Phytochem Rev
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-020-09688-3
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The Prangos genus: a comprehensive review on traditional
use, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities
Javad Mottaghipisheh . Tivadar Kiss . Barbara Tóth . Dezs}o Csupor
Received: 11 January 2020 / Accepted: 25 May 2020
Ó The Author(s) 2020
Abstract The members of the Prangos genus (Apiaceae) have been widely applied in the Iranian
traditional medicine internally and externally for
different purposes. The aim of this review is to
summarize the ethnomedicinal and food applications
of Prangos species and to gather the phytochemical
and pharmacological data on this genus. Among the
129 constituents isolated from Prangos species,
coumarin derivatives are the main compounds. Several papers report the compositions of essential oils
obtained from different plant parts, mostly containing
monoterpene and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons. Various pharmacological activities of essential oils, crude
extracts or isolated compounds of the Prangos species
have been observed, primarily in in vitro experiments.
Antioxidant, antimicrobial, cytotoxic and anti-proliferative activities have been the most extensively
studied. The efficacy and safety of Prangos plants
have not been assessed in animal experiments or
clinical trials. Although their furocoumarin content
might be a source of adverse effects, toxic effects of
Prangos species have not been reported. It can be
Electronic supplementary material The online version of
this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-020-09688-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized
users.
J. Mottaghipisheh T. Kiss B. Tóth D. Csupor (&)
Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy,
University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, Szeged 6720, Hungary
e-mail: csupor.dezso@pharmacognosy.hul
concluded, that further preclinical and clinical data are
necessary to assess the rationale and safety of the
medicinal and food use of Prangos species.
Keywords Coumarins Ethnobotanical Functional
foods Pharmacological properties Prangos
Abbreviations
A2780S
Human ovarian carcinoma cell line
A375
Human melanoma cell line
A431
Human epidermoid carcinoma cell line
A549
Human lung cell line
ABTS
2,20 -SzinobisAzino-bis-(3ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonate)
ACE
Angiotensin-converting enzyme
AChE
Acetylcholinesterase enzyme
AE
Acarbose equivalent
BChE
Butyryl-cholinesterase enzyme
BHK 21
Baby hamster kidney fibroblast cell line
Caco-2
Human colon cancer cell line
CCL-221 Human colorectal cancer cell line
COX-1
Cyclooxygenase enzyme type 1
COX-2
Cyclooxygenase enzyme type 2
CUPRAC Cupric ion reducing activity
DEET
N,N-Diethyl-3-methylbenzamide
DPPH
2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl
EO
Essential oil
FRAP
Ferric reducing antioxidant power
GE
Galanthamine equivalent
GST
Glutathione-S-transferase
123
Phytochem Rev
HCT-116
HIV-1
HSV
IL-6
IL-8
IZ
KAE
LC50
LC99
LDH
LNCaP
LPO
MED
MIC
MRSA
NCIH322
NSAID
OE
ORAC
PC-3
PFU
RC50
TBA
TC50
TE
THP1
TNF-a
Human colon cell line
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1
Herpes simplex virus type 1
Interleukin 6
Interleukin 8
Growth inhibition zone
Kojic acid equivalent
Concentrations that killed 50% of the
exposed insects
Concentrations that killed 99% of the
exposed insects
Lactate dehydrogenase
Human prostatic cell line
Lipid peroxidation inhibition
Minimum effective dose
Minimum inhibitory concentration
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus
aureus
Human lung cell line
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
Orlistat equivalent
Oxygen radical absorbance capacity
Human prostate cell line
Plaque-forming units
Concentration that reduces 50% of the
free radical concentration
Thiobarbituric acid
Drug concentration that reduces the cell
growth 50%
Trolox equivalent
Human leukemia cell line
Tumour necrosis factor alpha
Introduction
Apiaceae (syn. Umbelliferae) is one of the largest
families of Plant Kingdom: it comprises 434 genera
and 3780 species. Most of these species are aromatic
plants with hollow stems, and several representatives
are used as vegetables or condiments (Stevens 2001).
The genus Prangos Lindley (syn. Cryptodiscus Fischer & C. A. Meyer, Koelzella Hiroe; Neocryptodiscus
Hedge & Lamond), distributed from Portugal to Tibet,
consists of 45 species (Stevens 2001). The centre of
the diversity of Prangos genus is the Irano-Turanian
region. The main anatomical and morphological
123
features characteristic to Apiaceae species, can also
be discovered in Prangos species with some specific
morphological changes regarding fruits, endosperms
and mesocarp. According to phylogeny studies,
Prangos is a monophyletic taxon closely related to
Bilacunaria and Cachrys (Lyskov et al. 2017) genera.
Species of Prangos genus have been used in the
traditional medicine of the Mediterranean region and
the Middle East.
Prangos species possess a great importance as
spices and medicinal plants in Asia, especially in Iran,
Turkey, and Iraq. The above-ground part, the roots and
the essential oil of different species have been applied
internally and externally as well. The most popular
indications of the plants are the alleviation of different
gastrointestinal symptoms, but various other uses have
also been reported. In the recent years, the number of
papers reporting experimental data on the biological
effects of Prangos species have been increased.
However, there is no systematic review available that
summarizes the current knowledge on these species.
Coumarin derivatives, particularly furocoumarins
have been isolated and identified as the predominant
secondary metabolites of several Prangos species.
Considering the fact that furocoumarins may possess
phototoxic and carcinogenic effects (Melough et al.
2018), the assessment of qualitative and quantitative
data on the furocoumarin content of these plants is of
primary importance. Furthermore, the summary of
phytochemical components of the genus may be useful
to understand better the described bioactivities and
also to provide new directions for further research.
Our aim was to review scientific data on traditional
use, bioactivity, and phytochemical profile of the
Prangos genus, by searching for the keyword ‘‘Prangos’’ (from 1974 to 2019) on PubMed, and Web of
Science databases (last search: 01. 11. 2019).
Traditional use of Prangos species
The ethnomedicinal applications of the Prangos genus
are shown in Table S1. In Turkey, Prangos plants are
used as carminative, tonic, and anthelmintic agents, in
the treatment of external bleeding, gastric or digestive
disorders, wounds, scars, and leuckoplakia. Moreover,
Prangos species are also used as stimulants, aphrodisiacs and natural fertilizers (Oke Altuntas et al.
Phytochem Rev
2016; Ozek et al. 2018). Some species of this genus are
consumed as spices or food additives as well.
Due to its aphrodisiac, coagulant, carminative and
tonic effects, different Prangos species are part of the
traditional medicine (Razavi et al. 2010c; Abolghasemi and Piryaei 2012). The most commonly used
species of this genus are P. ferulacea and P. pabularia.
The leaves of these plants are traditionally used as
laxative, antihypertensive, and carminative agents and
are also recommended for the treatment of digestive
disorders (Dokovic et al. 2004; Sagun et al. 2006;
Kazerooni et al. 2006; Durmaz et al. 2006; Özek et al.
2007; Ahmed et al. 2011a; Razavi 2012b; Farooq et al.
2014a; Shokoohinia et al. 2014; Namjoyan et al. 2015;
Seidi Damyeh et al. 2016; Tabanca et al. 2016;
Gheisari et al. 2016; Yousefi et al. 2017; Delnavazi
et al. 2017; Kiliç et al. 2017; Ozek et al. 2018; Sadeghi
and Bazdar 2018; Abbas-Mohammadi et al. 2018;
Numonov et al. 2018). In Western North Iran, the
essential oil from roots of P. ferulacea has been
traditionally used for wound healing (Yousefi et al.
2017).
