye, twazokot Cupressus lusitanica sipre S - whitish to pale yellowish and pinkish brown, H - yellowish or pinkish brown; high luster, fragrant, fine and unifonn texture, straight to irregular grain, soft. 0.40-0.52 - Cynometra ponoricensis S - whitish; hard. Cyrilla racemijlora S - light brown, H - dark reddish brown; fine texture, heavily interlocked grain, prominent growth rings. Dalbergia sisoo S - white to pale brownish white, H golden brown to dark brown wI darker streaks; very hard and strong, medium coarse texture, close and interlocked grain. 0.78-D.83 Delonix regia S -light yellow, H - yellowish brown to light brown; soft, coarse grain, weak, brittle. 0.80 0.40-0.52 bwaneges SIH - cream colored to grayish yellow; low to medium luster, no odor, medium and unifonn texture, straight grain. Dendrosicus latifolius H -light brown or pinkish wI orange tinge; hard. flambwayan Dendropanax arboreus 0.53 - Moderately Durable V-8.0 460 Very Soft - - - - - - - - - - Very Durable Perishable - R-5.1 T- 8.3 V - 13.8 - 725 Soft - kalbas zombi Diospyros spp. bwa raid, ebenn Ditta myricoides 0.60--0.80 S - light brown; hard, fine texture. .- - - - - - - - - - - - Dodonaea viscosa S - light brown, H - dark brown; hard. Very Durable R- 5.5 T-6.5 3,220· Very Hard S - pale red brown, H- jet black or black brown or streaked; very fine texture, straight to slightly interlocked grain, takes a fine polish, irritating sawdust. mang ti fey Drypetes spp. bwa kotlet, labou kochon SIH - white to light brown; hard. 192 Wood Properties SPECIES WOOD CHARACTERISTICS SPECIFIC GRAVITY DURABILITY SHRINKAGE (%) JANKA SIDE HARDNESS Obs.) Drypetes laterijlora bwa kotl(:t S - light brown or yellowish, H - dark brown; hard, brittle, fine texture. - - - - Duranta repens bwa jambet, mayi bouyi S/H - light brown; hard. - - - - Enterolobium cyclocarpum bwa tanis wouj S - whitish, H - reddish-brown; pungent dust, coarse texture, interlocked, ribbon grain, good luster. Erithalis fruticosa H - light brown wI dark streaks; very hard, fine textures, resinous. Erythrina berteroana brikal S/H - whitish; soft and we3k. Erythrina crista-galli S/H - whitish; soft and weak. - Erythrina poeppigiana bwamotel SIH - whitish; soft. - Erythrina variegata baton sosiye S/H - light brown; soft. - : S - light brown, H - rich reddish brown or Erythroxylum chocolate brown wI oily appearance; very areolatum arabo, nago, papelit fine grain, very hard, strong. 0.34--D.65 - 0.30 - Erythroxylum rotundifolium S/H - whitish to light brown; hard. - Eucalyptus camaldulensis kaliptis S/H - light red to pinkish brown; close texture, interlocked to wavy grain, hard, tends to warp on drying. - Eucalyptus globulus kaliptis S -grayish white, H - pale yellow brown; low luster, odorless, coarse texture, interlocked grain. Eugenia axillaris meriz S -light brown, H - brown, tinged wI red; hard, fine texture, strong. 0.67--0.80 - Nondurable Durable R-2.0 T-5.2 V -7.2 520 Soft - - - - - - - - - - . - - Very Durable - - - - Durable - - Moderately Durable R-8.0 T-12.0 Perishable - - 1,540-2,580 Hard - - - - - Eugenia bijlora S -light brown; hard. - Eugenia confusa S/H - light brown; hard. - Eugenia domingensis brinyol, bwa S - light brown; hard and strong. - - - Eugenia foetida bwa ti ley S -light brown, H - dark reddish brown; hard, fined-grained. - - - - Eugenia monticola bwa dinn ti ley, ti bwadenn S/H - light brown; hard. - - - - Eugenia pseudopsidium S - light reddish brown, H - reddish brown; hard. - - - Eugenia rhombea bwamit S/H - light brown; very hard. - - Durable - kayman 1.30 - Nondurable Wood Properties 193 SPECIES WOOD CHARACTERISTICS SPECIFIC GRAVITY DURABILITY SHRINKAGE (%) JANKA SIDE HARDNESS (lbs.) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Euphorbia spp. gadmezon, kandelab S - whitish; very soft. Exostema caribaeum kenkena peyi, kininn S - yellow, H -light brown with yellow streaks; hard and strong, resinous. Exostema ellipticum SIH - light brown; hard. - Exothea paniculata bwa koulev, bwa milet, kenep mawon S - whitish to light brown, H - reddish brown; hard, fine texture, takes a fine polish. Faramea occidentalis SIH -light brown or yellow; hard, takes a good polish. Ficus citrifolia S - whitish, H - light brown; soft, tough and strong. Ficus elastica kawotchou S - whitish; moderately hard. Ficus microcarpa S - ..yhitish, H - light brown; hard, distinct growth rings. Ficus trigonata figye wouj S - whitish; soft. 0.98-1.13 - Durable :. Genipa americana S - cream-colored, H - light yellowish brown; medium luster, no odor, fine var. caruto texture, straight to irregular grain, jinpa attractive striped figure. 0.40 0.50 - 0.52-0.66 Nondurable - Nondurable Perishable - Gesneria spp. SIH - light brown, hard. Gliricidia sepium lila etranje, piyon S - light brown, H - dark to reddish brown; hard and strong, coarse texture, irregular grain, not easily worked, takes a good polish. 0.47-0.75 Moderately Durable Gmelina arborea melina SIH - pale straw yellow; lustrous, coarse texture, interlocked to wavy grain, easy to work, finishes smoothly. 0.40-0.52 Moderately Durable Gomidesia lindeniana SIH - light brown; hard. Grevillea robusta grevilya S - cream colored, H - yellow brown; lustrous, odorless, medium to coarse texture, straight to wavy grain, prominent figure, works well. 0.40-0.52 Guaiacum spp. gayak S - pale yellow or cream-colored, H - dark greenish brown to black; slight scent, resinous, very fine uniform texture, interlocked grain. 0.89-1.30 Guapira discolor S - light brown; soft. - Guapirajragrans S - whitish; soft. - Guapira obtusata bwa kasav silves SIH - light brown with darker streaks; hard. - Guarea spp. bwa wouj S - whitish to pink, H-. pinkish to deep reddish brown; low luster, mildly fragrant, medium texture, straight grain, brittle. - - 0.40-0.65 - Moderately Durable Very Durable Durable R-4.6 T-9.1 V-13.5 1,410 Hard - - - - R-2.4 T-4.9 V-8.8 R-2.7 T-7.7 - 525-720 Soft 840 Soft 4,500 Extremely Hard - - - - R- 3.4 T-7.0 V -11.2 800-1,330 Slightly Hard 194 Wood Properties SPECIES WOOD CHARACfERISTICS SPECIFIC GRAVITY DURABILITY SHRINKAGE (%) JANKA SIDE HARDNESS (Ibs.) Guatteria blainii bwanwa S - light brown or whitish; hard. 0.80 Guazuma ulmifolia bwadom S - light brown, H - pinkish to brownish; moderately soft, easily worked. 0.50 Guettarda spp. kalnwa SIH - light brown; hard, fine texture. Gymindia latifolia SIH - light brown; hard. 0.80-0.83 1.10 Nondurable - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Gymnanthes Lucida bwamabre S - whitish or yellowish, H - light olive, streaked wI dark brown; very fine grain, very hard, takes a fine polish. Durable Haematoxylon brasiletto kampeeh Similar to H. campechianum 0.71-D.90 Haematoxylon campechianum kampeeh S - whitish to straw-colored, H - bnght orange-red; medium to fine texture, odor of violets, irregular grain, brittle, strong and hard, takes a fine polish. 0.54-0.95 Haenianthus salicifolius SIH - light brown; hard. - - - - Hamelia patens fie koray, koray wouj SIH - light brown; hard. - - - - Helicteres jamaicensis bwa dam, jeson, koton rat SIH - yellowish; hard. - - - - Henriettea fascicularis ti grenn H -light yellowish brown; hard. - - - - - - - Very Durable Hernandia sonora SIH - grayish white wI faint olive streaks, fum, soft, easily worked. 0.29 Perishable Hevea brasiliensis S IH - light brown with pinkish tinge; low luster, sour smell, coarse and even kawotchou texture, straight grain, prone to sap stain discoloration. 0.40-0.52 Perishable R-2.3 T-5.l - Hibiscus elatus mahoble S - white, H - grayish-brown or olive, variegated with shades of purple or metallic blue; dull luster, no odor, medium texture, straight grain. 0.52-D.65 Durable - - Hibiscus tiliaceus gran maho, maho fran S - whitish, H - dark greenish brown; moderately soft and porous. 0.60 Durable - - Hippomane mancinella mancheni, manseniye S -light brown or yellowish, H - dark brown; hard, strong, takes a good polish. 0.50 Moderately Durable - - Hirtella triandra SIH -light brown; hard. Homalium racemosum S - golden yellow, H - grayish-brown to reddish-brown wI darker streaks and pmches,hard,modermcly strong, fine texture, interlocked grain. 0.77 Moderately Durable R-7.0 T-9.6 V-17.2 2,050 Very Hard Wood Properties 195 SPECIES I WOOD CHARACfERISTICS SPECIFIC GRAVITY DURABILITY SHRINKAGE (%) JANKA SIDE HARDNESS (Ibs.) Hura crepitans rabi, sabliye S - yellowish white, H - pale yellowish brown or olive gray; high luster, no odor, fine to medium texture, straight to interlocked grain, brittle. 0.26-0040 Nondurable to Perishable R-2.7 T-4.5 V -7.3 550 Soft Hyeronima spp. S - pinkish white to light brown, H -light reddish brown to dark red; low luster, no odor, coarse texture, interlocked grain, distinctive markings on tangential cuts, finishes well and takes a good polish. 0.52-Q.78 Very Durable R-5A T -11.7 V -17.0 1,700 Very Hard Hymenaea courbaril koubari, pwa konfiti S - white, gray or pinkish, H - salmon red to orange brown wI blackish streaks; golden luster, no odor, medium to coarse texture, interlocked grain, strong and tough. 0.71-Q.82 Very Durable R-4.5 T-8.5 V -12.7 2,350--3,290 Very Hard Durable - - - - - - Hypelate trifoliata H - dark brown; hard. chandel ma\'{on - !lex spp. wou S - whitish, H - light brown; hard, fine textUre, tough, easily worked. 0.77 Ingafagifolia ~ - whitish, H - pale reddish brown, streaked; moderately hard, coarse texture, strong and tough. 0.62 Ingafastuosa H - light brown; hard. Inga vera spp. vera pwa dou, sikren S - whitish, H - pale to golden brown, streaked; moderately hard, strong and tough. 0.57-Q.75 Nondurable - - Nondurable - - - - Ixoraferrea S - light brown; hard, strong and tough. - - - S -light brown; soft. - - Jacaranda mimosifolia jakaranda Jacquinia spp. bwa bande, bwa kasav SIH - yellowish or light brown; hard. - - - - Jatropha spp. fey medsen, papay sovaj SIH - white to light brown; soft and spongy. - - - - Juglans jamaicensis nogal S - whitish, H - chocolate brown with purplish cast; high luster, mild odor, coarse texture, straight to irregular grain. OAO-Q.52 Krugiodendron ferreum bwafe S - light brown, H - orange brown to dark brown, streaked; very hard, fine texture. 0.96-1.04 Laetia procera SIH - light yellow to orange; soft. 0.75 Lagerstroemia speciosa S - light yellow brown to grayish white, H - light red to reddish brown; fine to moderately coarse texture, lustrous, straight to wavy grain, works well, takes a good polish Laguncularia racemosa mang blan Leucaena leucocephala subsp. glabrata lisina - R-2.8 T- 5.5 - - - - - - - 0.55 Moderately Durable R-4A T-6.8 V -12.7 S - light brown, H - yellowish to dark greenish brown; moderately fine texture. 0.6O-Q.80 Nondurable - - S - pale yellow, H -light yellowish to reddish brown; close-grained, easily worked, strong. 0.5O-Q.79 Nondurable - - Very Durable c.l\-5 -0. $6' 1,055 Hard 196 Wood Properties SPECIES WOOD CHARACTERISTICS SPECIFIC GRAVITY DURABILITY SHRINKAGE (%) JANKA SIDE HARDNESS (Ibs.) Leucaena leucocephala - - - S -light yellow, H - yellow brown to dark brown; hard. 0.70 S - light yellowish brown, H - yellowish brown to coffee brown with a tinge of red or violet; moderate luster, fragrant, fine to medium texture, straight to slightly interlocked grain, strong. 0.68-0.96 Very Durable R- 5.4 T-7.9 V -12.5 2,900 Very Hard S - yellowish sapwood, H - yellowish brown to dark reddish brown; low to medium luster, no odor, straight to irregular or interlocked grain, striped with laminations of lighter color. 0.62-0.76 Durable R-3.9 T- 8.2 2,700 Very Hard subsp. leucocephala delen, inadlenn Licaria triandra loriejon Lonchocarpus spp. bwa dano, bwa kayman Lyonia rubiginosa S/H - light yellow. Lysiloma sabicu v-no - - - - S - white, H - lustrous brown with coppery or purplish tinge; no odor, medium texture, straight to roey grain, takes a high polish, easy to work. 0.52-0.65 Very Durable R-2.7 T-7.2 V -9.5 1,400 Hard Magnolia spp. S - white to light greenish brown, H - olive green to greenish brown, often streaked wI purple or dark brown; low to moderate luster, spicy fragrance, fine and uniform texture, straight to interlocked grain. 0.40--0.70 Durable R-3.6 T-7.0 V -11.2 1,090 Slightly Hard Mammea americana S - light brown, H - reddish brown; medium texture, irregular and interlocked grain, flecked wI dark, oily exudations. 0.62 Moderately Durable - - S/H - light brown with black streaks; lustrous, odorless, fine to coarse texture, interlocked to straight grain, easy to work, tom grain common, finishes and polishes well. 0.45-0.58 Nondurable tabeno zabriko Mangifera indica mango. Manilkara albescens H - reddish; hard and strong. - R-3.0 T-4.9 V -7.3 1,000 Slightly Hard Durable - - Very Durable R-6.3 T- 9.4 V-16.9 3,190 Extremely Hard bwa wil, sapoti mawon Manilkara bidentata sapoti, sapoti nwa S - whitish to pale brown, H - reddish brown; attractive, resembles mahogany, very strong and hard, low to medium luster, no odor, fine and uniform texture, straight to wavy or interlocked grain. 0.85 Manilkara jaimiqui ssp. haitensis H - dark reddish; hard. - Manilkara zapota H - dark red; very hard, strong and tough. - Durable - - - - - - sapoti Margaritaria nobilis S - light brown, H - brownish or pinkish. 0.90 Mastichodendron foetidissimum S - yellowish, H - yellowish to orange; hard and strong. 0.90 Durable - - S - light brown, H - uniform pinkish to reddish brown; very hard, attractive, strong, fine texture, irregular and interlocked grain, foul odor. 0.70 Nondurable - - - akoma, koma Matayba domingensis bwa grenn, bwa grenn nwa Wood Properties 197 SPECIES WOOD CHARACTERISTICS SPECIFIC GRAVITY DURABILITY 0.64-0.77 Nondurable Maytenus spp. bwa foumi, kajou sovaj, rezen mawon S - whitish, H - light reddish brown; low luster, no odor, very fine and unifonn texture, interlocked or irregular grain, satisfactory working qualities. Mecranium 'amygdalinum bwapijon H - light brown; hard. Melaleuca quiquenervia melalika S - yellowish, H - pink to reddish brown; moderately hard, fine to medium texture, interlocked grain, tough, silica dulls tools, takes a fine polish. 0.65 Melia azedarach lila S - yellowish white, H - reddish brown; lustrous, odorless, coarse and uneven texture, straight grain, works easy, takes a good polish. 0.40--{).52 Melicoccus bijugatus kenep S - light brown, H - light brown; pale yellow gray, fairly hard. Meliosma herbertii S - light brown, H - light brown wI darker I ,treill ~d o,,",go tingo; """" rextu« straight to interlocked grain, faint growth rings, difficult to work. - - 0.42 Metopium toxiferum bwa milat S - yellowish to light brown, H - dark brown, streaked wI red; hard wood takes a fine polish, easily worked. - Miconia spp. makrio, twazokbt SIH - whitish to light brown; hard. - Micropholis spp. sapoti S -light yellow to gray, H - yellow to gray brown with pinkish tinge or yelIowish-green hue; medium luster, fine I to """,urn texture, ,,"';glrt grnin, <aI=, high polish, difficult to saw wI high silica content. 0.52-0.78 SHRINKAGE (%) JANKA SIDE HARDNESS Obs.) R-4.6 T-8.9 2,240 Very Hard - - Durable R-4.0 T-9.5 V-16.2 - Durable R-5.0 T- 8.5 V -13.5 - Nondurable - - Nondurable - - Durable - - - - - - Moderately Durable R- 5.8 T- 8.5 V - 14.3 1,490 Hard I I - - - - - - - S - white to light brown; soft. - - - - Morisonia americana SIH - light brown; hard. - - - - Morusnigra mi SIH - light brown; soft. - - - - Mouriri domingensis kbmiye SIH - yellowish; hard, fine texture. - - - - Muntingia calabura bwa swa mawon S - whitish brown, H - pale brown; medium texture, irregular grain, very easily worked. - - - Murraya paniculata mit S -light yellow, H - light brown; hard, fine texture. - - - - - - - - Mimosa scabrella S - pinkish, H - grayish rose; medium texture, low luster, straight grain. Morinda citrifolia bwa doule S - yellow brown; soft. Moringa oleifera benzoliv SIH - light brown; hard. Myrcia citrifolia bwa damou, maget, malaget 0.45-0.67 Nondurable 198 Wood Properties SPECIES Myrcia deflexa WOOD CHARACfERISTICS 8 - whitish, H - reddish; hard and strong. SPECIFIC GRAVITY 0.80 DURABILITY SHRINKAGE (%) - Myrcia leptoclada 81H - light brown; very hard, fine texture. - Myrcia splendens 8 - light brown, H - reddish brown; hard. Myrica cerifera 8 - whitish, H - light brown; slightly hard. - - 0.45-0.60 - Nondurable Durable - - JANKA SIDE HARDNESS Obs.) - kanel abey, kanel dous Myristica frag rans 8 - light brown, H - light reddish brown to nwamiskad olive gray; fine to slightly coarse texutre, straight grain, lustrous, easy to work. Myrospermum frutescens Hard, heavy. Myroxylon balsamum 8 - white, H - deep red or purplish; medium to high luster, spicy scent, medium texture, interlocked grain. Myrsine coriacea 8 - whitish wI prominent white rays; hard. R-4.6" T-6.9 V - 12.4 8lightlyHard 1,020 - Very Durable" - - 0.74-0.81 Very Durable R-3.8 T-6.2 V -10.0 Very Hard 2,200 0.70 - - - - - - - bwa plom, mang Myrsine guianensis 81H -light brown; hard, strong. fey kane! Neolaugeria resinosa 81H -light brown; hard. 0.80 - - - Nerium oleander 81H - whitish yellow; slightly hard and brittle. 0.60 - - - loriewoz Ochroma pyramidale koton swa, mahodem Ocotea coriacea 8 - oatmeal with yellowish hue, H - pale brown or reddish tinged; high luster, no odor, medium to coarse texture, straight grain, velvety feel, soft and weak, prone to sap stain discoloration. 8 -light brown, H - dark brown. 0.22-0.26 Perishable R-3.0 T-7.6 V -10.8 75-100 Extremely 80ft - - - - - - - - - - - - - - lorie blan Ocotea floribunda H - rose white; easily worked~ loriepiant Ocotea globosa H -light brown. lone gran fey Ocotea leucoxylon 8 - pale yellowish brown to cream, H doliv, lorie blan, lorie gep, lorie woz, light golden brown without figure; moderately soft and strong, easily worked. Ocotea membranacea 8 - gray, H - yellowish to golden brown; moderately soft and strong, straight to wavy grain, medium texture, medium luster. loriejon Ocotea nemodaphne 8 - whitish; hard. Ocotea patens H -light brown; hard. Ocotea sintenisii 8 -light yellow, H - pale greenish to yellow; moderately soft, satiny luster, medium texture, interlocked or straight grain. Ormosia krugii 8 - yellowish, H - pinkish to reddish brown, streaked; medium luster, no odor, coarse texture, irregular grain, more or less streaked. bwanannon 0.45 NondUrable 0.45 - - - - - - - - - - 0.55 Moderately Durable 0.40-0.78 Perishable R-3.6 T-7.4 V -12.0 1,000-1,570 Hard Wood Properties 199 SPECIES WOOD CHARACTERISTICS SPECIFIC GRAVITY - Ottoschulzia rhodoxylon H - reddish; hard. Oxandra lanceolata bwa lans S • pale yellow; medium luster, no odor, very fine texture, straight grain, moderately difficult to work, finishes smoothly. Pachira spp. kolorad SIH - whitish; soft. Palicourea spp. SIH - light brown; hard, light weight. Parkinsonia aculeata madamyas S - yellowish, H - light or reddish brown; moderately hard, brittle. Peltophorum pterocarpum S - whitish; hard. / ~ Persea americana S - gray or cream-colored, H - brown, reddish or pinkish; medium to high luster, zaboka no odor, medium to coarse texture, straight to irregular grain, brittle. 0.81 DURABILITY - Nondurable SHRINKAGE (%) R-6.2 T~9.6 JANKA SIDE HARDJIfflSS Obs.) 2,830 Very Hard V -15.4 - - - - - - - - 0.56-0.67 - - - - - - - 0.40-0.65 Nondurable R-4.8 T-9.5 860 Slightly Hard V~13.5 - - - - Moderately Durable - - Durable - - - - - - - - - SIH - whitish yellow; soft. - - - - Pictetia aculeata gratgal S - light brown, H - dark brown; extremely hard. 0.8 Durable - - Pictetia spinifolia galgal S - light brown, H - dark brown. 0.97-1.31 Durable - - Pilocarpus racemosus S - light brown; hard. -'- - - 0.90 Durable - - 0.26-0.78 Moderately Durable (depends on resin content) R-6.3 T-7.8 V -12.9 Persea krugii pechmawon S - whitish; moderately soft. Petitia domingensis bwadoti S - light brown, H - attractive light to medium brown, variegated wI darker stripes; very hard, tough and strong, fine texture, straight, wavy or interlocked grain. 0.66 Phyllanthus acidus sibilinn H - reddish brown; moderately hard, strong, tough and fibrous, takes a good polish. 0.6 Phyllostylon brasiliense bwa blan S - yellowish to nearly white, H - lemon yellow, sometimes with dark streaks; no odor, fine and uniform texture, straight to irregular grain, takes a high polish, not difficult to work. Picramnia pentandra bwa ti gason S - whitish; hard. Picrasma excelsa fwenn, gori fwenn Pimenta racemosa S - light brown, H - brownish red or blackish and mottled; very hard, strong, bwa denn franse, tough. kloujirof Pinus caribaea bwa pen S - light brown, H - golden to red brown; medium luster, resinous odor, coarse texture, straight grain, compression wood often present. 0.65--0.92 - 1,120-1,240 Moderately Hard 200 Wood Properties SPECIES WOOD CHARACfERISTICS SPECIFIC GRAVITY DURABILITY SHRINKAGE (%) JANKA SIDE HARDNESS (Ibs.) Pinus occidentalis S -light yellow, H - pale yellow to golden or reddish brown; strong resinous odor, bwapen medium to coarse texture, heavy deposits of resin. 0.58-0.76 - - - Piper aduncum bwa majo, siwo SIH - whitish; hard. - - - - Piper tuberculatum SIH - iight brown; soft. - - - - Piptadenia peregrina bwa ekos, bwa kayman S - whitish to light brown, H - reddish brown to dark brown; high luster, no odor, fine to medium texture, straight to irregular grain, tends to tear when planing irregular grain. Pisonia albida S - whitish or yellowish, H - yellowish; coarse texture, moderately soft, silvery gum in the pores. Pisonia rotundata SIH - whitish; soft, porous. S - whitish, H - reddish brown to dark red; Pithecellobium streaked and figured, takes a fine polish, arboreum bwa kolye, pwazon strong. lasinet - Pithecellobium circinale kampech mawon 0.52-0.80 - Moderately Durable R-4.4 T- 6.4-7.5 V - 9.0-11.6 1,550-1,680 - - - Hard 0.50 Nondurable - - 0.70 Durable - - - - - - - - 0.91-1.12 0.58-0.69 - Pithecellobium dulce S - yellowish, H - yellowish or reddish brown; moderately soft, strong, brittle, takes a high polish, not easily worked. Pithecellobium unguis-cati H - light brown; hard. - - Pleodendron spp. SIH - nearly white; hard. - - - - Plumeria spp. franjipani SIH -light brown; slightly hard. - - - - Podocarpus spp. bwa liben SIH - pale yellow to yellowish brown; somewhat lustrous, no odor, fine texture, straight to slightly interlocked grain. Pouteria dictyoneura ssp. fuertesii karakole H - reddish; hard. - - - - Pouteria multiflora S - light brown, H - reddish brown; very hard, strong, fine texture, straight grain, indistinct growth rings. - - - - Pouteria sapota jon def H - light reddish or brown; moderately hard and strong. 0.60 Moderately Durable - - Prosopis juliflora bayawonn, gwatapana S -light yellow, H - yellowish to dark brown; moderately hard, tough and strong. 0.80 Moderately Durable - - Prunus myrtifolia lamandye ti fey S - light brown, H - light red; hard. - - - Prunus occidentalis lamandye gran fey S - light yellowish brown, H - dark reddish brown; very hard, medium to coarse texture, tough and strong. - - - 0.26-0.65 - 0.90-1.05 Durable Nondurable R-2.6 T-6.4 V -9.8 710-760 Soft Wood Properties 201 SPECIES I WOOD CHARACTERISTICS . SPECIFIC GRAVITY - DURABILITY SHRINKAGE (%) JANKA SIDE HARDNESS Obs.) - - - - - - - - Pseudolmedia spuria bwa meriz, long bab S - grayish or pinkish brown, H - reddish brown; very hard, medium coarse texture, variable grain, tough and strong. Psidium guajava gwayav S - light brown, H - brown or reddish; hard and strong. Psychotria spp. SIH - whitish to light yellow or brown; hard, brittle. Pterocarpus officinalis bwa nago, bwa pal S - yellowish to whitish, H - dark brown or purplish; medium luster, no odor, medium to coarse texture, straight to irregular grain. Quararibea turbinata S - whitish; hard. - - - - Randia aculeata krOk chen SIH - light brown; hard. - - - - Rauvolfia nitida bwa let femel S - light brown, H - clear yellow; hard. - - - - - - - - Reynosia uncinata SIH - light brown; hard. briyol, bwa ebenn, bwa fe mawon, galgal 0.80 0.65-0.78 Nondurable Very Durable R-3.9 T-6.8 V -10.8 Rheedia spp. bwa diou, zabriko S - light brown, H - dark yellowish-, grayish- or pinkish~brown; low to medium luster, no odor, fine to coarse texture, straight to irregular or roey grain, sometimes specked with resinous exudations. 0.65-0.78 Durable to Nondurable R-4.0 T-14.0 V -16.2 Very high Rhizophora mangle mang chandel, mang nwa, mang wouj S - yellowish, grayish or pinkish, H - dark red to reddish brown; low luster, no odor, fine to medium texture, straight to irregular grain. 0.89 Durable R-5.0 T-lO.7 V -14.3 1,380 Hard - 2,760 Very Hard - - - - S - light brown, H - dark brown; hard. - - - - Rondeletia spp. SIH - light brown; hard. - - Outer stem - gray, odorless, very coarSe texture, straight grain. Planks can be planed and sanded smooth. - - Roystonea borinquena palmis - - Sambucus simpsonii siwo SIH - light brown; soft. - - Sapindus saponaria savonet, savonet peyi S - whitish, H - yellow or light brown; hard, coarse texture. - ,...- Ricinus communis SIH - whitish; soft. maskriti Rochefortia acanthophora Iebenn, gratgal SIH - whitish, yellowish or light brown; Sapium spp. bwa brilan, bwa let low luster, odorless, medium texture, straight to slightly interlocked grain, prone to sap stain discoloration. - Moderately Durable - 0.80 Nondurable 0.38-0.52 Perishable R-3.3 T-6.6 V-9.2 700 Soft 202 Wood Properfies SPECIES WOOD CHARACfERISTICS H - light brown to yellow; hard, fine Schaefferia texture. frutescens bwa kapab, ti gason Schefflera morototoni bwakano S/H - pale brownish color; medium luster, no odor, fine to medium texture, straight grain, brittle. Securinega acidoton S/H -light brown; hard, fine texture. Senna atomaria bwakabrit S - yellow, H - dark brown, hard. Senna polyphylla var. montis-christi S/H - light brown; hard. Senna siamea kasya S - whitish to light brown, H - dark brown to nearly black. streaked; moderately hard. Senna spectabilis kas mawon S - whitish, H - brown; hard. Simarouba spp. bwa blan, fwenn S/H - whitish or straw colored wI occasional oil streaks; high luster, odorless, uniform and medium texture, straight grain. Sloanea amygdalina bwa kok. chapo S - whitish; hard. SPECIFIC GRAVITY 0.36-0.54 - DURABILITY SHRINKAGE (%) Perishable R-5.9 T-9.2 V -14.8 JANKA SIDE HARDNESS Obs.) 665-915 Soft - - - - - - - - - Durable - - - Durable - - O.34-Do4l Nondurable 0.57-D.85 0.57-D.83 - - R- 2.3 T-5.0 V -8.0 440 Soft - - - - kare Sloanea berteriana S - yellowish brown, fI- multicolored, from yellow brown to pinkish brown and dark brown wI streaks; hard, strong, medium texture, irregular grain, prominent growth rings. Solanum antillarum S/H - whitish to light brown; hard. - - - - Solanum erianthum amouret mawon, tabakmawon S/H -light brown; hard. - - - - 0.80 Durable Solanum torvum amouret S/H - whitish to pale yellow; soft. - - - - Spathodea campanulata motel etranje S - whitish; soft. - - - - Spondias dulcis wob, pOrn site S - whitish to light yellow, H -light brown; moderately soft. - Nondurable - - Spondias mombin monben S/H - cream or buff colored; medium luster, odorless, medium to coarse texture, straight to irregular grain, sticky resin. Perishable R-2.7 T-4.7 V -7.5 Spondias purpurea siwel S/H - whitish; soft and brittle. - - - - Stahlia monosperma S - light brown, H - dark brown; very hard, strong. - Durable - - Solanum rugosum S/H - whitish; soft and brittle. 0.26-0040 335-510 Soft Wood Properties 203 SPECIES WOOD CHARACfERISTICS SPECIFIC GRAVITY DURABILITY SHRINKAGE 0.26-0.40 Perishable R-3.7 T- 8.3 V - 11.8 Moderately Durable - (%) JANKA SIDE HARDNESS Obs.) Sterculia apetala pisrach S - yellowish, H - yellowish, reddish or light brown; coarse texture, medium luster, straight to irregular grain, spongy, prone to sap staindiscoloration, easy to work. Suriana maritima krist marinn S - light red, H - dark red or reddish brown; hard and strong, fine texture. Swietenia macrophylla kajou etranje, kajou venezwela S - yellow to white, H - light reddish brown; golden luster, odorless, fine to coarse texture, straight, roey, wavy or curly grain, attractive figure; easy to work, takes a fine polish. 0.48-0.60 Durable R-3.0 T -4.1 V -7.8 770-970 Slightly Hard Swietenia mahagoni kajou peyi S - yellow to white, H - yellowish-red to deep reddish brown; high, silky and golden luster, odorless, fine texture, straight, roey, curly or wavy grain, attractive figure, strong. 0.57-0.80 Durable R-4.6 T-5.4 V-6.9 1,330 Moderately Hard Symphonia globulifera bwa kochon S - whitish, H - yellowish-, grayish- or greenish brown; variable, medium luster, odorless, coarse texture, straight to irregular grain, mealy appearance, high silica content, easy to work. 0.52-0.65 Durable R-5.7 T-9.7 V'-15.6 1,120 Slightly Hard Syzygium jambos pOm woz SIH - brown; hard, close-grained. 0.70 Nondurable - - Syzygium malaccense pOm malezi S - light brown; hard and tough, tends to warp, difficult to work. - - Tabebuia spp. bwa nago, sip SIH - light brown to golden; low to medium luster, odorless, medium to coarse texture, straight to roey grain, finishes well. Tabernaemontana S - whitish brown; medium hard, fine texture. citrifolia bwa let mal - 0.52-0.65 - 0.80-0.90 Moderately to Very Durable - - 960 Soft - - - - - 1,000-1,155 Moderately Hard Tamarindus indica tarnarenn S -light yellow, H - dark pwplish brown; very hard and strong, takes a fine polish. Tecoma stans chevalye S - light brown; hard. Tectona grandis tek S - pale yellowish, H - dark yellow to golden brown; scented, fine to medium texture, straight or wavy grain, high silica content, oily feel, works easily, finishes smoothly. 0.52-0.65 Very Durable R-2.5 T-5.8 V-7.0 Tenninalia catappa zamann S - light brick red, H - brick red to reddish brown; lustrous, odorless, medium to coarse texture, interlocked and irregular grain, tom grain common, works easily. 0.45-0.58 Perishable R-4.5 T-5.7 V-IO.3 - Ternstroemia peduncularis bwa denn mawon SIH - light brown; hard. - - - Tetragastris spp. bwa kochon S - yellowish-brown, H - orange brown wI darker streaks; medium to high luster, fragrant, fine texture, irregular to roey grain, high silica content Durable R-4.4 T- 8.5 V -13.9 1,770-2,170 Hard Tetrazygia spp. S - light brown; hard. - - - - 0.63-0.78 - Durable R-3.6 T-6.1 V-9.5 270-530 Soft - - 204 Wood Properties SPECIES WOOD CHARACTERISTICS SPECIFIC GRAVITY SHRINKAGE (%) JANKA SIDE HARDNESS Obs.) - - - - - - - - - - - SIH - yellowish; hard, fine texture. - - - - SIH - light brown; soft. - - - - SIH - light brown; soft and weak. 0.40 - - - S - light brown to creamy white, H reddish brown wI darker veins; medium luster, fine texture, straight grain, easy to work, fine sanding qualities. 0.50 Durable - - S - creamy to yellowish, H - light to dark brown; fairly lustrous, odorless; medium texture, straight to irregular grain, parenchyma markings. 0.42--0.65 Perishable - SIH - light brown; hard. - S - light brown, H - chocolate brown; moderately soft, takes a fine polish. - SIH - brownish gray; hard, fine texture, easily worked. - Hard and lightweight, soft pith toward center. Torralbasia cunefolia Trema lamarckiana Theobroma cacao DURABILITY - subsp. cacao kakawo Thespesia populnea Durable fey dayiti, gran maho, motel debou Thevetia peruviana bwa sezisman Thrinax morrisii latanye lame mahopiman Trema micrantha bwaswa Trichilia hirta' monben bata Trophis racemo~a bwa nef, ramo Turpina occidentalis S - whitish; hard and brittle. Vitex divaricata S - yellowish, grayish to pale brown, H olive to deep brown; low to high luster, odorless, fine to moderately coarse texture, straight to irregular grain, well defined growth rings, high silica content, easy to work, takes a fine polish. bwa leza Weinmannia pinnata S - whitish, H - reddish brown; hard. Ximenia americana krok, makabi S - yellow, H ~ reddish brown or orange; very hard, fine texture, slightly fragrant, easy to work, takes a fine polish. Xylosma spp. S - whitish to light brown; hard. - 0.52--0.62 0.95 - - Durable' - R-3.2 T- 6.4 V-IO.4 770 Soft 1,160 Moderately Hard - - - - - - - - - - - pikan woz Zanthoxylum flavum bwapine Zanthoxylum martinicense pine blan Zanthoxylum monophyllum bwapine S - whitish to light yellow, H - yellowish brown; very hard, high, satiny luster, coconut scent, fine and even texture, interlocked or irregular grain, roey or mottled figure, takes a fine polish. 0.65--0.90 S - whitish, H - cream to light yellowish brown; moderately hard, straight to irregular grain, good luster, easily worked. 0.46--0.66 - - - S -light yellow, H - dark brown; very hard and tough; fine texture, growth rings, takes a good polish. 0.76 - - - Nondurable Wood Properties 205 WOOD CHARACTERISTICS SPECIES SPECIFIC GRAVITY DURABILITY SHRINKAGE (%) JANKA SIDE HARDNESS (Ibs.) ZiZiphus spp. kOKmol SIH - light brown or yellowish; hard. - 0.90 - - Table 19.2 Energy values for major fuel wood species of Hispaniola. Standard error of the means is shown in parentheses. SPECIES HEAT OF COMBUSTION ---OVEN-DRY--- (megajoules kg· l ) HEAT OF COMBUSTION ---14% MC--- (megajoules kg· l SITE AND SOURCE ) Acacia macracantha zakasya pikan 19.574 (0.015) 16.827 (0.013) Mao, Rep. Dom:, Maxwell (1985) Acacia scleroxyla kandelon 19.899 (0.099) 17.107 (0.085) Mao, Rep. Dom., Maxwell (1985) Acacia tortuosa zakasya wouj 16.215 (0.091) 13.939 (0.078) Cul-de-Sac, Haiti, Timyan (1988) Acacia tortuosa zakasya wouj 19.302 (0.022) 16.590 (0.022) Mao, Rep. Dom., Maxwell (1985) Amyris sp. bwachandel 21.476 (0.094) 18.462 (0.081) Mao, Rep. Dam., Maxwell (1985) Azadirachta indica nim 19.69 (0.314) 16.923 (0.270) Cul-de-Sac, Haiti, Timyan (1988) Bursera simaruba gomye 18.282 (0.152) 15.717 (0.131) Mao, Rep. Dom., Maxwel1 (1985) Caesalpinia coriaria divi divi 19.863 (0.124) 17.075 (0.107) Mao, Rep. Dam., Maxwel1 (1985) Capparis sp. 20.114 (0.180) 17.291 (0.155) Mao, Rep. Dom., Maxwell (1985) Capparis flexuosa bwakaka 19.254 (0.082) 16.552 (0.070) Mao, Rep. Dam., Maxwel1 (1985) Casearia guianensis kafe mawon 19.601 (0.027) 16.850 (0.023) Mao, Rep. Dom., Maxwell (1985)- Coccoloba leoganensis 19.489 (0.056) 16.754 (0.048) Eugenia foetida ti fey 19.909 (0.784) 17.115 (0.674) Mao, Rep. Dam., Ma;{well (1985) Cul-de-Sac, Haiti, Timyan (1988) Exostema caribaeum kenkena peyi 20.685 (0.104) 17.782 (0.089) Mao, Rep. Dom., Maxwell (1985) Guaiacum officinale gayak 21.080 (0.731) 18.121 (0.628) Cul-de-Sac, Haiti, Timyan (1988) Guaiacum officinale gayak 21.170 (0.085) 18.199 (0.073) Mao, Rep. Dom., Maxwell (1985) Haematoxylon campechianum kampech 17.891 (0.558) 15.380 (0.480) Cul-de-Sac, Haiti, Timyan (1988) Krugiodendronferreum bwafi: 19.066 (0.100) 16.390 (0.086) Mao, Rep. Dam., Maxwell (1985) Leucaena leucocephala subsp. glabrata lisina 18.142 (0.467) 15.596 (0.401) Cul-de-Sac, Haiti, Timyan (1988) Maytenus buxi/olia bwa foumi 19.575 (0.067) 16.828 (0.058) Mao, Rep. Dom., Maxwell (1985) 206 Wood Properties SPECIES HEAT OF COMBUSTION ···OVEN·DRY··· (megajoules kg· l ) HEAT OF COMBUSTION ···14% MC-(megajoules kg-I) Phyllostylon brasiliensis bwablan 18.089 (0.342) 15.550 (0.294) Cul-de-Sac, Haiti, Timyan (1988) . Phyllostylon brasiliensis bwa blan 19.038 (0.119) 16.366 (0.102) Mao, Rep. Dom., Maxwell (1985) Pictetia spinifolia gratigal 20.610 (0.106) 17.717 (0.091) Mao, Rep. Dom., Maxwell (1985) Pithecellobium circinale kampech mawon 19.447 (0.045) 16.718 (0.039) Mao, Rep. Dom., Maxwell (1985) Pithecellobium unguis-cati 19.050 (0.872) 16.376 (0.750) Cul-de-Sac, Haiti, Timyan (1988) Prosopis juliflora bayawonn 19.926 (0.014) 17.130 (0.012) Cul-de-Sac, Haiti, Timyan (1988) Prosopis juliflora bayawonn 18.300 (0.097) 15.732 (0.083) Mao, Rep. Dom., Maxwell (1985) Senna atomaria bwakabrit 19.328 (0.415) 16.615 (0.357) Cul-de-Sac, Haiti, Timyan (1988) Senna atomaria bwakabrit 19.688 (0.094) 16.925 (0.081) Mao, Rep. Dom., Maxwell (1985) SITE AND SOURCE 20 Medicinal Uses Trees have provided a rich source of ingredients that Haitians and other people of Hisponiola have used for centuries in their folk medicine. After Charles Plumier published his Description des Plantes de l'Amerique in 1693, based in part on floristic studies conducted in Haiti, two French doctors wrote on the utilization of medicinal plants in Haiti: RenePouppee Desportes wrote Histoire des Maladies de Saint Domingue in 1740 and E. Descourtilz wrote Flore Pittoresque et Medicinales des Antilles in 1821. Recent ethnobotanical studies have been conducted on the medicinal plants of Haiti, including those by Brutus and Pierre-Noel (1959, 1960, 1966), Leon (1980), Weniger (1985), Weniger and Rouzier (1986), and Rouzier (1990). Studies dealing with many of the same species present throughout the Caribbean and Latin American include Ayensu (1981), Morton (1981), Nunez (1982), Tramil I (1984), Darnault and Longuefosse (1985), Tramil II (1986), Joseph (1988), Seaforth (1988), Tramil III (1988), Ansel et al. (1989) and Liogier (1990). The medicinal use of trees is an important part of Haitian cultural knowledge, and its effectiveness must be reinforced by scientific study. At times there is concern, even contempt, among Western medical researchers about traditional, local practices. Precision in dosages of curative treatments is difficult. Some remedies have been shown to contain toxic compounds; others fade into the universe of mysticism and magic. Strict ethical guidelines in the application of treatments are rarely explicit. However, the beauty of traditional medicines comes down to an issue of cultural diversity and a deeper understanding of the role that plants play in the daily lives of . people. Without this diversity, modem pharmaceutical science would not be what it is today. Herbal remedies are locally available and foster a self-reliance among those who can ill-afford the high costs of imported pharmaceuticals. Perhaps an art more than a science, one of the most important contributions of folk medicine is that it adds to our understanding of Haitian trees. A list of trees that are commonly used for medicinal purposes in Haiti is provided in Table 20.1 below. The table includes 76 families, 222 genera and 293 taxa. The taxa are arranged alphabetically by species. The first column gives the scientific and Creole names associated with the tree. The second column summarizes the ailments, followed by the tree part and the principal method of application. Specific prescriptions, such as dosage and frequency, are not given, as these are rarely specified in the literature and can vary considerably among users according to recipe. Moreover, the table does not rank the order of species importance as a medicinal source for the ailments, though this work can be found for areas of Haiti studied by Service Oecumenique d'Entraide since the 1980s. Many of the tree species invariably are associated with specific treatments. Examples include the relief of sore throat with Spondias purpurea or lowering of blood pressure with Terminalia catappa. The genera that stand out in importance· are important fruit trees - notably Citrus (sweet and sour orange, key lime, and pummelo) and Annona (soursop, custard 207 ' 208 Medicinal Uses apple, and cherimoya). Citrus is most valued for its aromatic oil, the antiseptic quality' of its acidic juice, and the nutritive value of its fruit. It is here where the distinction between a healthy diet and a prescriptive medicine becomes blurred. As for the nonfood species, it is interesting to note how quickly exotic species such as neem (Azadirachta indica) and Eucalyptus spp. have gained acceptance in local medicine. One can only wonder about the process whereby peasant society accepts or rejects the remedial powers of a tree species. Table,20.1 Summary of the medicin.al uses of trees and shrubs found in Haiti. SPECIES MEDICINAL USES Acaciafamesiana zakasyajon Fever, typhus: root bath, applied to rectum, or cooked root, taken orally. Tuberculosis: root decoction, taken orally. Gangrene: root decoction, applied externally. Bladder infection: leaf decoction, taken orally. Wound: dried, pulverized leaf, applied externally. Stomach ache: flower tea, taken orally. Diarrhea, eye/throat infection: crushed froit juice, taken orally. Acacia macracantha zakasya pikan Fever: root and leaf drink, taken orally, or wann water bath. Gum disease: crushed leaf mouthwash. Infected sore: root and leaf wash and compress. Dysentery, chronic diarrhea, gangrene: leaf decoction, taken orally or applied. Acacia scleroxyla bwa savann, kandelon, tandrakayou Skin itch: wash with crushed leaves. Adansonia digitata ~apou etranje Fever: fruit pulp juice or macerated bark wI wine drink. Diarrhea, bladder and kidney infection: leaf, either decoction or prepared wI food. Dysentery: dry, mealy pulp surrounding the seed, eaten. Adenanthera pavonina reglis Migraine, headache: pulverized wood mixed wI water, taken orally. Diarrhea, dysentery, tonsillitis: bark and leaf decoction, taken orally.. CAUTION: Seeds are poisonous. Albizia lebbeck tcha tcha Diarrhea: bark decoction wI salt, taken orally. Snakebite, ulcer: pulverized bark, applied externally. Flu, chest cold, cough, lung infection: flower syrup, taken orally. Asthma, eczema: stem bark decoction, taken orally. Boils, skin eruptions: flower poultice. Eye ailments: leaf and bark decoction, applied externally. CAUTION: Contains toxic heterocides (Ansel et aI., 1989). Usage not recommended (Rouzier, 1990). Albizia saman saman Anxiety, nervousness: fruit decoction, taken orally. Constipation: leaf tea or infusion, taken orally. Dysentery, hemorrhage: fruit ingested. Throat infection: chew seed. Alchornea latifolia bwa krapo, fey krapo, pwa vach Tuberculosis: flower, leaf and twig decoction, taken orally. Chest cold: leaf tea, taken orally. Aleurites fordii nwazet Leprosy: seed oil, applied externally. Aleurites moluccana nwazet Purgative: seed. CAUTION: Seed remeclies are not recommended due to their toxicity (Liogier, 1990). Allophylus cominia kafe mawon, twa fey, twa pawbl Diabetes: leaf decoction, taken orally. Coma: leaf boiled 3 times, tea taken orally. Tuberculosis, hemoptysis: twig decoction, taken orally. Allophylus occidentalis . twa fey, twa pawol Stomach cramp, migraine, anaphrodisiac: leaf infusion in boiling water. Alvaradoa haitiensis abe mawon, ti abe Malnutrition complex: pulverized leaves applied as a bath or massage. Amyris balsamifera bwa chandeI Phlegm, choke: macerated root wi sweet wine, taken orally. , Medicinal Uses 209 MEDICINAL USES SPECIES Anacardium occidentale nwakajou Anemia: bark (macerated or decoction) wI salt, taken orally. Diabetes, thrush, plaque, diarrhea, malarial fever: bark or leaf decoction, taken orally. Skin rash, wart, acne, toothache, flu, phlegm, constipation, diarrhea, edema, hemoptysis: cashew pericarp juice. Nervous disorders: bark tea as a tonic. Aphrodisiac: toasted seed or leaf infusion. Burns, skin ailments: crushed mature leaf poultice. CAUTION: Pericarp oil is caustic and must be used with prudence. Andira inermis bwa palmis, pwa palmis Urethritis: macerated root, taken orally. Fever, intestinal worms: stem bark decoction in small doses. Constipation: seed decoction, taken orally. Skin rash, quicklime burn: leaf compress. Wound: macerated seed poultice. Annona cherimotia kachiman Indigestion, constipation: boiled leaves or fruit as decoction or cooked, taken orally. NB: Seed reported to have anti-cancer properties (Liogier, 1990). Annona glabra kowosbl mawon Hepatitis, liver ailments, worms, rheumatism: flower and leaf extracts, taken orally. Chest cold, dry cough, tuberculosis: fruit syrup, taken orally. NB: Leaves contain a poisonous' narcotic used to kill fish. Annona muricata kowosbl Digestive tract ailments: leaf decoction wI salt, taken orally. Intestinal malaise: leaf and crushed seed infusion, taken orally. Fatigue: leaf decoction wI salt or sugar, taken orally. Anxiety: leaf or bark decoction. Cold, chest pain, nerve disorders: flower or flower bud tea with honey. Flu, cold: fruit syrup. Hepatitis, fever: fruit as a food. Nervous shock: leaf massage. CAUTION: Seed contains a strong poison, used as a potent insecticide, that induces severe vomiting. Annona reticulata kachiman ke bet Digestive tract ailments, fever, nerve disorders, anemia: leaf (sometimes bark) decoction wI salt. taken orally. Fatigue: leaf decoction wI sugar or salt. taken orally. Dermatosis: leaf decoction. taken orally. Headache: crushed leaves applied as a bath. Sprain: crushed bark in warm, salty water and applied as poultice. NB: Exhibits antispasmodic and analgesic properties; requires further research for internal use (Tramil III. 1988). Annona squamosa kachiman kanel Diarrhea, chronic dysentery: leaf, bark or green fruit infusion. taken orally. Cramp, spasm: leaf or sprout tea. Antirhea lucida bwa patat, zaboka mawon Colic: strong leaf infusion wI Hedyosmum nutans. Astringent: root. Artocarpus altitis laba pen, lam veritab Blood pressure: fruit (sometimes leaf or flowers) decoction, taken orally. Wart, skin ulcer, abscess: caustic latex or bark poultice. Burn: stewed fruit compress. Constipation: cooked fruit. easily digested. NB: Leaf extracts contain substances with hypotensive properties (Seaforth. 1988). Artocarpus heterophyllus jakiye Same applications as Artocarpus altitis. Diarrhea, fever: root decoction. taken orally. Intestinal worms, syphilis: sap, taken orally. Ulcer, wound: leaf ash, applied externally. Aspidosperma cuspa madarnjan Cholera, asthma, snakebite: root decoction. taken orally. Ulcer: leaf poultice. Averrhoa bitimbi blinblin Fever: green fruit juice, taken orally. Poisonous bite: leaf, applied as a poultice. Avicennia germinans mangnwa Diarrhea, intestinal irritation, colic: bark decoction, taken orally. Sore, wound: bark decoction wash. Bleeding gums: bark decoction rinse. Hemorrhoids: bark decoction bath. Skin disease: gum exudate lotion. Azadirachta indica nim Fever: leaf decoction wI salt taken, orally. Head lice: fruit pulp ointment. Skin ulcer, cramp: seed oil, applied externally. NB: Alcoholic extracts contain antipyretic and anti-inflammatory substances (Pousset, 1989). Bactris plumeriana koko makak Fever: leaf tea, taken orally. Bambusa vulgaris bambou Cold, malarial fever: leaf decoction, taken orally. Dysentery: sweet sap drink. Diuretic: root decoction. Rash: stem 'bark' decoction bath. Fever: leaf boiled wI Pannicum maximum leaf and white rum drink. Bauhinia divaricata bwa kalson, koleg. ti kalson Heart palpitation, spasm, upset stomach: macerated leaf decoction, taken orally. Bauhinia monandra de jimel, jimel Dysentery: .dried buds and young flower infusion, taken orally. Irregular gastrointestinal tract: leaf drink. 210 Medicinal Uses SPECIES MEDICINAL USES Bixa orellana woukou Headache: leaf, applied to forehead. Mouth/throat infection: leaf decoction, gargle. Asthma: root decoction, taken orally. Fever: macerated seed decoction, taken orally. Dysentery, kidney infection: pulp surrounding seed, astringent drink. Blighia sapida Fever, cold, intestinal worms: leaf tea, taken orally. aki Bocconia frutescens bwa jonis, bwa kok denn Jaundice: roots blended wI wann water, taken orally. Bontia daphnoides doliv bata, mang mawon Insect bite: macerated leaf and fruit wI alcohol. Herpes: resin. Swollen tissue: flower decoction or fruit oil extract, massage. Ulcer, sore: leaf, flower and fruit decoction, wash. Bucida buceras grigri Fever: bark and leaf decoction, taken orally. Bunchosia glandulosa bwa kaka, bwa poulet Amenorrhea, menstrual pain: leaf infusion, taken orally. Asthma, bronchitis: leafjuice, taken orally. Rheumatism: leaf bath. Bursera simaruba gomye Toothache, abscess, swollen glands, chest pain: sap or terminal shoot, applied in natural form as a compress. Fever: bark tea, taken orally. Digestive tract ailments, urethritis: macerated bark or root, taken orally. Kidney stones, diarrhea, lung infection: resin, taken orally. Gangrene: leaf compress. Snakebite: macerated seed in aqueous resin, applied to bite. Byrsonima crassifolia Fever, diarrhea, menorrhagia: root decoction, taken orally. Byrsonima spicata liann kolik, liann towo, towo tig Inflammation, ulcer: leaf decoction, applied externally. Dysentery, bronchitis, cough: fruit, root and bark decoction, taken orally. Caesalpinia bonduc grenn kinik, kanik, kinik, kinikjon Asthma, mental distress: leaf decoction, taken orally. Fever, intestinal worms: pulverized ,seed infusion, taken orally. Caesalpinia ciliata Convulsion, venereal disease: seed kernel decoction, taken orally. kanik, kinik, kinik jon, wawi Caesalpinia coriaria divi divi, gwatapana Diarrhea: fruit cut in small pieces, prepared in an infusion, taken orally. Throat infection: fruit decoction gargled. Skin disease, wound: bark, leaf and green fruit infusion, wash. Fever: powdered dry seed, taken orally. Stomach ache: leaf and shoot decoction, taken orally. Caesalpinia pulcherrima fransilad Fever: root decoction, taken orally. Liver infection: leaf cooked, taken orally. Canker sore: leaf decoction, gargled or mouth wash. Bronchial infection, erysipelas, measles, wound: ground leaf and flower decoction, take orally or applied. Caesalpinia vesicaria Diarrhea: bark, roasted and powdered, taken orally. Calophyllum calaba Blood pressure, liver disorders: leaf decoction, taken orally. Swollen glands, abscess: latex or terminal shoot, applied externiUly. Skin itch: bathe with crushed leaves. Burn: resin, applied to bum. Hernia: resin, taken orally. Skin infection: seed oil lotion. damari Calotropis procera koton swa Blood pressure: leaf infusion, taken orally. Leprosy, elephantiasis, syphilis: root, bark and latex application. Intestinal worms, toothache: bark and latex, taken orally. Depilatory: latex. Cameraria latifolia bwalet Blood disorders: leaf or macerated root decoction wI salt, taken orally or as a bath. Rotten tooth: latex, applied to fracture tooth. .' Cananga odorata ilanilan NB: Plant has properties that lower blood pressure; used as an antiseptic and source of essential oil used in cosmetics (Liogier, 1990). Canella winterana kanel Rheumatism: macerated bark in alcohol, massage. Fever, abortive: bark decoction, taken orally. Capparis cyanophallophora Skin diseases, herpes: root decoction, applied externally. Edema, intestinal worms: root decoction, taken orally. bwa dajan, bwa kaka Capparis ferruginea bwa senegal Venereal disease: leaf decoction, taken orally. Thrush: leaf decoction, gargled. Skin diseases, herpes: strong leaf decoction, applied externally. Nerve disorders: flower tea, taken orally. Hysteria, shock, mourning: root bath. Capparis flexuosa bwakaka Skin diseases, herpes: strong leaf decoction, applied externally. Spasm: fruit decoction, taken orally. Medicinal Uses 211 SPECIES MEDICINAL USES Capparis gonaivensis bwarav Gout: root decoction, taken orally. Carapa guianensis Skin itch: leaf boiled in water, applied as lotion. Fever, intestinal worms: fruit rind decoction, taken orally. Hepatitis, tetanus: seed oil decoction, taken orally. Skin disease, ringworm: seed oil decoction or soap, applied externally. Carica papaya papay Gastrointestinal ailments: fruit and juice, eaten. Sores: fresh leaf poultice. Rheumatism: fresh root wI sugar cane alcohol, taken orally or massaged. Cough, bronchitis, asthma, chest cold: flower decoction, taken orally. NB: The juice of unripe fruit is the source of papain. This protein-splitting enzyme is used as an aid in digestion and as a meat tenderizer. Carpodiptera cubensis bwadoti Digestive disorders ofnewboms: fresh leaf infusion, taken orally. Menstrual ailments, urine retention, bladder infection, bad blood, constipation: root, stem or leaf infusion, taken orally. Carpodiptera simonis bwadoti Uterine hemorrhage, anemia, head congestion, arteriosclerosis: flower and wood tea, taken orally. Casearia sylvestris papelit Sore, ulcer: leaf and stem decoction, applied to infected area. Fever, syphilis, diuretic: leaf decoction, taken orally. Cassia fistula kas dou, kas panyol Worms: leaf of fruit decoction wI salt, taken orally. Cassia grandis baton kas Digestive tract ailments: leaf decoction wI salt, taken orally. Skin itch: massage and wash with crushed leaves. Hysteria, nervousness, abortion: leaf, flower, fruit pulp or seed beverage, taken orally. Skin infection: macerated root in alcohol, applied as a tincture. Fever, rheumatism: root and bark infusion, taken orally. Cassine xylocarpa Stimulant: plant parts, edible fruit. Cassipourea guianensis Astringent: bark. Castilla elastica Sore throat: leaf decoction, taken orally. Catalpa longissima chenn Fever: leaf decoction wI salt, taken orally. Asthma: leaf decoction wI salt, taken orally. Fever, dysentery, uterine hemorrhage, leukorrhea: bark decoction, taken orally. Throat infections, tonsillitis: bark infusion, taken orally. Sore: dried leaf and bark infusion wash. Hemorrhoids: macerated leaf wI water bath. NB: Febrifruge properties require further research (rrarnil nI, 1988). Cecropia peltata twompet Inflammation: pulverized leaf decoction applied as a bath or poultice. Fever, asthma, Parkinson's disease, spleen ailments, epilepsy: leaf decoction, taken orally. Dysentery, hemorrhage, toothache: astringent made from inner bark and shoots. Gangrene, skin ulcer, wart: caustic latex applied externally. Diarrhea: bark infusion, taken orally. NB: Contains ursolic acid with diarrheic properties (Duke, 1985). Cedrela odorata sed Digestive tract ailments: macerated bark wI salt, taken orally. Malarial fever, epilepsy, ciguatera, cough: root bark, leaf or twig decoction, taken orally. Pain: leaf or twig bath. Abortion: large quantities of bark decoction, taken orally. Toothache: bark decoction, as gargle. Bronchitis: resin decoction, taken orally. Ceiba pentandra mapou Dizziness: fresh leaf compress or lotion. Edema: boiled root decoction. Skin biteJinfection, fatigue, erysipelas, sprains, boils: leaf decoction, as bath or poultice. Constipation, diabetes: root infusion, taken orally. Upset stomach: gum, eaten. Contraceptive: tender shoot decoction. Placenta expulsion: fruit rind. Cough, hoarse throat: leaf infusion, taken orally. Cereus hexagonus Diuretic, dysentery: macerated root wI water, taken orally. Chiococca alba leimak, krOk souri Purgative, diuretic, emetic, rheumatism: root decoction, taken orally. Chlorophora tinctoria bwajon Hepatitis: macerated root wI water, taken orally. Tooth anesthetic: dried latex placed beside tooth. Mouth sore; sore throat: gargle wI fruit decoction. Cold: flower infusion, taken orally. Chrysobalanus icaco ikak Dysentery, diarrhea: bark, leaf and root decoction, taken orally. Tonsillitis, sore throat: honey wI fruit oil and leaf decoction, taken orally. Chrysophyllum cainito kaymit Wound: leaf underside grated and applied as a compress. Hemorrhage: fruit. Fever: cooked fruit. Hypoglycemia: leaf decoction, taken orally. NB: Rich in tannins (Morton, 1981). Chrysophyllum oliviforme kaymit mawon Wound, sore: leaf underside grated and applied as a compress. 212 Medicinal Uses SPECIES MEDICINAL USES Cinnamomum verum kanel Rheumatism: essence as a poultice. Spasm, stomach/intestinal gas: essence, taken orally. Citharexylum caudatum kafe mawon, kafe sovaj Abortive: bark. Hoarse throat: leaf or macerated seed infusion, taken orally. Citharexylum fruticosum grenad mawon, kafe mawon, madamklOd Abortive: bark. Lung infection, cold, bronchitis: leaf drink and flower syrup, taken orally. Citrus aurantifolia sitwon Digestive system ailments, fever, tuberculosis, worms: leaf and fruit decoction wI salt, taken orally. Liver ailments: inside peel, macerated, wI salt, taken orally. Headache: crushed leaf decoction applied as a head bath. Head cold, loss of appetite, epilepsy: fruit juice, wI sugar, taken orally. Toothache: fruit decoction or juice mouthwash wI salt. Wound, eye infection: fruit juice rinse or compress. General fatigue: fruit juice wI salt and sugar. Urethritis: macerated root or fruit juice, taken orally. NB: Lime juice stimulates gastrointestinal system; photosensitivity associated with wound treatments· (Tramil III, 1988). Citrus aurantium zoranj si Digestive tract ailments, head cold, loss of appetite, general fatigue: fruit juice wI sugar or salt, taken orally. Chest pain, skin itch: massage or compress on the diaphragm with a hot orange. Respiratory ailments: roasted fruit, taken orally. Vomiting, nerve disorders: leaf decoction wI salt, taken orally. Liver ailments: fruit juice, taken orally. Headache: crushed leaf decoction and applied as head bath. Rheumatism, broken bone, inflammation: roasted fruit or leaf decoction applied as a massage or bath. NB: Fruit decoction exhibit anti-hemorrhagic properties in the gastrointestinal tract (Tramil, 1988); rich in vitamin C . against infection; limonene exhibits expectorant properties; oils exhibit light anti-spasmodic and sedative properties (Paris and Moyse, 1976). Citrus limetta kalmouk Kidney stones, gall bladder stones, hematuria, blood pressure, scurvy: fruits eaten daily. Fever: fruit boiled in soda water. Citrus limon limon frans Similar properties as Citrus aurantifolia. Citrus maxima chadek General fatigue, flu, fever: fruit juice, taken orally. Citrus sinensis zoranj dous Digestive tract ailments; nerve disorders, fever, asthma, stomach ulcer or indigestion, blood pressure, general fatigue, vomiting: leaf decoction wI salt, taken orally. Skin itch: massage and wash with crushed leaves or fruit juice. Urethritis: macerated root, leaf or fruit mesoderm, taken orally. Hepatitis, liver ailments: macerated mesoderm of the fruit (sometimes bark) or decoction, taken orally. Head cold, loss of appetite: fruit juice or leaf decoction wI sugar, taken orally. Headache, rheumatism: crushed-leaf decoction and applied as bath. Broken bone: roasted fruit massage. NB: Leaf oil exhibits carminative properties (Tramil III, 1988) and light anti-spasmodic and sedative properties (Paris and Moyse, 1976); rich in vitamin C against infection. Clusia major bwa pal, figye modi, gwo figye Kidney pain, sciatica, lumbago, shoulder pain: resin compress. Rheumatism: fresh leaf, castor bean oil and salt mixture, applied as compress or fruit rind decoction, as bath. Respiratory infection: flower infusion, taken orally. Coccoloba uvifera rezen fe, rezen lame Diarrhea: bark, branches and roots used in cooking or decoction. Skin itch: bark bath. Fever: bark decoction, taken orally. NB: Astringent bark, wood and roots have hemostatic properties and antipyretic properties (Liogier, 1990). Coccothrinax sp. gwenn, latanye savann Respiratory ailments: leaf decoction, taken orally. Cochlospermum vitifolium Hepatitis: fresh leafjuice, taken orally. Chest cold: flower, fresh or dried, decoction, taken orally. Abscess: pulverized root compress. Intestinal inflammation: root infusion, taken orally. Cocos nucifera kokoye Anemia, purgative: fruit bark (macerated or decoction) wI salt, taken orally. Sore: coconut oil as a compress. Fatigue, laxative, intestinal worms, bladder infection: meat and milk, taken orally. Dysentery: root decoction, taken orally. Bladder stones, nephritis, hypertrophy: coconut wine. Thrush: root decoction wI coconut oil, taken orally. Coffea arabica kafe Sore: powdered kernel as a compress. Swollen glands, general fatigue, blood disorders, nerve disorders, fever: macerated leaves or seed kernel decoction, taken orally. Nerve disorders: roasted seed decoction taken orally. Headache: leaf decoction or seed marc, taken orally or as a bath. Malaria: green fruit infusion drink. Motion sickness: Flower tonic. Medicinal Uses 213 SPECIES MEDICINAL USES Cola acuminata nwakola Dysentery, stomach pain: crushed nut and prepared as a tonic. Colubrina arborescens bwa pIe, kapab Rheumatism: leaf tea or wood decoction, taken orally or applied as massage. Similar properties as C. elliptica. Colubrina elliptica bwamabi Diarrhea, dysentery, liver infections, fever, stomach ulcer: bark drink. Eczema: bark bath. Comocladia dentata breziyet, bwa panybl Cough and colds: leaf decoction wi sugar, taken orally. Fever, stomach ulcer or indigestion: leaf decoction wi salt, taken orally. CAUTION: Not recommended for internal usage as plant contains potent irritants. Conocarpus erectus mang nwa Diarrhea, intestinal irritation, colic: bark tea, taken orally. Bleeding gums: bark tea, rinse. Consolea macracantha raket Abscess: macerated segment wi other species (Agave, Cassia fistula), applied as a compress. Hemorrhoids: macerated segment, bath. Cordia alba bwachik Bronchitis: flower decoction, taken orally. Stomach infection: wood charcoal. Cordia alliodora bwa soumi, chenn kapawo Sore: leaf decoction compress. Cough, chest cold: leaf infusion, taken orally. Throat infection: flower decoction, taken orally. Cordia collococca twa pye Chigger: crushed leaf application or bath. Edema, shock: root decoction, taken orally. Cordia gerascanthes Epilepsy: flower decoction, taken orally. Herpes: leaf decoction. Fever: bark infusion, taken orally. Cordia mirabiloides fle dan, krbk chen Teething: fruit or leaf infusion. Cordia sebestena kokeliko, ti soley Cough, flu, cold, indigestion, colic: leaf decoction, taken orally. Headache, fever: leaf juice wi water. Couroupita guianensis boulet kanon Depilatory: fruit pulp decoction. Crataeva tapia Rheumatism: leaf decoction. Dysentery, fever: root tonic, taken orally. Crescentia cujete kalbas Urethritis, swollen glands, lung infections, asthma, varix, constipation, dysentery, diarrhea: macerated fruit pulp or juice, taken orally. Trauma: fruit decoction wi salt or pulp juice, taken orally. Epilepsy: fruit pulp compress. Wound, laceration: crushed leaf and shoot bud compress. Edema: macerated root wi wine and water, taken orally. NB: Has not been shown to exhibit anti-bacterial action. CAUTION: Contains cyanohydrate and internal usage not recommended (Ansel et a!., 1989; Tramil III, 1988). Crescentia linearifolia kalbas mawon Similar properties as Crescentia cujete. Crossopetalum rhacoma sewal Diuretic, infected kidney: leaf and bark decoction, taken orally. Croton glabellus bwa blan,bwa gep Digestion, low blood pressure: leaf decoction, taken orally. Leprosy: leaf decoction, applied externally. Cupania americana satanye, twazokbt Chest pain: massage on the diaphragm with crushed leaves. Bladder weakness, swollen vesicles, intestinal disorders, kidney stones: leaf and bark tea, taken orally. Dysentery: powdered seed in chocolate drink. Headache, backache: leaf compress, applied to affected area. Cupressus sempervirens sipre Nervous system disorders, menopause disorders, bleeding of the uterus, hemorrhoids: fruit decoction. Chest sickness, diarrhea: astringent made of bark, wood or fruit. Intestinal worms: volatile oil extract from the wood. Convulsive cough: essence boiled in water, taken orally. Rheumatism: leaf decoction, applied externally. Curatella americana pOrn tOch Arthritis, blood pressure, diabetes: leaf and stern decoction, taken orally. Skin rash,' sore: leaf decoction bath. Cycas circinalis Ulcer: suppuration with sticky substance in stem. Kidney pain: fruiting cone as a poultice. CAUTION: Seeds contain a toxic glucoside, pakonia (Liogier, 1990). I 214 Medicinal Uses SPECIES MEDICINAL USES Dalbergia ecastaphyllum liann kIou, zeb aklou Gastrointestinal disorders: young leaf, flower or seed decoction, taken orally, in small doses (e.g., 1 teaspoon daily). Intestinal worms: bark or seed kernel decoction, taken orally, in small doses. Daphnopsis americana maho Blistering: macerated bark wI water, applied to provoke blistering. Delonix regia flambwayan Malaria: macerated root and branch in alcohol, taken orally. Malarial fever: flower and bark infusion, taken orally. Constipation: leaf decoction, taken orally. Dendropanax arboreus bwaneges Rash, fever: leaf and root decoction, used as a diaphoretic.. Dendrosicus latifolius kalbaS zombi Tetanus: fruit decoction, taken ?raIly. Rash: leaf juice, massage. Diospyros revoluta ebenn Constipation: fruit pulp, taken orally. Malaria: leaf decoction, taken orally. Dodonaea viscosa mang ti fey Abscess, boil: warm leaf poultice. Fever, colic, gout, male venereal disease: leaf and bark tea or.wood decoction, taken orally. Ehretia tinifolia bwa chapo, chenn nwa Kidney infection: leaf decoction, taken orally. Bloody vomit: flower tea and leaf decoction, taken orally. Enterolobium cyclocarpum bwa tanis wouj Tuberculosis, chronic bronchial infections: bark and flower syrup, taken orally. Lung congestion: bark and fruit decoction, taken orally or gargled. Hemorrhoids: bark bath. Erithalis fruticosa Diuretic, kidney infection, cystitis: bark, resin and fruit decoction, taken orally. Erythrina corallodendrum koray Chest ailments: flower decoction, taken orally. Scorpion sting: stem sap, applied to affected area. CAUTION: Seeds are toxic. Bark contains a narcotic alkaIoid. Erythrina crista-galli Animal bite: fresh bark compress. Hemorrhoids: cool bark bath. Throat sore: bark used in food preparation. Erythrina poeppigiana bwamotel Asthma, cough, hysteria: leaf and bark decoction, taken orally. Skin itch: milky leaf lotion. Flu: dried leaf decoction, taken orally. Erythrina variegata baton sosiye Chest cold, cough, flu, asthma: leaf and bark decoction, taken orally. Pain, insomnia: leaf and bark syrup, taken orally. Venereal disease: leaf decoction bath. Chest ailments: sun-dried flower syrup, taken orally. Erythroxylum havanense Hemoptysis: root decoction, taken orally. Erythroxylum minutifolium Skin itch: root salve. Eucalyptus globulus kaliptis Respiratory ailments, cough convulsions: inhaled leaf vapors. Lung infections, gastrointestinal ulcers, angina: leaf decoctions or tea, taken orally. Rheumatism: leaf bath. Eugenia ligustrina Leukorrhea: leaf decoction, taken orally. Euphorbia pulcherrima de sezon, fey senjan Depilatory: latex application. Erysipelas: latex lotion, applied externally. Exostema caribaeum kenkena peyi, kininn Fever, malaria: bark and fruit decoction, taken orally. Faramea occidentalis Diarrhea, anemia: leaf infusion, taken orally. Antiseptic: leaf bath. Ficus benjamina figye Skin ulcer: boiled leaf decoction wI oil, applied externally. Ficus microcarpa Bath: leaves used as an aromatic. Ficus religiosa NB: Purgative made from leaves and shoots; seeds ground to dust taken as a tonic. Ficus trigonata figye wouj Dislocation: latex poultice. Liver ailments: leaf decoction, taken orally. Garcinia aristata' Tetanus, wound, bleeding: resin, applied to wound. Asthma: boiled resin, taken orally. Genipa americana jinpa Dysentery: edible fruit. Syphilis, pharyngitis: fruit rind decoction wash. Emetic: pulverized seed emulsion wI water. Purgative: root decoction. Hemorrhage: green fruit infusion. NB: Seed was a source of dye for tattoos among the native Tainos. Gliricidia sepium lila etranje, piyon Fever, pain: leaf bath. Sinus inflammation, gonorrhea: leaf tea, taken orally. Kidney ailments, edema, hepatitis: root tea, taken orally. Skin disease, wound: leaf poultice. Medicinal Uses 215 SPECIES MEDICINAL USES Guaiacum officinale gayak fran, gayak mal Toothache: resin, applied to tooth. Skin disease: resin, applied externally. Rheumatism, gout, blood pressure, arteriosclerosis: resin, taken orally. Guaiacum sanctum gayak blan, gayak femel Syphilis, gout, rheumatism, scrofula: resin decoction, taken orally. Guarea guidonia bwa wouj Blood disorders, anemia, malarial fever, intestinal hemorrhage: bark or leaf decoction wI salt or macerated leaf, taken orally. Phlegm, bronchitis: resin in alcohol base, taken orally. Eczema: bark bath. Guazuma ulmifolia bwadom Digestive tract ailments, bad blood: bark or seed decoction wI salt, taken orally. Cold, high blood pressure: leaf, bark or seed decoction wI sugar, taken orally. Cough: macerated bark massage. Broken bone, sore: pulverized bark compress. Burn: inner bark compress Elephantiasis: leaf decoction or maceration. Dysentery, hemorrhoids: inner bark enema. Heat rash: green bark tea, bath. CAUTION: Excessive quantities may cause gastrointestinal ailments; used as a dianheic in Nicaragua and Venezuela (Morton, 1981). Gymnanthes Lucida bwamabre Toothache: bark decoction. Callus: latex application. Haematoxylon campechianum karnpeeh Hepatitis, nerve disorders, fever: pulverized leaf decoction, taken orally or as a bath. Anemia, blood disorders, dysentery, diarrhea: wood, bark or leaf decoction wI salt, taken orally. Trauma: leafjuice wI salt, taken orally. Headache: pulverized leaves compress. Toothache: leaf decoction mouthwash wI salt. NB: Source of anti-inflammatory and antibiotic substances (Oliver, 1986). Hamelia patens fle koray, koray wouj Intestinal gas: leaf tea, taken orally. Asthma, smallpox, leg wound, skin infection: leaf decoction bath. Skin itch: macerated leaf and fruit lotion. Headache: leaf compress. Hemandia sonora Chronic diarrhea: fruit, including husk, decoction, taken orally. Constipation: bark and leaf decoction, taken orally. Depilatory: leafjuice, applied exte~ally. Hibiscus elatus maho ble Skin irritation, bite, sore: powdered leaf, bark or fresh leaf compress or bath. Diarrhea, colic, dysentery, cough, malarial fever: leaf decoction, taken orally, with bath. Throat infection, tonsillitis: leaf decoction, gargle. