Turk J Bot
(2016) 40: 394-401
© TÜBİTAK
doi:10.3906/bot-1505-6
Turkish Journal of Botany
http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/botany/
Research Article
Bellevalia vuralii B.Şahin & Aslan (Asparagaceae): a new species from SE Turkey
1,
2
3
4
Bilal ŞAHİN *, Serdar ASLAN , Osman KARABACAK , Esra MARTİN
1
Yapraklı Vocational School, Çankırı Karatekin University, Çankırı, Turkey
2
Department of Forest Botany, Faculty of Forestry, Düzce University, Düzce, Turkey
3
Polatlı Faculty of Science and Literature, Gazi University, Polatlı, Ankara, Turkey
4
Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Necmettin Erbakan University, Meram, Konya, Turkey
Received: 05.05.2015
Accepted/Published Online: 01.01.2016
Final Version: 07.06.2016
Abstract: Bellevalia vuralii B.Şahin & Aslan is described as a new species of Bellevalia from southeast Turkey. As well as its morphological
characteristics and classification with regards to sections, its description, ecology, and relationship with related species are presented and
discussed. The somatic chromosome number of these species was defined to be 2n = 8.
Key words: Bellevalia, Asparagaceae, Siirt, Turkey
1. Introduction
Bellevalia species are distributed in three different
phytogeographical regions: Mediterranean, SaharoSindian, and Irano-Turanian (Feinbrun-Dothan, 1940).
The Irano-Turanian phytogeographical region is the
most important, with high distribution of the species.
The genus is represented by 4 sections with 45 species
according to Feinburn-Dothan. When distribution and
endemic regions are examined, the Irano-Turanian region
is observed as the main area for species distribution, while
Iran and Turkey are introduced as areas where new species
are to be expected (Feinburn-Dothan, 1940).
The genus is represented by 6 sections (FeinbrunDothan, 1940; Persson and Wendelbo, 1979; Wendelbo,
1980) with approximately 70 species according to studies
published around the world (Gürdal et al., 2014; Karabacak
et al., 2014, 2015). The richness in the diversity of the
species lies in its distinctive characteristics regarding leaf
width and pubescence, raceme shape and density, pedicel
length in relation to perianth length, perianth length, the
tube:lobe ratio, perianth color, and anther color (Cowley
et al., 1994).
Within the Flora of Turkey, there are 18 species, 7 of
which are endemic (Wendelbo, 1984). Later, 3 more species
were added in the second additional volume (Özhatay,
2000). Following the introduction of B. leucantha K.Perss.
(Persson, 2006), a checklist was published (Tugay, 2012).
Tugay listed 23 species in the checklist by taking the
synonyms and questionable records into consideration. B.
* Correspondence: felicyntoukand@yahoo.com
394
glauca Kunth is replaced by B. chrisii Yıldırım & B.Şahin
(Yıldırım et al., 2014). The number of Bellevalia species
increased in Turkey in recent years with new studies: B.
malatyaensis Uzunh. & H.Duman, B. pseudolongipes
Karabacak & Yıldırım, B. koyuncui Karabacak & Yıldırım,
B. pseudofominii Özhatay & E.Kaya, B. undulatifolia
Özhatay, Gürdal & E.Kaya, and finally B. sirnakensis
(Yıld.) Yıld. (Uzunhisarcıklı et al., 2013; Gürdal et al., 2014;
Karabacak et al., 2014, 2015; Yıldırımlı, 2015).
Unless otherwise specified, the anther color of
Bellevalia species is either violet or variations of violet
(Wendelbo, 1984). As a matter of fact, there are only 2
species reported in the monograph with a different anther
color, yellow (B. dichroa Hausskn. ex Bornm. and B.
fominii Woronow) (Feinbrun-Dothan, 1940). In the floras
of other countries written later on, violet is the dominant
anther color and only a few species with yellow anthers are
reported (Boissier, 1865–1888; Komarov, 1968; Wendelbo,
1990). In the Turkish flora, there are 18 Bellevalia species.
Three of the species are distributed within the eastern
part of the country and one of which, later reported as a
synonym, has yellow anthers: B. modesta Wendelbo, B.
pycnantha (K.Koch) Losinsk., and B. paradoxa (Fisch. &
C.A.Mey.) Boiss. (Wendelbo, 1984). Moreover, 6 out of the
11 species identified later also have yellow anthers and 8
of these are distributed in the eastern part of the country:
B. edirnensis Özhatay & B.Mathew, B. anatolica B.Mathew
& Özhatay, B. leucantha, B. pseudolongipes, B. koyuncui,
and B. sirnakensis (Wendelbo, 1984; Özhatay et al., 1991b;
ŞAHİN et al. / Turk J Bot
Cowley et al., 1994; Persson, 2006; Gürdal et al., 2014;
Karabacak et al., 2014, 2015; Yıldırımlı, 2015).