The fresh fruits and roots of P. pabularia are also
consumed in Tajikistan (local name: Yugan) for its
putative effects in the treatment of vitiligo, and
because these are considered to have tonic effects
(Numonov et al. 2018). In India, only P. pabularia
(local names: Komal, Kurangas) is native. The roots
and fruits of this species are used as laxative, liver
tonic, diuretic, carminative, and stimulant. Infusion
from the roots is used in the treatment of flatulence,
indigestion and improving of menstrual cycle in
women (Farooq et al. 2014b). In Turkish folk
medicine, the roots of P. pabularia, and P. meliocarpoides are eaten with honey as aphrodisiac (Ozek et al.
2018).
In Kurdish traditional medicine (eastern part of
Iraq), the aerial part of P. haussknechtii is used for its
carminative, diuretic, and sedative effects (Dissanayake et al. 2017).
Besides their medicinal use, Prangos species are
extensively used as food additives, spices and flavouring agents (Table S1). P. ferulacea is used in Iran
(Iranian name: Djashir) as yogurt flavouring, and
animal fodder (Damyeh et al. 2016; Abbas-Mohammadi et al. 2018, Shokoohinia et al. 2014), whereas in
Turkey (local names: Casir, Caksir) it is used as food
ingredient, e.g. in Van herby cheese, aroma and
flavour component (Sagun et al. 2006; Ozek et al.
2018) and as stimulant tea (Kiliç et al. 2017). The
young stems and shoots of P. platychlaena Boiss.
(local names: Cagsir, Caksir, Kirkor, and Korkor) are
eaten freshly and used as pickle in Eastern Turkey,
while it is consumed after baking in the central part of
the country. Furthermore, the roots of the plant are
often powdered and mixed with honey to consume as
aphrodisiac (Ozek et al. 2018; Tabanca et al. 2018).
Pharmacological and biological activities
Bioactivity of extracts, essential oils, and isolated
secondary metabolites of Prangos species have been
investigated by several research groups. The most
extensively studied effect of Prangos species have
been experimented in vitro. Among them antioxidant
activity is the major bioactivity evaluation. The only
in vivo study is evaluation of abortifacient effect of the
P. ferulacea leaves extracts. Antimicrobial (antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral), anti-cancer (cytotoxic
and antiproliferative), anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, neuroprotective and other pharmacological
activities of Prangos species have also been assessed.
Allelopathic effects including phytotoxic, insecticidal
and repellent activities of EOs of Prangos species
have also been reported. In the majority of the
experiments, aerial parts were used, usually as
methanolic or hydroethanolic extracts. The pharmacological studies that had been performed on Prangos
spp. are listed in Table S2.
Antioxidant activities
Free radicals are generally synthesized as by-products
in all living organisms and can result in oxidative
damage to biological molecules like DNA, fatty acids,
and amino acids. Free radicals and oxidative stress are
proved to play an essential role in the development of
certain chronic diseases (Sarma et al. 2010), hence
plants possessing remarkable antioxidant activity may
play role in health protection.
Many plant products (EOs, different extracts and
pure constituents) obtained from different parts of
Prangos species have been evaluated for their free
radical scavenging activity, and several of these
natural products possessed noteworthy antioxidant
potential. Antioxidant tests, including ABTS,
CUPRAC, DPPH, FRAP, LPO, ORAC and TBA
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Phytochem Rev
assays were carried out in vitro. Of the tested samples,
the methanolic extracts of P. ferulacea demonstrated
high antioxidant activity in various assays; and among
the isolated compounds, the coumarin scopoletin (9)
obtained from P. uloptera exhibited the most significant activity (Razavi et al. 2008b).
Crude extracts and essential oils
In a study, various extracts of Prangos species have
been subjected to antioxidant activity assays. Aqueous
extracts of P. denticulata leaf (IC50: 0.048 mg/mL)
and P. heyniae fruit (IC50: 0.119 mg/mL) showed the
highest antioxidant activities using the DPPH test
compared to a-tocopherol (IC50: 0.011 mg/mL), BHA
(IC50: 0.003 mg/mL), and BHT (IC50: 0.023 mg/mL)
as controls. In metal chelating assay the aqueous leaf
extract of P. denticulata (0.94 mg/mL) and methanol
root extract of P. heyniae (0.74 mg/mL) were the most
potent extracts. Aqueous extracts from leaves and
fruits of P. denticulata were the strongest antioxidant
agents with inhibition values of 69.93% and 68.98%,
respectively, by using plasma lipid peroxidation
method (Oke-Altuntas et al. 2015). In a comparative
study, the hot water extract of P. denticulata leaf
exerted the highest ability in scavenging free radicals
(IC50: 0.048 mg/mL), compared to various extracts of
the species and the aqueous extract of P. platychloena
was equally active (IC50: 0.048 mg/mL) (Oke Altuntas
et al. 2011).
The antioxidant activities of the EO and the
hydroalcoholic extracts (particularly methanolic) of
P. ferulacea have been extensively studied. The
hydroalcoholic extract obtained from P. ferulacea
flowers possesses the highest antioxidant capacity
with IC50 = 8.01 lL/mL in the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The other samples derived
from this species were less active: hydroalcoholic
extract of flowers (IC50: 8.01 ± 0.60 lL/mL) [ hydroalcoholic extract of leaves (IC50: 10.99 lL/
mL) [ aqueous extract of flowers (IC50: 14.59 lL/
mL) [ aqueous extract of leaves (18.61 lL/mL) [
EO of leaves (22.99 lL/mL) [ EO of flowers (23.90
lL/mL) (Bazdar et al. 2018). Evaluation of free radical
scavenging activity of hydroalcoholic extracts
obtained from ten Iranian P. ferulacea samples
revealed moderate activities with EC50 values of the
most potent samples of 0.013 mg/mL and 10.55 mmol
Trolox equivalent (TE)/g in the DPPH and oxygen
123
radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assays, respectively (Bagherifar et al. 2019). In a similar study,
antioxidant activities of methanolic and aqueous
extracts obtained from the roots, herbs, and flowers
of four Prangos species (P. ferulacea, P. uechtritzii, P.
heyniae, P. meliocarpoides var. meliocarpoides) collected in Turkey were measured by the thiobarbituric
acid assay (TBA). Among the tested extracts, the
methanolic extract of P. ferulacea and P. uechtritzii
fruits had the highest antioxidant activities with IC50
values of 0.047 mg/mL and 0.049 mg/mL, respectively (Ahmed et al. 2011b). In a comparative study,
radical scavenging and lipid peroxidation inhibitory
activities of P. ferulacea were compared to other
Apiaceae species including Chaerophyllum macropodum Boiss. and Heracleum persicum Desf. The
methanolic extract of aerial parts of P. ferulacea with
IC50 = 0.242 and 0.152 mg/mL for DPPH radical
scavenging and lipid peroxidation inhibition (LPO),
respectively, showed better antioxidant activities in
comparison with the two other investigated plants
(Çoruh et al. 2007). From P. ferulacea samples, the
ethyl acetate extract of the plant had the highest
antioxidant activity among the different extracts using
the DPPH and the ABTS assays, showing IC50 values
of 1.4 mg/g and 5.4 mg/g, respectively (Dagdelen et al.
2014). MeOH extract of P. ferulacea fruit exerted a
good potency in scavenging of free radicals in the
DPPH assay, with 6.4% of inhibition compared with
ascorbic acid (4.0%) as the positive control at a
concentration of 0.01 mg/mL (Cesur et al. 2017). A
methanolic extract of P. ferulacea (IC50: 0.228 mg/
mL) exhibited moderate antioxidant activity, evaluated by the DPPH method (Mavi et al. 2004).
The antioxidant activity of EO, n-hexane, dichloromethane, and methanolic extracts obtained from
aerial parts of P. gaubae were evaluated in the DPPH,
cupric ion reducing activity (CUPRAC) and ferric
reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. The
methanolic extract was the most active extract using
the DPPH (0.47 mmol TEs/g), CUPRAC (0.89 mmol
TEs/g), and FRAP (0.52 mmol TEs/g) assays, whereas
the EO had the highest capacity in scavenging of free
radicals using the ABTS method (2.02 mmol TEs/g)
(Bahadori et al. 2017a).
