Bothalia - African Biodiversity & Conservation
ISSN: (Online) 2311-9284, (Print) 0006-8241
Page 1 of 15
Original Research
Floristic composition and species diversity of
urban vegetation in Bloemfontein, Free State,
South Africa
Authors:
Mamokete N.V. Dingaan1
Pieter J. du Preez2
Affiliations:
1
Department of Life and
Consumer Sciences,
University of South Africa,
South Africa
Department of Plant
Sciences, University of the
Free State, South Africa
2
Corresponding author:
Mamokete Dingaan,
dingam@unisa.ac.za
Dates:
Received: 02 Apr. 2017
Accepted: 13 Sept. 2017
Published: 13 Nov. 2017
How to cite this article:
Dingaan, M.N.V. & Du Preez,
P.J., 2017, ‘Floristic
composition and species
diversity of urban vegetation
in Bloemfontein, Free State,
South Africa’, Bothalia 47(1),
a2244. https://doi.org/
10.4102/abc.v47i1.2244
Copyright:
© 2017. The Authors.
Licensee: AOSIS. This work
is licensed under the
Creative Commons
Attribution License.
Background: Urban vegetation studies have, until recently, been relatively uncommon in
South Africa. Yet, natural urban vegetation is constantly competing with and greatly impacted
by urbanisation. This vegetation requires proper management and needs to be conserved
because it is an important ecological infrastructure.
Objectives: The objectives of the study were to identify the main vegetation types within the
urban open spaces in the Bloemfontein metropolitan area, and to determine the floristic
composition and species diversity of the area.
Methods: A total of 248 relevés were classified using the TWINSPAN classification algorithm,
and relationships between the communities and the environment were determined with the
Detrended Correspondence Analysis and Canonical Correspondence Analysis computer
programs. Species diversity was partitioned into α-, β- and γ-diversities.
Results: Within the study area, 77 plant families and 248 genera, with a total of 376 plant
species, were identified. The largest families are Poaceae, Asteraceae and Fabaceae, whereas
the largest genera are Eragrostis, Aristida, Cyperus, Asparagus and Senecio. The study area has
high species richness and the most species-rich sites are found adjacent to rivers and streams,
and also on the slopes of hills and ridges. The vegetation is classified under five major
vegetation types and four sub-units, which show a distinct association with topography and
soil texture.
Conclusion: The urban vegetation of Bloemfontein is species-rich and should be properly
managed and conserved. In particular, the wetlands and rocky outcrops on hills and ridges,
which are the most threatened habitats in the study area, need special management.
Introduction
Bloemfontein is a medium-sized city in the Free State province, and is situated in a region
characterised by intensive commercial farming. The farming, coupled with increased urbanisation,
resulted in degradation and fragmentation of the natural vegetation. An ecological approach
to urban open space planning has been suggested (Florgård 2000; Poynton & Roberts 1985;
Thompson 2002), which would ensure that open space areas centrally placed in cities are linked
with open spaces towards the periphery of cities by dispersal corridors such as rail and roadside
vegetation, including ruderal and disturbed vegetation (Poynton & Roberts 1985). Roadsides and
railway tracks can have high species richness, especially in terms of rare and endangered plant
species that can be harboured in such habitats (Forman & Alexander 1998; Galera et al. 2014).
The ecological approach to urban open space planning and management is a sensible and
achievable objective, but it is constrained in part by lack of ecological expertise from the relevant
government authorities, lack of infrastructure and financial support and also by public opinion
(Cilliers, Müller & Drewes 2004). Public opinion is especially important because, for example,
even though urban dwellers show a general desire for contact with nature, there is a consistently
negative public perception when it comes to ruderal and spontaneous vegetation on derelict sites
(Millard 2004).
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There are immense benefits of conserving urban vegetation, which can be scientific, social and
economic (Barbosa et al. 2007; Hunter 2007). Urban green space is also important for the overall
well-being of the urban dwellers (Dearborn & Kark 2010; Fuller et al. 2007; Tzoulas et al. 2007).
Open space within urban areas has beneficial effects on microclimate, hydrology, biodiversity and
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ecological processes (Bolund & Hunhammar 1999; Federer
1976; Goddard, Dougill & Benton 2009; Godefroid & Koedam
2007). Therefore, cities with relatively large or many
conserved open spaces may, for example, have higher species
diversity, less water run-off, reduced noise and air pollution
(Bolund & Hunhammar 1999; Litschke & Kuttler 2008;
Tratalos et al. 2007; Whitford, Ennos & Handley 2001).
The proper management and conservation of urban
open spaces requires in-depth knowledge of the spatial
distribution, floristic, structural and functional compositions
of the major vegetation types (VTs) within the urban
environment. The present vegetation study was initiated to
identify the main VTs of the open spaces within the
Bloemfontein metropolitan area, and to determine the
composition and diversity of plant species found in the area.
Such urban vegetation studies are relatively few in South
Africa, limited to those conducted by among others Roberts
(1993), Cilliers, Van Wyk and Bredenkamp (1999) and
Grobler, Bredenkamp and Brown (2006).
Research method and design
Study area
Bloemfontein extends from approximately 29°00’ to 29°15’
south and 26°07’ to 26°21’ east, with altitude ranging from
1350 m to 1450 m above sea level. According to the climate
statistics from the South African Weather Service, the annual
mean maximum and minimum temperatures are 24.6 °C and
7.6 °C, respectively. Rainfall mainly occurs in summer in the
form of thunderstorms, and it averages 550 mm annually.
The main geologic feature of the study area is the Karoo
Supergroup, represented by the Tierberg Formation of the
Ecca Group and the Adelaide Sub-Group of the Beaufort
Group; there are also dolerite intrusions of the post-Karoo
age (Johnson et al. 2006). Prominent soil groups are oxidic
(Hutton form), plinthic (Bainsvlei form), duplex (Valsrivier,
Swartland and Sterkspruit forms), cumulic (Oakleaf form),
vertic (Arcadia form) and melanic (Milkwood form) (Fey
2010; Soil Classification Working Group 1991). Bloemfontein
is situated in the Grassland Biome (Rutherford & Westfall
1994), and is part of the Central Variation of the Dry
Cymbopogon-Themeda Veld (Acocks 1988). Other classifications
describe Bloemfontein’s vegetation as Dry Sandy Highveld
Grassland (Bredenkamp & Van Rooyen 1996) and Dry
Highveld Grassland (Mucina et al. 2006).
Original Research
vegetation were surveyed across the study area. All plant
species present in each sample plot were recorded and each
was given a cover-abundance value according to the Braun–
Blanquet scale (Kent & Coker 1996; Mueller-Dombois &
Ellenberg 1974). Plant taxonomy generally follows
Germishuizen and Meyer (2003). For each relevé, habitat
attributes were also noted, including rock type (geology),
terrain type (topographical position) and an estimation of the
percentage of rockiness of the soil surface. Soil characteristics
such as soil depth, pH, organic matter and texture were used
for the study. Other noted observations included the extent of
soil erosion and forms of biotic influence such as utilisation
by herbivores and management practices.
Data analysis
Phytosociological data were first captured and processed in
the TURBOVEG database (Hennekens 1996a), and then
exported to the MEGATAB computer program (Hennekens
1996b) for classification using TWINSPAN (Hill 1979a).
The result was a synoptic table that shows a hierarchical
classification of the syntaxa, with each synrelevé representing
a plant community. The principle of synoptic tables is based
on rating the presence of each species within a community on
a constancy scale (Kent & Coker 1996; Mueller-Dombois &
Ellenberg 1974). An ordination technique, Detrended
Correspondence Analysis (DECORANA) (Hill 1979b), was
applied to the data set to illustrate floristic relationships
between the plant communities and to detect possible
relationships between the communities and the environment.
Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CANOCO) (Ter Braak
& Šmilauer 2009), an extension of DECORANA, was also
carried out to further illustrate the correlations between the
vegetation data and the environmental variables.