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis choublak Flu, cold, fever: flower petal and shoot bud tea, taken orally. Hair dye/tonic: crushed leaf lotion. Hibiscus tiliaceus gran maho, maho fran Gastro-intestinal ailments, constipation, cough, abscess: flower, root and root bark decoction, taken orally. Hemorrhoids: leaf decoction. Hippomane mancinella mancheni, manseniye Syphilis, edema, tetanus: bark and wood decoction. Hura crepitans rabi, sabliye Abscess: boiled leaves, applied externally. Trauma: leaf decoction applied as a compress. Rheumatism, headache: hot leaves applied as a compress. CAUTION: Seed is a powerful purgative; seed remedies are not recommended (Liogier, 1990). Hymenaea courbaril koubari, pwa konfiti Emphysema, asthma, cough: scalded resin as an inhalant. Wounds, sores, ulcers: powdered resin, applied externally. Muscle cramps, rheumatism,arthritis, bruises, kidney pain: resin liniment, applied to affected area. Purgative: bark decoction, taken orally. Constipation, intestinal gas: bark fragment infusion, taken orally. Intestinal worms: inner bark decoction, taken orally. !lex macfadyenii tiwou Fever: leaf decoction, taken orally. Phlegm: root and bark tea, taken orally. Diuretic, diaphoretic: leaf, root and bark:. lnga vera pwa dou, sikren Anemia: macerated bark, taken orally. Gall bladder stones: root decocti~n, taken orally. Constipation: fruit pulp, taken orally. Jatropha curcas fey medsen Edema: boiled plant parts in water, taken orally. Sore: plant decoction, compress. Eczema, dermatosis: warm plant decoction, compress. Fever: leaf bath. Constipation: tender leaf infusion, taken orally. Rash, burn, skin infection: latex lotion. Emetic, purgative: fruit and seed decoction. Jatropha multifida papay sovaj Sore, scar: latex. Venereal diseases: roasted seed infusion. Skin parasites: seed oil lotion. Juglans jamaicensis nogal Bad blood: leaf decoction, taken orally. Leukorrhea: bathe with leaf decoction. Skin infections: tea made with husk and applied externally. Juniperus gracilior sed Emmenagogue, abortive: leaf tea or decoction, taken orally. CAUTION: Not to be used without a medical prescription. 216 Medicinal Uses MEDICINAL USES SPECIES Krugiodendronferreum bwate Toothache: bark chew. Lagerstroemia indica stragonya Thrush, stomatitis: root decoction, gargle or mouth wash. Lagettalagetto bwa dante!, laget Similar properties as Daphnopsis americana. Laguncularia racemosa mangblan Astringent, tonic. Lawsonia inennis ') flejalouzi Ulcer, rheumatism: leaf and flower infusion, applied externally. Tetanus, epilepsy, stomach pain: leaf and flower infusion, taken orally.. Leucaena leucocephala subsp. leucocephala delen, madlenn Fever: root decoction, taken orally. Typhoid, digestive tract ailments: leaf tea. Anemia: boiled parched leaves until very red. Severe back pain: root and twig decoction, taken orally. Abortive: root and bark, taken orally. Licaria triandra loriejon Stomach ailments: leaf, root or bark decoctions, taken orally. Skin ailments: bark bath. Litchi chinensis kenep chinwa, litchi Diarrhea: leaf infusion, taken orally. Mouth/throat infections: leaf infusion as gargle or mouthwash. Fatigue, anemia: root bark tonic, taken orally. Lonchocarpus domingensis bwakayman Constipation, stomach ailments: leaf decoction, taken orally. Difficulty in urinating: root infusion in boiling water, taken orally. Lonchocarpus latifolius bwakayman Induce vomiting, purgative: leaf decoction, taken orally. Lysiloma sabicu tabeno Skin itch, ulcer: wash with crushed leaves. Diarrhea: leaf enema. Seafood poison, food ' poison: leaf decoction, taken orally. Malpighia emarginata seriz sendoming, ti seriz Sore throat: crushed leafjuice diluted in cool water, gargled. Fever: bark decoction, taken orally. Hepatitis, gastrointestinal disorders: fruit juice, taken orally. NB: Fruits are a rich source of vitamin C. Malpighia setosa bonbon kapitenn, kapitenn Hemorrhage, menorrhagia, leukorrhea: ripe fruit and root tea, taken orally. MalVtiviscus arboreus Bronchial infection, dysentery, diarrhea, thrush, tonsillitis: flower decoction, taken orally. Mammea americana zabriko Hair and skin parasites, eczema: resin lotion or bark decoction. Wound: pulp decoction., applied to wound. Mangifera indica mango Diarrhea: bark or leaf decoction wI salt, taken orally. Urethritis, lower back ailments, malarial fever: bark or root decoction, taken orally. Liver ailments: macerated bark in an aqueous solution, taken orally. Burn: boiled ground bark, poultice. Bronchitis: boiled bark wI honey, taken orally. Malaria, intestinal worms, toothache, asthma, chest infection: leaf infusion, taken orally. Rickets: edible fruit. Tuberculosis: roasted fruit wI sugar. Constipation: fruit skin, eaten. Bronchial infection, asthma: flower syrup, eaten. Intestinal worms: pulverized roasted seed decoction. Dysentery, diarrhea: seed emulsion, taken orally. NB: Exhibits action against intestinal tract bacteria (E. coli, S. enteritidas); excessive ingestion may cause digestive and renal ailments; tannins exhibit antibacterial properties (Kerharo, 1977). Manilkara zapota sapoti Fever, hemorrhage, wound, ulcer: leaf decoction, taken orally or applied. Neuralgia: leaf wI tallow, applied as a compress on the temple. Diuretic: ground seed wI water. NB: Plant is source of sapotin, a glucoside used in medicine as a febrifuge. Sap is source of chicle and base of chewing gum. CAUTION: Seed contains hydrocyanic acid. Mastichodendron foetidissimum akoma, koma Wound, sore: resin, applied externally. Matayba apetala bwa grenn, bwa grenn nwa Toothache: bark, applied to tooth. Erysipelas: shoot bud decoction, applied as a wash. Matayba serobiculata satanye, satanye mawon B~dy '. ache: warm leaf bandage or bath. Medicinal Uses· 217 SPECIES MEDICINAL USES Melaleuca quiquenervia melalika Skin infections (eczema, psoriasis, acne): ointment. Headache, colds: decoctions of the seed capsules and crushed young leaves. Intestinal worms, spasm, colic, flatulence, bronchitis, laryngitis: oil from leaves and twigs, taken internally. Rheumatism, neuralgia, gout, local paralysis, skin irritations, bronchitis, sprain, bruise: oil from leaves and twigs, applied externally. Toothache: oil dropped into cavity. Melia azedarach lila Fever: leaf and bark decoction wI salt, taken orally. Rheumatism, sore: leaf bath. Melicoccus bijugatus kenep Nerve disorders: leaf decoction wI salt, taken orally. Fever, body malaise: leaf decoction drink. Sore throat, thrush, tonsillitis: macerated leafjuice, gargle. Chest weakness, dry stomach: fruit, eaten. Diarrhea: powdered roasted seed syrup or tea, taken orally. Metopium brownei bwamilat Syphilis, hepatitis, kidney and bladder infections: leaf, flower, bark and root decoctions. Uterine hemorrhage, fibroma: plant tea. Inflammatory rheumatism, measles, smallpox, erysipelas: sudorific and sedative properties. Rheumatism, malaria, headache, dizziness: bitter bark decoction, taken orally. NB: Perfume oil is extracted from the flowers and seed (Liogier, 1990). Michelia champaca ilan ilan Miconia impetiolaris makrio, twazokbt Hemorrhage: leaf and bark decoction. Miconia laevigata makrio Bite, wound: leaf and bark, warmed wI water, compress. Fever: leaf and bark tea or bath. Miconia racemosa kaka poul, makrio Pressure sore on animals: leaf poultice. Morinda citrifolia bwadoule Pain: warm leaf wI castor bean oil, compress. Ulcer, gout, sore: leaf juice, applied to affected area. Moringa oleifera benzoliv Nerve disorders, loss of appetite: leaf decoction wI salt, taken orally. Flu, cough, general fatigue: leaf or flower decoction wI sugar, taken orally. Skin irritant: root decoction as salve. Convulsions: macerated leaf, applied as a compress to joints and temple. Edema: root decoction, taken internally. Sore: leaf poultice. NB: Rich in folic acid as an anti-anemic and vitanUn C against infection. Morus nigra mi Diabetes: leaf, flower or fruit decoction gargled. Fever, sore throat, swollen vocal chords: fruit juice wI tepid water and sugar. NB: Fruit has laxative properties. Muntingia calabura bwa swa mawon Nerve ailments, spasm, cough: flower decoction, taken orally.· Murraya paniculata mit Similar properties as Citrus limon and Citrus sinensis Musa spp. bannann, fig mi Diarrhea, hemorrhage: green fruit. Burn: powdered green fruit poultice. Sting: heated green bark compress. Skin infections: dried, pulverized bark application. Sore: ripe leaf bath. Tuberculosis: fermented stem juice, taken orally. Diuretic, laxative: young sucker juice, taken orally. Asthma: crushed stolon juice wI honey, taken orally. Myrcia citrifolia bwa darnou, maget, malaget Gum disease: leaf decoction, mouth rinse. Myrica cerifera kanel abey, kanel dous Intestimil gases: leaf decoction mixed wI rum, taken orally. Myristica frag rans nwamiskad Intestinal infections, gas, fever: pulverized seed infusion, taken orally. Myrospermumfrutescens Rheumatism, muscle spasm: alcoholic legume beverage, applied as a massage. Toothache: stem resin dissolved in alcohol, applied to tooth. Chest ailments: legume vapor dissolved in ether, inhaled. Myroxylon balsamum Chest ailments, bronchial infection, venereal disease: resin, taken orally. Skin disease; skin itch: resin, applied as a salve. Nerium oleander lorie twopikal, lorie WQZ Mange: dry leaf poultice. Head lice, ulcer: macerated leaf wI vinegar. Ochroma pyramidale koton swa, mahodem Fever: stem bark decoction, taken orally. Diarrhea, colic: root bark decoction, taken orally. Rheumatism, joint pain: leaf mixed with castor bean oil, applied as lotion. Chest infection, bronchitis, dry cough, flu: fruit juice drink. 218 Medicinal Uses SPECIES Ocotea coriacea MEDICINAL USES Digestive tract ailments: leaf decoction wI salt, taken orally. lorie blan OmphaLea triandra nwazet Opuntia ficus-indica Scrofula, intestinal worms, kidney pain, enteritis: edible fruit pulp or fruit oil extract. Rickets: fruit oil extract, massage or leaf infusion. Tuberculosis, bone ailments, lymphadenitis: leaf infusion, taken orally. raket Diarrhea, dysentery: crushed fruit drink. Cough: fruit juice drink or syrup. Diuretic: root decoction, taken orally. Oreopanax capitatum Rheumatism: bark extract. Diaphoretic: leaf. bwa danjou, bwa kochon Ouratea ilicifolia ana Diuretic, purgative: leaf and twig tonic. Oxandra LanceoLata bwalans Bad blood, stomach ache, diarrhea: leaf, bark or root tea, taken orally. Toothache: bark bath.• Pachira aquatica Chest pain: flower and leaf tea, taken orally. kolorad Pachira insignis Emollient: leaf. NB: Seed is considered very nutritious (Liogier, 1990). Parkinsonia acuLeata Fever, malaria, abortive: leaf, fruit and stem decoctions, taken orally. RheumatiSm: flower and leaf extraction in alcohol, applied as a poultice. madarrlYas Pera bumeliifolia kase rach, kase raj Persea americana zaboka Hemorrhoids: bark decoction. Rash, herpes, sore, wound: bark scrapings boiled in water, wash. Digestive tract ailments, anemia: bark decoction wI salt, taken o~lly. Hepatitis, liver ailments: juice from macerated seed and taken orally. NB: Leaf and fruit extracts have a stimulatory effect on rat uteri; recommended against amenorrhea (Tramil III, 1988). bwadoti Digestive tract ailments, fever: leaf decoction wI salt, taken orally. Sore: boiled or pulverized leaves compress. Phoenix dactyLifera Cough, chest cold: edible fruit. Petitia domingensis dat Phyllanthus acidus Cathartic: seed. Purgative: seed and root. Diaphoretic: leaf. sibilinn Picramnia antidesma Fever, diarrhea, venereal disease: bark and leaf decoction, taken orally. Picramnia pentandra Fever, dysentery, cholera, intestinal worms: leaf, bark and rootdecoction, taken orally. bwa pwason, bwa ti gason, kafe mawOli Picrasma exceLsa fwenn Indigestion, anorexia, intestinal worms, dysentery, fever: leaf and bark decoction, taken orally. Picrodendron baccatum Venereal diseases: entire plant for purgative and sudorific properties. Pictetia spinifolia galgal Skin ulcer, wound, scar: boiled leaf compress. Headache: pounded leaf poultice, applied to temple. Constipation: boiled fruit, taken orally. Pimenta dioica Toothache: leaf oil, applied to tooth. Fever, pain: leafbath. maget, malaget Pimenta racemosa bwa denn franse, kIou jirof Pinus caribaea bwapen Pinus occidentalis bwapen Muscle cramp: massage. Incontinence (urine): leaf and seed decoction wI honey. Insect bite, edema, varix, bruise: leaf and seed decoction, treated wI warm water and applied. Headache, dizziness: leaf decoction, compress. Sore throat: leaf decoction, gargle. Nausea: bay-rum oil wI sugar. Diarrhea: leaf tea. Elephantiasis: leaf bath. Rheumatism: massage wI sawdust or resin dissolved in lemon juice. Eczema: fresh resin applied directly to affected area. Gout, rheumatism: wood or leaf decoction bath. Bronchitis: shoot bud decoction, taken orally. Hemorrhage, puerperal fever, rheumatism, sciatica: essence of turpentine, taken internally. Bruise, rheumatic cramps, backache, spasms: essence of turpentine applied externally, sometimes with mixed with alcohol and egg yolk. Cold, cough, bronchitis: essence of turpentine, taken orally, wI sugar. Chest ailments: syrup taken orally. Respiratory ailments: leaf or bark decoction wI salt or sugar, taken orally. Fever: leaf needle tea, taken orally. Medicinal Uses 219 SPECIES MEDICINAL USES Piper aduncum bwa majo, siwo Fever: leaf tea, taken orally. Piper amalago anis mawon, fey siwo Colic, intestinal gases, digestion ailments: leaf infusion, taken orally. Chronic ulcer: strong root decoction, applied externally. Piptadel1ia peregrina bwa ekos, bwa kayman NB: Roasted seeds formerly used as a narcotic by the Tainos, former inhabitants of Raiti. Piscidia piscipula bwaivran Toothache: bark and root compress, applied to tooth. Shoulder pain: leaf decoction massage. Wound: leaf decoction wash. NB: Plant contains narcotic properties. Pisonia aculeata kOOk chen Rheumatism, swollen joints: bark or leaf decoction, taken internally or applied externally. NB: Roots are a purgative (Liogier, 1990). Pithecellobium dulce Dysentery: root bark decoction, taken orally. Indigestion: leaf w/ salt and black pepper. Convulsions, venereal lesions, pain: leaf poultice. Hemoptysis: fruit pulp, taken orally, to stop blood flow. Congestion: seed juice, inhaled into nostrils. Internal ulcers: pulverized seed, ingested. Pithecellobium unguis-cati Fever, dysentery, renal infection, kidney stones, liver/spleen infection: bark decoction, taken orally. Skin Infections: bark and fruit pericarp bath. Plumeria alba franjipanye blan Skin parasites, syphilis, toothache: latex application. Intestinal worms: root decoction, taken orally. Plumeria obtusa franjipani Ulcer, wound: bark and stem decoction, bath. Flu, cold, bronchitis, dry cough: flower tea. Polyscias sp. parese Flu, cough, cold: fresh leaf infusion. Headache, dizziness: fresh leaf w/ oil and salt, compress. Pouteria sapota jondef Wart, callus: bark fragments, applied as poultice. Dysentery, stomach ulcer: boiled fniit. Diuretic: seed oil beverage. Ear/eye infections: seed oil application. Kidney stones, rheumatism: rind of seed kernel, taken orally. Prosopis julijlora bayawonn, gwatapana Eye infection: eye drops made from leafjuice or cooked leaves, applied or taken orally. Cold, flu, hoarse throat: gum exudate from trunk, taken orally. Diarrhea: fresh root, taken orally. Bronchial infection, sinus congestion: bark and fruit decoction. Prunus myrtifolia lamandye ti fey Similar properties as Prunus occidentalis. Prunus occidentalis lamandye gran fey Asthma, cough: bark, leaf and fruit decoction, taken orally. Cold: flower and leaf infusion, taken orally. Phlegm, cough: seed syrup, w/ sugar, taken orally. Prunus persica peeh Hematuria, constipation: fruit as food. Child's cough/restlessness: flower syrup, taken orally. Psidium guajava gwayav Digestive tract ailments, cold, high blood pressure: leaf decoction or fruit juice w/ salt or sugar, taken orally. Trauma, pain, headache, rheumatism: hot leaf decoction compress. Sore throat, hoarse throat: leaf decoction, gargle. Varix, ulcer: leaf decoction, treated w/ warm water, bath. Diarrhea: leaf decoction, enema. Hepatitis, gonorrhea, diarrhea: clear fruit juice. NB: Exhibits anti-bacterial action against intestinal pathogens; controls bowel movement (Tramil III, 1988); oil contains bisabolene and flavanoides that exhibit anti-inflammatory properties (Morton, 1981; Duke, 1985); volatile oil with methylchavicol, persein, d-pinene (a paraffin) in leaf (Eldridge, 1975). Pterocarpus officinalis bwa nago, bwa pal Skin infection: bark resin, applied as a salve. Diarrhea, amenorrhea: bark resin, taken orally. Punica granatum grenad Intestinal wonns: root and stem bark decoction, taken orally. Dysentery, diarrhea: fruit rind decoction, taken orally. Asthma: flower infusion, taken orally. Eye wash: fresh juice surrounding seeds. Tonsillitis, throat infection: flower bud and fruit rind w/ honey, gargle. Quassia amara Fever, diphtheria, anorexia: macerated bark decoction, taken orally. Randia aculeata kOOk chen Dysentery, fever: leaf and bark decoction, taken orally. Hemorrhage: latex. Rauvolfia nitida bwa let femel Tension: root. Snake bite: leaf and stem compress. 220 Medicinal Uses SPECIES MEDICINAL USES Rhizophora mangle mang chandel, mang nwa, mang wouj Fever, hemorrhage, rheumatism, liver ailments: bark tea, taken orally. Sore throat, angina: bark decoction, gargle. Malarial fever: pulverized bark, taken orally. Leprosy, ulcer: macerated wood decoction, applied to affected area. Roystonea borinquena palmis Broken bones: leaf compress. Diuretic, bladder stones, diabetes: root decoction, taken orally. Sambucus simpsonii siwo Fever, diaphoretic, throat infection, chest cold: flower infusion, taken orally. Headache: leaf compress. Measles, smallpox, scarlet fever: leaf infusion: Sap indus saponaria savonet, savonet peyi Diarrhea: root decoction, taken orally. Snakebite: leaf infusion, applied to bite. Rheumatism, gout: fruit oil. Asthma: fruit, taken orally. NB: Leaf and fmit contains saponin, a group of glucosides that is used as a detergent. Schaefferia frutescens bwa kapab, ti gason Flu, cold, chronic cough, aphrodisiac: plant decoction, taken orally. Skin itch, rash: pulverized leaf bath. Schefflera morototoni bwakano Broken bone, dislocation: leaf treated wI warm water, compress. Lumbago, rheumatism: leaf decoction, taken orally. Schinus moUe Ophthalmia, rheumatism: leafjuice. Diarrhea: bark extract infusion. CAUTION: Resin is a dangerous purgative. Schinus terebinthifolius Rheumatism, sciatica: bark bath. Skin ulcer: cmshed, dried leaf poultice. Bronchitis, respiratory ailments: leaf infusion, taken orally. Wound, sore: leaf or fruit decoction bath. Ganglionic tumors, contusions: macerated root juice. Senna angustisiliqua brize menaj, fey lawouziye Syphilis: all plant parts prepared in a decoction, taken orally. Bad blood: root decoction, taken orally. Senna atomaria bwakabrit Skin itch: massage with crushed leaves. Skin discoloration, insect bite: macerated leaf decoction, applied to affected area. Senna pendula bwadano Gastrointestinal disorders: leaf decoction, taken orally. Sesbania grandiflora pwa valye Rheumatism: root paste, applied externally. Phlegm: root resin wI honey, taken orally. Fever, diabetes: bark decoction, taken orally. Sinus congestion: flower decoction, taken orally. Sesbania sesban Suppuration: leaf compress, applied to infected area. Simarouba glauca var. latifolia bwa blan, fwenn, Fever: macerated bark decoction, taken orally. Rheumatism: pulverized leaf, seed and bark boiled in sugar water, taken orally. Bruise, body pain: leaf decoction, applied as lotion. Skin itch: massage with crushed leaves. Diarrhea: bark tea, taken orally. Sloanea amygdalina bwa kbk, chapa kare Stomach ache, headache: leaf decoction, taken orally. Sloanea ilicifolia chapa kare Menstrual cramps: leaf decoction, taken orally. Spondias mombin monben Digestive tract ailments: macerated bark or leaves taken orally. Urethritis: macerated root taken orally. Lower back pain: macerated root, taken orally. Rheumatism: pulverized leaf bath. Angina, sore throat: root bark decoction, taken orally. Metrorrhagia, contraceptive: root. Malarial fever, congestion: leaf decoction, taken oridly. Diarrhea: fermented fruit. eaten. NB: Plant extracts exhibit anti-bacterial properties (Rouzier, 1990). Spondias purpurea siwel Swollen glands: leafjuice, taken orally. Trauma: leaf juice wI salt, taken orally. Head cold, headache: crushed leaves and applied as a head bath. Skin itch, skin parasites, hemorrhoids: crushed leaf bath. Digestive ailments: pulverized leaf decoction wI salt, gargle. Constipation: fruit eaten in quantity. Dysentery, diarrhea: leaf decoction, taken orally. NB: Leaves exhibit anti-bacterial properties (Tramil III, 1988). Sterculia apetala pistach Cough, insomnia: flower decoction, taken orally. Flu, bronchitis, chronic cough, asthma: flower syrup, taken orally. Rheumatism: leaf decoction, taken orally. Stimulant: seed decoction tonic. , Strumpfia maritima Fever: leaf infusion wI Exostema caribaeum leaf; Poisonous bite: leaf infusion compress. Suriana maritima krist marinn Rheumatism: branch and leaf bath. Sore: leaf and bark decoction or powder, applied externally. Bleeding: powdered leaf wI flour, applied as poultice. Medicinal Uses 221 SPECIES MEDICINAL USES Swietenia mahagoni kajou peyi Nerve disorders: leaf decoction wI-salt, taken orally. Fever, anemia, diarrhea, dysentery: bark (macerated or decoction) wI salt, taken orally. Aphrodisiac: steeped bark with rum for 3-4 days, taken orally. Loss of appetite: steeped bark, taken orally. Vitamins and iron: steeped bark and roots, taken orally. Abortion: large quantities of boiled bark decoction, taken orally. Toothache: resin or bark decoction. Chest pain: seed tea, taken orally. Bleeding: bark, leaf or root extract, applied externally. Syzygium jambos porn woz Epilepsy: root. Diabetes: pulverized seed. Purgative, emetic: root and bark. NB: Plant is a source of eugenol, a colorless, aromatic liquid phenol used in perfumes and as an antiseptic. Tabemaemontana citrifolia bwa let mal Fever, hemorrhage: bark and latex bath. Toothache, birthmark removal: latex. Tamarindus indica tamarenn Asthma, digestive tract ailments: leaf, bark or root decoction wI salt, taken orally. Throat infections, intestinal worms, liver ailments: leaf decoction wI salt, taken orally. Loss of appetite: fruit pulp taken orally. Eye infection, sprain, wound: young leaf compress. Constipation: macerated fruit in water 24 hrs., taken orally. Rheumatism: fruit pulp wI salt, massage. Malarial fever: fruit decoction, taken orally. NB: Leaf extracts exhibit anti-oxidant activity in the liver (Tramil III, 1988). Tecoma stans chevalye Diabetes: leaf infusion, taken orally. Diuretic, syphilis, intestinal worms: strong leaf and root dec,oction, taken orally. Stomach pain, diabetes mellitus: leaf decoction, taken orally. Terminalia catappa zamann Gastric fever, dysentery, diarrhea: macerated leaf or bark decoction wI salt or sugar, taken orally. Asthma, blood pressure: leaf decoction wI salt, taken orally. Skin rash: crushed leaf or bark bath. Cold: crushed seed decoction wI sugar, taken orally. Rheumatism: leaf poultice. Headache, colic: juice of young leaves, taken orally. NB: Plant extracts slow motor activity and exhibit analgesic properties; lowers blood pressure with a light antidiarrheic effect on rats (Tramil III, 1988). Temstroemia peduncularis bwa denn mawon Dysentery: various plant parts. Rheumatism: bath with various plant parts. Tetragastris balsamifera bwa kochon Rheumatism: root and seed kernel tea, taken orally. Colic, gastrointestinal ailments: leaf decoction, taken orally. Anemia, fever: wood and root, essential oil decoction wI salt, taken orally. Respiratory ailments: bark decoction wI sugar or salt, taken orally. Theobroma cacao kakawo 'Diuretic, stimulant: seed decoction. Thespesia populnea fey dayiti, gran maho, motel debou Blood pressure: leaf and bark decoction, taken orally. Rheumatism, urine retention: leaf tea, taken orally. Mange, itch, rash: seed, seed capsule, leaf or boiled bark decoction, applied to infected area. Thevetia peruviana bwa sezisman Fever: Sap, bark and fruit bath. Arthritis: seed kernel paste, applied as an analgesic. Tension: boiled leaf and flower tea. CAUTION: Fruit is poisonous; not recommended for internal usage. Thrinax morrisii latanye lame Anemia, chest cold, flu, cough: root decoction, taken orally. Trichilia havanensis bwa loray Rheumatism, venereal disease: leaf bath. Albuminuria: root decoction, taken orally. Bladder infection: bark decoction, taken orally. Trichilia hirta monben bata Asthma, tuberculosis: leaf decoction wI salt, taken orally. Fever: leaf or bark decoction wI salt, taken orally. Elephantiasis, erysipelas: leaf decoction compress. Ulcers: leaf bath. Diarrhea: root decoction, taken orally. Abortive: leaf, flower, and root infusion, taken orally. CAUTION: Contains a toxic resin and internal usage not recommended (TramilllII, 1988). Trichilia pallida dombou, twa pawol Purgative enema: leaf decoction. Trophis racemosa bwa ner, ramo Diarrhea: astringent bark tonic, taken orally. Vitex agnus-castus Insomnia, dizziness, digestive disorders: leaf infusion. Diuretic: fruit. Vitex heptaphylla bwa savann, grigri Appendicitis: pulverized seed wI onion application. Enlarged liver, headache, chronic cold: macerated leaf compress. Weinmannia pinnata Malaria, fever: bark and gum extraction, taken orally. Ximenia americana krok, makabi Rheumatism, psoriasis: fruit syrup, taken orally. NB: Fruit is a laxative. 222 Medicinal Uses SPECIES MEDICINAL USES Zanthoxylum elephantiasis pine jon Asthma, chest aliment: macerated bark in cane alcohol, taken orally. Teething: macerated bark decoction, taken orally. Zanthoxylum fagara pine jon Rheumatism, syphilis: bark and leaf decoction, taken orally. Ear pain: leaf boiled in castor oil. Zanthoxylum martinicense pine blan Digestive tract ailments: macerated leaf decoction, taken orally or as a bath. Toothache; chewed bark. Sore: leaf poultice. Zanthoxylum pimpinelloides Heart palpitation: macerated stem mixed wI rum, taken orally. fey be Ziziphus mauritiana pbm malkadi, ti pbm Flu: shoot and ripe fruit decoction, taken orally. Gonorrhea: root and gum exudate tea, taken orally. Sore, skin ulcer: root decoction bath. Zuelania gUido~i~ . kachiman mawon, kachiman sovaj Syphilis: resin pellets, taken orally. Ulcer: bark and leaf powder, topical application, as a cleansing agent. Rheumatism: bark decoction, massage. 21 Biomass and Volume Tables The accurate estimation of tree weight, or biomass, and volume is important for tree growth and yield analyses. Periodically, economic analyses (e.g., Grosenick,' 1986; Street et aI., 1990) require a simple method to evaluate tree inventories in terms of current stocks, production rates or the breakdown in wood products, such as saw logs, poles and the amount of fuelwood that might be converted to charcoal for sale in the marketplace.. In such cases, methods of biomass ,estimation are necessary. The primary considerations are simplicity, time efficiency, and precision. Biomass Equations: Among the numerous methods ,that have been used to estimate tree biomass, the one most commonly used and seen in the literature is the regression estimation technique (Young, 1976). This technique relates tree weight to tree size through regression equations that are determined by destructively sampling a representative portion of the species population. Once the equations are analyzed by statistical methods, biomass estimates may be obtained by measuring one or two parameters and solving an algebraic equation. The best single parameter for estimating biomass is the square (or natural logarithm) of the stem diameter at some specified' height above the ground. Diameter-at-breast-height (DBH), measured at 1.3 m above ground level, is the conventional parameter for single-stemmed, straight-boled trees without massive buttresses. The multi-stemmed, spreading trees of drier tropical environments require that stem diameters be measured lower to the ground to minimize stem measurements. CATIE (1984) set this height at 0.1 m, though problems with stem buttressing for many spe~ies precludes high precision. It is however a useful measure, since this can be considered stump diameter, the only parameter available to estimate biomass or volume once trees are harvested. Stewart et ai. (1992) determined that 0.3 m was the best height to determine stem diameter for the dry-zone species of Central America and that the 3 principal stems at this height should be measured.- Maxwell (1985) selected 0.5 m as the height for diameter measurements for the dry-forest species in northwestern Dominican Republic. In the case of multiple stems, the sum of the stem diameters squared (Ldn2) is the parameter that is selected, to predict tree weight. Height is the second most important parameter and is important for cross-site equations, reflecting the variation in tree form as a result of the species growing under different conditions. When vertical height is equivalent to total height, as in the case of most single and straight-stemmed species, this is the parameter that 'is' measured. Otherwise, stem length is measured for spreading, multi-stemmed species, since this parameter has greater biological relevance to the volume of wood in the tree (Stewart et aI., 1992). Simple linear regression equations utilizing a single parameter are sufficient in most cases to predict tree weight. In situations where certain statistical assumptions are violated, as in the case of heteroscadasity (Zar, 1984), the data are transformed to a log normal distribution with the back-transformed data corrected for bias 223 224 Biomass and Volume Tables (Baskerville, 1972). A double parameter equation generally yields greater accuracy for a particular species across a range of sites, but is more time-consuming and costly to measure. The selection of an _equation for a particular species becomes a trade-off between costs and the level of precision required for estimates. Stewart et aI. (1992) compared site-specific and cross-site regression values for several fuelwood species, based in part on data collected in Haiti. For the majority of species that were investigated, tree stem length combined with the sum of the stem diameters squared significantly improved cross-site regression values, making them applicable across a wide range of sites around the world. Within Haiti, single parameter equations utilizing only stem diameter have been found to be consistent across a range of sites for species such as Leucaena leucocephala susbsp. glabrata. Biomass regressions even can be used among species that have similar form characteristics, as discussed by Maxwell (1985). He found several pairs of species that had coincidental regressions (i.e., the slope of the regression equations were not significantly different) for species typical of the subtropical dry forest formation in the Dominican Republic. The reader should be aware that estimates derived with the following equations' have an error associated with them that is not only partial to the inherent variation within the species, but also the differences in the· distribution of the sampled population. The only way to verify how well an estimate holds true for a particular site is to sample the local population and compare whether the slopes (~i) of the regressions are _significantly different. In all cases, the equations are to be used to estimate only within the size classes of the original sample. Biomass and Volume Studies: Biomass and volume equations have been conducted for several of the hardwood species planted and utilized by Haitian farmers during USAID-funded Agroforestry Outreach Project (1981-1989). The first volume tables were developed for a 2-year-old stand of Leucaena leucocephala subsp. glabrata (K8) and Azadirachta indica near Bon Repos (Timyan, 1983). In addition to these species, Ehrlich (1985) developed fuelwood biomass and pole volume yield tables for . Colubrina arborescens, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Prosopis juliflora and Senna siamea. Biomass tables were completed for Catalpa longissima and Casuarina .equisetifolia in 1986 (Ehrlich et aI., 1986). Each of the species was sampled at a different site in Haiti, selected for an adequate tree size distribution on sites where the species was well adapted. Biomass studies for the coppice rotation of 4 species (Leucaena leucocephala subsp. glabrata (K8), Azadirachta indica, Acacia tortuosa and Prosopis juliflora) were conducted in 1987 (Timyan, 1987). In 1990, Oxford Forestry Institute completed biomass studies of 15 fuelwood species established at 3 sites in Haiti: Nan Marron (near Bombardopolis), Papaye (near Hinche) and 'Fond-des-Blancs. These trials were 5 years old at the time of sampling and had been established by PADF and CARE in 1985 in collaboration with OFI.. The cross-site regression functions published by Stewart et aI. (1992) are included- below and should be distinguished from the site-specific equations developed independently by SECID. The former equations were selected for the best fitting equation at multiple sites around the world. In addition to the Haitian studies, Maxwell (1985) derived total and usable green biomass equations for 16 species typical of the subtropical dry forest region in northwestern Dominican Republic. A compilation of the biomass and Biomass and Volume Tables 225 volume equations for hardwood spe'cies that have been conducted in Haiti are provided in Tables 21.1-21.3. . Perhaps the earliest equations developed in Haiti, were the pulp and timber volume estimates for Pinus occidentalis (Berry and Musgrave, 1977), based on 126 stems harvested for saw timber in the Foret-des-Pins. During the 1988 inventory of the Foret-des-Pins, Ashley derived a second set of volume equations that predicted total, pulp and saw log volumes and found that his estimates fell within 5% of the WOOD YIELD COMPARISONS Berry and Musgrave estimates (Ashley, DRY ~EIGHT (kg) 1988). These equations are provided in 100,-----------------, Leucaena leucocephala Table 21.4. Casuarina equisetifolia 80 f - - - - - - - - f f - - - - - - I Senna siamea Differences in Wood Yield: Tree species Prosopis juliflora 60 r - - - - - - - - f f - - H - - - - - - - - - - - I vary widely in wood yield for a given stem A:adirachta indica diameter. As much as 2- or 3-fold Co/ubrina arborescens 40 f-------If--/-;f-h/;r;;E~iiiJc:piJilY:-ii,t~~;;F.~~'iiis';,"",~I:;c:..:.ule"-=-'1nsi differences in wood utilizable for charcoal or fuelwood have been observed (Figure 21.1). These differences in tree form require that biomass tables be constructed for separate species. The differences in tree 5 10 15 20 25 DBH(cm) form also play an important role in the _design of agroforestry systems, '!-S they Figure 21.1 Relationship between affect wood yield, shade quality, soil DBH and aboveground weight of moisture dynamics and other factors that various tree species. impact associated crops. The distribution of quality biomass suitable for lumber or poles along the main stem axis, and the ratio between this biomass and total tree biomass, are criteria that should be considered to optimize production value. Casuarina equisetifolia, Cordia alliodora and Colubrina arborescens are excellent examples of such species, particular' relevant to situations in Haiti where arable land is at a premium. Example of Biomass and Volume Estimation: The stem of a Senna siamea stem measures 10 cm at 1.3 m' above ground level. Wood yield is estimated from the species' equation in Table 21.2 and calculated as shown in Box 1. Pole volume is estimated by the species' equation in Table 21.3, shown in Box 2. Box 1 Box2 Usable wood weight = 0.432(DBH)2 - 1.5(DBH) =0.432(100) - 1.5(10) = 28.2 kg of oven-dry wood Poie volume = 0.338*(DBH)2 =0.338*(100) = 33.8 x 10-3 m3 .. - 226 Biomass and Volume Tables Table 21.1 Regression equations developed in Haiti for the estimation of tree biomass (oven-dry kilograms), of selected hardwood species. This is equivalent to the weight of the aboveground portion of the tree, including leaves, twigs and wood. SPEcms REGRESSION EQUATIONI N R2 DIA.RANGE (CM) SITE Acacia deamii 0.189rdn2 12 0.99 0.4-5.2 Nan Marron A. famesiana . 0.102rdn2 12 0.99 0.4-3.6 Nan Marron A. farnesiana 0.152rdn2 12 0.98 1.1-5.4 Fond-des-Blancs A. pennatula 0.046hrdn2 12 0.99 3.3-10.9 Fond-des-Blancs A. pennatula 0.058hrd/ 12 0.99 0.7-11.6 Nan Marron A. scleroxyla 0.106rdn2 12 0.75 0.7-4.4 Nan Marron A. tortuosa 0.124:Esdn2 - 0.013 17 0.96 2.0-11.0 Bon Repos Albizia guachapele 0.238rdn2 - 1.5535h 12 0.99 2.2-19.8 Papaye 0.99 3.9-7.7 Nan Marron Fond-des-Blancs 2 Alvaradoa amorphoides 0.0345hrdn 12 A. amorphoides 0.133rdn2 0.166rdn2 12 0.99 4.9-8.7 12 0.99 1.0-7.4 Fond-des-Blancs 1.3-6.3 Nan Marron Applonesia paniculata 12 0.99 Azadirachta indica 0.042hrdn2 0.3130 2 22 0.98 1.3-12.6 Thomazeau A. indica coppice 0.26802 12 0.95 2.0-10.0 Bon Repos Caesalpinia coriaria 12 0.99 0.7-3.8 Nan Marron C. eriostachys . 0.058hrdn2 0.032hrdn2 12 0.85 0.4-4.9 Nan Marron C. velutina 0.037hrd/ 12 0.99 1.0-6.8 Nan Marron C. velutina 0.039hrd/ 0.490 2 -1.44 12 0.99 3.7-8.2 Fond-des-Blancs Casuarina equisetifolia 17 0.99 1.8-9.6 Terre Rouge C. equisetifolia 0.56702 35 0.98 5.5-16.8 Cazeau Catalpa longissima O. 24202 - 0.54 17 0.95 1.7-10.8 Limbe Colubrina arborescens 0.033hrdn2 12 0.99 2.8-6.6 C. arborescens 0.25002 15 0.98 Ateleia herbert-smithii Nan Marron Mome-a-Cabrit Crescentia alala 0.0287hrdn2 12 0.99 1.1-13.2 Papaye Enterolobium cyclocarpum 0.0I50hrd2n 12 0.98 3.2-11.8 Papaye E. cyclocarpum 12 0.97 0.8-5.6 Fond-des-Blancs Eucalyptus camaldulensis 0.062rd2n 0.2510 2 15 0.99 1.4-13.3 Bon Repos Gliricidia sepium 0.085rd2n 12 0.98 1.8-8.1 Nan Marron Haematoxylon brasiletto 0.124rd2n 12 0.99 1.4-7.9 Fond-des-Blancs H. brasiletto 0.153rd2n 12 0.98 2.3-7.8 Nan Marron Leucaena collinsii ssp. zacapana 0.038h~2n 12 0.95 3.3-7.3 Fond-des-Blancs L leucocephala ssp. glabrata 0.4710 2 0.265sd 2 35 0.98 3.0-16.2 Bon Repos L leucocephala ssp. glabrata 18 0.98 5.0-19.5 Bon Repos L leucocephala ssp. glabrata . 0.5240 2 16 0.97 0.8-17.7 Camp Perrin L leucocephala ssp. glabrata 0.030hrd2n 12 0.99 5.4-12.3 Nan Marron 0.99 5.8-13.6 Fond-des-Blancs 2 L leucocephala ssp. glabrata 0.21Ord n 12 L leucocephala ssp. glabrata coppice 0.26002 18 0.96 2.0-10.0 Bon Repos L shannoni ssp. shannonii 0.134rd 2n 12 0.96 1.5-10.0 Nan Marron Biomass and Volume Tables 227 SPECIES Parkinsonia aculeata REGRESSION EQUATION I O.lll:Ed2n Pithecellobium dulce 2 0.1 32:Ed n Prosopis julijlora 0.40802 'N R% DIA.RANGE (CM) SITE 0.99 . 0.5--6.2 12 0.95 0.4-5.1 Fond-des-Biancs 20 0.97 1.2-10.8 Cabaret & Ganthier 12 Fond-des-Blancs P. julijlora coppice O.l58~sd2n 31 0.97 2.4-18.3 Bon Repos Senna atomaria (Haitian provenance) 0.258:Ed2n 0.1 28:Ed2n 12 0.97 0.7-9.0 Nan Marron 12 0.99 1.4-6.0 Fond-des-Blancs 12 0.98 0.8-11.3 S. siamea O.l71:Ed 2n 0.3640 2 27 0.97 1.0--13.8 Limbe S. siamea 0.023h:Ed2n 12 0.99 0.4-12.7 Nan Marron S. atomaria (Nicaraguan provenance) S. atomaria (Nicaraguan provenance) + 0.163 Nan Marron I sd = Stump diameter at 0.10 m above ground level, in cm. d = Stem diameter at 0.30 m above ground level, in cm. D = Stem diameter at 1.30 m above ground level, in cm. h = Stem length of main stem, in m. n = Number of stems at 0.30 m above ground level. Table 21.2 Regression equations developed in Haiti for the estimation of wood biomass (oven-dry kilograms) and volume (x 10-3 m 3). SPECIES REGRESSION EQUATION I N R% DIA.RANGE (em) SITE Wood> 1 em Diameter Acaciafamesiana O.l11:Ed2n 12 0.98 1.1-5.4 Fond-des-Blancs A.famesiana 0.0223h:Ed2n ' 12 0.98 0.4-3.6 Nan Marron - - 0.4-8.0 7 sites w/2 in Haiti A·famesiana + 0.0432h:Ed2n 0.0557 (cross-site regression) A. pennatula 0.038h:Ed2n 12 0.99 3.3-10.9 Fond-des-Blancs A. pennatula 0.048h:Ed2n 12 0.99 0.7-11.6 Nan Marron A. pennatula 0.0399h:Ed2n+ 0.149 - - 0.7-12.4 8 sites w/2 in Haiti (cross-site regression) A. scleroxyla 0.078:Ed2n 12 0.76 0.7-4.4 Nan Marron Albizia guachapele 0.223:Ed2n- 1.451h 0.01 86h:Ed2n+ 0.0048 12 0.99 2.2-19.8 Papaye - - 2.2-14.8 7 sites wI 1 in Haiti Fond-des-Blancs A. guachapele (cross-site regression) Alvaradoa amorphoides 0.093:Ed2n 12 0.99 4.9":'8.7 A. amorphoides 0.027h:Edn2 12 0.99 3.9-7.7 Nan Marron Applonesia paniculata 12 0.98 1.0--7.4 . Fond-des-Blancs Ateleia herbert-smithii 0.1 22:Ed2n 0.034h:Ed2n 12 0.97 1.3--6.3 Nan Marron A. herbert-smithii 0.0305h:Ed2n+ 0.195 - - 1.3-11.0 9 sites wI 1 in Haiti (cross-site regression) Caesalpinia coriaria C. coriaria 0.039h:Ed2n 0.0318h:Ed2n+ 0.395 12 0.97 0.7-3.8 Nan Marron - - 0.7-7.7 5 sites wI 1 in Haiti 12 0.86 0.4-4.9 Nan Marron (cross-site regression) C. eriostachys 0.026h:Ed2n 228 Biomass and Volume Tables SPECIES REGRESSION EQUATION! N RZ - 0.4-8.1 DIA.RANGE (em) SITE C. eriostachys 0.027huf n + 0.165 (cross-site regression) - C. velutina 0.034hllizn 12 0.99 3.7-8.2 Fond-des-Blancs C. velutina 0.033hlli2n 12 0.99 1.0--6.8 Nan Marron C. velutina 0.0322hlli2n + 0.0821 (cross-site regression) - - 1.0-8.7 7 sites w/2 in Haiti Casuarina equisetifolia 0.393D 2 35 0.97 5.5-16.8 Cazeau C. equisetifolia 0.494D 2 35 0.98 5.5-16.8 Cazeau Catalpa longissima 0.179D 2 - 0.83 17 0.96 1.7-10.8 Limbe C. longissima 0.12sd2 - 2.3 17 0.93 3.0-13.5 Limbe 12 0.99 2.8-6.6 Nan Marron 7 sites wI 1 in Haiti wood volume (xlO- 3 ,m3) 2 Colubrina arborescens 0.027hlli Crescentia alata 0.0255hlli2n 12 0.99 1.1-13.2 Papaye Enterolobium cyclocarpum 0.0541lli\ 12 0.97 0.8-5.6 Fond-des-Blancs E. cyclocarpum 0.0139hlli2n 12 0.99 3.2-11.8 Papaye 0.8-11.8 11 sites w/2 in Haiti n 2 - - 12 0.98 G. sepium 0.021hlli n (cross-site regression) - - Haematoxylon brasiletto 0.084lli2 n 12 H. brasiletto 0.121lli\ 12 E. cyclocarpum 0.0127h.lli n + 0.109 (cross-site regression) Gliricidia sepium 0.079lli 2n 2 2 1.8-8.1 Nan Marron 1.8--15.3 10 sites wI 1 in Haiti 0.98 1.4-7.9 Fond-des-Blancs 0.98 2.3-7.8 Nan Marron Leucaena collinsii subsp. zacapana 0.0312hlli 12 0.94 1.8-8.1 Fond-des-Blancs L collinsii subsp. zacapana 0.039hlli2n - 0.07 (cross-site regression)' - - 1.8-11.8 7 sites w/2 in Haiti L leucocephala subsp. glabrata 0.0284hlli2n 12 0.98 5.4-12.3 Fond-des-Blancs L leucocep~ala 2 n 12 0.99 5.8--13.6 Nan Marron L leucocephala sUbsp. glabrata 0.0242hlli2n + 0.184 (cross-site regression) - - 1.8-13.8 8 sites w/2 in Haiti L shannonii subsp. shannonii 0.102lli2n 12 0.97 1.5-10.0 Nan Marron L shannonii subsp. shannonii 0.0495h~d\ + 0.24 - - 1.5-7.4 6 sites wI 1 in Haiti subsp. glabrata 0.192lli n (cross-site regression) 0.0885lli2n Parkinsonia aculeata P. aculeata . 2 0.0291hlli n + 0.095 (cross-site regression) 2 12 0.98 0.5-6.2 Fond-des-Blancs - - 0.5-8.1 7 sites wI 1 in Haiti .. Pithecellobium dulce 0.0265hlli 12 0.96 0.4-5.1 Fond-des-Blancs P. dulce 0.035hlli2n + 0.121 (cross-site regression) - - 0.4-6.7 7 sites wI lin Haiti Prosopis julijlora 0.0449hlli2n + 0.254 (cross-site regression) - - 0.4-5.9 6 sites wI 0 in Haiti Senna atomaria (Haitian provenance) 0.181lli2 n 12 0.97 0.7-9.0 Nan Marron S. atomaria (Nicaraguan provenance) 0.100lli2 n 12 0.99 1.4-5.9 Fond-des-Blancs S. atomaria (Nicaraguan provenance) 0.142lli2n 12 0.97 0.8-11.3 n Nan Marron Biomass and Volume Tahles 229 REGRESSION EQUATION! SPECIES N R1 SITE DJA.RANGE (em) S. atomaria (Nicaraguan provenance) 0.031hL<f n (cross-site regression) - - 0.8-14.3 8 sites w/2 in Haiti S. siamea 0.021hL<f n 12 0.99 1.4-12.7 . Nan Marron Wood> 2 em Diameter Acacia tortuosa 0.084sd 2 - 0.033 17 0.94 2.0-11.0 Bon Repos Azadirachta indica 0.282D 2 - 0.707D 22 0.99 1.3-12.6 Thomazeau A. indica 0.203sd2 - 1.02sd .22 0.99 2.6-15.8 Thomazeau A. indica wood volume (xlO· 3 m3 ) 0.481D 2 - 10.227 14 0.94 6.9-10.4 Bon Repos 2.0-10.0 2 Bon Repos A. indica coppice 0.1 89D 12 .0.96 Casuarina equisetifolia 0.34D 2 -2.l4 17 0.95 - Terre Rouge C. equisetifolia 0.20sd2 - 3.7 17 0.88 - Terre Rouge 15 0.98 - Mome-a-Cabrit 15 0.97 - Mome-a-Cabrit 15 0.98 1.4-13.3 Bon Repos 2 Colubrina arborescens 0.204D C. arborescens 0.365sd 2 Eucalyptus camaldulensis 0.1 87D 2 E. camaldulensis 2.205so~ - + 0.434sd 1.13F Leucaena leucocephala subsp. glabrata 0.408D 2 15 . 0.91 2.8-23.8 Bon Repos 18 0.99 3.0-16.2 Bon Repos L leucocephala subsp. glabrata 0.23sd 2 18 0.99 5.0-19.5 Bon Repos L leucocephala subsp. glabrata minus pole weight 0.21OD 2 18 0.97 3.0-16.2 Bon Repos L leucocephala subsp. glabrata minus pole weight 0.119sd 2 18 0.98 5.0-19.5 Bon Repos L leucocephala ssp. glabrata coppice 0.21OD 2 18 0.96 2.0-10.0 Bon Repos L leucocephala subsp. glabrata 0.642D 2 - 2.707D 23 0.98 0.8-17.7 Camp Perrin L leucocephala subsp. glabrata 0.275sd 2 L leucocephala subsp. glabrata wood volume (x 10-3 m 3) 0.501D 2 Prosopis julifora 23 0.97 1.8-23.6 Camp Perrin 19 0.97 3.0-14.5 Bon Repos 0.304D2 20 0.99 1.2-10.8 Cabaret & Ganthier 2 Cabaret & Ganthier - 3.422 , P.julifora O.l95sd 20 0.97 1.2-10.8 P. julifora coppice O.l23LSd 2 + 0.013 31 0.98 2.4-18.3 Bon Repos Senna siamea 0.432D 2 - 1.5D 27 0.97 1.0-13.8 Limbe S. siamea 4.001sd - 9.461..f5J. 27 0.86 1.7-27.6 Limbe sd =Stump diameter at 0.10 m above ground level, in em. d =Stem diameter at 0.30 m above ground level, in em. D =Stem diameter at 1.30 m above ground level, in em. h =Stem length of main stem, in m. n =Number of stems at 0.30 m above ground level. 1 t!) t:.l~t~~~c- ®~,~ t.z..05~ - t~l'32.)E-~ 4.001S.d -q.Lf0/~ I> -- t?J 230 Biomass 'and Volume Tables Table 21.3 Pole weight (dry kilograms) or volume (x 10-3 m 3) equations for selected hardwood species in Haiti. SPECIES WOOD COMPONENT REGRESSION EQUATION1 N RZ DIA. RANGE (em) SITE Azadirachta indica Pole volume 0.226D2 13 0.97 4.6-12.6 Thomazeau A. indica coppice Pole weight - 0.98 5.0-10.0 Bon Repos Casuarina equisetifolia Pole weight 0.152D2 0.308D z 35 0.97 5.5-16.8 Cazeau C. equisetifolia Pole volume 35' 0.98 5.5--16.8 C. equisetifolia Pole volume 0.486Dz 0.379Dz - 3.078 - 0.94 Catalpa longissima Pole volume 0.277Dz- 2.031 - 0.95 14 - - Cazeau Terre Rouge 5.0-10.8 Limbe 0.96 4.8-13.3 Bon Repos 0.98 5.0-16.2 Bon Repos Eucalyptus' camaldulensis Pole volume 0.291D2 Leucaena leutocephala subsp. glabrata Pole weight 0.198D2 L leucocephala subsp. glabrata Pole weight 0.lilsd2 - 0.96 5.0-16.2 Bon Repos L leucocephala subsp. glabrata coppice Pole weight 0.175D 2 - 0.99 5.0-10.0 Bon Repos Senna siamea Pole volume 0.338D 2 19 0.91 6.3-13.8 Limbe I " sd = StUmp diameter at 0.10 m above ground level, in em. D = Stem diameter at 1.30 m above ground level, in em. Table 21.4 Volume equations for Hispaniolan pine (Pinus occidentalis Swartz.) developed at Foret-des-Pins, Haiti. REGRESSION EQUATION I RZ NOTES Stem Volume> 7 em Diameter 0.OOO8486D2 - 0.0680182 0.89 0.OOO75432D 2 - 0.0761294 0.OOOO3166D2H - 0.0025991 0.86 inside bark diameter 0.96 outside bark diameter 0.96 inside bark diameter 0.OOOO2863D 2H - 0.030146 outside bark diameter I Stem Volume> 8 em Diameter O.0006938D 2+ 0.09282 0.OOOO3765h 2oD2 - 0.0094 0.82 outside bark diameter; diameter range: 15-50 em; N = 59 0.96 outside bark diameter; diameter range: 31-35 em; N = 17 0.OOOO21h2oD2 + 0.2499 0.82 outside bark diameter; diameter range: 35-50 em; N ='42 Stem Volume> 18 em Diameter 0.00090705D 2- 0.2358016 0.OOO80508D2 - 0.2283548 0.91 outside bark diameter 0.88 inside bark diameter 0.96 outside bark diameter 0.OOOO3346D2H - 0.1563121 0.OOOO3012D 2H - 0.1698399 0.95 inside bark diameter 0.OOOO3765h 2oD2 - 0.0987 0.96 outside bark diameter; diameter range: 35-50 em; N = 42 0.OO8021D 2 0.89 outside bark diameter 0.OOO70349D2 0.79 inside bark diameter 0.OOO3182D H 0.96 outside bark diameter 0.OOOO28D 2H 0.88 inside bark diameter Total Stem Volume 2 22 Common and Scientific Tree Names When talking about trees, most people use their common mi.mes. These names are practical for conversation, as long as everyone understands what is meant within the local context. Lacking precision and varying considerably in language, the noviCe is soon frustrated in confusion. The same name may refer to widely different tree· species that cross generic, even family, boundaries. Several common names may apply to the same tree species, depending upon local preferences and dialects. Any scientific effort to study trees for research and educational purposes requires a more thorough study of their names and the variations used in language. Part of this problem is solved when botanists assign a unique Latin binomial to plant specimens collected in the wild. Taxonomy reduces the problem considerably, but not without additional complications. Perhaps the greatest limitation is that so little of the tropical flora has been studied from a standardized, modem taxonomic perspective. Botanists can differ significantly in their concepts of what determines a species, sometimes leading to a profusion of names for particularly variable and wide-ranging species. Generic boundaries often are not clearcut, especially as new species and hybrids are discovered that blur morphological differences and challenge the evolutionary relationships among species. The inadequate floristic surveys of many genera limits the taxonomic effort, made even more difficult by the fragmented and continually disturbed plant communities of Haiti. Any botanical work in such environments is necessarily slow and selective. A list of tree names is an invaluable tool for specialists involved in the natural sciences and their management. A Haitian tree name list, as compiled below, is an effort that must be continued as research continues to unfold gaps in our knowledge of the Haitian flora. The list is n'ot meant to be a systematic treatment, but rather a useful compilation that should be revised periodically. The list is particularly lacking in synonyms that would require a more thorough study. Common exotic species have been included, particularly for the species that have become naturalized in Haiti. Species recently introduced on an experimental scale' have not been included, because their adaptability and future role in the Haitian ecology remains uncertain. The number of tree taxa contained in any given list depends not only upon available information, but also upon some arbitrary definition of a tree. Trees' may be defined as woody perennials with one main stem or trunk at least 7.5 cm in diameter at breast height, a more or less definitely-fomied crown or foliage, and a height of 3-4 m (Little and Wadsworth, 1964). Many trees are naturally multi~stemmed, as often occurs under more extreme environments. Several genera, containing mostly shrubs, are included, though not all species within the genera ~ay be listed. Others plants obtain the size of a tree, but are not trees in the botanical sense. These include palms, 232 Tree Names bamboo, cacti, lianas, tree ferns, and cycads. For certain families, classification is incomplete and will require revision when such information is published. This is particularly true for those families represented in the less-explored areas of Haiti. The tree and shrub names are organized in two main sections. The first section lists the accepted scientific name, synonyms and common names, if any, of more than 1,100 species representing 406 genera and. 110 botanical families. The tree species are arranged alphabetically by botanical family and species. The second section lists the common Haitian tree names according to their Creole names. ,These lists were prepared in part by consulting several floras completed on Hispaniola and elsewhere in the Caribbean, including: Common Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands (Vol. I & II) by E. L. Little and F. H. Wadsworth (1964; 1989) and E. L. Little, R. O. Woodbury and F. H. Wadsworth (1974); La Flora de la Espanola (Vol. I-V) by A. H. Liogier (1982-1989); Nomenclature Polyglotte des Plantes Haitiennes et Tropicales by A. V. Pierre-Noel (1971); La Flore d'Haiti by H. D. Barker and W. S. Dardeau (1930); Floristic Study of Morne La Visjte and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti by W. S. Judd (1987); The Flora of Macaya Biosphere Reserve:' Additional Taxa, Taxonomic and Nomenclature Changes by W. S. Judd and J. D. Skean, Jr. (1990); ICRAF Multipurpose Tree and Shrub Database by P. G. von Carlowitz, G. V. Wolfe and R. E. M. Kemperman (1991); and Field Guide to the Palms of the Americas by A. Henderson, G. Galeano and R. Bernal (1995). These sources should be consulted for further research purposes. Scientific Names: The first column of each family table shows the accepted Latin binomial that currently is recognized for a given tree taxon. The second column lists synonyms, alternate spellings and uncertain names that have been associated with the taxon in the published literature. The third column li~ts the common names of the tree species in the Greater Antilles, beginning with Haiti, followed by the Dominican Republic, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, and occasionally other countries in the Caribbean. The common names are followed by the first letter of their country names in parentheses: H = Haiti, RD = Republica Dominicana, PR = Puerto Rico, C = Cuba, J = Jamaica, US = United States, G = Guadeloupe, M = Martinique, ~ = Bahamas, and VI = Virgin Islands. Many of the lesser-known species lack a common name that has not been published to the knowledge of the author. Occasionally, common names from outside the Caribbean are used, especially for the exotic species. The common name list for Haiti are given as they appear in the botanical literature. These are a combination of French and Creole names, the latter generally published in the French orthography. The reader should be aware that many of the French names are not Creole and that the majority of Creole names are no longer spelled as such. It was observed during this compilation that many' of the Creole names had been transcribed poorly or misapplied to the Latin name. The names have been listed for reference purposes and should be verified during field studies. A thorough study of the regional differences in usage and verification of the list for accuracy remains a challenge for the future research. Tree Names 233 Creole Common Names: This section lists the Creole tree and shrub names according to the current orthography (Dejean, 1986). The names are arranged alphabetically. If a common name applies to more than one species within a genus, only the genus is given. Many of the names are derived from the original Latin or French. All possible variants of a common name, primarily associated with differences in pronunciation and regional usage, may not be listed. Scientific Names of Trees and Shrubs ADOXACEAE SPECIES SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES Sambucus canadensis L. fleurs sureau, sureau (H); American elder, American elderberry (US) Sambucus simpsonii Rehd. fleurs sureau, sureau (H); sauco blanco (C, RD); sauco (PR); Horida eider (US) ANACARDIACEAE SPECIES Anacardium occidentale L. SYNONYMS Acajuba occidentalis Gaertn., Cassuvium pomiferum Tuss. Comocladia cuneata Britton Endemic to Hispaniola COMMON NAMES acajou, anacarde, noix d'acajou, pomme, pomme acajou (H); cacajuil, cajuil (RD); cashew (US) bois espagnol, bois franc, bois pagnol, bousillette, bresillet, dos gillette, la brisiette (H); chicharron, guao (RD); poison ash (PR) Comocladia dentata Jacq. C. dentata propinqua Engler., C. propinqua HBK. bousillette, bresillet, brisiette (H); guao, guao de costa (RD) Comocladia dodonaea (L.) Urb. C. iticifolia Sw., C. tricuspidata Lam., !lex dodonaea L. bresillet (H); chicharr6n cimarron, guao (RD) bois espagnol, bois pagnol, bresillet (H); guao (RD) Comocladia domingensis Britt. Endemic to Hispaniola Comocladia ehrenbergii Engler. Endemic to Hispaniola Comocladia ekmaniana Helwig. Endemic to Hispaniola Comocladia gilgiana Helwig. Endemic to Hispaniola Comocladia glabra (Schultes) Spreng. . C. acuminata M~. & Sesse, not Britt., C. glabra acuminata Urb., C. ilicifolia glabra Schultes bresillet (H); chicharron (RD); carasco (PR); guao (C,RD) C. integrifolia Jacq., C. pinnatifida Ind. Kew. bois espagnol, bois pagnol, bresillet, sablier (H); guao (RD) Comocladia mollifolia Elan. & Helwig Comocladia pinnatifolia L. Comocladia pubescens Eng!. guao(RD) Mangifera indica L. mangue, manguier, mango, margot (H); mango (RD) 234 Tree Names ANACARDIACEAE SPECIES SYNO?\lYMS COMMON NAMES Metopium brownei (Jacq.) Urb. M. linnaei Eng!. in DC., p.p., Rhus bois muliitre, mancenillier, muliitre (H); cochinilla, metopium L., Terebinthus bro~nei cochinillo, cotinilla, guao (RD); Jamaica sumac (1) Jacq. Metopium toxiferum (L.) Krug & Urb. Amyris toxifera L., M. linnaei Eng!. in DC., p.p., M. metopium Small bois muliitre, machandeuse, machandoise, mancenillier, manchenille, maximier, muliitre (H); guao, manzanillo (RD) Schinus moUe L. pimienta (RD); California pepper tree (US) Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi pimienta de Brasil (RD, PR); Brazil pepper tree, Christmas berry (US) Spondias dulcis Parkinson S. cytherea Tuss., not Sonn., S. dulcis Forst. f. mombin afruits jaunes, mombin espagnol, pomme cythere, robe (H); jobo de la India, manzana de oro (RD) Spondias mombin L. S. lutea L., S. lutea var. glabra Engler., S. lutea var. maxima Engler., S. myrobalanus L., S. nigrescens Pittier, S. pseudomyrobalanus Tuss., S. radlokoferi J. D. grand mombin, gros mombin, mombin, mombin franc, myrobalane (H); ciruela, ciruela amarilla, ciruelo, jobo, jobo de puerco, joboban (RD); hogplum, jobo vano, yellow mombin (PR) Spondias purpurea L. S. ciroueUa Tuss., S. cytherea Sonn., S. macrocarpa Eng!., S. mombin L. (1759, not 1753), S. mombin Desc., S. myrobalanus Jacq., Wanningia macrocarpa Eng!. abricotier biitard, cirouelle, cirouellier, ciroyer d' Amerique, mombin rouge (H); ciruela morada, ciruela sanjuanera, jobo, jobo negro (RD); ciruela del pals, Jamaica plum, Spanish plum, (PR); purple plum, red mombin (US) Spondias x robe Urb. Endemic to Hispaniola S. mombin x S. purpurea mombin espagnol, robe (H) ANNONACEAE SPECIES Annona cherimolia Mill. SYNONYMS [Also spelled A. cherimo~a] COMMON NAMES cachiman, cachiman la Chine, cherimolier (H); cherimoya, chirimoya (RD); cherimaya (PR) Annona domingensis R. E. Fries Endemic to Hispaniola anon de perro (RD) Annona dumertorum R. E. Fries Endemic to Hispaniola anon de perro (RD) Annonafrutescens R. E. Fries Endemic to Hispaniola Annona glabra L. A. laurifolia Dunal, A. palustris L. coeur boeuf, corossol marron, liege, marnmier marron (H); baga, guanabana cimarrona, guanabana de corcho, guanlibana de perro, mamon de perro (RD); alligator apple, cayur (PR); pond apple (J) ~ Annona gracilis R. E. Fries Endemic to Hispaniola Annona micrantha Bert ex Spreng. _ Endemic to Hispaniola anon de perro, guanabanita (RD) Annona montana Macf. corossol zombie (H); guanabana, guanabana cimarrona, guanabana de peiro (RD); mountain soursop (1) Annona muricata L. corossol, corossolier (H); guanlibana (RD, C, PR); soursop (PR) Tree Names 235 ANNONACEAE SPECIES SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES Annona reticulata Linn. bois cachiman, cachiman, cachiman coeur de boeuf, coeur boeuf (H); mamon (RD, C); coraz6n (RD, PR); bullock's heart, custard apple (PR) Annona rosei Safford Endemic to Hispaniola cachiman zombie (H) Annona salicifolia Ekm. & Fries' Endemic to Hispaniola Annona squamosa L. cachiman, cachiman cannelle, pomme de cannelle (H); candongo (RD); anon (RD, C, PR); sugar apple, sweetsop (PR) Annona urbaniana R. E. Fries Endemic to Hispaniola cachiman marron, marguerite (H); anon de perro (RD) Canangaodorata (Lam.) Hook. & Canangium odoratum BailI., Thoms. Uvaria odorata Lam. i1ang-ilang (H, PR); cananga, illin-illin (Spanish); ylang-ylang (English) Guatteria blainii (Griseb.) Urb. Asimina blainii Oriseb., Cananga blainii Britt. bois noir (H); yaya, yaya prieta (RD); haya, haya minga (PR) Oxandra Ianceolata (Sw.) BailI. Guatteria virgata Dum., O. virgata A. Rich, Ul'aria lanceolata Sw., U. virgata Sw. bois de lance, bois de lance franc (H); yaya, yaya boba, yaya tina, yaya pesada (RD); black lancewood (J); West Indian lancewood (US) Oxandra laurifolia (Sw.) A. Rich. Guatteria laurifolia Dunal, Uvaria laurifolia Sw. bois de lance biitard (H); yaya, yaya blanca, yaya boba (RD) Rollinia mucosa (Jacq.) BailI. Annona mucosa Jacq., A. obtusifolia Tuss. an6n, candon, candongo (RD); cachiman cochon. cachi~an montagne (0) APOCYNACEAE SPECIES Aspidospenna cuspa (HBK.) Blake & Pittier SYNONYMS A. domingensis Urb., Conoria cuspaHBK COMMON NAMES bois amer blanc, madame jean (H) Cameraria angustifolia L. Endemic to Hispaniola Cameraria latifolia L. bois lait, haitier,laitier (H); palo de leche (RD); maboa (C, RD) Cameraria linearifolia Urb. Endemic to Hispaniola palo de leche (RD) Nerium oleander L laurier blanc, laurier des jardins, laurier rose, laurier tropical (H); martinica, piruH, rosa del Peru (RD); narciso, rosa francesca (C); adellfa, oleander (PR) Plumeria alba L. frangipanier, frangipanier blanc, frangipanier sauvage (H); alelaila, a1eH blanco (PR); frangipani, plumeria (US) Plumeria obtusa L P. barahonensis Urb., P. beatensis Urb., P. cayensis Urb., P. cuneifolia Helwig., P. krugii Urb., P. marchii Urb., P. ostenfeldii Urb., P. portoricensis Urb. franchipagne, frangipane, frangipanier, frangipanier blanc, frasoigne (H); a1eH, atabaiba, flor de cerro (RD); lirio (C); aleH cimarr6n, aleli de la Mona, aleHa, tabaiba (PR) . 