Yazici et al. (2013) reported that the methanolic
extracts of P. hulusii aerial parts had stronger antioxidant activity compared to its roots analysed by
different assays (Yazici et al. 2013).
Phytochem Rev
The fruits of P. meliocarpoides were extracted with
various solvents, and among the extracts the methanolic extract showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging effect (IC50: 0.088 mg/mL), followed by the
aqueous, acetone and ethyl acetate extracts (Oke
Altuntas et al. 2016).
The dichloromethane extract of P. pabularia roots
(collected from Iran) displayed the highest antioxidant
activity using the DPPH assay with an RC50 (concentration of the test material that reduces 50% of the free
radical concentration) value of 0.08 mg/mL followed
by the methanolic and n-hexane extracts with RC50s of
0.17 and 1.38 mg/mL, respectively (Salehi et al.
2016).
Pure compounds
8-Geranyloxy psoralen (32), a furocoumarin isolated
from the roots and fruits of P. uloptera exerted weak
antioxidant effect with RC50 of 0.262 mg/mL in the
DPPH assay (Razavi et al. 2009a). Scopoletin (9) was
the most active antioxidant compound from the five
extracted coumarins (xanthotoxin (36), prangenin
(73), scopoletin (9), deltoin (79) and prangolarin
(syn. oxypeucedanin) (48)) from the aerial parts of P.
uloptera, with an RC50 value of 0.0243 mg/mL
(Razavi et al. 2008b). The free radical scavenging
activity of oxypeucedanin (48), isolated from leaves of
P. uloptera was evaluated by the DPPH assay (RC50
value of 51.25 mg/mL) (Razavi et al. 2010b). Aviprin
(89), isolated from P. uloptera with RC50 of 0.54 mg/
mL was more effective than aviprin-300 -O-D-glucopyranoside (90) (RC50: 5 mg/mL) in the DPPH assay
(Zahri et al. 2012). Among the isolated phytochemicals from aerial parts of P. haussknechtii, hydroxy
osthol-epoxide (4) was the most potent antioxidant
compound with IC50s of 0.048 and 0.043 mM
measured by MTT and LPO, respectively (Dissanayake et al. 2017).
Antimicrobial activities
Extracts, essential oils and pure compounds of Prangos species showed noteworthy antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral effects. The antibacterial activities of
the plant materials have been evaluated mostly by disc
diffusion and microtiter broth dilution assays.
Remarkably high activities were observed in case of
the EO of the leaves of P. ferulacea against
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus epidermidis, S. aureus, and Bacillus cereus strains. Mainly
the Gram-positive bacteria (particularly S. aureus and
B. cereus) were inhibited by various Prangos species,
especially by EOs and methanolic extracts of P.
ferulacea. P. ferulacea, P. pabularia and P. platychlaena which were active against C. albicans.
Antibacterial activities
Crude extracts and essential oils
The EO of the fruit of P. asperula was evaluated for its
antibacterial activity and showed a moderate effect
against S. aureus with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.128 mg/mL (Khoury et al. 2018). S.
aureus was the most susceptible strain against the EO
obtained from the aerial parts of P. asperula (growth
inhibition zone (IZ): 15.0 mm), the EO was less active
on Escherichia coli (IZ: 11.8 mm) and Salmonella
enterica (IZ: 3.8 mm). The results of the MbD assay
reassured these observations (Mneimne et al. 2016).
The acetone extract of the fruit of P. denticulata
collected from Turkey was characterized with an IZ of
11.9 mm against Bacillus cereus RSKK 863 (OkeAltuntas et al. 2012).
Among EOs obtained from various organs of P.
ferulacea, the EO obtained from the leaves was the
most active one with the following MIC values:
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (0.0000625 mg/mL), S.
epidermidis (0.00025 mg/mL), and S. aureus (0.0005
mg/mL), while the EO obtained from the flowers were
most active EO against B. cereus (0.0005 mg/mL).
The EO obtained from the stem part was less active
(Akbari et al. 2010). Razavi et al. (2010a) reported that
B. cereus (IZ of 15 mm) was the most susceptible
strain to the EOs of P. ferulacea fruits and umbels
(Razavi et al. 2010a). EO of P. ferulacea root showed
high inhibitory activity against S. paratyphi and E. coli
with MIC values of 0.01 and 0.005 mg/mL, respectively (Yousefi et al. 2017).
The antimicrobial activities of some medicinal
plants used in traditional Turkish cheeses were
analysed in an experiment. The methanolic extract of
P. ferulacea was active against Enterococcus faecalis
with a MIC value of 250 mg/mL (Dagdelen et al.
2014), on other microbes the activity was even less
pronounced. The methanol extract of P. ferulacea
showed moderate antibacterial activity against B.
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Phytochem Rev
cereus, B. subtilis, Micrococcus luteus, and S. aureus
with IZs of 12–18 mm (Durmaz et al. 2006). Gheisari
et al. (2016) investigated the antibacterial activities of
the methanolic extracts from the aerial parts of P.
ferulacea by two methods. Using the disc diffusion
method, C. freundii was the most susceptible strain
with an IZ value of 12.76 mm. Furthermore, these
results were supported by the microtiter broth dilution
method, where the extract exerted 99% inhibition on
the growth after 24 h (Gheisari et al. 2016). Methanolic and ethanolic extracts of P. ferulacea showed more
significant activity against Listeria monocytogenes
serotype 4ab with IZs of 13 and 11 mm, respectively,
compared to its aqueous and n-hexane extracts having
no activity (Sagun et al. 2006).
The antibacterial activities of roots, flowers, leaves,
stems, and seeds of P. ferulacea and P. uloptera were
analysed using disc diffusion assay. The methanolic
extracts of the roots of both species possessed high
activity with MIC values of B 0.25–1 mg/mL against
the tested strains including S. aureus, S. pyogenes, B.
subtilis, E. coli, S. enterica, and Serratia marcescens
(Nosrati and Behbahani 2016). EO of P. ferulacea
indicated a significant activity against E. faecalis (IZ:
23 mm) compared to gentamicin (IZ: 8 mm) as
positive control (Nazemisalman et al. 2018).
In a study carried out with different extracts of P.
hulusii roots collected in Turkey, the most potent
antibacterial activity was attributed to the dichloromethane extract of the plant on E. coli with a MIC
value of 0.156 mg/mL (Tan et al. 2017). Yazici et al.
(2013) reported that P. hulusii possessed no activity
against S. aureus, E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, B.
cereus, and Proteus vulgaris (Yazici et al. 2013).
The hydro-distilled EO of P. pabularia fruits
demonstrated antibacterial activity against two
Gram-positive [S. epidermidis and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA)], and four Gram-negative
bacteria (E. coli, P. aeruginosa, P. vulgaris, and
Salmonella typhimurium), and antifungal activity
against C. albicans; while among the studied microorganisms the most susceptible was the MRSA (clinical
isolate, MIC: 0.00125 mg/mL) (Özek et al. 2007).
In another study, the EO of P. peucedanifolia leaves
was active against S. mutans, S. pyogenes, and S.
aureus with MIC values less than 1.9 mg/mL, whereas
the EO of the fruits was less active (Brusotti et al.
2013).
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The evaluation of the antibacterial properties of
EOs of fruits of P. platychlaena and P. uechtritzii
revealed high activities against E. coli (MIC: 9 mg/
mL) and B. subtilis (MIC: 36 mg/mL), respectively
(Uzel et al. 2006).
Among different extracts (n-hexane, methanol, and
dichloromethane) obtained from P. uloptera roots, the
dichloromethane fraction demonstrated the most pronounced antibacterial effect against S. aureus analysed
by the disc diffusion method (IZ: 15.8 mm); whereas
no activity was observed against E. coli. Microbroth
dilution assay reassured these results, where the
highest and lowest activity was observed on S. aureus
and E. coli, respectively (Razavi et al. 2010c).