Patterns of species diversity were analysed using two types
of diversity, that is, α-diversity and β-diversity, and also
evenness. Two aspects of α-diversity were analysed, the first
being species richness (S) that is defined as the number of
species per sample plot. Because S can be exaggerated by the
presence of rare species, α-diversity was also measured with
the Shannon–Wiener diversity index (H′). It is a weighted
expression of species richness and the proportion in which
each species is represented in a sample plot, which is
calculated as:
H′ = ∑
Vegetation survey
The first step of the survey entailed the stratification of
vegetation prior to sampling. Stratification of the area was
done on 1:50 000 scale maps and 1:30 000 aerial photographs,
based on the topography and relative homogeneity of
physiognomic units. The topographic units recognised were
the watercourses, flat plains as well as the hills and ridges. A
total of 248 relevés were compiled; 160 were compiled for the
first time, while 88 were from existing data (Muller 1970;
Rossouw 1983). Sample plots ranging in size between 16 m2
for the grassland vegetation and 100 m2 for the woody
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S
p ln pi,
i =1 i
[Eqn 1]
where pi is the proportion of cover in the ith species. The
cover values used were based on median values (except
Category r & +) of the cover categories derived from the
Braun–Blanquet cover-abundance scale: 1% for Category r &
+ (cf. Ma 2005), 3% for Category 1 (1%–5%), 9% for Category
2a (6%–12%), 19% for Category 2b (13%–25%), 38% for
Category 3 (26%–50%), 63% for Category 4 (51%–75%) and
88% for Category 5 (76%–100%). Evenness, defined as the
relative abundance of species in a unit area (Stirling & Wilsey
2001; Wilsey & Stirling 2007), was used to measure the
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similarity of relative abundances of species within sample
plots (Sankaran 2009). It was calculated with the Pielou’s
evenness index (J′) as
J ′ = H ′ ln S .
[Eqn 2]
A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey’s
honestly significant difference (HSD) test (using SPSS®
software version 19) was then conducted to compare S, H′
and J′ between the different VTs.
Beta (β) diversity was calculated to determine species
turnover or the extent to which species diversity differs
within the VTs. Various measures of β-diversity have been
proposed over the years, but in the present study, the
Whittaker’s diversity index (βw) was used because it is widely
regarded as a simple but highly effective measure of
β-diversity (Magurran 2004; Van der Maarel 2005). It was
calculated as:
β w = Stotal S ave,
[Eqn 3]
where Stotal is the total number of species present in each VT
(γ-diversity) and Save is the average species richness
(α-diversity) for each sample plot in a community.
Original Research
TABLE 2: A list of plant families of Bloemfontein urban areas (listed alphabetically
within subdivisions) with the number of genera and species represented.
Families
Genera
Species
Pteridophyta
Aspleniaceae
2
2
Azollaceae
1
1
Equisetaceae
1
1
Marsileaceae
1
1
Ophioglossaceae
1
1
Pteridaceae
2
4
Alliaceae
1
1
Amaryllidaceae
6
6
Araceae
1
1
Asparagaceae
1
6
Asphodelaceae
2
3
Colchicaceae
1
1
Commelinaceae
1
2
Cyperaceae
6
15
Hyacinthaceae
7
10
Hypoxidaceae
1
1
Iridaceae
4
6
Angiospermae
Monocotyledoneae
Juncaceae
1
1
Orchidaceae
1
1
Poaceae
39
67
Ruscaceae
1
2
Typhaceae
1
1
Acanthaceae
2
2
Aizoaceae
6
8
Amaranthaceae
8
15
Anacardiaceae
1
5
Apiaceae
2
2
Apocynaceae
8
8
Dicotyledoneae
Results
Floristic composition
The vegetation of Bloemfontein is dominated by the red grass
Themeda triandra with Eragrostis lehmanniana as a constant
companion. Other prominent grasses are Aristida congesta,
Digitaria eriantha, Sporobolus fimbriatus and Eragrostis curvula.
Forbs such as Oxalis depressa, Hibiscus pusillus and Felicia
muricata are widespread, but they never attain dominance
within the communities. It is only in localised wetland
habitats where hydrophytic sedges and other forbs dominate.
The vegetation is represented by 77 families and 248 genera
(Table 1). The families with the highest number of genera are
Poaceae, Asteraceae and Fabaceae (Table 2), while the most
diverse genera are Eragrostis, Cyperus, Aristida and Asparagus
(Figure 1). A total of 376 plant species were identified for the
study area: 82 play a diagnostic role, 66 are companion
species and a further 228 are either localised or of very rare
occurrence. Of these rare species, only 175 are presented in
the synoptic table (see Appendix 1); the other 53 are excluded
because of their extremely rare occurrence. Eight species are
declared invasives (Department of Environmental Affairs
2016), namely Argemone ochroleuca subsp. ochroleuca, Verbena
bonariensis, Gleditsia triacanthos, Cestrum laevigatum, Cuscuta
TABLE 1: Composition of the vascular flora of the Bloemfontein urban areas.
Vascular flora
Families
Species
Genera
Number % of total Number % of total Number % of total
Pteridophyta
6
7.8
8
3.2
10
2.7
Monocotyledoneae
16
20.8
74
29.8
123
32.7
Dicotyledoneae
55
71.4
166
66.9
243
64.6
Total
77
-
248
-
376
-
Araliaceae
1
1
Asteraceae
36
54
Bignoniaceae
1
1
Boraginaceae
1
1
Brassicaceae
3
4
Buddlejaceae
2
2
Cactaceae
1
3
Campanulaceae
1
1
Cannabaceae
1
1
Capparaceae
1
1
Caryophyllaceae
2
2
Celastraceae
1
1
Convolvulaceae
3
7
Dipsacaceae
1
1
Ebenaceae
2
4
Euphorbiaceae
3
5
Fabaceae
14
21
Gentianaceae
1
1
Geraniaceae
2
4
Lamiaceae
3
4
Lobeliaceae
2
2
Malvaceae
6
11
Menispermaceae
1
1
Oleaceae
2
2
Onagraceae
1
2
Oxalidaceae
1
2
Papaveraceae
2
2
Pedaliaceae
2
Source: Authors’ own work
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2
Table 2 continues on the page →
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TABLE 2 (Continues...): A list of plant families of Bloemfontein urban areas
(listed alphabetically within subdivisions) with the number of genera and
species represented.
Families
Genera
Species
Plantaginaceae
1
1
Polygalaceae
3
4
Portulacaceae
2
3
Ranunculaceae
2
2
Rhamnaceae
1
1
Rosaceae
2
2
Rubiaceae
5
5
Salicaceae
1
2
Santalaceae
2
2
Scrophulariaceae
5
8
Solanaceae
4
9
Urticaceae
2
2
Vahliaceae
1
1
Verbenaceae
4
6
Zygophyllaceae
1
1
248
376
Total (77 families)
Original Research
TABLE 3: Habitat characteristics of the Bloemfontein vegetation types.
Vegetation types
Habitat
1 O. rosea–B.
catharticus Wetland
vegetation
•
•
•
Partly described by Rossouw (1983)
Mostly restricted to the Modder River and its tributaries
Also found in smaller streams, dams and pans
1.1 R. lanceolatus–C.
longus Streambed
vegetation
•
•
Strongly associated with moist and deep soils
Primarily a graminoid and forb-dominated community,
with isolated dense woody stands, especially on the
Modder River (species composition: forbs 58%, grasses
27%, shrubs 11% and trees 4%)
1.2 V. karroo–A.
• Associated with relatively drier habitat conditions than R.
laricinus Streambank
lanceolatus–C. longus Streambed vegetation
vegetation
• Found on the streambanks and valleys, also occupies the
plains adjacent to the watercourses, extending to the
footslopes of hills
• Associated with deep alluvial soils, especially on the
valleys
• Resembles dense woody stands along the banks, opening
up into scrubby bushes on the plains and towards the
footslopes
• Consists of a large component of shrubby species and a
good representation of grass and forb species (species
composition: forbs 40%, grasses 22%, shrubs 29% and
trees 9%)
• Displays a high degree of species fidelity within the
Bloemfontein area, with the highest number of diagnostic
species (19 species)
Source: Authors’ own work
2 O. europaea–B.
saligna Shrubland
Occurs on the slopes of hills and ridges, and also in
ravines
Isolated patches also found on the footslopes and plateau
Associated with habitats characterised by dolerite rocks
and boulders
• Woody vegetation (species composition: forbs 23%,
grasses 23%, shrubs 28% and trees 26%)
• A large and widely distributed vegetation type, with a
high number of diagnostic species (17 species)
3 A. diffusa subsp.
burkei–C. nudicaulis
Succulent grassland
•
Hemannia
Solanum
Crassula
Ipomoea
Chenopodium
Genera
Senecio
Searcia
•
•
•
•
•
•
Amaranthus
Panicum
Eragross
Arisda
3.1 D. pottsii–C.
orbiculata Grassland
Cyperus
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
•
•
Asparagus
0
•
12
13
3.2 O. capense–E.
nindensis Grassland
•
campestris, Pennisetum villosum, Salsola kali and Convolvulus
arvensis. None of the species recorded is threatened (http://
redlist.sanbi.org/).