236 Tree Names APOCYNACEAE SPECIES Plumeria rubra L. COMMON NAMES SYNONYMS P. obtusa x P. subsessilis hybrids Endemic to Hispaniola I) P. biglandulosa Urb. 2) P. discolor Urb. & Elan. 3) P. longiflora Urb. & Elan. 4) P. paulinae Urb. 5) P. trouinensis Urb. & Elan. frangipane, frangipanier marron (H); alelf, atabaiba (RD) P. acutifolia Poir., P. incamata frangipane, frangipanier, frangipanier rose (H); Ruiz. & Pav., P. purpurea Ruiz. & ataiba rosada (RD); frangipan, lirio, lirio tricolor (C); frangipani (PR) Pav., P. tricolor Ruiz. & Pay. P. fubra x P. subsessilis hybrids Endemic to Hispaniola frangipane, frangipanier marron (H); alelf, atabaiba (RD) Plumeria stenopetala Urb. Endemic to Hispaniola frangipane, frangipanier marron (H) Plumeria subsessilis A. DC. Endemic to Hispaniola P. berterii A. DC., P. jaegeri Muell.Arg. frangipane, frangipane blanche, frangipanier, frangipanier marron (H); alelf (RD) Plumeria tuberculata Lodd. P. domingensis Urb., P. gibbosa Urb., P. obtusa var. sericifolia Woods, P. sericifolia C. Wr. ex Griseb. frangipane, frangipanier epineux (H); alelf, atabaiba (RD) Rauvolfia biauriculata Muell. [Also spelled Rauwolfia.] Rauvolfia nitida Jacq. R. tetraphylla auth., no L. [Also spelled Rauwolfia.] bois lait, bois lait femelie, bois saisissement (H); coraz6n de paloma, palo de leche, palo de leche chiquito, palo del rey (RD); huevo de gallo (C); bitter-ash, cachimbo, milk bush, palo amargo (PR) Rauvolfia viridis Roem. & Schult. R. lamarckii A. DC. [Also spelled Rauwolfia.] bitterbush (PR) Tabemaemontana citrifolia L. Rauvolfia oppositifolia Spreng., T. berterii DC., T. citrifolia Jacq., T. oppositifolia (Spreng.) Urb. bois lait, bois lait mille, bois laiteux febrifuge, leteuil (H); palo de leche (RD); pegojo, pitimini (C); palo lechoso, pegoje (PR) Tabemaemontana divaricata (L.) R. Br: ex Roem. & Schult. Nerium divaricatum L., T. coronaria Willd. caprice (H); jazmin Malabar (RD) Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum. Cerbera peruviana Pers., C. thevatia L., T. neriifolia Juss., T. thevetia Millsp. ahouai des Antilles, bagage 11 collier, bois saisissement, d'eau livre, feuilles saisies, feuilles saisissement, noix de serpent, serpent (H); retama (RD); cabalonga, lucky-nut (PR) Tabernaemontana amygdalifolia Jacq. AQUIFOLIACEAE SPECIES SYNONYMS /lex qzuensis Loes. Endemic to Hispaniola /lex bardhonica Loes. Endemic to Hispaniola /lexfuertesiana (Loes.) Loes. Endemic to Hispaniola I. caroliniana var.fuertesiana Loes., I. fuertesiana var. selleana Loes: COMMON NAMES Tree Names 237 AQUIFOLIACEAE . SPECIES flex guianensis (AubI.) Kuntze SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES I. acuminata Willd., f. guianensis palo de burro (RD); macoucoua (PR); water wood, whitewood (Belize) var. cuencensis Loes., I. macoucoua Pers., f. panamensis StandI., I. pseudomacoucoua Loes., Macoucoua guianensis AubI. /lex impressa Loes. & Elan.. Endemic to central Hispaniola /lex krugiana Loes. l duarteensis Loes. lombai (H); palo blanco, palo de burro (RD) /lex macfadyenii (Walp.) Rehder I. macfadyenii var. domingensis Moscoso, I. macfadyenii var. occidentalis Moscoso, f. m~ontana Griseb., not T. & G., Prinos macfadyenii Walp., P. montanus Sw. feuilles houx, houx, petit houx, (H); acebo cubano de sierra, palo blanco (RD); acebo de sierra (PR); graines vertes pruneau, petit citronnier (G) /lex microwrightioides Loes. Endemic to Hispaniola I. microwrightioides var. calescens Loes. /lex nitida (Vahl) Maxim Prinos nitidus Vahl /lex obcordata Sw. f. formonica Loes. /lex repanda Griseb. I. grisebachii Maxim., I. grisebachii var. haitiensis Loes. /lex riedlaei Loes. Considered by some authors as a variety of f. urbaniana Loes. briqueta, briqueta naranjo, hueso prieto (PR); bois de houe (M);pruneau noir (G) /lex tuerckheimii Loes. Endemic to Hispaniola ARALIACEAE SPECIES SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES Brassaia actinophylla EndI. Schefflera actinophylla (EndI.) Harms. schefflera (H); mano (RD) Dendropanax arboreus (L.) Decne. & Planch. Aralia arborea L., Gilibertia arborea (L.) E. March., G. brachypoda Drb. bois negresse, fausse salsepareille, salsepareille bfitard, salsepareille marron (H); junquillo, lengua de vaca, palo de burro, palo malo, pinga de perro, ramon de bestia, ramon de costa, vlbora (RD); ramon de vaca (C, RD); vlbona (C); palo de polIo (PR) Dendropanax selleanus (Drb. & Elan.) A. C. Smith ?ndemic to southern Hispaniola Gilibertia selleana Drb. & Elan. bois negresse (H) Oreopanax capitatum (Jacq.) Decne. & Planch. Aralia capitata Jacq. [Also spelled O. capitatus.] bois cachon, bois d'anjou (H); palo de viento, pinga de perro, vlbora (RD); candlewood, palo cachumba, woman wood (PR) Polyscias balfouriana (Hort. Sander.) L. H. Bailey Aralia balfouriana Hort. Sander. paresseux, persillette (H); gallego (RD) Polysciasfilicifolia (Moore) L. H. Bailey Aralia filicifolia Moore ex Foum. feuilles paresseux, paresseux (H); gallego (RD; PR) Polyscias guilfoylei (Cogn. ex March.) L. H. Bailey' Aralia guilfoylei Cogn. ex March., paresseux (H); gallego (RD, PR); guilfoyle P. guilfoylei (Bull.) L. H. Bailey polyscias (PR) 238 Tree Names ARALIACEAE SPECIES SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES feuilles paresseux, paresseux, paresseux des clotures (H); parid (RD); gallego (PR) Polyscias pinnata Forst. Schefflera morototoni (Aub!.) Maguire Steyenn. & Frodin Didymopanax morototoni (Aub!.) Decne. & Planch., Panax morotoni Aub!. aralie grandes feuilles, bois canol, bois trembler, tremble, trembler, trompette m3le (H); palo de sable, sablito (RD); yagrumo macho (C, RD, PR); arriero, gavalan, zapaton (C); matchwood (PR) Schefflera tremula (Krug & Urb.) Alain Endemic to Hispaniola Didymopanax tremulus Krug & Urb. Some authors spell D. tremulum. aralie grandes feuilles, bois d'anjou, bois trembler, tremble, trembler (H); palo de viento (RD) ouane primaire (H); juan primero (RD) Sciadodendrun excelsum Griseb. ARAUCARIACEAE SPECIES SYNONYMS A. excelsa (Lam.) R. Br. Araucaria heterophylla (Salisb.) Franco COMMON NAMES araucaria (H, PR); siete pisos (RD, C); Norfolk-Island pine (PR) ARECACEAE (=PALMAE) SPECIES SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq.) Lodd. Henderson et a!. (1995) list 37 synonyms including· A. media O. ex Mart. F. Cook, A. quisqueyana Bailey, Bactris globosa Gaertn., Cocos aculeatus Jacq., Palma spinosa Mill. coco guinee, corosse (H); catie, corozo, corozo criollo (RD); corojo (C) . Attalea crassispatha (Mart.) Burret Endemic to southwestern Haiti carosse, carossier, petit coco (H) Bactris plumeriana Mart. Calyptronoma plumeriana (Martius) Lourteig Bomoa crassispatha O. F. Cook, Cocos crassipatha Mart., Maximiliana crassispatha Mart., Orbignya crassispatha (Mart.) Glassman f B. chaetophylla Mart., B. canne de Tobago, coco macaque, petit crocro (H); cubensis Burrett, B. jamaicana L. palma de catey (RD); coco macaco, pajua, palma (C); H. Bailey, B. plumeriana of Becc., prickly pole (1) Palma gracilis Mill. Calyptrogyne clementis Le6n, C. chapelet, palme-a-vin (H); flor de confite, manaca, dulcis (Wright ex Griseb.) Gomez,. manaca colorada, manacla, palma de arroyo, palma C. intennedia (Griseb. & H. manaca (RD, C) Wend!.) Gomez, C. microcarpa Leon, Calyptronoma clementis (Leon) A. D. Hawkes ssp. clementis, C. clementis (Leon) A. D. Hawkes ssp. orientensis Muniz & Borhidi, C. dulcis (Wright ex Griseb.) Bailey, C. intennedia (Griseb. & H. Wend!.) H. Wend!., C. microcarpa (Leon) A. D. Hawkes, Geonoma dulcis Wright ex Griseb., G. intennedia Griseb. . & H. Wend!., G. plumeriana Mart. Tree Names 239 ARECACEAE (=PALMAE) SPECIES Calyptronoma rivalis (Cook) Bailey SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES palme-a-vin, palma (H); manaca, manacla, palma Calyptrogyne quisqueyana manaca, palmilla (RD, PR) (Bailey) Leon, C. rivalis (0. F. Cook) Leon, Calyptronoma quisqueyana L. H. Bailey, Cocops rivalis O. F. Cook Chrysalidocarpus lutescens H. A. Areca lutescens Bozy Wend!. areca (H, RD, PR, US); palma areca (C); palm dorada (RD); bamboo palm, butterfly palm, Madagascar palm, yellow palm (English) Coccothrinax argentea (Lodd. ex Schult. f.) Sarg. ex Becc. Acanthorriza argentea (Lodd.) O. gouane, gwenn, latanier bourrique, latanier marron, F. Cook, C. argentea of Britton & latanier savanne, palme coyau (H); guano, palma de guano(RD) Wilson, Thrinax argentea Lodd. ex Schult. & Schult. f., T. longistyla Becc., T. multiflora Man. in pan Coccothrinax ekmanii Burret C. munizii Borhidi, Haitiella ekmanii (Burret) L. H. Bailey, H. munizii (Borhidi) Borhidi gouane, gwenn (H) Coccothrinax gracilis Burret Endemic to Hispaniola latanier (H) Coccothrinax miraguama (Kunth) Henderson et a!. (1995) list 42 Le6n synonyms including C. montana Burret, C. scoparia Becc. latanier balai (H); miraguano, yuraguana (C) Coccothrinax spissa Bailey Endemic to Hispaniola Cocos nucifera L. Palmas cocos Miller cocotier, cocoyer, cog au lait, noix de coco (H); coco, coCotero, palma de coco (RD, PR); coconut (US) Copemicia berteroana Becc. dyare (H); yarey (RD) Copemicia ekmanii Burret Endemic to northwestern Haiti homme de paille, jambe de paille (H) Elaeis guineensis L. E. melanococca Gaert. corossier, crocro, crocro guinee (H); corozo (RD); corojo de Guinea (C); African oil palm (PR, US) Geonoma interrupta (Ruiz & Pav.) Man. var. interrupta Henderson et al. (1995) list 22 synonyms including G. oxycarpa Man. coco macaque, palme (H, M) Phoenix canariensis Hort. ex Chabaud . Canary Island date palm (PR, US) Phoenix dactylifera L. datte, dattier (H); datil (RD, C, PR); datilera, palmera (RD, C); date, date palm (PR) Prestoea acuminata (Willd.) H. E. Henderson et a!. (1995) list36 Moore synonyms including Euterpe globosa Gaertn., Prestoea montana (Graham) Nicholson macoutouca, palme-a-vin, palmiste-a-ehapelet (H); palma de manacla, manacla (RD); mountain palm (PR) Pseudophoenix lediniana Read Endemic to Fauche River, Haiti P. elata O. F. Cook ex Burret pal, petit palmiste marron (H) Pseudophoenix sargentii H. A. Wend!. ex Sarg. ssp. saonae 1) var. saonae 2) var. navassana Read var. saonae: Cyclospathe northropii O. F. Cook, P. gracilis Ekm., P. linearis O. F. Cook, P. saonae O. F. Cook var. navassana: P. navassana Ekm. ex Burret cacheo (RD); palma de guinea (C); Florida cherrypalm, Sargent cherrypalm (US); hog cabbage, hog palmetto (B) 240 Tree 'Names ARECACEAE (=PALMAE) SPECIES SYNONYMS Pseudophoenix vinifera (Mart.) Becc. Endemic to Hispaniola COMMON NAMES Aeria vinifera (Mart.) O. F. Cook, catie, palmiste-a-vin (H); cacheo (RD); guano de Guinea (C); buccaneer palm (US) Cocos vinifera (Mart.) Mart., Euterpe vinifera Mart., Gaussia vinifera (Mart.) H. WendL, P. insignis O. F. Cook, Raphia vinifera Descourt. - Roystonea borinquena O. F. Cook Oreodoxa borinquena (0. F. Cook) Reasoner ex L. H. Bailey, R. hispaniolana Bailey, R. hispaniolana f. altissima Moscoso, R. peregrina L. H. Bailey palmier royal, palmiste (H); palma, palma deyagua (RD); palma real (RD, PR); Hispaniolan royal palm, Puerto Rico royal palm, royal palm (PR,US) Sabal causiarum (0. F. Cook) Becc. Inodes causiarum O. F. Cook, 7. glauca Dammer, S. haitensis Becc., S. questeliana L. H. Bailey latanier chapeau, latanier franc, latanier jaune (H); palma cana (RD); palma de sombrero, Puerto Rican hat palm, yarey (PR) Sabal domingensis Becc. S. neglecta Becc. latanier chapeau, paille (H); cana, palma de cana (RD); Hispaniola palmetto (PR) Thrinax'morrisU H. A. WendL Simpsonia microcarpa (Sarg.) O. F. Cook, T. bahamensis O. F. Cook, T. drudei Becc., T. ekmanii Burret, T. keyensis Sarg., T. microcarpa Sarg., T. ponceana O. F. Cook, T. punctulata Becc. latanier de mer, latanier la mer (H); guanillo (RD); guano de sierra, miraguano, palmita (C); brittle thatch palm, palma de cojollo, palma de escoba, pandereta, yaray (PR); buffalo top (B); guano campeche (G) Thrinax radiata Lodd. ex Schult. & Schult. f. .Coccothrinax manU (Griseb. & H. WendL) Becc., C. radiata (Lodd. ex Schult. & Schult. f.) Sarg., Porothrinax pumilio H. WendL ex Griseb., T.floridana Sarg., T. manU Griseb. & H. WendL ex Griseb., T. wendlandiana Becc. latanier de mer, latanier la mer (H); guanillo (RD); guano de costa (C); thatch palm 0, US) Zombia antillarum (Desc. ex Jackson) Bailey .Monotypic species endemic to Hispaniola Chamaerops antillarum Descourt. latanier piquant, latanier zombi (H); guanito (DR) ex Jackson, Coccothrinax anomala Becc., Oothrinax anomala (Becc.) O. F. Cook, Z antillarum var. gonzalezU Jimenez ASCLEPIADACEAE SPECIES SYNONYMS Calotropis procera (Ait.) R. Br. COMMON NAMES arbre soie, coton soie (H); algod6n extranjero (RD); caZuela (C); algod6n de seda, giant milkweed (PR); arbre a soie (G) . ASTERACEAE (=COMPOSITAE) NB: Judd (1987) describes 19 shrub species of the following genera that might be considered small trees sensu Little and Wadsworth (1964): Baccharis (1); Eupatorium (10), Lantanopsis (1), Narvalina (I), Pluchea (I), Senecio (3), and Vernonia (2). Tree Names 241 BETULACEAE SPECIES Alnus acuminata Kunth. ssp. acuminata SYNONYMS A. acutissima (Winkler) Callier, A. castanaefolia Mirbel, A. ferruginea Kunth., A. jorullensis Kunth. var. acuminata (Kunth.) Kuntze, A. jorullensis Kunth. var. ferruginea (Kunth.) Kuntze, A. jorullensis Kunth. var. mirbelli (Spach.) H. J. Winkler, A. lanceolota Philippi, A. lindeni Regel, A. spachii (Regel) Callier COMMON NAMES aile, aliso, jaul (C, RD, PR); alder, Andes alder (US) BIGNONIACEAE SPECIES SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES Catalpa longissima (Jacq.) Dum. Cours. Bignonia longissima Jacq., B. quercus Lam., C. longissima (Jacq.) Sims, Macrocatalpa longissima (Jacq.) Britton bois chene, chene, chene haitien, chenier (H); roble, . roble de olor (l~D); Jarnaica-oak, mastwood, yokewood (J); Haiti catalpa, Haitian oak, roble dominicano (PR); chene noir (H, M); radegonde (M) Crescentia cujete L. C. acuminata HBK., C. fasciculata Miers calebasse, calebassier (H); gilira (C, RD); higiiero (RD, PR); calabasa (C); calabash (PR) calebasse marron (H); higiiera (RD, PR); calabash, higiierillo, higiierita, higiierito (PR) Crescentia linearifolia Miers Dendrosicus latifolius (Mil!.) A. Gentry Crescentia cucurbitina L., Enallagma cucurbitina (L.) Baill., E. tatifolia (Mill.) Small [Also spelled E. latifolio.] calebasse zombie, calebasse marron (H); gilira cimarrona, higiierillo, higiiero galion, higiiero jamo (RD); giiera de olor (C); black-calabash, higiierita (PR) Jacaranda mimosifolia D. Don J. acutifolia, not Humb. & Bonp!. flamboyant bleu, jacaranda (H); flamboyan azul (RD); framboyan azul (C) Spathodea campanutata Beauv. immortel etranger (H); amapola, mampolo (RD); espatodea (C); African tuliptree, tulipan africano (PR) Tabebuia acrophylla (Urb.) Britt. bois nago, bois savane (H); paragua (RD); cucharillo, roble caiman (C); roble blanco, roble de mona (PR) Tabebuia berteri (DC.) Britt bois du sip, sip (H) Tabebuia conferta Urb. Endemic to Massif de la Hotte calebassier (H) Tabebuia heterophylla (DC.) Britton poirier (H); capli bobo, roble blanco (RD); prieto, T. dominicensis Urb., T. heterophylla ssp. pallida (Miers) roble, roble de costa, roble de yugo, roble prieto (PR); pink cedar, pink trumpet tree (J) Stehle, T. lucida Britton, T. pallida (Lind!.) Miers, T. pallida ssp. dominicensis (Urb.) Stehle, T. pallida ssp. heterophylla (DC.) Stehle, T. pentaphylla auth., not (L.) Hems!. Tecoma stans (L.) HBK. Bignonia stans L., Stenolobium incisum Rose & Stand!., S. stans (L.) Seem., T. tronodora (Loes.) Johnst. chevalier, fleur de St. Pierre, herbe de St. Nicolas (H); sauco amarillo (RD, C); ginger-thomas, roble amarillo (PR) 242 Tree Names BIXACEAE SPECIES Bua orellana L. . SYNONYMS B. katangensis Delpierre COMMON NAMES chiote, roucou. roucouyer (H); achiote, bija (RD. C. PR); lipstick bush (PR); anatto O. PR) BLECHNACEAE SPECIES SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES tree fern (US) Blechnum underwoodianum (Broudh.) C. Chr. BOMBACACEAE SPECIES Adansonia digitata L. SYNONYMS A. baobab, A. situla. A. somalensis, A. sphaerocarpa A. Chev. COMMON NAMES mapou etranger, mapou zombi (H); baobab (RD. . C, PR. G, M); monkey bread tree, sour gourd (J) Bombacopsis emarginata (A. Rich.) Bombax emarginatum Dcne.• A. Robyns Pachira emarginata A. Rich colorade (H); caiman, colorado. juan colorado (RD) Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. fromager, mapou. mapou coton (H); ceiba (RD. C, PR); kapok. silk cotton (PR); cotton tree (J) Bombax guineense Thonn.• B. orientale Sprengel. B. pentandrum L.. C. casearia L. Medicus, C. guineense (Thonn.) A. Chev.• C. thonningii A. Chev.• Eriodendron anfructuosum DC.• E. caribaeum (DC.) G. Don, E. guineese (Thonn.) G. Don. ex Lond. Chorisia insignis HBK. estrella federal (RD) Chorisia speciosa S1. Hi!. estrella federal (RD) . Neobuchia paulinae Urb. mapou blanc (H) Ochroma pyramidale (Cav.) Urb. Bombax angulata Sesse & Moy, B. pyramidale Cav., O. bicolor Rowlee, O. boliviana Rowlee. O. grandiflora Rowlee, O. lagopus Sw., O. lagopus var. bicolor (Rowlee) StandI. et Steyerm.• O. lagopus var. occigranatensis Cuatr., O. limonensis Rowlee. O. obtusa Raw!., O. peruviana Sohns1., O. tomentosa Willd., O. velutina Rowlee bois madame, coton fleur, coton soie. fleurs mahaudeme, mahaudeme (H); lana, lanero. palo de lana (RD); balsa, corcho, corkwood, guano (PR) Pachira aquatica Aubl. Carolinea princeps L. f., P. grandiflora Tuss. colorade (H); cacao cimarr6n, carolina, colorado, pachira (RD); ceiba de agua (PR) cacao cimarrOn (RD); shaving-brush tree (PR); carolina (C) Pachira insignis (Sw.) Sw. Pseudobombax ellipticum (HBK.) Dugand Bombax ellipticum HBK. don diego de ilia (RD) Quararibea turbinata (Sw.) Poir. . Myrodia turbinata Sw. molinero, molinillo, paragiiita (RD) Tree Names 243 BORAGINACEAE SPECIES SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES Bourreria succulenta Jacq. B. succulenta var. canescens O. E. cafe marron, mapou gris (H); palo bobo (RD); ateje de costa, curaboca, fruta de catey, roble guayo (C); Schulz., Cordia bourreria L., Ehretia bourreria L. [Also spelled palo de vaca, pigeon-berry (PR) Beureria.] Bourreria virgata (Sw.) G. Don B. domingensis (DC.) Griseb. [Also spelled Beureria.] guazumillo (RD); cafecillo, raspalengua (C); palo de vaca, roble de guayo (PR) Cordia alba (Jacq.) Roem. & Schult. Calyptracordia alba (Jacq.) Britton, Cordia calyptrata Bert., C. dentata Poir., Varronia calyptrata DC. bois chique (H); mufieco blanco, yagua (RD); ateje amarillo, uva gomosa, uvita, varia blanca (C); cereza blanca, white manjack (PR) Cordia alliodora (Ruiz Lopez & Pavon) Oken Cerdana alliodora Ruiz & Pavon,. Cordia alliodora (Ruiz Lopez & Pavon) Cham. ex DC., C. gerascanthus Jacq., non L. bois de rose, bois soumis, chene caparo, chene franc, chene noir (H); capa de olor, capa de sabana, capa 0 laurel, capar6, guacimilla (RD); capa, capli prieto (RD, PR); Spanish elm (PR, J); varia, varia amarilla, varia colorado, varia prieta (C) Cordia collqcocca L. C. glabra auth. trois pieds (H); mufieco, palo de mufieco blanco (RD); ateje; ateje hembra (C); cerezo, manjack, palo de mufieco (PR) Cordiafitchii Urb. capa prieto, mufieco (RD); varia, varia prieta (C) Cordia gerascanthes L. Cordia laevigata Lam. C. nitida Vahl bonbon chat, bonbon cOdine, croque chien, dent de chien blanc, fleur dentition, fleurs dents (H); rompe ropa (RD); ateje globoso (C); white cordia (PR) Cordia mirabiloides (Jacq.) Roem. & Schult. Cordia obliqua Willd. Cordia sebestena L. Cordia sulcata DC. C. tremula Griseb. C. brachycalyx Urb., C. speciosa .Salisb., Sebesten sebestena (L.) Britton C. macrophylla R. & S., C. toqueve Sieb. ' ateje amarillo, ateje americano (C); cereza blanca, manjack (PR) bois d'Inde, coquelicot, petit solei! (H); avellana criolla, caramboli (RD); anacagilita (C); vomitel colorado (C, PR); aloe wood, geiger-tree (PR) fleurs dent a fleurs blanches, paresol (H); ateje cimarrOn, ateje macho, palo tabaco (C); moral, white manjack (PR) bois chapeau, bois noir, chene noir, filiere (H); arrayan, mufieco baboso, roblecillo, roblillo (RD); guayo prieto (C); roble prieto (C, RD) Ehretia tinifolia L. Rochefortia acanthophora (DC.) Griseb. bois paupit, bois pou¢<: (H); ateje costa, ateje cimarron, atejillo, cerezo (C); capa colorado, red manjack (PR) Ehretia acanthophora DC., E. spinosa Spreng. bois ebene, ebene, ebenier noir, galle-galle, gratte-galle (H); coraz6n de paloma, ebano, trejo (RD); carbonero, espuela de caballero (C); juso (PR) NB: Judd (1987) lists 3 Cordia shrub species that might be considered as small trees sensu Little and Wadsworth (1964). These species are not listed. BURSERACEAE SPECIES Bursera brunea (Urb.) Urb. & Ekm. Endemic to Hispaniola SYNONYMS Spondias brunea Urb. COMMON NAMES 244 Tree Names BURSERACEAE SPECIES Bursera glauca Griseb. SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES B. nashii (Britt.) Urb., Terebinthinus glauca Britt., T. nashiiBritt. Bursera gracilipes Urb. & Elan. Endemic to Hispaniola Bursera ovata Urb. & Elan. Endemic to Hispaniola Bursera simaruba (L.) Sarg. B. gummifera L., B. ovalifolia (Schldl.) Engl., Elaphrium ovalifolium Schldl., E. simaruba (L.) Rose, Pistacia simaruba L. bois d'encens, chiboue, chique, gommier, gommier blanc, gommier rouge (H); almacigo (RD, PR, C); almacigo blanco, almacigo colorado, jobo (RD); gun1 tree, gumbo limbo, turpentine tree, West Indian birch (PR) Hedwigia balsamifera Sw., T. ossaea Gaertn., T. panamensis bois eachon, bois cachon marron, sucrier des montagnes (H); abey, amacey, amacey hembra (RD); hagwood, masa, palo de aceite (PR); azucarero, palo cachino (C) Protium glaucescens Urb. Endemic to Hispaniola Tetragastris balsamifera (Sw.) Kuntze OK BUXACEAE SPECIES Buxus glomerata (Griseb.) Muel!. Arg. SYNONYMS Tricera glomerata Griseb. COMMON NAMES bois petite feuille (H) CACTACEAE SPECIES SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES Cereus hexagonus (L.) Mill. cayuco (RD); cacto columnar (C, PR); tall columnar cactus (PR) Consolea macracantha (Mill.) cactier, cactus, raquette (H) Lem. Lemaireocereus hystrix (Haw.) ' Britton & Rose Cereus hystrix (Haw.) Salm.-Dyck. Opuntiaficus-indica (L.) Mill. Opuntia moniliformis (L.) Haw. catastres (H); cayuco (RD); card6n (C); dildo espanol, Spanish dildo (PR) raquette (H); alquitira, higo chumbo, tuna mansa (RD); spineless tuna, tuna de Espana (PR) Consolea moniliformis (L.) Britton patte de tortue, raquette espagnole (H); alpargata (RD); tuna (PR) CAMPANULACEAE SPECIES Lobelia assurgens L. Lobelia robusta Graham var. robusta SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES cog shango (H); chicoria cimarrona (PR); cardinale rouge, lobelie cardinale (French) Tree Names 245 .CANELLACEAE SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES C. alba Murray, Laurus winterana L., Winterana canella canille, camille, cannelle. cannelle poivree (H); canela, canela de la tierra, cane/ilia (RD); barbasco, canella, pepper cinnamon, whitewood bark; wild cinnamon, winter bark (PR); cUrbana, malambo (C) SPECIES Canella winterana (L.) Gaertn. L. Cinnamodendron angustifolium Sleumer Endemic to Hispaniola canelilla (RD) Cinnamodendron ekmanii Sleumer Endemic to Hispaniola Pleodendron ekmanii Urb. Endemic to Hispaniola CAPPARACEAE (=CAPPARIDACEAE) SPECIES SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES Capparis amplissima Lam. C. portoricensis Urb. matabecerro (RD) Capparis cynophallophora L. C. emarginata A. Rich., C. jamaicensis Jacq., C. odoratissima Spreng., C. torulosa Sw., Quadrella cynophallophora Hutch. bois caca, bois couleuvre, bois d'argent, bois de couille, bois fetide, bois puant, bois senegal, caca chien, cacache, caprier rampant (H); frijol, frijolillo, olivo, olivo frijol (RD); bejuco ingles, black wattle (PR); Jamaica caper (J) Capparis dolichopoda Helwig Endemic to Hispaniola avocat marron (H) Capparisferruginea L. C. incana Spreng., C. octandra balai four, balai velours, bois rave, bois senegal Jacq., Linnaeobreyniaferruginea (H); frijol (RD); mostacilla chica (C); olivo (C, Hutch. RD); bois caca, bois puant (G,M); mustard shrub (J) Capparisjlexuosa (Li ) L. Morisoniajlexuosa L. Capparis frondosa Jacq. C. baducca L. bois bourrique, saint-esprit (H) Capparis gonaivensis Helwig Endemic to Hispaniola Quadrella gonaivensis Hutch. bois rave (H); frijol, huevo de perro, mostazo (RD) Capparis grisebachii EichI. Linnaeobreynia grisebachii Hutch. . bois caca, bois moutarde, bois rave (H); frijol de monte, huevo de perro, mostazo (RD); mostacilla (C); caper tree, limber tree, palinguan (PR) Capparis hastata Jacq. C. cocciJlobifolia Mart. Capparis indica (L.) Fawc. & Rendle Breynia indica L., C. amygdalina burro (PR); bois de meche, bois puant (G); bois Lam., Linnaeobreynia indica noir (M) Hutch. Crataeva tapia L. C. apetala Urb. Forchhammeria haitiensis (Urb. & Ekm.) Alain Endemic to Hispaniola Murbeckia haitiensis Urb. & Ekm. Morisonia americana L. sapo (PR) aguacatillo, guarapo (RD); rat apple (PR) 246 Tree Names CARICACEAE SPECIES SYNONYMS Carica papaya L. Papaya carica Gaertn., P. sativa, P. vulgaris DC. COMMON NAMES papailler, papaye, papayer (H); lechosa, papaya (PR, RD); pawpaw (1) CASUARINACEAE SPECIES SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES Casuarina cristata Miq. ssp. cristata C. lepidophloia F. Muell. pich pin, pin d' Australie, filao (H); casuarina (RD, PR, US); pino, pino australiano, pino de Australia (RD, PR); belah (Australia) Casuarina equisetifolia L. ex J. R. & G. Forst. var. equisetifolia C. litorea L. (illegit. name) pich pin, pin d' Australie, filao (H); casuarina (RD, PR, US); pino, pino australiano, pino de Australia (RD; PR); Australian beefwood, horsetail casuarina (PR, US); coast sheoak (Australia) pich pin, pin d' Australie, filao (H); casuarina, pino -de Australia (RD, PR); longleaf casuarina, scaly bark beefwood (PR, US); swamp sheoak (Australia) Casuarina glauca Sieb. ex Sprengel CELASTRACEAE SPECIES SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES Cassine ehrenbergii (Urb.) Alain Endemic to Hispaniola Elaeodendron ehrenbergii Urb. Cassine lanceolata (Urb. & Ekm.) Alain Endemic to Hispaniola Elaeodendron lanceolatum Urb. &Ekm. Cassine xylocarpa Vent. var. attentuata (A. Rich.) Alain C. attenuata Ktze., Elaeodendron coscorr6n, guayarote, marble tree,spoon tree (PR); attenuatum A. Rich. laurel de costa, mate prieto, palo blanco, , penipeniche de sabana, piiii~piiii, roiioso, sangre de doncella (C); bois tan, prune bord de mer (G, M) Crossopetalum rhacoma Crantz Myginda rhacoma Sw., Rhacoma tsewal (H); coral, manto, maravedi, palo de paloma, crossopetalum L. poison cherry, wild cherry (PR); limoncillo, limonejo'de costa (C) Gymindia latifolia (S~.) Urb. Maytenus buxifolia (A. Rich.) Griseb. Myginda latifolia Sw. amansa guapo (C); coscorroncito, West Indian falsebox (PR) Monteverdia buxifolia A. Rich., acajou sauvage, bois fourrni, os devants marrons, raisin marron (H); aguacero, gangre de toro (RD); rockwood (J) Maytenus domingensis Krug & Urb. Endemic to Hispaniola Maytenus elliptica (Lam.) Krug & Urb. Maytenus haitiensis Urb. Endemic to Hispaniola Maytenus jamaicensis Krug & Urb. Maytenus microphylla Urb. Endemic to Hispaniola Maytenus momicola Urb. & Ekm. Endemic to Hispaniola albulito, ani, arbolito, yaya dura (RD) Rhamnus laevigatus VahI, Senacia elliptica Lam. arbolito (RD) Tree Names 247 CELASTRACEAE SPECIES Schaefferia frutescens Jacq. Torralbasia cunefolia ry.1r.) Krug &Urb. SYNONYMS S. berterii Griseb., S. buxifolia Nutt., S. completa Sw. ' Euonymus cuneifolius Wr., Myginda cuneifolia Griseb., T. domingensis Urb. . COMMON NAMES balai de montagne, bois capable. bois petit g~on, capable, marguerite, petit bois blanc, petit gaI¥0n (H); cabra cimarrona, palo de arafia (RD); Florida boxwood, jiba (PR); amansa guapo, cambia voz, guairaje (C) palo amarillo (RD); guairaje (C); boje (PR) CHLORANTHACEAE SPECIES SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES Redyosmum nutans Sw. CHRYSOBALANACEAE SPECIES SYNONYMS Chrysobalanus icaco L. var. icaco Chrysobalanus icaco L. var. pellocarpus (G. F. W. Meyer) DC. COMMON NAMES icaque, icaquier (H); hicaco, jicaco (RD, PR); icaco de costa, icaco dulce (C); coco plum (PR, US); pork fat apple, white plum (B) C. pellocarpus G. F. W. Meyer Rirtella triandra L. hicaco, jicaco (RD) caimito cimarron, caimito de perro, cocuyo (RD); icaque poileur (M); icaque apoils, icaque a ramiers, icaque pendant (G) CLUSIACEAE (=GUTTIFERAE, including HYPERICACEAE) SPECIES Calophyllum ca/aba L. SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES C. antillarum Britt., C. brasiliense dalmagre, dalmarie, damage, dame marie, galba, var. antillarum StandI., C. calaba galba des Antilles (H); baria, malagueta, mara, Jacq., C. jacquini Fawc. & Rendle maria, palo maria (RD); santa maria (RD, PR); palo de maria (PR); bastard mammee (J) Clusia clusiodes (Griseb.) D'Arcy C. abbottii Urb., C. grisebachiana cupefllo (PR) Alain, C. krugiana Urb., Tovomita clusioides Griseb., T. grisebachiana Planch: Clusia domingensis Urb. Endemic to Hispaniola bois pale, figuier maudit, figuier maudit marron, Clusiamajor L. gros figuier (H); copey, cupey (RD, C, PR); balsam fig, mammee, pitch apple (PR) Clusia minor L. C. cartilaginosa Vesque figuier, figuier maudit (H); copeyejo, cupey, cupey chiquito. cupeyito (RD) Clusia picardae Urb. Endemic to Hispaniola Clusia plumieri Planch. & Triana Endemic to Hispaniola Clusia rosea Jacq. bois pale, figuier maudit, figuier maudit marron (H); copey (RD); cupey (PR, RD); balsam fig, monkey apple (PR) 248 Tree Names CLUSIACEAE (=GUTTIFERAE, including HYPERICACEAE) SPECIES SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES Garcinia aristata (Griseb.) Borhidi Rheedia aristata Griseb. palo de cruz (RD) Garcinia mangostana L. mangosteen (H, French, English); jobo de la India (RD); mangostin (PR, Spanish); mangostlin (Spanish) Mammea americana L. abricot, abricotier, abricotier de~ Antilles (H); mamey (RD, PR, C); mammee apple (PR); mamey apple, mammee sapote (J) Marila bijlora Urb. Endemic to Hispaniola Marila domingtnsis Urb. Endemic to Hispaniola Rheedia laterijlora L. Garcinia humilis Adams, Mammea humilis Vahl bois de haut, bois de roux, bois diou (H); palo de cruz (RD); guayabacoa, wild rose-apple (PR) Rheedia verticil/ata Griseb. Endemic to Hispaniola Symphonia globulifera L.f. abricot, abricotier de St. Domingue (H) Moronobea coccinea Aubl. (Barker & Dardeau, 1931) bois acochon (H); manni (Guayana); chewstick (US) COCHLOSPERMACEAE SPECIES COMMON NAMES SYNONYMS Cochlospermum vitifolium (Willd.) Bombax vitifolium Willd., C. Willd. ex Spreng. hibisoides Kunth., Maximilianea vitifolia Krug & Urb. rosa imperial (RD, PR); Brazilian rose, cochlospermum (PR); botija, palo bobo (C) COMBRETACEAE SPECIES SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES Buchenavia capitata (Vahl) Eichl. Bucida capitataYahl bois gris-gris, bois margot, gris-gris, gris-gris jaune (H); ciruelillo, gri-gri, guaraguao (RD); jocuma, jucarillo, jucaro amarillo, jucaro mastelero (C); granadillo (PR); mountain wild olive, yellow sanders (J) Bucida buceras L. Bucerus bucida Crantz, Bucida angustifolia DC., Terminalia buceras C. Wright bois gris-gris, bois margot, gris-gris des montagnes, gue-gue (H); gri-gri, guaraguao (RD); gregre, oxhom bucida, ucar (PR); black olive (J); jucaro, jucaro negro (C) Bucida spinosa (Northrop) Jennings ' Terminalia spinosa North. guaraguao (RD) Conocarpus erectus L. C. sericeus Forst. ex G. Don manglier, manglier noir, paletuvier (H); botoncillo, botoncillo de costa, mangle prieto (RD); yana (C); mangle boton, button-mangrove (PR); mangle (H, RD) Laguncularia racemosa (L.) Gaertn. f. Conocarpus racemosus L. gris-gris, manglier blanc (H); mangle (H,RD); mangle amarillo, mangle prieto (RD); pataban (C); white-mangrove (PR); mangle blanco (PR, RD) Terminalia catappa L. Myrobalanus catappa (L.) Kuntze, T. badamia Tul., T. mauritiana Lam., T. moluccana Lam., T. myrobalana Roth amande, amandier des Indes, amandier tropical, badannier, zanmande (H); almendr6n, almendro de la India (RD, C); Indian almond, tropical almond (PR); almendra (C, RD, PR) Tree Names 249 COMBRETACEAE SPECIES Terminalia domingensis Urb. ssp. domingensis Endemic to Hispaniola COMMON NAMES SYNONYMS T. intermedia auth., not Urb. chicharr6n (RD) CUNONIACEAE (including BRUNELLIACEAE) SPECIES SYNONYMS Weinmannia pinnata L: COMMON NAMES bois mabel (H); guao, palo de cotorra (RD); West Indian sumac (J) Brunellia comocladiifolia H. & B. ssp. domingensis Cuatr. w: hirta Sw. casabito, tamarindo de lorna, tamarindo de sierra (RD); oreganillo (PR, C); sabicu de pinares, sabicu maraii6n (C); bastard brasiletto, wild brasiletto (J) CUPRESSACEAE SPECIES Cupressus lusitanica Mill. SYNONYMS C. benthamii Endl., C. glauca Lam., C. lindleyi Klotzsch. ex Endl. COMMON NAMES cypres, cypres de Mexico (H); cipres (RD, C); cipres mexicano, Mexican cypress (PR) cypres, cypres d'Italie (H); cipres (RD, C); cipres italiano. Italian cypress (PR) Cupressus sempervirens L. Juniperus ekmanii Florin. Endemic to Massif de la Selle cedre (H); sabina (RD) Juniperus gracilior Pilg. Endemic to Hispaniola CYATHEACEAE SPECIES SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES Alsophila hotteana (C. Chr. & Ekm.) Tryon Endemic to Massif de la Hotte tree fern (US) Alsophila minor (D. C. Eaton) Tryon tree fern (US) Alsophila woodwardioides (Kaulf.) Nephelea woodwardioides Conant (Kaulf.) Gastony var. hieonymi (Brause) Gastony tree fern (US) Cnemidaria horrida (L.) Presl. tree fern (US) Cyathea aquilina (Christ) Domain Alsophila aquilina Christ. Cyathea escuquensis (Karst.) Domin . Hemitelia escuquensis Karst. helecho gigante, tree fern (PR) tree fern (US) Cyatheafurfuracea Baker Cyathea harrisii Baker helecho gigante, tree fern (PR) Fougere arborescente (H); camar6n, helecho, helecho arb6reo, helecho gigante, palmilla, tree fern (PR) Cyathea arborea (L.) J. E. Smith C. harrisii Underw. ex Maxon (?) tree fern (US) Cyathea harrisii Baker x Alsophila minor (D. C. Eaton) Tyron Cyathea tenera (J. E. Sm.) Moore C. brittoniana ¥axon helecho gigante, tree fern (PR) Cyathea wilsonii (Hook.) Proctor Hemitelia wilsonii Hook. helecho gigante, tree fern (PR) 250 Tree Names CYCADACEAE SPECIES SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES Cycas circinalis L. cicadacea (RD); crozier cycad, false sago-palm (PR); cica (PR, RD) Cycas revoluta L. palmiste des Indes (H); alcanfor (C); sago-palm (US) CYRILLACEAE SPECIES Cyrilla racemijlora L. SYNONYMS C. antillana Michx. COMMON NAMES granadillo, granado, palo colorado, palo de toro, palo prieto, sabina, sabina macho (RD) DICHAPETALACEAE SPECIES SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES Tapura haitiensis Urb. & Ekm. Endemic to Massif de la Hotte DILLENIACEAE SPECIES SYNONYMS Curatella americana L. C. grisebachiana Eichl. COMMON NAMES curatella, pomme torche (H); aperalejo, peralejo, peralejo de sabana (RD); rough-leaf tree (US) coca (RD); dilenia, India dillenia (PR, US) Dillenia indica L. EBENACEAE SPECIES SYNONYMS Diospyros caribaea (A. DC.) StandI. Maba caribaea Hiem., Macreightia caribaea A. DC. Diospyros crassinervis ssp. urbaniana (Leonard) Alain Maba urbaniana Leonard Diospyros ddmingensis (Urb.) Alain Endemic to Hispaniola D. leonardii Alain, Maba domingensis Urb., M. leonardii Urb.&Ekm. Diospyros oxycarpa (Urb.) Alain Endemic to Hispaniola Maba oxycarpa Urb. Diospyros revoluta Poir. D. ebenaster Retz COMMON NAMES bois raide (H) cocuyo (RD) ebene (H); ebano (RD); guayabota, zapote negro (PR) bois raide (H); ebano, ebano negro (RD) Diospyros tetrasperma Sw. ELAEOCARPACEAE SPECIES SYNONYMS Sloanea amygdalina Griseb. COMMON NAMES bois d'onne, bois de soie, bois de soie marron (H); memiso (RD, C); capulf, capulinas, guasima cereza (C); Jamaica cherry (J) Muntingia calabura L. S. domingensis Urb. acomat, bois coq, chapeau cllIl't, comat (H); chicharr6n (RD); berijua, cresta de gallo, juba blanca (C); break-axe, ironwood (1) Tree Names 251 ELAEOCARPACEAE SPECIES SYNONYMS Sloanea ilicifolia Urb. Endemic to Hispaniola COMMON NAMES cacaillo, cacao cimarrOn (RD) Sloanea berteriana Choisy S. castor Urb. & Ekm. a chapeau cllIli, chataignier petites feuilles (H); castor, chicharr6n (RD) ERICACEAE SPECIES SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES Lyonia buchU Urb. Endemic to Hispaniola Lyonia microcarpa Urb. & Bern. Endemic to Hispaniola L apiculata Jimenez, Xolisma apiculata Sleumer Lyonia rubiginosa (Pers.) G. Don var. costata (Urb.) Judd Endemic to Hispaniola L angulata Urb. & Bern., L costata Urb., L darrasiana Urb., L longelaminata Jimenez, Xolisma costata Small, X. longelaminata Sleumer Lyonia tinensis Urb. Endemic to Hispaniola L pseudotinensis Jimenez, Xolisma pseudotinensis Sleumer, X. tinensis Small Lyonia truncata Urb. var. montecristana (Urb. & Ekm.) Judd Endemic to north central Hispaniola L. elongata Jimenez, L montecristana Urb. & Ekm., Xolisma elongata Sleumer Lyonia truncata Urb. var. truncata . Endemic to southern Hispaniola Vaccinium cubense (A. Rich.) Griseb. L brachycarpa Urb. & Ekm., L furcyensis Urb., L haitiensis Urb., L plumeri Urb. & Ekm., Xolisma truncata Small Thibaudia cubensis A. Rich ERYTHROXYLACEAE SPECIES Erythroxylum areolatum L. SYNONYMS E. obtusa DC. [Also spelled Erythroxylon. ] quiebrahacha (RD) Erythroxylum havanense Jacq. var. haitiense O. E. Schulz Erythroxylum minutifolium Griseb. COMMON NAMES· nagot, papelite, poirier (H); ambo (H, RD); frolo de paloma, higuillo, piragua (RD); red wood (1);' arobillo (C); indio (PR) E. barahonense O. E. Schulz ilguacero cimarrOn (RD); cubanicu, sibanic~ (C) Erythroxylum rotundifolium Lunan E. brevipes DC., E. spinescens O. yarfa de costa (C); bois vinette, bresillette (M); E. Schulz, E. suave O. E. Schulz brisselet, jiba, rat6n, mdo ~PR) EUPHORBIACEAE SPECIES Adelia ricinella L. SYNONYMS A. pedunculosa A. Rich., Ridnella pedunculosa MuelI. Arg., R. ricinella (L.) Britt. COMMON NAMES citroin marron, grenade marron(H); trejo (RD); escambr6n, espinillo (PR); jia, tarro de chiva (C) 252 Tree Names EUPHORBIACEAE SPECIES Alchornea latifolia Sw. SYNONYMS A. haitiensis Urb., Gouania paniculata Spreng., Manettia serrata Spreng. COMMON NAMES bois crapaud, bois mal aux dents, bois vache, feuilles crapaud, grain d'or, pais vache (H); aguacatillo (RD, C); arepa, bija cimarrona; bijilla, bijillo, bijo macho, lana, vacme (RD); bacona, chote (C); dogwod (J) palo de gallina (RD, PR); pendejo (RD) Alchorneopsisjloribunda (Benth.) Alchornea glandulosa var. Muell. jloribunda Benth., Alchorneopsis portoricensis Urb. noisette (H); jabilla extranjera, javilla americana, javilla extranjera (RD); tung-oil tree (English) Aleurites fordii Hems\. Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd. A. triloba Forst., Camirium moluccanum Ktze., Jatropha moluccana L. Aleurites trisperma B1an~o Bernardia dichotoma (Willd.) Muell. Arg. aleurites, noisette, noix, noyer: noyer des Indes (H); arbol 1I0ron, avellano, avellano criollo (RD); nogal de la India, nuez (C); candle nut, Indian walnut (PR, J) arbol de tung, javillo (RD) Adelia bernardia L., B. bemardia Millsp., B. carpinifolia Griseb., Croton dichotomus Willd. Chaetocarpus domingensis Proctor Endemic to Hispaniola Chaetocarpus globosus (Sw.) Fawc. & Rendle Croton globosus Sw., Mettenia guacima cimarrona, palo amargo (RD) globosa Griseb., Ricinus globosus Willd. . Codiaeum variegatum (L.) Blume Croton variegatus L. croton (H, RD); canicter de hombre, cola de paloma, pirulf, tirabuz6n (RD); croton leaf (US) Croton eluteria (L.) Sw. Clutia cascarilla L., C. eluteria L., Croton cascarilla Benn., C. cascarilloides Geisel. cascarille, faux quinquina gris aromatique (H) Croton glabellus L. [Some authors consider Croton eluteria (L.) Sw. as a synonym.] bois blanc, bois guepes (H); palo bellaco, palo berraco (RD) Croton hircinus Vent. C. populifolium Lam. Croton buchii Urn. Endemic to Hispaniola hueledor, palo de perico (RD) Croton corylifolius Lam. Croton jacmelianus Urn. Endemic to Hispaniola fait pime (H); caobilla de costa.(RD) Croton lucidus L. Croton megpladenus Urn. Endemic to l:lispaniola frangipani (H) Cubanthus umbelliformis Urn. & Ekm. Endemic to Hispaniola Ditta maestrensis Borhidi Ditta myricoides Griseb. , Drypetes alba Poit. Drypetes diversifolia Krug & Urb. [Some authors consider D." maestrensis as a variety of D. myricoides Griseb.] ditta, jaboncillo (PR) D. incurva Muell. Arg., Guatteria bois cotelette, labour cochon (H); azota criollo, berteriana Spreng., G. prinoides lirio, palo blanco, palo blanco de sierra, palo de Spreng. sierra, sota criollo, tirana (RD) Tree Names 253 EUPHORBIACEAE SPECIES SYNONYMS Drypetes glauca Vah! COMMON NAMES cafeillo, palo blanco, varita! (PR); bois cafe, cafe grand bois (G) Drypetes ilicifolia Krug & Urb. Gomphia ilicifolia Bello encinillo (PR); rosewood (1) Drypetes lateriflora (Sw.) Krug & Urb. D. croeea Poit., Sehaefferia lateriflora Sw. bois cotelette, cotelette (H); pae manuel (RD); cueriduro (C); Guiana plum (1) Drypetes pieardae Krug & Urb. Endemic to Hispaniola D. piriformis Urb. bois cotelette, cotelette (H); cuero duro, ram6n blanco (RD) Euphorbia eotinifolia L. AkLema eotinifolia (L.) Millsp., A. eotinoides (Miq.) Millsp., E. eotinoides Miq. Euphorbia defoliata Urb. Endemic to Hispaniola Euphorbia laetea Haw. candelabre, raquette (H); cacto, candelero, raqueta (RD) Euphorbia leueoeephaLa Lotsy flor de ovejo, pascuita (RD) Euphorbia milii Ch. des Moulins E. splendens Bojar ex Hook, Sterigmanthe spLendens Kl. & Garcke couronne du Christ, euphorbe brilliant, petit flamboyant (H); lli-y-yo (RD); crown-of-thorns (1) Euphorbia petiolaris Sims. Aklema petiolare Millsp., ALeetoroetonum petiolare Kl. & Garcke, E. verticillata Poir. bois g~on, bon g~on (H); palo de leche, palo de yuca(RD) Euphorbia puLeherrima Willd. ex Poinsettia pulcherrima Graham dehomme, desaison, feuille St. Jean, poinsettia, St. Jean d'hiver (H); clavellina, flor de pascua, pascua (RD) Klotsch Euphorbia tiruealli L. garde J]1aison (H); alfabeto chino, antena, esqueleto, palito (RD) Garcia nutans Vah! almendro, avellana (RD) Grimmeodendron eglandulosum (A. Rich.) Urb. Exeoeearia eglanduLosa Muel!. Arg., E. sagraei Muell. Arg., Stillingia eglandulosa A. Rich. Gymnanthes lucida Sw. Ateramnus lucidus Rothm~, Exeoeearia Lucida Sw., Sebastiania Lucida Muel!. Gymnanthes pallens (Griseb.) Muell.Arg. Ateramnus pallens Rothman, Exeoeearia pallens Griseb., Sebastiania pallens Muel!. Arg. Hevea brasiliensis (HBK.) Muel!. Arg. Siphonia brasiliensis HBK. caoutchouc (H); caucho (RD) Hippomane maneinella L. Mancinella venenata Tuss. hippomane, mancenillier, manchenille, maximilien, pomme zombi (H); manzanillo (C, RD); manchineel (H, J, PR, US) Hippomane spinosa L. Endemic to Hispaniola Sapium ilieifolium Willd. pomme zombi (H) bois marbr6 (H); granadillo, greadilla, huevo de chivo, jabac6n, juan prieto, palo de hueso, palo de tabac6n (RD); aite, yaitf(C); crabwood, oyster-wood (PR, J, US) Hura erepitans L. arbre au diable, buis de sable, pet du diable, rabi, sablier (H); jabilla, jarilla, javilla, javillo, seda blanca, tabilla (RD); haba, habilla, salvadera (C); havilla, monkey pistol (PR); possum-tree, sandbox, sandbox tree (1) Hyeronima domingensis Urb. "Endemic to Hispaniola chicharrOn (RD) 254 Tree Names EUPHORBIACEAE SPECIES SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES Jatropha curcas L. Curcas curcas (L.) Britt. & Millsp., C. indica A. Rich. Jatropha hemandiifolia Vent. Curcas peltata BailI., J. hemandiifolia var. epeltata Pax., Loureira peltata Desf. Jatropha integerrima Jacq. J. aeuminata Lam., J. hastata Jacq., J. panduraefolia Andr. mooecinier des Indes (H) Jatropha multifida L. Adenoropium multifidum (L.) mooecinier des Indes, mooecinier espagnol, medecinier multifide, papaye sauvage (H); pinon de Espana (RD); French physic nut (1) Pohi. Margaritaria nobilis L. Omphalea eommutata Mueli. Arg. feuilles mooecin, grand medecinier, mooecinier, mooecinier a grandes feuilles, medecinier beni, mooecinier carthartique (H); pinon (RD); pinon botija, pifi6n criollo, pinon lechero, pinon purgante, pinon v6ci (C); physic-nut, wild oil nut (J) M. nobilia var. antillana (A. Juss.) Stehle & Quentin, Phyllanthus antillanus (A. Juss.) Muell. Arg., P. nobilis var. antillanus (A. Juss.) Mueli. Arg. palo amargo (RD); azulejo, guaicaje, llomn (C); avispillo, higuillo, millo, siete-cueros, yuquillo (PR); bastard hog cherry (1); acomat blitard (0) Omphalandria eommutata O. noisetier, noisetier du pays (H) Ktze. Omphalea ekmanii Alain Endemic to Hispaniola Omphalea triandra L. Pera bumeliifolia Oriseb. noisetier, noisetier d' Amerique, noisetier du pays, noisette (H); avellana, avellana criolla (RD); avellano de America, avellano de costa (C); cobnut, popnut (1) P. depressaUrb. & Elan., P. domingensis Urb. Pera glomerata Urb. Endemic to Hispaniola casser hache, casser rage (H); ciguamo, corazon de paloma, cuemo de buey,jaiquf, palo damaso, palo prieto, pinillo (RD) cotelle (H) Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels Averrhoa acida L., Cieea acida Mere., C. distiehia L., C. nodijlora Lam., Diasperus distiehus O. Ktze., P. cieea Mueli. Arg., P. distiehus Mueli. Phyllanthus euneifolius (Britt.) Andraehne? euneifolia Britt. sybilline (H); grosella (RD, PR, C); cerezo occidental, manzana lora (C); cereza amarilla, otaheiti gooseberry (PR) Arg. Croizat Phyllanthus epiphyllanthus L. ssp. domingensis Webster Endemic to Hispaniola Phyllanthus epiphyllanthus L. ssp. epiphyllanthus Phyllanthus juglandifolrus Willd. ssp. juglandifolius Agyneia berterii Spreng., P. grandifolius genuinus Muell. Arg. Phyllanthusmaleolens Urb. & Elan. Endemic to Hispaniola Phyllanthus myriophyllus Urb. Endemic to southwestern Haiti bisiette marron, espagnol marron (H); bigleaf leafflower, gamo de costa (PR); grosella cimarron (C) Tree Names 255 EUPHORBIACEAE SPECIES SYNONYMS Picrodendron baccatum (L.) Krug &Urb. Juglans baccata L., P. macrocarpum Britt., P. medium Small, Schmidelia macrocarpa A. Rich. COMMON NAMES ahoga becerro, algodon becerro, manzanilla, mata becerro, simarouba (RD); aceituna, guao negro, mangle negro, roblecillo, yana prieta, yanilla, yanilla prieta (C) feuilles graines, huile mascristi, huile ricin, mascarite, mascristi, palma cristi, ricin (H); higuera, higuereta, palma Christi (RD); castor bean (US) Ricinus communis L. Sebastiania buchii Urb. bois brfilant (H); pela huevos (RD) S. laurifolium Griseb., Stillingia laurifolia A. Rich. bois brfilant, bois lait (H); aburridero, daguilla, lengua de vaca, pela huevos (RD); tallow tree (US) Savia sessilijlora (Sw.) Willd. Croton sessilijlorus Sw., Phyllanthus laurifolius A. Rich., P. pubigerus A. Rich. Cuba negra (RD); ajorcajibaro (C); amansa guapo, carbonero de costa, garrote (PR) Securinega acidoton (L.) Fawcett & Randle Adelia acidoton L., Flueggea acidothamnus Griseb., S. acidothamnus Muel!. Arg. cinazo (RD); green ebony (1) Victorinia acranda (Urb.) Leon Endemic to Hispani~la Cnidoscolus acrandrus Pax & Hoffm., Jatropha acrandra Urb. pringa leche (RD) Sapium buchii (Urb.) Urb. Endemic to Hispaniola Sapium haitiense Urb. Endemic to southwestern Haiti Sapiumjamaicense Sw. Savia erythoxyloides Griseb. FABACEAE (=LEGUMINOSAE) SPECIES Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth. SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES [Also spelled A. auriculaeformis.] acacia (H); ear pod wattle, northern black wattle (Australia) acacia (H) Acacia barahonensis Urb. Endemic to Hispaniola Acacia decurrens Willd. var. decurrens A. decurrens (Wend!.) Willd. forma normalis Benth. green wattle (Australia) Acaciafamesiana (L.) Willd. A. acicularis Willd., Mimosa farnesiana L., Vachellia farnesiana (L.) Wight et Am. acacia, acaciajaune, acacia odorant (H); bayahonda, cambron, carabomba (RD); aroma (RD, PR, C); sweet acacia (PR); cassie flower (J); aroma amarilla Acacia macracantha H. & B. ex Willd. A. aroma Gillies ex. Hook. & Am., A. flexuosa H. & B., A. lutea(Mi!l.) Hitch., A. lutea (Mill.) Britt., not Leavenw., A. macrocanthoides Bert., A. pellacantha Meyen ex. 1. Voge!., A. subinermis Bert., Poponax macracantha (Humb. & Bonp!.) (C) acacia, acacia piquant, carambouba (H); aroma, cambron, caraboinba (RD); guatapana (C); casha, stink casha, tarriarindo silvestre, wild tamarind (PR); poponax macrantha, steel acacia (English) Killip, P. macracanthoides (Bert.) Britton & Rose Acacia meamsii De Wild. Acacia melanoxylon R. Br. A. decurrens (Wend!.) Willd. var. mollis Lindley, A. mollisima sensu auct. multo non Willd. acacia negra (Spanish); Australian acacia, black wattle, green wattle (Australia) Australian blackwood (Australia) 256 Tree Names FABACEAE (=LEGUMINOSAE) SPECIES SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES A. nudijlora Willd., Mimosa muricata L., Senegalia muricata (L.) Britton & Rose acacia nudosa, cajoba, spineless acacia, tamarindo cimarrOn (PR); amourette, tendre acailloux (M) Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile ssp., indica (Benth.) Brenan A. arabica (Lam.) Willd. var. indica Benth., A. nilotica (L.) Del. var. indica (Benth.) A. F. Hill gommier (French); goma, goma anibica (Spanish); Amrad gum, gum arabic (English); acacia saline, pompons jaune (M) Acacia scleroxyla Tuss. Endemic to Hispaniola Mimosa angustifolia Lam., Senegalia angustifolia Britt. & Rose basilic arbre, bois chandelle, bois savane, candelon, tendre Ii cailloux (H); candel6n, c6rbano, taquito (RD) Acacia senegal (L.) Willd. var. senegal A. rupestris Stokes, A. senegal (L.) Willd. ssp. senegalensis (Houtt.) Roberty var. verek, A. trispinosa Stokes, A. verek Guill. & Perrqtt., Mimosa senegal L. acacia du Senegal, gommier (French); goma (Spanish); goma anibica, gum arabic (PR) Acacia tortuosa (L.) Willd. Mimosa tortuosa L., Poponax tortuosa Raf. acacia, acacia noir, acacia rouge, bayahonde rouge (H); carabomba (RD); casia, twisted acacia (PR); wild poponax (J) Acacia vogelia;1Q Steud. A. ambigua Vogel, not Hoffmannsegg, Lysiloma vogeliana Urb., Senegalia vogeliana Britt. & Rose tcha-tcha marron (H); cha-cha venenoso, mata puerco, taquito (RD) Acacia westiana DC. Senegalia westiana Britt. & Rose Acacia muricata (L.) Willd. Acacia neriifolia A. Cunn. ex Benth. eglise, reglisse (H); coralitos peonfa (RD); caralillo, caralin, coral (c); jumbie-bead, peron{a, peronfas (PR); red sandalwood (1) Adenanthera pavonina L. cadeno, lagarto (Guatemala); careto real, frijolillo (Honduras); cenizero, guayaquil, igua, tabaca (CR); igus, masaguaro, sanaguaro (Colombia); guachapele (Ecuador) Albizia guachapele (Kunth) Dugand. Acacia guachapele Kunth, A. longepedata, Lysiloma guachapele (Kunth) Benth., Pseudosamanea guachapele (Kunth) Harms. [Also spelled Albizzia.] Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. bois noir, bois savane, tcha tcha (H); acacia, chachii Acacia lebbeck Willd., Mimosa lebbeck L., M. sirissa Roxb. [Also (RD); algarroba de olor, aroma francesa, cabellos de angel, faurestina, florestina (c); acacia amarilla, spelled Albizzia lebbek.] amor plat6nico, aroma, lengua de mujer, lengua viperina, siris tree, women's tongue (PR) Albizia procera (Roxb.) Benth. Acacia procera Willd., Mimosa elata Roxb., M. procera Roxb. [Also spelled Albizzia.] Albizia sam~m (Jacq.) F. Muell. Andira inermis (W. Wr.) DC. Arcoa gonavensis Urb. Endemic to Hispaniola acacia, albizia, tall abizia (PR); white siris (US) Enterlobium saman (Jacq.) Prain, gouannegoul, saman (H); delmonte, guannegoul (RD); sam3n (RD, PR); crow bean tree, dorrnil6n, - Inga salutaris Kunth., I. saman giant thibet, raintree (PR); algarrobo, algarrobo del Willd., Mimosa sama" Jacq., pals (C); guango (J, PR) Pithecellobium saman (Jacq.) Benth., Samanea silman (Jacq.) Merr., S. saman (Willd.) Merr. [Also spelled Albizzia.] A. jamaicensis Urb., Geoffroea inermis W. Wr. bois palmiste, pois palrniste (H); mata becerra, palo de burro, palo de maca (RD); yaba, yaba colorada (C); bastard mahogany, cabbage angelin, cabbage bark, maca, maca blanca (PR); angelin, bastard cabbage, pheasant wood, wormwood (J) tamarinde marron, tamarinde mori (H) Ttee Names 257 FABACEAE (=LEGUMINOSAE) SPECIES Ateleia gummifer (Bert.) D. Dietr. SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES Pterocarpus gummifer Bert. ex DC. bois senti (H); azota potranca, goma (RD) Ateleia microcarpa (Pers.) D. Dietr. Acacia revoluta Mohlenbr., Pterocarpus microcarpus Pers. .azota potranca, palo de caiman (RD) Bauhinia acuminata L. bois caleyon (H) Bauhinia divaricata L. var. angustiloba Elan. & Urb. Endemic to southwestern Haiti Bauhinia divaricata L. var. divaricata B. aurita Ait., B. porrecta Sw., Casparea aurita Griseb., C. divaricata HBK. bois caleyon, collegue, collegue matourin, matourin, petit caleyon (H); huella de chivo, pata de chivo, pie de chivo (RD); pata de vaca (C) Bauhinia monandra Kurz. B. kappleri Sagot, B. krugii Urb., Caspareopsis monandra (Kurz) Britton & Rose caractere des hommes, deux jumelles, jumelle (H); framboyan cubano, frarnboyan extranjero, palo de vaca, semi-rubia (RD); butterfly bauhinia, pariposa (PR); casco de mulo (C); pata de vaca (C, RD) Bauhinia variegata L. Phanera variegata (L.) Benth. flarnboyan orqufdea (RD); palo de orqufdeas, poor man's orchid (PR) Byra buxifolia (MuIT.) Urb. Pterocarpus buxifolius Murr. galle-galle (H); ebano de Santo Domingo, granadillo, tachuelo (RD) Caesalpinia bahamensis Lam. brasil (RD) Caesalpinia barahonensis Urb. Endemic to Hispaniola bresillet (H); brasil (RD) Caesalpinia ba.rkeriana Urb. & Elan. Guilandina barkeriana Britt. Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb. Guilandina bonduc L. (1753), G. bonducella L. Caesalpinia brasiliensis L. Endemic to Hispaniola canique, graines quinique, quinique, quinique jaune (H); mate, mate de costa (RD, C); bonduc, nickar tree, yellow nickar (1) bresillet (H); brasil, palo de Brasil (RD) Caesalpinia buchii Urb. Endemic to Hispaniola Caesalpinia ciliata (Berg.) Urb. C. grisebachiana Ktze., Guilandina ciliata Berg. canique, ouary, quinique, quinique jaune (H) Caesalpinia coriaria (Jacq.) Willd. C. thomaea Spreng, Libidibia coriaria Schlecht., Poinciana coriaria Jacq. guatapana, macasol (H); nacascol (RD); divi divi (H, RD, C, PR, J); guatapana (RD, C); libidibi (H, RD); guaracabuya (C) . Caesalpinia globulorum Bakh. f. & v. Royen Bonduc majus Medik., C. bonduc mate prieto (RD); gray nickers, mato azul, mato de playa (PR); guacalote, mate, mate de costa (C); Roxb. (see Liogier, 1985), C. bonduc, nickar tree, yellow nickar (1) major Dandy & Exell, Guilandina bonduc L. (1762), G. major Small Caesalpinia pellucida Vogel Endemic to Hispaniola Poincianella pellucida Britt. & Rose Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw. Poincianella pulcherrima L. francillade, francillade fleurs jaunes, francillade fleurs rouges, francillane, poincillade (H); carzazo, macata (RD); c1avellina (C, PR, RD); guacarnaya (C); Barbados pride, doodle-do (PR); flowerfence, Spanish carnation (J) Caesalpinia vesicaria L C. bijuga Sw., Nicarago vesicaria Britt., Poinciana bijugata Jacq. brasil, brasilete negro, guacamaya de costa (C); bastard nicarago, Indian savin tree, jack fishwood (J) Calliandra calothyrsus Meissner C. confusa Sprague & Riley, C. similis Sprague & Riley calliandra, calliandre (H); palo de angel (RD); cabello de angel (PR) . a a 258 Tree Names FABACEAE (=LEGUMINOSAE) SPECIES SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES Calliandra caracasana (Jacq.) Benth. Acacia caracasana Britt. & Rose, granolino (RD); acacia puertoriguena, cojobillo, morivivi cimarron, white calliandra (PR); Anneslia caracasana (Jacq.) night-flowering acacia (J) Britt. & Rose, A. portoricensis (Jacq.) Donn. Smith, Mimosa caracasana Jacq. Calliandra cubensis (Macbr.) Leon Anneslia cubensis Britt. & Rose, C. formosa var. cubensis Macbr. bayahonda (RD) Calliandra falcata Benth. & Hook Calliandra haematocephala Hassk. C. inaequilatera Rusby Calliandra haematomma (Bert.) Benth. Acacia haematomma Bert., A.. haematostoma Bert., Anneslia haematostoma Britt. clavellina, oreganillo, tabacuelo (RD) Calliandra nervosa (Urb.) Ekm. & Urb. Endemic to Hispaniola Pithecellobium nervosum Urb. petit gai"ac (H); granolino (RD); night-flowering acacia(J) Calliandra pedicellata Benth. Endemic to Hispaniola Anneslia pedicellata Britt. & Rose Calliandra picardae Alain Endemic to Hispaniola Anneslia minutifolia Britt., C. htiematostoma var: minutifolia Urb., C. minutifolia Urb. not Pittier Calliandra portoricensis (Jacq.) Benth. Mimosa portoricensis Jacq. granolino (RD) Calliandra rivularis Urb. & Ekm. Endemic to Hispaniola Calliandra schultzei Harms canasta mexicana, cuiji venezolano, pompOn (RD) Calliandra surinamensis Benth. canasta mexicana (RD) Calliandra urbanii Alain Endemic to Hispaniola Cassidfistula L. baton casse, casse. casse doux, casse espagnole (H); canafistol, canafistula mansa, chacara, guayaba cimarrona (RD); canafistola (RD, C); canafistula (RD, PR); golden shower (PR); cassia stick tree (J) Cassia grandis L. f. C. brasiliana Lam. casse, casse espagnole, baton casse (H); ch:kara, guayaba cimarrona (RD); canafistula cimarrona (RD, C, PR); canandonga (C); pink shower (PR); horse cassia (J) Cassia javanica L. C. grandis Hort. p.p., C. nodosa Buch-Hamilt. casse (H) Cercidium praecox (R. & P.) Harms Caesalpinia praecox R. & P., Cercidium spinosum Tul. baie aonde, printemps (H); bayahonda, bayahonda de la Virgen (RD) Copaifera officinalis L. C. jacquini Desf. amacey, copaiba (RD) Crudia spicata (Aubl.) Willd. Apalatoa spicata Aubl., C. antillana Urb. aquin, cacome marron, cordon, graines plates (H); guama(C) Cynometra americana Vogel Endemic to Hispaniola courbaril (H); pico de gallo (C) Cynometra portoricensis Krug & Urb. algarrobillo (RD); oreganillo (PR) Dalbergia berterii (DC.) Urb. Ecastaphyllum bertii DC., Pterocarpus berterii Spreng. bejuco de peseta, sarno (RD) Tree Names 259 FABACEAE (=LEGUMINOSAE) SYNONYMS SPECIES COMMON NAMES Dalbergia ecastaphyllum (L.) Taub. Hedysarum ecastaphyllum L., Pterocarpus ecastaphyllum L. herbe aclous, liane aclous (H); bejuco de peseta (RD); bejuco de serna blanco, pendola (C); maray-maray, palo de polio (PR); liane abarriques, liane bord-de-mer (G, M) Dalbergia monetaria L. liane aclous (H); bejuco de peseta (RD) Ecastaphyllum plumieri Pers. Indian rosewood, sisu (PR); sissoo (India) Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. ex DC. Poinciana regia Bojer poinciana royal (H); flamboyant (H, J, PR); flamboyan, framboyan (RD, PR, C); flame tree (PR,J) Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Jacq.) Griseb. Mimosa cyclocarpa Jacq., Prosopis dubia HBK. bois tanniste rouge (H);framboyan extranjero, oreja (RD); earpod-tree (PR); elephant-ear (J); algarrobo de orejos, oreja de judfo, orej6n (C) Erythrina berteroana Urn. E. neglecta Krukoff & Mold. brucal (H); amapola de cerca, machetico, pin6n de Espana (RD); bucare enano, machette (PR); coralbean (J) Delonix regia (Bojer) Raf. Dussia sanguinea Urb. & Elan. Endemic to Hispaniola ' Erythrina buchU Urn. Erythrina corallodendrum L. immortelle (H) E. spinosa Mill. [Also spelled E. corallodendron.] 'Erythrina crista-galli L. Erythrinafusca Lour. arnre acorail (H); amapola (RD); bUcare, pinon espinoso (PR); coraltree (J, PR); red bean tree (J); common coralbean (English) coral (RD); pin6n frances (C); ceibo, cockscomb coralbean, cockspur, coraltree, cresta de gallo, flor nacional (PR); crete-de-coq (French) E. glauca Willd. Erythrina leptopoda Urn. & Elan. amapola (RD); bucare (C, PR); pifi6n del cauto, pin6n frances (C); bucayo (PR); swamp immortelle (J, PR) biiton de sorcier, bois immortel, maurepas (H) Erythrina poeppigiana (Walp.) Cook E. darienensis Standley, E. micropteryx Peop. ex Urn., E. pisamo Pos.-Arang~, Microteryx poeppigiana Walp. bois immortel (H); amapola, amapola de sombra. brucal, madre del cacao, mapola (RD); bUcare (C, RD, PR); brucayo, bucayo, bucayo gigante, mountain immortelle, palo de boya (PR) Erythrina variegata L. E. camea Blanco, E. corallodendron L. var. orientalis (L.) Merr., E. indica Lam., E. spathacea DC., E variegata L. var. orientalis (L.) Merr., Piscidia indica aIbor maurepasia, arl>re acorail, biiton de sorcier, bois immortel vrai, erythrine des Antilles, fleurs 'immortels, fleurs mortelles, immortelle, maurepas, mortelle (H); amapola, rnampolo, mapoleona (RD); beaumortel, bucayo haitiano, coraltree, pinon espinoso, pomp6n haitiano (PR) Erythrina velutina Willd. E. splendida Diels. Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp. G. lambii. G. sepium (Jacq.) Steud., Lonchocarpus sepium, Robinia maculata HBK., R. sepium Jacq. immortelle, lilas etranger, piyon (H); almacigo extranjero, palo de parque, pinon cubano, pin6n de Cuba, varita de San Jose (RD); acacia, amor y celos, bien vestida, desnudo florecido, floresco, pin6n florido (C); pinon amoroso (C, RD); madre de cacao, mata rat6n, mother-of-cocoa (PR); quick stick, St. Vincent plum (J) Haematoxylon brasiletto Karst. camp&:he (H) . Haematoxylon campechianum L. bois campeche, carnp&:he, campechier (H, G, M); campeche, palo campeche (RD, C, PR); logWood (PR, J) 260 Tree Names FABACEAE (=LEGUMINOSAE) SPECIES SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES Hymenaea courbaril L. H. candolleana HBK, Inga megacarpa M. E. Jones courbaril, gomme anim6e, pois confiture (H); algarrobo (RD); algarroba (RD, PR); West Indian locust (PR, J): algarrobo de las Antillas, curbaril (C): stinking toe (1) Ingafagifolia (L.) Willd. ex Benth. I.laurina (Sw.) Willd.,Mimosa fagifolia L., M. laurina Sw. gina, jina (RD); guama, sweetpea (PR); pois doux, pois doux blanc (G, M) guama venezolana (RD); guaba peluda, guaba venezolana CPR) Ingafastuosa (1acq.) Willd. pois doux, pois sucrin, sucrier, sucrin (H); guamli, jina (RD); guaba (PR, C); guaba nativa, inga (PR) Inga vera Willd. spp. vera I. inga (L.) Britton, Mimosa inga L. Leucaena diversifolia (Schlecht.) Benth. subsp. diversifolia L brachycarpa Urb., L laxifolia leucaena petite feuille (H); guaje (Spanish); Urb., L trichandra (Zucc.) Benth. diversifolia (English) Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit subsp. glabrata (Rose) S. Zarate L glabrata Rose delin etranger, leucaena (H); Peru leucaena, Salvador leucaena, giant leucaena, (US, UK) Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit subsp.leucocephala (Rose) S. Zarate Acacia glauca Willd. no L., L glauca sensu Auct., L glauca (Willd.) Benth., L latisiliqua (L.) Gillis & Steam, Mimosa leucocephala Lam. bois bourro, graines de lin, grillnes de lin pays, madelin, marie jaune, tcha:tcha marron (H); granadillo bobo, granadino, granolino, lino, lino criollo (RD); aroma blanca, aroma boba, aroma mansa, soplillo (C); acacia, acacia p31ida, barcillo, campeche, hediondilla, tamarindillo, wild tamarind (PR); Hawaiian leucaena (US, UK) Leucaena trichodes (Jacq.) Benth. & Hook. bois bourro CH); palo blanco, palo de burro (RD) Acacia pseudotrichodes DC., L bolivarensis Britt. & Killip, L canescens Bent., L colombiana Britt. & Killip, L pseudotichodes (DC.) Britt. & Rose, Mimosa trichodes Jacq. Lonchocarpus domingensis (Turp.) Dalbergia domingensis Turp., L domingensis (Pers.) DC. DC. bois caYman (H); an6n de majagua, an6n de rio, anoncillo (RD); guamade soga (C); genogeno CPR); savonnette bois, savonnette riviere (G, M) Lonchocarpus ellipticus Alain Endemic to Hispaniola Lonchocarpus latifolius (Willd.) DC. Amerimnum latifolium Willd.. Dalbergia pentaphylla Poir., L heptaphyllus DC., L pentaphyllus DC. battre it caIman, bois caIman (H); an6n, an6n de majagua (RD); guama de costa, guama macho (C); fone-ventura, palo hediono, palo seco (PR); lancewood (US) . an6n, an6n de rio (RD) Lonchocarpus longipes Urb. Lonchocarpus monophyllus Urb. Endemic to Hispaniola Lonchocarpus neurophyllus Urb. Endemic to Hispaniola L ehrenbergii Urb. bois caIman, bois d'anneau, caIman (H); an6n de majagua, anoncillo de majagua, azota criollo, biajama (RD) Lonchocarpus neurophyllus Urb. var. oligophyllus Urb. & Elan. Endemic to Hispaniola candel6n (RD) Lysiloma bahamensis Benth. Lysiloma sabicu Benth. . Acacia latisiliqua Willd.• L latisiliqua Benth., Mimosa latisiliqua L. tabemon, tavemeau, tavemon (H); caracolf, caracolillo (RD); abey, bacona morada, frijolillo, jigUe, sabicu, sabicu amarillo, zapatero (C); horseflesh tree, West Indian sabicu, wild tamarind (1, PR) Tree Names 261 FABACEAE (=LEGUMINOSAE) SPECIFS Machaerium lunatum (L.) Ducke SYNONYMS Drepanocarpus lunatus Mey., Pterocarpus lunatus L. COMMON NAMES cambron, escambr6n (RD) Mimosa buchii Urb. Endemic to Hispaniola arafia gato, zarza (RD) Mimosa ceratonia L. Mimosa extranea Benth. Endemic to Haiti Haitimimosa extranea Britt. Mimosa momicola Urb. Endemic to Hispaniola zarza(RD) Mimosa parvifoliolata Alain Endemic to Hispaniola Mimosa scabrella Benth. M. bracaatinga Hoehne. coi, cole (RD) Mora abbottii Rose & Leonard Endemic to Hispaniola Mora ekmanii (Urb.) Britton & Rose Endemic to Hispaniola Dimorphandra ekmanii Urb. M. pereirae Royale, Toluifera pereirae Baill. baIsamo del Peru (RD); baIsamo de sonsonate, ,guatemala (C) bois nan non (H); palo de peonfa, palo de peronfa, peonfa, peronfa (RD); coralwood, palo de matos (PR) Ormosia krugii Urb. lele (H) Parkia roxburghii G. Don Parkinsonia aculeata L. taverneau montagne, tavernon montagne (H); coi, cole (RD) cereipo, sereipo (RD, PR); baIsamo de conconate, baIsamo de Guatemala (C) Myrospermum frutescens Jacq. Myroxylon balsantum (L.) Harms var. pereirae (Royle) Harms mimosa (H); abanicaatinga, bracaatinga, bracatinga (Brazil) P. spinosa RBK. madame naiz, madame yass (H); acacia de los masones, aroma extranjera, bayahonda blanca, capinillo, pino japones, retama (RD); palo de rayo (PR, C); Jerusalem thorn (pR, J) abbe rouge (H); abey, abey hembra, guatapanal (RD); horse bush (B); abey moruro (C) Peltophorum berteroanum Urb. Endemic to Hispaniola Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC.) Back. ex K. Heyne c.ferruginea Dcne., Caesalpinia flamboyan amarillo, yellow flamboyant (PR); palissandre (G); yellow poinciana (US) inermis Roxb., lnga pterocarpa DC., P.ferrugineum Benth. Pictetia aculeata (Yahl) Urb. Aeschynomene aristata Jacq., Robinia aculeata Vahl gati-galle, gelle-galle, gratte-galle (H); tachuelo (RD) tachuela (RD) Pictetia obcordata DC. Endemic to Hispaniola Pictetia spinifolia (Desv.) Urb. 1) var. elongata Urb. 2) var. monophylla Urb. 3) var. obovata Urb. 4) var. plenophylla Urb. 5) var. temata (DC.) Urb. Varieties are endemic to Hispaniola P. desvauxii (DC.), Robinia spinifolia Desv. bois d'6bene, galle-galle, gelle-galle, grati-galle (H); cruz del copeyar, palo de tabaco, rabasco, tabaco, tachuela, tachuelo (RD); carrasquillo, yarnaguey, zarcilla (C) Piptadenia peregrina (L.) Benth. Acacia peregrina Willd., Anadenanthra pergrina Speg., Mimosa peregrina L., Niopa peregrina Britt. & Rose bois caiman, bois ecorce, bois galle, oeuf de poule (H); candel6n, candel6n de teta, cojoba, tamarindo de teta (RD); bastard tamarind (J) 262 Tree Names FABACEAE (=LEGUMINOSAE) SPECIES SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES Piscidia ekmanii Rudd Endemic to Hispaniola Piscidia piscipula (L.) Sarg.· Erythrina piscipula L. bois ivrant (H); candel6n, guarmi candelon, guama hediondo (C) Pithecellobium abbottii Rose & Leonard Endemic to Hispaniola Jupunda abbottii Britt. & Rose abey (RD) Pithecellobium arboreum (L.) Urb. Cojoba arborea Britt. & Rose, Mimosa arborea L., P. filicifolium Benth. bois collier, collier, poison lasinette (H); abey, abey hembra, HllO (RD); red tamarind (J) Pithecellobium carbonarium (Britt.) Niez. & NevI. Albizia carbonaria Britt. Pithecellobium circinale (L.) Benth. Inga circinalis Willd., I. spinifolia Desv., Mimosa circinalis L., P. spinifolium Benth. campeche marron, galle-galle, mangue cabrit (H); cinazo, gatigal (RD); bread-and-cheese, catclaw (US) Pithecellobium domingense Alain Endemic to Hispaniola jina extranjera (RD); inga dulce, tamarindo chino (C); guarna americano, guamuchil, madras thorn, Manila tamarind (PR); blackbead (US) Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth. Inga dulcis (Roxb.) Willd., Mimosa dulcis Roxb. Pithecellobium glaucum Urb. Jupunda glauca Britt. & Rose, P. caracolf (RD) discolor Britt. Pithecellobium hystrix (A. Rich.) Benth. Calliandra hystrix A. Rich. Pithecellobium lentiscifolium (A. Rich.) C. Wr. ex Sauv. Acacia lentiscifolia A. Rich., losange (H) Chloroleucon lentiscifolium Britt. & Rose Pithecellobium micranthum Benth. Endemic to Hispaniola Cojoba micrantha Britt & Rose, Feuillea micrantha Ktze. Pithecellobium obovale (A. Rich) C. Wr. Inga obovalis A. Rich., Jupunda obovalis Britt. & Rose, P. truncatum" Britt. Pithecellobium oppositifolium Urb. Jupunda trinitensis Britt. & Rose, P. trinitense Britt. Pithecellobium striolatum Urb. End~mic to Hispaniola Pithecellobium unguis-cati (L.) Mart. Mimosa unguis-cati L., Zygia unguis-cati Sudw. cinazo, una de gato (RD, C, PR); bread-and-cheese, catclaw, escambr6n colorado, rol6n (PR); blackhead (]) Prosopisjulijlora (Sw.) DC. Acacia cumanensis Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd., Algarobia julijlora (Sw.) Benth. ex Heynh., Mimosajulijlora Sw., M. salinarum Vahl, Neltuma julijlora (Sw.) Raf., P. bracteolata DC., P. cumanensis (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Kunth., P. dominguensis DC., P. vidaliana Naves [Also spelled P. domingensis] . bayahonde, bayahonde fran~ais, bayarone, chambron, guatapana (H); bayahon, bayahonda, bayahonda blanca, bohahunda, vallahonda (RD); chachaca, guatapana, plumo de oro (C); algarroba, aroma (PR); cambron (RD, C); mesquite (PR, US) Tree Names 263 FABACEAE- (=LE(;UMINOSAE) SYNONYMS SPECIES Pseudalbizzia berteriana (Balbis) Britt. & Rose COMMON NAMES Acacia berteriana Balbis, Albizia bois savane (H); c6rbano, c6rbano blanco, taquito (RD); abey blanco, hoja menuda, moruro bl~co berteroana G. Maia, (C) Pithecellobium berteroanum Benth., P.fragrans Benth. Pteroca,.pus officinalis Jacq. P. draco L. (in part) Samaneajilipes (Vent.) Britt. & Rose Endemic to Hispaniola Ingajilipes Vent., Pithecellobium jilipes Benth., P. impressum Urb. bois nago, bois pille, sandragon des Antilles (H); dmgo (RD); palo de polIo, swamp blood wood (PR); dragon's blood (1); mangle inedaille, paletuvier, sandragon (G, M) Samanea valeuriana Alain Endemic to Hispaniola Senna angustiliqua (Lam.) Irwin & Bameby var. angustisiliqua briser menage, feuilles laousier, sene (H); carga Cassia angustisiliqua Lam., C. agua(RD) crista Jacq., C. crista var. oligophylla Urb., C. jitchiana Jimenez, C.frondosa Ait., C. haitiensis Britt., Peiranisia crista Britt. & Rose, P.jitchiana Britt. & Rose, P. haitiensis Britt. Senna atomaria (L.) Irwin & Cassia arborescens Mill., C, atomaria L., C. elliptica HBK., C. emarginata sensu Benth. et al:, no L., Isandrina arborescens Rar., I. emarginata Britt. & Rose . Bameby Senna domingensis (Spreng.) Irwin & Bameby bois cabrit, casse abilton, casse marron, manger cabrit (H); brusc6n, palo de burro, palo de chivo, sopaipo extranjero (RD); frijolillo (C); senna tree, yellow candlewood (1); vela muerto (PR) senne (H) Cassia domingensis Spreng., Cowellocassia domingensis Britt. Senna mexicana (Jacq.) Irwin & Cassia berteriana Balbis ex DC. Bameby var. berteriana (DC.) Irwin & Bameby Senna mexicana (Jacq.) Irwin & Bameby var. mexicana . Endemic to Hispaniola Senna nitida (L. C. Rich.) Irwin & Bameby Cassia mexicana Jacq., C. mexicana Jacq. var. moustiquensis Urb. Cassia antillana Liogier, C. nitida L. C. Rich., C. quinquangulata sensu Ben~., Chamaejistula antillana Britt. & Rose Senna pendula (Willd.) Irwin & Bameby var. advena (Vogel) Irwin Adipera bicapsularis Britt. & Rose, A. indecora Britt. & Rose, Cassia bicapsularis var. indicora Benth., C. bicarpsularis var. pubescens Benth., C. indecora HBK. ' bois d'anneau (H); sen de la tierra (RD); Christmas bush, hoja de sen (PR); sen del pais (C,PR); guanina negra, platanillo (C); cacabeque, canetice . biltard, casse-hallier, sou marque (G, M) Senna polyphylla (Jacq.) Irwin & Bameby var. P?lyphylla Cassia polyphylla Jacq.. Peiranisia polyphylla (Jacq.) Britt. & Rose hediondilla, retama, retama prieta (PR) Senna septemtrionalis (Viviani) Adipera laevigata Britt. & Rose, Cassiafloribunda sensu DeWit, not Cav., C. septemtrionalis brusca (RD) & Bameby Senna polyphylla (Jacq.) Irwin & Bameby var. montis-christi Irwin & Bameby Endemic to Hispaniola Irwin & Bameby Viviani 264 Tree Names ·FABACEAE (=LEGUMINOSAE) SPECIES SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES Senna siamea (Lam.) Irwin & Bameby Cassia arborea Macfad., C. florida Vahl, C. gigantea Bertero, c. siamea Lam., Sciacassia siamea (Lam.) Britton Senna spectabilis (DC.) Irwin & Bameby var. spectabilis Cassia humboldtiana DC., C. speciosa Kunth, C. spectabilis DC., Pseudocassia spectabilis (DC.) Britt. & Rose Sesbania bispinosa (Jacq.) W. Wight Aeschynomene aculeata Shreber, canicha, danchi (US) A. bispinosa Jacq., S. aculeata (Willd.) Poir., S. bispinosa (Jacq.) Steud. Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Poir. Aeschynomene sesban L., Agati grandiflora (L.) Desv., Robinia grandiflora L., S. aegyptiaca (peir.) Pers., S. grandiflora (L.) Pers. pois valette, pois vallier, pois valliere (H); gallito (C, RD, PR); cresta de gallo (C, PR); paloma, zapat6n blanco (C); Australian corkwood tree (US); baculo (PR); colbri vegetal, fleur papillon, papillon (G,M) S. aegyptiaca Pers., S. aegyptiacus Poir., S. sesban (L.) Fawcett & Rendle sesbania, tamarindillo (RD, PR); afiil frances (C) . Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr. Stahlia monosperma (Tul.) Urb. casse marron (H); brusc6n, cafiafistol,cafiafistula . cimarrona, chlicaro, libertad, pela burro (RD); algarrobillo (C); calceolaria shower, yellow shower (US) Caesalpinia monosperma Tul., S. caobanilla (RD); c6bana, c6bana negra, polisandro maritima Bello (PR) tamarinde, tamarinier (H); tamarindo, tamarin (RD) Tamarindus indica L. Zygia latifolia (L.) Fawc. & Rendle casse de Siam, cassia (H); acacia amarilla, casia de Siam, flamboyan amarillo, la casia amarilla (RD); casia, casia siamea (PR, C); kassod-tree, Siamese senna, Siamese shower (US) Calliandra latifolia Griseb., Mimosa latifolia L., Pithecellobium latifolium Benth. bois ca (H); jasmfn del rio (C); hoopwood, horsewood (1) FAGACEAE SPECIES COMMON NAMES SYNONYMS catin (H); castano crenata, castano del Jap6n (C); European chestnut (US) / Castanea sativa Mill. FLACOURTIACEAE SPECIES Banara domingensis Benth. Endemic to Hispaniola SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES B. ekmaniana Urb. Banara excisa Urb. & Elan. Endemic to Hispaniola Banara quinquenervis Urb. & Elan. Endemic to Hispaniola Banara selleana Urb. & Elan. Endemic to Hispaniola Banara splendens Urb. Endemic to Hispaniola B. hotteana Urb. & Elan. Casearia aculeata Jacq. C. hirta Sw., C. spinosa Willd., Samyda affinis Spreng., S. multiflora Cav., S. spinosa L. piquant arada (H); cabori, carambomba, jfa, limoncillo, margarabomba, palo de avispas, palo de limoncillo, palo de perico (RD); cambr6n (PR) Tree Names 265 FLACOURTIACEAE SPEC~ SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES Casearia arborea (L.C. Rich) Uro. c. stipularis Vent., Samyda arborea L. C..Rich. cascarita, memiso, palo de yagua, palo salvaje, palo varn. piragua, yagua, yagilita (RD); cabo rat6n (PR); guaguasf, jique (C) Casearia decandra Iacq. C. parvifolia Willd., Samyda decandra Iacq., S. lancifolia Sesse&M~. caracolillo, cereza, cotorrerillo, wild honey tree (PR); bois jaune, coco ravet (G); wild cherry (Barbados) c. ramiflora Uro., c. ulmifolia DC.,lroucana guianensis Aub!., Samyda octandra Sesse & M~. cafe marron (H); cafe cimarron, cafe de gallina, cafe de monte, cafetin (RD); palo blanco (PR, RD); wild coffee (PR); jfa amarilla (C) Casearia ilicifolia Vent. Endemic to Hispaniola Samyda ilicifolia Poir. bois negresse, piquant carre (H); castor, chicharrOn (RD) Casearia nitida (L.) Iacq. Samyda nitida L. Casearia spinescens (Sw.) Benth. Guidonia spinescens Griseb., Samyda spinescens Sw. Casearia guianensis (Aub!.) Uro. Casearia hirsuta Sw. Casearia sylvestris Sw. var. myricoides Griseb. Casearia sylvestris Sw. var. sylvestris C. parviflora Willd., C. punctata papelite (H); cafetillo, castor, palo carre, palo de Spreng., C. schulziana O. C. cotorra (RD); aguedita blanca, aguedita macho, Schm., Samyda parviflora L., not juab6n, palo catorra (C); sarna de perro (PR, C) Loeft. Dovyalis caffra (Hook f. & Harv.) Warb. [Also spelled Doryalis.] kei apple, umkokolo (US) Dovyalis hebecarpa (Gardn.) Warb. [Also spelled Doryalis.] grosella de Ceillin (RD); Ceylon-gooseberry, kitembilla, quetembila (PR); ketarnbilla (English) Homalium racemosum Iacq. H. trichocladum Blake corazon de paloma (RD) Laetia procera (Poepp. & End!.) Eich!. Casearia bicolor Urb., Samyda procera Poepp. & End!. cascarudo, palo de yagua, palo de yaqui, palo veroena, yagua, yagilita grande (RD) Laetia thamnia L. L americana L. guaguacf (RD) L buchii Urb. aniceto, hoja de name, mendrina (RD) Lunania dentata Uro. Endemic to Hispaniola Lunania ekmanii Uro. Lunania tenuifolia Uro. & Ekm. Endemic to Hispaniola Prockia crucis L. Trilix crucis Griseb. Samyda dodecandra Iacq. S. oligostemon Urb., S. pubescens bois d'orme, bois sec, casser sec, rose marron (H); L., S. rosea Sims, S. serrulata L., amor seco, cajon seco, derrienga chivo, primavera, rosa cimarrona (RD); guayabilla (PR) S. velutina DC. Xylosma buxifolium A. Gray Myroxylon buxifolium Krug & Uro. Xylosma coriaceum (Poil.) Eich!. Endemic to Hispaniola Hisingera nitida Willd., H. rumea Clos, Koelera laurifolia Willd., Myroxylon coriaceum O. Ktze., Rumea coriacea Poil. , mala mujer, mucha gente, roseta (RD); hueso de costa, pega-pega (C); attrape-sot (G) Xylosma glaucescens Uro. Endemic to Hispaniola Xylosma lineolatum Uro. & Ekm. piquant rosie (H); erizo (RD); palo de candela, roseta (PR); huesillo, hueso de costa (C) 266 Tree Names FLACOURTIACEAE SPECIES SYNONYMS Xylosma schaefferioides A. Gray Myroxylon schaefferioides (A. Gray) Krug & Urb. Zuelania guidonia (Sw.) Britt. & Millsp. Laetia guidonia Sw., Z laetioides A. Rich. COMMON NAMES hueso de tortuga (C); white logwood (J) cachiman marron, cachiman sauvage (H); guaguasf (C) GARRYACEAE SPECIES SYNONYMS Garryajadyenii Hook. Fadyenia hookeri End!. COMMON NAMES bois amer (H); mangle, mata gallina cimarrona, palo amargo, palo de berraco (RD); fever bush, quinine bush, silk tassel bush, skunk bush (US) GESNERIACEAE SPECIES COMMON NAMES SYNONYMS Gesneria hypoclada Urb. & Ekm. Endemic, to southern Hispaniola NB: Judd (1987) describes an additional 9 shrub species of the following genera that might be considered small trees sensu Little and Wadsworth (1964): Besleria (1), Gesneria (6) and Rhitidophyllum (3). These species,are not listed. HERNANDIACEAE SPECIES SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES Hemandia obovata O. E. Schm. Endemic to Hispaniola bombo, guaney, maga (RD); mago, toporite (PR); hernandia (C) Hemandia sonora L ICACINACEAE SPECIES SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES Mappia racemosa Jacq. abricot marron (H); cuero de puerco (RD) Ottoschulzia domingensis Urb. Endemic to Hispaniola Ottoschulzia rhodoxylon (Urb.) Urb. Poraqueiba rhodoxylon Urb. cuero de puerco, palomino (RD) ILLICIACEAE SPECIES Illicium ekmanii A. C. Sm. Endemic to Hispaniola Illicium parvijlorum Michx. ex Vent. SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES anis etoile marron, bois graine, bois graine noire (H) badiana (C); allurement (English) Tree Names 267 JUGLANDACEAE SPECIES Juglansjamaicensis C. DC. SYNONYMS J. insularis Griseb. COMMON NAMES nogal (H, RD, PR); nuez (C, RD); West Indian walnut (PR); nogal del pals (C); Jamaica walnut (J) LAURACEAE SPECIES SYNONYMS Beilschmiedia pendula (Sw.) Hems!' Hufelandia pendula Nees., Laurus pendula Sw. Cinnamomum alainii (c. K. Allen) Alain Endemic to Hispaniola Phoebe alainii C. K. Allen Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Sieb. C. camphora Blume, C. camphora (L.) J. S. Pres!' COMMON NAMES bois noir (H); aguacatillo, carrasquefio, cigua amarilla (RD) baume anglais, camphre, camphrier (H); alcanfor, alcanfor del Jap6n (C, RD); camphor tree (PR) Cinnamomum elongatum (Nees) Kostennans C. cubense Kostenn., Phoebe cubensis Nees, P. elongata Nees laurier, laurier cannelle, laurier petites feuilles (H); avispillo, laurel bobo (C, RD, PR); boniatillo (C) Cinnamomum montanum (Sw.) Bercht. & Pres!. Laurus montana Sw., Phoebe montana Griseb. laurier rose (H)i cigua blanca, cigua laurel, laurel (RD) . Cinnamomum triplinervis (R. & P.) Phoebe grisebachiana Mez., P. Kostennans triplinervis Griseb. laurier (H) Cinnamomum verum J.S. Pres!' C. zeylanicum Blume, C. zeylanicum Nees, C. zeylanicum Breyne, Laurus cinnamomum L. cannelle, cannellier (H); canela, canela legftima, cinnamon tree (PR) Licaria triandra (Sw.) Kostennans Laurus triandra Sw., Licaria jamaicensis Kostenn., Misanteca triandra (Sw.) Mez. laurier jaune, laurier sassafras (H); cigua gorrita, cigua prieta (RD); laurel de loma, lebiza, leviza (C); lebisa, palo misanteco (PR); sassafras tree, sweetwood (J) Ocotea acarina C. K. Allen Endemic to Hispaniola Ocotea athroanthes C. K. Allen Endemic to Hispaniola Ocotea caudato-acuminata (0. C. Schm.) Alain Endemic to Massif de la Hotte Nectandra caudato-acuminata O.c. Schm. Ocotea cicatricosa C. K. Allen Endemic to Hispaniola Ocotea coriacea (Sw.) Britton Laurus coriacea Sw., Nectandra coriacea Griseb., N. sanguinea Griseb., N. willdemoviana Ness. laurier, laurier blanc (H); cabrima aromatica, cigua, cigua blanca, cigua de costa (RD); lancewood (US) Ocoteafloribunda (Sw.) Mez Laurusfloribunda Sw., Oreodaphne domingensis Ness., Persea retroflexa Spreng. laurier puant (H); cigua aguacatillo, cigua prieta, laurel, laurel blanco (RD); boniato laurel, lebisa (C); bois doux (G); black candlewood (J) Ocoteafoeniculacea Mez s;annelle manon (H); canelilla (RD) Ocotea globosa (Aublet) Schlecht & Cham. Nectandra antillana Meissn. Ocotea krugii (Mez) Howard Nectandra krugii Mez Ocotea leucoxylon (Sw.) Mez Laurus leucoxylon Sw. a . laurier grandes feuilles (H); cigua, laurel, laurel blanco, laurel cambron (RD) . d'olive, grande feuille, laurier, laurier blanc, laurier guepes, laurier rose (H); cigua boba, cigua laurel, cigua prieta, laurel, laurel prieto (RD); loblolly sweetwood, false avocado, whitewood (PR, J) 268 Tree Names LAURACEAE SPECIES SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES Ocotea membranacea (Sw.) Howard Laurus membranacea Sw., Nectandra membranacea Griseb. laurier jaune (H) Ocotea nemodaphne Mez Nectandra cuneata Griseb., Nemodaphne cuneata Meissn., O. cuneata (Griseb.) Urb., not R. sasafnis (RD); achetillo, bijote, canelillo, canelon, vencedor (C); canela (PR) &P. Ocotea oligoneura (Urb.) Alain Endemic to Hispaniola Nectandra oligoneura Urb. cigua blanca, cigua prieta (RD) Ocotea patens (Sw.) Nees Laurus patens Sw., Nectandra patens (Sw.) Griseb. cigua laurel (RD); laurel, laurel goo colorado, laurel roseta (PR); cap beny, sweetwood (J) Ocotea pulchra (E!em. & Schmidt) Alain Endemic to Massif de la Hotte Nectandra pulchra Elan. & Schm. Ocotea sintenisii (Mez) Alain Nectandra sintenisii Mez laurel, laurel amarillo, laurel blanco, laurel goo, laurel macho (PR) Ocotea sp. nov. (Judd and Skean, 1990) Endemic to Massif de la Hotte (?) Ocotea wrightii (Meissn.) Mez Aerodiclidium wrightii Meissn. cannelle (H); canelilla (RD) Persea americana Miller Laurus persea L., P. americana Miller var. americana, P. edulis Raf., P. gratissima Gaertner, P. leiogyna Blake, P. persea (L.) Cockerell avocat, avocatier, zabelbok, zaboka (H); aguacate (RD); pagua (C); alligator pear, avocado (US) Persea anomala Britt. & Wils. P. ekmanii O. C. Schm. pBche marron (H) Persea krugii Mez P. domingensis Mez peehe marron (H); aguacatillo, almendrito, canela de la tierra, macao, mericao (RD); canela (PR) Persea oblongifolia Kopp Endemic to Hispaniola LECYTHIDACEAE (including BARRINGTONIACEAE) SPECIES SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES Barringtonia asiatica (L.) Kurz B. speciosa Forst., Mammea asiaticaL. arbol del seminario, birrete de arzobispo, bonete de arzobispo, calmante, coco de Cofrecf, pacana (RD); barringtonia, coco de mar (PR) Couroupita guianensis AubL C. guianensis var. surinamensis (Mart.) Eyma, C. st. croixana R. Knuth., C. surinamensis Mart. arbre bombes, boulet de canon (H); muco (RD); cannonball tree (PR); bala de canon (PR, RD) a LILIACEAE SPECIES Dracaenafragrans Ker. SYNONYMS Aechynomene grandiflora L. COMMON NAMES coco macaeo (RD); dracaena (PR) Yucca aloifolia L. bayonette, pinguin (H); fIor de Jeric6 (RD); espino (C, RD); maguey silvestre, piii6n de punal (C); aloe yucca, bayoneta, Spanish bayonet (PR); Spanish dagger(J) Yucca elephantipes Regel bayonette (H); bayoneta, bulbstem yucca, Spanish bayonet (PR) Tree Names 269 LYTHRACEAE SPECIES COMMON NAMES SYNONYMS Adenariafloribunda HBK. Ginoria callosa O. C. Schm. Endemic to Hispaniola Ginoriajimenezii Alain Endemic to Hispaniola Ginoria rohrii (VahI) Koehne Antherylium rohrii Vahl Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers. cereza, rosa de cienega, serrazue1a, ucarillo (PR) stragomia, stragornia blanc (1-1); almira, armira, astromelia, astromeria (RD); astroemia, gastronomia, jupiter (C); grape myrtle, queen of shrubs (PR); folie des tilles, gestam (G, M) Lagerstroemia indica L. Lflos-reginae Retz., Munchausia speciosa ~. reina del jardin, reina del prado, rosa (RD) fleurs jalousie, henne (H); henna, reseda (C, RD, PR); Egyptian privet, henna plant, mignonette tree (PR); reseda de France (G, M) Lawsonia inermis L. MAGNOLIACEAE SPECIES SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES Magnolia domingensis Urb. Endemic to northern Hispaniola Magnolia ekmanii Urb. Endemic to Massif de la Hotte Magnolia emarginata Urb. & Ekm. Endemic to Hispaniola Magnolia grandiflora L. magnolia (H, RD); southern magnolia (US) Magnolia hamori Howard Endemic to Hispaniola caimoni, cocuyo (RD) Magnolia pallescens Urb. & Ekm. Endemic to Hispaniola ebano verde (RD) Michelia champaca L. ilang-ilang (H, RD); champaca (RD) MALPIGHIACEAE SPECIES COMMON NAMES SYNONYMS Bunchosia glandulosa (Cav.) L.C. Rich Malpighia glandulosa Cav. bois caea, bois poulette (H); cabra, cabra hedionda, cabrita, palo de cabra (RD); cafe forastero (PR) Bunchosia media (Ail.) DC. Malpighia media Ail. bois senti (H) Bunchosia nitida (Jacq.) L.c. Rich. Malpighia nitida Jacq., M. nitida var. domingensis Urb. & Ndz., M. tinifolia Desv. bois ami, bois senti, caYman franc, merde rouge de la montagne (H); cabra, cabra hedionda, cabrita (RD); icaquillo, mierda de gallina (C) Byrsonjma coriacea (Sw.) DC. var. B. berteroana Juss., Malpighia coriacea coriacea Sw. bois come (H); maricao, peralejo, piragua (RD); candleberry, palo de doncello (PR) Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) HBK. B. cubensis A. Juss.; Malpighia crassifolia L. cajuilcimarr6n, doncella, madroiio (RD); maricao, peralejo (RD, PR); peralejo de sabana (C); peralejo blanco (PR); cafe d'Ethiopie, quinquina des savanes (G, M) 270 Tree Names MALPIGHIACEAE SPECIES SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES Byrsonima lucida (Mill.) L. C. Rich. ex Juss. B. cuneata (Turz.) P. Wils., B. lucida (Mill.) DC., Malpighia cuneata Turcz., M. lucida Mill. doncella, uva, uviIIa (RD); carne de doncella, sabica de costa (C); aceituna, Long Key byrsonima, palo de doncella, sangre de doncella (PR); locust berry (US) Byrsonima spicata (Cav.) HBK. B. coriacea (Sw.) DC. var. spicata (Cav.) Ndz., B. spicata (Cav.) DC., Malpighia spicata Cay. liane a coliques, liane taureau, taureau-tigre (H); madrofiO, peralejo (RD); maricao (PR, RD); piragua (C, RD); paralejo de pinares, sangre de doncella (C); doncella (PR) Heteropteris laurifolia (L.) A. Juss. Banisteria laurifolia L., B. pubifloraDC. liane bouhouque, liane jaune, liane taureau (H); amansa guapo, amansa hombre, bejuco de varraco, bejuco de verraco, varraco, verraeo (RD) cerezo (RD) Malpighia albiflora (Cuatr.) Cuatr. ssp. antillana Vivaldi M. biflora auth., not Poir., M. oxycocca var. biflora sensu Ndz. Malpighia cnide K. Spreng. M. cnide var. domingensis Urb. & Ndz., M. cnide var. ovalis Ekm. & Ndz., M. velutina var. intermedia Ekm.&Ndz. Malpighia emarginata Sesse & Moc.exDC. M. punicifolia auct., not L. cerisier, cerisier de St. Domingue, petite cerise (H); cereza (RD, PR); acerola (C, PR); cereza de Barbados, cerezo (C); cereza colorada, Barbados cherry, West Indian cherry (PR) Malpighia glabrd L. M. biflora Poir., M. punicifolia L. [The latter considered by some authors to be a separate species.] capitaine, cerise, cerise d'Haiti, cerise de St. Domingue, cerisier, cerisier de St. Domingue, petite cerise (H); acerola, cereza (RD); Barbados cherry (PR) Malpighia macracantha Urb. & Ndz. Endemic to Hispaniola M. ekmanii Ndz., M. galeottiana Ndz. Malpighia megacantha (A. Juss.) Urb. M. urens var. megacantha A Juss. bois capitaine, bonbon capitaine, cerisier capitaine, moureiller piquant (H); cerezo (RD) Malpighia setosa Spreng. Malpighia urens L. Endemic to Hispaniola capitaine (H) M. domingensis Small, M. oblongifolia Small bonbon capitaine, capitaine, cerisier capitaine, moureiller piquant (H); cereza cimarrona (RD) MALVACEAE SPECIES Hibiscus elatus Sw. SYNONYMS Pariti elatum G. Don (Liogier, 1982), Paritium elatum (Sw.) G. Don (Little et aI., 1974) choublack, hibiscus a feuilles rouges (H); cayena, gallina, sangre de Cristo (RD); mar pacifico (C, RD); amapola (C, PR); hibiscus (RD, PR); borrachona, flor de chivo, guasit6n, mar serena (C); candela, candelada, carta abierta, Chinese hibiscus, hibisco, marimofia, pavona (PR) Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. Hibiscus tiliaceus L. .COMMON NAMES mOOaut, mahaut bleu (H); majagua (C, RD); de~ajagua, majagua azul, majagua macho (C); blue mOOoe (1, PR); emajagua excelsa, maj6, mountain mOOoe(PR) Pariti tiliaceus (L.) A. Juss. coton mahaut, coton marron, grand mahaut, mOOaut, mahaut franc (H); damajagua, majagua de Cuba (RD); majagua (C, RD, PR); emajagua (PR); seaside mahaut (J) Tree Names 271 MALVACEAE SPECIES Malvaviscus arboreus (L.) Cay. SYNONYMS Hibiscus malvaviscus L. COMMON NAMES bombillito, plantanito (RD); majagiiilla, malvavisco (C); capucha de monje, sleeping hibiscus (PR) Thespesia populnea (L.) Soland. ex Hibiscus populneus L. Correa feuilles d'Haiti, grand mahaut, gros mahaut, mortel debout (H); alamo blanco, duartiana (RD)"; alamo (C, RD); higuillo, majagua de la Horida (C); caraiia, clamor, cork-tree, emajagiiilla, jaqueca, majagiiilla, palo de jaqueca (PR); John-Bull-tree (1) Wercklea horiida (Urb.) Fryxell Endemic to Hispaniola Hibiscus horridus Urb. majagua, pita (RD) Wercklea hottensis (Helwig) Fryxell Endemic to Massif de la Hotte Hibiscus hottensis Helwig MELASTOMATACEAE SPECIES COMMON NAMES SYNONYMS Calycogonium apiculatum Urb. & Elem. Endemic to Massif de la Hotte Conostegia hotteana Urb. & Elem. Ekmaniochraris crassinervis Urb. Endemic to Massif de la Hotte Henriettea barkeri (Urb. & Ekm.) Alain Endemic to southern Hispaniola H. elliptica Urb. Henrietteafascicularis (Sw.) G6mez H.fascicularis (Sw.) C. Wright petites graines (H); cordoMn (C); camasey peludo (PR) Heterotrichum umbellatum (Mill.) Urb. Mecranium alpestre Urb. Endemic to Massif de la Hotte Mecranium amygdalinum (Desr.) C. Wright bois pigeon (H); palito de vara, pega polio, sangre de polio (RD); cordoban (C); camasey, camasey almendro (PR) Mecranium birimosum (Naud.) Triana Endemic to southern Hispaniola macrio(H) " Mecranium crassinerve(Urb.) Skean Endemic to Massif de la Hotte macrio (H) Mecranium haitiense Urn. Endemic to Massif de la Hotte M. salicfolium Urb. macrio(H) Mecranium microdictyum Urb. & Ekm. Endemic to Massif de la Hotte macrio (H) Mecranium multiflorum (L. C. Rich) Triana macrio (H) Mecranium revolutum Skean & Judd Endemic to Massif de la Hotte macrio (H) 272 Tree Names MELASTOMATACEAE SPECIES SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES Mecranium revolutum Skean & Judd x M. haitiense Urb. Endemic to Massif de la Hotte macrio (H) Mecraniwn tricostatwn Urn. & Ekm. Endemic to Massif de la Hotte macrio (H) Meriania involucrata (Desr.) Naud. Endemic to Hispaniola Miconia apiculata Urn. & Ekm. Endemic to Massif de la Hotte macrio (H) Miconia hypiodes Urn. & Ekm. Endemic to Massif de la Hotte macrio (H) Miconia impetiolaris (Sw.) D. Don macrio, trois cotes (H); auguey,jao-jao,jatico (RD); cordoban arbusto, quitasolillo (C); carnasey colorado, carnasey de costilla (PR) Miconia laevigata (L.) DC. macrio (H); granadillo (RD); cordobancillo de arroyo (C); carnasey, carnasey de paloma (PR); bois cotelette, petit crecre, soufriere (G, M) Miconia lanceolota (Desr.) DC. Endemic to Hispaniola macrio (H) Miconia mirabilis (Aubl.) L. O. Wms. M.fothergilla (Desr.) Naud., M. guianensis (Aubl.) Cogn., Tamonea guanensis Aubl. macrio (H); tresfilos (RD); carnasey, carnasey blanco, carnasey ciatrocanales, carnasey de costilla (PR) Miconia ottoschulzii Urn. & Ekm. Grajfenriedia ottoschulzii (Urb. & Ekm.) Urb. & Ekm. macrio, petites graines (H) Miconia prasina (Sw.) DC. macrio (H); cenizoso, granadillo bobo (RD); carnasey, carnasey blanco (PR) Miconia punctata (Desr.) D. Don macrio (H); auquey, auquey bobo,jau-jau, rajador, tresfilos (RD); carnasey (PR) Miconia racemosa (Aubl.) DC. caca poule, macrio (H); carnasey felpa, carnasey racimoso, terciopelo (PR) Miconia rubiginosa (Bonpl.) DC. macrio (H); peralejo (RD); carnasey (PR) Miconia selleana Urn. & Ekm. Endemic to Hispaniola macrio (H) Miconia serrulata (DC.) Naud. M. macrophylla (D. Don) Triana, Tamonea macrophylla (D. Don) Krasser Miconiatetrandra (Sw.) D. Don Mouriri domingensis (Tuss.) Spach. macrio (H); auguey, jau-jau (RD); carnasey (PR) macrio (H); rajador, yarador (RD); camasey (PR) [Also spelled Mouriria.] cormier (H); guayaba cimarrona, piragua (RD); caimitillo, guasavara, murta (PR) Ossaea woodsii Judd & Skean Endemic to Massif de la Hotte Pachyanthus hotteana (Urb. & Ekm.)Ekm. Endemic to Hispaniola Tetrazygia angustifolia (Sw.) DC. stinking-fish (PR); bois cotelette (G) Tetrazygia elaeagnoides (Sw.) DC. carnasey cenizo, cenizo, verdiseco (PR) Tibouchina longifolia (Yahl.) Baill. bois dents marron (H); spider flower (English) NB: Judd (1987) describes an additional 26 shrub species of the following genera that might be considered small trees sensu Little and Wadsworth (1964): Calycogonium (2), Clidemia (1), Conostegia (1), Heterotrichum (1), Mecranium (2), Meriania (4), Miconia (12), Ossaea (2), and Pachyanthus (1). These species are not listed. Tree Names 273 MELIACEAE SPECIES SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES Azadirachta indica Adr. Juss. Antelaea azadirachta (L.) Adelbert, Melia azadirachta L., M. indica (Adr. Juss.) Brandis neem, nim (H); neeb, nimba (India) Carapa guianensis Aubl. Persoonia guianensis Willd., Xylocarpa carapa Spreng. cabinna de Guinea (H, RD); najesl (C); crabwood (PR); bois rouge, campa (<;I, M) Cedrela odorata L. C. dugessii Watson, C. glaziovii C. DC., C. guianensis Adr. Juss., C. mexicana M. 1. Roemer, C. occidentalis C. DC., C. pavaguariensis Martius, C. sintenisii DC., C. velloziana M. J. Roemer, Surenus brownei Ktze. acajou It planches, acajou femelle, cedre, cedre . blanc, cedre espagnol (H); cedro, cedro del pais, cedro hembra, cedro macho (C, RD, PR); Spanish cedar (PR); cedro real (Salvador); cedro blanco, c1avel (Colombia); 'cedro colorado (Peru) Guarea glabra Vahl G. humilis Bert. ex DC., G. ramiflora Vent. Guarea guidonia (L.) Sleumer G. cabirma C. DC., G. guara P. Wils., G. perrottetiana A. Juss., G. trichilioides L., Melia guara Jacq., Samyda guidonia L. Guarea sphenophylla Urb. Urbanoguarea sphenophylla Harms Endemic to Hispaniola bois rouge, palrniste (H); cabilma, cabima, cabinna, cabinna santa, cedro macho (RD); yamagua, yamao (C); cramantree, guaraguao (PR); musk wood (PR, 1); alligator wood, wild akee (J) Melia azedarach L M. orientalis M. Roemer, M. sempervirens Sw. Swietenia macrophylla G. King S. belizensis Lundell, S. candollei acajou du Honduras, acajou du Venezuela, acajou Pittier, S. krukovii Gleason & etranger (H); caoba hondurefia (RD); caoba de Panshin, S. tessma;1nii Harms Honduras (PR); mahogany, Honduras mahogany, Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq. Cedrela mahagoni L., Cedrus mahagoni L., C. mahogani (L.) Miller, S. fabrilis Salisbury, S. mahogoni (L.) Lam. acajou, acajou pays (H); caoba, caoba de Santo Domingo, caoba dominicaria, caobo (RD); Dominican mahogany, mahogany, West Indian mahogany, West Indies mahogany (PR) Trichilia aquifolia P. Wils. Endemic to Hispaniola Celastrum jodinii Steud., /lex cuneifolia L., T. cuneifolia Urb. bois diou, bois diou marron, bois marron (H); chicarr6n, chicharr6n de tres espinas (RD) fleurs liIas, liIas, piment d'eau (H); aliIaila, arbol enano, lila, liIayo, violeta (RD); a1elaila, bead tree, chinaberry, hog bush, lilaila, pasiIla, pride of India (PR) Venezuelan mahogany (J, PR, US) no Pulle. Trichilia havanensis Jacq. bois loraille (H); hiede-hiede (RD) Trichilia hina L. T. spondioides Jacq. bois amda, boudou, bresiIlet batard, gommier sauvage, marie-jeanne, mombin blitard, petit mombin, raisin des perroquets (H); jacoban, joboban (RD); cabo de hacha (C, RD, PR); guaban, jubaban (C); broomstick, guaita, jobillo, molinillo, palo de anastasio, retamo (PR); bastard cedar, rough trichilia (J); bois arner blanc (G, M) Trichilia pallida Sw. Guarea obstusifolia Lam., Ponesia ovata Cav., T. diversifolia Cook & Coli., T. truncata Leon. bois amda, boudou, dombou, marie-jeanne, trois paroles (H); a1mendrillo, a1mendro, camcoli (RD); siguamya macho (C) 274 Tree Names MENISPERMAC,EAE SPECIES SYNONYMS Hyperbaena laurifolia (Poir.) Urb. Cissampelos laurifolia Poir., H. apiculata Urb. & Elan., H. glauciramis Urb. & Elan., H. pellucida Urb. & Elan. Hyperbaena lindmanii Urb. Endemic to Hispaniola H. gonavensis Urb. & Elan., H. salicifolia Urb. & Elan. COMMON NAMES bois coq (H); bonquito, chicharr6n, pegoje (C) Hyperbaena undulata Urb. Endemic to southwestern Haiti MORACEAE SPECIES Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg, non subnudum. SYNONYMS A. communis J, R. & G. Forster, A. incisus L. f. COMMON NAMES Breadfruit: arne veritable, arbre apain, veritable (II); albopan (RD); breadfruit, panapen (PR) Breadnut: arbre apain (H); lavapen (RD); breadnut, castana, pana de pepitas (PR); castano del Malabar (C) . Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. A. brasiliensis Gomez, A. integer jaquier (H); buen pan, pan de frota (RD); rima (C); auth., not (Thunb.) Merr., A. jaca, jackfruit (PR) integrifolius Forst., A. maxima Blanco, A.philippensis Lam. Castilla elastica Sesse subsp. elastica C. elastica Cervantes, C. lactiflua tirajala (RD); caucho (C, RD, PR); castilla rubber, O. F. Cook cauchera, Central American rubber, goma, palo de Cecropia peltata L. C. asperrma Pittier bois,canon, bois trompette, trompette (H); yagrumo (RD); yagrumo hembra (C, RD, PR); trumpet-tree (PR) Chlorophora tinctoria (L.) Gaud. ex Benth. & Hook Madura tinctoria (L.) D. Don, M. xanthoxylon Endl., MoTUs tinctoria (L.) Spec. bois jaune (H); fustete, mora macho (C, RD); mora del pais, palo amarillo, palo de mora (C); fustic, fustic mulberry, mora (PR) goma (PR) Ficus benjamina L. figuier (H); higo, higo cimarron filipo (RD); Benjamin fig, laurel benjamin (PR) Ficus carica L. F. colchica Grossh., F. hyrcana Grossh., F. kopetdagensis Pachom. figue, figue france (H); breva, higo, huguero (C, RD, PR); common fig (PR, US) Ficus citrifolia Mill. F. bravifolia Nutt., F. laevigata Yahl, F. laevigata var. brevifolia (Nutt.) Warb., F. laevigata var. lentiginosa (Yahl) Urb., F. lentiginosa Yahl, F. populnea Willd., F. populnea var. brevifolia (Nutt.) Warb. higuillo (RD); jagiley blanco, shortleaf fig (PR); jagiierillo, jagiiey (C) caoutchouc (H); higuera (RD); caucho (C, RD); goma elastica (C); Indian-rubber fig, palo de goma (PR) Ficus elastica Roxb. ex Homem. Ficus microcarpa L. f. F. retusa L., F. nitida Thunb. Ficus religiosa L. arbol de Washington, laurel (RD);aJ.amo jagiley, laurel criollo (C); laurel de la India (C, RD, PR); India-laurel fig, jagiley (PR) higuillo, laurel (RD); alamo (C, RD); botree (PR) Ficus suffocans Griseb. Ficus trigonata L. Gyrotenia myriocarpa Griseb. F. crassinervia Desf., F. .crassinervia Willd. figuier, figuier rouge (H); higo cimarr6n (RD); jagiley (C, PR); jagiley blanco, wild fig (PR) Tree Names 275 MORACEAE SPECIES SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES mures (H); morero (C, RD); black mulberry, mora negra, morera negra (PR) Morus nigraL. Pseudolmedia spuria (Sw.) Griseb. Brosimum spurium Sw., P. havanensis Tree. bois merise, longue barbe, merisse (H); macao, p~o de leche (RD); macagua (C); negra lora (PR); bastard breadnut, milkwood (J) Trophis racemosa (L.) Urb. Bucephalon racemosum L., T. americana L. bois neuf, rameau, ramon, ramon cheval (H); ramon de vaca (RD); ramon de bestia (RD, C); ram6n (PR) , MORINGACEAE SYNONYMS SPECIES COMMON NAMES ben oleitere, benzolive, d'olive, olive, olivier (H); Guilandina moringa L., M. nux-ben Perr., M. pterygosperma libertad, moringa, palo de abejas, palo de aceite (RD); ben (C, PR); palo jeringa, parafso frances' Gaertn. (C); angela,jazmin frances (PR); horse-radish tree (J) Moringa oleifera Lam. MUSACEAE SYNONYMS SPECIES COMMON NAMES Musil acuminata Colla x M. balbisiana Colla 'MA' M. sapientum Kuntze tigue, tigue bananne, tigue mure (H); guineos, mampurreo (RD); banana, guineo (PR) Musa acuminata Colla x M. balbisiana Colla 'MB' M. paradisiaca L., M. x paradisiaca L. bananne (H); phitano (RD, C, PR); plantain (J); harton, rulo (PR); phitano burro, platano hembra, platano macho (C) - Ravenala madagascariensis Sonn. Urania speciosa Willd. palma de abanico (RD); arbol del viajero, traveler's palm (PR) . MYOPORACEAE SYNONYMS SPECIES COMMON NAMES mangle blanc, manglier ~arron, olivier batfurl (H); aceituno (RD); mangle bobo, manzanillo, white-alling (PR); aceituna americana, olivo bastardo (C) Bontia daphnoides L. MYRICACEAE SYNONYMS SPECIES Myrica cerifera L. Myrica picardae Krug & . Endemic to Hispaniola M. mexicana Willd. Urn. COMMON NAMES cannelle abeille, cannelle douce, cannelle miel (H); arbol de cera, palo de cera, perico, tiguapen (RD); arraijan (C); arrayan (RD, PR); cerero, southern bayberry, wax myrtle, waxberry (PR) 276 Tree Names MYRISTICACEAE SPECIES SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES muscade, muscadier, noix de muscade (H); nuez moscada (RD); nutmeg (US) Myristica fragrans Houtt. MYRSINACEAE SPECIES SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES Ardisia angustata Urb. Endemic to Hispaniola bois tremble, quatre chemins (H); tapa camino (C) Ardisia brachypoda Urb. Endemic to Hispaniola mala mujer (RD) Ardisia escalloniodes C. & S. A. panniculata Sudw., A. pickeringia T. & J., Cyrilla panniculata Nutt., Tinus escallonioides O. Ktze. Ardisiafuertesii Urb. Endemic to Hispaniola Ardisia obovata Hamilt. A. coriacea A. DC., A. guadalupensis Ouch. ex Griseb." A. maculata Poir. ex DC., Icacorea guadalupensis Britt. & Wils., Tinus obovata O. Ktze. b<idula, mameyuelo (PR); Guadeloupe marlbeny (B) bois de tremble (H) Ardisia picardae Urb. & Mez Myrsine acrantha Krug & Urb. Rapanea acrantha Mez Myrsine coriacea (Sw.) R. Br. ex Roem. & Schult. Caballeriaferruginea R. & P., M. berterii A. DC., M.ferruginea Spreng., M. laeta Griseb., Rapanea coriacea Mez, R. ferruginea (Ruiz & Pay.) Mez, Samara coriacea Sw. Myrsine floridana A. DC. M. punctata Stearn, Rapanea guianensis non Aublet Myrsine guianensis (Aubl.) Kuntze Rapanea guianensis Aubl. feuille eanelle (H); mameyuelo (RD); camagiiilla (C); b<idula, Guiana rapanea (PR) Myrsine magnoliifolia (Urb. & Rapanea magnoliaefolia Urb.. & palo santo cimarr6n (PR) Elan.) Alain Elan. bois plomb, bois sayane, mangle (H); botoncillo cimarr6n, hojita larga, palo de sabana, palo santo, perico macho (RD); eamagililla (C); arrayan, arrayan bobo, b<idula, mantequero (PR) Endemic to Hispaniola Parathesis crenulata (Vent.) Hook. Ardisia crenulata Vent. f. ex Hemsl. raisin marron (H); jalap6n (RD); rascagarganta, secagarganta (PR) Parathesis serrulata (Sw.) Mez raisin marron (H); jalapa, jalapago, jalap6n (RD) Ardisia serrulata Sw. caimonicillo, lengua de yaca (RD) Wallenia apiculata Urb. Endemic to Hispaniola Wallenia ekmanii Urb. Endemic to Hispaniola Walleniaformonensis Judd Endemic to southern Haiti . Wallenia laurifolia (Jacq.) Sw. Ardisia domingensis Willd., Petesioides laurifolium Jacq., W. clusiaefolia Griseb. bois crapaud, louisine mau, petit raisin, raisin, raisin marron, raisinier (H); caimon, eaimoni (RD); jacanillo, mameyuelo (PR); carmoni, casmagua (C) Tree Names 277 MYRTACEAE SPECIES SYNONYMS Callistemon citrinus (Curtis) Skeels C. lanceolatus (Smith) DC. COMMON NAMES limpia botella (RD); bottlebrush (PR) Calyptranthes arborea Urb. & Elan. Endemic to Hispaniola Calyptranthes barkeri Elan. & Urb. Endemic to Hispaniola Calyptranthes bracteosa Urb. & Elan. Endemic to Hispaniola Calyptranthes chrysophylloides Urb. Endemic to southwestern Haiti C. chrysophylloides var. minor Urb. Calyptranthes collina Urb. Endemic to southern Hispaniola Calyptranthes densifolia Urb. & Elan. Endemic to Massif de la Selle Calyptranthes depressa Urb. Endemic to Hispaniola Calyptranthes grandis Urb. & Elan. Endemic to Hispaniola Calyptranthes heteroclada Urb. & Elan. Endemic to Hispaniola Calyptranthes hotteana Urb. & Elan. Endemic to Massif de la Hotte Calyptranthes inl'oluerata Urb. & Elan. Endemic to Massif de la Hotte Calyptranthes marmeladensis Urb. Endemic to northern Hispaniola Calyptranthes momicola Urb. Endemic to southern Haiti Calyptranthes myrcioides Urb. & Elan. Endemic to Hispaniola Calyptranthes nummularia Berg Endemic to southern Hispaniola Calyptranthes pallens Griseb. Calyptranthes palustris Urb. & Elan. Endemic to Hispaniola Calyptranthes pitoniana Urb. & Elan. Endemic to Hispaniola Calyptranthes salicifolia Urb. & Elan. Endemic to Hispaniola Eugenia pallens Poir. arrayan, limoncillo (RD); pale lidflower, tap6n blanco (PR) 278 Tree Names MYRTACEAE SPECIES SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES Calyptranthes samuelssonii Urb. & Ekm. Endemic to Hispaniola petit bois pin (H); limoncillo cimarron, malagueta (RD); hoja menuda, limoncillo del monte (PR) Calyptranthes sintenisii Kiarersk. Calyptranthes sordida Urb. & Ekm. Endemic to Hispaniola Calyptranthes syzygium (L.) Sw. Myrtus suzygium L. [Also spelled escoba, escobon, palo de puerco (RD); arraijan c. suzygium.] blanco, mondacapullo (C); myrtle-of-the-river (PR) Calyptranthes yaquensis Urb. & Ekm. Endemic to Hispaniola Calyptrogenia bijlora Alain Endemic to Hispaniola Calyptrogenia cuspidata Alain Endemic to Hispaniola Calyptrogeniajeremiensis (Urb. & Ekm.) Burret . Endemic to Massif de la Hotte Eugeniajeremiensis Urb. & Ekm. Cryptorhiza haitiensis Urb. Endemic to Hispaniola Pimenta haitiensis Landrum maguette (H); malaguette (H, RD); canelilla. canelillo, malagueta (RD) Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. var. camaldulensis E. camaldulensis Dehnh. var. brevirostris (F. Muell.) Blakely, E. rostrata Schldl. . eucalyptus (H); eucalipto (RD); river red gum (US, Australia) Eucalyptus globulus Labill. ssp. globulus Eucalyptus tereticomis Smith . E. globulus Labill. var. compacta L. Bailey eucalyptus (H); eucalipto (RD); blue gum, fever tree (US, Australia) E. umbellata (Gaertn.) Domin eucalyptus (H); eucalipto (RD); forest red gum (US, Australia) Myrtus axil/aris Sw. merise, merisier (H); escobon colorado, escob6n de varn, palo de hueso (RD); guairaje, guairaje colorado (C); white-stopper eugenia (PR); grajo (C, PR) Eugenia aeruginea DC. Eugenia albimarginata Urb. & Ekm. Endemic to Massif de la Hotte Eugenia axil/aris (Sw.) Willd. Eugenia belladerensis Urb. & Ekm. Endemic to Hispaniola Eugenia bijlora (L.) DC. escob6n (RD); pitangueira, hoja menuda (PR); E. bijlora (L.) DC. var. lancea rodwood (J) (Poir.) Krug & Urb., E. bijlora (L.) DC. var.ludibunda (Bertero) Krug & Urb., E. lancea Poir., E. lancea Spreng., E. ludibunda Bert., E. virgultosa DC., Myrtus bijloraL. Eugenia carophylla Thunb. Caryophyllus aromaticus L girofle (H); clavero (RD, PR); clove (US) Eugenia chrootricha Urb. & Ekm. Endemic to Hispaniola Eugenia confusa D~. escob6n colorado, escobon de varn, jayao, palo de hueso (RD); yarua (C); cienaguillo, redberry eugenia (PR) Tree Names 279 MYRTACEAE SPECIES SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES guayaba cimarrona (RD) Eugenia dictyophylla Urb. Endemic to Hispaniola Eugenia domingensis Berg E. aeruginea auth., not DC. bois caiman, brignolle, brille (H); gu3sara, guazara (RD); comecani (C); guasabara (PR) Eugeniafoetida Pers. E. buxifolia (Sw.) Willd., E. rnaleolens auth., not Pers., E. myrtoides auth., not Poir. bois 'petites feuilles (H); escob6n (RD); balsamo, guairaje, guairaje blanco (C); anguila, boxleaf eugenia (PR) E. affinis DC., Myrtus glabrata Sw. arrayan, arraijan (RD); cuaraje colorado (C); rodwood (J) Eugenia laevis Berg E. baruensis DC., not Jacq., E. prenleloupii Kiaersk., E. subverticillaris Berg gros petites feuilles (H); arraijan, arrayan (RD) Eugenia ligustrina (Sw.) Willd. Myrtus ligustrina Sw., Stenocalyx arrayan, escob6n de aguja (RD); arraijan (C, RD); ligustrinus (Sw.) Berg birijf, cateicito (C); birchberry, granadilla, granadillo, hoja menuda, palo de muleta, palo de murta, privet stopper (PR) Eugenia lindahlii Urb. & Elan. Endemic to Hispaniola E. orthioneura Urb. Eugenia lineata (Sw.) DC. E. lineata var. racemosa Berg, Myrtus lineata Sw. Eugeniafonnonica Urb. & Elan. Endemic to Massif de la Hotte Eugenia glabrata (Sw.) DC. Eugenia holdridgei Alain Endemic to Hispaniola Eugenia lineolata Urb. & Elan. Endemic to Hispaniola Eugenia macradenia Urb. & Elan. Endemic to Hispaniola Eugenia maleolens Pers. E. foetida Poir., E. myrtoides Poir., Myrtus buxifolia Sw. bois petites feuilles, maguette, malaguette, merise, merisier, petites feuilles (H); escob6n (RD) Eugenia minguetii Urb. Endemic to Hispaniola Eugenia monticola (Sw.) DC. E. baruensis var.latifolia DC., E. bois d'ine petites feuilles, petit bois d'Inde (H); flavorirens Berg, E. monticola arraijAA, arrayan, escob6n, escob6n blanco, escob6n var. latifolia Krug & Urb., Myrtus grande (RD); rodwood (J); birijf, black-cherry (PR) monticola Sw. Eugenia odorata Berg Endemic to Hispaniola E. isabeliana Kiaersk., E. momicola Urb. bois acajou (H); escob6n, hoja tina, palo de hormiga (RD) Eugenia procera (Sw.) Poir. Myrtus ?brachystemon DC., M. patrisii Spreng., M. procera Sw. arbre petites feuilles (H); arrayan colorado lobo (RD); hoja menuda (PR) Eugenia pseudopsidium Jacq. gmlsara (RD); quiebrahacha, guayaba silvestre (PR) E. portoricensis DC., E. pseudopsidium var. portoricensis Krug & Urb., Stenocalyx portoricensis Berg Eugenia rhombea (Berg) Krug & Urb. E. foetida var. parvifolia Berg, E. foetida var. rhombea Berg Eugenia samanensis Alain Endemic to Hispaniola Eugenia tiburona Urb. & Elan. Endemic to Massif de la Hotte Myrtus tiburona Borhidi a bois myrte, myrte, tu-fais (H); arrayan (RD); guairaje, mije (C); hoja menuda, spiceberry eugenia (PR) 280 Tree Names MYRTACEAE SPECIES SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES cerise de Suriname (H); ciruela de Surinam, grosela de Mexico (RD); cereza de Cayena, Surinam cherry (PR) Eugenia uniflora L. Eugenia vanderveldei Urb. & Elan. Endemic to Hispaniola Gomidesia lindeniana Berg Myrciafenzliana Berg., M. lindeniana (Berg.) Kiaersk. Hottea crispula (Urb.) Urb. Endemic to southwestern Haiti Psidium? crispulum Urb. auquey, auquey blanco, auquey prieto (RD); . yareicillo (C); cieneguillo (PR) Hottea malangensis (Urb. & Elan.) Eugenia malangensis Urb. Urb. Endemic to southern Hispaniola Hottea miragoanae Urb. Endemic to southwestern Haiti Cajuputi leucadendra Rusby, M. cajaputi Roxb., M. leucadendron . auct., not L., M. minor Sm., M. saligna Blume, M. viridiflora Gaertn., Metrosideros quinqueneniia Cay. melaleuca (H, C, US); cayeput (C, RD, PR); punk (RD); cayepur, cayeputi (PR) Myrcia citrifolia (AubI.) Urb. Aulomyrcia citrifolia (AubI.) Amsh., A. coriacea Berg; Eugenia paniculata Jacq., E. saviaefolia Alain, M. coriacea DC., Myrtus citrifolia AubI., M. coriacea Vahl bois d'amour, maguette, malaguette, myrte a feuilles de citron, poivrier de Jamai"que (H); malagueta (RD); hoja menuda, pimienta cimarrona (C); limoncillo del monte (PR) Myrcia dejlexa (Poir.) DC. Eugenia dejlexa Poir., M. ferruginea Berg aquey del chiquito (RD); cieneguillo (PR) Aulomyrcia leptoclada (DC.) Berg guayab6n, huesito (RD); guayabac6n, hoja menuda roja (PR); bois guepois, guepois (G, M) Eugenia laxiflora Poir., Myrtus splendens Sw. escoboncito (RD); arraijan, comecara, tinajero (C); hoja menuda (PR); petit merisier (G); birchberry (VI) Melaleuca quiquenervia (Cav.) S. T. Blake Myrcia hotteana Urb. & Elan. Endemic to Massif de la Hotte Myrcia leptoclada DC. Myrcia saliana Alain Endemic to Hispaniola Myrcia splendens (Sw.) DC. Myrcia tiburoniana Urb. & Elan. Endemic to Massif de la Hotte Myrcianthes esnardiana (Urb. & Elan.) Alain Endemic to Hispaniola Eugenia esnardiana Urb. & Elan. maguette, malaguette (H) Myrcianthesfragrans (Sw.) McVaugh Anamomisfragrans (Sw.) Griseb., A. punctata Griseb., Eugenia dicrana Berg., E. fragrans (Sw.) Willd., E. hetecroclita Tuss., E. punctata Vahl, Myrtus dichotoma Poir. in Lam., M.fragrans Sw. bois d'Inde, bois d'ine, bois haut-gout, bois muliitre, myrte a feuilles de laurier (H); arrayan, coquillo, guayabillo, ozua, peralejo (RD); guayabac6n (PR); pimienta (C); rose-apple (1) Myrciariajloribunda (West ex Willd.) Berg Eugeniajloribunda West ex Willd. bois muiiitre (H); arrayan, mijo (RD); mije (C); guavaberry,mirto(PR) Myrtus tussacii (Urb. & Elan.) Burret . Endemic to Hispaniola Eugenia tussacii Urb. & Elan. Tree Names 281 MYRTACEAE SPECIES SYNONYMS Pimenta anisomera (Urb. & Ekm.) Burret Endemic to Hispaniola Amomis anisoniera Urb. & Ekm. COMMON NAMES Pimenta crenulata Alain Endemic to Hispaniola Pimenta dioica (L.) Merr. P. officinalis Lind!., P. pimenta (L.) Cock. Pimenta ozua (Urb. & Ekm.) Burret Amomis ozua Urb. & Ekm., P. Endemic to Hispaniola racemosa var. ozua Landrum maguette, malaguene, poivre Jamaique (H); limoncillo cimarron, malagueta (RD); pimienta blanca, pimienta gorda, pimienta malagueta (C); pimienta (C, RD, PR); allspice (US) ozua (RD) Pimenta paucijlora (Urb.) Burret Amomis paucijlora Urb. Pimenta racemosa (Mill.) J. W. Moore var. grisea (Kiaersk.) Fosb. Amomis caryophyllata var. grisea bois d'Inde fran<rais (H); ausubo, auzua, auzubo, (Kiaersk.) Krug & Urb., A. grisea canelilla, canelillo, ozua (RD) (Kiaersk.) Britt., P. acris var. grisea Kiaersk. Pimenta racemosa (Mill.) J. W. Moore var. racemosa Amomis caryophyllata (Jacq.) Krug & Urb., Caryophyllus racemosus Mill., Myrtus acris Berg, M. caryophyllata Jacq., P. acris (Sw.) Kostel. Pimenta terebinthina Burret Endemic to Hispaniola P. racemosa var. terebinthina Landrum Plinia abeggii (Urb. & Ekm.) Urb. Endemic to Hispaniola Eugenia abeggii Urb. & Ekm. bois bay-mum, bois d'Inde fran<rais, bois d'ine franc, bois d'ine fran<rais, dou de girofle, fausse giroflee, girofle, myrte feuilles de laurier (H); auzua, auzubo, bay-rum, herron, canelillo, malagueta, ozua (RD); pimienta (C); baybeny tree, . wild cinnamon (J); bay rum tree, malagueta (PR) a terebinthina (H); canelilla (RD) Plinia acutissima Urb. Endemic to Hispaniola Plinia caricensis Urb. Endemic to Hispaniola Plinia cidrensis Urb. Endemic to Hispaniola P. acutissima var. cidrensis Borhidi Plinia ekmaniana Urb. Endemic to Hispaniola Plinia haitiensis Urb. & Ekm. Endemic to Hispaniola P. montecristina Urb. & Ekm. Plinia microcycla Urb. Endemic to Hispaniola Pseudanamomis umbellulifera (HBK.) Kausel Anamomis esculenta Sarg., Eugenia esculenta Berg, E. umbellulifera Krug & Urb., Mycianthes umbellulifera Alain, Myrcia? umbellulifera DC., Myrtus umbellulifera HBK. ciruela, ciruela de las animas, ciruelillo (RD) Psidium acranthum Urb. Endemic to Hispaniola Psidium dictyophyllum Urb. & Ekm. Endemic to Hispaniola maguette, malaguette (H) 282 Tree Names MYRTACEAE SPECIES Psidium guajava L. SYNONYMS Guajava pyrifera (L.) Kuntze, G. pyriformis Gaertn., P. guayava Raddi, P. pomiferum L., P. pyriferum L., P. sapidissimum COMMON NAMES goyave, goyavier (H); guayaba agria, guayaba comUn (RD); guayaba(C, PR); guava (pR, US) Jacq. Psidium hotteanum Urb. & Elan. Endemic to Hispaniola Psidium longipes (Berg) McVaugh Anamomis bahamensis Britt. ex Small, A. longipes Britt. ex Small, Eugenia bahamensis Kiaersk., E. longipes Berg, Mynus bahamensis Urb., M. elliptica Urb. Psidiumsessilifolium Alain Endemic to Hispaniola Psidium trilobum Urb. & Elan. Endemic to Hispaniola Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels Eugenia cumini (L.) Druce, E. jambolana Lam., Jambolifera chinensis Spreng, Mynus cumini L., S. jambolanum (Lam.) DC. Syzygiumjambos (L.) Alston Caryophyllus jambos (L.) Stokes, jamboisie, jambol, jambul, pomme rose, pommier Eugeniajambos L., Jambos rose (H); porno (RD); pomarrosa (C, RD, PR); jambos (L.) Millsp., Jambosa manzana rosa (C); rose-apple (PR) vulgaris DC. Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. & Eugenia malaccensis L., Jambosa malaccensis (L.) DC. Perry java plum (UK, US) pornme de Jama'ique, pomme de Malaisie (H); cajuilito de Sulimim (RD); pera, pomarrosa de Malaca (C); Malay-apple, manzana malaya (PR) NB: This family exhibits a high degree of endemism. Several species described by Liogier (1989) and listed as endemic to Hispaniola may, in fact, occur only in Haiti or the Dominican Republic. NYCTAGINACEAE SPECIES SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES Guapira brevipetiolata (Heimerl) Alain Endemic to Hispaniola Pisonia brevipetiolata Urb., P. discolor var. bevipetiolata Heimerl, Torrubia brevipetiolata Jimenez Guapira discolor (Spreng.) Little Pisonia discolor Spreng., P. discolor var. camosa Heim., Torrubia discolor Britt. barrehomo (C, PR) Guapira domingensis (Heim.) Alain Endemic to Hispaniola Pisonia obtusata var. domingensis Heim., Torrubia domingensis Standi. bois cassave (H); aguacate cimarr6n, aguacatillo cimarr6n, mala mujer, palo de perico, palo salvaje, perico, una de gato, vibora (RD) Guapirafragrans (Dum.-Cours.) Little Pisoniafragrans Dum.-Cours., P. fragrans oblanceolata Heim., Torrubiafragrans Stand!., T. inermis Britt. & Wils. mufieco, palo de perico, perico (RD); barrehomo (C); black mampoo, corcho, emajagua, majagua, Guapira ligustrifolia (Heim.) Lundell Pisonia ligustrifolia Heim., Torrubia ligustrifolia StandI. majagua de mona, palo de corcho (PR) palo salvaje (RD) Tree Names 283 NYCTAGINACEAE SPECIES SYNONYMS Guapira obtusata (Jacq.) Little Pisonia obtusata Jacq., Torrobia obtusata Britt. Guapira rofescens (Heimerl) Lundell Pisonia calophylla rofescens Heim., P. obtusata var. rofescens Heim., P. rufescens Griseb., Tor~bia rofescens Britt. COMMON NAMES bois cassave sylvestre (H); mala mujer, vibora (RD); macagiiey, sapo (C); coicho, corcho prieto (PR); broad-leaved blolly (B) Neea collina Heimerl Endemic to Hispaniola Neea demissa Heimerl Endemic to Hispaniola Pisonia aculeata L. P. villosa Poir. croc de chien, mayacaule (H); uiia de gato (C, RD, PR); zarza (C); escambron, prickly mampoo (PR); Pisonia albida (Heimerl) Britt. ex StandI. P. albida var. glutinosa Heim., P. albida platyphylla Heim., P. subcorta typica albida Heim. corcho, corcho blanco, corcho bobo (PR) cockspur, fingripo (J) uiia de gato (RD) Pisonia helleri StandI. Pisonia ochracea Heimerl Endemic to Hispaniola Pisonia rotundata Griseb. P. subcordata var. rotundata Heim. OCHNACEAE· SPECIES Ouratea ilicifolia (P. DC.) BaHI. SYNONYMS Gomphia ilicifolia DC., Ochna ilicifolia Poir., Ouratea jaegeriana Urb., O. lenticellosa Urb., O. spinulosa Urb. COMMON NAMES ameau (H); chicharrOn amarillo (RD); chicharrOn (C, RD); arete, contraguao, cordon de soldado, rascabaniga, serrucho (C) OLACACEAE SPECIES Schoepfia chrysophylloides (A. Rich.) Planch. SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES Diplocalyx chrysophylloides A. Rich. Schoepfia haitiensis Urb. & Britt. Endemic to Hispaniola Schoepfia obovata C. Wr. araiia (PR); white beefwood (B) Schoepfia olivacea Urb. Endemic to Hispaniola Schoepfia schreberi Gmel. Ximenia americana L. X. aculeata Tuss., X. elliptica Spreng., X. multiflora Jacq. Ximeniopsis horridus (Urb. & Elan.) Ximenia horrida Urb. & Elan. cerise de mer, croc, macaby (H); hicaco (RD); ciruelillo, limoncillo (C, RD); almendro de costa, ciruelo cimarron, jfa amarilla, yana, zarza limon (C); fake sandalwood, wild lime (US) 284 Ttee Names OLEACEAE SPECIES Chionanthus axilliflorus (Griseb.) Steam SYNONYMS Linociera axilliflora Griseb., Mayepea axilliflora (Griseb.) COMMON NAMES guaney negro, jico-tea (C); hueso (PR) Krug& Urb. Chionanthus bumelioides (Griseb.) Steam var. bumelioides Linociera bumelioides Griseb., L miragoanae Urb., Mayepea bumelioides Krug & Urb. Chionanthus bumelioides (Griseb.) Steam var. lanceolatus (Knob!.) Alain Endemic to Hispaniola Linociera lanceolata Knob!. Chionanthus compactus Sw. C. caribaeus Jacq., Linociera tirana (RD); avispillo, hueso (PR); bois de fer caribaea (Jacq.) Knob!., Mayepea blanc (G); bois de fer (M) caribaea (Jacq.) Kuntze Chionanthus dictyophyllus (Urb.) Linociera dictyophylla Urb. Stearn Endemic to Hispaniola Chionanthus domingensis Lam. Linociera domingensis (Lam.) cayepon (H); cayep6n, lirio, Uirana (RD); white Knob!., L latifolia Vahl, Mayepea rosewood (J); hueso blanco, palo de hueso (PR) domingensis (Lam.) Krug & Urb. Chionanthus ligustrinus (Sw.) Pers. Linociera ligustrina Sw., L phylliraeoides Gaertn. f., Mayepea ligustrina O. Ktze., Thouinia ligustrina Sw. bois sagine (H); cabra blanca, cabra santa, lirio (RD); careicillo, perenqueta (C); hueso (C, PR) Forestiera rhamnifolia Griseb. hueso blanco, careicillo (C); buckthom forestiera (1); caca ravet (M) Forestiera segregata (Jacq.) Krug &Urb. Adelia porulosa Michx., A. segregata O. Ktze., F. porulosa (Michx.) Poir., Myrica segregata yanilla blanca (C); ink-bush, Florida forestiera, Florida privet (B, PR, US) Jacq. Haenianthus salicifolius Griseb. var. obvatus (Krug & Urb.) Knob!. H. oblongatus Urb., H. obovatus Krug. & Urb. earn de hombre (RD); caney (C); hueso, hueso prieto, palo de hueso (PR) OXALIDACEAE SPECIES SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES Averrhoa bilimbi L. blimblin, blinblin, zibeline, zibeline blonde (H); pepinito, vinagrillo (RD); bilimbi, grosella china, grosella de Otahiti (C) . Averrhoa carambola L. blinblin longue, carambolier, comichon du pays, zibeline, zibeline longue (H); carambola (RD); carambold, carambole, jalea, star fruit, star pickle (PR) PAPAVERACEAE SPECIES Bocconiafrutescens L. SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES arbre apain, bois codine, bois coq d'Inde, bois de coq, bois jaunisse (H); gengibrillo, llorasangre, palo de toro, yagrumo macho (RD); palo amarillo, yagrumita (C); palo de pan cimarrOn (C, PR); panilla (PR); celandine, parrot weed (J, PR) Tree Names 285 PHYTOLACCACEAE SPECIES COMMON NAMES SYNONYMS Stegnosperma cubense A. Rich. S. halimifolium not Benth. bejuco de canasta blanco (C) Trichostigma octandrum (L.) H. Walt. Rivina octandra L., T. rivinoides A. Rich. bonbon codine, bonbon coq d'Inde,liane barrique, liane panier (H); pabe1l6n del rey (RD); bejuco de canasta (C); basket wiss, bejuco de nasa, bejuco de palma, hoop vine (PR); cooper withe, hoop withe (J) PINACEAE SPECIES SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES Pinus caribaea Morelet var. P. hondurensis Laack., P. hondurensis (Seneclauze) Barrett et hondurensis Seneclauze Golfari bois pin, pich pin (H); pino de cuaba (RD); pino amarillo, pino macho (C); Caribbean pine (US) Pinus occidentalis Sw. Endemic to Hispaniola bois chandelle, bois pin, pich pin, pin (H); cuaba, pinchipin, pino, pino de cuaba (RD); Hispaniolan pine (US) PIPERACEAE SPECIES SYNONYMS Piper amalago L. COMMON NAMES bois de sureau, bois major, sureau (H); anisillo, guayuyo, guayuyo blanco (RD); canilla de nuerte, platinillo de Cuba (C); higuillo, higuillo hoja menuda (PR) Piper aduncum L. P. medium Jacq. anis des bois, anis marron, anis sauvage, anisette, bois noyaux, feuilles noyaux, feuilles noyaux pays, feuilles sirop, gomme baume, grand baume, sureau plantain (H); guayuyo (RD); higuillo de lim6n, higuillo oloroso (PR) Piper rugosum Lam. guayuyo (RD); higuillo (PR) Piper tuberculatum Jacq. NB: Judd (1987) describes 1 Lepianthes and 4 Piper shrub species that might be considered small trees sensu Little and Wadsworth (1964). These species are not listed. POACEAE (=GRAMINAE) SPECIES SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES bambou (H); bambu (RD, PR); bambua (RD); common bamboo (PR) Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. ex Wend!. PODOCARPACEAE SPECIES SYNONYMS Podocarpus aristulatus Par!. Endemic to Hispaniola COMMON NAMES bois lubin (H); espuela de caballero, sabina . cimarr6n (C); yacca (J) Podocarpus angustifolius Griseb. var. wrightii Pilger P. buchii Urb. 286 Tree Names POLYGALACEAE SPECIES SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES Polygalafuertesii (Drb.) Blake Endemic to Hispaniola Badierafuertesii Urb. Polygala penaea L. buis benit, petit buis (H); crevajosa, guayacancillo, Badiera domingensis DC., B. penaea (L.) DC., B. portoricensis jaboncillo, quiebrahacha (RD) Britton, P. chamaebuxus L., P. domingensis Jacq., P. portoricensis (Britton) Blake POLYGONACEAE SPECIES SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES Coccoloba albicans Elan. Endemic to Haiti C. ciferriana Elan., C. revoluta Leon., C. tortuensis Elan. & Schrn. papelite (H) Coccoloba costata Wr. ex Sauv. C. eggersiana Lind., C. helwigii Schmidt., C. rupicola Urb., C. samuelssonii Elan. & Schrn., C. verruculosa Lind. raisinier (H); guayaba de mulo (RD); uvilla (PR) Coccoloba diversifolia Jacq. C. laurifolia Lind., not Jacq. maivisse, petit raisin ordinaire, raisin bouzin, raisinier, raisinier manun, zamon manun (H); guayab6n, uva cimanuna, uva de sierra, uvero, uvilla, uvilla de sierra (RD) Coccoloba buchii Schmidt. Endemic to Hispaniola Coccoloba ceibensis Schmidt. Endemic to Hispaniola Coccolobafawcetti Schmidt Endemic to Hispaniola Coccolobaflavescens Jacq. Endemic to Hispaniola C. pungens Urb. Coccoloba fuertesii Urb. Endemic to Hispaniola Coccoloba hotteana Schmidt Endemic to Hispaniola Coccoloba incrassata Urb. Endemic to Hispaniola C. mansfeldii Schrn. Coccoloba krugii Lindau C. borgensenii SChrn' wild grape (PR); bow pigeon, crabwood (B) Coccoloba leoganensis Jacq. Endemic to Haiti C. rotundifolia Meisn. _ uvero, uvilla (RD) Coccoloba leonardii Howard negra loca, uverillo, uvillo (PR) Coccoloba microstachys Willd. Coccoloba nodosa Lindau Endemic to Hispaniola Coccoloba paucijlora Urb. Endemic to Hispaniola C. fulgens Leon., C. momicola Urb., C. nalgensis Schrn., C. -neurophylla Urb. Coccoloba picardae Urb. Endemic to Hispaniola Coccoloba pubescens L. C. grandifolia Jacq., C rubescens L. gamelle, magne la mer, raisin grandes feuilles (H); hojancha, oreja de burro (RD); grand leaf, mora16n, sea grape (PR); bois rouge (G, M) Tree Names 287 POLYGONACEAE SPECIES SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES Coccoloba samanensis Schm. Endemic to Hispaniola uvill6n (C); orteg6n, uvilla (PR); tie tongue (B) Coccoloba swartzii Meisn. guaiabara, raisin bord de mer, raisin de fer, raisin de la mer (H); uva de mar, uvero de playa (RD); uva caleta (C, RD); uvero (C, PR); uva de playa (RD, PR); uvas, sea grape (PR) Coccoloba uvifera (L.) L. (naturally hybridizes with other Coccoloba spp.) Guaiabara uvifera House, Polygonum uvifera L. _Coccoloba venosa L. C. nivea Jacq. guarapo (RD); calambreiia, chicory grape (PR) C. scrobiculata Lind., C. subtruncata Urb. chicharroncito (RD) Coccoloba wrightii Lindau Leptogonum buchii Urb. Endemic to Hispaniola Leptogonum domingense Benth. Endemic to Hispaniola Leptogonum moUe Urb. Endemic to Hispaniola PROTEACEAE SPECIES Grevillea robusta A. Cunn. ex R. Br. SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES G. peineta, G. umbratica A. Cunn. chene d'Australie (H); grevilea (C, H); helecho ex Meissner (RD); agravilla, roble plateado (C); roble de seda (C, PR); roble australiano, silk oak, silver oak (PR) PUNICACEAE SPECIES COMMON NAMES SYNONYMS grenade, grenadier, pomme grenade (H); granadillo, pomogranado (RD); granada (C, RD, PR); granado (C, RD); granada agria, granado enano (C); pomegranate (H, PR) Punica granatum L. RHAMNACEAE SPECIES SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES Colubrina arborescens (Mill.) Sarg. Ceanothus arborescens Mill., Colubrina colubrina Millsp., C. ferruginosa Brongn., Rhamnus colubrinus Jacq. bois de fer, bois fer blanc, bois mabi, bois pele, bois pite, capable, gris-gris, poivrier, rougeole (H); candel6n, coraz6n de paloma, cuemo de buey, palo amargo, trejo (RD); bijaguara, birijagua, fuego (C); abejuelo, achiotillo, aguacatillo, catire, greenheart, guitanin, mabi, rat6n, sanguinaria, snake-bark, soap tree (PR); black velvet, mountain ebony, shake-wood, wild ebony (1) Colubrina berteroana Urb. Endemic to Hispaniola palo amargo (RD) Colubrina elliptica (Sw.) Briz. & Stem Ceanothus reclinatus L'Her., Colubrina reclinata (L'Her.) Brongn., Rhamnus ellipticus Sw. bois de fer, bois mabi, mabi (H); coraz6n de paloma (RD); mabf (RD, PR); palo amargo (C, RD); carbonero, carbonero de costa, jayajabito (C); catire, guitanin, mabf, naked wood, smooth snakebark, soldier wood (PR) 288 'Tree Names RHAMNACEAE SPECIES SYNONYMS Colubrina glandulosa var. antillana (M. C. Johnst.) M. C. Johnst. C. rufa var. antillana M. C. COMMON NAMES bois zed, bois zet (H) Johnst. Karwinskia caloneura Urb. Endemic to Hispaniola Krugiodendronferreum (Vahl) Urb. Rhamnusferreus Vahl, Ziziphus emarginata Sw. bois de fer (H); boafierro, ciguamo, guafierro, hoja ancha, palo de hierro, quiebrahacha (RD); bariaco, black ironwood (PR) vinuette (H) Reynosia affinis Urb. & Ekrn. Endemic to Hispaniola Reynosia cuneifolia Urb. & Ekrn. Endemic to Hispaniola Reynosia domingensis Urb. Endemic to Hispaniola I Reynosia regia Urb. & Ekrn. Endemic to Hispaniola quiebrahacha (RD) Reynosia uncinata Urb. bois d'ebene, bois fer marron, brillol, galle-galle, grati-galle (H); casca hueso, palo tabaco (RD); darling plum, red ironwood (US) West Indian buckthorn (J, PR, US) Rhamnus sphaerosperma Sw. Ziziphus crenata (Urb.) M. C. Johnston Endemic to Haiti Sarcomphalus crenatus U~b. Ziziphus havanensis HBK. Sarcomphalus havanensis Griseb. Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. Rhamnus jujuba L., Z jujuba (L.) Lam., Z jujuba (L.) Gaertner, Z orthacantha DC., Z tomentosa Poir., Z vulgaris L. jujube, jujubier, jujubier cornmun, liane erne-chien, petite pornme, pomme mal carduc, pornrne malcardi (H); perita haitiana, ponsere (RD) Ziziphus reticulata (Vahl) DC. Paliurus reticulatus Vahl, Sarcomphalus reticulatus (Vahl) Urb. coque molle (H); saona, saona cimarrona, saona de puerco, sapaijo (RD); cascarroya (PR) a bois de rose, casse hache, creve hache (H); hojancha, hojancha prieta, pancho prieto, parco prieto, quiebrahacha, yagua (RD) Ziziphus rhodoxylon Urb. Ziziphus rignonii Delp. Cassine domingensis Spreng., Sarcomphalus domingensis Krug &Urb. Ziziphus urbanii M. C. Johnst. Sarcomphalus parvifolius Urb. & Ekrn. citroin marron, cogne-molle, coque molle, macarbie, zoraille (H); palpaguano, saona, saona de gente, saona dulce, sopaipo, yagua (RD) RHIZOPHORACEAE . SYNONYMS SPECIES Cassip~JUrea guianensis Aubl. elliptica Sw. Cassipourea obtusa Urb. COMMON NAMES C. alba Griseb., C. cubensis Urb., palo Robinson (RD); murta, palo de gongolf, palo C. elliptica (Sw.) Poir., Leonotis de orejas, palo de toro (PR); cuco (C); bois de I'ail (G, M) palo Robinson, parrilla (RD) Tree Names. 289 RHIZOPHORACEAE SPECIES Rhizophora mangle L. SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES R. mangle var. samoensis Hochr., R. samoensis (Hochr.) Salvoza manglier, manglier chandelle, manglier noir, manglier rouge (H); mangle (RD, PR); mangle colorado, mangle rojo (C, RD, PR); mangle de .chifle, mangle zapatero (PR); mangrove, red mangrove (J, PR) ROSACEAE SPECIES Eriobotryajaponica (Thunb.) Lindl. SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES loquat (H, English); nfspero del Jap6n (Spanish) Mespilusjaponica Thunb., Photiniajaponica (Thunb.) Franchet & Savat. Prunus americana Marsh. prunier (H, French); American plum (English) Prunus domestica L. subsp. domestica prunier (H, French); ciruelo (Spanish); common plum, European plum, prune plum (English) Prunus myrtifolia (L.) Urb. Celastrus myrtifolius L., Cerasus amandier it petites feuilles, mandit, mongier (H); sphaerocarpus Loisel., ' almendrito, membrillito, membrillo, palo de hacha (RD); almendrillo (C, PR); cuajanf hembra (C) Laurocerasus myrtifolia (L.) Britt., L sphaerocarpa (Sw.) Roem., P. sphaerocarpus Sw. Prunus occidentalis Sw. Cerasus occidentalis Loisel., Laurocerasus occidentalis M. Roem. amandier, amandier a grandes feuilles (H); almendrito, calla, cucaracha, membrillo, yaya boba (RD); almendro (C, RD); cuajanf (C); almendrillo (RD, PR); almendr6n, West Indian laurel cherry (PR); pruan, prune tree (J) Prunus persica (L.) Batsch. var. persica peche, ¢Cher (H, French); melocot6n (Spanish); peach (English) Pyrus communis L. poirier (H, French); pera (Spanish); pear (English) RUBIACEAE SPECIES Antirhea lucida (Sw.) Benth. & Hook. f. SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES Laugeria lucida Sw., Stenostomum lucidum (Sw.) Gaertn.f. avocat marron, bois patate (H); aguacatillo, palo de cuello, palo de gallina (RD); almorrana, lIor6n, raizu (C); palo lIor6n (PR) Chiococca alba (L.) Hitchc. ~ croc souris, quimaque (H); bejuco de barraco, bejuco timaque, timaque (RD); bejuco de verraco, cainco (C); bejuco de berac, West Indian snow-berry (PR) Chione seminervis Urb. & Ekm. Chione venosa (Sw.) Urb. martin avila, palo blanco, santa olalla (PR) Coffea arabica L. cafe (French, Spanish); cafeier (French); cafeto (RD); coffee (English) Erithalis fruticosa L. cuaba prieta, rompe machete, vfbona (C); jayajabico (C, PR); black torch, tea, temo (PR); bois d'huile bord de mer (G, M) 290 . Tree Names RUBIACEAE SPECIES Exostema caribaeum (Jacq.) Roem. & Schult. SYNONYMS Chinchona caribae Jacq. COMMON NAMES chandelle anglaise, quinine, quinine des Antilles, quinquina des Camibes, quinquina pays (H); piiH-piiif, quina criolla, quino (RD); cerillo, 000 santana, maeagua de costa (C); alborillo, palo de quina, prince wood, West Indian quinine bark, . yellow torch (PR) Exostema cf. elegans Krug & Urb. lirio bobo, guina criolla, piiii-piiii (RD); plateado (C, PR); cayateje, chinchona, lirio santana, vigueta Exostema ellipticum Griseb. (C) Exostema sanctae-luciae (Kentish) Britten E.floribundum (Sw.) Roem. & Schult. guina criolla, piiii-piiii (RD); bois tabac, quina-piton, quinquina camibe (M) Faramea occidentalis (L.) A. Rich. F. odoratissima DC. cafetillo (RD); cafefllo, false coffee (PR); cafe cimarron, jl1caro, jujano, nabaco (C); wild coffee (J) Genipa americana L. var. caruto (Kunth.) Schumann Gardenia genipa Sw., Genipa americana L., G. caruto Kunth., G. pubescens DC. gene-pas, genipayer (H); genipa. jagua (RD); 'genipap tree, genipot, mannelade-box genipe (PR) Guettarda elliptica Sw. cigiiilla, cuero de sabana (C); cucubano liso, velvetseed (PR) Guettarda multinervis Urb. calle noire (H); guayab6n (RD); blackberry, palo de cucubano, velvet berry (PR) Guettarda ovalifolia Urb. cucubano (PR) encinillo, palo de cruz, yaya (RD); roseta (PR) Guettarda pungens Urb. Guettarda valenzuelana A. Rich. G. laevis Urb. cucubano de monte (PR); hueso, icaquillo, naranjito, vigueta (C) Hamelia patens Jacq. H. erecta Jacq. corail, corail rouge, fleur corail (H); buzunuco, buzunuvo, desyerba conuco (RD); coraIillo, palo coral, ponasf (C); balsamo, scarletbush (PR) Hamelia ventricosa Sw: dajao (RD); cafefllo, palo de dajao, palo de hierro (PR); cafe cimarron, cafetillo (C) Ixoraferrea (Jacq.) Benth. Morinda citrifolia L. M. macrophylla Desf. Neolaugeria resinosa (Yahl) Nicolson Antirhea resinosa (Vahl) Cook & aquil6n (PR) Collins, Laugeria densijlora (Griseb.) Hitehc., L resinosa Vahl, Stenostomum densijlorum Griseb., Terebraria resinosa (Vahl) Sprague bois douleur, douleur, fromagier (H); baga, coca, manzanilla, nigua, piiia de puerto (RD); mora de la India (C); gardenia, hedionda, morinda, noni, painkiller (PR) Palicourea alpina (Sw.) DC. cafetan, cenizoso cimarron, tafetan (RD); tapa camino (C) Palicourea barbinervia DC. ahoguey blanco (RD); tafetan (PR, RD); balsamo real, showy palicourea (PR) Palicourea crocea (Sw.) Roem..:.