The area where the samples are gathered is one of
the branches of the River Dicle, Botan stream valley,
on which the Ilısu dam is planned to be constructed.
The floristic structure of the area, which is composed
of steppe and degraded oak coppices, is still not fully
discovered and that is why even local studies may reveal
new improvements. Recently, Salvia siirtica (Kahraman
et al., 2011) was described as a new species from Siirt.
Furthermore, Michauxia nuda A.DC. (Aslan et al., 2010),
Silene monerantha Williams (Kaya and Ertekin, 2009), and
Teucrium chasmophyticum Rech.f. (Dönmez, 2006) are
recorded as new species collected from the Botan stream
valley. Furthermore, the valley of the River Dicle is home
for the best population of Echinops phaeocephalus Hand.Mazz., which is a species with a rare distribution.
Some studies of different Bellevalia species have been
carried out using cytogenetics. The somatic chromosome
numbers of the genus Bellevalia are counted as 2n = 8, 12,
16, 17, 20, 24, 32, 33, 35. In addition, the basic chromosome
number is reported on Bellevalia species as x = 4 (Bothmer
and Wondelbo, 1981; Özhatay et al., 1991a; Özhatay
and Johnson, 1996; Kypriotakis and Tzanoudakis, 1999;
Özhatay, 2002; Johnson, 2003; Jafari et al., 2008; Bareka et
al., 2012; Loewenstern et al., 2013).
2. Materials and methods
Plant samples were collected during an expedition to the
Ilısu basin (River Dicle and its branches). The description
of the Turkish flora was done by reviewing the flora of
neighboring countries and relevant literature (Komarov,
1968; Wendelbo, 1984, 1990; Feinbrun-Dothan, 1986;
Özhatay et al., 1991a; Cowley et al., 1994; Brullo and
Minissale, 1997; Kypriotakis and Tzanaoudakis, 1999;
Tan et al., 2007; Jafari and Maussoumi, 2008; APG III,
2009; Brullo et al., 2009; Shuka, 2010; Karabacak et al.,
2014). Herbarium specimens (GAZI) and live materials
(Nezahat Gökyiğit Botanic Garden: NGBB) were analyzed
for comparison. After it was understood that it was a new
species, flowering and fruit samples were collected again
during another expedition to the area. The description of
the new species is based on approximately 20 samples. The
threat classification was determined in accordance with
the IUCN (2012).
The karyotype was made on somatic metaphases
using Image System Analysis (Bs200Pro). Root meristems
from germinating bulbs collected in the wild were used.
Root tips were pretreated with α-monobromonaphthalene
at 4 °C for 16 h. Root tips were fixed with Carnoy’s for 24 h
at 4 °C. Before staining, the material was hydrolyzed with 1
N HCl for 9 min at room temperature. The chromosomes
were stained with 2% acetic orcein and mounted in 45%
acetic acid. Permanent slides were made by using the
standard liquid nitrogen method. Photographs were taken
through a BX51 Olympus microscope. Chromosomes
were classified using the nomenclature of Levan et al.
(1964).
3. Results
3.1. Bellevalia vuralii B.Şahin & Aslan sp. nov. (Figures
1–5).
Type: TURKEY, Siirt: Siirt-Eruh yolu, Sağlarca köyü, bozkır,
463 m, 14.04.2009, S. Aslan 3148 & B. Şahin; (holotype:
DUOF 5750!, paratypes: ANK!, GAZI!, DUOF!).
Diagnosis: Bellevalia vuralii resembles B. malatyaensis
and B. kurdistanica. It differs from B. malatyaensis with
leaves 10–15 (–20) cm (not 5–10 cm), 4–15 mm (not
Figure 1. (A) Habitat and (B) habitus of Bellevalia vuralii.
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ŞAHİN et al. / Turk J Bot
Figure 2. Habitus (A), fruit (B), leaves (C), and anthers (D) of Bellevalia vuralii.