4 A. congesta–T.
triandra Grassland
•
Vegetation classification and ordination
5 F. muricata–T.
triandra Grassland
Number of species per genus
Source: Authors’ own work
FIGURE 1: The most diverse genera in Bloemfontein, with four or more species.
The black and grey bars indicate Dicotyledoneae and Monocotyledoneae,
respectively.
A synoptic classification of the vegetation is presented,
showing only the major VTs and not the lower ranked
syntaxa constituting each VT. The following five major
vegetation units and four subdivisions were recognised from
the study area, as summarised in Table 3:
VT 1: Oenothera rosea–Bromus catharticus Wetland vegetation
VT 1.1: Rumex lanceolatus–Cyperus longus Streambed
vegetation
VT 1.2: Vachellia karroo– Asparagus laricinus Streambank
vegetation
VT 2: Olea europaea–Buddleja saligna Shrubland
VT 3: Aristida diffusa subsp. burkei–Crassula nudicaulis Succulent
grassland
VT 3.1 Delosperma pottsii–Cotyledon orbiculata Grassland
VT 3.2 Oropetium capense–Eragrostis nindensis Grassland
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Found in the Seven Dams Conservancy, an area north of
the city near the Free State Botanical Gardens
Partly described by Muller (1970)
Situated on the slopes and summits of hills and ridges,
with dolerite rocks and boulders
Consists of a unique type of vegetation not found in other
parts of Bloemfontein, and shares similarities with the
Karoo vegetation
Found on the south, south-east, and west-facing slopes,
and to a lesser extent the plateau
Habitat characterised by vast dolerite rock sheets,
boulders and dolerite dykes
Species mostly grasses and forbs, with a low woody
component (species composition: forbs 32%, grasses
34%, shrubs 30% and trees 4%)
Occurs on moderately steep north and west-facing slopes
of hills and valleys, also extending to the summits of hills
Habitat characterised by extensive rock sheets, boulders
and dolerite dykes
• Soil is particularly shallow and occurs over the rocky
surface, and deeper soil is encountered in depressions on
the rocks or in rock crevices
• Habitat type generally not suitable for the establishment
of woody species (species composition: forbs 58%,
grasses 29%, shrubs 12% and trees 1%)
• Differentiated by 18 diagnostic species
•
•
•
•
Mainly found on flat open plains in the northern and
western smallholdings and farming areas on the
periphery of Bloemfontein city
Species composition: forbs 43%, grasses 38%, shrubs
19%, and trees 0%
Mainly occurs on low-lying open plains on the periphery
of the suburbs to the west of Bloemfontein city, also on
natural fragmented areas in the south-western suburbs
Species composition: forbs 33%, grasses 49%, shrubs
17% and trees 1%
Source: Authors’ own work
VT 4: Aristida congesta–Themeda triandra Grassland
VT 5: Felicia muricata–Themeda triandra Grassland
The DECORANA ordination plot (Figure 2) shows a clear
grouping of the relevés into the VTs as classified in the
synoptic table (Appendix 1). Axis 1 and Axis 2 have
eigenvalues of 0.863 and 0.664, respectively. Axis 1 is
positively associated with the soil moisture gradient,
beginning with the D. pottsii–C. orbiculata Grassland and
the O. capense–E. nindensis Grassland on the left portion of
the ordination plot, which are characteristics of relatively
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Original Research
dry habitats. The R. lanceolatus–C. longus Streambed
vegetation and V. karroo–A. laricinus Streambank
vegetation are found towards the right end of the
ordination plot because of their occurrence in wetter
habitats. Axis 2 does not show any clear environmental
trends.
occur. The CANOCO biplot (Figure 3) reveals community
correlations with soil depth, texture (clay, sand and silt
contents), pH and organic matter. Axis 1 (eigenvalue 0.618)
shows correlations with soil depth and clay content. Axis 2
(eigenvalue 0.553), on the other hand, is correlated with silt,
organic matter, pH and sand.
Soil characteristics of vegetation types
Patterns of species diversity
The deepest soils were recorded in the R. lanceolatus–C.
longus Streambed vegetation (433 mm ± 78 mm) and V.
karroo–A. laricinus Streambank vegetation (475 mm ± 62
mm); these soils also have the highest pH of 7.2 ± 1.1 and 7.4
± 0.9, respectively (Table 4). The O. europaea–B. saligna
Shrubland has the highest clay content (30% ± 5%) and
organic matter content (4.65% ± 2.02%). The soils of the A.
congesta–T. triandra Grassland and the F. muricata–T. triandra
Grassland have the highest sand content at 76% ± 12% and
66% ± 8%, respectively. These communities also occur on
relatively shallower soils with the average depth of 285 mm
± 105 mm and 205 mm ± 68 mm, respectively. No soil
samples were collected for the D. pottsii–C. orbiculata
Grassland and the O. capense–E. nindensis Grassland. The
collecting of samples was mainly restricted by the shallow
nature of the soil, compounded by the extensive dolerite
rocks and boulders in habitats where these communities
The D. pottsii–C. orbiculata Grassland, O. capense–E. nindensis
Grassland, O. europaea–B. saligna Shrubland and V.
karroo–A. laricinus Streambank vegetation have high
α-diversity (both S and H′), with S of 20.7 ± 5.7, 21.2 ± 8.6, 23.9
± 6.7 and 24.4 ± 6.2, respectively, and H′ of 2.51 ± 0.42, 2.44 ±
0.70, 2.17 ± 0.43 and 1.96 ± 0.35, respectively (Table 5). The
four VTs also have high J′ (0.84 ± 0.14, 0.83 ± 0.18, 0.69 ± 0.09
and 0.62 ± 0.08, respectively) and γ-diversity (130, 115, 137
and 128, respectively). The R. lanceolatus–C. longus Streambed
vegetation has the lowest γ-diversity (75), S (9.6 ± 4.9), H′
(1.14 ± 0.61) and J′ (0.50 ± 0.21). With regard to β-diversity,
relatively low βw (5.2–6.3) was measured for the D. pottsii–C.
orbiculata Grassland, O. capense–E. nindensis Grassland, O.
europaea–B. saligna Shrubland and V. karroo–A. laricinus
Streambank vegetation. The highest βw was recorded for F.
muricata–T. triandra Grassland (9.3) and R. lanceolatus–C.
longus Streambed vegetation (7.8), while the lowest βw (5.1)
was recorded for A. congesta–T. triandra Grassland.
700
Axis 2 (eigenvalue: 0.664)
Discussion
Rumex lanceolatus – Cyperus longus Streambed vegetation (VT 1.1)
Vachellia karroo – Asparagus laricinus Streambank vegetaon (VT 1.2)
Olea europaea – Buddleja saligna Shrubland (VT 2)
Delosperma posii – Cotyledon orbiculata Grassland (VT 3.1)
Oropeum capense – Eragross nindensis Grassland (VT 3.2)
Arisda congesta – Themeda triandra Grassland (VT 4)
Felicia muricata – Themeda triandra Grassland (VT 5)
The R. lanceolatus–C. longus Streambed vegetation shares
similarities with the Leersia hexandra–Schoenoplectus
paludicola wetland of the slow-draining watercourses in
northern Free State (Fuls, Bredenkamp & Van Rooyen
1992a). The other comparable community is the Echinochloa
holubii–C. longus wetland of the Kroonstad area, described
by Kooij et al. (1991). V. karroo–A. laricinus Streambank
vegetation is comparable to the V. karroo–A. laricinus
Thornveld of the Kroonstad area (Kooij et al. 1991). This
community also belongs to the V. karroo class described by
Du Preez and Bredenkamp (1991). With regard to O.
europaea–B. saligna Shrubland, Fuls, Bredenkamp and Van
Rooyen (1992b) described a related Sporobolus fimbriatus–
Tarchonanthus camphoratus community of the dolerite hills
of the northern Free State.