& Schult. . Palicourea domingensis (Jacq.) DC. Psychotria alpestris Urb. & Ekm. Endemic to Massif de la Hotte P. brevithyrsa Britton & StandI. ponasf, tapa camino (C); cachimbo, red palicourea (PR); bois cabrit, bois de l'encore, bois fou-fou (M) taburete (C) Tree Names 291 RUBIACEAE SPECIES SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES bois cabrit (H); cafetin, escob6n (RD); cachimbo comUn (PR) Psychotria berteriana DC. Psychotriafuertesii Urb. Endemic to southern Hispaniola Psychotria grandis Sw. tapa camino (C); cachimbo grande, palo moro, wild coffee (PR) Psychotria nutans Sw. bois laitelle (H); brilloso, cabra blanca, cabra santa. cafe cimarr6n, penda (RD); cachimbo de mona (PR) Randia aculeata L. R. aculeata var. mitis (L.) Griseb., R. mitis L. croc-a-chien (H); ramo de navidad, resuelesuele (RD); box-briar, tintillo (PR); agalla de costa, cafe cimamSn(C) bois sadine (H); azota criollo (RD); box-briar, cambron, dogwood, ink beny, tintillo (PR) Randia erythrocarpa Krug & Urb. Rondeletia camea Urb. & Ekm. Endemic to Massif de la Selle Rondeletia christii Urb.. ?R. selleana Urb. Rondeletia fonnonia Urb. & Ekm. Endemic to Massif de la Hotte Stevensia hotteana Urb. & Ekm. Endemic to Massif de la Hotte Strumpfia maritima L. S. maritim~ Jacq. lirio (PR); faux romarin (G) NB: Judd (1987) describes an additional 5 shrub species of the following genera that might be considered small trees sensu Little and Wadsworth (1964): Exostema (I), Psychotria (3), and Rondeletia (I). These species are not listed. RUTACEAE SPECIES SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES Amyris apiculata Urb. & Ekm. Endemic to southwestern Haiti Amyris balsamifera L. A. sylvatica Jacq., Elemifera balsamifera O. Ktze. Amyris diatrypa Spreng. bois chandelle (H); guaconejo (RD); cuaba, cuaba blanca (C); balsam amyris, tema (PR); candlewood, torchwood (J); rosewood (J, PR) bois chandelle (H); guaconejillo, guaconejo (RD); candlewood (PR) A. maritima Jacq., Elemifera maritima O. Ktze. bois chandelle, chandelle blanc, chandelle marron, trois paroles (H); guaconejo, palo de tea (RD) Casimora edulis Llave ex Lex Fagara bombacifolia Krug & Urb., Zanthoxylum bombacifolium A. Rich. pera, pera criolla, pera mexicana (RD); mango tarango, sapote blanco, sapote blanco de Mexico Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle C. acida Roxb., C.lima Lun., Limonia aurantifolia Christm. citron, citron vert, citronnier (H); citron, lima, lima boba, lim6n agrio (RD); key lime, Persian lime, West Indian lime (PR) Citrus aurantium L. subsp. aurantium Aurantium acre Mill., C. bigarradia Loisel., C. vulgaris Risso orange amer, orange sure (H, G, M); naranja de babor (RD); naranja agria (C, RD, PR); sour orange (PR); bigarade orange, bitter orange (1) Amyris elemifera L. Amyris plumieri DC. Citrus limetta Risso (C) calmouc (H); lima, limasa (RD); lim6n dulce (RD, PR); lime (G, PR) 292 Tree Names RUTACEAE SPECIES SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES Citrus limon (L.) Bunn. C. limonum Risso, C. peretta domingensis Tuss., Limon vulgaris Mill. citronnier, limon france (H); lim6n, limon agrio (C, RD, PR); limon persa (C); lemon, limon de cabro (PR) Citrus maxima O. Burm.) Merr. C. aurantium var. grandis L., C. decumana L., C. grandis (L.) chadeque (H); pomelo, toronja, toronja de la India (RD); pummelo, shaddock (PR) Osbeck citron, citronnier (H); cidra, toronja (RD) Citrus medica L. Citrus reticulata Blanco C. deliciosa Ten., C. nobilis Andr. not Lour. mandarine (H); naranja mandarina (C, RD, PR); mandarine orange, tangerine (PR) Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck Aurantium sinensis Mill., C. aurantium var. sinensis L. orange douce (H); naranja de China, naranja dulce (C, RD, PR); sweet orange 0, PR) Citrus x paradisi Macf. C. maxima var. uvacarpa Merr., C. maxima x· C. sinensis pamplemousse (H); grapefruit (PR) Fortunellajaponica (Thunb.) Citrus japonica Thunb. kumquat redondo (RD); kumquat (US) Citrus margarita Lour. kumquat oval (RD); kumquat (US) Swingle Fortunella margarita (Lour.) Swingle' Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack Chalcas exotica (L.) Millsp:, C. paniculata L., Murraea exotica L. Pilocarpus racemosus Vahi Raputia heterophylla Griseb. Zanthoxylum anadenium (Urb. & Fagara anadenia Urb. & Ekm. bun, myrte (H); buis (G, H, M); azahar, azahar de .jardfn (RD); boj de Persia, jazmfn de Persia, muralla, murallera (C); mirto (C, PR); orange jessemine (PR); China-box, mock orange (1) aceitillo (PR); bois blanc, flambeau caraibe (G); flaboir noir, flambeau (M) Ekm.) Jimenez Endemic to Hispaniola Zanthoxylum bifoliolatum Leonard Fagara bifoliolata Urb.. Zanthoxylum coriaceum A. Rich. Fagara coriacea Krng & Urb. Zanthoxylum elephantiasis Macf. Fagaraelephantiasis Krng & Urb., Z aromaticum DC. pine, pine jaune, pinit, pinit jaune (H); ayua, pino macho (RD); aytia amarilla, aytia varia, baytia (C) Zanthoxylumfagara (L.) Sarg. Fagarafagara Small., F. lentiscifolia HBK., F. pterota L., Schinusfagara L., Z pterota pine jaune (H); alba, pino rubial, una de gato (RD); amoroso, arona gato, chivo, limoncillo, tomegufn, zarza de tomegufn (C) HBK. Zanthoxylumflavum Vahl Fagaraflavum Krug & Urb. espinille, espinillo, misimieu, musimieu (RD); aceitillo (C, PR); yellow sanders (PR) Zanthoxylum lenticellosum (Urb. & Fagara lenticellosa Urb. & Ekm. Ekm.) Jimenez Endemic to Hispaniola . Zanthoxylum leonardii (Urb.) Fagc:ra leonardii Urb. Jimenez Endemic to Hispaniola Zanthoxylum martinicense (Lam.) DC. Zanthoxylum monophyllum (Lam.) P. Wils. Fagara martinicense Lam., Z juglandifolium Willd., Z lanceolatum Poir. bois epineux, bois peine, bois pine, bois pine blanc, bois pini (H); espino, pino, pino de teta, pino macho, pino rubial (RD); aytia (C, PR); aytia amarilla, aytia macho, ayuda (C); prickly yellow, yellow hercules (J) Fagara monophylla Lam., Z ochroleucum DC., Z simplicifolium Vah! pino, pino de teta, pino macho (RD); enrubio, espino rubial, palo rubrio, yellow prickly ash (PR); bois noyer, ICpine jaune (G, M) Tree Names 293 RUTACEAE' SPECIES SYNONYMS Zanthoxylum nashii P. Wils. Endemic to Hispaniola Fagara nashii Urb. Zanthoxylum obcordatum (Urb. & Elan.) Jimenez Endemic to Hispaniola Fagara obcordata Urn. Zanthoxylum pimpinelloides (Lam.) Fagara pimpinelloides Lam. DC. Endemic to Hispaniola COMMON NAMES feuilles baie (H) Zanthoxylum punctatum Vahl Fagara trifoliata Sw., Tobinia alfiler (PR); toothache tree (J); bois d'Inde marron, temata Hamilt., Z tematum Sw., bois flambeau, epineux rouge (G); bois flambeau Z trifoliatum Krug & Urb., not L. noi'r l'epineux (M) Zanthoxylum spinifex (Jacq.) DC. Fagara mic;ophylla Desf., F. spinifex Jacq., Z microphyllum Desf. Zanthoxylum venosum Leonard Endemic to Hispaniola Fagara venosum Urb. bois camp&he (H); ufi~ de gato (RD) SABIACEAE SPECIES SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES Meliosma abbreviata Urb. Endemic to Massif de la Hotte coma, coma jaune (H) Meliosma herbertii Rolfe cacao cimarron, palo de caya prieto (RD); aguacatillo, arroyo. cacaillo (PR); cacao hobo (PR, RD); bois violet, graines vertes, graines violettes . (G) Meliosma impressa Krug & Urb. Endemic to Hispaniola gounelle (H); cacao hoho, chicharrOn hobo (RD); aguacatillo, algarrobo, arroyo, serillo (PR) Meliosma recurvata Urb. Endemic to Massif de la Hotte chicharrOn, chicharrOn bobo, palo de hacha (RD) SAPINDACEAE SPECIES Allophylits cominia (L.) Sw. SYNONYMS Rhus cominia L. COMMON NAMES cafe marron, trois feuilles, trois paroles (H); parida, rompe caldera, tres palabras (RD); palo de caja (C, RD); caja, caja comun (C) amansa protranca (RD); palo blanco (PR) Allophylus crassinervis Radlk. Allophylus domingensis Alain Endemic to Hispaniola Allophylus haitiensis Radlk. & Elan. Endemic to Haiti Allophylus montanus Alain Endemic to Hispaniola Allophylus occidentalis (Sw.) Radlk. Allophylus rigidus Sw. Endemic to Hispaniola A. racemosus Sw., not L., Schmidelia occidentalis Sw. trois feu illes, trois paroles (H); cafe jaune, petit cafe (H, G, M); cucharita prieta, palo de caja, parida, rampe caldera, tres palabras (RD); palo blanco, quiebrahacha (PR) bois negre, chic-chic (H) 294 Tree Names SAPINDACEAE SPECIES SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES Blighia sapida Koenig Akea solitaria Stokes, Akeesia africana Tuss., Cupania sapida Voigt. aki, arbre-a-fricasser (H); arbol del seso (RD); akee (PR); seso vegetal (PR, RD) Cupania americana L. c.:saponiarioides, C. tomentosa Sw. bois de satanier, chatague, chataignier, satanier, satanju, trois cotes (H); guanam, guanarita, guam, gu&ana (C, RD, PR); candlewood tree (PR); loblolly tree (1) Cupania glabra Sw. gufuana (RD) Cupania triquetra A. Rich. guam, guam blanca (PR) Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq. var. arborescens (Cunn.) Sherff. D. asplenifolia var. arborescens J. D. Hook. D. ehrenbergii Schlecht., D. spathulata Smith, D. viscosa var. spathulata Benth. manglier petites feuilles, pativier (H); cucaracha, granadillo, palo de reina, palo del rey (RD); dod6nea (C); chamiso, dogwood, guitanin, quitanin (PR); switch sorrel (J) Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq. var. linearis (Rarv. & Sond.) Sherff D. angustifolia L. f., D. jamaicensis DC., D. thunbergiana var. linearis Harv. & Sond., D. viscosa var. angustifolia Benth. manglier petites feuilles, pativier (H); cucaracha, granadillo, palo de reina, palo del rey (RD) Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq. var. viscosa D. viscosa var. vulgaris Benth., Ptelea viscosa L. manglier petites feuilles, pativier (H); cucaracha, granadillo, palo de reina, palo del rey (RD) Exothea paniculata (Juss.) Radlk. E. oblongifolia Macf., Hypelate paniculata Camb., Melicocca paniculata Juss. bois couleuvre, bois miHet, quenepier marron (H); cuemo de buey, nisperillo (RD); guamaca, yaicuaje (C); butterbough, gaita (PR); inkwood (US) Hypelate trifoliata Sw. Amyris hypelate, A. ?robinsonii DC. chandelle marron, gallipeau (H); granadillo (RD); cuaba de ingenio, hueso de costa, raspadura, vera (C); inkwood. melocha (PR) litchi, quenepe chinois, quenepier chinois (H); leche (RD) Litchi chinensis Sonn. Matayba apetala (Macf.) Radlk. Cupania apetala Macf., C. oppositifolia A. Rich., M. oppositifolia Britt., Ratonia apetala Griseb. bois de graines, bois de graines noirs (H); macurije (C); doncella (PR) Matayba domingensis (DC.) Radlk. Cupania ratonia Camb., Ratonia domingensis DC., R. spathulata Griseb. bois de graines, bois de graines noirs (H); guam, rat6n (RD); caraicillo, macurije (C); doncella, negra lora, tea cimarrona (PR) Matayba scrobiculata (HBK.) Radlk. Cupania serobiculata HBK., M. denticulata Radlk. chataignier, chataignie~ marron, satanier, satanier manun (H); guara, gufuana (RD) Melicoccus bijugalus Jacq. Melicocca bijuga L., Schinus melicoccus L. quenepe, quenepe-a-fruits, quenepier, quenepier male (H); canape, limoncillo, quenepo (RD); quenepa (PR, RD); mamoncillo (C); genip tree, . genipe, guenepa, Spanish lime (PR); wing-leaved honey berry (J) Sapindus saponaria L. S. inaequalis DC., S. slenoplerus arbre-a-savon, bois savonnette pays, canique, graines canique, grenaillit, mombin batard, pomme DC. de savon, savonnette, savonnette pays, savonier (H); cerote, chorote, mate de chivo, palo amargo, palo de jab6n (RD); jaboncillo (C, RD, PR); soapberry (J) Talisiajimenezii Alain Endemic to Hispaniola cotoperf (RD) Tree Names 295 SAPINDACEAE SPECIES SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES Thouinia domingensis Urb. & - T. deflexa Radlk., T. revoluta Radlk. var.deflexa (Radlk.) Votava Radlk. ex Alain Endemic to Hispaniola Thouinia domingensis Urb. & Radlk. var. domingensis Endemic to Hispaniola Leonardia haitiensis Urb. Thouinia milleri Leonard Endemic to Hispaniola T. inaequalis Radlk., T. multinervis Radlk. Thouinia racemosa Radlk. Endemic to Hispaniola T. scoparia Radlk., T. spicata Radlk. Thouinia trifoliata Poit. Thyana trifoliata Ham., Vargasia bois come, bois la m~vre, bois poivre (H); glabra Bert. chicharrOn, cuchara, cucharita, parfa, parida (RD) bois come (H) Thouinidium inaequilaterum Alain Endemic to Hispaniola Thouinidium pinnatum (Turpin) Radlk. Endemic to Hispaniola Thouinia pinnata Turpin gros peau (H); palo blanco (RD) Thouinidium pulverulentum (Griseb.) Radlk. Thouinia pulverulenta Griseb. bois brule (H) SAPOTACEAE SPECIES SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES Bumelia cubensis Griseb. Dipholis angustifolia Urb., D. bois d'Inde, tiquimite (H); caya de lorna, jaiquf, y3.itf cubensis (Griseb.) Pierre & Urb., (RD); espejuelo (PR); cuya (C) D. domingensis Pierre & Urb. Bumelia dominicana Whetstone & AtkinsonEndemic to Hispaniola B.ferruginea Stearn, not Nutt., Dipholisferruginea Elan. & Schm. Bumelia integra Cron. Endemic to Hispaniola Dipholis anomala Urb. [not B. anomala Clark] Bumelia obovata (Lam.) A. DC. var. B. heterophylla Urb., B. obovata parvifolia A. DC., Sideroxylon obovatum Lam. arafia gato, lechecillo, quiebrahacha (PR); breakbill (VI) Bumelia salicifolia (L.) Sw. Achras salicifolia L., B. pentagona Sw., ?Dipholis leptopoda Urb., Dipholis salicifolia (L.) A. DC. acomat marron, acomat rouge, m'panache, sapotille marron, sapotillier marron, sip (H); caya colorada (RD); sanguinaria, wild mespel, willow bustic (PR); almendrillo, cuya (C) -Bumelia sericea (Cronq.) Stearn Endemic to Hispani91a Dipholis sericea Cronq. Chrysophyllum angustifolium Lam. C. montanum Urb. caimito cimarr6n (RD) Chrysophyllum argenteum Jacq. C. argenteum var. sphaerocarpum Urb., C. caeruleum Jacq., C. glabrum Jacq. petit caYmite (H); caimitillo, caimito blanco cimarr6n,caimito cocuyo, carabana, yaya (RD); macanabo (C); caimito verde, lechecillo (PR) Chrysophyllum bicolor Poir.. C. eggersii Pierre, Cynodendron caimito cimarrOn (PR, RD); caimitillo, lechecillo, bicolor (Poir.) Baehni wild cainit (PR) Chrysophyllum cainito L. Cainito pomiferum Tuss., Lucuma cainito L. bon cai'mite, caYmite, cai"mite des jardins, caYmite frnnche, caYmitier, caYmitier feuilles d'or, grande caYmite (H); caimito (PR, RD); star-apple (PR) a 296 Tree Names SAPOTACEAE SPECIES SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES Chrysophyllum olivifonne L. var. olivifonne C. acuminatum Lam., C. gonavense Urb., C. miragoaneum Urb., C. olivifonne Lam., C. pallescens Urb., C. platyphyllum Urb. Chrysophyllum olivifonne L. var. picardae (Urb.) Cronq. Endemic to Hispaniola C. brachystylum Urb., C. heterochroum Urb., C. picardae Urb. Manilkara albescens (Griseb.) Cronq. Bassia albescens Griseb., Mimusops albescens (Griseb.) Hartog, Murianthe albescens Aubrev., Muriea albescens Hartog ex Baill., M. eyerdamii Gilly . Manilkara bidentata (A. DC.) Chev. M. balata auth., M. nitida (Sesse sapotille, sapotille noir (H); acana, balati, sapotillo (RD); ausuba, balata (PR); bois noir, sapotillier & Moe.) Dubard, M. riedleana marron, sapotillier noir (G); balate (G, M) (Pierre) Dubard, Mimusops balata var. domingensis Pierre, M. bidentata A. DC., M. domfngensis Moscoso, M. domingensis (Pierre) Huber., M. riedleana Pierre, M. sieberi A. DC. Manilkara gonavensis (Urb. & Elan.) Gilly ex Cronq. Endemic to Hispaniola Mimusops ?gonavensis Urb. & Elan. sapotille marron (H) Manilkamjaimiqui (C. Wright) Dubard ssp. haitensis (Cronq.) Cronq. . Endemic to Hispaniola M. emarginata ssp. haitensis· Cronq. jaiqui, jamiquf, nisperillo, nisperillo de hoja finas (RD) Achras zapota L., A. zapota L. var. zapotilla Jacq., A. zapotilla Nutt., M. achras (Miller) Fosberg, M. zapotilla (Jacq.) Gilly, Sapota achras Mill. sapotille, sapotillier, sapotillier commun (H); nisperillo (RD); nfspero (RD, PR); sapodilla (PR, US); sapote (C); common naseberry, naseberry (J) M.Joetidissimum (Jacq.) H. 1. Lam., Sideroxylon domingense Urb., S.foetidissimum Jacq., S. mastichodendron Jacq., S. portoricense Urb. acomat, coma; coma blanc, coma franc (H); caya amarilla, caya blanca, caya prieta, goma (RD); tortugo amarillo, tortugo colorado, false mastic (PR); caguinf, jocuma, jocuma amarilla, jocuma blanca, jocuma lechera (C); mastic-bully (J, PR) Manilkara zapota (L.~ P. v. Royen Mastichodendronfoetidissimum (Jacq.) Cronq. ssp.Joetidissimum Micropholis polita (Griseb.) Pierre ssp. hotteana Judd . Endemic to Massif de la Hotte cai'mite, cai'mite marron, cai'mite sauvage, cai'mitier ferrugineux, cai'mitier marron, cai'mitier olivaire (H); caimito cocuyo, caimito de perro (RD); caimitillo, caimito cimarron (C, RD); caimito, macanabo (C); . caimitillo de perro (PR); satinleaf (J, PR) bois huile, sapotille marron (H); ausubo, balati (RD); nisperillo (PR, RD); acana, acana blanca (C) sapotille (H) Pouteria dictyoneura (Griseb.) Radlk. ssp.Juertesii (Urb.) Cronq. Paralabatiafuertesii Urb., P. portoricensis Britton & Wilson, Pouteria dictyoneura var. fuertesii Baehni Pouteria domingensis (Gaertn. f.) Baehni var. cuprea (Urb. & Elan.) Cronq. Endemic to Hispaniola Lucuma cuprea Urb. & Elan., P. genievre, jaune d'oeuf, toti marron (H); totuma (RD) domingensis f. cuprea Baehni [Some authors spell P. dominigensis.] Pouteria domingensis (Gaertn. f.) Baehni var. domingensis Lucuma domingensis Gaertn. f.,L genievre,jaune d'oeuf, toti marron (H); locuma, paucijlora A DC., L serpentaria tocuma, totuma (RD); acana,jacana (PR); egg fruit (B) HBK [Some authors spell P. dominigensis var. dominigensis] Pouteria hotteand (Urb. & Elan.) Baehni Labatia? hotteana Urb. & Elan. caracolet (H); caracol, cuero de puerco, tomasina (RD); cocuyo~ sapote culebra de costa (C) Tree Names 297 SAPOTACEAE SPECIES Pouteria multiflora (A. DC.) Eyrna SYNONYMS Lucuma multiflora A. DC. COMMON NAMES jacana (PR); bully tree (1) Pouteria sapota (1acq.) H. E. Moore Acharadelpha mammosa Cook, grand sapotillier, sapotier, sapotier jaune d'oeuf, sapotillier mannelade (H); sapote (C, G, H, M, PR, & Stearn Achras mammosa L., RD); mamey colorado (C); mamey sapote (C, PR); Calocarpum mammosum (L.) Pierre, C. sapota (Jacq.) Merrill, mamey rojo, red mammee, red zapotee CPR); Lucuma mammosa (L.) Gaertn. mammee sapota, mannelade plum (1); sapotille .mamey (G, M) f., P. mammosa (L.) Cronq., Sideroxylon sapota Jacq. Pouteria sessiliflora (Sw.) Poir. Endemic to Hispaniola Labatia sessiliflora Sw. SIMAROUBACEAE (including PICRAMNIACEAE) SPECIES SYNONYMS . Alvaradoa haitiensis Urb. Endemic to Hispaniola Castella depressa Turp. Endemic to Hispaniola Neocastela depressa Small. Picramnia antidesma Sw. Picramnia dictyoneura (Urb.) Urb. &Ekm. Endemic to Hispaniola COMMON NAMES abbe marron, petit abbe (H) aguedita (RD); brasilete bastardo, brasilete falso (C); macard bitter, mahoe bitter, Tom Bartein's bush(J) Casabitoa perfae Alain, P. domingensis Urb., Trichilia dictyoneura Urb. Picramnia macrocarpa Urb. & Ekm. Endemic to Hispaniola P. antidesmoides Griseb., P. micrantha Tu\. bois petit g~on, bois poisson, bois sardine, cafe marron, vaillant g~on (H); ojo de peje, palo de peje, palo de pez (RD); aguedita (C, RD); quina de la tierra, quina del pafs (C); bitterbush, guarema, palo de hueso (PR); macary bitter, majoe bitter (J) Picrasma excelsa (Sw.) Planch. Aeschrion excelsa O. Ktze., A. excelsa microcarpa Kr. & Urb., Quassia excelsa Sw., P. excelsa Lindl. frene, gorie frene (H); goric (RD, H); cuasia, quasia (C); Jamaica quassia (1); lena arnargo, palo arnargo (PR); bitterwood (J, PR) Picrasma selleana Urb. Endemic to Hispaniola Aeschrion selleana Eng\. . Picramnia pentandra Sw. Quassia amara L. cuassia (H); palo mufieco (RD); cuasia (C, PR); quassia wood (PR) Simarouba berteroana Krug & Urb. Endemic to Hispaniola bois frene, frene etranger (H); aceituna, daguilla, juan primero, olivo (RD) Simarouba glauca DC. var.latifolia S. medicinalis End\., S. officinalis bois blanc, bois frene, bois negresse, d'olive, frene, Cronq. ' Macfad., S. officinalis DC., in part quinquina d'Europe (H); daguilla, daguillo, laguilla, juan primero, palo arnargo, quassia arnarga (RD); gavilan, palo blanco, roblecillo, simaruba (C); aceituno, bitter-ash, princess tree (PR); bitter damson (J); acajou blanc (G, M); simarouba (English) Suriana maritima L. chrlste marine, crisse marine, perce-pierre (H); guazumilla, jobero, jovero (RD); cuabilla, cuabilla de costa, incienso (C); guitaran, bay cedar, temporana (PR); sea samphire (J) 298 Tree Names SOLANACEAE SPECIES COMMON NAMES SYNONYMS Acnistus arborescens (L.) Schlecht. Atropa arborescens L., Cestrum belladone, feuille douleur (H); mata gallina (RD); macrostemon Sesse et Mac. flor., galan arooreo, palo de gallina (PR) Dunalia arborescens (L.) Sleumer Brunfelsia americana L. aguacero, darna de nache (RD); aleIf falso, rain shrub, trompeta de angel, tulipan sencillo (PR); American brunfelsia, trumpet flower (1); fleur-a-pluie (G, M) Cestrum diurnum L. rufiana (RD); darna de ilia, day cestrum (PR); galan de dia (C) rufiana (RD); galan del monte (PR) Cestrum macrophyllum Vent. Cestrum nocturnum L. C. laurifolium L'Her. lilas de nuit, jasmin de nuit (H); jazmin de nache, rufiana (RD); galan de nache (C); darna de nache, lady-of-the-night (PR) Cyphomandra betacea (Cav.) C. crassifolia (Ortega) Kuntze tree tomato (US) Sendtner Datura suaveolens Humb. & Bonp!. D. arborea L. exWilld. arito, mantequita (RD); ajicillo, tabaco cimarron (C) Solanum antillarum O.E. Schulz Solanum erianthum D. Don. strarnoine-en-arbre (H); campana (C); angel's trumpet (J) S. verbascifolium Jacq. amorette mlile, amorette marron, amourette, tabac marron (H); friegaplatos, tabac6n, tabacuelo (RD); pendejera macho, tabaco cimarrOn (C); berenjena de paloma, mullein nightshade, wild tobacco (PR) Solanum formonense O.E. Schulz Endemic to Massif de la Hotte Solanum polyg~mum Vahl cackalaka berry (PR) Solanum rugosu'm Dunal S. asperum Vahl tabac6n (RD); sepi, tabac6n aspero (PR) Solanum torvum Sw. S. jicifolium Ort. amourette (H); berenjena de gallina, tabac6n (RD); berenjena cimarrona (RD, PR); pendejera (C); turkey berry (PR) NB: Judd (1987) lists' 13 shrub species of the following genera that might be considered as small trees sensu Little and Wadsworth (1964): Brunfelsia (1), Cestrum (8), Clerodendrum (1), and Solanum (3). These species are not listed. STAPHYLEACEAE SPECIES SYNONYMS Huertea cubensis Griseb. Turpina occidentalis (Sw.) G. Don COMMON NAMES alfiler, don juan, juan primero (RD) Dalrymplea domingensis Spreng., bija, cedro hembra, guarapo,juan primero prieto, violet Staphylea occidentalis Sw., T. cimarrona, violeta (RD); eugenio, lilayo (PR); sauco paniculata Vent. cimam5n (C, PR); roble gilira, serrueho (C) Turpina picardae Urb. Endemic to Hispaniola STERCULIACEAE SPECIES Cola acuminata (Beauv.) Schott. & End!. SYNONYMS Cola vera K. Schum. COMMON NAMES colatier, noix de cola (H); cola (H, RD); cola nut tree, nuez de cola (PR); bissy, kola (1) Tree Names 299 STERCULIACEAE SPECIES SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. G. bubroma Tuss., G. guazuma (L.) Cockerell, G. polybotrya P. DC., G. tomentosa HBK., G. tomentosa Kunth., G. ulmifolia var. tomentosa (HBK.) K. Schum., Theobroma guazuma L. bois d'homme, bois d'orme, bois de hetre, orme d' Amerique (H); guacima cimaronna, guazuma (RD); guacima de caballo (C); guacima (C, RD, PR); bastard cedar, West Indian elm 0, PR) Helicteresjamaicensis Jacq. H. altheaefolia Lam., H. isora Desc., H. spiralis Northr. bois d'homme, coton rat, jeu90n (H); huevo de gato (RD, PR); majagiiilla (C); cowbush, cuernecillo (PR) Helicteres apetala Jacq., S. carthaginensis Cay. pistache des Indes (H);' anacahuita (C, RD); anacagiiita (C, RD, PR); esterculia (C); Panama tree (J, PR) Helicteres semitriloba Bert. Sterculia apetala (Jacq.) Karst. Sterculiafoetida L. Theobroma cacao L. subsp. cacao anacagiiita, hazel sterculia (PR) Cacao theobroma Tuss.. cacao (French, Spanish, English); cacaotier, cacaoyer (French); cacao amarillo, cacao erlollo, cacao forastero, cacao morado (C, RD, PR) STYRACACEAE SPECIES SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES Styrax obtusifolills Griseb. Styrax ochraceus Urn. Endemic to Hispaniola SYMPLOCACEAE SPECIES Symplocos berteroi (DC.) Miers Endemic to Hispaniola SYNONYMS S. hyboneura Urb., S. martinicensis var. berterii DC., S. 'pilifera Urb. COMMON NAMES aceituno, moradilla (RD) Symplocos domingensis Urn. Endemic to Hispaniola Symplocos hotteana Urn. & Ekm. Endemic to southwestern Haiti THEACEAE SPECIES Cleyera albopunctata (Griseb.) Krug& Urn. Cleyera bolleana (0. C. Schm.) Kobuski Endemic to Hispaniola SYNONYMS Eurya bolleana O. C. Schm., Freziera bolleana Kobuski Cleyera orbicularis Alain Endemic to Haiti Cleyera temstroemioides (0. C. Schmidt) Kobuski Endemic to Massif de la Hotte COMMON NAMES Eroteum albopunctatum (Griseb.) copey vera (C) Britt., Eurya albopunctata Melchior, Temstroemia albopunctata Griseb. Ellrya temstroemioides O. C. Schm., Freziera Kobuski ternstroemioides . 300 Tree Names THEACEAE SPECIES Cleyera vaccinioides (0. C. Schmidt) Kobuski Endemic to Hispaniola Laplacea alpestris (Krug & Urb.) Dyer Endemic to Hispaniola SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES Eurya vaccinioides O. C. Schm., Freziera vaccinioides Kobuski Haemocharis alpestris Krug & Urb., Wikstroemia alpestris Blake Laplacea cymatoneura Urb. Endemic to Hispaniola Laplacea portoricensis (Krug & Urb.) Dyer Haemocharis portoricensis Krug & Urb., Wikstroemia portoricensis (Krug & Urb.) Blake Temstroemia barkeri Elem. & Schm. Endemic to Massif de la Hotte Temstroemia glandulosa Alain Endemic to Hispaniola Temstroemia peduncularis A. DC. Taonabo peduncularis (DC.) Britton, Temstroemia , meridionalis Sw., T. obovalis A. Rich. bois d'Inde manun, bois d'ine manun (H); botoncillo (RD); copey vera (C); bois vert, cacao de montagne (G, M) Temstroemia selleana Elem. & Schm. Endemic to Hispaniola THEOPHRASTACEAE SPECIES SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES bois jean louis, grand coquemollier, langue aboeuf (H) Clavija domingensis Urb. & Ekm. Endemic to southwestern Haiti Jacquinia arborea Vahl Chrysophyllum barbasco Loeft., azucares, barbasco (PR) J. armillaris Jacq., J. armillaris arborea Griseb., J. barbasco Mez Jacquinia berterii Spreng. J. aculeata (L.) Mez., J. berterii bois bande, bois cassave (H); palo de cruz (RD); var. acutifolia Griseb., J. berterii espuela de caballero de pinar (C); ironwood, jue bush, sea myrtle (US) var. angustior Urb., J. berterii var. portoricensis Urb., J. berterii var. retusa Urb., J. sphaeroidea Urb. Jacquinia comosa Urb. & Ekm. Endemic to Hispaniola Jacquinia keyensis Mez THYMELIACEAE SPECIES SYNONYMS Daphnopsis americana (Mill.) 1. R. Daphne tinifolia Sw., Daphnopsis americana ssp. Johnst. ssp. cumingii (Meissn.) tinifolia NevI., D. tinifolia Sw., NevI. Laurus americanus Mill. COMMON NAMES miillaut (H); guacacoa, guacacoa baria (C); emajagua de sierra, maho, majagua de sierra (PR) Tree Names 301 THYMELIACEAE SPECIES SYNONYMS Daphnopsis crassifolia (Poir.) Meissn. Endemic to Hispaniola Daphne crassifolia Poir., Daphnopsis crassifolia var. eggersii Krug & Urb., Hyptiodaphne crassifolia Urb., H. crassifolia var. eggersii Urb. Daphnopsis cuneata (Griseb.) Radlk. ssp. unijlora (Urb. & Ekrn.) NevI. Endemic to Hispaniola D. unijlora Urb, & Ekm. COMMON NAMES ayay, guanantesi, guarantel, hayao, jayao (RD) Daphnopsis ekmanii Domke Endemic to Hispaniola Lagetta lagetto (Sw.) Nash Daphne lagetto Sw., L lintearia Lam. bois dentelle, daguille, laget (H); daguilla, palo de encaje (RD); daguilla comun, daguilla de lorna, guanilla (C); lagetto (J) TILIACEAE SPECIES Carpodiptera cubensis Griseb. SYNONYMS Berrya cubensis G. Maza COMMON NAMES bois blanc, bois d'ortie, bois d'ortie blanche, bois d'ortie rouge, feuil1es d'ortie, ortie blanche (H); majagua de Cuba, majagiiilla (C) Carpodiptera hexaptera Urb. & Ekrn. Endemic to Hispaniola Carpodiptera simonis Urb. Endemic to southwestern Haiti bois d'ortie, bois d'ortie rouge (H) ULMACEAE SPECIES SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES Amoelocera cubensis Griseb. bois blanc grandes feuilles (H); hueso, jatia blanca, purio (C) Celtis trinervia Lam. bois feuilles blanches, bois raie (H); amarguil1o, anisillo, lejfo, palo amargo (RD); gageda de gallina, guisacil10 (C); almez, guacimil1a (PR) Phyllostylon brasiliense Cap. P. rhamnoides Taub., Samaroceltis rhamnoides Poiss. bois blanc (H); baitoa (RD); jatfa (C); San Domingo boxwood, West Indian boxwood (PR, US) Trema lamarckiana (Roem. & Schult.) Blume Celtis lamarkiana R. & Sch:, C. lima Lam., T.lima Hitch. mahaut piment (H); majagua, memiso, memizo cimarr6n, memizo de majagua (RD); palo de cabril1a, West Indian trema (PRj; capulf cimarr6n, guasimil1a (C) Trema micrantha (L.) Blume Celtis micranthus Sw., C. rugosa Willd., Sponia canescens HBK., S. micrantha Denc. bois de soie (H); memiso, memiso de paloma, memizo cimarr6n (RD); capulf cimarr6n, guacimil1a, guacimilla boba (C); cabra, palo de cabra (PR); Florida trema (US) URTICACEAE SPECIES Urera baccifera (L.) Gaud. SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES feuilles enragees, maman guepes (H); ortiga brava, stinging nettle (PR) 302 Tree Names VERBENACEAE SPECIES Avicennia germinans (L.) L. SYNONYMS A. marina (Forsk.)Vierh., A. nitida Jacq. COMMON NAMES manglier noir, paletuvier (H); mangle prieto (RD); black mangrove, mangle negro, salado, siete-cueros (PR) Citharexylum caudatum L. cafe marron, cafe sauvage (H); cafe cimarrOn, penda (RD); collarete, penda (C); pendula de sierra (PR); oval-leaved fiddlewood (J) Citharexylumfruticosum L. cafe marron, grenade marron, grenarde, jijirl marron, madame claude, pindoula (H); cafe cimarrOn, pendula (RD); canilla de venado, guayo blanco (C); penda (C, RD); balsamo, palo de guitarra (PR) indigotier (H); azulejo, palo de vidrio (RD); salvilla Comutia pyramidata L. (C) Duranta repens L. D. erecta L., D. plumieri Jacq. boisjambette, mai's bouilli (H); adonis (RD); azota-caballo, pigeon-berry, skyflower (PR); celosa Gmelina arborea Roxb. G. rheedii Hook., Premna latifolia Roxb. var. mucronata Auct., not C. B. Clarke gmelina, melina (H, RD); white teak (India) (C). bois d'ortie, chene calebassier (H); capa blanco, capa de sabana, capa sabanero (RD); fiddlewood (J); guayo prieto (C) Petitia domingensis Jacq. Tectona grandis L. f. T. theka Lour., Theka grandis (L. f.) Lam. malagueta, pimienta de Guinea, yerba de la suerte, yerba luisa (RD); chaste tree, chencherenche, sauzgatillo (PR) Vitex agnus-castus L. Vitex divaricata Sw. teck (H); teca (RD); teak (PR) V. multiflora Sw. bois Iezard (H); higiierillo, p6ndula, p6ndula blanca, whitefiddlewood (PR); of6n criollo, roble de olor, roble guayo (C) bois de savane, bois savane, gris-gris (H); matta becero, malagueta, palo perriro (RD); black fiddlewood, lizard wood (1); chicharr6n (C) Vitex heptaphylla A. Juss. NB: Judd (1987) describes 2 shrub species of Lantana that might be considered small trees sensu Little and Wadsworth (1964). These species are not listed. . ZYGOPHYLLACEAE SPECIES SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES arbre de vie, bois saint, gai'ac, gafuc batard, galac franc, gai'ac male, gai'ac officinal (H); guayacan (C, RD, PR); palo santo (C); guayaco,lignum vitae (PR) Guaiacum officinale L. [Also spelled Guajacum.] Guaiacum sanctum L. Guajacum guatemalense PI. [Also bois saint, gai'ac blitard, gai'ac blanc, gai'ac cardasse, galac femelle (H); guayacan bastardo (RD); vera spelled Guajacum.] (C, RD); guayacancillo (C, RD, PR); guayacan blanco (C, PR); hollywood lignum vitae (PR) Creole Names 303 Creole Names of Trees and Shrubs •• A •• COMMON NAME SPECIES FAMILY abe mawon Alvaradoa haitiensis Urn. Simaroubaceae akasya Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) aken Crudia spicata (AubI.) Willd. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) aki Blighia sapida Koenig Sapindaceae akoma Bumelia salicifolia (L.) Sw. Sapotaceae akoma Mastichodendronfoetidissimum (Jacq.) Cronq. ssp.foetidissimum Sapotaceae akoma Meliosma abbreviata Urn. Sabiaceae akoma Sloanea amygdalina Griseb. Elaeocarpaceae akoma blan Mastichodendronfoetidissimum (Jacq.) Cronq. ssp.foetidissimum Sapotaceae akoma fran Mastichodendron foetidissimum (Jacq.) Cronq. ssp. foetidissimum Sapotaceae akomajon Meliosma abbreviata Urn. Sabiaceae akomamawon Bumelia salicifolia (L.) Sw. Sapotaceae akoma wouj Bumelia salicifolia (L.) Sw. Sapotaceae alerit Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd. Euphorniaceae amouret Solanum spp. Solanaceae Solanaceae amouret mal Solanum erianthum D. Don amouret mawon Solanum erianthum D. Don Solanaceae anis mawon Piper amalago L. Piperaceae anis zetwal Illicium ekmanii A.c. Smith llIiciaceae aniset Piper amalago L Piperaceae ano Ouratea ilicifolia (P. DC.) BailI. Ochnaceae arabo Erythroxylum areolatum L. Erythroxylaceae arali gran fey ScheJjlera spp. AraIiaceae arokariya Araucaria heterophylla (Salisb.) Franco Araucariaceae ayitye Cameraria latifolia L. Apocynaceae •• B •• CREOLE NAME badanye SPECIES Terminalia catappa L. FAMILY Combretaceae bagaj akolye Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum. Apocynaceae balay fou Capparisferruginea L. Capparaceae balay mon Schaefferiafrutescens Jacq. Celastraceae bambou Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. ex WendI. Poaceae (=Graminae) ban Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack Rubiaceae bannann Musa acuminata CoIla x M. balbisiana CoIla 'AAB' Musaceae ~ ·304 Creole Names •• B •• SPECIES CREOLE NAME FAMILY batakayman Lonchocarpus latifolius (Willd.) DC. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) baton kas Cassia spp. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) baton sosiye Erythrina spp. Fabaceae (:Leguminosae) bayawonn Acacia spp. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) bayawonn Cercidium praecox (R. & P.) Hanns Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) bayawonn Prosopis julijlora (Sw.) DC. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) bayawonn fran Prosopisjulijlora (Sw.) DC. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) bayawonn wouj Acacia tortusosa (L.) Willd. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) bayonet Yucca spp. Liliaceae beladonn Acnistus arborescens (L.) Schlecht. Solanaceae benzoliv Moringa oleifera Lam. Moringaceae biziyet mawon Phyllanthus juglandifolius Willd. ssp. juglandifolius Euphorbiaceae blinblin Averrhoa bilimbi L. Oxalidaceae blinbliri long Averrhoa carambola L. Oxalidaceae bom~imgle Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Sieb. Lauraceae bon gason Euphorbia petiolaris Sims. Euphorbiaceae bon kaymit Chrysophyllum cainito L. Sapotaceae bonbon chat Cordiamirabiloides (Jacq.) R. & S. Boraginaceae bonbon kapitenn Malpighia spp. Malpig!Uaceae bonbon kodenn Cordia mirabiloides (Jacq.) R. & S. Boraginaceae bonbon kodenn Trichostigma octandrum (L.) H. Walt. Phytolaccaceae bonbon kok denn Trichostigma octandrum (L.) H.. Walt. Phytolaccaceae boudou Trichilia spp. Meliaceae boulet kanon Couroupita guianensis AubI. Lecythidaceae bouziyet Comocladia spp. Anacardiaceae breziyet Caesalpinia spp. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae). breziyet Comocladia spp. Anacardiaceae breziyet bata Trichilia hirta L. Meliaceae brikal Erythrina berteroana Urb. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) bril Eugenia domingensis Berg Myrtaceae brinyol Eugenia domingensis Berg Myrtaceae briyol Reynosia uncinata Urb. Rhmanaceae brize menaj Senna angustiliqua (Lam.) Irwin & Barneby var. angustisiliqua Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) briziyet Comocladia dentata Jacq. Anacardiaceae bwaarne Garryafadyenii Hook. Garryaceae bwa arne blan Aspidosperma cuspa (HBK.) Blake & Pittier Apocynaceae bwa ami Bunchosia nitida (Jacq.) L.C. Rich. Malpighiaceae bwaanis Piper amalago L. Piperaceae . bwa arada Trichilia spp. Meliaceae bwa bande Jacquinia berterii Spreng. Theophrastaceae Creole Names 305 •• B •• CREOLE NAME SPECIES FAMILY bwa berom Pimenta racemosa (Mill.) 1. W. Moore var. racemosa Myrtaceae bwa blan Carpodiptera cubensis Griseb. Tiliaceae bwa blan Croton glabellus L. Euphorbiaceae bwa blan Phyllostylon brasiliense Cap. bwa blan Simarouba glauca DC. vaT. latifolia 'Cronq. Ulmaceae Simaroubaceae bwa blan gran fey Amoelocera cubensis Griseb. Ulmaceae bwa born Couroupita guianensis Aubl. Lecythidaceae bwa bourik Capparisfrondosa Jacq. Capparaceae bwa bouwo Leucaena spp. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) bwabrilan Sapium spp. Euphorbiaceae bwa brile Thouinidium pulverulentum (Griseb.) Radlk. Sapindaceae· bwa chandeI Amyris spp. Rutaceae bwa chandel Pinus ocCidentalis Sw. Pinaceae bwa chapo Ehretia tinifolia L. Boraginaceae bwachenn Catalpa longissima (Jacq.) Dum. Cours. Bignoniaceae bwachik Cordia alba (Jacq.) Roem. & Schult. Boraginaceae bwadajan Capparis cynophallophora L. Capparaceae bwadamou MyrCia Citrifolia (Aubl.) Urban Myrtaceae bwa dan mawon Tibouchina longifolia (Vahl.) Baill. Melastomataceae bwa danjou Oreopanax capitatum (Jacq.) Decne. & Planch. Araliaceae bwa danjou Schefflera tremula (Krug & Urb.) Alain Araliaceae bwadano Lonchocarpus neurophyllus Urb. Fabaceae (=Legurninosae) bwadano Sennapendula (Willd.) Irwin & Bameby var. advena (Vogel) Fab~ceae (=Leguminosae) bwa dantel Lagetta lagetto (Sw.) Nash Thymeliaceae bwadehet Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. Sterculiaceae bwadeho Rheedia venicillata Griseb. Clusiaceae (=Guttiferae) bwadenn Bumelia cubensis Griseb. Sapotaceae bwa denn Cordia sebestena L. Boraginanceae bwa denn MyrCianthesfragrans (Sw.) McVaugh Myrtaceae bwa denn franse Pimenta racemosa (Mill.) 1.W. Moore Myrtaceae bwa denn mawon Temstroemia peduncularis A. DC. Theaceae bwadinn MyrCianthesfragrans (Sw.) McVaugh Myrtaceae bwa dinn fran Pimenta racemosa (Mill.) J. W. Moore var. racemosa Myrtaceae bwa dinn franse Pimenta racemosa (Mill.) 1. W. Moore var. racemosa Myrtaceae bwa dinn mawon Temstroemia peduncularis A. DC. Theaceae bwa dinn ti fey Eugenia monticola (Sw.) DC. Myrtaceae bwadiou Rheedia vertiCiliata Griseb. Clusiaceae (=Guttiferae) bwa diou Trichilia aquifolia P. Wils. Meliaceae bwa diou mawon Trichilia aquifolia P. Wils. Meliaceae bwadjab Hura crepitans L. Euphorbiaceae 306 Creole Names •• B •• SPECIES CREOLE NAME FAMILY bwadom Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. Sterculiaceae bwadom Helicteresjamaicensis Jacq. Sterculiaceae bwadom Muntingia calabura L. Elaeocarpaceae bwadom Samyda dodecandra Jacq. FIacourtiaceae bwadoti Carpodiptera spp. Tiliaceae bwadoti Petitia domingensis Jacq. Verbenaceae bwadoti blan Carpodiptera cubensis Griseb. Tiliaceae bwadoti wouj Carpodiptera spp. Tiliaceae bwadoule Morinda citrifolia L. Rubiaceae bwaebenn Pictetia spinifolia (DesY.) Urban Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) bwaebenn Reynosia uncinata Urn. Rhmanaceae bwaekos Piptadenia peregrina (L.) Benth. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) bwafe Colubrina spp. Rhamnaceae bwafe Krugiodendronferreum (VahI) Urn. Rhamnaceae bwa fe blan Colubrina arborescens (Mill.) Sarg. Rhmanaceae bwafemawon Reynosia uncinata Urb. Rhmanaceae Capparaceae bwafetid Capparis cynophallophora L. bwa fey blanch Celtis trinervia Lam. Ulmaceae bwafoumi Maytenus buxifolia (A Rich.) Griseb. Celastraceae . bwa fwenn Simarouba spp. Simaroubaceae bwagal Piptadenia peregrina (L.) Benth. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) bwagason Euphorbia petiolaris Sims. Euphorniaceae Croton glabellus L. Euphorniaceae bwagrenn Illicium ekmanii AC. Smith Illiciaceae bwagrenn Matayba spp. Sapindaceae bwa grenn nwa Illicium ekmanii AC. Smith Dliciaceae bwa grenn nwa Matayba spp. Sapindaceae bwagrigri Buchenavia capitata (VahI) Eichl. Combretaceae bwa grigri Bucida buceras L. Combretaceae bwaivran Piscidia piscipula (L.) Sarg. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) bwajamMt Duranta repens L. Verbenaceae Clavija domingensis Urn. & Ekm. Theophrastaceae bwajon Chlorophora tinctoria (L.) Gaud. Moraceae bwajonis Bocconiafrutescens L. Papayeraceae bwaka Zygia latifolia (L.) Fawc. & Rendle Fabaceae (=LegUminosae) Psychotria berteriana DC. Rubiaceae bwakabrit Senna atomaria (L.) Irwin & Bameby Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) bwa jan louwi -bwakabrit bwa kachiman Annona spp. Annonaceae bwakajou Eugenia odorata Berg Myrtaceae bwakaka Bunchosia glandulosa (Cay.) L.C. Rich Malpighiaceae Creole Names 307 ••. B •• SPECIES CREOLE NAME FAMILY bwa kaka Capparis spp. bwakalson Bauhinia divaricata L. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) bwa }<aInpech Haematoxylon campechianum L. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) bwakampech Zanthoxylum spinifex (Jacq.) DC. Rutaceae bwakano Schefflera morototoni (Aubl.) Maguire Stevenn. & Frodin Araliaceae bwakanon Cecropia peltata L. Moraceae bwa kapab Colubrina arborescens (Mill.) Sarg. Rhamnaceae bwakapab Schaefferiafrutescens Jacq. Celastraceae bwakasav Guapira domingensis (Heim.) Alain Nyctaginaceae bwakasav Jacquinia berterii Spreng. Theophrastaceae bwa kasav silves Guapira obtusata (Jacq.) Little Nyctaginaceae bwa kayman Eugenia domingensis Berg Myrtaceae bwakayman Lonchocarpus spp. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) bwakayman Piptadenia peregrina (L.) Benth. Fabaceae (=Legurninosae) bwa kochon Oreopanaxcapitatum (Jacq.) Decne. & Planch. Araliaceae bwakochon Symphonia globulifera L. Clusiaceae (=Guttifeme) bwakochon Tetragastris balsamifera (Sw.) Kuntze Bursemceae bwa kochon rnawon Tetragastris balsamifera (Sw.) Kuntze Burseraceae bwakodinn Bocconiafrutescens L. Papaveraceae bwakok Bocconiafrutescens L. Papavemceae bwakok Hyperbaena lindmanii Urban Menispennaceae bwakok' Sloanea amygdalina Griseb. Elaeocarpaceae bwakokdenn Bocconiafrutescens L. Papavemceae bwa kolye Pithecellobium arboreum (L.) Urb. Fabaceae (=Legurninosae) bwakon Byrsonima spp. Malpighiaceae bwakotlet Drypetes spp. Euphorbiaceae bwakoulev Capparis cynophallophora L. Capparaceae bwakoulev Exothea paniculata (Juss.) Radlk. Sapindaceae bwakoure Thouinia spp. Sapindaceae bwakmpo Alchomea latifolia Sw. Euphorbiaceae bwakmpo Wallenia laurifolia Jacq. Myrsinaceae Capparaceae Capparaceae bwakwil Cappai'is cynophallophora L. bwa lafiev Thouinia trifoliata Poit. Sapindaceae bwa lans Oxandra lanceolata (Sw.) Baill. Annonaceae bwa lans bata Oxandra laurifolia (Sw.) A. Rich. Annonaceae bwalans fran Oxandra lanceolata (Sw.) Baill. Annonaceae bwalet Camera ria latifolia L. Apocynaceae bwalet Rauvolfia nitida Jacq. Apocynaceae bwalet Sapium jamaicense Sw. Euphorbiaceae bwalet Tabernaemontana citrifolia L. Apocynaceae - 308 Creole Names •• B •• CREOLE NAME bwa let femel SPECIES Rauvolfia nitida Jacq. FAMILY Apocynaceae bwaletmal Tabernaemontana citrifolia L. Apocynaceae bwa letel Psychotria nutans Sw. Rubiaceae bwa leza Vitex divaricata Sw. Verbenaceae bwa liben Podocarpus angustifolius Griseb. var. wrightii Pilger Podocarpaceae bwa loray Trichilia havanensis Jacq. Meliaceae bwamabel Brunellia comocladiifolia H. & B. ssp. domingensis Cuatr. Cunoniaceae bwamabi Colubrina spp. Rharnnaceae bwa mabre Gymnanthes lucida Sw. Euphorbiaceae bwamadam Ochroma pyramidale (Cav.) Urb. Bombacaceae bwamago Buchenavia capitata (Vahl) Eich!. Combretaceae bwamago Bucida buceras L. Combretaceae bwa majo Piper aduncum L. Piperaceae bwamalodan Alchornea latifolia Sw. Euphorbiaceae bwamawon Trichilia aquifolia P. Wils. Meliaceae bwameriz Pseudolmedia spuria (Sw.) Griseb. Moraceae bwa.milat Metopium spp. Anacardiaceae bwamilat Myrcianthesfragrans (Sw.) McVaugh Myrtaceae bwamilat . Myrciariajloribunda (West ex Willd.) Berg Myrtaceae bwamilet Exothea paniculata (Juss.) Radlk. Sapindaceae bwamit Eugenia rhombea (Berg) Krug & Urban Myrtaceae. bwa mOtel Erythrina spp. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) bwa motel vre Erythrina variegata L. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) bwa moutad Capparisjlexuosa (L.) L. Capparaceae bwa nago Pterocarpus officinalis Jacq. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) bwa nago Tabebuia acrophylla (Urb.) Britt. Bignoniaceae bwa nannon Ormosia krugii Urban Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) bwa nef Trophis racemosa (L.) Urban Moraceae bwa neframo Trophis racemosa (L.) Urban Moraceae bwa neg Allophylus rigidus Sw. Sapindaceae bwa neges Casearia ilicifolia Vent. Flacourtiaceae Dendropanax spp. Araliaceae bwa neges Simarouba glauca DC. var. latifolia Cronq. Simaroubaceae bwanwa Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) bwanwa Beilschmiedia pendula (Sw.) Hems!. ' Lauraceae Boraginaceae bwanwa Ehretia tinifolia L. bwa nwa Guatteria blainii (Griseb.) Urb. Annonaceae bwa nwayo Piper amalago L. Piperaceae bwapal Clusia spp. Clusiaceae (=Guttiferae) bwapal Pterocarpus officinalis Jacq. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) Creole Names 309 •• IB •• SPECIES CREOLE NAME FAMILY bwapalmis Andira inermis (W. Wr.) DC. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) bwapanyol Comocladia spp. Anacardiaceae Antirhea Lucida (Sw.) Benth. & Hook. f. Rubiaceae -bwa patat bwapen Pinus spp. Pinaceae bwapenn Zanthoxylum martinicense (Lam.) DC. Rutaceae bwapijon Mecranium spp. Melastomataceae bwapine Zanthoxylum spp. Rutaeeae bwa pine blan Zanthoxylum martinicense (Larn.) DC. Rutaceae bwapini Zanthoxylum spp. Rutaceae bwapit Colubrina arborescens (Mill.) Sarg. Rhamnaceae bwaple Colubrina arborescens (Mill.) Sarg. Rhamnaceae bwaplom Myrsine coriacea (Sw.) R. Br. ex Roem. & Schult. Myrtaceae bwapopit Cordia laevigata Lam. Boraginaceae bwapoulet Bunchosia glandulosa (Cav.) L. C. Rich Malpighiaceae bwapoupe Cordia laevigata Lam. Boraginaceae _ bwapwason Picramnia pentandra Sw. Simaroubaceae bwapwav Thouinia trifoliata Poit. Sapindaceae bwapwiant Capparis cynophallophora L. Capparaceae bwa rai Celtis trinervia Lam. Ulmaceae bwa raid Diospyros spp. Ebenaceae bwarav Capparis spp. Capparaceae bwarogou Myrcianthesfragrans (Sw.) McVaugh Myrtaceae bwa sadinn Picramnia pentandra Sw. Simaroubaceae bwa sadinn Randia erythrocarpa Krug. & Urb. Rubiaceae bwa saginn Chionanthus ligustrinus (Sw.) Pers. Oleaceae bwa santi Ateleia gummifer (Bert.) D. Dietr. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) bwa santi Bunchosia spp. Malpighiaceae bwa sasiye bata Dendropanax arboreus (L.) Decne. & Planch. Araliaceae bwa sasiye mawon Dendropanax arboreus (L.) Decne. & Planch. Araliaceae bwa satanye Cupania americana L. Sapindaceae bwa savann~ Acacia scleroxyla Tuss. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) bwa savann Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) bwa savann" Myrsine coriacea (Sw.) R. Br. ex Roem. & Schult. Myrsinaceae Pseudalbizzia berteriana (Balbis) Britt. & Rose Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) bwa savann Tabebuia acrophylla (Urb.) Britt. Bignoniaceae bwa savann Vitex heptaphylla A. Juss. Verbenaceae bwa savon Sap indus saponaria L. Sapindaceae bwa savonet peyi Sapindus saponaria L. Sapindaceae bwa sek Samyda dodecandra Jacq. Flacourtiaceae bwa sen Guaiacum spp. Zygophyllaceae , bwa savann 310 . Creole Names •• B •• SPECIES CREOLE NAME FAMILY bwa senegal Capparis spp. Capparaceae bwa sezisman Rauvolfia nitida Jacq. Apocynaceae bwa sezisman Thevetia peruviana (pers.) K. Schum. Apocynaceae bwasip Bumelia salicifolia (L.) Sw. Sapotaceae bwasip Tabebuia berteri (DC.) Britt. Bignoniaceae bwasiwo Piper aduncum L. Piperaceae bwasoumi Cordia alliodora (Ruiz Lopez et Pavon) Cham. Boraginaceae bwaswa Calotropis procera (Ait.) R. Br. Asclepiadaceae bwaswa Muntingia calabura L. Elaeocarpaceae bwa swa Trema micrantha (L.) Blume Ulmaceae bwa swa mawon Muntingia calabura L. Elaeocarpaceae bwa tanis wouj Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Jacq.) Griseb. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) bwa ti fayi Buxus glomerata (Griseb.) Muell. Arg. Buxaceae bwa ti let Buxus glomerata (Griseb.) Muell. Arg. Buxaceae bwa ti ley Buxus glomerata (Griseb.) Muell. Arg. Buxaceae bwa ti fey , Eugenia spp. Myrtaceae bwa ti gason Picramnia pentandra Sw. Simaroubaceae bwa ti gason Schaefferiafrutescens Jacq. Celastraceae bwa tramble Ardisia spp. Myrsinaceae bwa tramble Schefflera spp. Araliaceae bwa twompet Cecropia peltata L. Cecropiaceae bwavach Alchomea latifolia Sw. Euphorbiaceae bwa velou Capparisferruginea L. Capparaceae bwawil Manilkara albescens (Griseb.) Cronq. Sapotaceae bwa wouj Guarea guidonia (L.) Sleumer Meliaceae bwa WQZ Cordia alliodora (Ruiz Lopez et Pavon) Oken Boraginaceae bwa WQZ Ziziphus rhodoxylon Urb. Rhamnaceae bwazed Colubrina glandulosa var. antillana (M.C. Johnst.) M.C. Johnst. Rharnnaceae bwa zet Colubrina glandulosa var. antillana (M.C. Johnst.) M.C. Johnst. Rharnnaceae bwis Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack Rubiaceae bwis beni Polygala penaea L. Polygalaceae bwis sab Hura crepitans L. Euphorbiaceae Creole Names 311 •• c •• SPECIES COMMON NAME FAMILY chadek Citrus maxima (1. Bunn.) Merr. Rutaceae chambron Prosopisjuliflora (Sw.) DC. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) chandel anglez Exostema caribaeum (Jacq.) Roem. & Schult. Rubiaceae chandeI blan Amyris elemifera L. Rutaceae chandel mawon Amyris elemifera L. Rutaceae chandel mawon Hypelate trifoliata Sw. Sapindaceae chapelet Calyptronoma plumeriana (Martius) Lourteig Arecaceae (=Palmae) chapo kare Sloanea spp. chatag Cupania americana L. . Sapindaceae chatanye Cupania americana L. Sapindaceae chatanye Matayba scrobiculata (HBK) Radlk. Sapindaceae chatanye mawon Matayba scrobiculata (HBK) Radlk. Sapindaceae chatanye ti ley Sloanea ilicifolia Urb. Elaeocarpaceae chenn Catalpa longissima (Jacq.) Dum. Cours. Bignoniaceae chenn dostra.li Grevillea robusta A. Cunn. ex R. Br. Proteaceae chenn fran Cordia alliodora (Ruiz Lopez et Pavon) Cham. Boraginaceae chenn kalbas Petitia domingensis Jacq. Verbenaceae chenn kapawo Cordia alliodora (Ruiz Lopez et Pavon) Cham. Boraginaceae chenn nwa Catalpa longissima (Jacq.) Dum. Cours. Bignoniaceae chenn nwa Cordia alliodora (Ruiz Lopez et Pavon) Cham. Boraginaceae chenn nwa Ehretia tinifolia L. Boraginaceae chenn peyi Catalpa longissima (Jacq.) Dum. Cours. Bignoniaceae chevalye Tecoma stans (L.) Kunth. Bignoniaceae chibou Bursera simaruba (L.) Sarg. Burseraceae chik Bursera simaruba (L.) Sarg. Burseraceae chiot Bixa orellana L. Bixaceae choublak Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. Elaeocarpaceae .. Malvaceae ][) SPECIES COMMON NAME •• FAMILY dagwi Lagetta lagetto (Sw.) Nash Thymeliaceae dalmag Calophyllum calaba L. Clusiaceae (=Guttiferae) dalmari Calophyllum calaba L. Clusiaceae (=Guttiferae) damag Calophyllum calaba L. Clusiaceae (=Guttiferae) damari Calophyllum calaba L. Clusiaceae (=Guttiferae) dan chen blan . Cordia mirabiloides (Jacq.) R. & S. Boraginaceae dat Phoenix dactylifera L. Arecaceae (=Palmae) dejimeI Bauhinia monandra.Kurz. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) 312 Creole Names •• D •• COMMON NAME SPECIES FAMILY de sezon Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotsch Euphorbiaceae dehorn Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotsch Euphorbiaceae delen Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit ssp. leucocephala Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) delen etranje Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit ssp. glabrata (Rose) S. Zarate Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) divi divi Caesalpinia coriaria (Jacq.) Willd. do jilet Comocladia cuneata Britt. Anacardiaceae doliv Moringa oleifera Lam. Moringaceae doliv Ocotea leucoxylon (Sw.) Mez. Lauraceae doliv Simarouba glauca DC var. latifolia Cronq. Simaroubaceae doliv Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum. Apocynaceae doliv bata Sontia daphnoides L. Myoporaceae dombou Trichilia paUida Sw. Meliaceae doti blanch Carpodiptera cubensis Griseb. Tiliaceae doti bwa blan Carpodiptera cubensis Griseb. Tiliaceae doule Morinda citrifolia L. Rubiaceae dyare Copemicia berteroana Becc. Arecaceae (=Palmae) COMMON NAME SPECIES FAMILY ebenn Diospyros reyoluta Poir. Ebenaceae ebenn Roche/ortia acanthophora (DC.) Griseb. Boraginaceae ebenn nwa Roche/ortia acanthophora (DC.) Griseb. Boraginaceae endigo Cornutia pyramidata L. Verbenaceae ene Lawsonia inermis L. Lythraceae letpim Croton lucidus L. Euphorbiaceae Urera baccifera (L.) qaud. Urticaceae ley be Zanthoxylum pimpineUoides (Lam.) DC. Rutaceae ley dayiti Thespesia populnea (L.) Soland. ex Correa Malvaceae ley doti Carpodiptera cubensis Griseb. Tiliaceae ley doule Acnistus arborescens (L.) Schlecht. Solanaceae ley grenn Ricinus communis L. Euphorbiaceae . leyanraje ley kanel . ley krapo Myrsine guianensis (Aubl.) Kuntze Myrsinaceae Alchornea lati/olia Sw. Euphorbiaceae ley lawouziye Senna angustiliqua (Lam.) Irwin & Bameby var. angustiliqua Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) ley medsen Jatropha curcas L. Euphorbiaceae ley nwayo Piper amalago L. Piperaceae ley nwayo peyi Piper amalago L. Piperaceae Creole Names 313 SPECIES COMMON NAME FAMILY fey parese Polyscias spp. Araliaceae fey senjan Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotsch Euphorbiaceae fey sezi Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum. Apocynaceae fey sezisman Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum. Apocynaceae fey siwo Piper amalago L. Piperaceae fey wou llex macfadyenii (Walp.) Rehder Aquifoliaceae fig Musa acuminata Colla x M. balbisiana Colla 'AAA' Musaceae figbannann Musa acuminatdColla x M. balbisiana Colla 'AAA' Musaceae fig frans Ficus carica L. Moraceae figmi Musa acuminata Colla x M. balbisiana Colla 'AAA' Musaceae Clusiaceae (=Guttiferae) figye Clusia minor L. figye Ficus spp. Moraceae figyemodi CllIsia spp. Clusiaceae (=Guttiferae) figye modi mawon Clusia spp. Clusiaceae (=Guttiferae) figye wouj Ficus trigonata L. Moraceae filao Casuarina equisetifolia L. ex J.R. & G. Forst. Casuarinaceae filiye Ehretia tinifolia L. Boraginaceae flambwayan Delonix regia (Bojer) Raf. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) flambwayan ble Jacaranda mimosifolia D. Don Bignoniaceae Cordia mirabiloides (Jacq.) R. & S. Boraginaceae fle dan fie blanch Cordia sulcata DC. Boraginaceae fie dantisyon Cordia mirabiloides (Jacq.) R. & S. Boraginaceae fiejalouzi Lawsonia inemzis L. ' Lythraceae fie koray Hamelia patens Jacq. Rubiaceae fie lila Melia azedarach L. Meliaceae fiemahodem Ochroma pyramidale (Cav.) Urb. Bombacaceae Erythrina variegata L. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) fie senpie Tecoma stans (L.) HBK. Bignoniaceae fie siwo Sambucus spp. Adoxaceae Myrtaceae fo jirOf Pimenta racemosa (Mill.) J. W. Moore var. racemosa fo kenkena Croton eluteria (L.) Sw. Euphorbiaceae fo salsparey Dendropanax arboreus (L.) Decne. & Planch. Araliaceae franchipayn Plumeria obtusa L. Apocynaceae franjipani Cllbanthus umbelliformis Urb. & Ekm. Euphorbiaceae franjipann Pillmeria spp. Apocynaccae franjipann blanch Plllllleria sllbsessilis A. DC. Apocynaceae franjipanye Pillmeria spp. Apocynaceae franjipanye blan Plllllleria obtllsa L. Apocynaceae franjipanye mawon PllIl/leria spp. Apocynaceae franjipanye pikan Plullleria tuberculata Lodd. Apocynaceae 314 Creole Names COMMON NAME SPECIES FAMILY Plumeria alba L. Apocynaceae franjipanye woz Plumeria rubra L. Apocynaceae fransilad Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) fransilad fie jon Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) fransilad fie wouj Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) fransilann Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) frasoyn Plumeria obtusa L. Apocynaceae fwenn Picrasma excelsa (Sw.) Planch. Simaroubaceae fwenn Simarouba spp. Simaroubaceae fwenn etranje Simarouba berteroana Krug & Urb. Simaroubaceae fwomaje Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. Bombacaceae fwomaje Morinda citrifolia L. Rubiaceae franjipanye sovaj •• G •• COMMON NAME gad mezon SPECIES FAMILY Euphorbia tirucalli L. Euphorbiaceae galba Calophyllum calaba L. Clusiaceae (=Guttiferae) galgal Byra buxifolia (MuIT.) Urb. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) galgal Pictetia spp. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) galgal Pithecellobium circinale (L.) Benth. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) galgal· Reynosia uncinata Urb. Rhmanaceae galgal Rochefortia acanthophora (DC.) Griseb. Boraginaceae galipo Hypelate trifoliata Sw. Sapindaceae gamel Coccoloba pubescens L. Polyganaceae gayak Guaiacum officinale L. Zygophyllaceae gayak bata Guaiacum spp. Zygophyllaceae gayak blan Guaiacum sanctum L. Zygophyllaceae gayak femel Guaiacum sanctum L. Zygophyllaceae gayak fran Guaiacum officinale L. Zygophyllaceae gayak kadas Guaiacum sanctum L. Zygophyllaceae gayakmal Guaiacum officinale L. Zygophyllaceae Combretaceae gege Bucida buceras L. gom anime Hymenaea courbaril L. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) gombom Piper amalago L. Piperaceae Burseraceae gomye Bursera simaruba (L.) Sarg. gomye blan Bursera simaruba (L.) Sarg. Burseraceae gomye sovaj Trichilia hirta L. Meliaceae gomye wouj Bursera simaruba (L.) Sarg. Burseraceae goo fwenn Picrasma excelsa (Sw.) Planch. Simaroubaceae Creole Names J1S •• G •• COMMON NAME SPECIES FAMILY Simaroubaceae gorik Picrasma excelsa (Sw.) Planch. gran bOrn Piper amalago L. Piperaceae Ocotea leucoxylon (Sw.) Mez. Lauraceae gran ley gran kaymit Chrysophyllum cainito L. Sapotaceae gran kbkmolye Clavija domingensis Urb. & Ekm. Theophrastaceae gran maho Hibiscus tj[iaceus L. Malvaceae Thespesia populnea (L.) Soland. ex Correa Malvaceae . gran maho gran medsinye Jatropha curcas L. Euphorbiaceae gran monben Spondias mombin L. Anacardiaceae gran sapoti Pouteria sapota (Jacq.) H.E. Moore & Stearn Sapotaceae gratgal Pictetia aculeata (Vahl) Urban Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) gratgal Reynosia uncinata Urb. Rhamnaceae gratgal Rochefortia acanthophora (DC.) Griseb. Boraginaceae gratigal Pictetia spinifolia (Desv.) Urban Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) Reynosia uncinata Urb. Rhmanaceae gratigal grenad Punica granatum L. Punicaceae grenad mawon Adelia ricinella L. Euphorbiaceae grenad mawon Citharexylumfruticosum L. Verbenaceae grenadya Punica granatum L. Punicaceae grenayit Sapindus saponaria L. Sapindaceae grenn delen Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit subsp. leucocephala Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) grenn delen peyi Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit subsp. leucocephala Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) grenn db Alchomea latifolia Sw. Euphorbiaceae grenn kanik Sapindus saponaria L. Sapindaceae grennkinik Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) grenn kininn Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) grenn plat Crudia spicata (AubI.) Willd. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) grevilya Grevillea robusta A. Cunn. ex R. Br. Proteaceae grigri Buchenavia capitata (Vahl) EichI. Combretaceae grigri Colubrina arborescens (Mill.) Sarg. Rhamnaceae grigri Laguncularia racemosa (L.) Gaertner Combretaceae grigri Vitex heptaphylla A. Juss. Verbenaceae grigri jon Buchenavia capitata (Vahl) EichI. Combretaceae grigri mbn Bucida buceras L. Combretaceae grigri sovaj Colubrina arborescens (Mill.) Sarg. Rhamnaceae gwanegoul Albizia saman (1acq.) F. Muell. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) gwanel Meliosma impressa Krug & Urb. Sabiaceae gwann Coccothrinax spp. Arecaceae (=Palmae) gwatapana Caesalpinia coriaria (Jacq.) Willd. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) gwatapana Prosopisjuliflora (Sw.) DC. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) 316 Creole· Names •• G •• COMMON NAME gwayabara SPECIES FAMILY Polygonaceae Coccoloba uvifera (L.) L. gwayav Psidium guajava L. Myrtaceae gwenn Coccothrinax spp. Arecaceae (=Palmae) gwofigye Clusia major L. Clusiaceae (=Guttiferae) gwomaho Thespesia populnea (L.) Soland. ex Correa Malvaceae gwo monben Spondias mombin L. Anacardiaceae gwopo Thouinidium pinnatum (Turpin) Radlk. Sapindaceae gwo ti fey Eugenia laevis Berg Myrtaceae K~ •• COMMON NAME J •• SPECIES FAMILY ikal< Chrysobalanus icaco L. Chrysobalanaceae ilanilan Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook. & Thoms. Annonaceae .' ilanilan Michelia champaca L. Magnoliaceae jakaranda Jacaranda mimosifolia D. Don Bignoniaceae jakiye Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Moraceae jarnbol Syzygiumjambos (L.) Alston Myrtaceae jarnbwazi Syzygiumjambos (L.) Alston Myrtaceae jammdepay Copemicia ekmanii Burret Arecaceae (=Palmae) jazmen nwi Cestrum nocturnum L. Solanaceae jelgal Pictetia spinifolia (Desv.) Urban Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) jeniev Pouteria domingensis (Gaertn. f.) Baehni Sapotaceae jeson Helicteres jamaicensis Jacq. Sterculiaceae jijiri mawon Citharexylumfruticosum L. Verbenaceae jimel Bauhinia monandra Kurz. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) jinpa Genipa americana L. var. caruto (Kunth.) Schumann Rubiaceae jirOf Eugenia carophylla Thunb. Myrtaceae jirof Pimenta racemosa (Mill.) J. W. Moore var. racemosa Myrtaceae jon def Pouteria domingensis (Gaertn. f.) Baehni Sapotaceae joujoube Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. Rharnnaceae •• K •• COMMON NAME SPECIES FAMILY kachiman Annona spp. Annonaceae kachiman kanel Annona squamosa L. Annonaceae kachiman ke bef Annona reticulata Linn. Annonaceae kachiman mawon Annona urbaniana R.E. Fries Annonaceae kachiman mawon Zuelania guidonia (Sw.) Britt. & Millsp. Flacourtiaceae kachiman sovaj Zuelania guidonia (Sw.) Britt. & Millsp. Flacourtiaceae Creole Names 317 •• K •• COMMON NAME FAMILY SPECIES kachiman zombi Annona rosei Safford Annonaceae kafe Coffea arabica L. Rubiaceae kafejon Allophylus occidentalis (Sw.) Radlk. Sapindaceae kafe mawon Allophylus cominia (L.) Sw. Sapindaceae kafe mawon Bourreria succulenta Jacq. Boraginaceae Casearia guianensis (Aubl.) Urb. Flacourtiaceae . kafe mawon kafe mawon Citharexylum spp. Verbenaceae kafe mawon Picramnia pentandra Sw. Simaroubaceae Verbenaceae kafe sovaj Citharexylum caudatum L. kajou Anacardium occidentale L. Anacardiaceae kajou Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq. Meliaceae kajou etranje Swietenia macrophylla G. King Meliaceae kajou femel Cedrela odorata L. Meliaceae kajou peyi Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq. Meliaceae kajou planch Cedrela odorata L. Meliaceae kajou soyaj Maytenus buxifolia (A. Rich.) Griseb. Celastraceae kajou venezwela Swietenia macrophylla G. King Meliaceae kaka chen Capparis cynophallophora L. Capparaceae kakapoul Miconia racemosa (Aubl.) DC. Melastomaceae kakach Capparis cynophallophora L. Capparaceae kakawo Theobroma cacao L. Sterculiaceae kakon mawon Crudia spicata (Aubl.) Willd. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) kal nwa Guettarda multinervis Urb. Rubiaceae kalbas Crescentia cujete L. Bignoniaceae kalbas mawon Crescentia linearifolia Miers Bignoniaceae kalbas mawon Dendrosicus latifolius (Mill.) A. Gentry Bignoniaceae kalbas zombi Dendrosicus latifolius (Mill.) A. Gentry Bignoniaceae kaliandra Calliandra calothyrsus Meissner Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) kaliptis Eucalyptus spp. Myrtaceae kalmouk Citrus limetta Risso Rutaceae kamf Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Sieb. Lauraceae karnil Canella winterana (L.) Gaertn. Canellaceae Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) kampech Haematoxylon spp. kampech mawon Pithecellobium circinale (L.) Benth. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) kandelab Euphorbia lactea Haw. Euphorbiaceae kandelon Acacia scleroxyla Tuss. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) kanel Canella winterana (L.) Gaertn. Canellaceae kanel Cinnamomum verum J. S. Pres!' Lauraceae kanel Ocotea wrightii (Meissn.) Mez Lauraceae kane! abey Myrica cerifera L. Myricaceae 318 Creole Names •• K •• COMMON NAME kanel dous FAMILY SPECIES Myrica cerifera L. Myricaceae kanel mawon Ocotea foeniculacea Mez Lauraceae kanel miyel Myrica cerifera L. Myricaceae kanel pwavre Canella winterana (L.) Gaertn. Canellaceae kanik Caesalpinia spp. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)' kanik Sapindus saponaria L. Sapindaceae kanil Canella winterana (L.) Gaertn. Canellaceae kapab Colubrina arborescens (Mill.) Sarg. Rharnnaceae kapab Schaefferiafrutescens Jacq. Celastraceae Malpighia spp. Malpighiaceae . kapitenn kapris Tabernaemontana divaricata (L.) R. Br. ex Roem. & Schult. Apocynaceae karakole Pouteria dictyoneura (Griseb.) Radlk. ssp.fuertesii (Urb.) Cronq. Sapotaceae karakte dezbm Bauhinia m01iandra Kurz. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) kararnbola Averrhoa carambola L. Oxalidaceae kararnbouba Acacia macracantha H.&B. ex Willd. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) kas Cassia spp. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) kas baton Senna atomaria (L.) Irwin & Bameby Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) kas dou Cassia fistula L. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) kas mawon Senna spp. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) kas panybl Cassia spp. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) kase rach Pera bumeliifolia Griseb. Euphorbiaceae kaserach Ziziphus rhodoxylon Urb. Rharnnaceae kase raj Pera bumeliifolia Griseb. Euphorbiaceae kase sek Samyda dodecandra Jacq. Flacourtiaceae kaskari Croton eluteria (L.) Sw. Euphorbiaceae kasya Senna siamea (Lam.) Irwin & Bameby Fabaceae (=Leguminosae). katchemen Ardisia angustata Urb. Myrsinaceae katast Lemaireocereus hystrix (Haw.) Britton & Rose Cactaceae katen Castanea sativa Mill. Fagaceae katie Pseudophoenix vinifera (Mart.) Becc. Arecaceae (=Palmae) kawos Attalea crassispatha (Mart.) Burret Arecaceae (=Palmae) kawos etranje Attalea crassispatha (Mart.) Burret Arecaceae (=Palmae) kawotchou Ficus elastica Roxb. ex Homem. Moraceae kawotchou Hevea brasiliensis (HBK) Muell. Arg. Euphorbiaceae kawoziye Attalea crassispatha (Mart.) Burret Arecaceae (=Palmae) kawoziye Elaeis guineensis L. Arecaceae (=Palmae) kayman Lonchocarpus neurophyllus Urb. Fabaceae (=Leguniinosae) kayman fran Bunchosia nitida (Jacq.) L.C. Rich. Malpighiaceae kaymit Chrysophyllum spp. Sapotaceae kaymit fey db Chrysophyllum cain ito L. Sapotaceae Creole Names 319 •• K •• COMMON NAME FAMILY SPECIES kaymit fran Chrysophyllum cainito L. Sapotaceae kaymit jaden Chrysophyllum cainito L. Sapotaceae kaymit mawon Chrysophyllum oliviforme L. var. oliviforme Sapotaceae kaymit sovaj Chrysophyllum oliviforme L. var. oliviforme Sapotaceae kaypon Chionanthus domingensis Lam. Oleaceae kazbwina Casuarina spp. Casuarinaceae Annona spp. Annonaceae kenep Melicoccus bijugatus iacq. Sapindaceae kenep chinwa Litchi chinensis Sonn. Sapindaceae kenep fwi Melicoccus bijugatus Jacq. Sapindaceae kenep mal Melicoccus bijugatus Jacq. Sapindaceae kenep mawon Exothea paniculata (Juss.) Radlk. Sapindaceae kenkena etranje Simarouba glauca DC. var. latifolia Cronq. Simaroubaceae kenkena peyi Exostema caribaeum (Jacq.) Roem. & Schult. Rubiaceae kimak Chiococca alba (L.) Hitchc. Rubiaceae kinik Caesalpinia spp. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) kinikjon Caesalpinia spp. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) kininn Exostema caribaeum (Jacq.) Roem. & Schult. Rubiaceae kiratela Curatella americana L. Dilleniaceae kloujirOf Pimenta racemosa (Mill.) J. W. Moore var. racemosa Myrtaceae kbdon Crudia spicata (Aubl.) Willd. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) kbk Cocos nucifera L. Arecaceae (=Palmae) kbkmbl Ziziphus spp. Rhamnaceae kbkshango Lobelia assurgens L. Campanulaceae kbkeliko Cordia sebestena L. Boraginaceae koko ginen Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq.) Lodd. ex Mart. Arecaceae (=Palmae) koko makak Bactris plumeriana Mart. Arecaceae (=Palmae) koko makak Geonoma interrupta (Ruiz & Pav.) Mart. var. interrupta Arecaceae (=Palmae) kokoye Cocos nucifera L. Arecaceae (=Palmae) kokoye misket Cocos nucifera L. 'Jamaica Tall' Arecaceae (=Palmae) kokoye nenn Cocos nucifera L. 'Malayan Dwarf Arecaceae (=Palmae) kokoye panyol Cocos nucifera L. 'Panama Tall' Arecaceae (=Palmae) kokoye tres pikos Cocos nucifera L. 'Jamaica Tall' Arecaceae (=Palmae) Cola acuminata (Beauv.) Schott. & Endl. Sterculiaceae Bauhinia divaricata L. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) kolorad Bombacopsis emarginata (A. Rich.) A. Robyns Bombacaceae kolorad Pachira aquatica Aubl. Bombacaceae kolye Pithecellobium arboreum (L.) Urb. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) koma Mastichodendronfoetidissimum (Jacq.) Cronq. ssp.foetidissimum Sapotaceae koma Meliosma abbreviata Urb. Sabiaceae kola . koleg 320 Creole Names .'. K •• SPECIES COMMON NAME FAMILY Sloanea amygdalina Griseb. Elaeocarpaceae koma blan Mastichodendronfoetidissimum ,(Jacq.) Cronq. ssp.Joetidissimum Sapotaceae komafran Mastichodendronfoetidissimum (Jacq.) Cronq. ssp.foetidissimum Sapotaceae komajbn Meliosma abbreviata Drb. Sabiaceae koma wouj Bumelia salicifolia (L.) Sw. Sapotaceae kbmiye Mouriri domingensis (Tuss.) Spach Melastomataceae kbnichon peyi Averrhoa carambola L. Oxalidaceae koray Hamelia patens Jacq. Rubiaceae koray wouj Hamelia patens Jacq. Rubiaceae . kotel Pera glomerata Drb. Euphorbiaceae kotlet Drypetes spp. Euphorbiaceae koton fie Ochroma pyramidale (Cav.) Drb. Bombacaceae koton maho Hibiscus tiliaceus L. Malvaceae koton mawon Hibiscus tiliaceus L. Malvaceae koma koton rat Helicteres jamaicensis Jacq. Sterculiaceae koton swa Calotropis procera (Ail.) R. Br. Asclepiadaceae koton swa Ochroma pyramidale (Cav.) Drb. Bombacaceae koubari Cynometra americana Vogel Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) koubari Hymenaea courbaril L. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) kouronn krist Euphorbia milii Ch. des Moulins Euphorbiaceae kowos Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq.) Lodd. ex Mart. Arecaceae (=Palmae) kowosol Annona muricata L. Annonaceae kowosol mawon Annona glabra L. Annonaceae kowosbl zombi Annona montana Macf. Annonaceae koynmol Ziziphus rignonii Delp. Rhamnaceae krev rash Ziziphus rhodoxylon Drb. Rhamnaceae kris marinn Suriana maritima L. kriz marinn Suriana maritima L. Simaroubaceae krbk Ximenia americana L. Olacaceae krbk chen Cordia mirabiloides (Jacq.) R. & S. Boraginaceae krbk chen Pisonia aculeata L. Nyctaginaceae krbk chen Randia aculeata L. Rubiaceae krbk souri Chiococca alba (L.) Hitchc. kwokwo Elaeis guineensis L. Rubiaceae . Arecaceae (=Palmae) kwokwo ginen Elaeis guineensis L. Arecaceae (=Palmae) kwoton Codiaeum variegatum (L.) Blume Euphorbiaceae Creole Names 321 •• JL •• SPECIES COMMON NAME FAMILY laba born Couroupita guianensis Aubl. Lecythidaceae laba fwikase Blighia sapida Koenig Sapindaceae labakoray Erythrina variegata L. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) laba pen Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg Moraceae laba pen Bocconiafrutescens L. Papaveraceae labe wouj Peltophorum berteroanum Urb. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) labou kochon Drypetes alba Poit. Euphorbiaceae labriziyet Comocladia cuneata Britt. Anacardiaceae laget Lagetta lagetto (Sw.) Nash Thymeliaceae laitye Aspidosperma cuspa (HBK.) Blake & Pittier Apocynaceae lam veritab Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg Moraceae lamandi Prunus myrtifolia (L.) Urb. Rosaceae lamandye Prunus spp. Rosaceae lamandye gran fey Prunus occidentalis Sw. Rosaceae lamandye ti fey Prunus myrtifolia (L.) Urb. Rosaceae lang hef Clavija domingensis Urb. & Ekm. Theophrastaceae lanis sovaj Piper amalago L. Piperaceae latanye balay Coccothrinax miraguama (Kunth) LeOn Arecaceae (=Palmae) latanye bourik Coccothrinax argentea (Lodd. ex Schult.) Sarg. ex Becc. Arecaceae (=Palmae) latanye chapo Sabal spp. Arecaceae (=Palmae) latanye fran Sabal causiarum (Cook) Bailey Arecaceae (=Palmae) latanyejon Sabal causiarum (Cook) Bailey Arecaceae (=Palmae) latanye lame Thrinax spp. Arecaceae (=Palmae) latanye mawon Coccothrinax argentea (Lodd. ex Schult.) Sarg. ex Becc. Arecaceae (=Palmae) latanye me Thrinax spp. Arecaceae (=Palmae) latanye pikan Zambia antillarum (Desc. ex Jackson) Bailey' Arecaceae (=Palmae) latanye savann Coccothrinax argentea (Lodd. ex S~hult.) Sarg. ex Becc. Arecaceae (=Palmae) latanye zombi Zambia antillarum (Desc. ex Jackson) Bailey Arecaceae (=Palmae) legliz Adenanthera pavonina L. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) lele Parkia roxburghii G. Don Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) Tabernaemontana citrifolia L. Apocynaceae liann barik Trichostigma octandrum (L.) H. Walt. Phytolaccaceae liann klou Dalbergia spp. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) liannkolik Byrsonima spicata (Cav.) HBK. Malpighiaceae liann krok chen Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. Rhamnaceae liannpanye Trichostigma octandrum (L.) H. Walt. liann towp libidibi . Byrsonima spicata (Cav.) HBK. Phytolaccaceae Malpighiaceae Caesalpinia coriaria (Jacq.) Willd. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) Annona glabra L. Annonaceae 322 Creole Names •• JL •• SPECIES COMMON NAME FAMILY lila Melia azedarach L. Meliaceae lila etranje Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) Solanaceae lila nwi Cestrum nocturnum L. limon frans Citrus limon (L.) Bunn. Rutaceae lisina Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit subsp. glabrata (Rose) S. Zarate Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) lisina ti fey Leucaena diversifolia (Schlecht.) Benth. susbsp. diversifolia Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) litchi Litchi chinensis Sonn. Sapindaceae Rosaceae lokwat Eriobotryajaponica (Thunb.) Lind!. lombay /lex krugiana Loes. Aquifoliaceae long bab Pseudolmedia spuria (Sw.) Griseb. Moraceae . lorie Cinnamomum spp. Lauraceae lorie Licaria triandra (Sw.) Kostennans Lauraceae lorie Ocotea spp. Lauraceae lorie blan Nerium oleander L. Apocynaceae lorie blan Ocotea spp. Lauraceae lorie gep Ocotea leucoxylon (Sw.) Mez. Lauraceae Lauraceae lorie gran fey Ocotea globosa (Aublet) Schlechf & Cham. lorie jaden Nerium oleander L. Apocynaceae lorie jon Licaria triandra (Sw.) Kostennans Lauraceae lorie jon Ocotea membranacea (Sw.) Howard Lauraceae lorie kane! Cinnamomum elongatum (Nees) Kostennans Lauraceae lorie piant Ocoteafloribunda (Sw.) Mez Lauraceae Cinnamomum elongatum (Nees) Kostennans Lauraceae lorie ti fey lorie twopikal . Nerium oleander L. Apocynaceae lorie woz Cinnamomum montanum (Sw.) Bercht. & Pres!. Lauraceae lorie woz Nerium oleander L. Apocynaceae lorie woz Ocotea leucoxylon (Sw.) Mez losanj Pithecellobium lentiscifolium (A. Rich.) Co Wr. ex Sauv. Iwisin mo Wallenia laurifolia (Jacq.) Sw. Lauraceae . Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) Myrsinaceae •• M •• COMMON NAME SPECIES FAMILY mabi Colubrinaelliptica (Sw.) Briz. & Stern Rharnnaceae machandez Metopium toxiferum (L.) Krug & Urb. Anacardiaceae machanwaz Metopium toxiferum (L.) Krug & Urb. Anacardiaceae madam jan Aspidosperma cuspa (HBK.) Blake & Pittier Apocynaceae madamklbd Citharexylumfruticosum L. Verbenaceae Creole Names 323 •• M •• COMMON NAME SPECIES FAMILY madam nayiz Parkinsonia aculeata L. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) madam yas Parkinsonia aculeata L. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) madlenn Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit subsp.leucocephala Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) magerit Annona urbaniana R.E. Fries Annonaceae maget Cryptorhiza haitiensis Urb. Myrtaceae maget Eugenia maleolens Pers. Myrtaceae maget Myrcia citrifolia (AubI.) Urban Myrtaceae maget Myrcianthes esnardiana (Urb. & Elan.) Alain Myrtaceae maget Pimenta dioica (L.) Merr. Myrtaceae maget Psidium dictyophyllum Urb. & Elan. Myrtaceae maho Daphnopsis americana (Mill.) J.R. Johnst. ssp. cumingii (Meissn.) NevI. Thymelaeaceae maho Hibiscus spp. Malvaceae maho bIe Hibiscus elatus Sw. Malvaceae maho fran Hibiscus tiliaceus L. Malvaceae maho pirnan Trema lamarckiana (Roem. & Schult.) Blume Ulmaceae mahodem Ochroma pyramidale (Cav.) Urb. Bombacaceae makabi Ximenia americana L. Olacaceae makabi Ziziphus rignonii Delp. Rhamnaceae makata Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) makoutouka Prestoea acuminata (Willd.) H. E. Moore Palmaceae makrio Meeranium spp. Melastomataceae makrio Miconia spp. Me1astomataceae Euphorbiaceae maksmilyen Hippomane mancinella L. maksmiye Metopium toxiferum (L.) Krug & Urb. Anacardiaceae malaget Cryptorhiza haitiensis Urb. Myrtaceae malaget Eugenia maleolens Pers. Myrtaceae malaget Myrcia citrifolia (AubI.) Urban Myrtaceae malaget Myrcianthes esnardiana (Urb. & Elan.) Alain Myrtaceae maiagN Pimenta dioica (L.) Merr. Myrtaceae malaget Psidium dictyophyllum Urb. & Elan. Myrtaceae mamiye mawon Annona glabra L. Annonaceae mancheni Hippomane mancinella L. Euphorbiaceae mancheni Metopium toxiferum (L.) Krug & Urb. Anacardiaceae manchinil Hippomane mancinella L. Euphorbiaceae Rutaceae mandaren Citrus reticulata Blanco mang Avicennia germinans (L.) L. Verbenaceae mang Conocarpus erectus L. Combretaceae rnang wguncularia racemosa (L.) Gaertn., f. Combretaceae 324 Creole Names •• M •• SPECIES COMMON NAME mang Mangifera indica L. FAMILY Anacardiaceae mang Myrsine coriacea (Sw.) R. Br. ex Roem. & Schult. Myrsinaceae mang Rhizophora mangle L. Rhizophoraceae mang blan Bontia daphnoides L. Myoporaceae mang blan Laguncularia racemosa (L.) Gaertn., f. Combretaceae mang chandeI Rhizophora mangle L. Rhizophoraceae mangkabrit Pithecellobium circinale (L.) Benth. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)· mangmawon Bontia daphnoides L. Myoporaceae mangnwa Avicennia germinans (L.) L. Verbenaceae mang nwa Conocarpus erectus L. Combretaceae mang nwa Rhizophora mangle L. Rhizophoraceae mangti ley Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq. var. arborescens (Cunn.) Sherff Sapindaceae mangwouj Rhizophora mangle L. Rhizophoraceae mangiye Mangifera indica L. Anacardiaceae mangiye Prunus myrtifolia (L.) Urb. Rosaceae mangliye Avicennia germinans (L.) L. Verbenaceae mangliye Conacarpus erectus L. Combretaceae mangliye Laguncularia racemosa (L.) Gaertn., f. Combretaceae mangliye Rhizaphora mangle L. Rhizophoraceae mango Mangifera indica L. Anacardiaceae mangostinn Garcinia mangostana L. Clusiaceae (=Guttiferae) manje kabrit Senna atomaria (L.) Iiwin & Barneby Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) manrnan gep Urera baccifera (L.) Gaud. Urticaceae manseniye Hippomane mancinella L. Euphorbiaceae manseniye Metopium spp. Anacardiaceae mapou Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. Bombacaceae mapou blan Neobuchia paulinae Urb. Bombacaceae mapou etranje Adansonia digitata L. Bombacaceae rnapou gri Bourreria succulenta Jacq. Boraginaceae rnapoukoton Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. Bombacaceae rnapou zombi Adansonia digitata L. Bombacaceae marijinn Trichilia spp. Meliaceae marijon Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit ssp. leucocephala Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) maskarit Ricinus communis L. Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae maskristi Ricinus communis L. maskriti Ricinus communis L. Euphorbiaceae matouren Bauhinia divaricata L. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) mayakayul Pisonia aculeata L. Nyctaginaceae mayi bouyi Duranta repens L. Verbenaceae Creole Names 325 •• M •• SPECIES COMMON NAME FAMILY mayn lame Coccoloba pubescens L. Polygonaceae medsinye Jatropha spp. Euphorbiaceae medsinye beni Jatropha curcas L. Euphorbiaceae medsinye gran fey Jatropha curcas L. Euphorbiaceae medsinye miltifid Jatropha multifida L. Euphorbiaceae medsinye panyol Jatropha multifida L. Euphorbiaceae melalika Melaleuca quiquenervia (Cav.) S.T. Blake Myrtaceae meris Pseudolmedia spuria (Sw.) Griseb. Moraceae meriz Eugenia spp. Myrtaceae merizye Eugenia spp. Myrtaceae mevis Coccoloba diversifolia Jacq. Polygonaceae mi Morus nigra L. Moraceae milat Metopium brownei (Jacq.) Urb. Anacardiaceae miskad Myristicafragrans.Houtt. Myristicaeae miskadye Myristicafragrans Houtt. Myristicaeae mit Eugenia rhombea (Berg) Krug & Urban Myrtaceae mit Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack Rutaceae mit fey lorie Myrcianthesfragrans (Sw.) McVaugh Myrtaceae mit fey lorie Pimenta racemosa (Mill.) J. W. Moore var. racemosa Myrtaceae mit fey sitwon Myrcia citrifolia (Aubl.) Urban Myrtaceae Anacardiaceae miwobalann Spondias mombin L. monben Spondias mombin L. Anacardiaceae monben bata Sapindus saponaria L. Sapindaceae monben bata Trichilia hirta L. Meliaceae monben fran Spondias mombill L. Anacardiaceae monbenjon Spondias dulcis Parkinson Anacardiaceae monben panyol Spondias spp. Anacardiaceae morepa Erythrina spp. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) Erythrina spp. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) motel Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) motel debou Thespesia populnea (L.) Soland. ex Correa Malvaceae motel etranje Spathodea campanulata Beauv. Bignoniaceae moureye pikan Malpighia spp. Malpighiaceae mpanash Bumelia salicifolia (L.) Sw. Sapotaceae 326 Creole Names •• N •• COMMON NAME FAMILY SPECIES nago Erythroxylum areolatum L. Erythroxylaceae nim Azadirachta indica Adr. Juss. Meliaceae nogal Juglans jamaicensis C. DC. Juglandaceae nwa Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd. Euphorbiaceae nwa kajou Anacardium occidentale L. Anacardiaceae nwa koko Cocos nucifera L. Arecaceae nwa kola Cola acuminata (Beauv.) Schott. & End!. Sterculiaceae Myristicaeae nwa miskad Myristicafragrans Houtt. nwa sepan Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum. Apocynaceae nwaye Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd. Euphorbiaceae nwazet Aleurites spp. Euphorbiaceae nwazet Omphalea spp. Euphorbiaceae nwazet peyi Omphalea spp. Euphorbiaceae COMMON NAME SPECIES FAMILY olivye Moringa oleifera Lam. Moringaceae olivye bata Bontia daphnoides L. Myoporaceae om de pay Copernicia ekmanii Burret Arecaceae pal Pseudophoenix lediniana Read Arecaceae (=Palmae) paletiviye Avicennia germinans (L.) L. Verbenaceae paletiviye Conocarpus erectus L. Combretaceae palm Geonoma interrupta (Ruiz & Pav.) Mart. var. interrupta Arecaceae (=Palmae) palmkoyo Coccothrinax argentea (Lodd. ex Schult.) Sarg. ex Becc. Arecaceae (=Palmae) palma Calyptronoma rivalis (Cook) Bailey Arecaceae (=Palmae) Ricinus communis L. Euphorbiaceae palmaven Calyptronoma plumeriana (Marti us) Lourteig Arecaceae (=Palmae) palmaven Prestoea acuminata (Willd.) H. E. Moore Arecaceae (=Palmae) palmis Guarea guidonia (L.) Sleumer Meliaceae palmis Roystonea borinquena O.F. Cook Arecaceae (=Palmae) palmis chapelet Prestoea acuminata (Willd.) H. E. Moore Arecaceae (=Palmae) palmis dezenn Cycas revoluta L. Cycadaceae palmistaven Pseudophoenix vinifera (Mart.) Becc. Arecaceae (=Palmae) pamplemous Citrus x paradisi Macf. Rutaceae panyol mawon Phyllanthus juglandifolius Willd. ssp. juglandifolius Euphorbiaceae papay Carica papaya L. Caricaceae papay sovaj Jatropha multifida L. Euphorbiaceae papelit Casearia sylvestris Sw. var. sylvestris Flacourtaceae papelit Coccoloba buchii Schmidt. Polygonaceae palma kristi Creole Names 327 ++ 0 P .++ 9 SPECIES . COMMON NAME FAMILY papelit Erythroxylum areolatum L. Erythroxylaceae parese Polyscias spp. Araliaceae parese kloti Polyscias pinnata Forst. Araliaceae paresol Cordia sulcata DC. Boraginaceae pattoti Opuntia moniliformis (L.) Haw. Cactaceae pativiye Dodonaea visc::osa (L.) Jacq. var. arborescens (Curin.) Sherff Sapindaceae pay Sabal domingensis Becc. Arecaceae peeh Prunus persica (L.) Batsch. Rosaceae peehmawon Persea spp. Lauraceae pen dostrali Casuarina spp. Casuarinaceae pendoula Citharexylumfruticosum L. Verbenaceae pengwen Yucca aloifoUa Liliaceae pepitpOrn Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. Rharnnaceae pes pie Suriana maritima L. Sirnaroubaceae Polyscias balfouriana (Hort. Sander.) L.H. Bailey Araliaceae pet djab Hura crepitans L. Euphorbiaceae pich pen Casuarina spp. Casuarinaceae pichpen Pinus spp. Pinaceae pikan arada Casearia aculeata Jacq. Flacourtiaceae pikan kare Casearia ilicifolia Vent. Flacourtiaceae pikan woz Xylosma Uneolatum Urb. & Ekm. Flacourtiaceae pimandlo Melia azedarach L. Meliaceae pine Zanthoxylum spp. Rutaceae pine blan Zanthoxylum martinicense (Larn.)·nc. Rutaceae pine jon Zanthoxylum spp. Rutaceae pini Zanthoxylum spp. Rutaceae pistach Sterculia apetala (Jacq.) Karst. Sterculiaceae piyon GUricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) piyong GUricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) pie Colubrina arborescens (Mill.) Sarg. Rharnnaceae pie Schaefferiafrutescens Jacq. Celastraceae pOrn Anacardium occidentale L. Anacardiaceae pOrngrenad Punica granatum L. Punicaceae pOrn jarnayik Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. & Perry Myrtaceae pOrnkajou Anacardium occidentale L. Anacardiaceae pOrnkanel Annona squamosa L. Annonaceae pOrnrnaiezi Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. & Perry - Myrtaceae pornmalkadi Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. Rharnnaceae pOrn rnalkadik Ziziphus mauritiana Lam Rharnnaceae pOrn savon Sapindus saponaria L. Sapindaceae . 328 Creole Names ••. O~JP •• FAMILY SPECIES COMMON NAME pOrn site Spondias dulcis Parkinson Anacardiaceae pOrn tOch Curatella americana L. Dilleniaceae pbrn woz Syzygiumjambos (L.) Alston Myrtaceae pOrn zombi Hippomane spp. Euphorniaceae prentan Cercidium praecox (R. & P.) Harms Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) pwadou lnga vera Willd. ssp: vera Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) pwa konfiti Hymenaea courbaril L. Fabaceae (=Legurninosae) pwa palmis Andira inermis (W. Wr.) DC. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) pwa sikren lnga vera Willd. ssp. vera Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) pwa vach Alchornea latifolia Sw. Euphorniaceae pwa valet Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers. Fabaceae (=Legurninosae) pwa valye Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) pwa valye Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) pwav jamayik Pimenta dioica (L.) Merr. Myrtaceae pwavye Colubrina arborescens (Mill.) Sarg. Rhamnaceae pwavye jamayik Myrcia citrifolia (Aubl.) Urn. Myrtaceae pwaye Erythroxylum areolatum L. Erythroxylaceae pwaye Pyrus communis L. Rosaceae pwaye Tabebuia heterophylla (DC.) Britton Bignoniaceae pwaye jamayik Myrcia citrifolia (Aubl.) Urnan Myrtaceae pwazon lasinet Pithecellobium arboreum (L.) Urn. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) pwensiyad Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) pwensiyana Delonix regia (Bojer) Raf. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) pwensiyeta Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotsch Euphorniaceae •• R •• FAMILY SPECIES COMMON NAME rabi Hllra crepitans L. Euphorbiaceae raket Consolea macracantha (Mill.) Lern. Cactaceae raket Euphorbia lactea Haw. Euphorniaceae raket Opuntia ficlls-indica (L.) Mill. Cactaceae raket panyol Opuntia moniliformis (L.) Haw. Cactaceae ramo Trophis racemosa (L.) Urban Moraceae ramon Trophis racemosa (L.) Urnan Moraceae ramonchwal Trophis racemosa (L.) Urnan Moraceae reglis Adenanthera pavonina L. Fabaceae (=Legurninosae) rezen Coccoloba spp. POlygonaceae rezen Wallenia laurifolia (Jacq.) Sw. Myrsinaceae rezen bOdlame, Coccoloba uvifera (L.) L. Polygonaceae Creole Names 329 •• R •• FAMILY SPECIES COMMON NAME rezen bouzen Coccoloba diversifolia Jacq. Polygonaceae rezen le Coccoloba uvifera (L.) L. Polygonaceae rezen gran ley Coccoloba pubescens L. Polygonaceae rezen lame Coccoloba uvifera (L.) L. Polygonaceae rezen mawon Coccoloba diversifolia Jacq. Polygonaceae rezen mawon Maytenus buxifolia (A. Rich.) Griseb. Celastraceae rezen mawon Parathesis spp. Myrsinaceae rezen mawon Wallenia laurifolia Jacq. Myrsinaceae rezen peroke Trichilia hirta L. Meliaceae risin Ricinus communis L. Euphorbiaceae •• § •• SPECIES COMMON NAME FAMILY sabliye Comocladia pinnatifolia L. Anacardiaceae sabliye Hura erepitans L. Euphorbiaceae salsparey bata Dendropanax arboreus (L.) Decne. & Planch. Arialaceae salsparey mawon Dendropanax arboreus (L.) Decne. & Planch. Arialaceae saman Albizia saman (Jacq.) F. Muell. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) sandragon Pterocarpus officinalis Jacq. sapoti Manilkara spp. Sapotaceae sapoti Mieropholis polita (Griseb.) Pierre ssp. hotteana Judd Sapotaceae sapoti Pouteria sapota (Jacq.) H.E. Moore & Steam Sapotaceae sapoti mamelad Pouteria sapota (Jacq.) H.E. Moore & Steam Sapotaceae sapoti mawon Bumelia salicifolia (L.) Sw. Sapotaceae sapoti mawon Manilkara spp. Sapotaceae sapoti nwa Manilkara bidentata (A. DC.) Chev. Sapotaceae sapotiye Pouteria sapota (Jacq.) H.E. Moore & Steam Sapotaceae sapotiye jon def POliteria sapota (Jacq.) H.E. Moore & Steam Sapotaceae satanjou ClIpania americana L. Sapindaceae satanye ClIpania americana L. Sapindaceae satanye Matayba serobiclIlata (HBK) Radlk. Sapindaceae satanye mawon Matayba serobiclIlata (HBK) Radlk. Sapindaceae savonet Sapindus saponaria L. Sapindaceae savonet peyi Sapincllls saponaria L. Sapindaceae savonye Sapindlls sapollaria L. Sapindaceae sed Cedrela odorata L. Meliaceae sed blan Ceclrefa odorata L. Meliaceae sed wouj Cedrela oclorata L. Me Iiaceae senjan dive Ellphorhia plllcherrima Willd. ex Klolsch Euphorbiaceae 330 Creole Names •• s •• COMMON NAME senn SPECIES FAMILY Senna spp. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) sentespri Capparis frondosa Jacq. Capparaceae sepan Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum. Apocynaceae _ seriz Malpighia glabra L. Malpighiaceae seriz dayiti Malpighia glabra L. Malpighiaceae serizme Ximenia americana L. Olacaceae seriz sendoming Malpighia glabra L. Malpighiaceae seriz sirinam Eugenia unijlora L. Myrtaceae sewal Crossopetalum rhacoma Crantz Celastraceae sibilinn Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels Euphorbiaceae sikren Inga vera Willd. ssp. vera Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) sikriye Inga vera Willd. ssp. vera Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) sikriye mon Tetragastris balsamifera (Sw.) Kuntze Burseraceae sip Bumelia salicifolia (L.) Sw. Sapotaceae sip Tabebuia berteri (DC.) Britt. Bignoniaceae sipre Cupressus spp. Cupressaceae sirio Piper amalago L. Piperaceae sitwan rnawon Adelia ricinella L. Euphorbiaceae sitwan rnawon Ziziphus rignonii Delp. Rhamnaceae sitwon Citrus spp. Rutaceae -sitwon vet Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle Rutaceae siwel Spondias purpurea L. Anarcardiaceae siwo Piper aduncum L. Piperaceae siwo Sambucus spp. Adoxaceae siwo bannann Piper amalago L. Piperaceae stragonya Lagerstroemia indica L. Lythraceae stragonya blan Lagerstroemia indica L. Lythraceae stramwann Datura suaveolens Humb. & Bonpl..ex Willd. Solanaceae •• T •• COMMON NAME tabak: rnawon tabeno , tarnarenn SPECIES Solanum erianthum D. Don Lysiloma sabicu Benth. • Tamarindus indica L. FAMILY Solanaceae Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) tarnarenn rnawon Arcoa gonavensis Urb. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) tarnarenn mowi Arcoa gonavensis Urb. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) tandralcayou Acacia scleroxyla Tuss. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) taveno Lysiloma sabicu Benth. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) taveno mon Mora ekmanii (Urb.) Britton & Rose Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) Creole Names 331 •• T •• COMMON NAME FAMILY SPECIES tcha tcha Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) tcha tcha mawon Acacia vogeliana Steud. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) tcha tcha mawon Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit subsp. leucocephala Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) tek . Tectona grandis L. f. Verbenaceae ti abe Alvaradoa haitiensis Urb. Simaroubaceae ti bwa blan Schaefferiafrutescens Jacq. Celastraceae ti bwa denn Eugenia monticola (Sw.) DC. ~yrtaceae ti bwa pen Calyptranthes sintenisii Kiaersk. Myrtaceae ti bwi Polygala penaea L. Polygalaceae ti fey Eugenia spp. Myrtaceae Euphorbia milii Ch. des Moulins Euphorbiaceae . ti flambwayan ti gason Schaefferiafrutescens Jacq. Celastraceae ti gayak Calliandra nervosa (Urb.) Ekrn. & Urb. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) ti grenn Henrietteafascicularis (Sw.) Gomez Melastomataceae ti grenn Miconia ottoschulzii Urban & Ekman Melastomataceae ti kafe Allophylus occidentalis (Sw.) Radlk. Sapindaceae ti kalson Bauhinia divaricata L. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) ti kaymit Chrysophyllum argenteum Jacq. Sapotaceae ti koko Attalea crassispatha (Mart.) Burret Arecaceae (=Palmae) ti kwokwo Bactris plumeriana Mart. Arecaceae (=Palmae) ti monben Trichilia hirta L. Meliaceae ti palmis mawon Pseudophoenix lediniana Read Arecaceae ti porn Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. Rhamnaceae ti rezen Wallenia laurifolia Jacq. Myrsinaceae ti rezen Mine Cocc~loba diversifolia Jacq. Polygonaceae ti seriz Malpighia spp. Malpighiaceae ti soley Cordia sebestena L. Boraginanceae ti wou !lex macfadyenii (Walp.) Rehder Aquifoliaceae tikimit Bumelia cubensis Griseb. toti mawon Pouteria domingensis (Gaertn. f.) Baehni Sapotaceae . Sapotaceae Byrsonima spicata (Cav.) HBK Malpighiaceae tramble Schefflera spp. Araliaceae twa fey Allophylus spp. Sapindaceae Melastomataceae . towo tig twa kot Miconia impetiolaris (Sw.) D. Don twa pawol Allophylus spp. Sapindaceae twa pawol Amyris elemifera L. Rutaceae twa pawol Trichilia pallida Sw. Meliaceae twa pye Cordia collococca L. Boraginaceae twazokot Cupania americana L. Sapindaceae twazokot Miconia impetiolaris (Sw.) D. Don Melastomataceae 112 Creole Names •• T •• COMMON NAME SPECIES FAMILY twompet Cecropia peltata L. Cecropiaceae twompetmal Schefflera morototoni (Aubl.) Maguire Stevenn. & Frodin Araliaceae COMMON NAME SPECIES FAMILY vayan gason Picramnia pentandra Sw. Simaroubaceae veritab Artocarpus altitis (Parkinson) Fosberg Moraceae vinyet Reynosia affinis Urb. & Elan. Rharnnaceae wan prime Sciadodendrun excelsum Griseb. Araliaceae wawi Caesalpinia ciliata (Berg.) Urn. Fabaceae (=Legurninosae) wi! maskriti . Ricinus communis L. Euphorbiaceae wob Spondias spp. Anacardiaceae wou /lex macfadyenii (Walp.) Rehder Aquifoliaceae woujiol Colubrina arborescens (Mill.) Sarg. Rharnnaceae woukou Bixa orellana L. Bixaceae wozmawon Samyda dodecandra Jacq. Flacourtiaceae COMMON NAME SPECIES FAMILY zabaka Persea americana Miller Lauraceae zaboka mawon Antirhea lucida (Sw.) Benth. & Hook. f. . Rubiaceae zaboka mawon Capparis dolichop~da Helwig Capparaceae zabriko Mammea americana L. Clusiaceae (=Guttiferae) zabriko Rheedia lateriflora L. Clusiaceae (=Guttiferae) zabriko bata Spondias purpllrea L. Anareardiaceae zabriko mawon Pithecellobium abbottii Rose & Leonard Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) zakasya Acacia spp. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) zakasyajon Acaciafarnesiana (L.) Willd. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) zakasya nwa Acacia tortllsosa (L.) Willd. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) zakasya pikan Acacia macracantha H.&B. ex Willd. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) zakasya wouj Acacia tortusosa (L.) Willd. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) zamann Terminatia catappa L. Combretaceae zamonmawon Coccoloba diversifolia Jacq. Polygonaceae ze paul Piptadenia peregrina (L.) Benth. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) zeb aklou Dalbergia ecastaphyllum (L.) Taub. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) zeb sennikola Tecollla stans (L.) HBK. Bignoniaceae ziblinn A verrhoa spp. Oxalidaceae Creole Names 333 COMMON NAME· SPECIES FAMILY Oxalidaceae ziblinn blon A verrhoa bilimbi L. ziblinnlong A verrhoa carambola L. Oxalidaceae zo devan mawon Maytenus buxifolia (A. Rich.) Griseb. Celastraceae zoranj Citrus spp. Rutaceae zoranj dous Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck Rutaceae zoranj si Citrus aurantium L. subsp. aurantium Rutaceae zoray Ziziphus rignonii Delp. Rhamnaceae 23 Tree Proverbs Haitians often use the forest and trees in proverbs to express folk wisdom and wit. Most of the following proverbs are collected in Parol Granmoim: Haitian Popular Wisdom by Edner A. Jeanty and O. Carl Brown (1976). Several of the English tra9-slations were modified for easier reading. . CREOLE ENGLISH Lamize le chen monte kaymit. Hunger makes the dog climb the star-apple tree. Pa okipe mesye, kochon manje santimanl nan po bannann. Don't bother the guy, the pig has eaten his feelings in a plantain skin. Kochon mawon konn sou ki bwa poul fwote. The wild pig knows whiclt tree to scratch. . Mapou tonbe, kabrit manje ley li. When the mapou tree falls, goats eat the leaves. Sa zotolan di sou bwa, se pa sal di leI anba pelen. What the partridge says in the tree is not what it says in the trap. De je pa koupe bwa kwochi. Two eyes Fanm se kajou; li pa janm pedi bone!. Woman is mahogany chances. she doesn't ever lose her good - Fanm se kajou; plis li vye, plis Ii bon. Woman is mahogany is. the older she gets, the better she Fanm se kokoye; yo gen twa je; yo we nan youn. Women are coconuts only in one. they have three eyes, but see don~t cut down crooked trees. Sitwon vet konn tonbe, kite sitwon mi. The green lime falls while the ripe lime stays. Le pye bwa joue ak van, li pedi ley Ii. When the tree plays with the wind, it loses its leaves; Fey mapou sanble ak fey manyok. Mapou leaves look like manioc leaves. Ti mapou pa grandi anba gwo mapou. The little mapou tree doesn't grow up under the big mapou tree. Kale kokoye pou po!. Peel the coconut for its husk. Fe zami ak kouto avan zabriko mi. Make friends with a knife before the mamey apple ripens. Baton gomye miyo pase de men vid. The gumbo-limbo stick is better than two empty hands. Tout moun gen yon bwa deye bannann yo. Everyone has a pole to support their plantain tree. Ti bwa ou pa we, se li ki pete je ou. The twig you don't see is the one that gouges out your eye. Kanpe sou bwa kwochi pou koupe yon bwa dwat. Stand on a crooked board (tree) to cut a straight one. Bwa ou pa bezwen, ou pa make!. The tree you don't need, you don't mark. Bwa gen zorey, sak ladanl se moun. The woods have ears. What's in them are people. Pye pay teye pou rasin Ii. The palm leafs out for its own roots. Tout liann nan bwa se pelen. All the vines in the woods are traps. Ou pa janm konn kote dlo pase poul antre nan kokoye. You never know how water gets into the coconut. Lo ou ap neye, ou kenbe branch ou jwenn. When y~u're drowning, you grab the nearest branch. Bwa kwochi pa janm dwat. A crooked tree is never straight. Tanbou fouye nan bwa, se lakay Ii vin bat. The drum is hollowed out in the woods, but it's beaten at home. \. Si ou renmen grenn Ii, ou dwe renmen pye a tou. If you like the nut. you ought to like the tree. Gwo branch anwo a konnen I we, men se ti grenn pwomennen an ki we pase 1. The big branch at the to'p of the tree thinks it sees all, but it is actually the little seed blown about by the wind which sees more. 335 How long does it take to make the woods? As long as it takes to make the world. The woods is present as the world is, the presence of all its past, and of all its time to come. It is always finished, it is always being made, the act of its making forever greater than the act of its destruction. It is a part of eternity, for its end and beginning belong to the end and beginning of all things, the beginning lost in the end, the end in the beginning. What is the way to the woods, how do you go there? By climbing up through the six days' field, kept in all the body's years, the body's sorrow, weariness, and joy. By passing through the narrow gate on the far side of that field where the pasture grass of the body's life gives way to the high, original standing of the trees. By coming into the shadow, the shadow of the grace of the strait way's ending, the shadow of the mercy of light. Why must the gate be narrow? Because you cannot pass beyond it burdened. To come into the woods you must leave behind the six days' world, all of it, all of its plans and hopes. You must come without weapon or tool, alone, expecting nothing, remembering nothing, into the ease of sight, the brotherhood of eye and leaf. - - Wendell Berry y, 1984 336 References Adams, C. D. 1972. Flowering Plants ofJamaica. Kingston, University of the West Indies. Agricorp. 1984. Developpement des agro-industries fruitieres dans l'aire de l'ODBFA: etude d'opportunites. Port-au-Prince. (unpublished). Ahmed, S., M. Grainge, J. W. Hylin, W. C. Mitchell and J. A. Litsinger. 1984. Some promising plant species for use as pest control agents under traditional farming systems. In Natural Pesticides from the Neem Tree and Other Tropical Plants, Proc. 2nd IntI. Neem Conf., Rauis~hholzhausen. , Altschul, S. v. R. 1973. Drugs and Foods from Little-Known Plants.-Notes in Harvard University Herbaria. Cambridge, Harvard University Press. Ansel, D., J.J. Darnault, J. L. Longuefosse and C. Jeaimet. 1989.Plantes Toxiques des Antilles. Fort-de-France, Editions Exbrayat. Armour, R. P. 1959. Investigations on Simarouba glauca DC. in El Salvador. Econ. Bot. 13(1):41-66. Ashley, M. 1988. Foret-des-Pins Inventory - Projet Forestier National. Port-auPrince, MARDNR. (unpublished). Ayensu, E. S. 1981. Medicinal Pli:mts of the West Indies. Reference Publications, Inc. Bailey, L. H. 1939. The royal palm of Hispaniola. Gentes Herb. 4:266-270. Bailey, L. H. and H. E. Moore, Jr. 1949. Royal palms - new enumeration. Gentes Herb. 8:114-134. Bandara,1. M. R. S. 1987. Fusarium root rot of Leucaena in fodder plantations'in Sri Lanka. In Leucaena Research Reports, Vol. 8. D. Withington and J. L. Brewbaker, eds. Waimanalo, NFTA. Barbour, W. R. 1926. The bois pele of Haiti. Tropical Woods 6:13. Barker, H. D. and W. S. Dardeau. 1930. F~ore d'Haiti. Port-au-Prince, Service et de l'Enseignement Professionnel. Technique du Departement de l' Agriculture , . Barrett, M. F. 1956. Common Exotic Trees of South Florida (Dicotyledons). ,Gainesville, U. of Florida Press. Baskerville, G. L. 1972. 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(unpublished). ___. 1987. Final report of Operation Double Harvest USAID Agroforestry Outreach Project activities, 1981-1987. Port-au-Prince, USAID. (unpublished). ___. 1988. Calorific values of common tree species in Haiti. Athens, University of Georgia. (unpublished) ___. 1990. Storage conditions and pre-germination methods for seed of selected tropical tree species, SECID/Auburn Agroforestry Report No. 20. Port-auPrince, USAID. (unpublished). _ _ _. 1991. Data from Auburn University/SECID files, Petionville. (unpublished). _ _ _. 1993. Status of seed orchards and tree improvement trials in Haiti and plan of activities 1993-1994, SECID/Auburn PLUS Report No.1. Port-au-Prince, USAID. (unpublished). Timyan, J. and 1. Walter. 1990. Azadirachtin levels of neem in Haiti. Columbia, W.R. Grace & Co. (unpublished). Timyan, J. and F. Vaval. 1993. Effects of seed treatment methods on germination of Simarouba glauca var. latifolia Cronq. In Dormancy and Barriers to Germination Proc. Internat. Sympos. IUFRO Project Group P2.04-00 (Seed Problems), D. G. W. Edwards, ed. Victoria, British Columbia, April 23-26, 1991. pp. 133-140. Tourigny, G. 1987. Pest survey and management options in Haiti's agroforestry tree nurseries. Port-au-Prince, USAID. (unpublished). Tramil I. 1984. Medecine traditionelle et pharmocopee traditionelle populaire dans la Caraibe. Port-au-Prince. Tramil II. 1986. Recherches scientifique et usages populaires des plantes medicinales dans la Caraibe. Universidad Autonoma de Santo-Domingo,. Facultad de Ciencias, CIBIMA, Santo:-Domingo. Tramil III. 1988. Elements pour une phprmacopee Caraibe. La Havane. Traveset, A. 1990. Ctenosaura similis Gray (Iguanidae) as a seed disperser in a Central American deciduous forest. Amer. Midi. Naturalist 123 (2):402-404. Ullasa, B. A. and R. D.Rawal. 1984. Papaver rhoeas and Moringa oleifera, two new hosts of papaya powdery mildew. Current Science (India) 53(14):754-755. United Kingdom For. Prod. Res. Lab. 1968. Report on two consignments of neem (Azadirachta indica) from the Republic of Sudan. FPRL consignment Nos. 1307 and 1374. Report of Overseas Timbers, Princes Risborough Lab No. 11. Weaver, P. L. 1988. Guarea guidonia (L.) Sleumer. SO-ITF-SM-17. Rio Piedras, ,Institute of Tropical Forestry. _ _ _. 1989. Andira inermis (W. Wright) DC. SO-ITF-SM-20. Rio Piedras, Institute of Tropical Forestry. References 349 ___. 1990a. Calophyllum calaba L. In Silvics of North America, Vol. 2, Hardwoods. R. M. Bums and B. H. Honkala, eds. Agric. Handbook No. 654. Washington, D.C., USDA. ___. 1990b. Manilkara bidentata (A. DC.) Chev. In Silvics ofNorth America, Vol. 2, Hardwoods. R.M. Bums and B.H. Honkala, eds. Agric. Handbook No. 654. Washington D.C.; USDA. ___. 1991. Buchenavia capitata (Vahl) Eichl. SO-ITF-SM-43. Rio Piedras, Institute of Tropical Forestry. . Weaver,·P. L. and J. K. Francis. [n.d.]. Hibiscus elatus Sw. SO-ITF-SM-14. Rio Piedras, Institute of Tropical Forestry. Webb, D. B., P. J. 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No.8, University of Washington. Whitmore, J. L. and G. Hinojosa. 1977. Mahogany (Swietenia) hybrids. USDA For. Servo Res. Paper ITF-23, Rio Piedras. Wiltbank, W. 1.. 1982. Considerations for development of a fruit tree crops project in Haiti. Port-au-Prince, USAID. (unpublished). Wojtusik, T. and P. Felker 1993. Interspecific graft incompatibility in Prosopis. For. Ecol. Management 59:329-340. Wojtusik, T., P. Felker, E. J. Russel and M. D. Benge. 1993. Clonirig of erect, thornless, non-browsed nitrogen fixing trees of Haiti's principal fuelwood species (Prosopis juliflora). Agroforestry Systems 21 :293-300. Wojtusik, T., M. T. Boyd and P. Felker. 1994.'Effect of different media on vegetative propagation of Prosopis juliflora cuttings under solar-powered mist. For. Ecol. Management 67:267-271. Wolcott, G. N. 1927. Entomologie d'Haiti. Port-au-Prince, Departement de l' Agriculture et de I'Enseignement Professionel. Wolcott, G. N. 1950. An index to the termite resistance of woods. Univ. Puerto Rico Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 85. I, 350 References Young, H. E. 1976. A summary and analysis of weight table studies. In IUFRO' Working Party on the mensuration offorest biomass (pp. 251-282). Orono, University of Maine. Young, T. W. and J. W. Sauls. [n.d.] The mango industry in Florida. IFAS Bulletin . 189, Gainsesville, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. Zanoni, T. A. 1991. The royal palm on the island of Hispaniola. Principes 35(1):134142. Zar, J.H. 1984. Biostatistical Analysis, 2nd edition. Engelwood Cliffs, Prentice-Hall, Inc. Zarate, S.P. 1987. Taxonomic identity of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit. with . a new combination. Phytologia .63:304-306. Zona, S. 1993. Notes on Roystonea in Cuba.Principes 35(4):225-233. Index of Common and Scientific Tree Names Scientific names adopted in this book are shown in bold-faced italics. All other scientific names appear in ordinary italics. "Family names are capitalized and bold-fa"ced". Common names appear in ordinary type. -Aabanicaatinga, 261 "abbe marron, 297 abbe rouge, 261 abe mawon, 208, 303 abejuelo," 287 abey, 71, 244, 260-262 abey blanco, 263 abey hembra, 261,262 abey moruro, 261 abricot, 248 abricot marron, 266 abricotier, 248 abricotier batard, 234 abricotier de St. Domingue, 248 abricotier des Antilles, 248 aburridero, 255 acacia, 119, 145,255,256,259,260 Acacia,4,30, 112, 120, 122, 135,304,332 Acacia acicularis, 255 acacia amarilla, Ill, 256, 264 Acacia ambigua, 256 Acacia arabica var. indica, 256 Acacia aroma, 255 Acacia auriculaeformis. See Acacia auriculiformis Acacia auriculiformis, 155, 184,255,303 Acacia barahonensis, 255 Acacia berteriana, 263 Acacia caracasana, 258 Acacia cumanensis, 3, 262 acacia de los masones, 261 Acacia deamii, 226 Acacia decurrens, 255 Acacia decurrens var. decurrens, 255 Acacia decurrens var. moWs, 255 acacia du Senegal, 256 Acaciafarnesiana, 155, 184,208,226,227,255, 332 Acacia flexuosa, 255 Acacia glauca, 119, 260 AcaCia guachapele, 256 Acacia haematomma, 258 Acacia haematostoma, 258 acacia jaune, 255 Acacia latisiliqua, 71, 260 Acacia lebbeck, 256 Acacia lentiscifoiia, 262 Acacia longepedata, 256 Acacia lutea, 255 Acacia macracantha, 184,205,208,255,318, 332 Acacia macrocanthoides, 255 Acacia mearnsii, 184, 255 Acacia melanoxylon, 184,255 Acacia moWsima, 255 Acacia muricata, 184,256 acacia negra, 255 Acacia neriifolia, 256 Acacia nilotica, 184 Acacia nilotica ssp. indica, 256 Acacia nilotica var. indica, 256 acacia noir, 256 Acacia nudiflora, 256 acacia nudosa, 256 acacia odorant, 255 acacia palida, 119,260 Acacia pellacantha, 255 Acacia pennatula, 226, 227 Acacia peregrina, 261 acacia piquant, 255 Acacia procera, 256 Acacia pseudotrichodes, 260 acacia puertoriguena, 258 Acacia revoluta, 257 acacia rouge, 256 Acacia rupestris, 256 acacia saline, 256 Acacia scleroxyla, 184,205,208,226,227,256, 309,317,330 Acacia senegal ssp. senegalensis var. verek, 256 Acacia senegal var. senegal, 256 "Acacia subinermis, 255 Acacia tortuosa, 4, 134, 184, 205, 224, 226, 229, 256,304,332 Acacia trispinosa, 256 Acacia verek, 256 Acacia vogeliana, 256, 331 Acacia westiana, 256 acajou, 47, 233, 273 acajou a planches, 63, 273 acajou blanc, 39, 297 acajou du Honduras, 47, 273 acajou du Venezuela, 47, 273 351 352 Index acajou etranger, 47, 273 acajou femelle, 63, 273 acajou pays, 47, 273 acajou sauvage, 246 Acajuba occidentalis, 233 acana, 296 acana blanca, 296 Acanthorriza argentea, 239 acebo cubano de sierra, 237 acebo de sierra, 237 aceitillo, 292 aceituna, 39, 255, 270, 297 aceituna americana, 275 aceituno, 275, 297, 299 acerola, 270 Acharadelpha mammosa, 297 achetillo, 268 achiote, 242 achiotillo, 287 Achras mammosa, 297 Achras salicifolia, 295' Achras zapota, 296 Achras zapota var. zapotilla, 296 Achras zapotilla, 296 Acnistus arborescens, 184,298,304,312 acomat, 250, 296 acomat batard, 254 acomat marron, 295 acomatrouge, 295 A.crocomia aculeata, 156, 185,238,319,320 Acrocomia media, 238. Acrocomia quisqueyana, 238 Acrodiclidium wrightii, 268 . Adansonia baobab, 242 Adansonia digitata, 163, 208, 242, 324 Adansonia situla, 242 Adansonia somalensis, 242 Adansonia sphaerocarpa, 242 Adelia acidoton, 255 Adelia bernardia, 252 Adelia pedunculosa, 251 Adelia porulosa, 284 Adelia ricinella, 185, 251, 315, 330 Adelia segregata, 284 adellfa, 235 Adenanthera pavonina, 185,208,256,321,328 Adenaria floribunda, 269 Adenoropium multifidum, 254 Adipera bicapsularis, 263 Adipera indecora, 263 Adipera laevigata, 263 adonis, 302 ADOXACEAE, 233 Aechynomene grandiflora, 268 Aeria vinifera, 240 Aeschrion excelsa, 297 Aeschrion excelsa microcarpa, 297 Aeschrion selleana, 297 Aeschynomene aculeata, 264 Aeschynomene aristata, 261 Aeschynomene bispinosa, 264 Aeschynomene sesban, 264 African oil palm, 239 African tuliptree, 241 agalla de costa, 291 Agati grandiflora, 264 agravilla, 287 aguacate, 105, 268 aguacate cimarron, 282 aguacatiIlo, 245, 252, 267, 268, 287, 289, 293 aguacatiIlo cimarron, 282 . aguacero, 246, 298 aguacero cimarron, 251 aguedita, 297 aguedita blanca, 265 aguedita macho, 265 Agyneia berterii, 254 ahoga becerro, 255 ahoguey blanco, 290 ahouai des Antilles, 236 aile, 241 aite, 253 ajicillo, 298 ajorca jfbaro, 255 akasya, 155, 303 Akea solitaria, 294 akee, 294 Akeesia africana, 294 aken, 303 aki,210, 294, 303 Aklema cotinifolia, 253 Aklema cotinoides, 253 Aklema petiolare, 253 akoma, 196,216, 303 akoma b1an, 303 akoma fran, 303 akoma jon, 303 akoma mawon, 303 akoma wouj, 303 lilamo, 271, 274 alamo blanco, 271 alamo jagiiey, 274 alba, 292 a1bizia, 256 Albizia berteroana, 263 Albizia carbonaria, 262 Albizia guachapele, 185,226,227,256 Albizia lebbeck, 135, 156, 185,208,256,308, 309,331 Albizia procera, 157, 185,256 Albizia saman, 25, 157, 185,208,256,315,329 Albizzia. See Albizia a1bopan, 274 alborillo, 290 albulito, 246 alcanfor, 250, 267 Index 353 alcanfor del Jap6n, 267 Alchornea glandulosa var. floribunda, 252 Alchornea haitiensis, 252 Alchornea latifolia, 185,208,252,307,308,310, 312,315,328 Alchorneopsis floribunda, 185, 252 Alchorneopsis portoricensis, 252 alder, 241 Alectoroctonum petiolare, 253 alelaila, 235, 273 alelf, 235, 236 alelf blanco, 235 alelf cimarr6n, 235 alelf de la Mona, 235 alelf falso, 298 alelfa, 235 alerit, 303 aleurites, 252 A leurites, 326 Aleurites fordii, 208, 252 Aleurites moluccana, 185,208,252,303,326 Aleurites triloba, 252 Aleurites trisperma, 252 alfabeto chino, 253 alfiler, 293, 298 Algarobia juliflora, 3, 262 algarroba, 3, 260, 262 algarroba de olar, 256 algarrobillo, 258, 264 algarrobo, 256, 260, 293 algarrobo de las Antillas, 260 algarrobo de orejos, 259 algarrobodel pais, 256 algod6n becerro, 255 algod6n de seda, 240 algod6n extranjero, 240 alilaila, 273 aliso,241 alligator apple, 234 alligator pear, 105, 268 alligator wood, 273 Allophylus, 331 Allophylus cominia, 208, 293, 317 Allophylus crassinervis, 293 Allophylus domingensis, 293 Allophylus haitiensis, 293 Allophylus montanus, 293 Allophylus occidentalis, 185,208,293,317,331 Allophylus racemosus, 293 Allophylus rigidus, 293, 308 allspice, 281 allurement, 266 almacigo, 244 almacigo blanco, 244 almacigo colorado, 244 almacigo extranjero, 145,259 almendra, 248 almendrillo, 273, 289, 295 almendrito, 268, 289 almendro, 253, 273, 289 almendro de costa, 283 almendro de la India, 248 almendr6n, 248, 289 almez, 301 almira, 269 almorrana, 289 Alnus acuminata, 185 Alnus acuminata ssp. acuminata, 241 Alnus acutissima, 241 Alnus castanaefolia, 241 Alnus ferruginea, 241 Alnus jorullensis var. acuminata, 241 Alnus jorullensis var. ferruginea, 241 Alnus jorullensis var. mirbelli, 241 Alnus lanceolota, 241 Alnus lindeni, 241 Alnus spachii, 241 aloe wood, 243 aloe yucca, 268 alpargata, 244 alquitira, 244 Alsophila aquilina, 249 Alsophila hotteana, 249 . Alsophila minor, 249 Alsophila woodwardioides, 249 Alvaradoa amorphoides, 226, 227 Alvaradoa haitiensis, 208, 297, 303, 331 amacey, 244, 258 amacey hembra, 244 amande, 248 amandier, 289 amandier a grandes feuilles, 289 amandier apetites feuilles, 289 amandier des Indes, 248 amandier tropical, 248 amansa guapo, 246, 247, 255, 270 amansa hombre, 270 amansa protranca, 293 amapola, 241, 259, 270 amapola de cerca, 259 amapola de sombra, 259 amarguillo, 301 arne veritable, 274 American brunfelsia, 298 American elder, 233 American elderberry, 233 American plum, 289 Amerimnum latifolium, 260 Amoelocera cubensis, 301, 305 Amomis anisomera, 281 Amomis caryophyllata, 281 Amomis caryophyllata var. grisea, 281 Amomis grisea, 281 Amomis ozua, 281 Amomis pauciflora, 281 amor plat6nico, 256 JS4 Index amor seco, 265 amor y celos, 145, 259 amorette male, 298 amorette marron, 298 amoroso, 292 amouret, 202, 303 amouret mal, 303 amouret mawon, 202, 303 amourette, 256, 298 Amrad gum, 256 Amyris, 185,205,305 Amyris apiculata, 291 Amyris balsamifera, 208, 291 Amyris diatrypa, 291 Amyris elemifera, 291, 311, 331 Amyris hypelate, 294 Amyris maritima, 291 Amyris plumieri, 291 Amyris robinson ii, 294 Amyris sylvatica, 291 Amyris toxifera, 234 anacagiiita, 243,299 anacahuita, 299 anacarde, 233 ANACARDIACEAE, 233 Anacardium occidentale, 40,87, 157, 185,209, 233,317,326,327 Anadenanthra pergrina, 261 Anamomis bahamensis, 282 Anamomis esculenta, 281 Anamomis fragrans, 280 Anamomis longipes, 282 Anamomis punctata, 280 anatto,242 Andes alder, 241 Andira inermis, 158, 185,209,256,309,328 Andira jamaicensis, 256 Andrachne cuneifolia, 254 angel's trumpet, 298 angela, 275 angelin, 256 anguila,279 ani,246 aniceto, 265 anil frances, 264 anis des bois, 285 anis etoile marron, 266 anis marron, 285 anis mawon, 219, 303 anis sauvage, 285 anis zetwal, 303 aniset, 303 anisette, 285 anisiUo, 285, 301 Anneslia caracasana, 258 Anneslia cubensis, 258 Anneslia haematostoma, 258 Anneslia minutifolia, 258 Anneslia pedicel/ata, 258 Annesliaportoricensis, 258 Annona,97,185,207,306,316,319 Annona cherimola. See Annona cherimolin Annona cherimolia, 209, 234, 311 Annona domingensis, 234 Annona dumertorum, 234 Annona frutescens, 234 Annona glabra, 209, 234, 320, 321, 323 Annona gracilis, 234 Annona laurifolia, 234 Annona micrantha, 234 Annona montana, 234, 320 Annona mucosa, 235 Annona muricata, 158,209,320 Annona obtusifolia, 235 Annona palustris, 234 Annona reticulata, 209, 235,316 Annona rosei, 235, 317 Annonasalicifolia,235 Annona squamosa, 147,209,235,316,327 Annona urbaninna, 235, 316, 323 ANNONACEAE, 234 ano,218,303 anon,235,260 anon de majagua, 260 anon de perro, 234, 235 anon de rio, 260 anoncillo, 260 anoncillo de majagua, 260 Antelaea azadirachta, 133, 273 antena, 253 Antherylium rohrii, 269 Antirhea lucida, 185,209,289,309,332· Antirhea resinosa, 290 Apalatoa spicata, 258 aperalejo, 250 APOCYNACEAE, 235 Applonesin paniculata, 226, 227 aquey del chiquito, 280 AQUIFOLIACEAE, 236 aquil6n,290 aquin, 258 arabo,192,251,303 arali gran fey, 303 Aralia arborea, 237 Aralia balfouriana, 237 Aralia capitata, 237 Aralia filicifolia, 237 Aralia guilfoylei, 237 ARALIACEAE, 237 aralie grandes feuilles, 238 arana, 283 aralia gato, 261,295 araucaria, 238 Araucaria excelsa, 238 Araucaria heterophylla, 158, 186,238,303 ARAUCARIACEAE, 238 Index 355 arbol de cera, 275 arbol de tung, 252 arbol de Washington, 274 arbol del seminario, 268 arbol del seso, 294 arbol del viajero, 275 arbol enano, 273 arbolllor6n, 252 arbolito, 246 arbor maurepasia, 259 arbre a bombes, 268 arbre a corail, 259 arbre apain, 274, 284 arbre a petites feuilles, 279 arbre a soie, 240 arbre au diable, 253 arbre de vie, 302 arbre soie, 240 arbre-a-fricasser, 294 arbre-a-savon, 294 Arcoa gonavensis, 256, 330 Ardisia, 310 Ardisia angustata, 276, 318 Ardisia brachypoda, 276 Ardisia coriacea, 276 Ardisia crenulata, 276 Ardisia domingensis, 276 Ardisia escalloniodes, 276 Ardisiafuertesii,276 Ardisia guadalupensis, 276 Ardisia maculata, 276 Ardisia obovata, 186,276 Ardisia panniculata, 276 . Ardisia picardae, 276 Ardisia pickeringia, 276 Ardisia serrulata, 276 areca, 239 Areca lutescens, 239 ARECACEAE, 238 arepa, 252 arete, 283 arito,298 armira,269 arneau, 283 arobillo, 251 arokariya, 158, 186, 303 aroma, 3, 255, 256, 262 aroma amarilla, 255 aroma blanca, 119,260 aroma boba, 119, 260 aroma extranjera, 261 aroma francesa, 256 aroma mansa, 119, 260 arraijan, 275,279, 280 arraijan blanco, 278 arrayan, 243, 275-277, 279, 280 arrayan bobo, 276 arrayan colorado lobo, 279 arriero, 238 arroyo, 293 Artocarpus, 186 Artocarpus altilis, 209, 274, 321, 332 Artocarpus brasiliensis, 274 Artocarpus communis, 274 Artocarpusheterophyllus, 209, 274, 316 Artocarpus incisus, 274 Artocarpus integer, 274 Artocarpus integrifolius, 274 Artocarpus maxima, 274 Artocarpus philippensis, 274 aruBa gato, 292 ASCLEPIADACEAE, 240 Asimina blain;;, 235 Aspidosperma cuspa, 209, 235, 304, 321, 322 Aspidospenna domingensis, 235 ASTERACEAE, 240 astroemia, 269 astromelia, 269 astromeria, 269 atabaiba, 235, 236 ataiba rosada, 236 ateje, 243 ateje amarillo, 243 ateje americano, 243 ateje cimarron, 243 ateje costa, 243 ateje de costa, 243 ateje globoso, 243 ateje hembra, 243 ateje macho, 243 atejillo, 243 Ateleia gummifer, 257, 309 Ateleia herbert-smithii, 226, 227 Ateleia microcarpa, 257 Ateramnus lucidus, 253 Ateramnus pal/ens, 253 Atropa arborescens, 298 Attalea crassispatha,79, 238, 318, 331 attrape-sot, 265 Aulomyrcia citrifolia, 280 Aulomyrcia coriacea, 280 Aulomyrcia leptoclada, 280 auquey,272,280 auquey blanco, 280 auquey bobo, 272 auquey prieto, 280 Aurantium acre, 291 Aurantium sinensis, 292 Australian acacia, 255 Australian beefwood, 246 Australian blackwood, 255 Australian corkwood tree, 264 ausuba, 296 ausubo, 281, 296 auzua,281 auzubo,281 356 Index avellana, 253, 254 avellana criolla, 243, 254 avellano,252 avellano criollo, 252 avellano de America, 254 avellano de costa, 254 Averrhoa, 332 Averrhoa acida, 254 Averrhoa bilimbi, 209, 284, 304, 333 Averrhoa carambola, 186, 284, 304, 318, 320, 333 Avicennia germinans, 159, 186, 209, 302, 323, 324,326 Avicennia marina, 302 A~icennia nitida, 302 avispillo, 254, 267, 284 avocado, 105, 268 avocat, 105, 268 avocat marron, 245, 289 avocatier, 105, 268 ayay,301 ayitye,303 ayua, 292 ayua amarilla, 292 ayu"a macho, 292 ayua varia, 292 ayuda, 292 Azadirachta indica, 111, 112, 127, 132-143, 159, 186,205,208,209,224-226,229,230,273, 326 azahar,292 azahar de jardin, 292 azota criollo, 252, 260, 291 azota potranca, 257 aiota-caballo, 302 azucarero, 244 " azucares, 300 azulejo, 254, 302 -BBaccharis. See ASTERACEAE bacona, 252 bacona morada, 71, 260 Bactris chaetophylla, 238 Bactris cubensis, 238, 269 Bactris globosa, 238 Bactris jamaicana, 238 Bactrisplumeriana, 209, 238, 319, 331 baculo,264 badannier, 248 badanye, 303 badiana, 266 Badiera domingensis, 286 Badiera fue~tesii, 286 Badiera penaea, 286 Badiera portoricensis, 286 badula,276 baga, 234, 290 " bagage a collier, 236 bagaj akolye, 303 baie a onde, 258 baitoa,301 bala de canon, 268 balai de montagne, 247 balai four, 245 balai velours, 245 balata,296 balat~, 296 balate,296 balay fou, 303 balay mon, 303 balsa, 242 balsam amyris, 291 balsam fig, 247 balsamo, 279, 290, 302 balsamo de conconate, 261 balsamo de Guatemala, 261 balsamo de sonsonate, 261 balsamo del Peru, 261 balsamo real, 290 bamboo palm, 239 bambou, 209, 285, 303 bambU,285 bambUa,285 Bambusa vulgaris, 209, 285,303 ban, 303 banana, 275 bananne, 275 Banara domingensis, 264 Banara ekmaniana, 264 Banara excisa, 264 Banara hotteana, 264 Banara quinquenervis, 264 BanaraseUeana,264 Banara splendens, 264 Banisteria laurifolia, 270 Banisteria pubiflora, 270 bannann,174,217,303,335 baobab, 242 Barbados cherry, 270 Barbados pride, 257 barbasco, 245, 300 barcillo, 119,260 baria,247 bariaco, 288 barrehomo, 282 barringtonia, 268 Barringtonia asiatica, 268 Barringtonia speciosa, 268 BARRINGTONIACEAE. See LECYTHIDACEAE basilic arbre, 256 basket wiss, 285 Bassia albescens, 296 bastard brasiletto, 249 Index 357 bastard breadnut, 275 bastard cabbage, 256 bastard cedar, 273, 299. bastard hog cherry, 254 bastard mahogany, 256 bastard mammee, 247 bastard nicarago, 257 bastard tamarind, 261 bata kayman, 304 baton casse, 258 baton de sorcier, 259 baton kas, 188,211,304 baton sosiye, 192,214,304 battre acaYman, 260 Bauhinia acuminata, 257 Bauhinia aurita, 257 Bauhinia divaricata, 209, 307, 319, 324, 331 Bauhinia divaricata var. angustiloba, 257 Bauhinia divaricata var. divaricata, 257 Bauhinia kappleri, 257 Bauhinia krugii, 257 Bauhinia monandra, 186,209,257,311, 316, 318 Bauhinia porrecta, 257 Bauhinia variegata, 186, 257 . baume anglais, 267 bay cedar, 297 bay-rum, 281 bay rum tree, 281 bayahon,3,262 bayahonda,3,255,258,262 bayahonda blanca, 3, 261, 262 bayahonda de la Virgen, 258 bayahonde,3,262 bayahonde franc;ais, 3, 262 bayahonderouge,256 bayarone, 262 bayawonn,2-11,176,200,206,219,304 bayawonn fran, 3, 304 bayawonn wouj, 304 bayberry tree, 281 bayonet, 268 . bayonet, 304 bayoneta, 268 . bayonette, 268 bayua, 292 bead tree, 273 beaumortel, 259 Beilschmiedia pendula, 186,267,308 bejuco de barraco, 289. bejuco de berac, 289 bejuco de canasta, 285 bejuco de canasta blanco, 285 bejuco de nasa, 285 bejuco de palma, 285 bejuco de peseta, 258, 259 bejuco de serna blanco, 259 bejuco de varraco, 270 bejuco de verraco, 270, 289 bejuco ingles, 245 bejuco timaque, 289 beladonn, 184, 304 belah,246 belladone,298 ben, 275 ben oleitere, 275 Benjamin fig, 274 benzoliv, 174, 197,217,304 benzolive, 275 berenjena cimarrona, 298 berenjena de gallina, 298 berenjena de paloma, 298 berijua, 250 Bernardia bernardia, 252 Bernardia carpinifolia, 252 Bernardia dichotoma, 186,252 berron,281 Berrya cubensis, 301 Besleria. See GESNERIACEAE BETULACEAE,241 Beureria. See Bourreria biajama, 260 bien vestida, 145,259 big-leaf mahogany, 47, 273 bigarade orange, 291 bigleaf leafflower, 254 Bignonia longissima, 29, 241 Bignonia quercus, 29, 241 Bignonia stans, 241 BIGNONIACEAE,241 bija, 242, 298 bija cimarrona, 252 bijaguara, 13, 287 bijilla, 252 bijillo, 252 bijo macho, 252 bijote,268 bilimbi, 284 birchberry, 279, 280 birijagua, 13, 287 .bitijf, 279 birrete de arzobispo, 268 bisiette marron, 254 bissy,298 bitter damson, 39, 297 bitter orange, 291 bitter-ash, 236, 297 . bitterbush, 236, 297 bitterwood,297 Bixa katangensis, 242 Bixa orellana, 186,210,242,311,332 BIXACEAE, 242 biziyet mawon, 304 black candlewood, 267 black fiddlewood, 302 black ironwood, 288 black lancewood, 235 358 Index black mampoo, 282 black mangrove, 302 black mulberry, 275 black olive, 248 black torch, 289 black velvet, 13, 287 black wattle, 245, 255 black-calabash, 241 black-cherry, 279 blackbead, 262 blackberry, 290 BLECHNACEAE, 242 Blechnum underwoodianum, 242 Blighia sapida, 210, 294, 303, 321 blimblin, 284 blinblin,209,284,304 blinblinlong,304 blinblinlongue,284 blue gum, 278 blue mahoe, 270 boafierro, 288 Bocconiafrutescens, 186,210,284,306,307,321 bohahunda, 3,262 bois a cochon, 248 . bois acajou, 279 bois amer, 39, 266 bois amer blanc, 235, 273 bois ami, 269 bois arada, 273 bois bande, 300 bois bay-rhum, 281 bois blanc, 39, 252, 292, 297, 301 bois blanc grandes feuilles, 301 bois bourrique, 245 bois bourro, 119,260 bois brfilant, 255 bois brule, 295 bois ca, 264 bois cabrit, 263, 290, 291 bois caca, 245, 269 bois cachiman, 235 bois cafe, 253 bois caiman, 260, 261, 279 bois cale~on, 257 bois campeche, 259, 293 bois canon, 274 bois canot, 238 bois capable, 13,247 bois capitaine, 270 bois cassave, 282, 300 bois cassave sylvestre, 283 bois chandelle, 256, 285, 291 bois chapeau, 243 bois chene, 29, 241 bois chique, 243 bois cochon, 237, 244 bois cochon marron, 244 bois codine, 284 bois collier, 262 bois coq, 250, 274 bois coq d'Inde, 284 bois corne, 269 bois cotelette, 252, 253, 272 bois couleuvre, 245, 294 bois coure, 295 bois crapaud, 252, 276 bois d' amour, 280 bois d'anjou, 237, 238 bois d'anneau, 260, 263 bois d'argent, 245 bois d'ebene, 261 bois d'encens, 244 bois d'homme, 299 bois d'huile bord de mer, 289 bois d'Inde, 243, 280, 295 bois d'Inde fran~ais, 2~1 bois d'Inde marron, 293, 300 bois d'ine, 280 bois d'ine franc, 281 bois d'ine fran~ais, 281 bois d' ine marron, 300 bois d'ine petites feuilles, 279 bois d'orme, 250, 265, 299 bois d'ortie, 301, 302 bois d'ortie blanche, 301 bois d'ortie rouge, 301 bois de coq, 284 bois de couille, 245 bois de fer, 13, 284, 287, 288 bois de fer blanc, 13,284 bois de graines, 294 bois de graines noirs, 294 bois de haut, 248 bois de hetre, 299 bois de houe, 237 bois de I' ail, 288 bois de l'encore, 290 bois de lance, 235 bois de lance batard, 235 bois de lance franc, 235 bois de meche, 245 bois de rose, 23, 243, 288 bois de roux, 248 bois de satanier, 294 bois de savane, 302 bois de soie, 250, 301 bois de soie marron, 250 bois de sureau, 285 bois de tremble, 276 bois dentelle, 301 bois dents marron, 272 bois diou, 248, 273 bois diou marron, 273 bois douleur, 290 bois doux, 267 bois du sip, 241 Index 359 bois ebene, 243, 288 bois ecorce, 261 bois epineux, 292 bois espagnol, 233 bois fer blanc, 287 bois fer marron, 288 bois fetide, 245 bois feuilles blanches, 301 bois flambeau, 293 bois flambeau noir I' epineux, 293 bois fou-fou, 290 bois fourmi, 246 bois franc, 233 bois frene, 39, 297 bois galle, 261 bois' gar\on, 253 bois graine, 266 bois graine noire, 266 bois gris-gris, 248 bois guepes, 252 bois guepois, 280 bois haut-goOt, 280 bois huile, 296 bois immortel, 259 bois immortel vrai, 259 bois ivrant, 262 bois jambette, 302 boisjaune,265,274 bois jaunisse, 284 bois jean louis, 300 bois la fievre, 295 bois lait, 235, 236, 255 bois lait femelle, 236 bois lait male, 236 bois laitelle, 291 bois laiteux febrifuge, 236 bois lezard, 302 bois loraille, 273 bois lubin, 285 bois mabel, 249 bois mabi, 13,287 bois madame, 242 bois major, 285 bois mal aux dents, 252 bois marbre, 253 bois margot, 248 bois marron, 273 bois merise, 275 bois moutarde, 245 bois mulatre, 234, 280 bois mOlet, 294 bois myrte, 279 bois nago, 241, 263 bois nan non, 261 bois negre, 293 bois negresse, 237, 265, 297 bois neuf, 275 bois noir, 235, 243, 245, 256, 267, 296 bois noyaux, 285 bois noyer, 292 bois pagnol, 233 bois pale, 247, 263 bois palmiste, 256 bois patate, 289 bois paupit, 243 bois peine, 292 bois pele, 13,287 bois petit gar\on, 247, 297 bois petite feuille, 244 bois petites feuilles, 279 bois pigeon, 271 bois pin, 285 bois pine, 292 bois pine blanc, 292 bois pini, 292 bois pite, 287 bois plomb, 276 bois poisson, 297 bois poivre, 295 bois poulette, 269 bois poupee, 243 bois puant, 245 bois raide, 250 bois raie, 301 bois rave, 245 bois rouge, 273, 286 bois sadine, 291 bois sagine, 284 bois saint, 302 bois saisissement, 236 bois sardine, 297 bois savane, 241, 256, 263,276,302 bois savonnette pays, 294 bois sec, 265 bois senegal, 245 bois senti, 257, 269 bois soumis, 23, 243 bois tabac, 290 bois tan, 246 bois tanniste rouge, 259 bois tremble, 276 bois trembler, 238 bois trompette, 274 bois vache, 252 bois vert, 300 bois vinette, 251 bois violet, 293 bois zed, 288 bois zet, 288 boj de Persia, 292 boje, 247 born zangle, 304 BOMBACACEAE, 242 Bombacopsis emarginata, 242, 319 Bombax angulata, 242 Bombax ellipticum, 242 360 Index Bombax emarginatum, 242 Bombax guineense, 242 Bombax orientale, 242 Bombax pentandrum, 242 Bombax pyramidale, 242 Bombax vitifolium, 248 bombillito, 271 bombo, 266 bon cai"mite, 295 bon gar~on, 253 bon gason, 304 bon kaymit, 304 bonbon capitaine, 270 bonbon chat, 243, 304 bonbon codine, 243, 285 bonbon coq d'Inde, 285 bonbon kapitenn, 216, 304 bonbon kodenn, 304 bonbon kbk denn, 304 Bonduc majus, 257 bonduc, 257 bonete de arzobispo, 268 boniatillo, 267 boniato laurel, 267 bonquito, 274 Bontia daphnoides, 186,210,275,312,324,326 BORAGINACEAE, 243 Bomoa crassispatha, 238 borrachona, 270 botija, 248 botoncillo, 248, 300 bot09cillo cimarr6n, 276 botdncillo de costa, 248 botree, 274 bott1ebrush, 277 boudou,273,304 boulet de canon, 268 boulet kanon, 213,304 Bourreria, 186 Bourreria domingensis, 243 Bourreria succulenta, 243, 317, 324 Bourreria succulenta var. canescens, 243 Bourreria virgata, 243 bousillette, 233 bouziyet, 304 bow pigeon, 286 . box-briar, 291 boxleaf eugenia, 279 bracaatinga, 261 bracatinga, 261 brasil,257 brasilete bastardo, 297 brasilete falso, 297 brasilete negro, 257 Brassaia actinophylla, 237 Brazil pepper tree, 234 Brazilian rose, 248 bread-and-cheese, 262 breadfruit, 274 breadnut, 274 break-axe, 250 breakbill, 295 bresillet, 233, 257 bresillet batard, 273 bresillette, 251 breva, 274 Breynia indica, 245 breziyet, 190,213,304 breziyet bata, 304 brignolle, 279 brikal, 192, 304 bril,304 brille, 279 brillol, 288 brilloso, 291 bririybl, 192, 304 briqueta, 237 briqueta naranjo, 237 briser menage, 263 brisiette, 233 brisselet, 251 brittle thatch palm, 240 briybl, 201, 304 brize menaj, 220, 304 briziyet, 304 broad-leaved blolly, 283 broomstick, 273 Brosimum spurium, 275 brucal,259 brucayo, 259 Brunellia comocladiifolia, 186 Brunellia comocladiifolia ssp. domingensis, 249, 308 BRUNELLIACEAE. See CUNONIACEAE Brunfelsia americana, 298 brusca, 263 brusc6n, 263, 264 bucare, 259 bucare enano, 259 bucayo, 259 bucayo gigante, 259 bucayo haitiano, 259 buccaneer palm, 240 Bucephalon racemosum, 275 Bucerus bucida, 248 Buchenavia capitata, 159,186,248,306,308,315 Bucida angustifolia, 248 Bucida buceras, 160, 187,210,248,306,308, 314,315 Bucida capitata, 248 Bucida spinosa, 248 buckthorn forestiera, 284 buen pan, 274 buffalo top, 240 buis, 292 buis benit, 286 Index 361 buis de sable, 253 bulbstern yucca, 268 bullock's heart, 235 bully tree, 297 Bumelia anomala, 295 Bumelia cubensis, 187,295,305,331 Bumelia dominicana, 295 Bumelia ferruginea, 295 Bumelia heterophylla, 295 Bumelia integra, 295 Bumelia obovata var. obovata, 295 Bumelia parvifolia, 295 Bumelia pentagona, 295 Bumelia salicifolia, 187,295,303,310,320,325, 329,330 Bumelia sericea, 295 bun,292 Bunchosia, 309 Bunchosia glandulosa, 187,210,269,306,309 Bunchosia media, 269 Bunchosia nitida, 269, 304, 318 burro, 245 Bursera brunea, 243 Bursera glauca, 244 Bursera gracilipes, 244 Bursera gummifera, 244 Bursera nashii, 244 Bursera ovalifolia, 244 Bursera ovata, 244 Bursera simaruba, 160, 187,205,210,244,311, 314 BURSERACEAE, 243 butterbough, 294 butterfly bauhinia, 257 butterfly palm, 239 button-mangrove, 248 BUXACEAE, 244 Buxus, 187 Buxus glomerata, 244, 310 buzunuco, 290 buzunuvo,290 bwa arne, 304 bwa arne blan, 304 bwaami,304 bwa anis, 304 bwa arada, 304 bwa bande, 195, 304 bwa berom, 305 bwa blan, 39, 178, 199,202,206,213,220,305 bwa blan gran fey, 305 bwa born, 305 bwa bourik, 188,305 bwa bouwo, 119,305 bwa prilan, 201, 305 bwa brile, 305 bwa chandel, 185,205,305 bwa chapo, 214, 305 bwa chenn, 29, 305 bwa chik, 166, 190,213,305 bwa dajan, 187,210, 305 bwa damou, 197,217,305 bwa dan mawon, 305 bwa danjou, 218, 305 bwa dano, 196, 220, 305 bwa dantel, 216, 305 bwa dehet, 305 bwa deho, 305 bwa denn, 187, 190,305 bwa denn franse, 199,218,305 bwa denn mawon, 203, 221, 305 bwa dinn, 305 bwa dinn fran, 305 bwa dinn franse, 305 bwa dinn mawon, 305 bwa dinn ti fey, 192, 305 bwa diou, 201, 305 bwa diou mawon, 305 bwa djab, 305 bwa dom, 169, 194,215,306 bwa doti, 199,211,218,306 bwa doti blan, 306 bwa doti wouj, 306 bwa doule, 197,217,306 bwa ebenn, 201, 306 bwa ekos, 200, 219, 306 ,bwa fe, 13, 195,205,216,306 bwa fe blan, 13, 306 bwa fe mawon, 201, 306 bwa fetid, 306 bwa fey blanch, 189, 306 bwa foumi, 197,205,306 bwa fwenn, 39, 306 bwa gal,306 bwa gason, 306 bwa gep, 213, 306 bwa grenn, 196, 216, 306 bwa grenn nwa, 196, 216, 306 bwa grigri, 160,306 bwa ivran, 219, 306 bwa jambet, 192, 306 . bwa jan louwi, 306 bwajon, 189,211,306 bwajonis, 186,210,306 bwa ka, 306 bwa kabrit, 202, 206, 220, 306 bwa kachiman, 306 bwa kajou, 306 bwa kaka, 187, 188,205,210,306,307 bwa kalson, 209,307 bwa kampech, 307 bwa kano, 177, 202, 220, 307 bwa kanon, 307 bwa kapab, 13, 202, 220, 307 bwa kasav, 195, 307 bwa kasav silves, 193, 307 bwa kayman, 192, 196,200,216,219,307 362 Index bwa kochon, 203, 218, 221, 307 bwa kochon mawon, 307 bwa kodinn, 307 bwa kok, 202, 220, 307 bwa kok denn, 186,210,307 bwa kolye, 200, 307 bwakon, 307 bwa kotlet, 191, 192, 307 bwa koulev, 193,307 bwa koure, 307 bwa krapo, 185,208,307 bwa kwil, 307 bwa lafiev, 307 bwa lans, 199, 218, 307 bwa lans bata, 307 bwa lans fran, 307 bwa let, 201, 210, 307 bwa let (emel, 201, 219, 308 bwa let mal, 203, 221, 308 bwa letel, 308 bwaleza, 182,204,308 bwa liben, 200, 308 bwa loray, 221, 308 bwa mabel, 186, 308 bwa mabi, 13, 190,213, 308 bwa mabre, 194,215,308 bwa madam, 308 bwa mago, 186, 308 bwa majo, 200, 219, 308 bwa malodan, 308 bwa mawon, 308 bwa meriz, 201, 308 bwa milat, 197,217,308 bwa milet, 193, 308 bwa mit, 192, 308 bwa motel, 192,214,308 bwa motel vre, 308 bwa moutad, 308 bwa nago, 201, 203, 219, 308 bwa nannon, 198, 308 bwa nef, 204, 221, 308 bwa nef ramo, 308 bwa neg, 308 bwa neges, 188, 191,214,308 bwa nwa, 186, 194,308 bwa nwayo, 308 bwa pal, 190,201,212,219,308 bwa palmis, 158, 185, 209, 309 bwa panyol, 190,213,309 bwa patat, 185,209,309 " bwa pen, 161, 175, 176, 199,200,218,309 bwa penn, 309 bwa pijon, 197,309 bwa pine, 182,204,309 bwa pine blan, 309 bwa pini, 309 bwa pit, 309 bwa pIe, 12-21, 166, 190,213,309 bwa plom, 198, 309 bwa popit, 309 bwa poulet, 187, 210, 309 bwa poupe, 309 bwa pwason, 218, 309 bwa pwav, 309 bwa pwiant, 309 bwa rai, 189, 309 bwa raid, 191,309 bwa ray, 211, 309 bwa rogou, 309 bwa sadinn, 309 bwa saginn, 309 bwa santi, 309 bwa sasiye bata, 309 bwa sasiye mawon, 309 bwa satanye, 309 bwa savann, 182, 184,208,221,309 bwa savon, 309 bwa savonet peyi, 309 bwa sek, 309 bwa sen, 309 bwa senegal, 210, 310 bwa sezisman, 204, 221, 310 bwa sip, 310 bwa siwo, 310 bwa soumi, 22-27, 166, 191,213,310 bwa swa, 204, 310 bwa swa mawon, 197,217,310 bwa tanis wouj, 167, 192,214,310 bwa ti fayi, 310 bwa ti ret, 310 bwa ti rey, 187, 192,310 bwa ti gason, 199,218,310 bwa tramble, 310 bw~ twompet, 310 bwa vach, 310 bwa velou, 310 bwa wil, 196, 310 bwa wouj, 169, 193,215,310 bwa woz, 23, 310 bwa zed, 310 bw"a zet, 310 bwis, 310 bwis beni, 310 bwis sab, 310 Byra buxifolia, 257, 314 Byrsonima, 307 Byrsonima berteroana, 269 Byrsonima coriacea var. coriacea, 269 " Byrsonima coriacea var. spicata, 270 Byrsonima crassifolia, 187,210,269 Byrsonima cubensis, 269 Byrsonima cuneata, 270 Byrsonima lucida, 187,270 Byrsonima spicata, 160, 187,210,270,321,331 Index 363 -cCaballeriaferruginea, 276 cabalonga, 236 cabbage angelin, 256 cabbag~ bark, 256 cabello de angel, 257 cabellos de angel, 256 cabilma, 273 cabima, 273 cabirma, 273 cabirma de Guinea, 273 cabirma santa, 273 cabo de hacha, 273 caborf,264 cabra, 269, 301 cabra blanca, 284; 291 cabra cimarrona, 247 cabra hedionda, 269 cabra santa, 284, 291 cabrima aromatica, 267 cabrita, 269 .caca chien, 245 caca poule, 272 caca ravet, 284 cacabeque, 263 cacache,245 cacaillo, 251, 293 cacajuil, 233 cacao, 299 cacao amarillo, 299 cacao bobo,293 cacao cimarron, 242, 251, 293 cacao criollo, 299 . cacao de montagne, 300 cacao forastero, 299 cacao morado, 299 Cacao theobroma, 299 cacaotier, 299 cacaoyer, 299 cacheo,239,240 cachiman, 234, 235 cachiman cannelle, 235 cachiman cochon, 235 cachiman coeur de boeuf, 235 cachiman la Chine, 234 cachiman marron, 235, 266 cachiman montagne, 235 cachiman sauvage, 266 cachiman zombie, 235 cachimbo, 236, 290 cachimbo comun, 291 cachimbo de mona, 291 cachimbo grande, 291 cackalaka berry, 298 cacorne marron, 258 CACTACEAE, 244 cactier, 244 cacto, 244, 253 cacto columnar, 244 cactus, 244 cadeno, 256 Caesalpinia, 304, 318, 319 Caesalpinia bahamensis, 257 Caesalpinia barahonensis, 257 Caesalpinia barkeriana, 257 Caesalpinia bijuga, 257 Caesalpinia bonduc, 210, 257, 315 Caesalpinia brasiliensis, 257 Caesalpinia buchU, 257 Caesalpinia ciliata, 210, 257, 332 Caesalpinia coriaria, 48, 187,205,210,226,227, 257,312,315,321 Caesalpinia eriostachys, 226-228 Caesalpiniaferruginea, 261 Caesalpinia globulorum, 257 Caesalpillia grisebachiana, 257 Caesalpinia illermis, 261 Caesalpinia major, 257 Caesalpillia monospenna, 264 Caesalpillia pellucida, 257 Caesalpinia praecox, 258 Caesalpinia pulcherrima; 210, 257, 314, 323, 328 Caesalpinia thomaea, 257 Caesalpinia velutina, 226, 228 Caesalpinia vesicaria, 210, 257 cafe, 289 cafe cimarron, 265, 290, 291, 302 cafe d'Ethiopie, 269 cafe de gallina, 265 cafe de monte, 265 cafe forastero, 269 cafe grand bois, 253 cafe jaune, 293 cafe marron, 243,265,293,297,302 cafe sauvage, 302 cafecillo, 243 cafeier, 289 cafeillo, 253, 290 cafetlin. 265, 290, 291 cafetillo, 265, 290 cafeto, 289 caguinf, 296 caiman, 260 caiman franc, 269 caiman, 242 calmite, 295, 296 calmite des jardins, 295 calmite franche, 295 calmite marron, 296 ca"imite sauvage, 296 calmitier, 295 calmitier Ii feuilles d'or, 295· calmitier ferrugineux, 296 calmitier marron, 296 calmitier olivaire, 296 364 Index caimitillo, 272, 295, 296 caimitillo de perro, 296 caimito, 295, 296 caimito blanco cimarron, 295 caimito cimarron, 247, 295, 296 caimito cocuyo, 295, 296 caimito.de perro, 247, 296 caimito verde, 295 caimon, 276 caimonf, 269, 276 caimonicillo, 276 cainco,289 Cainito pomiferum, 295 caja, 293 caja comun, 293 cajoba, 256 cajon seco, 265 cajuil,233 cajuil cimarron, 269 cajuilito de Sulillllm, 282 Cajuputi leucadendra, 280 ca1abasa, 241 calabash, 241 ca1ambrefia, 287 calceo1aria shower, 264 ca1ebasse, 241 ca1ebasse marron, 241 ca1ebasse zombie, 241 ca1ebassier, 241 California pepper tree, 234 calla, 289 calle noire, 290 calliandra, 257 Calliandra calothyrsus, 128, 160,257,317 Calliandra caracasana, 258 Calliandra confusa, 257 Calliandra cubensis, 258 Calliandra falcata, 258 Calliandra formosa var. cubensis, 258 Calliandra haematocephala, 258 Calliandra haematomma, 258 Calliandra haematostoma var. minutifolia, 258 Calliandra hystrix, 262 Calliandr.a inaequilatera, 258 Calliandra latifolia, 264 Calliandra minutifolia, 258 Calliandra nervosa, 258, 331 Calliandra pedicellata, 258 Calliandra picardae, 258 Calliandra portoricensis, 258 Calliandra rivularis, 258 Calliandra schultzei, 258 Calliandra similis, 257 Calliandra surinamensis, 258 Calliandra urbanii, 258 calliandre, 257 Callistemon citrinus, 187,277 Callistemon lanceolatus, 277 ca1mante, 268 ca1mouc, 291 Calocarpum mammosum, 297 Calocarpum sapota, 297 Calophyllum antillarum, 247 Calophyllum brasiliense var.antillarum, 247 Calophyllum calaba, 160, 187,210,247,311,314 Calophyllum jacquini, 247 Calotropis procera, 187,210,240,310,320 Calycogonium, 187 Calycogonlum apiculatum, 271 Calyptracordia alba, 243 Calyptranthes, 187 Calyptranthes arborea, 277 Calyptranthes barkeri, 277 Calyptranthes bracteosa, 277 Calyptranthes chrysophylloides, 277 Calyptranthes chrysophylloides var. minor, 277 Calyptranthes collina, 277 Calyptranthes densifolia, 277 Calyptranthes depressa, 277 Calyptranthes grandis, 277 Calyptranthes heteroclada, 277 Calyptranthes hotteana, 277 Calyptranthes involucrata, 277 Calyptranthes marmeladensis, 277 Calyptranthes mornicola, 277 Calyptranthes myrcioides, 277 Calyptranthes nummularia, 277 Calyptranthes pallens, 277 Calyptranthes palustris, 277 Calyptranthes pitoniana, 277 Calyptranthes salicifolia, 277 Calyptranthes samuelssonii, 278 Calyptranthes sintenisii, 278, 331 Calyptranthes sordida, 278 Calyptranthes suzygium. See Calyptranthes syzygium Calyptranthes syzygium, 278 . Calyptranthes yaquensis, 278 Calyptrogenia bijlora, 278 Calyptrogenia cuspidata, 278 Calyptrogeniajeremiensis, 278 Calyptrogyne clementis, 238 Calyptrogyne dulcis, 238 Calyptrogyne intermedia, 238 Calyptrogyne microcarpa, 238 Calyptrogyne quisqueyana, 239 Calyptrogyne rivalis, 239 Calyptronoma clementis ssp. clementis, 238 Calyptronoma clementis ssp. orieritensis, 238 Calyptronoma dulcis, 238 Calyptronoma intermedia, 238 Calyptronoma microcarpa, 238 Calyptronoma plumeriana, 238, 311, 326 Calyptronoma quisqueyana, 239 Calyptronoma rivalis, 239, 326 camagiiilla, 276 Index 365 camaron, 249 camasey, 271, 272 camasey almendro, 271 camasey blanco, 272 camasey cenizo, 272 camasey ciatrocanales, 272 camasey colorado, 272 camasey de costilla, 272 camasey de paloma, 272 camasey felpa. 