10–25 mm), longer than scape (not shorter than scape),
linear-elliptic (not lanceolate-elliptic), apex entire, margin
undulate, scarcely ciliate (not apex cucullate, margin
entire, distinctly ciliate); pedicel 5–15 mm in flower (not
8–30 mm); anther yellow, dorsally connected, 1–1.5 mm
(not violet, basally connected, 0.3 mm); perigon crimson
bluish-violet in bud, lobes 2/5 of tube (not white to
greenish, lobes 1/2 of tube); capsule obovate-cordate, 8 ×
8 mm (not lanceolate-orbicular, 3–7 mm long). It differs
from B. kurdistanica with leaves 2–3 (not 5–6); pedicel
longer than flowers, erecto-patent (not as long as perianth,
arcuate); anther yellow (not lilac); perigon crimson
bluish-violate in bud, 5–7 mm (not greenish, 9–11 mm);
chromosome number 8 (not 16).
Description: Bulb ovoid-subglobose, 1–2 cm diameter,
outer tunic coriaceous, brownish; inner tunic papery,
pinkish to light brownish. Leaves 2–3(–4), linear-elliptic,
undulate, longer than scape in flowering and fruiting
time, outer and inner leaves 10–15(–20) cm long; inner
leaves 4–8 mm and outer leaves 10–15 mm broad, thin,
396
glaucous; narrowly cartilaginous, minutely papillose.
Scape 1(–2), 3–10(–18) cm long, green to yellowish-green.
Raceme cylindrical or slightly conical in flowering and
fruiting time, rather dense, 3–5(–7) cm long, elongating
to c. 10 cm in fruit, rachis purplish to purplish-green in
flowering time, yellowish-green in fruiting time. Bracts
entire or slightly bilobed, minute, pinkish to purplish,
triangular to oblong. Pedicels erect before anthesis, later
elongating and becoming recurved, finally elongate and
erect, 1–3× longer than flowers, erecto-patent in flowering
and fruiting time, horizontally ascending or erect, 5–15
mm long in flowering time, 15–30 mm in fruiting time,
purplish to purplish-green. Flowers 15–30 (–35), 5–7 mm
long, tubular–campanulate, perianth bluish violet in bud,
later pale brownish-green on tube and brownish nerves;
perianth tube 3–5 mm long; lobes 2 mm long, 1/3 of
tube, subequal, ovate–lanceolate, green to dirty whitish,
distinctly shorter than tube. Stamens with flat, narrowly
triangular, retuse, dorsally connate filaments attached just
below base of perianth lobes; anthers yellowish, 1–1.5
ŞAHİN et al. / Turk J Bot
Figure 3. Somatic chromosomes in Bellevalia vuralii. Bar: 10 µm.
Figure 4. Ideogram of Bellevalia vuralii. Bar: 10 µm.
mm, reaching at least the apex of the lobes and visible in
the mouth of the flower. Capsule triquetrous, 8 × 8 mm
diameter, retuse at apex, cordate or widely obovate, valves
thin, dehiscent, persistent. Seeds globose-ellipsoid, c. 2
mm, black, shiny.
Flowering time March to April, 400–500 m, in open
forest.
Turkish Name: “Dicle Kırsümbülü”
Etymology: This species is named in honor of the
eminent Turkish botanist and our valued mentor Prof Dr
Mecit Vural (Gazi University).
Habitat and ecology: Bellevalia vuralii grows in
clearings and eroded slopes within oak forests, where
Quercus brantii Lindley is dominant. Botan Stream valley,
where Sağlarca village is located, is covered with scarcely
distributed Q. brantii coppices. In spite of the stream
flowing through the area, the bioclimatic structure of
the region caused oaks and degraded oak coppices to be
interwoven with steppe. Especially highly affected areas by
human action are covered with fields and steppe. Other
species growing together with the described species within
the forest and clearings are as follows: Onosma alborosea Fisch. & C.A.Mey., Juniperus oxycedrus L., Klasea
oligocephala (DC.) Greuter & Wagenitz, Cota tinctoria
(L.) J.Gay ex Guss. var. tinctoria, Scorzonera papposa DC.,
Micropus supinus L., Coronilla scorpioides (L.) W.D.J.Koch,
Medicago radiata L., Astragalus macrostachys DC.,
Bunium microcarpum Boiss. & Freyn subsp. microcarpum,
Valeriana dioscoridis Sm., Imperata cylindrica (L.)
Raeusch., Campanula saxonorum Gand., Microthlaspi
perfoliatum (L.) F.K.Mey., Gundelia tournefortii L., Sinapis
arvensis L., and Euphorbia craspedia Boiss.