Pure compounds
Oxypeucedanin (48) and imperatorin (44) isolated
from the chloroform extract of P. platychlaena
showed slight activity against E. coli (MIC of 0.048
mg/mL) (Ulubelen et al. 1995), whereas oxypeucedanin (48) was not active against the plant pathogen
bacteria Xanthomonas compestris and Erwinia cartovorum (Razavi et al. 2010b).
Compounds isolated from P. uloptera were subjected to antimicrobial screening, and 8–geranyloxy
psoralen (32) was found to be effective against S.
epidermidis with a MIC value of 100 mg/mL (Razavi
et al. 2009a). In another study, isoarnottinin 40 glucoside (28) isolated from P. uloptera possessed
high antibacterial activity (particularly against E.
carotovora with a MIC value of 0.1 mg/mL) (Razavi
et al. 2011b).
From ten isolated prenylated coumarins of P.
hulusii, the new coumarin 40 –senecioiloxyosthol
(20), showed the highest activity against a series of
bacteria and was especially active against B. subtilis
(MIC of 0.005 mg/mL) (Tan et al. 2017).
Osthol (3), isolated from P. pabularia exerted a
remarkable effect against MRSA and P. aeruginosa
(MIC values of 0.031 mg/mL) compared to the other
tested compounds (Tada et al. 2002).
Antifungal activities
Some natural products can permanently damage
fungal cell membrane by increasing permeability
and fluidity. The subsequent degradation of lipids,
proteins and nucleic acids along with the coagulation
Phytochem Rev
of the cellular components results in the breakdown
and death of fungal cells (Yoon et al. 2000). Several
studies demonstrated that Prangos species possess
antifungal activity against Gram-positive and Gramnegative fungi.
Crude extracts and essential oils
The EO of P. asperula fruits showed remarkable
antifungal activity against Trichophyton rubrum and
Trichophyton tonsurans with MICs of 0.064 mg/mL in
both strains (Khoury et al. 2018). The EO obtained
from the aerial parts of P. asperula inhibited the
growth of Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Aspergillus
fumigatus, and C. albicans, with IZ values of 7.3 mm,
9.1 mm, and 1.9 mm, respectively (Mneimne et al.
2016).
Yousefi et al. (2017) reported that the EO of the
roots of P. ferulacea had inhibitory activity on C.
albicans (MIC: 0.005 mg/mL) (Yousefi et al. 2017).
The methanolic extract of this species did not inhibit
growth of C. albicans (Dagdelen et al. 2014). The EO
of P. ferulacea obtained at flowering stage significantly inhibited the growth of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
mycelia at doses exceeding 0.01 mg/mL; the inhibition was approximately 55% at 1.5 mg/mL concentration (Razavi 2012a). The EO obtained from fruits
and umbels of P. ferulacea demonstrated an activity
with 9–12 mm of inhibition against C. kefyr (Razavi
et al. 2010a). By applying microbroth dilution method,
the hydroalcoholic extract of P. ferulacea showed a
weak effect (MIC: [ 1000 mg/mL) against C. albicans (Dagdelen et al. 2014).
When assessing antifungal activity of EO of P.
pabularia fruits, significant activity was observed
against C. albicans (MIC: 0.0025 mg/mL) (Özek et al.
2007).
Brusotti et al. (2013) reported that the EO of P.
peucedanifolia flowers has remarkable antifungal
activity against Trichophyton rubrum with a MIC
value of 2.4 mg/mL comparable to that of ampicillin
(MIC: 0.5 mg/mL) (Brusotti et al. 2013).
The EOs yielded from fruits of P. platychlaena and
P. uechtritzii had marginal activities against C.
albicans, C. krusei, and C. tropicalis with MIC values
exceeding 72 mg/mL (Uzel et al. 2006). The decoction
(drug-extract ratio 1:2 w/v) of P. uechtritzii showed
potent inhibitory activity at concentration of 80% on
the growth of Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus
parasiticus, and Penicillium digitatum with 57, 29,
and 71% inhibition, respectively; however, no inhibitory activity was found against Aspergillus niger
(Ozcan 1999).
Furthermore, the EO of the fruit of P. platychlaena
had no antifungal activities against three Colletotrichum species. Nona-(2S)-3,5-diyn-2-yl acetate
(134) from the EO and its semisynthetic derivative
(2S)-3,5-nonadiyn-2-ol were also inactive against the
above-mentioned fungi (Tabanca et al. 2018).
Pure compounds
A good antifungal effect (MIC [ 0.4 mg/mL) of
isoarnottinin 40 -glucoside (28) was revealed against S.
sclerotiorum and C. kefyer (Razavi et al. 2011b).
In the study of Ulubelen et al. (1995) both
oxypeucedanin (48) and imperatorin (44), isolated
from P. platychlaena, showed strong antifungal
activities against C. albicans with MICs of 0.054
mg/mL (Ulubelen et al. 1995).
8-Geranyloxy psoralen (32) isolated from P.
uloptera has been reported to possess very weak
activity against C. kruzei and C. kefyr, with MIC
values of 300 and 100 mg/mL, respectively (Razavi
et al. 2009a).
Quercetin-3-O-glucoside (98) isolated from P.
ferulacea had no activity against C. kefyr (Razavi
et al. 2009c). Oxypeucedanin (48) isolated form leaf
extract of P. uloptera was found to be inactive against
S. sclerotorium (Razavi et al. 2010b).
Antiviral activities
Crude extract
Antiviral activities of the ethanolic extracts of P.
asperula leaf and seed samples were assessed against
herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and a moderate
potency was demonstrated (IC50: 0.66 mg/mL) compared to acyclovir (IC50: 0.00377 mM) (Saab et al.
2012).
Pure compounds
From a series of coumarins isolated from P. tschimganica, psoralen (31) was identified as the most
effective compound. It inhibited the replication of
human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) (IIIB
123
Phytochem Rev
Strain) in H9 lymphocytes (EC50: 0.0001 mg/mL) and
inhibited the growth of uninfected H9 cells (IC50:
0.0191 mg/mL) with IC50 and EC50 values comparable to those of the active control azidothymidine
(EC50: \ 0.001 mg/mL; IC50: 500 mg/mL) (Shikishima et al. 2001a).
Anti-herpes virus effects of the coumarins isolated
from P. ferulacea were analysed on a confluent
monolayer of Vero cells (an African green monkey
kidney cell line) infected with 25 PFU (plaqueforming units) of HSV-1. None of the analysed
coumarins possessed anti-HSV activity at non-toxic
concentrations on Vero cells (Shokoohinia et al.
2014).
Phytotoxic activity
Phytotoxicity is the ability of plant to inhibit of plant
growth, delay of seed germination or prevention of the
other adverse effects caused by phytotoxins (Blok
et al. 2019). The extracts, EOs, and isolated phytochemicals from three Prangos species including P.
ferulacea, P. pabularia, and P. uloptera have been
previously subjected to possess possible phytotoxicity
by analysis of their potency in prohibition of growth of
lettuce and Trifolium resupinatum.
Among aqueous and hydro-alcoholic extracts
obtained from different plant parts (leaf, flower and
shoot) of P. ferulacea, the hydro-alcoholic extract of
the flowers showed phytotoxic effect by increasing the
proline content and decreasing seedling growth and
seed germination of Trifolium resupinatum (Bazdar
and Sadeghi 2018; Sadeghi and Bazdar 2018). The EO
of P. ferulacea obtained during the flowering period
inhibited lettuce seed germination with an inhibition
value of 97.0% (Razavi 2012a).
The EO extracted from P. pabularia showed strong
phytotoxic effect with IC50 values of 0.14, 0.11 and
0.12 mg/mL for inhibition of the growth of the shoot,
seed germination, and root of lettuce, respectively
(Razavi 2012b).