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Axis 1 (eigenvalue: 0.863)
Source: Authors’ own work
FIGURE 2: A Detrended Correspondence Analysis ordination of the vegetation of
Bloemfontein showing the relative positions of the relevés along the first two
axes (Axis 1 and Axis 2).
The low S measured for the R. lanceolatus–C. longus
Streambed vegetation is typical of wetland communities,
TABLE 4: Soil characteristics of the Bloemfontein vegetation types.
Vegetation type
Number of soil
samples
Soil depth
(mm)
Texture (%)
Clay
Silt
Sand
Organic
matter (%)
pH
1.1 R. lanceolatus–C. longus Streambed vegetation
12
433 ± 78
24 ± 5
12 ± 5
64 ± 8
1.40 ± 0.83
7.2 ± 1.1
1.2 V. karroo–A. laricinus Streambank vegetation
12
475 ± 62
25 ± 8
10 ± 3
65 ± 10
1.95 ± 1.52
7.4 ± 0.9
2 O. europaea–B. saligna Shrubland
23
346 ± 111
30 ± 5
18 ± 4
52 ± 7
4.65 ± 2.02
6.7 ± 0.7
3 A. diffusa subsp. burkei–C. nudicaulis Succulent Grassland†
0
-
-
-
-
-
-
4 A. congesta–T. triandra Grassland
7
285 ± 105
15 ± 9
9±6
76 ± 12
0.64 ± 0.28
6.3 ± 0.5
5 F. muricata–T. triandra Grassland
17
205 ± 68
20 ± 8
14 ± 5
66 ± 8
0.93 ± 0.38
6.8 ± 0.6
Source: Authors’ own work
†, No soil samples were collected for vegetation type.
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Open Access
Page 6 of 15
because only a few species are adapted to survive in habitats
where the soil is permanently waterlogged. Other wetlands
in the Free State are also characterised by low species
richness, for example, wetland communities of the central
Free State (Muller 2002), northern Free State (Fuls 1993) and
north-western Free State (Kooij 1990). In contrast, riparian
zones adjacent to the wetlands are ecologically diverse and
harbour different plant species. The V. karroo–A. laricinus
Streambank vegetation, in concurrence, has high species
richness. Cilliers, Schoeman and Bredenkamp (1998)
reported similar species richness patterns, characterised by
low species richness in waterlogged soils compared to the
drier river banks.
The R. lanceolatus–C. longus Streambed vegetation has high
βw, as there are few common species within the vegetation
unit. This high species turnover can mainly be ascribed to
the habitat-specific nature of hydrophytic species. The
Rumex lanceolatus – Cyperus longus Streambed vegetaon (VT 1.1)
Vachellia karroo – Asparagus laricinus Streambank vegetaon (VT 1.2)
Olea europaea – Buddleja saligna Shrubland (VT 2)
Arisda congesta – Themeda triandra Grassland (VT 4)
Felicia muricata – Themeda triandra Grassland (VT 5)
1.0
Sand
Depth
Axis 2 (eigenvalue: 0.553)
pH
Clay
Silt
OM
–1.0
–1.0
1.0
Axis 1 (eigenvalue: 0.618)
Source: Authors’ own work
FIGURE 3: A Canonical Correspondence Analysis biplot of sample plots and soil
variables (depth [soil depth], clay [clay content], silt [silt content], sand [sand
content], OM [organic matter content] and pH).
Original Research
F. muricata–T. triandra Grassland also has high βw, and according
to Lennon et al. (2001), inflated βw could result from large
differences in species richness between sample plots. There
is a high variation of S in the F. muricata–T. triandra Grassland,
ranging from 1 to 19. This variation is possibly because of
the disturbed and unstable nature of some habitats where
parts of this vegetation unit are found, such as on roadsides
and along railway tracks. For example, situations where
only one species was encountered in a sample plot were
along roadsides where Enneapogon cenchroides was found
dominating.
A high H′ was recorded for the D. pottsii–C. orbiculata
Grassland and the O. capense–E. nindensis Grassland because
these communities have a fairly proportionate abundance of
the key species, and hence their high evenness (J′) values.
On the other hand, both the high γ-diversity and S as
recorded for the O. europaea–B. saligna Shrubland could
possibly be artefacts of sampling size and sample plot size,
respectively. H′ for this unit is comparatively lower than for
the former two grassland communities because of the
overwhelming dominance of O. europaea, B. saligna, Grewia
occidentalis and Searsia burchellii, and hence the relatively
lower evenness.
The overall species richness of the study area (376 species)
is comparable to that of other urban areas in South Africa.
For example, it is comparable to the 350 species reported by
Van der Walt et al. (2015) for a study of the grassland
fragments in the Tlokwe Municipal area in North-West
Province. In the Pretoria–Johannesburg metropolitan area
in Gauteng Province, Grobler (2000) reported a higher
number of species (a total of 600), but this is most likely
because of the larger size of the study area. It is, however,
important to acknowledge that urban open spaces in South
Africa may generally not harbour levels of species richness
similar to those in formally designated conservation areas.
For example, higher species richness was recorded in
relatively much smaller areas of the Kruger National Park:
450 species in a 139-ha area of the Nkuhlu exclosures
(Siebert & Eckhardt 2008) and 233 species in a 129-ha area of
the Letaba exclosures (Siebert, Eckhardt & Siebert 2010).
Nonetheless, Götze et al. (2008) reported species richness
lower than in Bloemfontein and the other aforementioned
urban areas: 219 species in the Mapungubwe National Park.
Our study therefore confirms that urban vegetation in South
TABLE 5: Species diversity of the vegetation types of the Bloemfontein area.
Vegetation type†
Variable
Number of sample plots
Species richness (S)‡
1.1
1.2
2
3.1
3.2
4
5
19
31
58
37
34
20
49
9.6 ± 4.9a
24.4 ± 6.2b
23.9 ± 6.7b
20.7 ± 5.7bc
21.2 ± 8.6bc
16.8 ±8.3b
11.2 ± 3.3a
Shannon–Weiner (H’)‡
1.14 ± 0.61a
1.96 ± 0.35bc
2.17 ± 0.43cd
2.51 ± 0.42e
2.44 ± 0.70de
1.59 ± 0.53ab
1.27 ± 0.46a
Pielou’s evenness (J’)‡
0.50 ± 0.21a
0.62 ± 0.08ab
0.69 ± 0.09b
0.84 ± 0.14c
0.83 ± 0.18c
0.58 ± 0.14a
0.53 ± 0.17a
γ-diversity
75
128
137
130
115
86
102
Whittaker’s diversity ( βw)
7.8
5.2
5.7
6.3
5.4
5.1
9.3
Source: Authors’ own work.
†, Vegetation type 1.1: R. lanceolatus–C. longus Streambed vegetation, 1.2: V. karroo–A. laricinus Streambank vegetation, 2: O. europaea–B. saligna Shrubland, 3.1: D. pottsii–C. orbiculata
Grassland, 3.2: O. capense–E. nindensis Grassland, 4: A. congesta–T. triandra Grassland, 5: F. muricata–T. triandra Grassland.
‡, The same letters within the lines are not significantly different at P ≤ 0.05; one relevé of Vegetation type 5 was excluded for the statistical analysis because only one species was present.
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Open Access
Page 7 of 15
Original Research
Africa can also be species rich, and should be properly
managed and conserved.
Cilliers, S.S., Van Wyk, E. & Bredenkamp, G.J., 1999, ‘Urban nature conservation:
Vegetation of natural areas in the Potchefstroom municipal area, North West
Province, South Africa’, Koedoe 42, 1–30. https://doi.org/10.4102/koedoe.
v42i1.218
Conclusion
Dearborn, D.C. & Kark, S., 2010, ‘Motivations for conserving urban biodiversity’,
Conservation Biology 24, 432–440. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.