272 camasey peludo, 271 . camasey racimoso, 272 cambia VOZ, 247 cambron, 3, 255, 261, 262, 264, 291 Cameraria angustifolia, 235 Cameraria latifolia, 210, 235, 303, 307 Cameraria linearifolia, 235 camille, 245 Camirium moluccanum, 252 campana, 298 CAMPANULACEAE, 244 campeche, 119,259,260 campeche, 259 campeche marron, 262 campechier, 259 camphor tree, 267 camphre, 267 camphrier, 267 cana, 240 cafiafistol, 258, 264 cafiaffstola, 258 cafiaffstula, 258 cafiaffstula cimarrona, 258, 264 cafiafistula mansa, 258 cafiandonga, 258 cananga, 235 Cananga blain ii, 235 Cananga odorata, 187,210,235,316 Canangium odoratum, 235 canape, 294 Canary Island date palm, 239 canasta mexicana, 258 candela, 270 candelabre, 253 candelada, 270 candelero, 253 candelon, 256 candelon, 256,260, 261,262,287 candelon de teta, 261 candle nut, 252 candleberry, 269 candlewood, 237, 291 candlewood tree, 294 candon, 235 candongo, 235 canefice batard, 263 canela, 245, 267, 268 canela de la tierra, 245, 268 canela legitima, 267 canelilla, 245, 267, 268, 278, 281 canelillo, 268, 278, 281 canella, 245 Canella alba, 245 CaneUawinterana, 187,210,245,317,318 CANELLACEAE, 245 canelon, 268 caney, 284 canicha, 264 canilla de,nuerte, 285 canilla de venado, 302 canille, 245 canique, 257, 294 canne de Tobago, 238 cannelle, 245,267,268 cannelle abeille, 275 cannelle douce, 275 cannelle marron, 267 cannelle miel, 275 cannelle poivree, 245 cannellier, 267 cannonball tree, 268 caoba,47,273 caoba de Honduras, 47, 273 caoba de Santo Domingo, 47, 273 caoba dominicana, 47, 273 caoba hondurefia, 47, 273 caobanilla, 264 caobilla de costa, 252 caobo, 273 caoutchouc, 253, 274 cap berry, 268 capa, 23, 243 capa blanco, 302 capa bobo, 241 capa colorado, 243 capa de olor, 23; 243 capa de sabana, 23, 243, 302 capa 0 laurel, 23, 243 capa prieto, 23, 243 capa sabanero, 302 capable, 13,247,287 caparo, 243 caper tree, 245 capinillo, 261 capitaine, 270 CAPPARACEAE, 245 CAPPARIDACEAE. See CAPPARACEAE Capparis,205,307,309,310 Capparis amplissima, 245 Capparis amygdalina, 245 Capparis baducca, 245 Capparis coccolobifolia, 245 Capparis cynophaUophora, 187,210,245,305, 306,307,309,317 Capparis dolichopoda, 245, 332 Capparis emarginata, 245 366 Index Capparisferruginea, 210, 245,303,310 Capparisjlexuosa, 188,205,210,245,308 Capparisfrondos~,188,245,305,330 ' Capparis gonaivensis, 211, 245 Capparis grisebachii" 245 Capparis hastata, 188,245 Capparisincana, 245 Capparis indica, 188, 245 Capparis jamaicensis, 245 Capparis octandra, 245 Capparis odoratissima, 245 Capparis portoricensis, 245 Capparis torulosa, 245 caprice, 236 caprier rampant, 245 capucha de monje, 271 ' capulf,250 capulf cimarron, 301 capulinas, 250 cara de hombre, 284 carabana, 295 carabomba, 255, 256 caracol, 296 caraco1et, 296 caracolf, 71, 260, 262, 273 caraco1illo, 71, 260, 265 caracter de hombre, 252 caractere des hommes, 257 caraicillo, 294 cara1illo, 256 caralfn, 256 carambo1a, 284 carambo1d, 284 carambo1e, 284 caramboli, 243 carambolier, 284 carambomba, 264 carambouba, 255 carafia, 271 carapa, 273 Carapa guianensis, 188,211,273 carasco, 233 carbonero, 243, 287 carbonero de costa, 255, 287 cardinale rouge, 244 cardon, 244 careicillo, 284 careto real, 256 carga agua, 263 Caribbean pine, 285 Carica papaya, 161, 188,211,246,326 CARICACEAE, 246 carmoni, 276 carne de doncella, 270 carolina, 242 Carolinea princeps, 242 carosse, 238. carossier, 238 Carpodiptera, 306 Carpodiptera cubensis, 211, 301, 305, 306, 312 Carpodiptera hexaptera, 301 Carpodiptera simonis, 211, 301 carrasquefio, 267 carrasquillo, 261 carta abierta, 270 Caryophyllus aromaticus, 278 Caryophyllus jambos, 282 Caryophyllus racemosus, 281 carzazo, 257 casabito, 249 Casabitoa perfae, 297 casca hueso, 288 cascarille, 252 cascarita, 265 cascarroya, 288 cascarudo, 265 casco de mu10, 257 Casearia, 188 Casearia aculeata, 264, 327 Casearia arborea, 265 Casearia bicolor, 265 Casearia decandra, 265 Casearia guianensis, 205, 265, 317 Casearia hirsuta, 265 Casearia hirta, 264 Casearia ilicifolia, 265, 308, 327 Casearia nitida, 265 Casearia parviflora, 265 Casearia parvifolia, 265 Casearia punctata, 265 Casearia ramiflora, 265 Casearia schulzi~na, 265 Casearia spinescens, 265 Casearia spinosa, 264 Casearia stipularis, 265 Casearia sylvestris, 211 Casearia sylvestris var. myricoides, 265 Casearia sylvestris var. sylvestris, 265, 326 Casearia ulmifolia, 265 casha, 255 cashew, 233 casia, 111,256,264 casia de Siam, 111,264 casia siamea, 111, 264 Casimora edulis, 291 casmagua, 276 Casparea aurita, 257 Casparea divaricata, 257 Caspareopsis monandra, 257 , casse, 258 casse a baton, 263 casse de Siam, '111,264 casse doux, 258 casse espagno1e, 258 casse hache, 288 casse marron, 263, 264 Index 367 casse-hallier, 263 casser hache, 254 casser rage, 254 casser sec, 265 cassia, 111, 264 Cassia, 111,304,318 Cassia angllstisiliqua, 263 Cassia antillana, 263 Cassia arborea, 111, 264 Cassia arborescens, 263 Cassia atomaria, 263 Cassia berteriana, 263 Cassia bicapsularis var. indicora, 263 Cassia bicarpsularis var. pubescens, 263 Cassia brasiliana, 258 Cassia crista, 263 Cassia crista var. oligophylla, 263 Cassia domingensis, 263 Cassia elliptica, 263 Cassia emarginata, 263 Cassia fistula, 188; 211, 213, 258, 318 Cassia fitchiana, 263 Cassia floribunda, 263 Cassia florida, 111,264 Cassia frondosa, 263 Cassia gigantea, 111, 264 Cassia grandis, 188,211,258 Cassia haitiensis, 263 Cassia humboldtiana, 264 Cassia indecora, 263 . Cassiajavanica, 188,258 Cassia mexicana, 263 Cassia mexicana var. moustiquensis, 263 Cassia nitida, 263 Cassia nodosa, 258 Cassia polyphylla, 263 Cassia quinquangulata, 263 Cassia septemtrionalis, 263 Cassia siamea, 111, 264 Cassia speciosa, 264 Cassia spectabilis, 264 cassia stick tree, 258 cassie flower, 255 Cassine attenuata, 246 Cassine domingensis, 288 Cassine ehrenbergii, 246 Cassine lanceolata, 246 Cassine xylocarpa, 188, 211 Cassine xylocarpa var. attelltuata, 246 Cassipourea alba, 288 Cassipourea cubensis, 288 Cassipollrea elliptica, 288 Cassipourea guiallensis, 188, 211, 288 Cassipourea obtusa, 288 Cassuvium pomiferum, 233 castana, 274 Castanea, 318 Castanea sativa, 264 castano crenata, 264 castano del Japan, 264 castano del Malabar, 274 Castella depressa, 297 Castilla elastica, 211, 274 Castilla elastica subsp. elastica, 188,274 Castilla lactiflua, 274 . castilla rubber, 274 castor, 251, 265 castor bean, 255 casuarina, 246 Casuarina, 112, 188,319,327 Casuarina cristata ssp. cristata, 246 Casuarina equisetifolia, 123, 135, 139, 161, 224-226,228-230,313 Casuarina equisetijolia var. equisetifolia, 246 . Casuarina glauca, 246 Casuarina lepidophloia, 246 Casllarina litorea, 246 CASUARINACEAE,246 Catalpa longissima, 24, 28-37, 48, 162, 188,211, 224-226,228,230,241,305,311 catastres, 244 catclaw, 262 cateicito, 279 __ catie, 238, 240 catin,264 . catire, 287 cauchera, 274 caucho,253,274 caya amarilla, 296 caya blanca, 296 caya colorada, 295 caya de lorna, 295 . caya prieta, 296 cayateje, 290 cayena,270 cayepon,284 cayepan,284 cayepur, 280 cayeput, 280 cayeputi, 280 cayuco,244 cayur, 234 cazuela, 240 Ceanothus arborescens, 13, 287 Ceanothlls reclinatus, 287 Cecropia aspernna, 274 Cecropiapeltata, 162, 188,211,274,307,310, 332 cedre, 63, 249, 273 cedre blanc, 63, 273, cedre espagnol, 63, 273 Cedrela dllgessii, 63, 273 Cedrela glaziovii, 63, 273 Cedrela guianensis, 63, 273 Cedrela mahagoni, 47, 273 Cedrela mexicana, 63, 67, 273 368 Index Cedrela occidentalis, 63, 273 Cedrela odorata, 26, 35,48,62-69, p3, 162, 188, 211,273,317,329 Cedrela pavaguariensis, 63, 273 Cedrela sintenisii, 63, 273 Cedrela velloziana, 63, 273 cedro, 63, 273 cedro blanco, 273 cedro colorado, 273 cedro del pafs, 63, 273 cedro hembra, 63, 273, 298. cedro macho, 63, 273 cedro real, 273 Cedrus mahagoni, 47,273 Cedrus mahogani, 47, 273 ceiba, 242 Ceiba casearia, 242 ceiba de agua, 242 Ceiba guineense, 242 Ceiba pentandra, 163, 188,211,242,314,324 Ceiba thonningii, 242 ceibo,259 celandine, 284 CELASTRACEAE, 246 Celastrum jodinii, 273 Celastrus myrtifolius, 289 ce1osa, 302 Celtis lamarkiana, 301 Celtis micranthus, 301 Celtis rugosa, 301 Celtis trinervia, 189; 301, 306, 309 cenizero, 256 cenizo,272 cenizoso, 272 cenizoso cimarron, 290 Central American rubber, 274 Cerasus occidentalis, 289 Cerasus sphaerocarpus, 289 Cerbera peruviana, 236 Cerbera thevatia, 236 Cercidium praecox, 258, 304, 328 Cercidium spinosum, 258 Cerdana alliodora, 23, 243 cereipo, 261 cerero, 275 Cereus hexagonus, 211, 244 Cereus hystrix, 244 cereza, 265,269,270 cereza amarilla, 254 cereza blanca, 243 cereza cimarrona, 270 cereza colorada, 270 cereza de Barbados, 270 cereza de Cayena, 280 cerezo, 243, 270 . cerezo occidental, 254 cerillo, 290 cerise,270 cerise d'Haiti, 270 cerise de mer, 283 cerise de St. Domingue, 270 cerise de Suriname, 280 cerisier, 270 cerisier capitaine, 270 cerisier de St. Domingue, 270 cerote, 294 Cestrum diurnum, 189,298 Cestrum laurifolium, 298 Cestrum macrophyllum, 189,298 Cestrum macrostemon, 298 Cestrum nocturnum, 298, 316, 322 Ceylon-gooseberry, 265 cha"cha venenoso, 256 chacara, 258 chacaro, 264 chacha,256 chachaca, 3, 262 chadek,95, 163, 189,212,311 chadeque, 95,292 Chaetocarpus domingensis, 252 Chaetocarpus globosus, 252 Chalcas exotica, 292 Chalcas paniculata, 292 Chamaecrista, 111 Chamaefistula antillana, 263 Chamaerops antillarum, 240 chambron, 3, 262, 311 chamiso, 294 champaca, 269 chandel anglez, 311 chandel blan, 311 chandel mawon, 195, 311 chandelle anglaise, 290 chandelle blanc, 291 chandelle marron, 291, 294 chapeau carre, 250, 251 chapelet, 238 chapelet, 311 chapo kare, 202, 220, 311 chaste tree, 302 chatag,311 chatague, 294 chataignier, 294 chataignier a petites feuilles, 251 chataignier marron, 294 chatanye, 311 .chatanye mawon, 311 chatanye ti fey, 311 chencherenche, 302 chene,29,241 chene calebassier, 302 chene caparo, 23, 243 chene d' Australie, 287 chene franc, 23, 243 chene haitien, 241 chene noir, 23, 29, 241, 243 Index 369 chenier, 29, 241 chenn, 28-37, 162, 188,211,311 chenn dostrali, 311 chenn fran, 23, 311 chenn kalbas, 311 chenn kapawo, 23, 191,213,311 chenn nwa, 23, 29, 31, 214, 311 chenn peyi, 29, 311 cherimaya, 234 cherimolier, 234 cherimoya, 234 chevalier, 241 chevalye, 203, 221, 311 chewstick, 248 chibou, 311 chiboue, 244 chic-chic, 293 chicarron, 273 chicharron, 233, 249-251, 253, 265, 274, 283, 293,295,302 chicharron amarillo, 283 chicharron bobo, 293 chicharron cimarron, 233 chicharron de tres espinas, 273 chicharroncito, 287 chicoria cimarrona, 244 chicory grape, 287 chik,311 China-box, 292 chinaberry, 273 chinchona, 290 Chinchona caribae, 290 Chinese hibiscus, 270 Chiococca alba, 211, 289, 319, 320 Chionanthus axillijlorus, 284 Chionanthus bumelioides var. bumelioides, 284 Chionanthus bumelioides var. lanceolatus, 284 Chionanthus caribaeus, 284 Chionanthus compactus, 189,284 Chionanthus dictyophyllus, 284 Chionanthus domingensis, 189,284,319 Chionanthus ligustrinus, 284, 309 Chione seminervis, 289 Chione venosa, 289 chibt, 311 chiote, 242 chique, 244 chirimoya, 234 chivo,292 CHLORANTHACEAE, 247 Chloroleucon lentiscifolium, 262 Chlorophora tinctoria, 189,211,274,306 Chorisia insignis, 242 Chorisia speciosa, 242 chorate, 294 chote, 252 choublack, 270 choublak, 215, 311 christe marine, 297 Christmas berry, 234 Christmas bush, 263 Chrysalidocarpus lutescens, 239 CHRYSOBALANACEAE,~7 Chrysobalanus icaco, 189,211,316 Chrysobalanus icaco var. icaco, 247 Chrysobalanus icaco var. pellocarpus, 247 Chrysobalanus pellocarpus, 247 Chrysophyllum, 318 Chrysophyllum acuminatum, 296 Chrysophyllum angustifolium, 295 Chrysophyllum argenteum, 189,295,331 Chrysophyllum argenteum var. sphaerocarpum, 295 Chrysophyllum barbasco, 300 Chrysophyllum bicolor, 295 Chrysophyllum brachystylum, 296 Chrysophyllum caeruleum, 295 Chrysophyllum cainito, 163, 189,211,295,304, 315,318,319 Chrysophyllum eggersii, 295 Chrysophyllum glabrum, 295 Chrysophyllum gonavense, 296 Chrysophyllum heterochroum, 296 Chrysophyllum miragoaneum, 296 Chrysophyllum montanum, 295 Chrysophyllum oliviforme, 120, 189,211,296 Chrysophyllum oliviforme var. oliviforme, 296, 319 Chrysophyllum oliviforme var. picardae; 296 Chrysophyllum pallescens, 296 Chrysophyllum picardae, 296 Chrysophyllum platyphyllum, 296 cica, 250 cicadacea, 250 Cicca acida, 254 Cicca distichia, 254 Cicca nodiflora, 254 cidra, 292 cienaguillo, 278, 280 cigua, 267 cigua aguacatillo, 267 cigua amarilla, 267 cigua blanca, 267, 268 cigua boba, 267 cigua de costa, 267 cigua gorrita, 267 cigua laurel, 267, 268 cigua prieta, 267, 268 ciguamo, 254, 288 cigiiilla, 290 cinazo, 255, 262 Cinnamodendron angustifolium, 245 Cinnamodendron ekmanii, 245 Cinnamomum, 105, 189,322 Cinnamomum alainii, 267 Cinnamomum camphora, 267, 304, 317 370 Index Cinnamomum cubense, 267 Cinnamomum elongatum, 189,267,322 Cinnamomum montanum, 267, 322 Cinnamomum triplinervis, 267 Cinnamomum verum, 189,212,267,317 CinnarflOmum zeylanicum, 267 cinnamon tree, 267 cipres, 249 cipres italiano, 249 cipres mexicano, 249 cirouelle, 234 cirouellier, 234 ciroyer d' Amerique, 234 ciruela, 234, 281 ciruela amarilla, 234 ciruela de las animas, 281 ciruela de Surinam, 280 ciruela del pals, 234 ciruela morada, 234 ciruela sanjuanera, 234 ciruelillo, 248, 281, 283 ciruel0, 234, 289 ciruel0 cimarron, 283 Cissampelos laurifolia, 274 Citharexylum, 317 Citharexylum caudatum, 189,212,302,317 Citharexylumfruticosum, 163, 189,212,302, 315,316,322,327 citroin marron, 251, 288 citron, 95, 291, 292 citron, 291 citron vert, 291 citronnier, 291, 292 Curus, 94-103, 163, 189,207,330 Citrus acida, 291 Ci~usaurandfolw,95-97,99, 100, 102,~12,291, 330 Citrus aurantifolia x C. reticulata, 103 Ci~us aurandum, 94-99, 100, 103,212 Ci~us aurandum subsp. aurantium, 95, 291, 333 Ci~us aurandum subsp. bergamw, 95, 99 Citrus aurantil/m var. grandis, 292 Citrus al/rantium var. sinensis, 292 Citrus bigarradia, 291 Citrus decl/mana, 292 Citrus deliciosa, 292 Ci~us depressa, 102 Citrus grandis, 292 Citrus jambhiri, 102 Citrus japonica, 292 Ci~us ladfolia, 102 Citrus lima, 291, 301 Citrus limetta, 212, 291, 317 Citrus limon, 95-97,102; 103,212,217, 292, 322 Citrus limonl/m, 292 Citrus macrophylla, 102 Citrus margarita, 292 Citrus maxima var. IIvacarpa, 292 Citrus maxima x Citrus sinensis, 292 Citrus maxima, 95-97, 100, 101,212,292,311 Citrus medica, 96, 97, 292 Citrus nobilis, 292 Citrus paradisi x Poncirius trlfolwta, 102 Citrus peretta domingensis, 292 Citrus redculata, 95-97, 102. 103,292,323 Ci~us redculata yare deliciosa, 95 Ci~us redculata yare unshui, 95 Citrus sinensis, 95-100, 102, 103,212,217,292, 333 Ci~us sunki, 102 Citrus volkamericana, 102 Citrus vulgaris, 291 Ci~us xparadisi, 95-97, 102,292,326, clamor, 271 . clavel, 273 . clavellina, 253, 257, 258 clavero, 278 Clavija domingensis, 300, 306,315,321 Clerodendrum: See SOLANACEAE Cleyera albopunctata, 299 Cleyera bolleana, 299 Cleyera orbicularis, 299 Cleyera terns~oemioides, 299 Cleyera vaccinioides, 300 Clidemia. See MELASTOMATACEAE clou de girofle, 281 clove, 278 Clusia, 308, 313 Clusia abbottii, 247 Clusia cartilaginosa, 247 Clusw clusiodes, 189, 247 Clusw domingensis, 247 Cillsia grisebachiana, 247 Cillsia krl/giana, 247 Clusw major, 212, 247, 316 Clusw minor, 190,247,313 Clusia picardae, 247 Clusw plumieri, 247 Clusw rosea, 190,247 CLPSIACEAE,247 Clutia cascarilla, 252 Cll/tia eluteria, 252 Cnemidarm horrida, 249 Cnidoscolus acrandrus, 255 coast sheoak, 246 cobana,264 cabana negra, 264 cobnut, 254 coca, 250, 290 Coccoloba, 328 Coccoloba albicans, 286 Coccoloba borgensenii, 286 Coccoloba buchii, 286, 326 Coccoloba ceibensis, 286 Coccoloba ciferriana, 286 Coccoloba costata, 190, 286 Index 371 Coccoloba diversijolia, 190,286,325,329,331, 332 Coccoloba eggersiana, 286 Coccoloba fawcetti, 286 Coccoloba .f/4vescens, 286 Coccolobafuertesii,286 Coccoloba julgens, 286 Coccoloba grandifolia, 286 Coccoloba helwigii, 286 Coccoloba hotteana, 286 Coccoloba incrassata, 286 Coccoloba krugii, 286Coccoloba laurifolia, 286 Coccoloba leoganensis, 190,205,286 Coccoloba leonardii, 286 Coccoloba mansjeldii, 286 Coccoloba microstachys, 190, 286 Coccoloba momicola, 286 Coccoloba nalgensis, 286 Coccoloba neurophylla, 286 Coccoloba nivea, 287 Coccoloba nodosa, 286 _ Coccoloba pauciflora, 286 Coccoloba picardae, 286 Coccolobapubescens, 190,286,314,325,329 Coccoloba pungens, 286 Coccoloba revoluta, 286 Coccoloba rotundifolia, 286 Coccoloba rubescens, 286 Coccoloba rupicola, 286 Coccoloba samanensis, 287 Coccoloba samuelssonii, 286 Coccoloba scrobiculata, 287 Coccoloba subtruncata, 287 Coccoloba swartzii, 190, 287 Coccoloba tortuensis, 286 Coccoloba uVifera, 190,212,287,315,328,329 Coccoloba venosa, 190, 287 Coccoloba verruculosa, 286 Coccoloba wrightii, 287 Coccothrinax, 212, 315,316 Coccothrinax anomala, 240 Coccothrinax argentea, 82,239,321,326 Coccothrinax ekmanii, 239 Coccothrinax gracilis, 239 Coccothrinax martii, 240 Coccothrinax miraguama, 239, 321 Coccothrinax montana, 239 Coccothrinax munizii, 239 Coccothrinax radiata, 240 Coccothrinax scoparia, 239 Coccothrinax spissa, 239 cochinilla, 234 cochinillo, 234 COCHLOSPERMACEAE, 248 cochlospennum, 248 Cochlospermum hibisoides, 248 Cochlospermum vitifolium, 190,212,248- cockscomb coralbean, 259 cockspur, 259, 283 coco, 239 coco de Cofrecf, 268 coco de mar, 268 coco guinee, 238 coco macaco, 238, 268 coco macaque, 238, 239 coco plum, 247 coco ravet, 265 coconut, 79, 239, 335 Cocops rivalis, 239 Cocos, 29 Cocos aculeatus, 238 Cocos crassipatha, 238 Cocos nucifera, 78-85, 164, 190,212,239,319, 326 Cocos vinijera, 240 cocotero, 239 cocotier, 79, 239 cocoyer, 79, 239 cocuyo, 247,250, 269, 296 Codiaeum variegatum, 252, 320 coeur boeuf, 23.4, 235 Cofjea arabica, 165, 190,212,289,317 coffee, 289 coffee colubrina, 13 cogne-molle, 288 coi,261 cojoba, 261 Cojoba arborea, 262 Cojoba micrantha, 262 cojobillo, 258 cola, 298 Cola acuminata, 213, 298, 319, 326 cola de paloma, 252 cola nut tree, 298 Cola vera, 298 colatier, 298 colbri vegetal, 264 cole, 261 collarete, 302 collegue, 257 collegue matourin, 257 collier, 262 colorade, 242 colorado, 242 Colubrina, 306, 308 Colubrina arborescens, 12-21,29,48, 166, 190, 213,224-226,228,229,287,306,307,309, 315,318,327,328,332 Colubrina berteroana, 287 Colubrina colubrina, 13,287 Colubrina elliptica, 13, 190,213,287,322 Colubrinajerruginosa, 13,287 Colubrina glandulosa yare antillana, 288,310 Colubrina reclinata, 13,.287 Coluhrina rufa var. antillima, 288 372 Index coma, 293, 296 coma blanc, 296 coma franc, 296 coma jaune, 293 comat, 250 COMBRETACEAE, 248 comecara, 279,280 common bamboo, 285 common coralbean, 259 common fig, 274 common naseberry, 296 common plum, 289 Comocladia, 87, 190,304,309 Comocladia acuminata, 233 Comocladia cuneata, 233, 312, 321 Comocladia de.ntata, 213, 233, 304 Comocladia dentata propinqua, 233 Comocladia dodonaea, 233 Comocladia domingensis, 233 Comocladia ehrenbergii, 233 Comocladia ekmaniana, 233 Comocladia gilgiana, 233 Comocladia glabra, 233 Comocladia glabra acuminata, 233 Comocladia ilicifolia, 233 Comocladia ilicifolia glabra, 233 Comocladia integrifolia, 233 Comocladia mollifolia, 233 Comocladia pinnatifida, 233 Comocladia pinnatifolia, 233, 329 Comocladia propinqua, 233 Comocladia pubescens, 233 Comocladia tricuspidata, 233 COMPOSITAE. See ASTERACEAE Conocarpus erectus, 190,213,248,323,324,326 Conocarpus racemosus, 248 Conocarpussericeus, 248 Conoria cuspa, 235 Conostegia hotteana, 271 Consolea macracantha, 213, 244, 328 Consolea moniliformis, 244 contraguao, 283 cooper withe, 285 copaiba, 258 Copaiferajacquini,258 Copaifera officinalis, 258 Copernicia berteroana, 239, 312 Copernicia ekmanii, 239, 316, 326 copey, 247 copey vera, 299, 300 copeyejo, 247 coq au lait, 79, 239 coq shango, 244 coque molle, 288 coquelicot, 243 coquillo, 280 corail,290 corail rouge, 290 coral, 246, 256, 259 coralbean, 259 coralillo, 290 coralitos peonfa, 256 coraltree, 259 coralwood,261 coraz6n, 235 coraz6n de paloma, 13, 236, 243, 254; 265, 287 c6rbano, 256, 263 c6rbano blanco, 263 corcho, 242, 282,283 corcho blanco, 283 corcho bobo, 283 corcho prieto, 283 Cordia,29, 166, 190 Cordia alba, 190,213,243,305 Cordia alliodora, 22-27, 166, 191,213,225,243, 310,311 Cordia bourreria, 243 Cordia brachycalyx, 243 Cordia calyptrata, 243 Cordia collococca, 191,213,243,331 Cordia dentata, 243 ;j Cordia fitchii, 243 Cordia gerascanthus, 23, 243 Cordia gerascanthes, 213, 243 Cordia glabra, 243 Cordia laevigata, 243, 309 Cordia macrophylla, 243 Cordia mirabiloides, 213, 243, 304, 311, 313, 320 Cordia nitida, 243 Cordia obliqua, 243 Cordia sebestena, 191,213,243,305,319,331 Cordia speciosa, 243 Cordia sulcata, 191,243,313,327 Cordia toqueve, 243 Cordia tremula, 243 cordoMn, 271 cordoban arbusto, 272 cordobancillo de arroyo, 272 cordon, 258 cord6n de soldado, 283 cork-tree, 271 corkwood, 242 cormier, 272 cornichon du pays, 284 Cornutia pyramidata, 302, 312 corojo, 238 corojo de Guinea, 239 corosse, 238 corossier, 239 corossol, 234 corossol marron, 234 corossol zombie, 234 corossolier, 234 corozo, 238, 239 corozo criollo, 238 coscorr6n, 246 Index 373 coscorroncito, 246 cotelette, 253 cotelle, 254 cotinilla, 234 coton fleur, 242 coton mahaut, 270 coton marron, 270 coton rat, 299 coton soie, 240, 242 cotoperi, 294 cotorrerillo, 265 cotton tree, 242 courbaril,258,260 couronne du Christ, 253 Couroupita guianensis, 213, 268, 304, 305, 321 Couroupita guianensis var. surinamensis, 268 Couroupita st. croixana, 268 Couroupita surinamensis, 268 cowbush, 299 Cowellocassia domingensis, 263 crabwood, 253, 273, 286 cramantree, 273 Crataeva apetala, 245 Cr,ataeva tapia, 213, 245 Crescentia alata, 226, 228 Crescentia acuminata, 241 Crescentia cucurbitina, 241 Crescentia cujete, 97, 191,213,241,317 Crescentia fasciculata, 241 Crescentia linearifolia, 213, 241, 317 cresta de gallo, 250, 259, 264 crete-de-coq, 259 crevajosa, 286 creve a. hache, 288 crisse marine, 297 croc, 283 croc de chien, 283 croc souris, 289 croc-a.-chien, 291 crocro, 239 crocro guinee, 239 croque chien, 243 Crossopetalum rhacoma, 191, 213, 246, 330 croton, 252 Croton buchii, 252 Croton cascarilla, 252 Croton cascarilloides, 252 Croton corylifolius, 252 Croton dichotomus, 252 Croton eluteria, 252, 313, 318 Croton glabellus, 213, 252, 305, 306 Croton globosus, 252 Croton hircinus, 252 Crotonjacmelianus, 252 croton leaf, 252 Croton lucidus, 252, 312 Croton megaladenus, 252 Croton populifolium, 252 Croton sessiliflorus, 255 Croton variegatus, 252 crow bean tree, 256 crown-of-thoms, 253 crozier cycad, 250 Crudia antillana, 258 Crudia spicata, 258, 303, 315,317,319 cruz del copeyar, 261 Cryptorhiza haitiensis, 278, 323 cuaba, 285,291 cuaba blanca, 291 cuaba de ingenio, 294 cuaba prieta, 289 cuabilla, 297 cuabilla de costa, 297 cuajanf, 289 cuajanf hembra, 289 cuaraje colorado, 279 cuasia, 297 cuassia, 297 Cuba negra, 255 cubanicu, 251 Cubanthus umbelliformis, 252, 313 cucaracha, 289,294 cuchara, 295 cucharillo, 241 cucharita, 295 . cucharita prieta, 293 cuco, 288 cucubano, 290 cucubano de monte, 290 cucubano liso, 290 cueriduro, 253 cuemecillo, 299 cuemo de buey, 13,254,287,294 cuero de puerco, 266, 296 cuero de sabana, 290 cuero duro, 253 cuiji venezolano, 258 CUNONIACEAE, 249 Cupania americana, 166, 191,213,294,309,311, 329,331 Cupania apetala; 294 Cupania giabra, 294 Cupania oppositifolia, 294 Cupania ratonia, 294 Cupania sapida, 294 Cupania saponiarioides, 294 Cupania scrobiculata, 294 Cupania tomentosa, 294 Cupania triquetra, 294 cupefllo, 247 cupey,247 cupey chiquito, 247 cupeyito,247 CUPRESSACEAE, 249 Cupressus, 330 Cupressus benthamii, 249 374 Index Cupressus glauca, 249 Cupressus lindleyi, 249 Cupressus lusitanica, 191,249 Cupressus sempervirens, 213, 249 curaboca, 243 curatella, 250 Curatella americana, 213, 250, 3'19, 328 Curatella grisebachiana, 250 curbana, 245 curbaril,260 Curcas curcas, 254 Curcas indica, 254 Curcas peltata, 254 custard apple, 235 cuya, 295 Cyathea aquilina; 249 Cyathea arborea, 249 Cyathea brittoniana, 249 Cyathea escuquensis, 249 . Cyathea furfuracea, 249 Cyathea harrisii, 249 Cyathea harrisii x Alsophila minor, 249 Cyathea tenera, 249 Cyathea wilsonii, 249 CYATHEACEAE, 249 CYCADACEAE, 250 Cycas circinalis, 213, 250 . Cycas revoluta, 250, 326 Cyclospathe northropii, 239 Cynodendron bicolor, 295 Cynometra americana, 258, 320 ' Cynometra portoricensis, 191,258 Cyphomandra betacea, 298 Cyphomandra crassifolia, 298 cypres, 249 cypres d'Italie, 249 cypres de Mexico, 249 Cyrilla antillana, 250 Cyrilla panniculata, 276 Cyrilla racemiflora, 191,.250 CYRILLACEAE, 250 -Dd'eau livre, 236 d'olive, 39, 267, 275, 297 daguilla, 39, 255, 297, 301 daguilla comun, 301 daguilla de lorna, 301 daguille, 301 daguillo, 39, 297 dagwi,311 dajao,290 Dalbergia, 321 Dalbergia berterii, 258 Dalbergia domingensis, 260 Dalbergia ecastaphyllum, 214, 259, 332 Dalbergia monetaria, 259 Dalbergia pentaphylla, 260 Dalbergia sissoo, 167, 191,259 dalmag, 311 dalmagre, 247 da1mari, 311 da1marie, 247 Dalrymplea domingensis, 298 dama de dfa, 298 dama de noche, 298 damag, 311 damage, 247 damajagua, 270 damari, 160, 187,210,311 dame marie, 247 dan chen b1an, 311 danchi,264 Daphne crassifolia, 301 Daphnelagetto, 301 Daphne tinifolia, 300 ' Daphnopsis americana, 214, 216 Daphnopsis americana ssp. cumingii, 300, 323 Daphnopsis americana ssp. tinifolia, 300 Daphnopsis crassifolia, 301 Daphnopsis crassifolia var. eggersii, 301 Daphnopsis cuneata ssp. uniflora, 301 Daphnopsis ekmanii, 301 Daphnopsis tinifolia, 300 Daphnopsis uniflora, 301 darling plum, 288 dat, 175,218,311 date, 239 date palm, 239 datil,239 datilera, 239 datte, 239 dattier, 239 Datura arborea, 298 Datura suaveolens, 298, 330 day cestrum, 298 dejimel, 186,209,311 de sezon, 214, 312 dehorn, 312 dehomme, 253 delen, 119-131, 171, 196,216,312 delen etranje, 312 delen peyi, 119 delin etranger, 260 delmonte, 256 Delonix regia, 191,214,259,313,328 demajagua; 270 Dendropanax, 308 Dendropanaxarboreus, 191,214,237,309,313, 329 Dendropanaxselleanus, 237 Dendrosicus /atifolius, 191, 214, 241, 317 dent de chien blanc, 243 derrienga chivo, 265 Index 375 desaison, 253 desnudo florecido, 145,259 desyerba conuco, 290 deux jumelles, 257 Diaspenzs distichus, 254 DICHAPETALACEAE, 250 Didymopanax morototoni, 238 Didymopanax tremulum. See Didymopanax tremuIus Didymopanax tremulus, 238 dildo espanol, 244 dilenia,250 Dillenia indica, 250 DILLENIACEAE,250 Dimorphandra ekmanii, 261 Diospyros,191,309 Diospyros caribaea, 250 Diospyros crassinervis ssp. urbaniana, 250 Diospyros domingensis, 250 Diospyros ebenaster, 250 Diospyros leonardii, 250 Diospyros oxycarpa, 250 Diospyros revoluta, 214, 250, 312 Diospyros tetrasperma, 250 Dipholis angustifolia, 295 Dipholis anomala, 295 Dipholis cubensis, 295 Dipholis domingensis, 295 Dipholis ferruginea, 295 Dipholis leptopoda, 295 Dipholis salicifolia, 295 Dipholis sericea, 295 Diplocalyx chrysophylloides, 283 ditta, 252 Ditta maestrensis, 252 Ditta myricoides, 191,252 diversifolia, 260 divi divi, 187,205,210,257,312 do jilet, 312 doddle-do, 257 Dodonaea angustifolia, 294 Dodonaea asplenifolia var. arborescens, 294 Dodonaea ehrenbergii, 294 Dodonaea jamaicensis, 294 Dodonaea spathulata, 294 Dodonaea thunbergiana var. linearis, 294 Dodonaea viscosa, 191, 214 Dodonaea viscosa var. angustifolia, 294 Dodonaea viscosa var. arborescens, 294, 324, 327 Dodonaea viscosa var. linearis, 294 Dodonaea viscosa var. spathulata, 294 Dodonaea viscosa var. viscosa, 294 Dodonaea viscosa var. vulgaris, 294 dod6nea,294 dogwood, 252, 291, 294 doliv,39,198,312 doliv bata, 186,210,312 dombou,221, 273, 312 Dominican mahogany, 47,273 don diego de dfa, 242 don juan, 298 doncella, 269, 270, 294 dormil6n,256 Doryalis. See Dovyalis dos gillette, 233 doti blanch, 312 doti bwa blan, 312 doule,312 douleur, 290 Dovyalis caffra, 265 Dovyalis hebecarpa, 265 dracaena, 268 Dracaenajragrans,268 drago, 263 dragon's blood, 263 Drepanocarpus lunatus, 261 Drypetes,191,307,320 Drypetes alba, 252, 321 Drypetes crocea, 253 Drypetes diversifolia, 252 Drypetes glauca, 253 Drypetes ilicifolia, 253 Drypetes incltrva, 252 Drypetes laterflora, 192, 253 Drypetes picardae, 253 Drypetes piriformis, 253 duartiana,271 Dunalia arborescens, 298 Duranta erecta, 302 Duranta plumieri, 302 Duranta repens, 192,302,306,324 Dussia sanguinea, 259 dyare,312 dyare,239 -Eear pod wattle, 255 earpod-tree, 259 ebano,243,250 ebano de Santo Domingo, 257 ebano negro, 250 ebano verde, 269 EBENACEAE, 250 ebene,243,250 ebenier noir, 243 ebenn,191,201,214,312 ebenn nwa, 312 Ecastaphyllum bertii, 258 Ecastaphyllum plumieri, 259 . egg fruit, 296 eglise,256 Egyptian privet, 269 Ehretia acanthophora, 243. Ehretia bourreria, 243 376 Index Ehretia spinosa, 243 Ehretia tinifolia, 214, 243, 305, 308, 311, 313 Ekmaniochraris crassinervis, 271 Elaeis guineensis, 167,239,318,320 Elaeismelanococca, 239 ELAEOCARPACEAE, 250 Elaeodendron attenuatum, 246 Elaeodendron ehrenbergii, 246 Elaeodendron lanceolatum, 246 .Elaphrium ovalifolium, 244 Elaphrium simaruba, 244 Elemifera balsamifera, 291 Elemifera maritima, 291 elephant-ear, 259 emajagua; 270, 282 emajagua de sierra, 300 eniajagua excelsa, 270 emajagiiilla, 271 Enallagma cucurbitina, 241 Enallagma latifoUa, 241 Enallagma latifoUo. See Enallagma /atifoUa encinillo, 253, 290 endigo,312 ene, 312 enrubio, 292 Enterlobium saman, 256 Enterolopium cyclocarpum, 167, 192,214,226, 228,259,310 epineux rouge, 293 ERICACEAE, 251 Eriobotryajaponka,168,289,322 Eriodendron anfructuosum, 242 Eriodendron caribaeum, 242 Eriodendron guineese, 242 Erithalisfruticosa,192,214,289 erizo,265 Eroteum albo-punctatum, 299 Erythrina, 304, 308, 325 Erythrina berteroana, 192,259,304 Erythrina buchii, 259 Erythrina carnea, 259 Erythrina corallodendron. See Erythrina corallodendrum Erythrina corallodendron var. orientaUs, 259 Erythrina corallodendrum, 214, 259 Erythrina crista-galli, 192, 214, 259 Erythrina darienensis, 259 Erythrinafusca,259 Erythrina glauca, 259 Erythrina indica, 259 Erythrina leptopoda,259 Erythrina micropteryx, 259 Erythrina neglecta, 259 Erythrina pisamo, 259 Erythrina piscipula, 262 Erythrina poeppigiana, 192,214,259 Erythrina spathacea, 259 Erythrina spinosa, 259 Erythrina splendida, 259 Erythrina variegata, 192,214,259,308,313,321 Erythrina variegata var. orientalis, 259 Erythrina velutina, 259 erythrine des Antilles, 259 ERYTHROXYLACEAE, 251 Erythroxylon. See Erythroxylum Erythroxylum areolatum, 192, 251, 303, 326, 327, 328 . Erythroxylum barahonense, 251 Erythroxylum brevipes, 251 Erythroxylum havanense, 214 Erythroxylum havanense var. haitiense, 251 Erythroxylum minutifolium, 214, 251 Erythroxylum obtusa, 251 Erythroxylum rotundifolium, 192, 251 Erythroxylum spinescens, 251 Erythroxylum suave, 251 escambr6n, 251, 261, 283 escambr6n 'colorado, 262 escoba, 278 escob6n, 278, 279, 291 escob6n blanco, 279 escob6n colorado, 278 escob6n de aguja, 279 escob6n de vara, 278 escob6n grande, 279 escoboncito, 280 espagnol marron, 254 espatodea, 241 espejuelo, 295 espinille, 292 espinillo, 251, 292 espino, 268, 292 espino rubial, 292 espuela de caballero, 243, 285 espuela de caballero de pinar, 300 esqueleto, 253 esterculia, 299 estrella federal, 242 , eucalipto, 278 eucalyptus, 278 Eur:alyptus, 168, 208, 317 Eucalyptus camaldulensis, 126, 135, 192, 224-226,229,230 Eucalyptus camaldulensis var. brevirostris, 278 Eucalyptus camaldulensis var. camaldulensis, 278 Eucalyptus globulus, 192,214 Eucalyptus globulus ssp. globulus, 278 Eucalyptus globulus var. compacta, 278 E~calyptus rostrata, 278 Eucalyptus tereticornis, 126,278 . Eucalyptus umbellata, 278 Eugenia, 310, 325, 331 Eugenia abeggii, 281 Eugenia aeruginea, 278, 279 . Eugenia affinis, 279 Index 377 Eugenia albimarginata, 278 Eugenia axillaris, 192,278 Eugenia bahamensis, 282 Eugenia baruensis, 279 Eugenia baruensis var. latifolia, 279 Eugenia belladerensis, 278 Eugenia biflora, 192, 278 Eugenia biflora var. lancea, 278 Eugenia biflora var. ludibunda, 278 Eugenia buxifolia, 279 Eugenia carophylla, 278, 316 Eugenia chrootricha, 278 Eugenia confusa, 192, 278 Eugenia cumini, 282 Eugenia deflexa, 280 Eugenia dicrana, 280 Eugenia dictyophylla, 279 Eugenia domingensis, 192,279,304,307 Eugenia·esculenta, 281 Eugenia esnardiana, 280 Eugenia flavorirens, 279 Eugenia floribunda, 280 Eugeniafoetida, 192,205,279 Eugenia foetida var. parvifolia, 279 Eugenia foetida var. rhombea, 279 Eugenia formonica, 279 Eugeniafragrans, 280 Eugenia glabrata, 279 Eugenia hetecroclita, 280 Eugenia holdridgei, 279 Eugenia isabeliana, 279 Eugenia jambolana, 282 Eugenia jambos, 282 Eugeniajeremiensis, 278 Eugenia laevis, 279,316 Eugenia lancea, 278 Eugenia laxiflora, 280 Eugenia ligustrina, 214, 279 Eugenia lindahlii, 279 Eugenia lineata, 279 Eugenia lineata var. racemosa, 279 Eugenia lineolata, 279 Eugenia longipes, 282 Eugenia ludibunda, 278 Eugenia macradenia, 279 Eugenia malaccensis, 282 Eugenia malangensis, 280 Eugenia maleolens, 279, 323 Eugenia minguetii, 279 Eugenia monticola, 192,279,305,331 Eugenia monticola var. latifolia, 279 Eugenia myrtoides, 279 Eugenia odorata, 279, 306 Eugenia orthioneura, 279 Eugenia pal/ens, 277 Eugenia paniculata, 280 Eugenia portoricensis, 279 Eugeniaprenleloupii, 279 Eugenia procera, 279 Eugenia pseudopsidium, 192, 279 Eugenia pseudopsidium var. portoricensis, 279 Eugenia punctata, 280 Eugenia rhombea, 192, 279, 308, 325 Eugenia samanensis, 279 Eugenia saviaefolia, 280 Eugenia subveriicil/aris, 279 Eugenia tiburona, 279 Eugenia tussacii, 280 Eugenia umbel/ulifera, 281 Eugenia uniflora, 280, 330 Eugenia vanderveldei, 280 Eugenia virgultosa, 278 eugenio, 298 Euonymus cuneifolius, 247 Euparorium.&eASTERACEAE euphorbe brilliant, 253 Euphorbia, 193 Euphorbia cotinifolia, 253 Euphorbia cotinoides, 253 Euphorbia defoliata, 253 Euphorbialactea,253,317,328 Euphorbia leucocephala, 253 Euphorbia milii, 253, 320, 331 Euphorbia petiolaris, 253, 304, 306 Euphorbiapulcherrima, 214, 253, 312, 313, 328, 329 Euphorbia splendens, 253 Euphorbia tirucalli, 253, 314 Euphorbia verticil/ata, 253 EUPHORBIACEAE,251 European chestnut, 264 European plum, 289 Eurya albopunctata, 299 Eurya bol/eana, 299 Eurya temstroemioides, 299 Eurya vaccinioides, 300 Euterpe globosa, 239 Euterpe vinifera,240 Excoecaria eglandulosa, 253 Excoecaria lucida, 253 Excoecaria pal/ens, 253 Excoecaria sagraei, 253 Exostema caribaeum, 193,205,214,220,290, 311,319 Exostema cf. elegans, 290 . Exostema ellipticum, 193, 290 Exostema floribundum, 290 Exostema sanctae-Iuciae, 290 Exothea oblongifolia, 294 Exothea paniculata, 193, 294, 307, 308, 319 -FFABACEAE, 255 Fadyeniahookeri,266 378 Index FAGACEAE,264 Fagara anadenia, 292 Fagara bifoliolata, 292 Fagara bombacifolia, 291 Fagara coriacea, 292 Fagara elephantiasis, 292 Fagarafagara, 292 Fagaraflavum, 292 Fagara lenticellosa, 292 Fagaralentiscifolia,292 Fagara leonardii, 292 Fagara martinicense, 292 Fagara microphylla, 293 Fagara monophylla, 292 Fagara nashii, 293 Fagara obcordata, 293 Fagara pimpinelloides, 293 Fagara pterota, 292 Fagara spinifex, 293 Fagara trifoliata, 293 Fagara venosum, 293. fait pime, 252 fake sandalwood, 283 false avocado, 267 false coffee, 290 false mastic, 296 false sago~palm, 250 Faramea occidentalis, 193,214,290 Farameaodoratissima, 290 faurestina, 256 fausse giroflee, 281 fausse salsepareille, 237 faux quinquina gris aromatique, 252 faux romarin, 291 let pim, 312 feuille canel1e, 276 feuille dou1eur, 298 feuille St. Jean, 253 Feuillea nticrantha, 262 feuilles baie, 293 feuilles crapaud, 252 feuilles d'Haiti, 271 feuilles d'ortie, 301 feuilles enragees, 301 feuilles graines, 255 feuilles houx, 237 feuilles 1aousier, 263 feuilles medecin, 254 feuilles noyaux, 285 feuilles noyaux pays, 285 feuiIles paresseux, 237, 238 feuilles saisies, 236 feuilles saisissement, 236 feuilles sirop; 285 fever bush, 266 fever tree, 278 ley anraje, 312 ley be, 222, 312 ley dayiti, 204,221,312 ley doti, 312 ley doule, 184, 312 ley grenn, 312 ley kane1, 198,312 ley krapo, 185,208,312 ley 1awouziye, 220, 312 ley medsen, 195,215,312 fey nwayo, 312 ley nwayo peyi, 312 ley parese, 313 fey senjan, 214, 313 fey sezi, 313 ley sezisman, 313 ley siwo, 219, 313 fey wou, 313 Ficus, 313 Ficus benjamina, 214, 274 Ficus bravifolia, 274 Ficus carica, 274,313 Ficuscitrifolia,193,274 Ficus colchica, 274 Ficus crassinervia, 274 Ficus elastica, 193,274,318 Ficus hyrcana, 274 Ficus kopetdagensis, 274 Ficus laevigata, 274 Ficus laevigata var. brevifolia, 274 Ficus laevigata var. lentiginosa, 274 Ficus lentiginosa, 274 Ficus microcarpa, 193,214,274 Ficus nitida, 274 Ficus populnea, 274 Ficus populnea var. brevifolia, 274 Ficus religiosa, 214, 274 Ficus retusa, 274 FicussulTocans, 274 Ficus trigonata, 193,214,274,313 fiddlewood, 302 fig, 313 fig bannann, 313 fig frans, 313 figm~ 174,217,313 figue, 274,275 figue bananne, 275 figue france, 274 figue mOre, 275 figuier, 247, 274 figuier maudit, 247 figuier maudit marron, 247:. figuier rouge, 274 figye, 214, 313 figye modi, 190,212,313 figye modi mawon, 190, 313 figye wouj, 193,214,313 filao, 246, 313 filiere, 243 filiye,313 Index 379 fingripo, 283 flaboir noir, 292 FLACOURTIACEAE,264 flambeau, 292 flambeau caraibe, 292 flamboyan, 259 flamboyan" amarillo, 111,261,264 flamboyan azul, 241 flamboyan orquidea, 257 flamboyant, 259 . flamboyant bleu, 241 flambwayan, 191,214,313 flambwayan ble, 313 . flame tree, 259 fle dan, 166,213,313 fle dan fle blanch, 313 fle dantisyon, 313 fle jalouzi, 216, 313 fle koray, 194, 215, 313 fle lila, 3 13 fle mahodem, 313 fle motel, 313 fle senpie, 313 fle siwo, 313 fleur corail, 290 fleur de St. Pierre, 241 fleur dentition, 243 fleur papillon, 264 fleur-a-pluie, 298 fleurs dent a fleurs blanches, 243 fleufs dents, 243 fleurs immortels, 259 fleurs jalousie, 269 fleurs lilas, 273 fleurs mahaudeme, 242 fleurs mortelles, 259 fleurs sureau, 233 flor de cerro, 235 flor de chivo, 270 flor de confite, 238 flor de Jeric6, 268 flor de ovejo, 253 flor de pascua, 253 flor nacional, 259 floresco, 145,259 florestina, 256 Florida boxwood, 247 Florida cherrypalm, 239 Florida elder, 233 Florida forestiera, 284 Florida privet, 284 Florida trema, 30I flowerfence, 257 . Flueggea acidothamnus, 255 fo jirof, 313 fo kenkena, 313 fo salsparey, 313 folie des filles, 269 Forchhammeria haitiensis, 245 forest red gum, 278 Forestiera porulosa, 284 Forestiera rhamnifolia, 284 Forestiera segregata, 284 forte-ventura, 260 Fonunelwjaponka, 292 Fortunelw margarita, 292 fougere arborescente, 249 framboyan, 259 framboyan azul, 241 framboyan cubano, 257 framboyan extranjero, 257, 259 fraitchipagne, 235 franchipayn, 313 francillade, 257 francillade a fleurs jaunes, 257 francillade a fleurs rouges, 257 francillane, 257 frangipan, 236 . frangipane, 235, 236 frangipane blanche, 236 frangipani, 235, 236, 252 frangipanier, 235, 236 frangipanier blanc, 235 .frangipanier epineux, 236 frangipanier marron, 236 frangipanier rose, 236 frangipanier sauvage, 235 franjipani, 200, 219, 313 franjipann, 313 franjipann blanch, 313 franjipanye, 313 franjipanye blan, 219, 313 franjipanye mawon, 313 franjipanye pikan, 313 franjipanye sovaj, 314 franjipanye woz, 314 fransilad, 210; 314 fransilad fle jon, 314 fransilad fle wouj, 314 fransilann, 314 frasoigne, 235 frasoyn, 314 French physic nut, 254 frene, 39, 297 frene etranger, 39, 297 Freziera bolleana, 299 Freziera temstroemioides, 299 Freziera vaccinioides, 300 friegaplatos, 298 frijol,245 frijol de monte, 245 frijolillo, 71, 245, 256, 260, 263 fromager, 242, 290 fruta de catey, 243 fruto de paloma, 251 fuego, 13,287 380 Index fustete, 274 fustic, 274 fustic mulberry, 274 fwenn, 38-45, 178, 199,202,218,220,314 fwenn etranje, 39, 314 fwomaje, 314 -Ggad mezon, 193, 314 gageda de gallina, 301 galac, 302 galac biltard, 302 galac blanc, 302 galac cardasse, 302 galac femelle, 302 galac franc, 302 galac mille, 302 galac officinal, 302 gaita, 294 galan arb6reo, 298 galan de dia, 298 galan de noche, 298 galan del monte, 298 galba, 247, 314 galba des Antilles, 247 galgal, 199,201,218,314 galipo, 314 galle-galle, 243, 257, 261, 262, 288 gallego, 237,238 gallina, 270 gallipeau, 294 gallito, 264 garnel, 314 garnelle, 286 gamo de costa, 254 gangre de toro, 246 Garcia nutans, 253 Garcinia aristata, 214, 248 Garcinia humilis, 248 Garcinia mangostana, 248, 324 garde maison, 253 gardenia, 290 Gardenia genipa, 290 garrote, 255 Ganryajadyenu, 266,304 GARRYACEAE, 266 . gastronomia, 269 gati-galle, 261 gatigal, 262 Gaussia vinifera, 240 gavalan, 238 gavi1<in, 39, 297 gayak, 193,205,314 gayak bata, 314 gayak blan, 215, 314 gayak femel, 215,314 gayak fran, 215, 314 gayak kadas, 314 gayak mal, 215, 314 gege, 314 geiger-tree, 243 gelle-galle, 261 gene-pas, 290 gengibrillo, 284 genievre, 296 genip tree, 294 genipa, 290 Genipa americana, 168,214,290 Genipa americana var. caruto, 193; 316 Genipa caruto, 290 Genipa pubescens, 290 genipap tree, 290 genipayer, 290 genipe, 294 genipot, 290 genogeno, 260 GeoJ.rnoeainenn~,256 Geonoma dulcis, 238 Geonoma intennedia, 238 Geonoma interrupta var. interrupta, 239, 319, 326 Geonoma oxycarpa, 239 Geonoma plumeriana, 238 Gesneria, 193 Gesneria hypoclada, 266 GESNERIACEAE, 266 gestarn, 269 giant leucaena, 119,260 giant milkweed, 240 giant thibet, 256 Gilibertia arborea, 237 Gilibertia brachypoda, 237 Gilibertia selleana, 237 gina, 260 ginger-thomas, 241 Ginoria callosa, 269 Ginoria jimenezii, 269 Ginoria rohrii, 269 girofle, 278, 281 Gliricidia lamb ii, 145,259 Gliricidia maculata, 145 Gliricidia sepium, 127, 128, 144-151, 169, 193, .214,226,228,259,322;325,327 gmelina, 302 Gmelina arborea, 193,302 Gmelina rheedii, 302 golden shower, 258 gom anime, 314 gom born, 314 goma, 256, 257,274,296 goma arabica, 256 goma elastica, 274 Gomidesia lindeniana, 193, 280 gomme animee, 260 Index 381 gomme baume, 285 gommier, 244, 256 gommier blanc, 244 gommier rouge, 244 gommier sauvage, 273 Gomphia ilicifolia, 253, 283 gomye, 160, 187,205,210,314,335 gomye blan, 314 gomye sovaj, 314 gomye wouj, 314 gorifwenn, 199,314 goric,297 gorie frene, 297 gorik, 315 gouane, 239 Gouania paniculata, 252 gouannegoul, 256 gounelle,293 goyave,282 goyavier, 282 Graffenriedia ottoschulzii, 272 grain d'or, 252 graines canique, 294 graines de lin, 260 graines de lin pays, 119,260 graines plates, 258 graines quinique, 257 graines vertes, 293 graines vertes pruneau, 237 graines violettes, 293 . grajo, 278 GRAMINAE. See POACEAE gran born, 315 gran ley, 315 gran kaymit, 315 gran kokmolye, 315 gran maho, 194,204,215,221,315 gran medsinye, 315 gran monben, 315 gran sapoti, 315 granada, 287 granada agria, 287 granadilla,279 granadillo, 248, 250, 253, 257, 272, 279, 287, 294 granadillo bobo, 119,260,272 granadino, 119, 260 granado, 250, 287 granado enano, 287 grand baume, 285 grand coquemollier, 300 grand leaf, 286 grand mahaut, 270, 271 grand medecinier, 254 grand mombin, 234 grand sapotillier, 297 grande cai"mite, 295 grande feuille, 267 granolino, 119,258,260 grape myrtle, 269 grapefruit, 95, 292 gratgal, 199,201,315 grati-galle, 261, 288 gratigal, 206, 315 gratte-galle, 243, 261 gray nickers, 257 greadilla, 253 green ebony, 255 green wattle, 255 greenheart, 13, 287 gregre, 248 grenad, 219, 315 grenad mawon, 185, 189,212,315 grenade, 287 grenade marron, 251, 302 grenadier, 287 grenadya, 315 grenaillit, 294 grenarde, 302 grenayit, 315 grenn delen, 315 grenn delen peyi, 315 grenn db, 315 grenn kanik, 315 grenn kinik, 210, 315 grenn kininn, 315 grenn plat, 315 grevilea, 287 Grevillea peineta, 287 Grevillea robusta, 193,287,311,315 Grevillea umbratica, 287 ·greviIya, 193,315 grigri, 13, 182,210,221,248,315 grigrijon, 159, 186,315 grigri mon, 187,315 grigri sovaj, 13, 315 Grimmeodendron eglandulosum, 253 gris-gris, 248, 287, 302 gris-gris des montagnes, 248 gris-gris jaune, 248 gros figuier, 247 gros mahaut, 271 gros mombin, 234 gros peau, 295 gros petites feuilles, 279 grosela de Mexico, 280 grosella, 254 grosella china, 284 grosella cimarr6n, 254 grosella de Ceihiri, 265 grosella de Otahiti, 284 guaba, 260 guaba nativa, 260 guaba peluda, 260 guaba venezolana, 260 guaban,273 guacacoa,300 382 Index guacacoa baria, 300 guacalote, 257 guacamaya, 257 guacamaya de costa, 257 guachape1e, 256 gmicima, 299 guacima cimaronna, 252,.299 gmicima de caballo, 299 guacimilla, 23, 243, 301 guacimilla boba, 301 guaconejillo, 291 guaconejo, 291 Guadeloupe marlberry, 276 guafierro, 288 guaguad, 265 guaguasi, 265, 266 guaiabara, 287 Guaiabara uvifera, 287 Guaiacum, 48, 193,309,314 Guaiacum officinale, 205, 215,302,314 Guaiacum sanctum, 215, 302, 314 guaicaje, 254 guairaje, 247,278,279 guairaje blanco, 279 guairaje colorado, 278 guaita, 273 Guajacum. See Guaiacum Guajacum guatemalense, 302 Guajava pyrifera, 282 Guajava pyriformis, 282 guaje, 260 guama, 258, 260 guama americano, 262 guama cande16n, 262 guama de costa, 260 guama de soga, 260 guama hediondo, 262 guama macho, 260 guama venezolana, 260 guamaca, 294 guamuchil, 262 guanabana, 234 guanabana cimarrona, 234 guanabana de corcho, 234 guanabana de perro, 234 guanabanita,234 guanantesi, 301 . guanara, 294 guanarita, 294 guaney,266 guaney negro, 284 guango, 256 guanilla, 301 guanillo, 240 guanina negra, 263 guanito, 240 guannegoul, 256 guano, 239, 242 guano campeche, 240 guano de costa, 240 guano de Guinea, 240 guano de sierra, 240 guao, 233, 234,249 guao de costa, 233 guao negro, 255 Guapira brevipetiolata, 282 Guapira discolor, 193,282 Guapira domingensis, 282, 307 Guapirafragrans, 193,282 Guapira ligustrifolia, 282 Guapira obtusata, 193,283,307 Guapira rufescens, 283 . guara, 294 guara blanca, 294 guaracabuya, 257 guaraguao, 248, 273 guarana, 294 guarantel,30l guarapo, 245,287, 298 Guarea,193 Guarea cabirma, 273 Guarea glabra, 273 Guarea guara, 273 Guarea guidonia, 133, 169,215,273,310,326 Guarea humilis, 273 Guarea obstusifoiia, 273 Guarea perrottetiana, 273 Guarea ramiflora, 273 Guarea sphenophylla, 273 Guarea trichilioides, 273 guarema, 297 guasabara, 279 guasara, 279 guasavara, 272 guasima cereza, 250 guasimilla, 301 guasit6n, 270 guatapana, 3, 257, 262 guatapana, 3, 255,257,262 guatapanal, 261 guatemala, 261 Guatteria berteriana, 252 Guatteria blainii, 194,235,308 Guatteria laurifolia, 235 Guatteria prinoides, 252 Guatteria virgata, 235 guava, 282 guavaberry, 280 guayaba,282 guayaba agria, 282 guayaba cimarrona, 258, 272, 279 guayaba comun, 282 guayaba de mulo, 286 guayaba silvestre, 279 guayabacoa, 248 guayabac6n,280 Index 383 guayabilla, 265 guayabillo, 280 guayab6n, 280, 286,290 guayabota, 250 guayacan,302 guayacan bastardo, 302 guayacan blanco, 302 guayacancillo, 286, 302 guayaco, 302 guayaquiI,256 guayarote, 246 guayo blanco, 302 guayo prieto, 243, 302 guayuyo, 285 guayuyo blanco, 285 guazara, 279 guazuma, 299 Guazuma bubroma, 299 Guazuma guazuma, 299 Guazuma polybotrya, 299 Guazuma tomentosa, 299 Guazuma ulmifolia, 169, 194,215,299,305,306 Guazuma ulmifolia var. tomentosa, 299 guazumilla, 297 guazumillo, 243 gue-gue, 248 guenepa,294 guepois, 280 gtiera de olar, 241 Guettarda, 194 Guettarda elliptica, 290 Guettarda laevis, 290 Guettarda multinervis, 290, 317 Guettarda ovalifolia, 290 Guettarda pungens, 290 Guettarda valenzuelana, 290 Guiana plum, 253 Guiana rapanea, 276 Guidonia spinescens, 265 Guilandina barkeriana, 257 Guilandina bonduc, 257 Guilandina bonducella, 257 Guilandina ciliata, 257 Guilandina major, 257 Guilandina moringa, 275 guilfoyle poIyscias, 237 guina criolIa, 290 guineo, 275 guineos, 275 gtiira, 241 gtiira cimarrona, 241 guisacillo, 301 guitaran, 287, 294, 297 gum arabic, 256 gum tree, 244 gumbo-limbo, 244,335. GUTIIFERAE. See CLUSIACEAE gwanegoul, 315 gwaneI,315 gwann, 315 gwatapana, 3, 176, 187,200,210,219,315 gwayabara, 316 gwayav, 177,201,219,316 gwenn,212,239,316 gwo figye, 212, 316 gwo maho, 316 gwo monben, 316 gwo po, 316 gwo ti fey, 316 Gymindia latifolia, 194, 246 Gymnanthes lucida, 194,215,253,308 Gymnanthes pallens, 253 Gyrotenia myriocarpa, 274 -Hhaba,253 habilla, 253 Haematoxylon, 317 Haematoxylon brasiletto, 194, 226, 228, 259 Haematoxylon campechianum, 194,205,215, 259,307 Haemocharis alpestris, 300 Haemocharis portoricensis, 300 Haenianthus oblongatus, 284 Haenianthus obovatus, 284 Haenianthus salicifolius, 194 Haenianthus salicifolius var. obvatus, 284 Haiti catalpa, 29, 241 Haitian oak, 29, 241 Haitiella ekmanii, 239 Haitiella munizii, 239 haitier, 235 Haitimimosa extranea, 261 Hamelia erecta, 290 Hameliapatens, 194,215,290,313,320 Hamelia ventricosa, 290 harton,275 havilla, 253 Hawaiian Ieucaena, 119,260 haya,235 haya minga, 235 hayao, 301 hazel sterculia, 299 hedionda, 290 hediondilla, 119,260,263 Hedwigia balsamifera, 244 Hedyosmum nutans, 209, 247 Hedysarum ecastaphyllum, 259 helecho, 249, 287 heIecho arb6reo, 249 heIecho gigante, 249 Helicteres altheaefolia, 299 Helicteres apetala, 299 Helicteres isora, 299 I 384 Index Helicteresjamaicensis, 194,299,306,316,320 Helicteres semitriloba, 299 Helicteres spiralis, 299 Hemitelia escuquensis, 249 Hemitelia wilsonii, 249 henna,269 henna plant, 269 henne, 269 Henriettea barkeri, 271 Henriettea elliptica, 271 Henrietteafascicularis, 194,271,331 herbe 11 dous, 259 herbe de St. Nicolas, 241 hemandia, 266 Hernandia obovata, 266 Hernandiasonora, 194,215,266 HERNANDIACEAE, 266 Heteropteris iaurifolia, 270 Heterotrichum umbellatum, 271 . Hevea brasiliensis, 169, 194,253,318 . hibisco, 270 hibiscus, 270 Hibiscus, 323 hibiscus 11 feuilles rouges, 270 Hibiscus elatus, 170, 194,215,270,323 Hib~cushorridus,271 Hibiscus hottensis, 271 Hibiscus malvaviscus, 271 Hibiscus populneus, 271 Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, 215, 270, 311 Hibiscusnliaceus, 194,215,270,315,320,323 hicaco, 247, 283 hiede-hiede, 273 higo, 274 higo chumbo, 244 higo cimarron, 274 higo cimarron filipo, 274 higuera, 255, 274 higUera,·241 higuereta, 255 higUerillo, 241, 302 higUerita, 241 higUerito, 241 higiiero, 241 higiiero galion, 241 higtiero jamo, 241 higuillo, 251, 254,271,274,285 higuillo de limon, 285 higuillo hoja menuda, 285 higuillo oloroso, 285 hippomane, 253 Hippimane, 328 Hippomane mancinella, 194,215,253,323,324 Hippomane spinosa, 253 Hirtella triandra, 194,247 Hisingera nitida, 265 Hisingera rumea, 265' Hispaniola palmetto, 240 Hispaniolan pine, 285 Hispaniolan royal palm, 57, 240 hog bush, 273 hog cabbage, 239 hog palmetto, 239 hogplum, 234 hogwood, 244 hoja ancha, 288 hoja de name, 265 hoja de sen, 263 hoja fina, 279 hoja menuda, 263, 278, 279, 280 hoja menuda roja, 280 hojancha, 286, 288 hojancha prieta, 288 hojita larga, 276 hollywood lignum vitae, 302 Homalium racemosum, 194,265 Homalium trichocladum, 265 homme de paille, 239 Honduras mahogany, 47, 273 hoop vine, 285 hoop withe, 285 hoopwood, 264 horse bush, 261 horse cassia, 258 horse-radish tree, 275 horseflesh tree, 71, 260 horsetail casuarina, 246 horsewood, 264 Hottea crispula, 280 Hottea malangensis, 280 Hottea miragoanae, 280 houx,237 .hueledor, 252 huella de chivo, 257 Huertea cubensis, 298 huesillo, 265 huesito,280 hueso,284,290,301 hueso blanco, 284 hueso de 'costa, 265, 294 hueso de tortuga, 266 hueso prieto, 237, 284 huevo de chivo, 253 huevo de gallo, 236 huevo de gato, 299 huevo de perro, 245 Hufelandia pendula, 267 huguero, 274 huile mascristi, 255 huile ricin, 255 Hura crepitans, 170, 195,215,253,305,310, 327-329 Hyeronima, 195 Hyeronima domingensis, 253 Hymenaea candolleana, 260 Hymenaea courbaril, 170, 195,215,260,314, Index.385 320,328 Hypelate paniculata, 294 Hypefate trifoliata, 195,294,311,314 Hyperbaena apiculata, 274 Hyperbaena glauciramis, 274 Hyperbaena g011avensis, 274 Hyperbaena faurifolia, 274 Hyperbaena lindmanU, 274, 307 Hyperbaena pellucida, 274 Hyperbaena salicifolia, 274 Hyperbaena undulata, 274 HYPERICACEAE. See CLUSIACEAE Hyptiodaphne crassifolia, 301 Hyptiodaphne crassifolia var. eggersii, 301 -1ICACINACEAE, 266 icaco de costa, 247 icaco dulce, 247 Icacorea guadalupensis, 276 icaque,247 icaque a poils, 247 icaque a ramiers, 247 icaque pendant, 247 icaque poileur, 247 icaquier, 247 icaquillo, 269, 290 igua, 256 igus, 256 ikak, 189,211,316 Han Han, 187; 210, 217, 316 Han-Han, 235 Hang-Hang, 235,269 flex, 195 /lex acuminata, 237 flex azuensis, 236 flex barahonica, 236 /lex caroliliiana var.fuertesiana, 236 /lex cuneifolia, 273 /lex dodonaea, 233 /lex duarteensis, 237 flex formonica, 237 Ilex fuertesiana, 236 llex fuertesiana var. selleana, 236 flex grisebachii, 237 /lex grisebachii var. haitiensis, 237 flex guianensis, 237 flex guianensis var. cuencensis, 237 flex impressa, 237 flex krugiana, 237, 322 flex macfadyenii, 215, 237,313,331,332 • /lex macfadyenii var. domingensis, 237 /lex macfadyenii var. occidentalis, 237 flex macoucoua, 237 flex microwrightioides, 237 /lex mierowrightioides var. calescens, 237 /lex montana, 237 flex nitida, 237 Ilex obcordata, 237 /lex panamensis, 237 flex pseudomacoucoua, 237 flex repanda, 237 flexriedlaei, 237 Ilex tuerckheimii, 237 /lex urbaniana, 237 ILLICIACEAE, 266 Illicium ekmanii, 266, 303, 306 Illicium parvijlorum, 266 immorte1 etranger, 241 immortelle, 145, 2~9 incienso, 297 India dillenia, 250 India-laurel fig,' 274 Indian almond, 248 Indian rosewood, 259 Indian savin tree, 257 Indian walnut, 252 Indian-rubber fig, 274 indigotier, 302 indio, 251 inga, 260 fnga circinalis, 262 inga dulce, 262 fnga dulcis, 262 fngafagifolia,195,260 fnga fastuosa, 195, 260 fngafilipes, 263 fnga inga, 260 fnga laurina, 260 fnga megacarpa, 260 fnga obovalis, 262 fnga pterocarpa, 261 fnga salutaris, 256 fnga saman, 256 fnga spinifolia, 262 fnga vera, 25, 170,215 fnga vera spp. vera, 195, 260, 328, 330 _. ink berry, 291 ink-bush,284 inkwood, 294 fnodes causiarum, 240 fnodes glauca, 240 ironwood, 250, 300 froucana guianensis, 265 fsandrina arborescens, 263 fsandrina emarginata, 263 Italian cypress, 249 fxora ferrea, 195, 290 -Jjabac6n, 253 jabilla, 253 386 Index jabilla extranjera, 252 jaboncillo, 252, 286, 294 jaca, 274 jacana, 296, 297 jacanillo, 276 jacaranda, 241 Jacaranda acutifolia, 241 Jacaranda mimosifolia, 195,241,313,316 jack fishwood, 257 jackfruit,274 jacoMn,273 Jacquinia, 195 Jacquinia aculeata, 300 Jacquinia arborea,300 Jacquinia armillaris, 300 Jacquinia armillaris arborea, 300 . Jacquinia barbasco, 300 Jacquinia berterii, 300, 304, 307 Jacquinia berterii var. acutifolia, 300 Jacquinia berterii var. angustior, 300 Jacquinia ber:terii var. portoricensis, 300 Jacquinia berterii var. retusa, 300 Jacquinia comosa, 300 Jacquinia keyensis, 300 Jacquinia sphaeroidea, 300 jagua,290 jagiierillo, 274 jagiiey,274 jagiiey blanco, 274 jaiqui,296 jaiquI, 254, 295 jakaranda, 195,316 jakiye, 186,209,316 jalapa, i76 jalapago, 276 jalap6n, 276 jalea, 284 Jamaica caper, 245 Jamaica cherry, 250 Jamaica plum, 234 Jamaica quassia, 297 Jamaica sumac, 234 Jamaica walnut, 267 Jamaica-oak,29,241 jambe de paille, 239 jamboisie, 282 jambol, 282, 316 Jambolifera chinensis, 282 Jambos jambos, 282 . Jambosa malaccensis, 282 Jambosa vulgaris, 282 jambul,282 jambwazi,316 jamiqui, 296 jamm de pay, 316 jao-jao, 272 jaqueca, 271 jaquier, 274 jarilla,253 jasmin de nuit, 298 jasmin del rio, 264 jatfa, 301 jatfa blanca, 301 jatico,272 Jatropha, 195, 325 Jatropha acrandra, 255 Jatropha acuminata, 254 Jatropha ·curcas, 215, 254, 312, 315, 325 Jatropha hastata, 254 Jatropha hernandiifolia, 254 Jatropha hemandiifolia var. epeltata, 254 Jatropha integerrima, 254 Jatropha moluccana, 252 JatrophamultijUfa, 215,254,325,326 Jatropha panduraefolia, 254 jau-jau, 272 jaul,24l jaune d'oeuf, 296 java plum, 282 javilla, 253 javilla americana, 252 javilla extranjera, 252 javillo, 252, 253 jayajabico, 289 jayajabito,287 . jayao,278,301 jazmen nwi, 316 jazmin de noche, 298 jazmin de Persia, 292 jazmln frances, 275 jazmin Malabar, 236 jelgal,3l6 jeniev, 316 Jerusalem thorn, 261 jeson, 194, 316 jeu~on,299 jia, 251, 264 jia amarilla, 265, 283 jiba, 251 jiM,247 jicaco, 247 jico-tea, 284 jigiie, 71, 260 jijiri marron, 302 jijiri mawon, 316 jimel, 186,209,316 jina, 260 ' jina extranjera, 262 jinpa, 168, 193,214,316 jique, 265 jirOf,316 jobero, 297 jobillo, 273 jobo,234,244 jobo de la India, 234, 248 jobo de puerco, 234 Index 387 jobo negro, 234 jobo vano, 234 joboban,234,273 jocuma, 248, 296 jocuma amarilla, 296 jocuma blanca, 296 jocumalechera, 296 John-Bull-tree, 271 jon def, 200, 219,316 joujoube, 316 jovero, 297 juab6n, 265 juan colorado, 242 juan prieto, 253 juan primero, 39, 238, 297, 298, juan primero prieto, 298 juba blanca, 250 jubaban, 273 jucarillo, 248 jlicaro, 248, 290 jlicaro amarillo, 248 jlicaro mastelero, 248 jlicaro negro, 248 jue bush, 300 JUGLANDACEAE, 267 Juglans baccata, 255 Juglans insularis, 267 Jug/ansjamaicensis, 195,215,267,326 jlijano, 290 jujube, 288 jujubier, 288 jujubier commun, 288 jumbie-bead, 256 jumelle, 257 Juniperus ekmanii, 249 Juniperus gracilior, 215, 249 junquillo, 237 jupiter, 269 Jupunda abbottii, 262 Jupunda glauca, 262 Jupunda obovalis, 262 Jupunda trinitensis, 262 juso, 243 -Kkachiman, 185,209,316 kachiman kanel, 209, 316 kachiman ke bef, 209, 316 kachiman mawon, 222, 316 kachiman sovaj, 222, 316 kachiman zombi, 317 kafe, 165, 190,212,317 . kafe jon, 317 kafemawon, 186, 188, 189,205,208,212,218, 317 kafe sovaj, 189,212,317 k~ou,46-55, 179,317,335 kajou etranje, 47-55, 179, 203, 317 kajou feme1, 63, 317 kajou peyi, 47, 179,203,221,317 kajou .planch, 63, 317 kajou sovaj, 197,317 kajou venezwela, 47, 179,203,317 kaka chen, 317 kaka poul, 217, 317 kakach,317 kakawo, 181,204,221,317 kakon mawon, 317 kal nwa, 194,317 kalbas, 191,213 kalbas mawon, 213, 317 kalbas zombi, 191,214,317 kaliandra, 160, 317 kaliptis, 192, 214, 317 kalmouk, 212, 317 kamf,317 kamil,317 . kampech,194,205,215,317 kampech mawon, 200, 206, 317 kandelab, 193,317 kandelon, 184,205,208 kandelon, 317 kanel, 187, 189,210,212,317 kanelabey, 198,217,317 kaneI dous, 198,217,318 kanel mawon, 318 kane1 miyel, 318 kanel pwavre, 318 kanik, 210; 318 kanil,318 kapab, 13, 166, 190,213,318 kapab gran fey, 13 kapab ti fey, 13 kapitenn, 216,318 kapok,242 kapris, 318 karakole, 200, 318 karakte dezom, 318 karambola, 186, 318 karambouba, 318 Karwinskia caloneura, 288 kas, 188,318 kas baton, 318 kas dou, 188,211,318 kas mawon, 202, 318 kas panybl, 188, 211, 318 kase rach, 218, 318 kase raj, 218, 318 kase sek, 318 kaskari, 318 kassod-tree, 111, 264 kasya, 110-117, 178,202,318 kat chemen, 318 katast, 318 388 Index katen, 318 katie, 318 kawos, 318 kawos etranje, 318 kawotchou, 169, 193, 194,318 kawoziye, 318 kayman; 318 kayman fran, 318 kaymit, 163, 189,211,318,335 kaymit fey do, 318 kaymit fran, 319 kaymit jaden, 319 kaymit mawon, 189,211,319 kaymit sovaj, 319 kaypon, 189,319 kazowina, 161, 188,319 ke ber, 319 kei apple, 265 kenep, 174, 197; 217, 319 kenep chinwa, 216, 319 kenep fwi, 319 kenep mal, 319 kenep mawon, 193, 319 kenkena etranje, 319 kenkena peyi, 193,205,214,319 ketambilla, 265 Key lime, 95, 291 kimak, 211, 319 kinik, 210, 319 kinikjon, 21O~ 319 kininn, 193,214,319 kiratela, 319 kitembilla, 265 kloujirOf, 199,218,319 kOdon,319 Koelera laurifolia, 265 kok,79,319 kok mol, 205, 319 kok shango, 319 kokeliko, 191,213,319 koko ginen, 156, 185,319 kokomakak,209,319 .kokoye, 78-85,164,190,212,319,335 kokoye misket, 79, 319 kokoye nenn, 319 kokoye panyol, 79, 319 kokoye tres pikos, 79, 319 kola, 298, 319 koleg, 209, 319 kolye, 319 kolorad, 199,218,319 koma, 196,216,319,320 koma blan, 320 koma fran, 320 koma jon, 320 koma wouj, 187,320 komiye, 197,320 konichon peyi, 320 koray, 214, 320 koray wouj, 194,215,320 kotel,320 kotlet, 320 koton fie, 320 koton maho, 320 koton mawon, 320 koton rat, 194, 320 koton swa, 187, 198,210,217,320 koubari, 170, 195,215,320 kouronn krist, 320 kowos, 320 kowosol, 158, 185, 209, 320 kowosol mawon, 209, 320 kowosol zombi, 320 koynmol, 320 krev rash, 320 kris marinn, 203, 220, 320 kriz marinn, 320 krok, 204, 221, 320 krok chen, 201, 213,219,320 krok souri, 211,320 Krugiodendronferreum, 195,205,216,288,306 kumquat, 292 kumquat.oval, 292 kumquat redondo, 292 kwokwo, 320 kwokwo ginen, 167,320 kwoton, 320 -Lla brisiette, 233 la casia amarilla, 111, 264 laba bom, 321 laba fwikase, 321 laba koray, 321 laba pen, 186,209,321 Labatia hotteana, 296 Labatia sessiliflora, 297 labe wouj, 321 labou kochon, 191, 321 labour cochon, 252 labriziyet, 321 lady-of-the-night, 298 Laetia americana, 265 Laetia guidonia, 266 Laetia procera, 195, 265 Laetia thamnia, 265 lagarto, 256 Lagerstroemiaflos-reginae, 269 Lagerstroemia indica, 216, 269, 330 Lagerstroemia speciosa, 195, 269 laget, 301 laget, 216, 321 Lagetta lagetto, 216, 301, 305, 311, 321 Lagetta lintearia, 301 Index 389 lagetto, 30 I laguilla, 297, 39 Laguncularia racemosa, 171, 195,216,248,315, 323,324 laitier, 235 laitye,321 lam veritab, 186,209,321 lamandi, 321 lamandye,321 lamandye gran ley, 200, 219, 321 lamandye ti ley, 200, 219, 321 lana, 242, 252 lancewood, 260, 267 lanero,242 lang bef, 321 langue aboeuf, 300 lanis sovaj, 321 Lantana. See VERBENACEAE Lantanopsis. See ASTERACEAE Laplacea alpestris, 300 Laplacea cymatoneura, 300 Laplacea portoricensis, 300 latanier, 239 latanier balai, 239 latanier bourrique, 239 latanier chapeau, 240 latanier de mer, 240 latanier franc, 240 latanier jaune, 240 latanier lamer, 240 . latanier marron, 239 latanier piquant, 240 latanier savanne, 239 latanier zombi, 240 latanye balay, 321 latanye bourik, 321 latanye chapo, 177,321 latanye fran, 177, 321 latanye jon, 177,321 latanye lame, 182,204,221,321 latanye mawon, 321 latanye me, 321 latanye pikan, 321 latanye savann, 212, 321 latanye zombi, 321 Laugeria densiflora, 290 Laugeria lucida, 289 Laugeria resinosa, 290 LAURACEAE, 267 laurel, 267, 268, 274 laurel amarillo, 268 laurel benjamin, 274 laurel blanco, 267, 268 laurel bobo, 267 laurel cambron, 267 laurel criollo, 274 laurel de costa, 246 laurel de la India, 274 laurel de lorna, 267 laurel geo, 268 laurel geo colorado, 268 laurel macho, 268 laurel prieto, 267 laurel roseta, 268 laurier, 267 laurier agrandes feuilles, 267 laurier blanc, 235, 267 laurier. canneIle, 267 laurier des jardins, 235 laurier guepes, 267 laurier jaune, 267" 268 laurier petites feuilles, 267 laurier puant, 267 laurier rose, 235, 267 laurier sassafras, 267 laurier tropical, 235 Laurocerasus myrtifolia, 289 Laurocerasus occidentalis, 289 Laurocerasus sphaerocarpa, 289 Laurus americanus, 300 Laurus cinnamomum, 267 Laurus coriacea, 267 Laurus floribunda, 267 Laurus leucoxylon, 267 Laurus membranacea; 268 Laurus montana, 267 Laurus patens, 268 Laurus pendula, 267 Laurus persea, 105,268 Laurustriandra, 267 Laurus"winterana, 245 lavapen, 274 Lawsonia inermis, 216, 269, 312, 313 leadtree, 119 lebisa,267 lebiza,267 leehe, 294 lechecillo, 295 lechosa,246 LECYTHIDACEAE, 268 legliz, 321 LEGUMINOSAE. See FABACEAE lejio,301 lele, 261 lele, 321 Lemaireocereus hystrix, 244, 318 lemon, 292 lefia amargo, 297 lengua de mujer, 256 lengua de vaca, 237, 255, 276 lengua viperina, 256 Leonardia haitiensis, 295 Leonotis elliptica, 288 Lepianthes. See PIPERACEAE lepine jaune, 292 Leptogonum buchii, 287 .390 Index LeptogolJum domingense, 287 Leptogonum molle, 287 lete, 321 leteuil,236 leucaena, 119,260 . Leucaena, 35, 112, 113, 305 Leucaena bolivarensis, 260 Leucaena brachycarpa, 260 Leucaena canescens, 260 Leucaena collinsii, 122 Leucaena collinsii ssp. zacapana, 129,226,228 Leucaena colombiana, 260 Leucaena diversifolia, 119 Leucaena diversifolia subsp. diversifolia, 119, 120,127-130,171,260,322 Leucaena diversifoiia x Leucaena leucocephala, 129, 130 Leucaena esculenta ssp. esculenta, 130 Leucaena esculenta ssp. paniculata, 130 Lellcaena glabrata, 119,260 Leucaena glauca, 119, 260 LeucaelJa lanceolata, 130 Leucaena latisiliqlla, 119, 260 Leucaena laxifolia, 260 Leucaenaleucocephala, 34, 135, 139, 171 Leucaena leucocephala subsp. glabrata, Ill, 118-131,195,205,224-226,228-230,260, 312,322 Leucaena leucocephala subsp. leucocephala, 119-123, 196,216,260,312,315,323,324, 331 Leucaena macrophylla subsp. nelsonii, 130 leucaena petite feuille, 260 Leucaena pseudotichodes, 260 Leucaena pulverulenta, 130 Leucaena salvadorensis, 129, 130 Lf!ucaena shannonii, 122, 129 Leucaena shannonii ssp. shannonii, 129,226, 228 . Leucaena trichandra, 260 Leucaena trichodes, 260 leviza, 267 liane a barriques, 259 liane a clous, 259 Hane acoliques, 270 liane barrique, 285 liane bord-de-mer, 259 liane bouhouque, 270 liane croc-chien, 288 lianejaune, 270 liane panier, 285 Hane taureau, 270 liann barik, 321 liann klou, 214, 321 liann kolik, 187,210,321 liann krbk chen, 321 liann panye, 321 liann towo, 160, 187,210,321 libertad, 264,275 libidibi: 257, 321 Libidibia coriaria, 257 Licaria, 105 Licaria jamaicensis, 267 Licaria triandra, 196,216,267,322 liege,234 liej,321 lignum vitae, 302 lila, 173, 197,217,273,322 lila etranje, 145, 169, 193,214,322 lila nwi, 322 lilaila, 273 liIas; 273 liIas de nuit, 298 liIas etranger, 145, 259 liIayo, 273, 298 LILIACEAE, 268 lima, 291 lima boba, 95, 291 limasa, 291 limber tree; 245 lime, 291, 335 limon, 292 limon agrio, 291, 292 limon de cabro, 292 limon dulce, 291 limon france, 212,292 limon frans, 322 limon persa, 292 Limon vulgaris, 292 limoncillo, 246, 264, 277, 283, 292, 294 limoncillo cimarron, 278, 281 limoncillo del monte, 278, 280 Hmonejo decosta, 246 Limonia aurantifolia, 291 limpia botella, 277 Linnaeobreynia ferruginea, 245 Linnaeobreynia grisebachii, 245 Linnaeobreynia indica, 245 lino, 119, 260, 262 lino criollo, 119, 260 Linociera axilliflora, 284 Linociera bumelioides, 284 Linociera caribaea, 284 Linociera dictyophylla, 284 Linociera domingensis, 284 Linociera lanceolata, 284 Linociera latifolia, 284 Linociera ligustrina, 284 Linociera miragoanae, 284 Linociera phylliraeoides, 284 lipstick bush, 242 lirio,235,236,252,284,291 lirio bobo, 290 lirio santana, 290 lirio tricolor, 236 lisina, 118-131,171,195,205,322 Index 391 lisina ti ley, 171, 322 litchi, 216, 294, 322 litchichinens~,216,294,319,322 lizard wood, 302 llorasangre, 284 llor6n, 254, 289 Lobelia assurgens, 244, 319 Lobelia robusta var. robusta, 244 lobelie cardinale, 244 loblolly sweetwood, 267 loblolly tree, 294 locuma,296 'locust berry, 270 logwood, 259 lokwat, 168,322 lombai,237 lombay,322 Lonchocarpus,196,307 Lonchocarpus domingensis, 216, 260 Lonchocarpus ehrenbergii, 260 LonchocarpuseUip6cus,260 Lonchocarpus heptaphyllus, 260 Lonchocarpus latifolius, 216, 260, 304 Lonchocarpus longipes, 260 Lonchocarpus monophyUus, 260 Lonchoca~usneurophyUus, 260,305, 318 Lonchocarpus neurophyUus var. oligophyUus, 260 Lonchocarpus pentaphyllus, 260 Lonchocarpus sepium, 145,259 long bab, 201, 322 Long Key byrsonima, 270 longleaf casuarina, 246 longue barbe, 275 loquat, 289 lone, 189, 322 lone blan, 105, 198,218,322 lone gep, 198, 322 lone gran ley, 198, 322 lone jaden, 322 lone jon, 105, 196, 198,216,322 lone kane1, 189, 322 lone piant, 198, 322 lone ti ley, 189, 322 lone twopikal, 217, 322 lone woz, 105, 198,217,322 losange, 262 losanj,322 louisine mau, 276 Loureira peltata, 254 lucky-nut, 236 Lucuma cainito, 295 Lucuma cuprea, 296 Lucuma domingensis, 296 Lucuma mammosa, 297 Lucuma multiflora, 297 Lucuma pauciflora, 296 Lucuma.serpentaria, 296 Lunania buchii, 265 Lunania dentata, 265 Lunania ekmanii, 265 Lunania tenuifolia, 265 1wisin mo, 322 Lyonia angulata, 251 Lyonia apiculata, 251 Lyonia brachycarpa, 251 Lyonia buchii, 251 Lyonia costata, 251 Lyonia darrasiana, 251 Lyonia elongata, 251 Lyonia furcyensis, 251 Lyonia haitiensis, 251 Lyonia longelaminata, 251 Lyonia microcarpa, 251 Lyonia montecristana, 251 Lyonia plumed, 251 Lyonia pseudotinensis, 251 Lyonia rubiginosa, 196 Lyonia rubiginosa var. costata, 251 Lyonia tinensis, 251 Lyonia truncata var. montecristana, 251 Lyonia truncatavar. truncata, 251 Lysiloma bahamensis, 71, 260 Lysiloma guachapele, 256 Lysiloma latisiliqua, 71, 260 Lysiloma sabicu, 70-77, 196,216,260,330 Lysiloma vogeliana, 256 LYTHRACEAE, 269 -Mm'panache,295 Maba caribaea, 250 Maba domingensis, 250 Maba leonardii, 250 Maba oxycarpa, 250 . Maba urbaniana, 250 mabi, 287, 322 mabf,287 maboa,235 macaby,283 macagua, 275 macagua de costa, 290 macagiiey, 283 macanabo, 295, 296 macao, 268, 275 macarbie, 288 macard bitter, 297 macary bitter, 297 macasol, 257 macata,257 Machaerium lunatum, 261 machandeuse,234 machandez, 322 machandoise, 234 392 Index machanwaz, 322 machetico, 259 machette, 259 Madura tinctoria, 274 Madura xanthoxylon, 274 macoucoua, 237 Macoucoua guianensis, 237 macoutouca, 239 Macreightia caribaea, 250 macrio, 271, 272 Macrocatalpa longissima, 29, 241, macurije, 294 Madagascar palm, 239 madam jan, 209, 322 madam klM, 163, 189,212,322 madam nayiz, 323 madam·yas, 199,218,323 madame claude, 302 madame jean, 235 madame naiz, 261 madame yass, 261 m4delin, 260 madlenn, 119, 171, 196,216,323 madras thorn, 262 madre de cacao, 145, 259 madroiio, 269, 270 maga, 266 magerit, 323 maget, 197,217,218,323 magne la mer, 286 magnolia, 269 Magnolia, 196 Magnolia domingi!nsis: 269 Magnolia ekmanii, 269 Magnolia emarginata, 269 Magnolia grandiflora, 269 Magnolia hamori, 269 Magnolia palleseens, 269 MAGNOLIACEAE, 269 mago, 266 maguette,278,279,280, 281 maguey silvestre, 268 mahaudeme, 242 mahaut, 270, 300 mahaut bleu, 270 mahaut franc, 270 mahaut piment, 301 maho, 214, 300, 323, maho ble, 170, 194,215,323 maho fran, 194,215,323 maho piman, 204, 323 mahodem, 174, 198,217,323 mahoe bitter, 297 mahogany, 273, 335 mms bouilli, 302 maivisse, 286 m~agua,270,271,282,301 majagua azul, 270 majagua dt; Cuba, 270, 301 majagua de la Florida, 271 majagua de mona, 282 majagua de sierra, 300 majagua macho, 270 majagiiilla, 271, 299, 301 niaj6,270 majoe bitter, 297 makabi, 204, 221, 323 makata, 323 makoutouka, 323 makrio, 197,217,323 maksmilyen, 323 maksmiye, 323 mala mujer, 265, 276, 282, 283 malaget, 197,217,218,323 malagueta, 247, 278, 280, 281, 302 malaguette, 278----'281 malambo, 245 Malay-apple, 282 Malpighia, 304, 318, 325, 331 Malpighia albiflora ssp. antillana, 270 Malpighia biflora, 270 Malpighia enide, 270 Malpighia cnide var. domingensis, 270 Malpighia cnide var. ovalis, 270 Malpighia coriacea, 269 Malpighia crassifolia, 269 Malpighia cuneata, 270 Malpighia domingensis, 270 Malpighia ekmanii, 270 Malpighia emarginata, 216, 270 Malpighia galeottiana, 270 Malpighia glabra, 172, 270, 330 Malpighia glandulosa, 269 Malpighia lucida, 270 Malpighia maeraeantha, 270 Malpighia media, 269 Malpighia megaeantha, 270 Malpighia nitidia, 269 Malpighia nitidia var. domingensis, 269 Malpighia oblongifolia, 270 Malpighia oxycocca var. biflora, 270 Malpighia punicifolia, 270 Malpighia setosa, 216. 