B O NO RO WO WE TL A N D S
Volume 8, Number 1, June 2018
Pages: 1-12
P-ISSN: 2088-110X
E-ISSN: 2088-2475
DOI: 10.13057/bonorowo/w080101
Diversity and distribution of vascular macrophytes in Ansupa Lake,
Odisha, India
MUKTIPADA PANDA1,2,, RABINDRO NATH SAMAL1, KRUPA SINDHU BHATTA1, SASMITA LENKA1,
JAJNASENI ROUT1, HEMANTA KUMAR PATRA2, SUSANTA NANDA1
1
Chilika Development Authority, Department of Forest and Environment, Govt. of Odisha, Plot No. C-11, BJB Nagar, Bhubaneswar 751014,
Odisha, India. email: muktipadapanda@gmail.com
2
Post-Graduate Department of Botany, Utkal University. Bhubaneswar 751004, Odisha, India
Manuscript received: 14 March 2018. Revision accepted: 17 May 2018.
Abstract. Panda M, Samal RN, Bhatta KS, Lenka S, Rout J, Patra HK, Nanda S. 2018. Diversity and distribution of vascular
macrophytes in Ansupa Lake, Odisha, India. Bonorowo Wetlands 1: 1-12. Macrophytes are indispensable component of any wetlands.
They are the base of the trophic structure and variously affect function of aquatic ecosystem. Large invasion of macrophytes enforced
for present studies in Ansupa Lake, the largest freshwater lake of the state Odisha (India) to identify the causative plant species. Regular
field inspection, quadratic sampling and specimen collections were carried to identify the present macrophytes of the lake and their
quantitative aspects like frequency of occurrences, abundance, values of diversity indices, adaptation and growth forms and species
distribution etc. A total of 244 macrophyte species were identified that includes 182 semi-aquatic and 62 obligatory aquatic
macrophytes. The latter group had 35% submerged, 15% free floating, 31% rooted floating and 19% marshy plant species. The
comparison of growth form showed 66% annuals and remaining 34% perennial plants. The diversity indices resulted, Simpson
complement index-0.561, Shannon-Weiner index-1.367, Species richness index 3.079 and Species evenness index-0.156. The study
showed that the lake provides suitable habitats for existence of a diverse group of macrophytes but still due to large invasion of few
species has threatened the lake which needs to be managed properly to restore the health of this natural resource for the benefit of
mankind.
Keywords: Ansupa Lake, conservation, macrophyte diversity, species invasion
INTRODUCTION
Wetlands are the hotspots of biological diversity and
invaluable for sustainable living. Plants in water are called
macrophytes (Dodds 2002). They act as ‘‘biological
engineers’’ in restoring water quality (Byers et al. 2006). It
includes both flowering and non-flowering plants that start
their life in and around water bodies (Chambers et al.
2008). A total of 2614 aquatic vascular macrophytes occur
globally which represent only 1% of the total number of
vascular plants (Ansari et al. 2017). Total number of
aquatic plant species in Indian freshwaters exceeds 1200
(Gopal 1995). Many species of aquatic plant are invasive
species (Oyedeji and Abowei 2012). These plants cause
local losses of species diversity and alter ecosystem
structure, resulting in a significant negative impact on
aquatic biodiversity and water quality (Brundu 2015;
Chamier et al. 2012; Wang et al. 2016; Zedler and Kercher
2004). In India, over 140 aquatic plants are reported to
have attained the status of aquatic weeds in different
situations (Gupta 2012; Naskar 1990; Shah and Reshi
2012; Varshney et al. 2008).
Ansupa Lake, the present study sites is the largest fresh
water lake of the state Odisha (India) (Mohanty and Das
2008) and a lake of national importance (Das and Mohanty
2008). The lake provides livelihood provisions like fishing
i.e., small indigenous fishes, table size fishes and
ornamental fishes; agriculture, i.e., rice cultivation; edible
aquatic plants and ecotourism due to its unique biodiversity
and natural scenery (Sarkar et al. 2015). More than 25,000
fishermen and local residence make their livelihood on the
lake water (Das and Mohanty 2008; Mohanty and Das
2008). The average water depth of the lake was 4 meters
(Das and Mohanty 2008). The lake receives annual rainfall
between 800mm to 1300mm (Das and Mohanty 2008;
Panda et al. 2016) and most during months of July and
August, each year. It hosts 44 species of phytoplankton, 32
species of zooplanktons and 30 species of fishes (Patra and
Patra 2007). Panda et al. (2016) for the first time reported
occurrence of Hygroryza aristata (Retz.) Nees. ex Wt. and
Arn., a wild relative of edible rice in Ansupa Lake as the
only habitat in the state for this species. There is few
published work on Ansupa Lake and the macrophytes study
is very poorly reported (Das and Mohanty 2008; Mohanty
and Das 2008; Varshney et al. 2008; Sarkar et al. 2015;
Panda et al. 2016). All previous studies reported the
progressive degradation conditions of the lake due to
siltation, shrinkage of water spread area and invasions of
aquatic plants (Das and Mohanty 2008; Mohanty and Das
2008; Sarkar et al. 2015; Panda et al. 2016).