01328.x
We identified five major VTs and four sub-units in the
Bloemfontein area and found the wetlands and rocky
outcrops to be most threatened habitats. The O. rosea–
B. catharticus wetlands (VT 1) possess a large number of
highly palatable species and as a result are subjected to
frequent overgrazing and trampling. As a conservation
measure, access to these wetland areas could be restricted
and this can be achieved by fencing off the most
vulnerable areas. The A. diffusa subsp. burkei–C. nudicaulis
grassland of the rocky outcrops (VT 3) is threatened by
the expansion of Bloemfontein city to the north. This is a
botanically diverse VT that occurs exclusively in the
Seven Dams Conservancy, and represents an isolated
type of vegetation not found in any other parts of
Bloemfontein. The area should therefore be regarded as a
conservation priority because of its uniqueness and high
botanic diversity.
Generally, the urban vegetation of Bloemfontein is species
rich and should be properly managed and conserved. There
are enormous benefits that can be derived from the
conservation of urban vegetation, be they scientific, social or
economic. Most importantly, urban vegetation has been
linked with overall human health and well-being.
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Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no financial or personal
relationships that may have inappropriately influenced them
in writing this article.
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thesis, University of Pretoria.
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Authors’ contributions
M.N.V.D. did the vegetation survey and classification, data
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the project, did part of the vegetation survey and assisted
with the vegetation classification.
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Appendix starts on the next page →
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Original Research
APPENDIX 1
TABLE 1-A1: Synoptic table of the natural vegetation of Bloemfontein, Free State, South Africa.
Vegetation units
1
2
1.1
Number of releves
3
1.2
4
3.1
5
3.2
3 3 7 2 2 2 3 10 5 3 3 7 11 12 6 7 10 3 9 6 5 9 4 6 7 3 3 5 3 5 4 7 4 6 5 3 2 4 4 4 5 4 3 4 4 5 9 3 4
SPECIES GROUP A: Diagnostic species of Oenothera rosea – Bromus catharticus Wetland vegetation
Oenothera rosea
II .
.
. III V .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
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.
Bromus catharticus
.
.
I
. III V . II . II . V + .
.
.
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Gomphocarpus
fruticosus
.
.
I III .
.
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. IV .
.
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.
.
.
.
. II V . IV .
I
. II .
I
.
.
SPECIES GROUP B: Diagnostic species of Rumex lanceolatus – Cyperus longus Streambed vegetation
Persicaria lapathifolia V V I
. III . II I
.
.
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Cyperus longus
. V V III V III II I
.
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Paspalum dilatatum
. IV III . III V II .
.
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Rumex lanceolatus
. II V III . V .
.
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.
.
.
.
.
. III .
.
.
SPECIES GROUP C:
Asparagus laricinus
.
.
.
.
.
. IV V V V V V III III I III I
Asparagus cooperi
.
.
.
.
.
. II V II IV V IV .
.
.
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.
.
Bidens bipinnata
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. V V V V V II . III I III II II .
.
I
.
.
.
. IV I II II .
.
.
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.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Ziziphus mucronata
.
.
.
I III + .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. V IV IV . III IV . III . III II II .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Asparagus suaveolens .
.
.
.
.
.
. II II IV IV III IV III III V III IV V .
.
.
.
. V . II .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Solanum retroflexum
.
.
.
.
. V .
.
.
.
.
. II .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Setaria verticillata
.
.
.
.
.
. III I IV V I III I III II II . II .
.
.
.
I
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
I II V . III . II II . + .
.
.
Opuntia vulgaris
.
.
.
.
.
.
. + . II IV III II II I III III . II .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Ehrharta erecta
.
.
.
.
.
.
. II .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Searsia lancea
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. II II .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. III IV IV .
.
.
. II .
. II . V V + .
.
. II .
.
SPECIES GROUP D: Diagnostic species of Vachellia karroo – Asparagus laricinus Streambank vegetation
Vachellia karroo
II .
I
.
.
. IV V V V V V II .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Tagetes minuta
.
.
I
.
.
. V V V V II IV .
.
.
.
. II .
.
.
.
.
.
.
. II .
.
.
.
. II I
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. V .
.
.
.
.
.
Atriplex semibaccata
.
.
.
.
.
. IV IV III V V III .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. II .
.
. II .
.
. II .
Lepidium africanum
.
.
I
.
.
. II II II II . II . + .
.
I
.
.
.
.
.
.
. II .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
I
.
.
.
Cynodon dactylon
.
.
.
.
. V . III III II V IV II .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. IV .
.
.
.
.
.
.
. II .
I
.
.
.
Achyranthes aspera
.
.
.
.
.
.
. V II IV IV III IV .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Melica decumbens
.
.
.
.
.
.
. II II IV V IV I
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Oxalis corniculata
.
.
.
.
.
.
. II IV V V V I
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Diospyros lycioides
.
.
.
.
.
.
. IV . IV . V V .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
berkheya pinnatifida
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. II .
.
. II .
.
.
.
. II .
Clematis brachiata
.
.
.
.
.
.
. V I
Chenopodium album
.
.
I
.
.
.
. II . IV II .
Sphaeralcea
bonariensis
.
.
.
.
Artemisia afra
.
.
.
Cynodon incompletus
.
.
.
Setaria sphacelata
.
.
Sonchus oleraceus
.
Lycium hirsutum
Salvia repens
. IV V IV IV I
. II III I
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. II II .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. III II I II .
. III II .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. IV .
.
.
.
. II
.
.
. II II .
. III .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. II II IV .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Cheilanthes
eckloniana
.
.
.
Cotyledon orbiculata
.
.
Commelina africana
.
.
Curio radicans
.
Melinis repens
.
.
. II
.
I
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
I
.
I
.
. + .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. II II II .
I
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. V I II .
I
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. III IV . II .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. II V V V . IV IV IV III V V III . III V II II .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. II . III .
. III . IV IV II IV V . II IV V IV . II II .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
I
. III II . II .
.
. III . II V . V V . V .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. III .
. IV .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
I II II IV II III .
Aloe grandidentata
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
I
Chascanum
pinnatifidum
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
I II .
Eustachys paspaloides .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. II V IV II IV IV IV V III II III . III .
. II .
Lantana rugosa
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
I IV V V II V . II II II I
I
.
.
.
.
.
Searsia ciliata
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. IV III V IV III V . III . V .
.
.
I
. V .
Felicia filifolia
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
I II I II .
.
.
I
.
.
Pellaea calomelanos
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. V II V . IV IV I
.
.
.
.
.
I III V II .
SPECIES GROUP E:
.
.
I
I
.
.
I
. III . V V V V . V V .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. II III .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. II IV .
.
.
.
.
. II I IV IV IV V .
. II II .
. II I
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. II .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
I
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
I
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
I II . V III .
. II .
.
.
. II V .
I
.
I
SPECIES GROUP F:
.
. V V IV II I
I II V I
.
Table 1-A1 continues on the page →
http://www.abcjournal.org
Open Access
Page 10 of 15
Original Research
TABLE 1-A1 (Continues...): Synoptic table of the natural vegetation of Bloemfontein, Free State, South Africa.
Vegetation units
1
2
1.1
Number of releves
3
1.2
4
3.1
5
3.2
3 3 7 2 2 2 3 10 5 3 3 7 11 12 6 7 10 3 9 6 5 9 4 6 7 3 3 5 3 5 4 7 4 6 5 3 2 4 4 4 5 4 3 4 4 5 9 3 4
Enneapogon scoparius .
.
.
.
.
. II .
.
.
.
.
I
. IV III V IV II .
Hyparrhenia hirta
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
I
I
Selago albida
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. II III I
Stapelia grandiflora
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
I III I
Kalanchoe paniculata
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
I
I II . V I
. II II III .
Pollichia campestris
.
.
.
.
. III .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. III II II I
.
. II .
Hermannia cuneifolia
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
I II I
.
.
Chrysocoma ciliata
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. II I
.
I
I III III V II .
. II I IV II . II .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
I
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. II .
.
I
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. II .
.
. II .
.
. II .
.
.
.
.
.
. III .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
I
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. III V .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
I
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. V .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. III .
.
.
.
.
.
. II II .
I IV III IV III .
I IV V IV I
. III . II II .
.
.
.