Figure 5: Distribution map of B. vuralii, B. kurdistanica, and B. malatyaensis.
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ŞAHİN et al. / Turk J Bot
Table 1. Measurements (µm) of somatic chromosomes in Bellevalia vuralii, (*m = metacentric, **Sm = submetacentric,***St =
subtelocentric).
Chromosome
pair no.
Chromosome arms (µm)
Long arm (L)
Short arm (S)
Total length
(µm)
Arm ratio
(L/S)
Centromeric
index
Relative
length (%)
Chromosome
type
1
8.57
5.63
14.20
1.52
35.36
14.03
m*
2
7.43
2.13
9.56
3.48
23.82
5.32
St***
3
5.61
2.85
8.46
1.97
21.07
7.11
Sm**
4
5.29
2.63
7.93
2.01
19.74
6.56
Sm
Total length of haploid complement: 40.15 µm
Table 2. Comparison of the morphological characters of B. vuralii, B. malatyaensis, and B. kurdistanica.
Characters
B. vuralii
B. malatyaensis
B. kurdistanica
Leaves
2–3(–4)
4–15 mm wide
Longer than scape
Linear-elliptic
Apex entire, margin undulate
1–2 (–3)
10–25 mm wide
Shorter than scape
Lanceolate-elliptic
Apex cucullate, margin entire
5–6
14–17 mm wide
Longer than scape
Lorate-linear
Scape
1(–2)
1
1–2 (3)
Raceme
Slightly conic
Rachis purplish in flower
yellowish green in fruit
Cylindrical
Rachis bluish
Ellipsoid to cylindrical
Rachis violet
Pedicel
Longer than flowers
5–15 mm in flower, 15–30 (–35) mm
in fruit
Erecto-patent
Longer than flowers
8–30 mm in flower,
35 mm in fruit
Horizontal
As long as perianth
to 20 mm in fruit
Arcuate
Flowers
15–30
10–22
20–40
Anther
Yellow
1–1.5 mm
Violet
0.1–0.3 mm
Lilac
1.5 mm
Tepal and lobes
5–7 mm
Crimson purple in bud
lobes 1/3 tubes
4.5–6 mm
White to greenish in bud
lobes ½ tubes
(8–) 9–11 mm
Greenish white with purplish tinge
in bud
Lobe ½ tubes
Capsules
Cordate-obovate,
8 × 8 mm
Lanceolate-orbiculare,
3–7 mm long
12–13 × 9–10 mm, suborbicular
Chromosomes
8
8
16
Additional specimens examined (paratypes):
TURKEY, Siirt: Eruh, Sağlarca köyü, orman açıklığı, 470
m, 06.05.2011, B. Şahin 4890 (GAZI, ANK); Siirt: Eruh,
Sağlarca köyü, orman açıklığı, 496 m, 12.04.2014, O.
Karabacak 9037 (GAZI, DUOF); ibid., 25.04.2013, O.
Karabacak 8823 (GAZI, DUOF, ANK).
B. malatyaensis: Malatya: from Erkenek to Gölbaşı, 15
km, 800–1000 m, under the fairly open canopy of a Pinus
398
brutia forest, 17.04.2005, M.E. Uzunhisarcıklı 2019, GAZI.
B. kurdistanica: Siirt: Siirt Üniversitesi, Kezer
Yerleşkesi, step, 950 m, 11.04.2013, O. Karabacak 8777
(GAZI); Şırnak: Şırnak-Eruh arası 15. km, kumtaşı tepe,
1300 m, 25.04.2004, MKOY 14105, (NGBB-live material);
Şırnak: MKOY 14191 (NGBB-live material).
Conservation status: The species is only identified
by its type locality. The distribution area is estimated to
ŞAHİN et al. / Turk J Bot
be less than 10 km2. Individuals observed in the living
area are very low in number, thought to be less than 1000
individuals. The living area is within the limits of the
catchment. Also in this area, oak coppices are replaced
with steppe due to the climate and anthropogenic factors.
Therefore, the threat classification is suggested to be CR
[B2ab(i+iii)] (IUCN, 2012).