The dichloromethane extract of P. uloptera exhibited higher stunting effect compared to the n-hexane,
and methanolic fractions against root growth, seed
germination, and shoot elongation of lettuce (Lactuca
sativa L. CV. Varamin), with IC50s of 1.85, 2.00, and
2.08 mg/mL, respectively (Razavi et al. 2010c).
Oxypeucedanin (48), isolated from P. uloptera exhibited phytotoxic effect by inhibiting the growth of
123
lettuce shoots with an IC50 value of 0.21 mg/mL
(Razavi et al. 2010b). Isoarnottinin 40 -glucoside (28)
possessed considerable phytotoxic activity against
root elongation of lettuce; whereas the length of the
root was decreased from 38.72 to 5.84 mm at
concentrations 0 to 1 mg/mL of isoarnottinin 40 glucoside (28), respectively (Razavi et al. 2011b).
Insecticidal and repellent activity
In general, the insecticidal and repellent activities of
EOs extracted from P. ferulacea, P. heyniae, and P.
platychlaena have been evaluated. They showed a
moderate activity comparing to the applied controls.
The EO of P. ferulacea was active against the egg
stage of Trichogramma embryophagum with an LC50
value of 0.0021 mL/L (Sumer Ercan et al. 2013).
P. heyniae EO obtained from four different regions
of Turkey possessed moderate larvicidal activity at
0.03125 and 0.062 mg/mL against Aedes aegypti
compared to permethrin (0.000025 mg/mL) as positive control (Ozek et al. 2018).
The EO gained from P. platychlaena collected in
Eastern part of Turkey showed repellent activity
against female A. aegypti L. mosquito with a minimum
effective dosage (MED) value of 0.156 mg/cm2
(Tabanca et al. 2018).
Suberosin (6), a coumarin from P. pabularia
demonstrated moderate mosquito repellent effect
compared to N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET)
as the positive control. This compound also showed a
remarkable larvicidal activity with an LC50 value of
0.008 mg/mL at 24-h post treatment (Tabanca et al.
2016).
Cytotoxic and antiproliferative activities
The secondary metabolites isolated form plants have
been demonstrated promising approach to discover
potential drugs to be considered as a complementation
of chemotherapeutics treatment (Newman and Cragg
2012). Nowadays, some of the phytochemicals are
known for their strong potency as anti-tumour agents.
The plants in the genus of Prangos have been
subjected to evaluate their effects on various cancer
cell lines possessing cytotoxicity and antiproliferation
activities.
Phytochem Rev
Crude extracts and essential oil
The ethanolic extract of aerial parts of P. asperula
were investigated for cytotoxic effects on Vero cell
line (ATCC: CCL 81) using the MTT assay, and it
showed moderated activity with TC50 values higher
than 1 mg/mL (Saab et al. 2012). The antiproliferative
activity of the EO obtained from the leaves of P.
asperula was investigated by the sulphorhodamine B
assay, and an IC50 of 0.139 mg/mL was observed
against renal cell adenocarcinoma (Loizzo et al.
2008b).
Rostami et al. (2012) studied the in vitro antiproliferative activity of aqueous extracts of P. platychloena by the Trypan Blue exclusion test. The extract
was active at concentration of 1 mg/mL with maximum inhibitions 72% and 59% in colorectal cancer
cell line (CCL-221) and colon cancer cell line (Caco2), respectively (Rostami et al. 2012).
The dichloromethane extract of P. uloptera roots
reduced the viability of HeLa cells after 24 h with an
IC50 0.10 mg/mL; 100% cytotoxicity was recorded at
concentrations exceeding 1 mg/mL (Razavi et al.
2010c).
Remarkable cytotoxic activity was reported for the
dichloromethane extract of P. pabularia on HeLa cell
line (IC50: 0.52 mg/mL at 24 h) in the MTT assay
(Salehi et al. 2016).
Yazici et al. (2013) investigated the cytotoxic
activity of various extracts of P. hulusii obtained from
aerial parts and roots using the MTT and lactate
dehydrogenase (LDH) assays. In the MTT assay, the
extracts had no effects at the tested concentrations;
however, petroleum ether extracts demonstrated low
activity in the LDH assay on the rat kidney epithelial
cell line (Yazici et al. 2013).
Using the MTT assay, the extracts of P. meliocarpoides were not toxic to baby hamster kidney fibroblast cell line (BHK 21) in concentrations of 0.01–0.1
mg/mL (Altuntas et al. 2011).
Pure compounds
Compounds isolated from P. ferulacea were tested on
human ovarian carcinoma cell line (A2780S) using the
MTT assay, and osthol (3) had an IC50 value of (0.38
mM, viability of 9.41%), while isoimperatorin (45)
was less active (IC50: 1.1 mM) (Shokoohinia et al.
2014). From the EO of the root part of P. ferulacea
3,5-nonadiyne (133) was isolated, and this compound
exhibited no activity against Thymic T lymphocytes
rat cell line (Dokovic et al. 2004). The isolated
quercetin 3-O-glucoside (98) from P. ferulacea
showed no activity against McCoy cell line evaluated
by MTT assay (Razavi et al. 2009c).
In a further experiment, osthol (3) was found to be
the most active compound against lung (NCI-H322
and A549), melanoma (A375), prostate (PC-3), colon
(HCT-116), and epidermoid carcinoma (A431) cell
lines compared to other compounds from P. pabularia.
Osthol (3) had IC50 values of 0.0145, 0.0032, and
0.0302 mM, for lung (A549), epidermoid carcinoma
(A431), and colon (HCT-116) cell lines, respectively
(Farooq et al. 2014a). Farooq et al. (2018) measured
the cytotoxicity of the semi-synthesized analogues of
osthol (3) using the MTT method. Among all the
tested compounds, N-(2-methylpropyl)-3-{4 methoxy-3-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-2-(prop-2-en-1-oxy)phenyl} prop-2-en-1-amide exhibited the best results
against leukaemia cell line (THP1) with an IC50 of
0.005 mM (Farooq et al. 2018). Numonov et al. (2018)
reported that the coumarin yuganin A (22), isolated for
the first time from P. pabularia improved the proliferation of B16 melanoma cells; while the cell viability
was 127.90% at concentration of 0.05 mM and the
intracellular melanin content was significantly
increased (Numonov et al. 2018).
In a study carried out by Razavi et al. (2009a),
8-geranyloxy psoralen (32) isolated from P. uloptera
showed a good potency in reducing the viability of
HeLa and Mc-Coy cell lines with IC50 values of 0.792
and 0.835 mM, respectively, determined by the MTT
assay, and IC50 of 1.26 mM for Mc-Coy cell line
evaluated by Tripan blue assay (Razavi et al. 2009b).
Oxypeucedanin (48) and isoarnottinin 40 -glucoside
(28) isolated from P. uloptera exhibited strong to
moderate cytotoxic effects against HeLa cells with
IC50 values of 0.314 mg/mL and 0.84 mg/mL,
respectively (Razavi et al. 2010b, 2011b).
An MTT assay revealed that aviprin (89) inhibited
HeLa and prostate cancer (LNCaP) cells with IC50
values of 0.265 and 0.411 mg/mL, respectively; whilst
aviprin-30 ’-O-D-glucopyranoside (90) showed mild
effects on the above-mentioned cell lines, with IC50
values of 0.335 and 6.632 mg/mL, respectively (Zahri
et al. 2012).
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Phytochem Rev
Anti-inflammatory effect
Inflammation is defined as the body response to defend
against allergens and/or injury of the tissues, while
they can cause various disorders (e.g. allergies,
cardiovascular dysfunctions, metabolic syndrome,
cancer, and autoimmune diseases) (Ghasemian et al.