SPECIES GROUP G: Diagnostic species of Olea europaea – Buddleja saligna Shrubland
Olea europaea
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. II . IV V V V V V IV V .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Buddleja saligna
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. V V IV V V IV IV .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Grewia occidentalis
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
I V V V V V V V .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Searsia burchellii
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. IV IV V V V V V .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Pavonia burchellii
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. II V III IV III IV IV V .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Euclea crispa subsp.
crispa
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. III III IV V V . V .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Cheilanthes hirta
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. II V V V I
.
.
.
. III .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Gymnosporia
polyacantha
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. III III II III II II IV III .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Cussonia paniculata
.
. IV .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. III III II IV III . II .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Solanum tomentosum .
var. coccineum
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. II .
I II I IV III III . V .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Ehretia rigida
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. II .
I II I II IV V . V .
.
.
. III .
Diospyros austroafricana
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
I II II II I V .
.
.
.
Searsia erosa
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
I III III I II II .
.
.
Viscum rotundifolium
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
I
I
.
.
Crassula lanceolata
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
I
.
.
.
.
I III I IV . II I
.
.
.
Asplenium cordatum
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. IV IV V I
Tarchonanthus
camphoratus
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. III IV II III I
.
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.
. V .
.
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.
.
.
I
.
.
.
.
.
I
.
.
.
.
.
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.
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.
.
I II III III .
I
.
.
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.
.
.
.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
SPECIES GROUP H: Diagnostic species of Aristida diffusa subsp. burkei – Crassula nudicaulis Succulent Grassland
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
I III I
. III IV III V IV V II . III III II V II V IV .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Euryops empetrifolius .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. II .
.
.
.
.
I
.
.
I
I
.
.
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.
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.
.
.
.
. II III . III . II . IV . IV .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. II
Aristida diffusa subsp. .
Burkei
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. V III I V I
. II .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Albuca setosa
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
I
.
I IV II I II IV . V . II II IV II .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
I
.
.
Cynanchum viminale
subsp. viminale
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. II .
.
.
I
I V .
.
. II IV IV V . V III .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Euphorbia mauritanica .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. II .
.
.
I
I IV II III I
. IV IV IV V . IV V .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
I III .
.
.
. IV V . IV IV .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Crassula nudicaulis
Phyllanthus parvulus
Heliophila carnosa
.
.
.
I II .
.
.
.
.
.
.
. II I V II II I IV .
.
. IV IV IV .
.
.
SPECIES GROUP I: Diagnostic species of Delosperma pottsii – Cotyledon orbiculata Grassland
Delosperma pottsii
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. III .
. II . V V II I V .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Cymbopogon caesius
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Euclea crispa subsp.
ovata
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. II . III II IV II IV .
. II .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Wahlenbergia albens
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. IV .
. II .
.
.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Jamesbrittenia
atropurpurea
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. II I
. IV .
.
.
.
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.
.
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.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Lotononis laxa
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. III II I
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. V II II V V .
.
.
SPECIES GROUP J: Diagnostic species of Oropetium capense – Eragrostis nindensis Grassland
Oropetium capense
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. V III V V IV V . III .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Eragrostis nindensis
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. V II V V IV IV V V .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Ledebouria luteola
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
I
.
.
. IV .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Crassula dependens
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. II III II .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Stomatium
mustellinum
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. V . III .
. III .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Euryops multifidus
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
I
.
.
I
.
I
.
.
I II II . II III .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Geigeria ornativa
.
.
.
.
.
. II .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. V III V II III II II .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. II .
.
.
.
Ruschia spinosa
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. IV III V V . V V .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Eragrostis trichophora .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. IV . II IV .
.
.
. V .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
I IV II II V V .
. V IV .
.
.
. II .
Table 1-A1 continues on the page →
http://www.abcjournal.org
Open Access
Page 11 of 15
Original Research
TABLE 1-A1 (Continues...): Synoptic table of the natural vegetation of Bloemfontein, Free State, South Africa.
Vegetation units
1
2
1.1
3
1.2
4
3.1
5
3.2
Number of releves
3 3 7 2 2 2 3 10 5 3 3 7 11 12 6 7 10 3 9 6 5 9 4 6 7 3 3 5 3 5 4 7 4 6 5 3 2 4 4 4 5 4 3 4 4 5 9 3 4
Tragus berteronianus
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
I II .
.
. II . V .
. II II .
.
.
.
. II .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Strumaria tenella
subsp. orientalis
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. III I II .
. IV II .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Pelargonium minimum .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. II . II .
. II II .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Chlorophytum
fasciculatum
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
I
.
.
.
. III II . II . IV IV .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Lessertia annularis
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. V IV .
.
.
. II .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Eriocephalus
spinescens
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
I
.
. IV V IV . III III .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Euphorbia rhombifolia .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. III II IV . V III .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Cyperus indecorus
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. II .
.
.
. III .
. III II .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Pelargonium aridum
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. II .
.
.
.
. II . II . II .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. II .
.
.
. III . II II .
. II .
.
. III II .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Monsonia angustifolia .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
I
.
.
.
. II I II II .
.
.
.
. V V II .
.
.
.
.
.
.
. III .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
I II .
.
.
.
. III .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Osteospermum
scariosum
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. V III II .
. III .
.
Chloris virgata
I IV .
.
.
.
.
.
SPECIES GROUP K:
Pseudognaphalium
undulatum
Ruschia hamata
. II .
.
SPECIES GROUP L:
. IV II . IV .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. III IV IV .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. II .
.
.
.
.
.
.
. II . II II .
I
. IV .
.
. II .
.
Argemone ochroleuca .
subsp. ochroleuca*
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. II IV .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. IV .
.
.
I
.
.
.
. III III .
.
Conyza podocephala
.
.
.
. III II .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. II . III .
.
I
.
.
.
.
. III .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. III IV V . II .
.
.
.
.
.
.
. III . II
.
.
.
.
.
SPECIES GROUP M: Diagnostic species of Helichrysum dregeanum – Themeda triandra Grassland
.
Helichrysum
dregeanum
.
Hermannia comosa
Moraea pallida
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
I
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
V IV IV + .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
I II .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. IV IV .
III III II .
.
.
.
.
.
.
. III .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
I
.
.
.
.
II .
.
IV II
SPECIES GROUP N: Diagnostic species of Felicia muricata – Themeda triandra Grassland
Panicum coloratum
.
.
.
.
III .
IV .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
III IV V .
.
.
Pentzia globosa
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
III IV IV .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
II III I
.
.
II II .
II II IV
Lycium cinereum
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
IV IV V IV .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
I
.
.
II III I
II .
Enneapogon
cenchroides
.
.
.
.
.
.
II .
.
.
.
.
.
II .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
I
.
II IV III V .
II III IV V II III I
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
SPECIES GROUP O: Companion species
Eragrostis curvula
.
.
.
.
III .
.
III V II II IV I
II III II .
I
.
II .
.
.
.
I
.
V .
.
V .
IV II I
.
V III .
Conyza bonariensis
.
.
I
.
III V IV I
I
V IV III I
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
II .
.
.
.
.
II IV .
.
.
.
II .
.
.
II .
II I
.
.
.
Chaenostoma
caeruleum
.
.
.
.
.
III .
.
II .
.
.
I
.
.
I
.
I
I
.
I
.
.
.
.
III .
.
II .
I
II .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Themeda triandra
.
.
I
.
.
.
IV .
IV IV .
.
I
I
III II III IV II I
IV V III II .
.
IV III II IV .
III V IV V V V III V V V V V IV III IV V IV V
Eragrostis
lehmanniana
.
.
.
.
.
.
II III I
.
.
.
I
.
III I
V III II IV .
V .
Oxalis depressa
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
IV III II IV III II IV V V I
V V III IV .
.
Aristida congesta
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
I
III V .
.
Digitaria eriantha
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
I
.
.
II .
.
Hibiscus pusillus
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
II IV II .
.
.
I
II II .
Sporobolus fimbriatus .
.
.
.
.
.
.
I
III .
.
.
I
II III I
IV I
Felicia muricata
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
IV II II .
Nidorella resedifolia
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
V .
Schkuhria pinnata
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
I
Eragrostis obtusa
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Eragrostis superba
.
.
.
.
.
.
Senecio hastatus
.
.
.
.
.
.
Nenax microphylla
.
.
.
.
.
.
Cymbopogon
pospischilii
.
.
.
.
.
Heteropogon
contortus
.
.
.
.