3.2. Cytology: Our study showed that the chromosome
number of B. vuralii is new for science and 2n = 8
(Figure 3). The shortest chromosome length is 7.93 µm,
the longest is 14.20 µm, and haploid chromosome length
is 40.15 µm. Chromosome arm ratios are measured as
1.52–3.48. Centromeric index varies between 6.56 and
14.03 and relative lengths vary from 19.74 to 35.36 (Table
1). The karyotype formula of this species consists of
one metacentric chromosome pair, two submetacentric
chromosome pairs, and one subtelocentric chromosome
pair. The ideogram was drawn based on the centromeric
index and arranged in decreasing size order (Figure 4).
The somatic chromosome number of B. malatyaensis is
reported to be 2n = 8 by Uzunhisarcıklı et al. (2013). Besides
being the closest species to the one studied in the present
paper, both species have the same number of somatic
chromosomes; however, there is a difference in regards
to karyotype formula and the results of the chromosome
analysis. The karyotype formula of B. malatyaensis is
2M+1Sm+1St and for B. vuralii it is 1m+2Sm+1St. Total
length of B. malatyaensis chromosomes varies from 13.40
to 24.01 µm. Total haploid length of B. malatyaensis
chromosomes is reported as 70.22 µm (Uzunhisarcıklı et
al., 2013), whereas total length of B. vuralii chromosomes
varies from 7.93 to 14.20 µm, which is shorter than that
of B. malatyaensis. Accordingly, total haploid length of B.
vuralii chromosomes is determined to be 40.15 µm. The
differences in karyotype formulas and analysis results
prove that these two species are not cytogenetically similar.
4. Discussion
B. vuralii resembles B. malatyaensis and B. kurdistanica
according to the Flora of Turkey (Wendelbo, 1984;
Uzunhisarcıklı et al., 2013). B. vuralii differs from these
species based on the characteristics given in Table 2.
According to the identification key in the Flora of Turkey,
B. vuralii belongs to the laxly flowered group. The species
in this group have wide leaves and long pedicels. However,
only B. kurdistanica has narrow leaves and short pedicels.
In contrast to the other species generally growing
on steppes (Wendelbo, 1984), B. vuralii demonstrates
diversity at habitat level as it grows inside forests and
open forests. B. vuralii differs with its shorter length and
delicate structural characteristics in regards to habitus
among other laxly flowered and longer species. In the
present study another species having yellow anthers and
distributed in the eastern part of Turkey is also identified;
with this recent addition, the number of species having
yellow anthers rises to 9. Another species, B. wendelboi
Maassoumi & Jafari, identified in the Iranian flora also
has yellow anthers (Jafari and Maasoumi, 2008). Although
the number of species having yellow anthers increases, the
systematic importance of anther color is still not known
clearly (Feinbrun-Dothan, 1940; Persson and Wendelbo,
1979). Future studies may address taxonomic issues and
suggest answers.
Most of the recently identified species can generally
be placed under existing sections; however, it is seen that
because of certain characteristics they do not simply fit
into those sections. For instance, B. malatyaensis, under
the section Conica, does not match the cylindrical raceme
characteristic of the section (Uzunhisarcıklı et al., 2013)
or the situation is the same with B. anatolica (Cowley et
al., 1994). As for B. vuralii, considering the morphological
characteristics of the species, it belongs to sect. Conica;
however, having leaves longer than the scape the species
can also be categorized under sect. Patens, or, considering
the shape of the capsule, the species can also be categorized
under sect. Nutans. The current study places B. vuralii
species under sect. Conica (Feinbrun-Dothan, 1940);
therefore, the number of distributed species in Eastern
Anatolia–Iran region under sect. Conica has risen.
More than 30 species were identified after FeinbrunDorath and over 25 of these species belong to the IranoTuranian phytogeographical region. Fifteen of these
species were identified in Anatolia and 10 were identified
in Iran (Jafari and Maasoumi, 2008). Twelve of the species
identified in Anatolia were found in areas near Iran. These
findings show that endemic species are concentrated in
the eastern part of the country, which proves FeinbrunDorath’s forecast (1940). However, the identified species
lead to systematic problems because of their characteristics
such as anther color, flower, fruit, scape, and raceme
and also the section under which they are categorized.
Therefore, the status of the sections and the species under
these sections needs to be reviewed and revised. It will be
beneficial to check the systematic status of the species by
incorporating cytological and phytogeographical data.
This is necessary for establishing a systematic order among
the species.
By adding B. vuralii, which is identified in this paper,
the number of Bellevalia species in Turkey rises to 30 and
the number of endemics to 19.
Acknowledgment
We would like to thank the Nature Society (Doğa
Derneği) for their financial support.
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ŞAHİN et al. / Turk J Bot
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