2016). In order to decrease the adverse effects of the
available anti-inflammatory drugs, the natural drugs
can be promoted to replace. The plants are rich sources
of natural products, considering they have been used in
traditional medicine as natural anti-inflammatory
agents. Among the Prangos species, the extracts of
P. platychloena and isolated coumarins from P.
haussknechtii have been assessed for their antiinflammatory effects.
Aqueous extract of P. platychloena decreased the
secretion of interleukin 8 (IL-8) in colorectal cancer
cell line (CCL-221) from 519.07 to 28.3 pg/mL, while
the methanolic extract reduced its secretion to 92.73
pg/mL; and the secretion of interleukin 6 (IL-6) was
decreased from 63 to 1 and 4 pg/mL using the aqueous
and methanolic extract, respectively (Rostami et al.
2012).
Coumarins isolated from P. haussknechtii inhibited
cyclooxygenase enzymes (COX-1 and COX-2) with
IC50 values ranging from 0.0368 to 0.0564 mM
comparable to NSAIDs including aspirin (IC50 of 0.6
mM for COX-1), naproxen (IC50 of 0.0522 mM for
COX-1, and -2), and ibuprofen (IC50 of 0.0728 mM for
COX-1) (Dissanayake et al. 2017).
and a-glucosidase (38.84 mmol AEs/g oil) in comparison with its dichloromethane, methanol, and nhexane extracts (Bahadori et al. 2017b).
Neuroprotective effect
The EO and dichloromethane extract of P. gaubae
possessed the highest neuroprotective effects when
compared to n-hexane, and methanolic soluble-extracts against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and
butyryl-cholinesterase (BChE) enzymes with inhibition values of 2.97 and 3.51 mg galanthamine
equivalent (GE)/g, respectively (Bahadori et al.
2017a). In a similar work, various extracts of P.
ferulacea were tested and the n-hexane fraction had
the highest AChE inhibitory activity (75.6% at IC50:
0.05 mg/mL). The furocoumarin heraclenin (60)
isolated from the above-mentioned n-hexane fraction
showed the highest activity among the studied compounds with an IC50 value of 0.0568 mg/mL (AbbasMohammadi et al. 2018).
Abortifacient effect
In an in vivo study, the hydroalcoholic and aqueous
extracts of P. ferulacea leaves were administered
orally to 60 pregnant rats at different doses (25, 50,
100, 300, 500, and 1000 mg/g per day). No significant
effect on abortion frequency was detected; however,
the abortion rate was slightly and dose-independently
increased by taking the hydroalcoholic extract (Kazerooni and Mousavizadeh 2005; Kazerooni et al. 2006).
Anti-hypertensive effect
Miscellaneous bioactivities
The angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory
activity of different P. asperula extracts was tested
in vitro, and only the n-hexane fraction was found to
be active with an IC50 of 0.150 mg/mL (Loizzo et al.
2008a). The hydroalcoholic extract of P. ferulacea
exhibited a weak inhibition of ACE with IC50 value of
4.057 mg/mL (Namjoyan et al. 2015).
Antidiabetic effects
The methanolic extract of P. asperula had no effects
on a-amylase and a-glucosidase enzymes (Loizzo
et al. 2008a). In the same assay, the EO of P. gaubae
possessed the higher inhibitory activity against aamylase (1.35 mmol acarbose equivalent (AE)/g oil),
123
The EO of P. gaubae inhibited lipase enzyme activity
[1.59 mmol orlistat equivalent (OE)/g] which might
indicate an anti-obesity effect. The n-hexane extract of
P. gaubae was more active than the dichloromethane
and methanolic extracts against tyrosinase enzyme
activity [36.33 mg kojic acid equivalent (KAE)/g],
therefore, it seems to be worth for further testing as a
natural skin-care agent (Bahadori et al. 2017a).
Regarding the glutathione-S-transferase (GST)
activity, the methanolic extract obtained from the
aerial parts of P. ferulacea was the most effective
inhibitor from the studied plants (Chaerophyllum
macropodum Boiss. and Heracleum persicum Desf.)
Phytochem Rev
with an IC50 value of 0.079 mg/mL (Çoruh et al.
2007).
Several compounds, including coumarins and cpyrone derivatives isolated from P. pabularia inhibited the release of cytokines interleukin (IL-2, IL-4,
and IL-1b) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF-a) which
indicates potential anti-inflammatory effects (Tada
et al. 2002).
3,5-Nonadiyne (133) isolated from the EO of the
root part of P. ferulacea exhibited a concentrationdependent inhibition on endogenous nitric oxide
release on rat peritoneal macrophages with an IC50
of 0.0067 mM (Dokovic et al. 2004).
Phytochemistry
Phytochemicals are produced in higher plants as
secondary metabolites, considering their crucial roles
in plants (e.g. defending against herbivores, preserving under stress conditions, attracting of pollinators,
etc.), their bioactivities for human are also considerable. In order to discover the potent natural drugs,
isolation and identification of phytoconstituents are
vital.
16 species of the Prangos genus have been studied
for their secondary metabolites. Various coumarin
derivatives have been isolated and identified as the
major secondary metabolites of this genus. Overall, 30
simple coumarins (1–30), 66 linear and angular
furocoumarins (31–96), six flavonoids (97–102), 16
terpenoids (103–118), seven c-pyrones (119–125),
three phytosterols (129–131), and eight other compounds (126, 127, 128, 132–136) have been isolated
from different products of the Prangos genus. Totally
131 non-volatile natural products have been reported.
These secondary metabolites along with the applied
plant parts and plant products are listed in Table S3
and their chemical structures are shown in Fig. 1.
Coumarins
Coumarins have been isolated from hundreds of plants
species distributed in more than 40 different families
with diversity of 1300 types. Families with occurrence
numbers of [ 100 are identified as Apiaceae (Umbelliferae), Rutaceae, Asteraceae (Compositae), Fabaceae (Leguminosae), Oleaceae, Moraceae, and
Thymelaeaceae, respectively (Ribeiro and Kaplan
2002). Apiaceae is the major and most diverse source
of coumarins, containing five major types of coumarin
derivatives including simple coumarins, linear and
angular furocoumarins, linear and angular pyranocoumarins (Ribeiro and Kaplan 2002; Kontogiorgis
and Hadjipavlou-Litina 2003). So far, from the
Prangos genus simple coumarins, linear and angular,
glycosylated, and condensed furocoumarins, along
with linear dihydro-furocoumarin derivatives have
been identified.
Simple coumarins
Farooq et al. (2014a) isolated the simple coumarins
umbelliferon (1), 6-hydroxycoumarin (2), osthol (3),
and meranzin (11) from P. pabularia (Farooq et al.
2014a). Suberosin (6) (Tabanca et al. 2016), ulopterol
(8), auraptenol (10), paniculal (14), tamarin (25) (Tada
et al. 2002), and a new coumarin yuganin A (22)
(Numonov et al. 2018) were also isolated and identified from this species.
A new coumarin 40 -senecioiloxyosthol (20), along
with hydroxyl-osthol-epoxide (4), murraol (15), and
macrocarpin (22) were isolated from P. hulusii roots
(Tan et al. 2017).
From P. tschimganica, osthenol (5), demethyl-7
suberosin (7), scopoletin (9), isomeranzin (13),
peucedanol (18), yuehgesin-B (19), and a new
coumarin glycoside tschimganic ester A (30) have
been isolated (Shikishima et al. 2001b).
Two novel prenylated coumarins 2-oxo-2H-1-benzopyran-8-yl-2-methyl-2-buten-1-yl ester (23) and
butanoic acid, 3-methyl,(2E)-4-(7-methoxy-2-oxo2H-1-benzopyran-8-yl)-2-methyl-2-buten-1-yl ester
(24) were also isolated from aerial portions of P.
haussknechtii (Dissanayake et al. 2017).
In a study performed by Abyshev (1974), ferudenol
(16), ferudiol (17), and prangone (26) were isolated
from the root part of P. ferulacea (Abyshev 1974).