Tragus koelerioides
.
.
.
Eragrostis
chloromelas
.
.
.
Senecio burchellii
.
.
.
I
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
I
II II I
II II I
II II .
II II III IV II I
I
.
.
I
II II I
.
.
II .
II II .
IV II V .
.
III IV II .
II .
.
I
.
.
IV III
II
I
I
III II .
.
.
III IV II IV .
V V III .
.
.
II I
II .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
II IV V .
.
IV III II III II .
II .
IV .
III IV II I
V .
.
.
.
.
.
I
.
.
.
.
.
.
III II II
.
.
.
II III V .
IV II III
.
V .
.
II IV III II I
IV .
II .
.
.
V V V III III IV IV
III IV III IV II .
IV .
.
.
I
II V IV II .
.
V IV .
III II IV II .
.
V III IV IV V .
.
.
II V V V V .
.
II .
.
.
V V II
.
IV .
II IV IV I
II .
.
II .
V II III III II II .
.
III II .
II
.
.
I
.
.
.
II .
I
II II .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
I
.
I
I
.
.
.
.
.
.
I
.
.
.
.
IV I
II IV .
.
III I
III .
.
II .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
IV .
II II .
.
.
.
I
V V III II III II II IV II II I
III .
.
I
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
II .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
III .
II .
II IV I
.
IV .
V II V
.
I
.
.
.
.
I
.
.
.
I
.
.
.
III I
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
III IV .
III III .
II .
IV II IV .
II .
II .
.
.
III IV .
III .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
I
II .
.
I
.
II I
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
V .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
II .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
II .
.
.
.
.
V .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
II .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
I
V III IV .
III II .
.
.
.
.
I
.
II .
.
.
.
II .
.
.
.
.
.
II II .
.
.
II II .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
I
V II IV V IV II V V .
.
II IV .
II .
.
.
III IV .
.
.
.
.
.
II .
II .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
III II II .
II III III II III .
.
.
.
.
.
II .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
I
.
.
I
.
.
.
III III I
IV .
.
.
IV III V II II .
.
I
II .
.
.
III .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
II .
.
.
.
.
II .
.
II .
.
III III .
III .
.
I
.
II III IV IV IV III V III .
V .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
II II II .
I
III II IV .
.
.
.
.
III II .
I
I
IV .
.
.
.
.
II I
.
II .
II
.
Table 1-A1 continues on the page →
http://www.abcjournal.org
Open Access
Page 12 of 15
Original Research
TABLE 1-A1 (Continues...): Synoptic table of the natural vegetation of Bloemfontein, Free State, South Africa.
Vegetation units
1
2
1.1
3
1.2
4
3.1
5
3.2
Number of releves
3 3 7 2 2 2 3 10 5 3 3 7 11 12 6 7 10 3 9 6 5 9 4 6 7 3 3 5 3 5 4 7 4 6 5 3 2 4 4 4 5 4 3 4 4 5 9 3 4
Anthospermum
rigidum
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
I
.
.
.
.
.
.
. II .
Aristida adscensionis
I II II .
.
.
.
. II .
. III .
.
.
.
.
I II .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. V IV II III .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
I
. II .
.
. III IV . V IV II I II .
.
Digitaria argyrograpta .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. V IV .
.
. II I II .
.
.
. II .
.
Melolobium candicans .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. II .
. II .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Indigofera alternans
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
I
.
I
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. IV V . III .
I II .
.
.
. II .
Selago densiflora
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. III . V .
. II V IV V IV III II II .
I III .
.
.
. III . II
Cyperus usitatus
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. II IV III IV .
.
.
.
. V IV .
.
. II .
.
. III .
. III .
.
.
.
. II V .
.
.
. II .
.
.
.
.
SPECIES GROUP P: Rare species
Crinum bulbispermum IV .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
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.
.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Juncus exsertus
II .
.
.
.
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.
.
.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Salix babylonica
II .
I
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
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.
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.
.
.
.
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.
.
.
.
.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Alchemilla elongata
. V .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
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.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
Verbena aristigera
. II .
.
.
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.
.
.
.
.
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.
.
.
.
.
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.
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.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Leucosidea sericea
. II .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
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.
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.
.
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.
.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Typha capensis
. II I
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
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.
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.
.
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.
.
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.
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.
.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Dicoma anomala
. II .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Lemna minor
. II .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
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.
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.
.
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.
.
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.
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.
.
.
.
.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Salix mucronata
V V .
.
.
.
.
I
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
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.
.
.
.
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.
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.
.
.
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.
.
.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Cyperus marginatus
V V .
.
.
.
.
I
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
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.
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.
.
.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Pseudoschoenus
inanis
V V .
.
.
.
.
I
.
.
.
.
.
.
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.
.
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.
.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Hemarthria altissima
V V .
.
.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
Gomphostigma
virgatum
V IV .
.
.
.
.
I
.
.
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.
.
.
Conium
chaerophylloides
V II .
.
.
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.
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.
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.
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.
I
.
.
.
.
.
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.
.
.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Phragmites australis
.
.
IV II .
.
.
.
.
I
.
.
.
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.
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.
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.
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.
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.
.
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.
.
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.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Verbena bonariensis* II V .
.
.
.
.
I
.
.
. IV I
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
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.
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.
.
.
.
. II .
.
.
.
Miscanthus ecklonii
II IV .
.
.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
Equisetum
ramosissimum
II II .
.
.
.
.
I
.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Ranunculus multifidus II II .
.
. III .
.
.
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.
. II .
.
.
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.
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.
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.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
. II .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Leptochloa fusca
.
.
I V III .
Eragrostis micrantha
.
.
. V .
.
Eleocharis limosa
.
.
. III .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
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.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Amaranthus species
.
.
. III .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
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.
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.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Cyperus denudatus
.
.
. III .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
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.
.
.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Marsilea macrocarpa
.
.
I III .
.
.
.
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.
.
Polygonum aviculare
.
.
I
. V .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Gleditsia triacanthos* .
.
.
. III .
.
.
.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
Echinochloa crus-galli .
.
I
. III .
.
.
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.
.
Amaranthus caudatus .
.
I
. III . II .
.
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.
. II .
.
.
.
.
Alternanthera sessilis
.
.
.
. III .
.
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.
.
.
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.
.
.
Agrostis lachnantha
.
.
.
.
. V . + .
.
.
.
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.
.
.
I
.
.
Polypogon
monspeliensis
.
.
.
.
. V .
.
.
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.
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.
.
.
Veronica anagallisaquatica
.
.
.
.
. V .
.
.
.
.
.
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.
.
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.
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.
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.
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.
.
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.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Medicago laciniata
.
.
.
.
. III .
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Cotula microglossa
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I
.
. III .
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Senecio othonniflorus
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. III .
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Cyperus congestus
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I
. V V .
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. II .
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Plantago lanceolata
.
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. III V .
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Lobelia thermalis
.
.
I
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. II .
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Sonchus nanus
.
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I
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. II .
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Melilotus albus
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. II .
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Medicago sativa
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. II .
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. II .
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Cestrum laevigatum*
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. II .
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Lactuca serriola
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. II .
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Paspalum distichum
.
.
I
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. II .
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Searsia pyroides
.
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. V .
.
.
I II .
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Table 1-A1 continues on the page →
http://www.abcjournal.org
Open Access
Page 13 of 15
Original Research
TABLE 1-A1 (Continues...): Synoptic table of the natural vegetation of Bloemfontein, Free State, South Africa.
Vegetation units
1
2
1.1
3
1.2
4
3.1
5
3.2
Number of releves
3 3 7 2 2 2 3 10 5 3 3 7 11 12 6 7 10 3 9 6 5 9 4 6 7 3 3 5 3 5 4 7 4 6 5 3 2 4 4 4 5 4 3 4 4 5 9 3 4
Pentarrhinum
insipidum
.
.
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. III .
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I
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Rubia horrida
.
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. III .
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Moraea simulans
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. III .
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Rosenia humilis
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I V II .
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Urochloa panicoides
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. IV . II II .
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Massonia jasminiflora .
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. II IV II .
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Ammocharis coranica .
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. IV II .
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I
. II .
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. II .
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Solanum lichtensteinii .
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I
. II .
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. IV .
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Antizoma angustifolia .
.
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I
. II .
