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International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences
International Journal of Research Studies in Agricultural Sciences
Viral Diseases of Large Cardamom their effect on Production and their Management2018 •
Large cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.), also known as the ―Queen of spices, ―belonging to Zingiberaceae family is the most prominent cash crop, attracting high revenues across the globe. In Nepal, cardamom accounts for 7% of total agricultural exports, ranking second after lentils (29.6%; Ministry of Agriculture and Development [MoAD], 2014). Nepali laborers in Sikkim, India, introduced cardamom to Illam district during the 19th century.
International Journal of Biological Innovations
Large cardamom: A Potential cash crop of Hill CommunityLarge cardamom, Amomum subulatum Roxb. is extensively used for flavouring vegetables and food preparations across India due to its pleasant aromatic odour. It is also used as an essential ingredient in mixed spices preparation for making food delicious. It contains 2-3% essential oil having medicinal properties. It is also used as a preservative for food materials. The crop of this plant grows well in hilly areas on slopes. Present article is an attempt to collect information about the large cardamom for farmers and researchers so that they can get proper information regarding this cash crop. Researchers can use this information for the development of disease and heat resistant varieties, so that this crop can be grown in the plains of India too. Micropropagation techniques can also be used for the development of new varieties of this crop.
There are as many as 23 insect pests found associated with large cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.), but all of them are not causing the economic damage to the plant. Among the insect pests that attack large cardamom, leaf caterpillar (Artona chorista Jordon), stem borer (Glyphipterix spp.) Shootfly, (Merochlorops dimorphus Cherian) and White grub (Holotrichia sp.) are considered as important pests. Aphids are responsible for transmitting viral diseases viz., chirke and foorkey. Major threat to the crop is the widespread occurrence of fungal and viral diseases causing considerable damage and consequent loss in devastating proportions. The fungal disease Colletotrichum blight has devastated the large cardamom plantation and is the cause of concern for severe crop loss and decline in plant population in the recent past. The pests and diseases affecting large cardamom and their management practices are presented.
Large cardamom is an important spice that suits mountain and hill climate. It is a perennial crop growing up to 2.5 meter in height mainly between 700-1800m asl under tree cover especially in the Sikkim and Darjeeling district of West Bengal. Though the crop is found growing sporadically in different parts of Uttarakhand, it was introduced in six districts during 2005-06 by Herbal Research and Development Institute (HRDI), Gopeshwar. This investigation describes the results of the extension trials taken up on large cardamom, particularly with relation to germination and yield performance of three high yielding cultivars viz Dzongu Golsey (900-1200m asl), Sawney (1200-1600m asl) and Varlangey (1500-1800m asl). The average seed germination was recorded 18.0-41.5% for different cultivars. Seedlings were maintained for one year in the nursery and thereafter transplanted in the farmers’ fields. A total of 1.46 lakh seedlings were planted covering an area of 36.60ha. Yield after three yea...
Large cardamom is an important cash crop of Sikkim and Darjeeling district of West Bengal. About 3863 MT of large cardamom are being produced annually from 26,459 ha Sikkim region is emerging as India’s organic large cardamom hub. Most of the tribal farmers living in remote places are following traditional methods for large cardamom cultivation, which are eco-friendly, less expensive due to utilization of local resources, knowledge and labour. Large cardamom is cultivated in terraced and sloppy land. Six local cultivars viz, Ramsey, Ramla, Sawney, Varlangey, Seremna, Dzongu Golsey are grown as per location and altitude respectively. Suckers are planted during May-July when their enough moisture in the soil. First harvesting will be done after third year of planting. Selections of suckers are made from healthy mother plant. Marginal and tribal farmers mostly rely on indigenous traditional knowledge’s for pest and disease management. A large number of tribal farmers still practice the traditional methods of curing of large cardamom.
European Online Journal of Natural and Social Sciences
Elimination of Chhirkey and Foorkey Viruses from Meristem Culture of large Cardamom (Amomum Subulatum Roxb.)2018 •
Large cardamom is one of the important cash crops in the mid hills of Nepal. Amomum subulatum has 0.91 – 1.22m leafy stem. The leaves are 0.30m-0.61m ×0.08-0.10m in size. They are green and glabrous on both surfaces. Of many diseases and pests, two viral diseases namely ‘Foorkey’ and ‘Chhirkey’ are the main problems for large cardamom cultivation. Production has been declining due to these diseases. Viruses can be eliminated either by thermo therapy or meristem culture or both. Heat therapy has been proved to be a highly successful method for inactivation or elimination of viruses from perennial crops in order to obtain virus- free stock material. The aim of the study is detection of ‘Foorkey’ and ‘chhirkey’ virus with PRSV antibody by Double Antibody Sandwich – Enzyme Linked Immunsorbent Assay (DAS- ELISA), Regenerate shoots from meristems of two cultivars Ramsahi and Golsahi, Multipy virus free shoots of cultivars Golsahi and Dambarsahi by tissue culture. Both Chhirkey and Foorkey...
Large cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.), a member of the family, Zingiberaceae under the order Scitaminae, grows wild in forest ecosystem and is also domesticated in the sub-Himalayan region, at altitudes ranging from 1000 to 2200 m above mean sea level. It is one of the main cash crops cultivated in the state of Sikkim and Darjeeling district of West Bengal. It is also cultivated in parts of Uttarakhand and in some other North Eastern Hill states like Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland. Nepal and Bhutan are the other two Himalayan countries where large cardamom is also cultivated. Sikkim is the largest producer of large cardamom and constitute lion share of Indian and world market.
Small Cardamom (Elettariacardamomum L. Maton) is one of the major spice crops of India, which were the world's largest producer and exporter of cardamom till 1980. There has however been a reduction in production, mainly because of Katte disease, caused by cardamom mosaic virus (CdMV) a potyvirus. Viral diseases can be managed effectively by early diagnosis using serological methods. In the present investigation, CdMV isolates were sampled from Mudigere, Karnataka, ultra purified, and electron micro graphed for confirmation. Polyclonal antibodies were raised against the virus and a direct antigen coating plate Enzyme linked immunosorbent Assay (DAC-ELISA) and Dot-ELISA (DIBA) standardized to detect the virus in diseased and tissue cultured plants. Early diagnosis in planting material will aid in using disease free material for better yields and hence increased profit to the farmer.
Malaysian Journal of Halal Research
A REVIEW ON STATUS OF PRODUCTION OF LARGE CARDAMOM IN NEPAL AND ITS MARKETING IN NATIONAL AND GLOBAL SCENARIO2019 •
The study mainly focuses on the status of production and marketing of large cardamom in Nepal and also compares these dimensions in the context of different countries. For the study mainly secondary data were collected from research articles, reports, publications and news articles. Large cardamom is the third most expensive crop and one of the major cash crops of Nepal. Nepal is the largest producer of large cardamom in the world followed by India and Bhutan. Taplejung, Sankhuwasabha, Panchthar and Illam are the four major districts that contribute more than 80% of the national production. Cardamom produced in Nepal is graded according to tail cutting after drying and packed in jute bag or plastic to export it to foreign countries. Nepal exports almost 90 percentage of its total cardamom production to India. In the global scenario, Guatemala is the largest exporter of cardamom (small and large combined) followed by India, Nepal, Singapore and Indonesia respectievly. It was found that the production of cardamom is declining in Nepal due to price fluctuation and viral diseases such as Chirkey, Furkey. Problem such as absence of unique HS code for large cardamom and 'duplicate large cardamom' are also seen in the market.
Evolutionary Ecology
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