A new coumarin glycoside 6-O-[b-D-apiofuranosyl-(1 ? 6)-b-D-glucopyranosyl]-prenyletin (27),
and two known coumarin glycosides [tortuoside
(27), and isoarnottinin 40 -glucoside (28)] were
obtained from the methanolic extract of P. uloptera
roots (Razavi et al. 2008a, 2011b).
123
Phytochem Rev
Fig. 1 Chemical structures of the compounds of Prangos spp.
Fig. 1 continued
123
Phytochem Rev
Fig. 1 continued
Fig. 1 continued
Linear furocoumarins
Psoralen (31) was isolated and identified from various
extracts of P. lipskyi (Danchul et al. 1975a), P. acaulis
(Kuznetsova et al. 1979), P. quasiperforata (Danchul
et al. 1975b), P. tschimganica (Shikishima et al.
2001b), P. ferulacea (Shokoohinia et al. 2014), and P.
hulusii (Tan et al. 2017). A psoralen derivative called
123
Phytochem Rev
8-geranyloxy psoralen (32) was also isolated from nhexane extract of the root part of P. uloptera (Razavi
et al. 2009a).
In a study carried out by Shikishima et al. (2001a),
the n-butanol extract from the aerial parts of P.
tschimganica was fractionated to yield saxalin (33),
(±)-8-(3-chloro-2-hydroxyl-3-methylbutoxy)-psoralen (syn. isosaxalin) (34), xanthotoxin (36), xanthotoxol (37), bergapten (38), isogosferol (42),
imperatorin (44), isoimperatorin (45), oxypeucedanin
hydrate (52), heraclenol (61), tert-O-methyl heraclenol (62), pabulenol (74), and pabularinone (80)
(Shikishima et al. 2001b).
Different parts including aerial parts and roots of P.
ferulacea have been studied for their phytochemical
contents. From various extracts (chloroform,
methanolic, acetone) 8-[2-(3-methylbutyroxy)-3-hydroxyl-3-methylbutoxylpsoralen (35), gosferol (41),
oxypeucedanin (48), oxypeucedanin methanolate
(59), heraclenin (60), isopimpinellin (68), phellopterin
(72), pranferol (77), feruliden (86), and [3-hydroxy-2methyl-4-(7-oxofuro[3,2 g]chromen-9-yl) oxybutan2-yl] (Z)-2-methylbut-2-enoate (92) were isolated
(Kuznetsova et al. 1966; Abyshev 1974; Shokoohinia
et al. 2014; Gholivand et al. 2015; Abbas-Mohammadi
et al. 2018).
Ulubelen et al. (1995) isolated bergaptol (39), nbutyl bergaptol (40), 8-acetyloxypeucedanin (49), and
prangenin (73) from chloroform extract of P. platychlaena (Ulubelen et al. 1995).
Furthermore, various researchers have been investigated the secondary metabolite profile of P. pabularia. The linear furocoumarins allo-imperatorin
methyl ether (46), oxypeucedanin hydrate 20 -Omonoacetate (53), oxypeucedanin hydrate monoacetate (55), heraclenol 30 -methyl ester (66), 8-((3,3dimethyloxiran-2-yl) methyl)-7-methoxy-2H-chromen-2-one (syn. merangin) (75), and 4-((2-hydroxy3-methylbut-3-en-1-yl) oxy)-7H-furo[3,2-g] chromen-7-one (76) were isolated from the plant (Koul
et al. 1979; Tada et al. 2002; Farooq et al. 2014a).
Peucedanin (47) and isooxypeucedanin (50) were
isolated and identified from P. biebersteinii, whereas
aviprin (89) from P. uloptera (Abyshev and Brodskii
1974; Geidarov and Serkerov 2016; Heydarov and
Serkerov 2017).
123
Linear dihydro-furocoumarins
From the methanolic extract of P. ferulacea roots, a
new natural product, lindiol (43) have been isolated
(Abyshev 1974). Sprengelianin (67) was isolated as a
dihydro-furocoumarin derivative from n-hexane
extract of aerial parts of P. ferulacea (Abbas-Mohammadi et al. 2018). Furthermore, marmesine (69) and its
dehydrated glycosylated form marmesinine (70) were
found in several Prangos species: P. ferulacea (Abbas-Mohammadi et al. 2018), P. latiloba (Serkerov
et al. 1976), P. quasiperforata (Danchul et al. 1975a),
P. tschimganica (Shikishima et al. 2001b), P. lipskyi
(Danchul et al. 1975a) and P. biebersteinii (Geidarov
and Serkerov 2016).
Prandiol (71) was isolated for the first time from
methanolic extract of the roots of P. biebersteinii
(Abyshev and Brodskii 1974). Diverse separation
techniques were utilized to isolate pranchimgin (78)
and deltoin (79) from different Prangos species as
dihydro-furocoumarin compounds (Danchul et al.
1975a; Serkerov et al. 1976; Kuznetsova et al. 1979;
Eshbakova et al. 2006; Razavi et al. 2008b).
Glycosylated furocoumarins
Several glycosylated furocoumarins were detected in
three Prangos species. From P. pabularia, oxypeucedanin hydrate 30 -O-b-D-glucopyranoside (54), oxypeucedanin hydrate 30 -O-b-D-glucopyranoside (56),
heraclenol 30 -O-b-D-glucopyranoside (63), 300 -O-(b-Dglucopyranosyl)-heraclenol (65), aviprin-30 ’-O-D-glucopyranoside (90), and (-)9-[3-(b-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-2 hydroxy-3-methyl butoxy]-7H furo [3,2-g]
[1]benzopyran-7-one (syn. komaline 20 -b-D-glucopyranoside) (91) were isolated (Koul et al. 1979; Tada
et al. 2002; Farooq et al. 2014a; Numonov et al. 2018).
Two new compounds 300 -O-[b-D-apiofuranosyl(1 ? 6)-b-D-glucopyranosyl]-oxypeucedanin hydrate
(57) and 200 -O-[b-D-apiofuranosyl-(1 ? 6)-b-D-glucopyranosyl]-oxypeucedanin hydrate (58), along with
300 -O-[b-D-apiofuranosyl-(1 ? 6)-b-D-glucopyranosyl]-heraclenol (64) and aviprin-30 ’-O-D-glucopyranoside (90) were isolated as glycosylated linear
furocoumarins from the methanolic extract of P.
uloptera roots (Razavi et al. 2008a; Zahri et al. 2012).
Shikishima et al. (2001a) isolated two new glycosylated furocoumarins, tschimganic ester B (87) and
Phytochem Rev
tschimganic ester C (88) from methanolic extract of P.
tschimganica aerial parts (Shikishima et al. 2001b).
Angular furocoumarins
From the n-hexane extract of P. ferulacea, oroselol
(93) was obtained (Abbas-Mohammadi et al. 2018).
Majurin (94) was isolated from the n-hexane extract of
P. pabularia stems (Tada et al. 2002). Columbianetin
(95) and columbianetin-O-b-D-glucopyranoside (96)
were isolated and identified from P. tschimganica
(Shikishima et al. 2001b).
Condensed furocoumarin derivatives
The new furocoumarin derivatives pabularin A (81),
pabularin B (82), and pabularin C (83) were obtained
from the EtOAc extract of P. pabularia stems. A
known compound rivurobirin E (84) was also isolated
from the same plant extract (Tada et al. 2002).
Rivulobirin A (85) was isolated from n-hexane extract
of P. ferulacea (Abbas-Mohammadi et al. 2018).
Flavonoids
Two flavonoid aglycones: quercetin (97) and isorhamnetin (100) were isolated from P. ferulacea. Their
glycosydes, quercetin-3-O-glucoside (98), and
isorhamnetin-3-O-b-D-glucopyranoside (101), along
with querciturone (99) were obtained from P. ferulacea (Razavi et al. 2009c; Mouri et al. 2014;
Delnavazi et al. 2017; Abbas-Mohammadi et al.