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I
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. II IV .
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Solanum supinum
Alternanthera
pungens
Bulbine abyssinica
.
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. II .
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. II III .
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Cuscuta campestris*
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. II .
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Colchicum
melanthioides
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. II .
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Duthiastrum linifolium .
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. II .
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Celtis africana
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. V .
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Carex spartea
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. II II .
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Silene undulata
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. + .
.
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. II I
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Gerbera piloselloides
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. II I
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Cineraria lobata
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. II I
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Haemanthus humilis
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. III II V .
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. V .
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Bonatea speciosa
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Clutia pulchella
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. III IV .
I
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. III .
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Eucomis autumnalis
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. II II .
I
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. III .
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Heteromorpha
arborescens var.
abyssinica
.
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I II .
I
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Eriospermum
corymbosum
.
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I
I
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I
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Kedrostis africana
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I
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. II .
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Pupalia lappacea
.
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. III . II .
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. II .
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Pennisetum villosum* .
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Hermannia
bryoniifolia
.
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. III I V .
Aristida diffusa
.
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. II II I
Rhigozum obovatum
.
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.
I
Cheilanthes viridis
.
.
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Commelina
benghalensis
.
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. II .
Osyris lanceolata
.
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I
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I
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I
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Sisymbrium capense
.
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I III III .
.
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I
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I
I
. II .
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. II .
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I
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I II .
I
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I III .
I
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I
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Sebaea compacta
.
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. II .
. II .
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Pegolettia retrofracta
.
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I II . II .
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Pentzia
sphaerocephala
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I II .
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Ipomoea oblongata
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I II .
Senecio
consanguineus
.
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I
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. II III .
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I
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.
Panicum maximum
.
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I
.
I
. II .
.
Cineraria aspera
.
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I
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. V .
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Panicum deustum
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. III .
.
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Galium capense
.
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.
Eragrostis biflora
.
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.
.
Cyperus obtusiflorus
.
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.
.
Dicoma macrocephala .
.
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.
.
Menodora africana
.
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. IV .
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.
.
Elionurus muticus
.
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Raphionacme hirsuta
.
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Kyllinga alba
.
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. II
Talinum caffrum
.
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. III .
.
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.
I
.
Table 1-A1 continues on the page →
http://www.abcjournal.org
Open Access
Page 14 of 15
Original Research
TABLE 1-A1 (Continues...): Synoptic table of the natural vegetation of Bloemfontein, Free State, South Africa.
Vegetation units
1
2
1.1
3
1.2
4
3.1
5
3.2
Number of releves
3 3 7 2 2 2 3 10 5 3 3 7 11 12 6 7 10 3 9 6 5 9 4 6 7 3 3 5 3 5 4 7 4 6 5 3 2 4 4 4 5 4 3 4 4 5 9 3 4
Schizocarphus
nervosus
.
.
.
.
.
.
Hibiscus marlothianus .
.
.
.
.
Kohautia amatymbica .
.
.
.
.
Ipomoea
oenotheroides
.
.
.
.
Euphorbia
inaequilatera
.
.
.
.
Salsola kali*
.
.
.
Argyrolobium
pauciflorum
.
.
.
Helichrysum zeyheri
.
.
Triraphis
andropogonoides
.
.
Indigofera filipes
.
.
Avonia ustulata
.
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I
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I
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. III . II .
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. III .
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. III .
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. II .
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. II .
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. V . IV .
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. II .
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. II .
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. III .
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.
.
Microchloa caffra
.
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. III II .
.
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.
.
Crassula setulosa
.
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.
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I
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. II II . II .
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Gladiolus permeabilis
.
.
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. II .
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Cyphia triphylla
.
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. II .
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Opuntia species
.
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.
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. II . II .
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Drimia elata
.
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. II .
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Jamesbrittenia
aurantiaca
.
.
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I
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. II .
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Anacampseros
telephiastrum
.
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I
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I
.
. II I
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Crassothonna protecta .
.
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. II .
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I
I II .
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. II .
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I
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.
.
Trichodiadema
barbatum
Albuca prasina
.
.
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I IV .
.
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. II .
Chasmatophyllum
musculinum
.
.
.
.
.
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I
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I IV .
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Ophioglossum
polyphyllum
.
.
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. IV .
.
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.
Jamesbrittenia
pristisepala
.
.
.
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I II .
.
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Crassula corallina
.
.
.
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. II . II .
.
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Pteronia species
.
.
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. II IV .
.
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.
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.
Anacampseros
filamentosa
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
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. II . IV .
.
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.
.
Orbeopsis lutea
.
.
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.
. II .
.
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.
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Nerine laticoma
.
.
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. II .
.
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.
.
Tulbaghia acutiloba
.
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.
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.
. III .
. II .
.
Senecio inaequidens
.
.
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I
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I
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Aristida stipitata
.
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.
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Blepharis integrifolia
.
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Harpagophytum
procumbens
.
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Eriospermum species
.
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. V .
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.
. V .
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.
. IV .
.
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. III .
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.
. III .
.
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.
.
Melolobium calycinum .
.
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. II .
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. II .
.
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.
.
Berkheya
onopordifolia
Hertia pallens
.
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. II .
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I
. II
Barleria macrostegia
.
.
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.
. II
Trichoneura
grandiglumis
.
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. V V .
.
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Rhynchosia nervosa
.
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. V IV .
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Pogonarthria
squarrosa
.
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I
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. III V .
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Anthephora pubescens .
.
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. II V .
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Hibiscus trionum
.
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. III .
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. V .
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.
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Crotalaria
sphaerocarpa
.
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. III .
.
. II .
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.
.
Brunsvigia radulosa
.
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. II .
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Eragrostis gummiflua
.
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. II .
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. II .
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I
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Table 1-A1 continues on the page →
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Open Access
Page 15 of 15
Original Research
TABLE 1-A1 (Continues...): Synoptic table of the natural vegetation of Bloemfontein, Free State, South Africa.
Vegetation units
1
2
1.1
3
1.2
4
3.1
5
3.2
Number of releves
3 3 7 2 2 2 3 10 5 3 3 7 11 12 6 7 10 3 9 6 5 9 4 6 7 3 3 5 3 5 4 7 4 6 5 3 2 4 4 4 5 4 3 4 4 5 9 3 4
Cyperus rupestris
.
.
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. III .
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.
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.
.
Helichrysum
aureonitens
.
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. II .
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.
.
Wahlenbergia
androsacea
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. II .
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.
Amaranthus
thunbergii
.
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. II .
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Chenopodium murale
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. II .
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Eleusine coracana
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. II .
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Hypoxis argentea
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. II .
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Amaranthus hybridus
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. II .
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Dimorphotheca
zeyheri
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. II .
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Eragrostis plana
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I
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. II III II .
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Vahlia capensis
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. II .
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Aristida bipartita
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. IV .
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Setaria incrassata
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I
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. II .
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Aristea bakeri
.
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. II .
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.
Nemesia fruticans
.
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. II .
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.
Fingerhuthia africana
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. II II .
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Convolvulus arvensis* .
.
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.
I
I
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. II .
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. II II .
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Cyperus capensis
.
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. IV .
.
. III .
.
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I
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Hermannia
coccocarpa
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. II .
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. II . II . II .
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Panicum schinzii
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. V .
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. II .
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. V .
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. V . II
Bidens pilosa
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. IV .
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. II II III .
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Tribulus terrestris
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. II II .
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. II .
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I
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Phyla nodiflora
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. III .
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. II .
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.
. II
Scabiosa columbaria
.
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Salvia verbenaca
.
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.
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Brachiaria eruciformis .
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Salsola aphylla
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. II .
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. III .
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. II II I
.
. IV
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. II
. II .
. II .
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I
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. IV .
.
.
. II .
The presence of each species within a community is rated on a constancy scale as follows: r - species present in 1–5% of the relevés of a community; + - present in 6–10% of the relevés; I - present
in 11–20% of the relevés; II - present in 21–40% of the relevés; III - present in 41–60% of the relevés; IV - present in 61–80% of the relevés; V - present in 81–100% of the relevés (Mueller-Dombois
& Ellenberg 1974; Kent & Coker 1996; Van der Maarel 2005)
*, indicates invasive species (Department of Environmental Affairs 2016).
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