270 Malpighia spicata, 270 Malpighia tinifolia, 269 Malpighia urens, 270 Malpighia urens var. megacantha, 270 Malpighia velutina var. intermedia, 270 MALPIGHIACEAE,269 MALVACEAE,270 malvavisco, 271 Malvaviseus arboreus, 216, 271 maman guepes, 301 marney, 248 mamey apple, 248, 335 mamey colorado, 297 Index 393 mamey rojo, 297 mamey sapote, 297 mameyuelo, 276 mamiye mawon, 323 Mammea americana, 172, ~96, 216, 248, 332 Mammea asiatica, 268 Mammea humilis, 248 mammee, 247 mammee apple, 248 mammee sapota,.297 mammee sapote, 248 mammier marron, 234 mam6n, 235 mam6n de perro, 234 mamoncillo, 294 mampolo, 241, 259 mampurreo, 275 manaca, 238, 239 manaca colorada, 238 manacla, 238,239 mancenillier, 234, 253 mancheni, 194, 215, 323 manchenille, 234, 253 manchineel, 253 manchinil, 323 Mancinella venenata, 253 mandaren, 95, 323 mandarine, 95, 292 mandarin orange, 95, 292 mandit, 289 Manettia serrata, 252 mang, 198, 323, 324 mang blan, 171, 195,216,324 mang chandel, 201, 220, 324 mang kabrit, 324 mang mawon, 186, 210, 324 mang nwa, 159, 186, 190,201,209,213,220,324 mang ti fey, 191,214,324 mang wouj, 177,201,220,324 manger cabrit, 263 Mangifera indica, 29, 39, 86-93,97, 172, 196, 216,233,324 mangiye, 324 mangle, 248, 266, 276, 289 mangle amarillo, 248 mangle blanc, 275 mangle blanco, 248 mangle bobo, 275 mangle bot6n, 248 mangle colorado, 289 mangle de chifle, 289 . mangle medaille, 263 mangle negro, 255, 302 mangle prieto, 248, 302 mangle rojo, 289 mangle zapatero, 289 manglier, 248, 289 manglier blanc, 248 manglier chandelle, 289 manglier marron, 275 manglier noir, 248, 289: 302 manglier petites feuilles, 294 manglier rouge, 289 mangliye, 324 mango, 86-93, 172, 196,216,233,324 mango, 87,233 mango tarango, 291 mangostan, 248 mangosteen, 248 mangostfn, 248 mangostinn, 324 II).angrove, 289 'mangue, 87,233 mangue cabrit, 262 manguier, 87, 233 Manila tamarind, 262 Manilkara, 329 Manilkara achras, 296 Manilkara albescens, 196, 296, 310 Manilkara halata, 296 Manilkara bUlentata, 173, 196, 329 Manilkara emarginata ssp. haitensis, 296 Manilkara gonavensis, 296 Manilkara jaimiqui ssp. haitensis, 196, 296 Manilkara nitida, 296 Manilkara riedleana, 296 Manilkara zapota, 173, 196,216,296 Manilkara zapotilla, 296 manjack, 243 manje kabrit, 324 manman gep, 324 manni,248 mario, 237 manseniye, 194,215,324 mantequero, 276 mantequita, 298 manto, 246 manzana de oro, 234 manzana lora, 254 manzana malaya, 282 manzana rosa, 282 manzanilla, 255, 290 manzanillo, 234, 253, 275 mapola, 259 mapoleona, 259 mapou, 163, 188,211,242,324,335 mapou blan, 324 mapou blanc, 242 mapou coton, 242 mapou etranger, 242 mapou etranje, 208, 324 mapou gri, 186,324 mapou gris, 243 mapou koton, 324 mapou zombi, 242, 324 Mappia racemosa, 266 394 Index mar pacffico, 270 mar serena, 270 mara, 247 maravedi,246 maray-maray, 259 marble tree, 246 margarabomba, 264 Margaritaria nobilis, 196,254 Margaritaria nobilia var. antillana, 254 margot, 233 marguerite, 235, 247 mari jinn, 324 marijon, 324 marfa, 247 maricao, 269, 270 marie jaune, 260 marie-jeanne, 273 Marila biflora, 248 Marila domingensis, 248 marimofia, 270 marmelade plum, 297 marmelade-box genipe, 290 martin avila, 289 martinica, 235 masa,244 masaguaro, 256 mascarite; 255 mascristi,255 maskarit, 324 maskristi,324 maskriti, 201, 324 mastic-bully, 296 Mastichodendronfoetidissimum, 196,216,296 Mastichodendron foetidissimum ssp. foetidissi- mum, 296, 303, 319, 320 mastwood, 29, 241 mata becerro, 255, 256 mata gallina, 298 mata gallina cimarrona, 266 mata puerco, 256 mata raton, 145,259 matabecerro, 245 Matayba, 306 Matayba apetala, 216, 294 Matayba denticulata, 294 Matayba domingensis, 196,294 Matayba oppositifolia, 294 Matayba scrobiculata, 216, 294, 311, 329 matchwood, 238 mate, 257 " mate de chivo, 294 mate de costa, 257 mate prieto, 246, 257 mato azul, 257 mato de playa, 257 matouren, 324 matourin, 257 matta becero, 302 maurepas, 259 maximier, 234 Maximiliana crassispatha, 238 Maximilianea vitifolia, 248 maximilien, 253 mayacaule, 283 mayakayul, 324 Mayepea axilliflora, 284 Mayepea bumelioides, 284 Mayepea caribaea, 284 Mayepea domingensis, 284 Mayepea ligustrina, 284 mayi bouyi, 192, 324 mayn lame, 325 Maytenus, 197 Maytenusbuxifolia,205,246,306,317,329,333 Maytenus domingensis, 246 Maytenus elliptica, 246 Maytenus haitiensis, 246 Maytenus jamaicensis, 246 Maytenus microphylla, 246 Maytenus mornicola, 246 Mecranium, 309,323 Mecranium alpestre, 271 Mecranium amygdalinum, 197, 271 Mecranium birimosum, 271 Mecranium crassinerve, 271" Mecranium haitiense, 271 Mecranium microdictyum, 271 Mecranium multiflorum, 271 Mecranium revolutum, 271 Mecranium revolutum x M. haitiense, 272 Mecranium salicfolium, 271 Mecranium tricostatum, 272 medecinier, 254 medecinier agrandes feuilles, 254 medecinier beni, 254 medecinier carthartique, 254 medecinier des Indes, 254 medecinier espagnol, 254 medecinier multifide, 254 medisinye, 325 medisinye beni, 325 medisinye gran fey, 325 medisinye miltifid, 325 medisinye panyol, 325 melaleuca, 280 Melaleuca cajaputi, 280 Melaleuca leucadendron, 280 Melaleuca minor, 280 Melaleuca quiquenervia, 197,217,280,325 . Melaleuca saligna, 280 Melaleuca viridiflora, 280 melalika, 197,217,325 MELASTOMATACEAE, 271 Melia azadirachta, 133, 273 Melia azedarach, 133, 139, 173, 197,217,273, 313, 322, 327 Index 395 Melia Melia Melia Melia guara, 273 indica, 133,273 orientalis, 273 sempervirens, 273 MELIACEAE, 273 Melicocca bijuga, 294 Melicocca paniculata, 294 Melicoccus bijugatus, 174, 197,217,294,319 , melina, 193, 302 Meliosma abbreviata, 293, 303, 319, 320 Meliosma herbertii, 197,293 Meliosma impressa, 293, 315 Meliosma recurvata, 293 melocha, 294 melocot6n, 289 membrillito, 289 membrillo, 289 memiso, 250, 265, 301 memiso de paloma,·301 memizo cimarr6n, 301 memizo de majagua, 301 mendrina, 265 MENISPERMACEAE, 274 merde rouge de la montagne, 269 Meriania involucrata, 272 mericao, 268 meris, 325 merise, 278, 279 merisier, 278, 279 .merisse, 275 meriz, 192, 325 merizye, 325 Mespilus japonica, 289 mesquite, 3, 262 Metopium, 308, 324 Metopium brownei, 217, 234, 325 Metopium linnaei, 234 Metopium metopium, 234 Metopium toxiferum, 197,234,322,323 Metrosideros quinquenervia, 280 Mettenia globosa, 252 mevis, 190, 325 Mexican cypress, 249 mi, 197,217,325 Michelia champaca, 217~ 269, 316 Miconia, 197, 323 Miconia apiculata, 272 Miconia fothergilla, 272 Miconia guianensis, 272 Miconia hypiodes, 272 Miconia impetiolaris, 217, 272, 331 Miconia laevigata, 217, 272 Miconia lanceolota, 272 Miconia macrophylla, 272 . Miconia mirabilis, 272 Miconia ottoschulzii, 272, 331 . Miconia prasina, 272 Miconia punctata, 272 Miconia racemosa, 217, 272, 317 Miconia rubiginosa, 272 Miconiaselleana,272 Miconia serrulata, 272 Miconia tetrandra, 272 Micropholis, 197 Micropholis polita ssp. hotteana, 296, 329 Microteryx poeppigiana, 259 mierda de gallina, 269 mignonette tree, 269 mije, 279, 280 mijo,280 milat, 325 milk bush, 236 milkwood, 275 millo, 254 mimosa, 261 Mimosa angustifolia, 256 Mimosa arborea, 262 Mimosa bracaatinga, 261 Mimosa buchU, 261 Mimosa caracasana, 258 Mimosa ceratonia, 261 Mimosa circinalis, 262 Mimosa cyciocarpa, 259 Mimosa dulcis, 262 Mimosa elata, 256 Mimosa extranea, 261 Mimosa fagifolia, 260 Mimosa farnesiana, 255 Mimosa inga, 260 Mimosa julijlora, 3, 262 Mimosa latifolia, 264 Mimosa latisiliqua, 260 Mimosa laurina, 260 Mimosa lebbeck,256 Mimosa leucocephala, 119,260 Mimosa mornicola, 261 Mimosa muricata, 256 Mimosa parvifoliolata, 261 Mimosa peregrina, 261 Mimosa portoricensis, 258 Mimosa procera, 256 Mimosa salinarum, 3, 262 Mimosa saman, 256 Mimosa scabrella, 197,261 Mimosa senegal, 256 Mimosa sirissa, 256 Mimosa tortuosa, 256 Mimosatrichodes,260 Mimosa unguis-cati, 262 Mimusops albescens, 296 Mimusops balata var. domingensis, 296 Mimusops bidentata, 296 Mimusops domingensis, 296 Mimusops gonavensis, 296 Mimusops riedleana, 296 Mimusops sieberi, 296 396 Index miraguano, 239,240 mirto, 280,292 Misanteca triandra, 267 misimieu, 292 miskad,325 miskadye, 325 mit, 197,217,325 mit fey lorie, 325 mit fey sitwon, 325 miwobalann, 325 moca, 256 moca blanca, 256 mock orange, 292 molinero, 242 molinillo, 242, 273 mombin, 234 mombina fruits jaunes, 234 mombin batard, 273, 294 mombin espagnol, 234 mombin franc, 234 mombin rouge, 234 monben, 179,202,220,325 monben bata, 182,204,221,325 monben fran, 179, 325 monben jon, 325 monben panyol, 325 mondacapullo, 278 mongier, 289 monkey apple, 247 monkey bread tree, 242 monkey pistol, 253 Monteverdia buxifolia, 246 mora, 274 Mora abbottii, 261 mora de la India, 290 mora del pais, 274 Mora ekmanii, 261, 330 mora macho, 274 mora negra, 275 MORACEAE, 274 moradilla, 299 moral,243 moral6n, 286 morepa, 325 morera negra, 275 morero, 275 morinda, 290 Morinda citrifolia, 197,217,290,306,312,314 Morinda macrophylla, 290 . moringa, 275 Moringa nux-ben, 275 Moringa oleifera, 174, 197,217,275,304,312, 326 Moringa pterygosperma, 275 MORINGACEAE, 275 Morisonia americana, 197,245 Morisonia flexuosa, 245 morivivi cimarr6n, 258 Moronobea coccinea, 248 mortel debout, 271 mortelle, 259 moruro blanco, 263 Morus nigra,·197, 217,275,325 Morus tinctoria, 274 mostacilla, 245 mostacilla chica, 245 mostazo, 245 motel, 145,325 motel debou, 204, 221, 325 motel etranje, 179, 202, 325 mother-of-cocao, 145,259 mountain ebony, 13,287 mountain immortelle, 259 mountain mahoe, 270 mountain palm, 239 mountain soursop, 234 mountain wild olive, 248 moureiller piquant, 270 moureye pikan, 325 Mouriri domingensis, 197, 272, 320 Mouriria. See Mouriri mpanash, 325 mucha gente, 265 muco, 268 mulfitre, 234 mullein nightshade, 298 Munchausia speciosa, 269 mufieco, 243, 282 mufieco baboso, 243 mufieco blanco, 243 Muntingia calabura, 197,217,250,306,310 muralla,292 . murallera,292 Murbeckia haitiensis, 245 mures, 275 Murianthe albescens, 296 Muriea albescens, 296 Muriea eyerdamii, 296 Murraea exotica, 292 Murrayapaniculata, 197,217,292,303,310,325 murta, 272, 288 AIusa,97,174,217 . AIusa acuminata x AI. balbisiand 'AAA', 275, 313 ·AIusaacuminata x AI. balbisiana 'AAB', 275, 303 Musa paradisiaca, 275 Musa sapientum, 275 Musa x paradisiaca, 29, 39, 275 MUSACEAE, 275 muscade, 276 muscadier, 276 musimieu, 292 musk wood, 273 mustard shrub, 245 Mycianthes umbellulifera, 281 Index 397 ' Myginda cuneifolia, 247 Myginda latifolia; 246 Myginda rhacoma, 246 MYOPORACEAE, 275 Myrcia citrifolia, 197,217,280,305,323,325, 328 Myrcia coriacea, 280 Myrcia deflexa, 198, 280 Myrcia fenzliana, 280 Myrcia ferruginea, 280 Myrcia hotteana, 280 Myrcia leptoclada, 198, 280 Myrcia lindeniana, 280 Myrcia saliana, 280 Myrcia splendens, 198,280 Myrcia tiburoniana, 280 Myrcia umbellulifera, 281 Myrcianthes esnardiana, 280, 323 Myrcianthesfragrans, 280,305,308,309,325 Myrciaria floribunda, 280, 308 Myrica cerifera, 198,217,275,317,318 Myrica mexicana, 275 Myrica picardae, 275 Myrica segregata, 284 MYRICACEAE, 275 Myristicafragrans, 198,217,276,325,326 MYRISTICACEAE,276 myrobalane, 234 Myrobalanus catappa, 248 Myrodia turbinata, 242 Myrospermumfrutescens, 198,217,261 Myroxylon balsamum, 198, 217 Myroxylon balsamum var. pereirae, 261 Myroxylon buxifolium, 265 Myroxylon coriaceum, 265 Myroxylon pereirae, 261 Myroxylon schaefferioides, 266 MYRSINACEAE, 276 Myrsine acrantha, 276 Myrsine berterii, 276 Myrsine coriacea, 198,276,309,324 Myrsine ferruginea, 276 Myrsine floridana, 276 Myrsine guianensis, 198,276,312 Myrsine laeta: 276 Myrsine magnoliifolia, 276 Myrsine punctata, 276 MYRTACEAE,277 myrte, 279, 292 myrte afeuilles de citron, 280 myrte afeuilles de laurier, 280, 281 myrtle-of-the-river, 278 Myrtus acris, 281 Myrtus axillaris, 278 Myrtus bahamensis, 282 Myrtus biflora, 278 Myrtus brachystemon, 279 Myrtus buxifolia, 279 Myrtus caryophyllata, 281 Myrtus citrifolia, 280 Myrtus coriacea, 280 Myrtus cumini, 282 Myrtus dichotoma, 280 Myrtus elliptica, 282 Myrtus fragrans, 280 Myrtus glabrata, 279 Myrtus ligustrina, 279 Myrtus lineata, 279 Myrtus monticola, 279 Myrtus patrisii, 279 Myrtus procera, 279 Myrtus splendens, 280 Myrtus suzygium, 278 Myrtus tiburona, 279 Myrtus tussacii, 280 Myrtus umbellulifera, 281 -Nnabaco, 290 nacascol, 257 nago, 192,326 nagot, 251 najesf,273 naked wood, 287 naranja,95 naranja agria, 95, 291 naranja de babor, 291 naranja de China, 292 naranja dulce, 95, 292 naranja mandarina, 95, 292 naranjito, 290 narciso, 235 Narvalina. See ASTERACEAE naseberry, 296 Nectandra antillana, 267 Nectandra c(lUdato-acuminata, 267 Nectandra coriacea, 267 Nectandra cuneata, 268 Nectandra krugii, 267 Nectandra membranacea, 268 Nectandra oligoneura, 268 Nectandra patens, 268 Nectandra pulchra, 268 Nectandra sanguinea, 267 Nectandra sintenisii, 268 Nectandra willdemoviana, 267 Neea collina, 283 Neea demissa, 283 neeb,133,273 neem, 133, 273 negra loca, 286 negra lora, 275, 294 Neltuma juliflora, 3, 262 Nemodaphne cuneata, 268 398 Index Neobuchia paulinae, 242, 324 Neocastela depressa, 297 Neolaugeria resinosa, 198,290 Nephelea woodwardioides var. hieonymi, 249 Nerium divaricatum; 236 Nerium oleander, 198,217,235,322 Nicarago vesicaria, 257 nickar tree, 257 night-flowering acacia, 258 nigua, 290 nim, 132-143, 159, 186,205,209,273,326 nimba, 133,273 Niopa peregrina, 261 nisperillo, 294, 296 nisperillo de hoja finas, 296 nispero, 296 nispero del Japan, 289 nogal, 195,215,267,326 nogal de la India, 252 nogal del pais, 267 noisetier, 254 noisetier d' Amerique, 254 noisetier du pays, 254 noisette, 252, 254 noix, 252 noix d'acjou, 233 noix de coco, 79, 239 noix de cola, 298 noix de muscade, 276 noix de serpent, 236 noni,290 Norfolk-Island pine, 238 northern black wattle, 255 noyer, 252 .noyer des Indes, 252 nuez,252,267 nuez de cola, 298 nuez moscada, 276 nutmeg, 276 nwa, 326 nwa kajou, 157, 185,209,326 nwa koko, 79, 326 nwa kola, 213, 326 nwa miskad, 198,217,326 nwa sepan, 326 nwaye, 326 nwazet, 185,208,218,326 nwazet'peyi, 326 NYCTAGINACEAE, 282 -0Ochna ilicifolia, 283 OCHNACEAE,283 Ochroma bicolor, 242 Ochroma boliviana, 242 Ochroma grandiflora, 242 Ochroma lagopus, 242 Ochroma lagopus var. bicolor, 242 Ochroma lagopus var. occigranatensis, 242 Ochroma limonensis, 242 Ochroma obtusa, 242 Ochroma peruviana, 242 Ochromapyramidale, 174, 198,217,242,308, 313,320,323 Ochroma tomentosa, 242 Ochroma velutina, 242 Ocotea, 105,322 Ocotea acarina, 267 Ocotea athroanthes, 267 Ocotea caudato-acuminata, 267 Ocotea cicatricosa, 267 Ocotea coriacea, 198, 218, 267 Ocotea cuneata, 268 Ocoteafloribunda, 198,267,322 Ocoteafoeniculacea, 267, 318 Ocotea globosa, 198, 267, 322 Ocotea krugii, 267 Ocotea leucoxylon, 198,267,312,315,322 Ocotea membranacea, 198,268,322 Ocotea nemodaphne, ·198, 268 Ocotea oligoneura, 268 Ocoteapatens, 198,268. Ocotea pulchra, 268 Ocotea sintenisii, 198, 268 Ocotea wrightii, 268, 317 oeuf de poule, 261 ofon criollo, 302 ojo de peje, 297 OLACACEAE, 283 OLEACEAE,284 oleander, 235 olive, 275 olivier, 275 olivier batard, 275 olivo,39,245,297 olivo bastardo, 275 olivo frijol, 245 olivye,326 olivye bata, 326 om de pay, 326 Omphalandria commutata, 254 Omphalea, 326 Omphalea commutata, 254 Omphalea ekmanii, 254 Omphalea triandra, 218, 254 Oothrinax anomala, 240 Opuntiaficus-indica, 218, 244, 328 Opuntia moniliformis, 244, 327, 328 orange amer, 95, 291 orange douce, 95, 292 orange jessemine, 292 orange sure, 291 orangier, 95 Orbignya crassispatha, 238 Index 399 oreganillo, 249, 258 oreja, 259 oreja de burro, 286 oreja de judfo, 259 orej6n, 259 Oreodaphne domingensis, 267 Oreodoxa borinquena, 57, 240 Oriwpanax capitatum, 218, 237, 305, 307 Oreopanax capitatus. See Oreopanax capitatum onne d' Amerique, 299 Ormosia_krugii, 198,261,308 orteg6n:287 . ortie blanche, 301 ortiga brava, 301 os devants marrons, 246 Ossaea woodsii, 272 otaheiti gooseberry, 254 Ottoschulzia domingensis, 266 Ottoschulzia rhodoxylon, 199,266 ouane primaire, 238 ouary, 257 Ouratea ilicifolia, 218, 283, 303 Ouratea jaegeriana, 283 Ouratea lenticellosa, 283 Ouratea spinulosa, 283 oval-leaved fiddlewood, 302 OXALIDACEAE, 284 Oxandra lariceolata, 199,218,235,307 Oxandra laurifolia, 235, 307 Oxandra virgata, 235 oxhorn bucida, 248 oyster-wood, 253 ozua, 280, 281 -ppabe1l6n del rey, 285 pacana, 268 pachira, 242 Pachira, 199 Pachira aquatica, 218, 242, 319 Pachira emarginata, 242 Pachira grandiflora, 242 Pachira insignis, 218, 242 Pachyanthus hotteana, 272 pae manuel, 253 pagua, 105, 268 paille, 240 painkiller, 290 pajua, 238 pal, 239, 326 pale lidflower, 277 paletiviye, 326 paletuvier, 248, 263, 302 Palicourea, 199 Palicourea alpina, 290 Palicourea barbinervia, 290 Palicourea brevithyrsa, 290 Palicourea crocea, 290 Palicourea domingensis, 290 palingmin, 245 palissandre, 261 palito, 253 palitode vara, 271 Paliurus reticulatus, 288 palm, 326, 335 .palm dorada, 239 palm koyo, 326 palma, 57, 238-240, 326 palma areca, 239 palma cana, 240 palma Christi, 255 palma cristi, 255 palma de abanico, 275 palma de arroyo, 238 palma de cana, 240 palma de catey, 238 palma de coco, 79, 239 palma de cojollo, 240 palma de escoba, 240 palma de guano, 239 palma de guinea, 239 palma de manacla, 239 palma de sombrero, 240 palma deyagua, 57, 240 Palma gracilis, 238 palma kristi, 326 palma manaca, 238, 239 palma real, 57, 240 Palma spinosa, 238 Palmas cocos, 79, 239 palmaven, 326 palme, 239 palme coyau, 239 palme-a-vin, 238, 239 palmera, 239 palmier royal, 57, 240 palmilla, 239, 249 palmis, 56-61, 201, 220, 326 palmis chapelet, 326' palmis dezenn, 326 palmistaven, 326 palmiste, 57, 240, 273 palmiste des lndes, 250 palmiste-a-chapelet, 239 palmiste-a-vin, 240 palmita, 240 palo amargo, 39, 236, 252, 254, 266,287,294, 297,301 palo amarillo, 247, 274, 284 palo bellaco, 252 palo berraco, 252 palo blanco, 237, 246, 252, 253, 260, 265, 289, 293,295,297 palo blanco de sierra, 252 400 Index palo bobo, 243, 248 palo cachumba, 237 palo campeche, 259 palo carre, 265 palo catorra, 265 palo cochino, 244 palo colorado, 250 palo coral, 290 palo damaso, 254 palo de abejas, 275 palo de aceite, 244, 275 palo de anastasio, 273 palo de angel, 257 palo de arana, 247 palo de avispas, 264 palo de berraco, 266 palo de boya, 259 palo de Brasil, 257 palo de burro, 237, 256, 260, 263 palo de cabra, 269, 301 palo de cabrilla, 301 palo de caiman, 257 palo de caja, 293 palo de candela, 265 palo de caya prieto, 293 palo de cera, 275 palo de chivo, 263 palo de corcho, 282 palo de cotorra, 249, 265 palo de cruz, 248, 290, 300 palo de cucubano, 290 palo de cuello, 289 palo de dajao, 290 palo de doneella, 270 palo de doncello, 269 palo de encaje, 301 palo de gallina, 252, 289, 298 palo de goma, 274 palo de gongolf, 288 palo de guitarra, 302 palo de hacha, 289, 293 palo de hierro, 288, 290 palo de hormiga, 279 palo de hueso, 253, 278, 284, 297 palo de jab6n, 294 palo de jaqueca, 271 palo de lana, 242 palo de leche, 235, 236, 253, 275 palo de leche chiquita, 236 palo de limoncillo, 264· palo de maca, 256 palo de marfa, 247 palo de matos,261 palo de mora, 274 palo de muleta, 279 palo de muneco, 243 palo de muneco blanco, 243 palo de murta, 279 palo de orejas, 288 palo de orqufdeas, 257 palo de paloma, 246 palo de pan cimarr6n, 284 palo de parque, 145,259 palo de peje, 297 palo de peonfa, 261 palo de perico, 252, 264, 282 palo de peronfa, 261 palo de pez, 297 palo de pallo, 237, 259, 263 palo de puerco, 278 palo de quina, 290 palo de rayo, 261 palo de reina, 294 palo de sabana, 276 palo de sable, 238 palo de sierra, 252 palo de tabaco, 261 palo de tabac6n, 253 palo de tea, 291 palo de taro, 250, 284, 288 palo de vaca, 243, 257 palo de vidrio, 302 palo de viento, 237, 238 palo de yagua, 265 palo de yaqui, 265 palo de yuca, 253 palo del rey, 236, 294 palo hediono, 260 palo jeringa, 275 palo lechoso, 236 palo 1l0r6n, 289 palo malo, 237 palo marfa, 247 palo misanteco, 267 palo moro, 291 palo muneco, 297 palo perriro, 302 palo prieto, 250, 254 palo Robinson, 288 palo rubrio, 292 palo salvaje, 265, 282 palo santo, 276, 302 palo santo cimarron, 276 palo seco, 260 palo tabaco, 243, 288 palo vara, 265 palo verbena, 265 paloma, 264 palomino, 266 palpaguano, 288 pamplemous, 326 pamplemousse, 95, 292 pan de fruta, 274 pana de pepitas, 274 Panama tree, 299 panapen, 274 Index 401 Panax morotoni, 238 pancho prieto, 288 pandereta, 240 panilla, 284 panyol mawon, 326 papailler, 246 PAPAVERACEAE,284 papay, 161, 188,211,326 papay sovaj, 195,215,326 papaya, 246 Papaya carica, 246 Papaya sativa, 246 Papaya vulgaris, 246 papaye, 246 papaye sauvage, 254 papayer, 246 papelit, 192,211,326,327 papelite, 251, 265, 286 papillon, 264 paragua, 241 paragiiita, 242 parafso frances, 275 Paralabatia fuertesii, 296 Paralabatia portoricensis, 296 paralejo de pinares, 270 Parathesis, 329 Parathesis crenulata, 276 Parathesis serrulata, 276 parco prieto, 288 parese, 219, 327 parese kloti, 327 paresol, 191,327 paresol, 243 paresseux, 237, 238 paresseux des clotures, 238 parfa, 295 parici,238 parida,293,295 pariposa, 257 Pariti elatum, 270 Pariti tiliaceus, 270 Paritium elatum, 270 Parkia roxburghii, 261, 321 Parkinsonia aculeata, 199,218,227,228,261, 323 Parkinsonia spinosa, 261 parrilla, 288 parrot weed, 284 pascua, 253 pascuita, 253 pasilla, 273 pat toti, 327 pata de chivo, 257 pata de vaca, 257 pataban, 248 pativier, 294 pativiye, 327 patte de tortue, 244 pavona,270 pawpaw, 246 pay, 177,327,335 peach,289 pear, 289 pech,219,327 pech mawon, 199,327 peche, 289 . peche marron, 268 pecher, 289 pega polIo, 271 pega-pega, 265 pegoje, 236, 274 pegojo, 236 Peiranisia crista, 263 Peiranisia fitchiana, 263 Peiranisia haitiensis, 263 Peiranisia polyphylla, 263 pela burro, 264 pela huevos, 255 Peltophorum berteroanum, 261, 321 Peltophorumferrugineum, 261 Peltophorum pterocarpum, 199,261 pen dostrali, 327 penda,291,302 pendejera, 298 pendejera macho, 298 pendejo, 252 pendola, 259 pendoula, 327 . pendula, 302 . pendula blanca, 302 pendula de sierra, 302 pengwen, 327 penipeniche de sabana, 246 peonfa, 261 pepinito, 284 pepit porn, 327 pepper cinnamon, 245 pera, 282, 289,291 Pera bumeliifolia, 218, 254, 318 pera criolla, 291 Pera depressa, 254 Pera domingensis, 254 Pera glomerata, 254, 320 pera mexicana, 291 peralejo, 250, 269, 270, 272, 280 peralejo blanco, 269 peralejo de sabana, 250, 269 perce-pierre, 297 perenqueta, 284 perico,275,282 perico macho; 276 perita haitiana, 288 peronfa, 256, 261 peronfas, 256 Persea, 327 Persea americana, 29, 39, 97, 104--:109, 175, 199, 402 Index 218,268,332 Persea americana var. americana, 268 Persea americana var. drymifolia, 105 Persea anomala, 268 Persea domingensis, 268 Persea drymifolia, 105 Persea edulis, 105, 268 Persea ekmanii, 268 Persea gratissima, 105, 268 Persea krugii, 199,268 Persea leiogyna, 105,268 Persea oblongifolia, 268 Persea persea, 105, 268 Persea retroflexa, 267 Persian lime, 291 persillette, 237 Persoonia guianensis, 273 Peru1eucaena, 119,260 pes pie, 327 pesiyet; 327 pet djab, 327pet du diab1e, 253 Petesioides laurifolium, 276 petit abbe, 297 petit bois blanc, 247 petit bois d'Inde, 279 petit bois pin, 278 petit buis, 286 petit cafe, 293 petit ca"imite, 295 petit ca1e~on, 257 petit citronnier, 237 petit coco, 238 petit crecre, 272 petit cracra, 238 . petit flamboyant, 253 petit gaYac, 258 petit gar~on, 247 petit houx, 237 . petit merisier, 280 petit mombin, 273 petit pa1miste marron, 239 petit raisin, 276 petit raisin ordinaire, 286 petit solei!, 243 petite cerise, 270 petite pomme, 288 petites feuilles, 279 petites graines, 271, 272 Petitia domingensis, 48, 199,218,302,306,311 Phanera variegata, 257 pheasant wood, 256 Phoebe alainii, 267 Phoebe cubensis, 267 Phoebe elongata, 267 Phoebe grisebachiana, 267 Phoebe montana, 267 Phoebe triplinervis, 267 Phoenix canariensis, 239 Phoenix dactylifera, 175,218,239,311 Photinia japonica, 289 Phyllanthus acidus, 199,218,254,330 Phyllanthus antillanus, 254 • Phyllanthus cicca, 254 Phyllanthuscuneifolius, 254 Phyllanthus distichus, 254 Phyllanthus epiphyllanthus ssp. domingensis, 254 Phyllanthus epiphyllanthus ssp. epiphyllanthus, 254 Phyllanthus grandifolius genuinus, 254 Phyllanthus juglandifolius ssp. juglandifolius, 254,304,326 Phyllanthus laurifolius, 255 Phyllanthus maleolens, 254 Phyllanthus myriophyllus, 254 Phyllanthus nobilis var. antillanus, 254 Phyllanthus pubigerus, 255 Phyllostylon brasiliense, 48, 199,206,206,301, 305 Phyllostylon rhamnoides, 301 physic-nut, 254 PHYTOLACCACEAE,285 pich pen, 161, 188,327 pich pin, 246, 285 pica de gallo, 258 Picramnia antidesma, 218, 297 Picramnia antidesmoides, 297 Picramnia dictyoneura, 297 Picramnia domingensis, 297 Picramnia macrocarpa, 297 . Picramnia micrantha, 297 Picramniapentandra, 199,218,297,309,310, 317,332 PICRAMNIACEAE. See SIMAROUBACEAE Picrasma excelsa, 199,218,297,314 Picrasma selleana, 297 Picrodendron baccatum, 218, 255 Picrodendron macrocarpum, 255 Picrodendr01i medium, 255 Pictetia, 314 Pictetia aculeata, 199,261,315 Pictetia desvauxii, 261 Pictetia obcordata, 261 Pictetia spinifolia, 199,206,218,306,315,316 Pictetia spinifolia yare elongata, 261 Pictetia spinifolia yare monophylla, 261 Pictelia spinifolia yare obovata, 261 Pictetia spinifolia .var. plenophylla, 261 Pictetia spinifolia yare ternata, 261 pie de chivo, 257 pigeon-berry, 243, 302 pikan arada, 327 pikan kare, 327 pikan woz, 204, 327 Pilocarpus racemosus, 199,292 Index 403 piman dlo, 327 piment d'eau, 273 P(menta acris, 281 Pimenta acris var. grisea, 281 , Pimenta anisomera, 281 Pimenta crenulata, 281 Pimenta dioica, 218, 281, 323, 328 Pimenta haitiensis, 278 Pimenta officinalis, 281 Pimenta ozua, 281 Pimenta pauciflora, 281 Pimenta pimenta, 281 Pimenta racemosa, 199,218,305 Pimenta racemosa var. grisea, 281 Pimenta racemosa var. ozua, 281 Pimenta racemosa var. racemosa, 281, 305, 313, 316,319,325 Pimenta racemosa var. terebinthina, 281 Pimenta terebinthina, 281 pimienta, 234, 280, 281 pimienta blanca, 281 pimienta cimarrona, 280 pimienta de Brasil, 234 pirnienta de Guinea, 302 pirnienta gorda, 281 pimienta malagueta, 281 pin, 285 pin d' Australie, 246 pina de puerto, 290 PINACEAE,285 pinchipin, 285 pindoula, 302 pine, 327 pine, 292 pine blan, 204, 222, 327 pine jaune, 292 pine jon, 222, 327 pinga de perro, 237 pinguin, 268 pini,327 pini-pini, 246, 290 pinillo, 254 pinit, 292 pinit jaune, 292 pink cedar, 241 pink shower, 258 pink trumpet tree, 241 pino, 246,285,292 pino amarillo, 285 pino australiano, 246 pino de Australia, 246 pino de cuaba, 285 pino de teta, 292 pino japones, 261 pino macho, 285, 292 pino rubial, 292 pin6n, 254 piii6n amoroso, 145,259 pin6n botija, 254 pin6n criollo, 254 pin6n cubano, .145, 259 pin6n de Cuba, 145,259 pifi.6n de Espana, 254, 259 pin6n de punal, 268 pin6n del cauto, 259 pin6n espinoso, 259 pin6n florido, 145,259 pin6n frances, 259 pin6n lechero, 254 pin6n purgante, 254 pin6n v6ci, 254 Pinus, 309, 327 Pinuscaribaea, 175, 199,218 Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis, 285 Pinus hondurensis, 285 Pinus occidentalis, 176,200,218,225,230,285, 305 Piper aduncum, 200, 219, 285, 308, 310, 330 Piper amalago, 219, 285, 303,304,308,312-315, 321,330 Piper medium, 285 Piper rugosum, 285 Piper tuberculatum, 200, 285 PIPERACEAE, 285 Piptadenia peregrina, 200, 219, 261, 306, 307, 332 piquant arada, 264 piquant carre, 265 piquant rosie, 265 piragua, 251, 265, 269, 270, 272 pirulf, 235, 252 Piscidia ekmanii, 262 Piscidia indica, 259 Piscidia piscipula, 219. 262, 306 Pisoniaaculeata, 219, 283, 320, 324 Pisonia albida, 200, 283 Pisonia albida platyphylla, 283 Pisonia albida var. glutinosa, 283 Pisonia brevipetiolata, 282 Pisonia calophylla rufescens, 283 Pisonia discolor, 282 Pisonia discolor var. bevipetiolata, 282 Pisonia discolor var. camosa, 282 Pisoniafragrans, 282 Pisoniafragrans oblanceolata, 282 Pisonia helleri, 283 Pisonla ligustrifolia, 282 Pisonia obtusata, 283 Pisonia obtusata var. domingensis, 282 Pisonia obtusata var. rufescens, 283 Pisonia ochracea, 283 Pisonia rotundata, 200, 283 Pisonia rufescens, 283 Pisonia subcordata var. rotundata, 283 Pisonia subcorta typica albida, 283 Pisonia villosa, 283 404 Index pistach, 203, 220, 327 pistache des Indes, 299 Pistacia simaruba, 244 pita, 271 pitangueira, 278 pitch apple, 247 Pithecellobium abbottii, 262, 332 Pithecellobium arboreum, 200, 262, 307, 319, 328 Pithecellobium berteroanum, 263 Pithecellobium carbonarium, 262 Pithecellobium circinale, 200, 206, 262, 314, 317, 324 Pithecellobium discolor, 262 Pithecellobium domingense, 262 Pithecellobium dulce, 176,200,219,227,228, 262 Pithecellobium filicifolium, 262 Pithecellobium filipes, 263 Pithecellobiumfragrans, 263 Pithecellobium glaucum, 262 Pithecellobium hystrix, 262 Pithecellobium impressum, 263 Pithecellobium latifolium, 264 Pithecellobium lentiscifolium, 262, 322 Pithecellobium micranthum, 262 Pithecellobium nervosum, 258 Pithecellobium obovale, 262 Pithecellobium oppositifolium, 262 Pithecellobium saman, 256 Pithecellobium spinifolium, 262 Pithecellobium striolatum, 262 Pithecellobium trinitense, 262 Pithecellobium truncatum, 262 Pithecellobium unguis-cati, 200, 206, 219, 262 pitimini, 236 piyon, 144-151, 169, 193,214,259,327 piyong, 145, 169,327 plantain, 275, 335 plantanito, 271 platanillo, 263 platano, 275 platano burro, 275 platano hembra, 275 platano macho, 275 plateado, 290 platinillo de Cuba, 285 pie, 327 Pleodendron, 200 Pleodendron ekmanii, 245 Plinia abeggii, 281 Plinia acutissima, 281 Plinia acutissima var. cidrensis, 281 Plinia caricensis, 281 Plinia cidrensis, 281 Plinia ekmaniana, 281 Plinia haitiensis, 281 Plinia microcycla, 281 Plinia montecristina, 281 Pluchea. See ASTERACEAE plumeria, 235 Plumeria, 200, 313 Plumeria acutifolia, 236 Plumeria alba, 219, 235, 313 Plumeria barahonensis, 235 Plumeria beatensis, 235 Plumeria berterU, 236 Plumeria biglandulosa, 236 Plumeria cayensis, 235 Plumeria cuneifolia, 235 Plumeria discolor, 236 Plumeria domingensis, 236 Plumeria gibbosa, 236 Plumeria incamata, 236 Plumeria jaegeri, 236 Plumeria krugii, 235 Plumeria longiflora, 236 Plumeria marchU, 235 Plumeria obtusa, 219, 235, 313, 314 Plumeria obtusa var. sericifolia,.236 Plumeria obtusa x P. subsessilis, 236 Plumeria ostenfeldU, 235 Plumeria paulinae, 236 Plumeria portoricensis, 235 Plumeria purpurea, 236 Plumeria rubra, 236, 314 Plumeria rubra xl'. subsessilis, 236 Plumeria sericifolia, 236 Plumeria stenopetala, 236 Plumeria subsessilis, 236, 313 Plumeria tricolor, 236 Plumeria trouinensis, 236 Plumeria tuberculata, 236, 313 plumo de oro, 3, 262 POACEAE, 285 PODOCARPACEAE, 285 Podocarpus, 200 Podocarpus angustifolius var. wrightii, 285, 308 Podocarpus aristulatus, 285 Podocarpus buchU, 285 Poinciana bijugata, 257 Poinciana coriaria, 257 Poinciana regia, 259 poinciana royal, 259 Poincianella pellucida, 257 Poincianella pulcherrima, 257 poincillade, 257 poinsettia, 253 Poinsettia pulcherrima, 253 poirier, 241, 251, 289 pois confiture, 260 pois doux, 260 pois doux blanc, 260 pois palmiste, 256 pois sucrin, 260 pois vache, 252 pois valette, 264 Index 405 pois vallier, 264 pois valliere, 264 poison ash, 233 poison cherry, 246 poison lasinette, 262 poivre Jamai'que, 281 poivrier, 287 poivrier de Jamai'que, 280 polisandro, 264 Polygala chamaebuxus, 286 Polygala domingensis, 286 Polygala fuertesii, 286 Polygala penaea, 286, 310, 331 Polygala portoricensis, 286 POLYGALACEAE, 286 POLYGONACEAE, 286 Polygonum uvifera, 287 Polyscias, 219, 312, 327 Polyscias balfouriana, 237, 327 Polyscias filicifolia, 237 Polyscias guilfoylei, 237 Polyscias pinnata, 238, 327 porn, 327 porn grenad, 327 porn jamayik, 327 porn kajou, 327 porn kanel, 327 porn malezi, 203, 327 porn malkadi, 222, 327 porn malkadik, 327 porn savon, 327 porn site, 202, 328 porn toch,213, 328 porn woz, 180,203,221,328 porn zombi, 328 pomarrosa, 282 pomarrosa de Malaca, 282 pomegranate, 287 pom"elo, 95, 292 pomme, 233 pomme acajou, 233 pomme cythere, 234 pomme de cannelle, 235 pomme de Jamai'que, 282 pomme de Malaisie, 282 pomme de savon, 294 pornme grenade, 287 pomme mal carduc, 288 pomme malcardi, 288 pomme rose, 282 pomme torche, 250 pomme zombi, 253 pommier rose, 282 porno, 282 pomogranado, 287 pompon, 258 pompon haitiano, 259 pomponsjaune, 256 ponasf,290 pond apple, 234 ponsere, 288 poor man's orchid, 257 popnut, 254 Poponax macracantha, 255 Poponax macracanthoides, 255 poponax macrantha, 255 Poponax torluosa, 256 Poraqueiba rhodoxylon, 266 pork fat apple; 247 Porothrinax pumilio, 240 Portesia ovata, 273 possum tree, 253 . Pouteria dictyoneura ssp. fuertesii, 200, 296, 318 Pouteria dictyoneura var. fuertesii, 296 Pouteria domingensis, 316, 331 Pouteria domingensis f. cuprea, 296 Pouteria domingensis var. cuprea, 296 Pouteria domingensis var. domingensis, 296 Pouteria dominigensis. See Pouteria domingensis Pouteria hotteana, 296 Pouteria mammosa, 297 Pouteria multiflora, 200, 297 Pouteria sapota, 200, 219, 297, 315, 329 Pouteria sessiliflora, 297 Premna latifalia var. mucronata, 302 prentan, 328 . Prestoea acuminata, 239, 323, 326 Prestoea montana, 239 prickly marnpoo,283 prickly pole, 238 prickly yellow, 292 pride of India, 273 prieto, 241 " primavera, 265 prince wood, 290 princess tree, 39, 297 pringa leche, 255 Prinos macfadyenii, 237 Prinos montanus, 237 Prinos nitidus, 237 printemps, 258 privet stopper, 279 Prockia crucis, 265 " Prosop~,30, 112, 122 Prosopis alba, 6 Prosopis bracteolata, 3, 262 Prosopis cumanensis, 3,262 Prosopis domingensis. See Prosopis dominguensis Prosopis dominguensis, 3, 262 Prosopis dubia, 259 Prosopisjuliflora, 2-11, 120, 134, 135, 176, 184, 200,206,219,224,225,227-229,262,304, 311,315 Prosopis paUMa, 3 Prosopis vidaliana, 3, 262 PROTEACEAE, 287 406 Index Protium glaucescens, 244 pruan, 289 prune bord de mer, 246 prune plum, 289 prune tree, 289 pruneau noir, 237 prunier, 289 Prunus, 321 Prunus americana, 289 Prunus domestica subsp. domestica, 289 Prunus myrtifolia,200, 219, 289, 321, 324 Prunus occidentalis, 200,219,289,321 Prunus persica, 219, 327 Prunus persica var. persica, 289 Prunus sphaerocarpus, 289 Pseudalbizzia berteriana, 263, 309 Pseudanamomis umbellulifera, 281 Pseudobombax ellipticum, 242 Pseudocassia spectabilis, 264 Pseudolmedia havanensis, 275 Pseudolmedia spuria, 201, 275, 308, 322, 325 Pseudophoenix elata, 239 Pseudophoenix gracilis, 239 Pseudophoenix insignis, 240 Pseudophoenix lediniana, 239, 326, 33 i Pseudophoenix Iinearis, 239 Pseudophoenix navassana, 239 Pseudophoenix saonae, 239 Pseudophoenix sargentii ssp. saonae, 239 'Pseudophoenix vinifera, 240, 318, 326 Pseudosamanea guachapele, 256 Psidium acranthum, 281 Psidium crispulum, 280 Psidium dictyophyllum, 281, 323 Psidium guajava, 177,201; 219, 282,'315 Psidium guayava, 282 Psidium hotteanum, 282 Psidium longipes, 282 Psidium pomiferum, 282 Psidium pyriferum, 282 Psidium sapidissimum, 282 Psidium sessilifoiium, 282 Psidium trilobum, 282 Psychotria,201 Psychotria alpestris, 290 Psychotrf,a berteriana, 291, 306 Psychotria fuertesii, 291 Psychotria grandis, 291 Psychotria nutans, 291, 308 Ptelea viscosa, 294 Pterocarpus berterii, 258 Pterocarpus buxifoiius; 257 Pterocarpus draco, 263 Pterocarpus ecastaphyllum, 259 Pterocarpus gummifer, 257 Pterocarpus lunatus, 261 Pterocarpus microcarpus, 257 Pterocarpus officinaiis f 201,219,263,308,329 Puerto Rican hat palm, 240 Puerto Rico royal palm, 57, 240 pummelo, 95, 292 Punica granatum, 219, 287, 315,327 PUNICACEAE, 287 punk,280 purio, 301 purple plum, 234 pwa dou, 170, 195,215,328 pwa konfiti, 195,215,328 pwa palmis, 185,209,328 pwa sikren, 328 pwa vach; 185, 208, 328 pwa valet, 328 pwa valye, 220, 328 pwa valye, 328 pwav jamayik, 328 pwavye, 328 pwavye jamayik, 328 pwaye, 180,328 pwaye jamayik, 328 pwazon lasinet, 200, 328 pwensiyad,328 pwensiyana, 328 pwensiyeta, 328 Pyrus communis, 289, 328 -QQuadrella cynophallophora, 245 Quadrella gonaivensis, 245 Quararibea turbinata, 201, 242 quasia, 297 Quassia amara, 219, 297 quassia amarga, 297 Quassia excelsa, 297 quassia wood, 297 quatre chemins, 276 queen of shrubs, 269 quenepa, 294 quenepe, 294 quenepe chinois, 294 quenepe-a-fruits, 294 quenepier, 294 quenepier chinois, 294 quenepier male, 294 quenepier marron, 294 quenepo, 294 quetembila, 265 quick stick, 145,259 quiebrahacha, 251, 279, 286; 288, 293, 295 quimaque, 289 quina criolla, 290 quina de la tierra, 297 quina del pais, 297 . quina-piton, 290 quinine; 290 Index 407 quinine bush, 266 quinine des Antilles, 290 quinique, 257 quinique jaune, 257 quino, 290 quinquina caraibe, 290 quinquina d'Europe, 39, 297" quinquina des Caraibes, 290 quinquina des savanes, 269 quinquina pays, 290 quitaran, 294 quitasolillo, 272 -Rrabasco, 261 rabi, 170, 195,215,253,328 rabo rat6n, 265 radegonde, 29, 241 rain shrub, 298 raintree, 256 raisin, 276 raisin bord de mer, 287 raisin bouzin, 286 raisin de fer, 287 raisin de la mer, 287 raisin des perroquets, 273 raisin grandes feu illes, 286 raisin marron, 246, 276 raisinier, 276, 286 raisinier marron, 286 raizu, 289 rajador, 272 "raket, 213, 218, 328 raket panyol, 328 rameau, 275 ramo,204,221,328 ramo de navidad, 291 ramon, 275, 328 ram6n, 275 ram6n blanco, 253 ramon cheval, 275 ramon chwal, 328 ram6n de bestia, 237, 275 ram6n de costa, 237 ram6n de vaca, 237, 275 Randia aculeata, 201, 219, 291, 320 Randia aculeata var. mitis, 291 Randia erythrocarpa, 291, 309 Randia mitis, 291 Rapanea acrantha, 276 Rapanea coriacea, 276 Rapaneajerruginea, 276 Rapanea guianensis, 276 Rapanea magnoliaejolia, 276 Raphia vinifera, 240 Raputia heterophylla, 292 raqueta, 253 raquette, 244, 253 raquette espagnole, 244 rascabarriga, 283 rascagarganta, 276 raspadura, 294 raspalengua, 243 rat apple, 245 rat6n, 251, 287, 294 Ratonia apetala, 294 Ratonia domingensis, 294 Ratonia spathulata, 294 Rauvoljia biauriculata, 236 Rauvolfia lamarckii, 236 RauvolfUl nitida, 201, 219,236,307,308,310 Rauvolfia oppositifolia, 236 Rauvolfia tetraphylla, 236 RauvolfUl viridis, 236 Rauwolfia. See RauvolfUl Ravenala madagascariensis, 275 red bean tree, 259 red ironwood, 288 red mammee, 297 red mangrove, 289 red manjack, 243 .red mombin, 234 red palicourea, 290 red sandlewood, 256 red tamarind,-262 red wood, 251 red zapotee, 297 redberry eugenia, 278 reglis, 185, 208, 328 reglisse, 256 reina del jardin, 269 reina del prado, 269 reseda, 269 reseda de France, 269 resuelesuele, 291 retama, 236, 261, 263 retama prieta, 263 retamo, 273 Reynosia a/finis, 288, 332 Reynosia cuneifolia. 288 Reynosia domingensis, 288 Reynosia regia, 288 Reynosia uncinata, 201, 288,304,306,314,315 rezen, 190, 328 rezen bodlame, p. 328 rezen bouzen, 190,329 rezen Ie, 190,212,329 rezen gran Iey, 190, 329 rezen lame, 190, 212, 329 rezen mawon, 197,329 rezen peroke, 329 Rhacoma crossopetalum, 246 RHAMNACEAE, 287 Rhamnus colubrinus, 13,287 408 Index Rhamnus ellipticus, 287 .Rhamnus ferreus, 288 Rhamnus jujuba, 288 Rhamnus laevigatus, 246 Rhamnus sphaerosperma, 288 Rheedia, 201 Rheedia aristata, 248 Rheedia lateriflora, 248, 332 Rheedia verticillata, 248, 305 Rhitidophyllum. See GESNERIACEAE Rhizophora mangle, 177,201,220,289,324 Rhizophora mangle var. samoensis, 289 Rhizophora samoensis, 289 RHIZOPHORACEAE, 288 Rhus cominia, 293 Rhus metopium, 234 ricin, 255 Ricinella pedunculosa, 251 Ricinella ricinella, 251 Ricinus communis, 201, 255, 312, 324, 326, 329, 332 Ricinus globosus, 252 rima, 274 risin, 329 river red gum, 278 Rivina octandra, 285 robe, 234 Robinia aculeata, 261 Robinia grandijlora, 264 Robinia maculata, 145,259 Robinia sepium, 145,259 Robinia spinijolia, 261 roble, 29, 241 rob1e amarillo, 241 rob1e australiano, 287 rob1e blanco, 241 rob1e caiman, 241 rob1e de costa, 241 rob1e de guayo, 243 rob1e de mona, 241 rob1e de olor, 29, 241, 302, rob1e de seda, 287 rob1e de yugo, 241 rob1e dominicano, 29, 241 rob1e guayo, 243, 302 rob1e gtiira, 298 rob1e plateado, 287 roble prieto, 241, 243 rob1ecillo, 243, 255, 297 rob1illo, 243 Rochejortia acanthophora, 201, 243, 312,314, 315 rodo, 251 rockwood, 246 rodwood, 278, 279 Rollinia mucosa, 235 rolon, 262 rompe ca1dero, 293 rompe machete, 289 rompe ropa, 243 Rondeletia, 201 Rondeletia carnea, 291 Rondeletia christii, 291 Rondeletia jormonia, 291 Rondeletia selleana, 291 rofioso, 246 rosa, 269 rosa cimarrona, 265 rosa de cienega, 269 rosa del Peru, 235 rosa francesca, 235 rosa imperial, 248 ROSACEAE, 289 rose marron, 265 rose-apple, 280, 282 roseta, 265, 290 rosewood, 253, 291 roucou, 242 roucouyer, 242 rougeole, 13, 287 rough trichilia, 273 rough-leaf tree, 250 roujiol, 13 royal palm, 240, 57 Roystonea borinquena, 39, 56-61,82,201,220, 240,326 Roystonea hispaniolana, 57, 240 Roystonea hispaniolana f. altissima, 57,240 Roystonea peregrina, 57, 240 RUBIACEAE, 289 rufiana, 298 rulo, 275 _ Rumea coriacea, 265 RUTACEAE, 291 -5Sabal,321 Sabal causiarum, 82, 177, 240, 321 Sabal domingensis, 177, 240, 327 Sabal haitensis, 240 Sabal neglecta, 240 Sabalquesteliana, 240 SABIACEAE, 293 sabica de costa, 270 sabicu, 71, 260 sabicu amarillo, 71,260 sabicu de pinares, 249 sabicu marafi6n, 249 sabina, 249, 250 sabina cimarron, 285 sabina- macho, 250 sablier, 233, 253 sablito, 238 sabliye, 170, 195,215,329 Index 409 sago-palm, 250 saint-esprit, 245 St. Jean d'hiver, 253 St. Vincent plum, 145,259 salado, 302 salsepareille batard, 237 salsepareille marron, 237 salsparey bata, 329 salsparey mawon, 329 salvadera, 253 Salvador leucaena, 119,260 salvilla, 302 saman, 157, 185,208,256,329 saman,256 Samanea jilipes, 263 Samanea saman, 256 Samanea valeuriana, 263 Samara coriacea, 276 Samaroceltis rhamnoides, 301 Sambucus, 313, 330 Sambucus canadensis, 233 Sambucus simpsonii, 201, 220, 233 samo,258 Samyda a!finis, 264 Samyda arborea, 265 Samyda decandra, 265 Samyda dodecandra, 265, 306, 309, 318, 332 Samyda guidonia, 273 Samyda ilicifolia, 265 Samyda lancifolia, 265 Samyda multijlora, 264 Samyda nitida, 265 Samyda octandra, 265 Samyda oligostemon, 265 Samyda parvijlora, 265 Samyda procera, 265 Samyda pubescens, 265 Samyda rosea, 265 .Samyda serrulata, 265 Samyda spinescens, 265 Samyda spinosa, 264 Samyda velutina, 265 San Domingo boxwood, 301 sanaguaro, 256 sandbox, 253 sandbox tree, 253 sandragon,263,329 sandragon des Antilles, 263 sangre de Cristo, 270 sangre de doncella, 246, 270 sangre de polIo, 271 sanguinaria, 287, 295 santa marfa, 247 santa olalla, 289 saona,288 saona cimarrona, 288 . saona de gente, 288 saona de puerco, 288 ~-" saona dulce, 288 sapaijo, 288 SAPINDACEAE, 293 Sapindus inaequalis, 294 Sapindus saponaria, 201, 220, 294, 309, 315, 318, 325,327,329 Sapindus stenopterus, 294 Sapium, 201, 305 Sapium buchii, 255 Sapium haitiense, 255 Sapium ilicifolium, 253 Sapiumjamaicense, 255, 307 Sapium laurifolium, 255 sapo, 245, 283 sapodilla, 296 Sapota achras, 296 SAPOTACEAE, 295 sapote, 296, 297 sapote blanco, 291 sapote blanco de Mexico, 291 sapote culebra de costa, 296 sapoti, 173, 196, 197,216,329 sapoti mamelad, 329 sapoti mawon, 196,329 sapoti nwa, '173, 196, 329 sapotier, 297 sapotier jaune d'oeuf, 297 sapotille, 296 sapotille marney, 297 ' sapotille marron, 295, 296 sapotille noir, 296 sapotillier, 296 sapotillier commun, 296 sapotillier marmelade, 297 sapotillier marron, 295, 296 sapotillier noir, 296 sapotillo, 296 . sapotiye, 329 sapotiye jon def, 329 Sarcomphalus crenatus, 288 Sarcomphalus domingensis, 288 Sarcomphalus havanensis, 288 Sarcomphalus parvifolius, 288 Sarcomphalus reticulatus, 288 Sargent cherrypalm, 239 sarna de perro, 265 sasafnis, 268 sassafras tree, 267 satanier, 294 satanier marron, 294 . satanjou, 329 satanju, 294 satanye, 166, 191,213,216,329 satanye mawon, 216, 329 satinleaf, 296 sauco,233 sauco amarillo, 241 sat1co blanco, 233 4'10 Index sauco cimarron, ·298 sauzgatillo, 302 Savia erythoxyloides, 255 Savia sessiliflora, 255 savonet, 201, 220, 329 savonet peyi, 201, 220, 329 savonnette, 294 savonnette bois, 260 savonnette pays, 294 savonnette riviere, 260 savonier, 294 savonye, 329 scaly bark beefwood, 246 scarletbush, 290 Schaejferia berterii, 247 Schaejferia buxijolia, 247 Schaejferia completa, 247 Schaefferiafrutescens, 13,202,220,247,303, 307,310,318,327,331 Schaejferia laterijlora, 253 schefflera, 237 . Sche~era, 303, 310, 331 Schefflera actinophylla, 237 Schefflera morototoni, 177,202,220,238,307, 332 Schefflera tremula, 238, 305 Schinus jagara, 292 Schinus melicoccus, 294 Schinus molle, 220, 234 Schinus terebinthifolius, 220, 234 Schmidelia macrocarpa, 255 Schmidelia occidentalis, 293 Schoepjia chrysophylloides, 283 Schoepjia haitiensis, 283 Schoepjia obovata, 283 Schoepjia olivacea, 283 Schoepfra schreberi, 283 Sciacassia siamea, Ill, 264 Sciadodendrun excelsum, 238, 332 sea grape, 286, 287 sea myrtle, 300 sea samphire, 297 seaside mahaut, 270 Sebastiania buchU, 255 Sebastiania lucida, 253 Sebastiania pallens, 253 Sebesten sebestena, 243 secagarganta, 276 Securinega acidothamnus, 255 Securinega acidoton, 202, 255 serl,62-69, 162, 188,211,215,329 sed blan, 63, 68, 329 sed panyol, 63 sed wouj, 68,329 seda blanca, 253 semi-rubia, 257 sen de la tierra, 263 sen del pals, 263 Senacia elliptica, 246 sene, 263 Senecio. See ASTERACEAE Seneg~lia angusti/foia, 256 Senegalia muricata, 256 Senegalia vogeliana, 256 Senegalia westiana, 256 senjan dive, 329 senn, 330 Senna, 111,318,330 Senna angustiliqua, 220 Senna angustiliqua var. angustisiliqua, 263, 304, ' 312 Senna atomaria, 120,202,206,220,227,228, 263,306,318,324 Senna domingensis, 263 Senna mexicana var. berteriana, 263 Senna mexicana var. mexicana, 263 Senna nitida, 263 Senna pendula, 220 Senna pendula var. advena, 263, 305 Senna polYPhylla var. montis-christi, 202, 263' Senna polyphylla var. polyphylla, 263 Senna septemtrionalis, 263 Senna siamea, 110-117, 135, 150, 178,202,224, 225,227-230,264,318 Senna spectabilis, 202 Senna spectabilis var. spectabilis, 264 senna tree, 263 senne, 263 sentespri, 188, 330 sepan, 330 sepi,298 sereipo, 261 serillo, 293 seriz, 330 seriz dayiti, 172, 330 seriz me, 330 seriz sendoming, 216, 330 seriz sirinam, 330 serpent, 236 serrazuela, 269 ~errucho, 283, 298 sesbania, 264. Sesbania aculeata, 264 Sesbania aegyptiaca, 264 Sesbania aegyptiacus, 264 Sesbania bispinosa, 264 Sesbania grandiflora, 220, 264, 328 Sesbania sesban, 220,264 seso vegetal, 294 sewaI, 191,213,330 shaddock,95,292 shaving-brush tree, 242 shortleaf fig, 27.4 showy palicourea, 290 Siamese senna, 111,264 Siamese shower, 111, 264 ,. Index 411 sibanicu, 251 ~bilinn, 199,218,330 Sideroxylon domingense, 296 Sideroxylon foetidissimum,' 296 Sideroxylon mastichodendron, 296 Sideroxylon obovatum, 295 Sideroxylon portoricense, 296 Sideroxylon sapota, 297 siete pisos, 238 siete-cueros, 254, 302 siguaraya macho, 273 sikren, 170, 195,215,330 sikriye, 330 sikriye mon, 330 silk cotton, 242 silk oak, 287 silk tassel bush, 266 silver oak, 287 simarouba, 39, 255, 297 Simarouba,202,306,314 Simarouba berteroana, 39~5, 297, 314 Simarouba glauea, 29 Simarouba glauea var.latifolia, 38~5, 178, 220, 297,305,308,312,319 Simarouba medicinalis, 39, 297 Simarouba officinalis, 39,297 SIMAROUBACEAE, 297 simaruba, 297 Simpsonia microcarpa, 240 sip, 187,203,241,295,330 Siphonia brasiliensis, 253 sipre, 191,213,330 sirio, 330 siris tree, 256 sissoo, 259 sisu, 259 sitwan mawon, 330 sitwon, 95, 163, 189,212, 330, 335 . sitwon vet, 330 siwel, 202, 220, 330 siwo, 200, 201, 219, 220, 330 siwo bannann, 330 skunk bush, 266 skyflower, 302 sleeping hibiscus, 271 Sloanea, 311 Sloanea amygdalina, 202, 220, 250, 303, 307~ 320 Sloanea berteriana, 202, 251 Sloanea castor, 251 Sloanea domingensis, 250 Sloanea ilielfolia, 220, 251, 311 small-leaf mahogany, 47 smooth snake-bark, 287 snake-bark, 13, 287 snake-wood, 13, 287 soap tree, 287 soapberry, 294 SOLANACEAE, 298 Solanum, 303 Solanum antillarum, 202, 298 Solanum asperum, 298 Solanum erianthum, 202, 298, 303, 330 Solanum jicifolium, 298 Solanum formonense, 298 .Solanum polygamum, 298 Solanum rugosum, 202, 298 Solanum torvum, 202, 298 Solanum verbascifolium, 298 soldier wood, 287 sopaipo, 288 sopaipo extranjero, 263 soplillo, 119,260 sota crlollo, 252 sou marque, 263 soufrlere, 272 sour gourd, 242 sour orange, 95, 291 soursop, 234 southern bayberry, 275 southern magnolia, 269 Spanish bayonet, 268 Spanish carnation, 257 Spanish cedar, 63, 273 Spanish dagger, 268 Spanish dildo, 244 Spanish elm, 243 Spanish lime, 294 Spanish plum, 234 Spathodea eampanulata, 179; 202,241, 325 spiceberry eugenia, 279 spider flower, 272 spineless acacia, 256 spineless tuna, 244 Spondias, 325, 332 Spondias brunea, 243 Spondias cirouella, 234 Spondias cytherea, 234 Spondias dulcis, 202, 234, 325, 328 Spondias lutea, 234 Spondias lutea var. glabra, 234 Spondias lutea var. maxima, 234 Spondias macrocarpa, 234 Spondias mombin, 87,179,202,220,234,315, 316,325 Spondias mombin x S. purpurea, 234 Spondias myrobalanus, 234 Spondias nigrescens, 234 Spondias pseudomyrobalanus, 234 Spondiaspu~urea,202,207,220,234,330,332 Spondias radlokoferi, 234 . Spondias x robe, 234 Sponia canescens, 301 Sponia micrantha, 301 spoon tree, 246 Stahlia maritima, 264 Stahlia monosperma, 202, 264 412 Index Staphylea occidentalis, 298 STAPHYLEACEAE, 298 star fruit, 284 star pickle, 284 star-apple, 295, 335 steel acacia, 255 Stegnosperma cubense, 285 Stegnosperma halimifolium, 285 Stenocalyx ligustrinus, 279 Stenocalyx portoricensis, 279 Stenolobium incisum, 241 Stenolobium stans, 241 Stenostomum densiflorum, 290 Stenostomum lucidum, 289 Sterculia apetala, 203, 220, 299, 327 Sterculia carthaginensis, 299 SterculiafoeUda,299 STERCULIACEAE.298 Sterigmanthe splendens, 253 Stevensia hotteana, 291 Stillingia eglandulosa, 253 Stillingia laurifolia, 255 stinging nettle, 301 stink casha, 255 stinking toe, 260 stinking-fish, 272 stiagbnya,216,330 stragonya blan, 330 stragornia, 269 stragornia blanc, 269 stramoine-en-arbre, 298 stramwann,.330 Strumpfw maritima, 220, 291 STYRACACEAE,299 Styrax obtusifolius, 299 Styrax ochraceus, 299 sucrier, 260 sucrier des montagnes, 244 sucrin,260 sugar apple, 23? sureau, 233, 285 sureau plantain, 285 Surenus brownei, 273 Suriana'maritima;'203; 220, 297, 320; 327 Surinam cherry, 280 swamp blood wood, 263 swamp immortelle, 259 swamp sheoak, 246 sweet acacia, 255 sweet orange, 95, 292 sweetpea, 260 sweetsop, 235 sweetwood, 267, 268 Swietenia,29 Swietenia belizensis, 47, 273 Swietenia candollei, 47, 273 Swietimiafabrilis, 47, 273 Swietenia humilis, 47, 49' Swietenia krukovii, 47, 273 • Swietenia macrophylla, 47-55, 133, 139, 179, 203,273,317 Swietenia mahagoni, 29, 46-55, 133, 139, 179, 203,221,273,317 Swietenia mahogoni, 47,273 'Swietenia tessmannii, 47, 273 switch sorrel, 294 sybilline, 254 Symphonia globulifera, 203, 248, 307 SYMPLOCACEAE, 299 Symplocos berteroi, 299 Symplocos domingensis, 299 Symplocos hotteana, 299 Symplocos hyboneura, 299 Symplocos martinicensis var. berterii, 299 Symplocos pilifera, 299 Syzygium cumini, 282 Syzygium jambolanum, 282 Syzygiumjambos, 180,203,221,282,316,328 Syzygium malaccense, 203, 282, 327 -Ttabac marron, 298, tabaca,256 tabaco,' 261 tabaco cimarr6n, 298 tabac6n, 298 tabac6n aspero, 298 tabacuelo, 258, 298 tabaiba,235 tabak mawon, 202, 330 Tabebuia, 203 Tabebuia acrophylla, 241, 308,309 Tabebuia berteri, 241, 310, 330 Tabebuia conferta, 241 , Tabebuia dominicensis, 241 Tabebuia heterophylla, 180,241,328 Tabebuia heterophylla ssp. pallida, 241 Tabebuia lucida, 241 Tabebuia pallida, 241 Tabebuia pallida ssp. dominicensis, 241 Tabebuia pallida ssp. heterophylla, 241 Tabebuia pentaphylla, 241 tabeno, 71, 196,216,330 Tabernaemontana amygdalifolia, 236 Tabernaemontana berterii, 236 Tabernaemontana citrifolia, 203, 221, 236, 307, 308,321 Tabernaemontana coronaria, 236 Tabernaemontana divaricata, 236, 318 Tabernaemontana oppositifolia, 236 tabernon, 71, 260 tabilla,253 taburete, 290 tachuela, 261 Index 413 tachuelo, 257, 261 tafetan, 290 TilJisia jimenezii, 294 tall abizia, 256 tall columnar cactus, 244 tallow tree, 255 tamarenn, 180,203,221,330 tamarenn mawon, 330 tamarenn mowi, 330 tamarin, 264 tamarinde; 264 tamarinde marron, 256 tamarinde mori, 256 tamarindillo, 119, 260, 264 tamarindo, 264 tamarindo chino, 262 tamarindo cimarr6n, 256 tamarindo de lorna, 249 tamarindo de sierra, 249 tamarindo de teta, 261 tamarindo silvestre, 255 Tamarindus indica, 180,203,221,264,330 tamarinier, 264 Tamonea guanensis, 272 Tamonea macrophylla, 272 tandrakayou, 184,208,330 tangerine, 95, 292 Taonabo peduncularis, 300 tapa camino, 276, 290, 291 tap6n blanco, 277 Tapura haitiensis, 250 taquito, 256, 263 tarana, 252, 284 tarro de chiva, 251 taveno, 70-77,330 taveno mon, 330 taverneau, 71, 260 taverneau montagne, 261 tavernon, 71, 260 tavernon montagne, 261 ochatcha, 156, 185,208,256,331 tcha tcha mawon, 119,331 tcha-teha marron, 119, 256, 260 tea, 158, 289 ' tea cimarrona, 294 teak,302 teca, 302 teck,302 Tecoma stans, 203, 221,241, 311, 313, 332 Tecoma tronodora, 241 Tectona grandis, 126, 181,203,302,331 Tectona theka, 302 teflla, 291 tefllo, 289 tek, 181,203,331 temporana, 297 tendre a cailloux, 256 terciopelo,272 terebinthina, 281 Terebinthinus glauca, 244 Terebinthinus nashii, 244 Terebinthus brownei,. 234 Terebraria resinosa, 290 . Terminalia badamia, 248 Terminalia buceras, 248 Terminalia catappa, 181,203,207,221,248,303, 332 Terminalia domingensis ssp. domingensis, 249 Terminalia intermedia,' 249 Terminalia mauritiana, 248 Terminalia moluccana, 248 Terminalia myrobalana, 248 Terminalia spinosa, 248 Ternstroemia albopunctata, 299 Ternstroemia barkeri, 300 Ternstroemia glandulosa, 300 Ternstroemia meridionalis, 300 Ternstroemia obovalis, 300 Ternstroemiapeduncularis, 203, 221, 300, 305 Ternstroemia selleana, 300 Tetragastris, 203 Tetragastris balsamifera, 221, 244, 307, 330 Tetragastris ossaea, 244 Tetragastris panamensis, 244 Tetrazygia, 203 . Tetrazygia angustifolia, 272 Tetrazygia elaeagnoides, 272 thatch palm, 240 THEACEAE, 299 Theka grandis, 302 Theobroma cacao, 181,221,317 Theobroma cacao subsp. cacao, 204, 299 Theobroma guazuma, 299 THEOPHRASTACEAE, 300 Thespesiapopulnea, 204, 221, 271, 312, 3.15, 316, 325 Thevetia neriifolia, 236 . Thevetia peruviana, 204, 221, 236, 303, 310, 312, 313, 326, 330 Thevetia thevetia, 236 Thibaudia cubensis, 251 Thoilinia, 307 Thouinia deflexa, 295 Thouinia domingensis var. deflexa, 295 Thouinia domingensis var. domingensis, 295 Thouinia inaequalis, 295 Thouinia ligustrina, 284 Thouiniamilleri, 295 Thouinia multinervis, 295 Thouinia pinnata, 295 Thouinia pulverulenta, 295 Thouinia racemosa, 295 Thouinia revoluta, 295 Thouinia scopar~a, 295 Thouinia spicata, 295 Thouinia trifoliata, 295, 307, 309 414 Index Thouinidium inaequilaterum, 295 Thouinidium pinnatum, 295, 316 Thouinidium pulverulentum, 295, 305 Thrinax, 321 Thrinax argentea, 239 Thrinax bahamensis, 240 Thrinax drudei, 240 Thrinax ekmanii, 240 Thrinax flo ridana, 240 Thrinax keyensis, 240 Thrinax longistyla, 239 Thrinax martii, 240 Thrinax microcarpa, 240 Thrinax morrisii, 182,204,221,240 Thrinax multiflora, 239 Thrfnax ponceana, 240 Thrinax punctulata, 240 Thrinax radiata, 240 Thrinax wendlandiana, 240 Thyana trifoliata, 295 THYMELIACEAE, 300 ti abe, 208, 331 ti bwa blan, 331 ti bwa denn, 192, 331 ti bwapen, 187,331 ti bwi, 331 ti ley, 205, 331 ti flambwayan, 331 ti gason, 202, 220, 331 ti gayak, 331 ti grenn, 194, 331 ti kafe, 331 ti kalson, 209, 331 ti kaymit, 189,331 ti koko, 331 ti kwokwo, 331 ti monben, 331 ti palmis mawon, 331 ti. pom, 222, 331 ti rezen, 331 ti rezen Mine, 331 ti seriz, 216, 331 ti soley, 190, 191,213,331 ti wou, 215, 331 Tibouchina longifolia, 272, 305 tie tongue, 287 . tiguapen, 275 tikimit, 331 -TILIACEAE,301 timaque,'289 tinajero, 280 tintillo, 291 Tinus escallonioides, 276 Tinus obovata, 276 tiquimite, 295 tirabuz6n, 252 tirajala, 274 Tobinia ternata, 293 tocuma, 296 Toluifera pereirae, 261 Tom Bartein's bush, 297 tomasina, 296 tomegufn, 292 toothache tree, 293 toporite, 266 torchwood,291 toronja, 95, 292 toronja de la India, 95, 292 Torralbasia cunefolia, 204, 247 Torralbasia domingensis, 247 Torrubia brevipetiolata, 282 Torrubia discolor, 282 Torrubia domingensis, 282 Torrubia fragrans, 282 Torrubia inermis, 282 Torrubia ligustrifolia, 282 Torrubia obtusata, 283 Torrubia rufescens, 283 tortugo amarillo, 296 toitugo colorado, 296 toti marron, 296 toti mawon, 331 totuma, 296 Tovomita clusioides, 247 Tovomita grisebachiana, 247 towo tig, 187,210,331 tramble, 331 traveler's palm, 275 tree fern, 242, 249 tree tomato, 298 trejo, 243, 251, 287 Trema lamarckiana, 204, 301, 323 Trema lima, 301 Trema micrantha, 204, 301, 310 tremble, 238 trembler, 238 tres palabras, 293 tresfilos, 272 Tricera glomerata, 244 Trichilia, 304, 324 Trichiliaaquifolia, 273,305,308 Trichilia cuneifolia, 273 Trichilia dictyoneura, 297 Trichilia diversifolia, 273 Trichilia havanensis, 221, 273, 308 Trichilia hirta, 133, 182,204,221,273,304,314, 325,329,331 Trichiliapallida, 221, 273, 312, 331 Trichma spondioides, 273 Trichilia truncata, 273 ' Trichostigma octandrum, 285, 304, 321 Trichostigma rivinoides, 285 Trilix crucis, 265 trois cotes, 272, 294 trois feuilles, 293 trois paroles, 273, 291, 293 Index41S trois pieds, 243 trompeta de angel, 298 trompette, 274 trompette male, 238 Trophis americana, 275 Trophis racemosa, 204, 221, 275, 308, 328 tropical almond, 248 trumpet flower, 298 trumpet-tree, 274 tsewal,246 tu-fais, 279 tu-y-yo, 253 tulipan africano, 241 . tulipan sencillo, 298 tuna, 244 tuna de Espana, 244 tuna mansa, 244 tung-oil tree, 252 turkey berry, 298 turpentine tree, 244 Turpina occidentalis, 204, 298 Turpina paniculata, 298 Turpina picardae, 298 twa fey, 185, 208, 331 twa kat, 331 twa pawal, 185,221,331 twa pye, 191,213,331 twazokat, 191, 197,213,217,331 twisted acacia, 256 twompet, 162, 188,211,332 twompet mal, 332 -uucar, 248 ucarillo, 269 ULMACEAE,301 umkokolo, 265 una de gato, 262, 282, 283, 292,293 Urania speciosa, 275 Urbanoguarea sphenophylla, 273 Urera baccifera, 301, 312, 324 URTICACEAE; 301 uva,270 uva caleta, 287 uva cimarrona, 286 uva de mar, 287 uva de playa, 287 uva de sierra, 286 uva gomosa, 243 Uvaria lanceolata, 235 Uvaria laurifolia, 235 Uvaria odorata, 235 , Uvaria virgata, 235 uvas, 287 uverillo, 286 uvero, 286,287 uvero de playa, 287 . uvilla, 270, 286, 287 uvilla de sierra, 286 uvillo, 286 uvill6n, 287 uvita, 243 -vVaccinium cubense, 251 Vachellia farnesiana, 255 vacme,252 vaillant gan;on, 297 vallahonda,3, 262 Vargasia glabra, 295 varia, 23,243 varia amarilla, 23, 243 varia blanca, 243 varia colorado, 23, 243 varfa prieta, 23, 243 varita de San Jose, 145,259 varital, 253 varraco, 270 Varronia calyptrata, 243 vayan gason, 332 vela muerto, 263 velvet berry, 290 velvetseed,290 vencedor, 268 Venezuelan mahogany, 47, 273 vera, 294, 302 VERBENACEAE, 302 verdiseco, 272 veritab, 332 veritable, 274 Vernonia. See ASTERACEAE verraco, 270 vfbona, 237, 289 vfbora, 237, 282, 283 Victorinia acranda, 255 vigueta, 290 vinagrillo, 284 vinuette, 288 vinyet, 332 violet cimarrona, 298 violeta, 273, 298 Vitex, 182 Vitex agnus-castus, 221, 302 Vitex divaricata, 204, 302, 308 Vitex heptaphylla, 221, 302, 309, 315 Vitex multiflora, 302 vomitel colorado, 243 -wWallenia apiculata, 276 Wallenia clusiaefolia, 276 416 Index Wallenia ekmanii, 276 Walleniaformonensis, 276 Wallenia laurifolia, 276, 307, 322,328, 329, 331 wan prime, 332 Warmingia macrocarpa, 234 water wood, 237 wawi, 210, 332 wax myrtle, 275 waxberry, 275 Weinmannia hirta, 249 Weinmannia pinnata, 204, 221, 249 Wercklea horiida, 271 Wercklea hottensis, 271 West Indian birch, 244 West Indian boxwood, 301 West Indian buckthorn, 288 West Indian cherry, 270 West Indian elm, 299 West Indian falsebox, 246 West Indian lancewood, 235 West Indian laurel cherry, 289 West Indian lime, 95, 291 West Indian locust, 260 West Indian mahogany, 47, 273 West Indian quinine bark, 290 West Indian sabicu, 71, 260 West Indian s'now-berry, 289 West Indian sumac, 249 West Indian trema, 301 West Indian walnut, 267 West Indies mahogany, 47,,273 white beefwood, 283 white caIliandra, 258 white cordia, 243 white fiddlewood, 302 white logwood, 266 white manjack, 243 white plum, 247 white rosewood, 284 white siris, 256 white teak, 302 white-aIling, 275 ' white-mangrove, 248 white-stopper eugenia, 278 whitewood, 237~ 267 whitewood bark, 245 Wikstroemia alpestris, 300 Wikstroemia portoricensis, 300 wil maskrlti, 332 wild akee, 273 wild brasiletto, 249 wild cainit, 295 wild cherry, 246, 265 wild cinnamon, 245, 281 wild coffee, 265, 290, 291 wild ebony, 13, 287 wild fig, 274 wild grape, 286 wild honey tree, 265 wild lime, 283 wild mespel, 295 wild oil nut, 254 wild poponax, 256 wild rose apple, 248 wild tamarind, 71, 119,255,260 wild tobacco, 298 willow bustic, 295 wing-leaved honey berry, 294 winter bark, 245 Winterana canella, 245 wob, 202, 332 woman wood, 237 women's tongue, 256 wormwood, 256 wou, 195,332 woujiol, 332 woukou, 186,210,332 woz mawon, 332 -xXimenia aculeata, 283 Ximenia americana, 204, 221, 283, 320, 323, 330 Ximenia elliptica, 283 Ximenia horrida, 283 Ximenia multiflora,.283 Ximeniopsis horridus, 283 Xolisma apiculata, 251 Xolisma costata, 251 Xolisma elongata, 251 Xolisma longelaminata, 251 Xolisma pseudotinensis, 251 Xolisma tinensis, 251 Xolisma truncata, 251 Xylocarpa carapa, 273 Xylosma, 204 Xylosma buxijolium, 265 Xylosma coriaceum, 265 Xylosma glaucescens, 265 Xylosma~lineolatu1Trj~'265;'''32''''':-''; ..;"..,_.' ,. Xylosma schaefferioides, 266 -yyaba, 256 yaba colorada, 256 yacca,'285 yagrumita, 284 yagrumo, 274 yagrumo hembra, 274 yagrumo macho, 238, 284 yagua, 243,265,288 yagiiita, 265 yagiiita grande, 265 yaicuaje, 294 Index 417 yaitf, 253, 295 yamagua, 273 yamaguey, 261 yamao, 273 yana, 248, 283 yana prieta, 255 yanilla, 255 yanilla blanca, 284 yanilla prieta, 255 yarador, 272 yaray, 240 yareicillo, 280 yarey, 239, 240 yarfa de costa, 251 yarua, 278 yaya, 235,290,295 yaya blanca, 235 yaya boba, 235, 289 yaya dura, 246 yaya fina, 235 yaya pesada, 235 yaya prieta, 235 yellow candlewood, 263 yellow flamboyant, 261 yellow hercules, 292 yellow mombin, 234 .yellow nickar, 257 yellow palm, 239 yellow poinciana, 261 yellow prickly ash, 292 yellow sanders, 248, 292 yellow shower, 264 yellow torch, 290 yerba de la suerte, 302 yerba luisa, 302 ylang-ylang, 235 yokewood,29,241 Yucca, 304 Yucca aloifolia, 268, 327 Yucca elephantipes, 268 yuquillo, 254 yuraguana, 239 -zzabelbok, 105, 268 zaboka, 104-109, 175, 199,218,268,332 zaboka mawon, 185,209,332 zabriko, 172, 196,201,216,332,335 zabriko bata, 332 zabriko mawon, 332 zakasya, 155, 184, 332 zakasyajon, 155, 184,208,332 zakasya nwa, 184, 332 zakasya pikan, 184,205,208,332 zakasya wouj, 184,205,332 zamann, 181,203,221,332 zamon marron, 286 zamon mawon, 332 zanmande, 248 Zanthoxylum, 182,309,327 Zanthoxylum anadenium, 292 Zanthoxylum aromaticum, 292 Zanthoxylum bifoliolatum, 292 Zanthoxylum bombacifolium, 291 Zanthoxylum coriaceum, 292 Zanthoxylum elephantiasis, 222, 292 Zanthoxylum jagara, 222, 292 Zanthoxylum flavum, 204, 292 Zanthoxylum juglandifolium, 292 Zanthoxylum lanceolatum, 292 Zanthoxylum lenticellosum, 292 Zanthoxylum leonardii, 292 Zanthoxylum martinicense, 204, 222, 292, 309, 327 Zanthoxylum microphyllum, 293 Zanthoxylum monophyllum, 204, 292 Zanthoxylum nashii: 293 Zanthoxylum obcordatum, 293 Zanthoxylum ochroleucum, 292 Zanthoxylum pimpinelloides, 222, 293, 312 Zanthoxylum pterota, 292 Zanthoxylum punctatum, 293 Zanthoxylum simplicifoiium, 292 Zanthoxylum spinifex,·293, 307 Zanthoxylum tematum, 293 Zanthoxylum trifoliatum, 293 Zanthoxylum venosum, 293 zapatero, 71, 260 zapat6n, 238 zapat6n blanco, 264 zapote negro, 250 zarcilla, 261 zarza, 261, 283 zarza de tomegufn, 292 zarza lim6n, 283 ze poul, 332 zeb aklou, 214,332 zeb sennikola, 332 zibeline, 284 zibeline blonde, 284 zibeline longue, 284 ziblinn, 332 ziblinn blon, 333 ziblinn long, 333 Ziziphus, 205, 319 Ziziphus crenata, 288 Ziziphus emarginata, 288 Ziziphus havanensis, 288 Ziziphus jujuba, 288 Ziziphus mauritiana, 222, 288, 316, 321, 327, 331 Ziziphus orth~cantha, 288 . Ziziphus reticulata, 288 Ziziphus rhodoxylon, 288,310, 318, 320 Ziziphus rignonii, 288, 320, 323, 330, 333 418 Index Ziziphus tomentosa, 288 Ziziphus urbanii, 288 Ziziphus vulgaris, 288 . zo devan mawon, 333 Zombia antillarum, 240, 32~ Zombia antillarum var. gonzalezii, 240 zoraille, 288 zoranj, 163, 189,333 zoranj dOlls, 95, 212, 333 zoranj si, 95, 212, 333 zoray, 333 Zuelania guidonia, 222, 266, 316 Zuelania laetioides, 266 Zygia latifolia, 264, 306 Zygia unguis-cati, 262 ZYGOPHYLLACEAE, 302 Bwa Yo: Important Trees of Haiti Designed by Joel C. Timyan Electronic Prepress and printing at Warecraft Press, Inc. Fonts used: Tinles New Roman and Dom Casual Text Pages: 80# Lithofect Gloss Recycled Cover: Carolina 8 pte coated 1 side Back Cover Photographs

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