2018). Rutin (102) was also reported as one of the
components of P. denticulata and P. heyniae (OkeAltuntas et al. 2015).
hydroxymethyl-5-cyclohexadien-(4)-one-7-O-b-D-glucopyranoside (107), vervenone-8-O-b-D-glucopyranoside (108), and vervenone-5-O-b-D-glucopyranoside
(109) were isolated (Shikishima et al. 2001a). In this
study, the presence of further terpenoids, namely
spathulenol (110), globulol (111), 1b,6a-dihydroxyeudesm-4(15)-ene (syn. voleneol) (113), and (-)caryophyllene-b-oxide (114) was detected (Shikishima
et al. 2001a).
From the EO of P. heyniae a new eudesmane type
sesquiterpene, 3,7(11)-eudesmadien-2-one (110) was
isolated (Ozek et al. 2018).
The diterpenoid kauranol (115) was obtained and
identified from P. pabularia (Tada et al. 2002).
A new terpenoid (118) was also isolated from P.
haussknechtii aerial parts by using diverse range of
chromatographic techniques (Dissanayake et al.
2017).
c-Pyrones
From P. tschimganica the c-pyrone aglycone maltol
(119), and five glycosides including maltol-b-D-glucopyranoside (120), 3-hydroxyl-2-methyl-4-H-pyran4-one-3-O-(6)-b-D-glucopyranoside (122), 3-hydroxyl-2-methyl-4-H-pyran-4-one-3-O-(6-O-cis-feruloyl)-b-D-glucopyranoside (123), 3-hydroxyl-2methyl-4-H-pyran-4-one-3-O-(6-O-cis-isovaleryl)-bD-glucopyranoside (124), and 3-hydroxyl-2-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one-3-O-(6-O-cis-caffeoyl)-b-D-glucopyranoside (125) were isolated and identified (Shikishima et al. 2001a).
A new c-pyrone derivative, maltol-(6-O-acetyl)-bD-glucopyranoside (121) was also isolated for the first
time from EtOAc extract of P. pabularia stem (Tada
et al. 2002).
Terpenoids
Other compounds
From the methanolic extract of the aerial parts of P.
tschimganica, two new monoterpenes, tschimganical
A (103) and 1,1,5-trimethyl-2-hydroxymethyl-(2,5)cyclohexadien-(4)-one (106), two known monoterpenes
1,1,5-trimethyl-2-formyl-4-methoxyl-(2,5)-cyclohexadiene (118) and 1,1,5-trimethyl-2-formyl-6-methoxyl(2,4)-cyclohexadiene (119), along with five new
monoterpene glycosides including 2,3,4-trimethylbenzylalcohol-O-b-D-glucopyranoside (106), 1,1,5-trimethyl-2-hydroxymethyl-(2,5)-cyclohexadien-(4)-oneO-b-D-glucopyranoside
(105),
1,1,5-trimethyl-2-
Beside the above-listed main constituents of the
Prangos genus, a carotenoid named loliolide (126)
from P. pabularia, caffeic acid glucosyl ester (127)
from P. ferulacea, and chlorogenic acid (128) from P.
denticulata and P. heyniae were reported (Tada et al.
2002; Oke-Altuntas et al. 2015; Delnavazi et al. 2017).
The ubiquitous phytosterols stigmasterol (129) and bsitosterol (130) were identified from P. hulusii roots,
and b-sitosterol-b-D-glucopyranoside (131) from P.
pabularia stems (Tada et al. 2002; Tan et al. 2017).
123
Phytochem Rev
Fig. 2 Major essential oil constituents of Prangos spp.
Three polyacetylene compounds were also identified
from the genus, namely: 1-O-isopropyl-b-D-glucopyranoside (132) from P. pabularia, 3,5-nonadiyne (133)
from P. ferulacea, and nona-(2S)-3,5-diyn-2-yl acetate (134) from P. platychlaena (Tada et al. 2002;
Dokovic et al. 2004; Tabanca et al. 2018).
2-(4-Hydroxyphenyl) ethyl triacontanoate (135)
was also isolated from n-hexane extract of aerial parts
of P. ferulacea (Abbas-Mohammadi et al. 2018). An
amino acid derivative (136) was isolated from the
methanolic extract obtained from the aerial parts of P.
haussknechtii (Dissanayake et al. 2017).
(138), c-terpinene (139), b-phellandrene (140), and
p-cymene (141) were characterized as the main
terpenoids.
Although monoterpenes were the most abundant
volatile constituents, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons
were further detected as significant fragrance components of the Prangos genus. In this terpenoid class, the
genus was rich in germacrene D (155), c-cadinene
(156), b-elemene (157), and b-bisabolene (158)
(Fig. 2).
Conclusions and prospective
Essential oils
Various parts of Prangos genus including fruits, seeds,
and flowers at different growth stages were subjected
to analyse the compositions of their EOs (Table S4).
The roots of P. denticulata and immature seeds of P.
ferulacea at flowering stage possessed the highest EO
contents with 3.2% (v/w) and 3.0% (w/w), respectively (Kilic et al. 2010; Bagherifar et al. 2019). The
chemical structures of the main EO components are
given in Fig. 2. As demonstrated in Table S4,
monoterpene hydrocarbons were the major EO constituents. Among them, a-pinene (137), b-pinene
123
Prangos species have been extensively used as food
and medicine in Asia. Prangos species have been the
subject of intense phytochemical examination in the
past few decades. From the 30 Prangos species
existing worldwide, 15 and 17 species have been
investigated for non-volatile components and EO
compositions, respectively. Furthermore, biological
activities of 14 plant species have been evaluated. In
these studies, crude extracts, EOs, and pure compounds isolated from Prangos species have been
tested.
Phytochem Rev
Phytochemical investigations of the genus revealed
that coumarins, flavonoids and terpenoids are the
major components of the plants. Coumarin derivatives, including aglycones and glycosylated simple
coumarins, aglycones and glycosylated linear and
angular furocoumarins, and condensed furocoumarins
are the main constituents of this genus. There are no
quantitative data on the non-volatile secondary
metabolites, and their occurrence in different plant
parts has not been studied extensively. Different plant
parts of this genus are fragrant and produce EO with
remarkable yield. Monoterpene hydrocarbons, especially a- and b-pinenes, c-terpinene, (E)-b-ocimene,
and d-3-carene have been identified as the major
volatile oil components.
Since coumarins have a wide range of pharmacological effects (e.g. anti-neurodegenerative, antiviral,
antimicrobial, antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities), the genus is a
promising source of new bioactive compounds. However, considering the toxic effects of certain furocoumarins, including their cytotoxic and carcinogenic
effects (Mullen et al. 1984), there is a need for further
studies to support the safe use of Prangos species or
their extracts. All the phytochemical studies reporting
furocoumarins were preparative experiments and there
are no quantitative data on the occurrence of furocoumarins in different species and plant parts. Moreover, the toxicological profiles of Prangos species is
unknown, since no scientific studies focused on this
aspect. The majority of the studies reported antimicrobial and antioxidant effects, and with one exception
all the experiments were carried out in vitro.
Further pharmacological studies, including in vivo
studies would be indispensable in determining and
assessing the pharmacological potential of the isolated
compounds and the species of the genus. The available
experimental evidence does not support the rationale
folk medicinal use of Prangos species. Although the
antimicrobial activities may explain some of the uses,
no human studies were carried out to assess efficacy
and safety. The application as spice might be related to
the essential oil and coumarin content of the species;
however, the safety of these food is yet to be studied.
Acknowledgements Open access funding provided by
University of Szeged (SZTE). Financial support from the
Economic Development and Innovation Operative Programme
GINOP-2.3.2-15-2016-00012 is gratefully acknowledged.
Compliance with ethical standards
Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no
conflict of interest.
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use,
sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the
original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative
Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The
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http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
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