Knowing the importance of Ansupa Lake, present
studies were designed to identify the macrophyte diversity,
the problematic weeds that need to be managed properly
for the long term conservation of indigenous biota and
creation of better livelihood opportunity from the lake.
2
B O NO RO WO WE TL A N D S 8 (1): 1-12, June 2018
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study area
Ansupa Lake is the largest fresh water lake of Odisha
State, India, situated between latitude 20 26 21 to 20
28 52 N and 85 36 25 to 85 36 0 E longitude on the
river bank of Mahanadi (Figure 1). The area of the lake is
around 375 acres and 385 acres during the dry and rainy
seasons, respectively (Mohanty and Das 2008).
Field data collection and floristic study
The floristic studies were carried during November
2014 and an extensive regular field work from April to
November
2017. The recorded macrophytes were
identified with the help of available both regional and
international scientific literatures (Calvert and Liessmann
2014; Campbell et al. 2010; Crow and Hellquist 2000; Das
2012; Gerber et al. 2004; Ghosh 2005; Gupta 2012; Haines
1921-1925; Naskar 1990). The scientific name and author
citation were checked
with, The plant list
(http://www.theplantlist.org/) and International Plant Names
Index (http://www.ipni.org/ipni/plantnamesearchpage.do).
Quantitative status and ecological parameters were
calculated from 25 fixed random plots, i.e. size, 1m 1m
(Figure 1).
Data analysis
The quadratic parameters like, Frequency and
Abundance (Upadhyay et al. 2009), Whitford’s index (A/F)
(Whitford 1949), Species richness index (Margalef 1958),
Simpson complement index (1-DS) from Simpson
Dominance index (Simpson 1949), Shannon-Wiener index
(Shannon and Wiener 1963) and Species evenness index (J)
(Pielou 1975) were calculated as follows:
Where, S is the total number of species in the
community and N is the total number of individuals of all
species of a community.
Figure 1. Location map of Ansupa Lake, Cuttack District, Odisha, India
PANDA et al. – Macrophyte diversity of Ansupa Lake, Odisha, India
3
Where,
Where, H is the Shannon-Weiner index of the community
and S is the total number of species in the community.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A total of 244 vascular macrophytes were identified to
occur in and shoreline areas of the lake. Out of the total
record, 238 species were of flowering plants, i.e.,
Angiosperms (Table 1) and 6 species of non-flowering
macrophytes, i.e., Pteridophyte (Table 2). All six
pteridophytes were strictly aquatic species; they belong to
only two families (i.e., Marsileaceae and Salviniaceae) and
except Azolla microphylla Kaulf., which was an annual
species others were perennial in their growth form (Table
2). The angiospermic macrophytes belong to a total of sixty
families. Among these families, Poaceae and Cyperaceae
were recorded as the most diversified families (Figure 2).
The classification of all the recorded macrophytes on the
basis of habitat preference showed 182 (75%) semi-aquatic
species and 62 (25%) aquatic species (Figure 3).
Categorization of total angiosperms revealed 137 (58%)
dicot species and 101 (42%) monocot species (Figure 4).
Among the dicot group, only 26 (19%) species were strictly
aquatic and 111 (81%) species were semi-aquatic plants
(Figure 5). Similarly, the monocot group had 30 species
(30%) and 71 species (70%) as aquatic and semi-aquatic
plants, respectively (Figure 6). The comparison of growth
form showed 160 species (66%) annual and remaining 84
species (34%) as perennial macrophytes (Figure 7). The
classification of total aquatic species displayed 35%
submerged, 15% free floating, 31% rooted floating and
19% marshy plant species (Figure 8). The study of nativity
resulted 56 species out of 244 species as exotic or non
native macrophytes of India (Table 1 and Table 2).
Quadratic study revealed quantitative status of twenty eight
common macrophytes (Table 3). Maximum species
diversity was recorded in the peripheral or shoreline plots.
Most frequent and abundant species were Ceratophylum
demersum L., Hydrila verticelastar (L.) Pers., Nelumbo
nucefera Gaertn., Najas sp., Utricularia sp.,Eichhornia
crassipes (Mart.) Solm-Laub. and Salvinia molesta D. S.
Mitch from interior of the lake. Other species like,
Polygonum barbatum L., Hymenachne amplexicaulis
(Rudge) Nees, Cyperus iria L., Alternanthera
philoxeroides A. St-Hil., Cyperus rotundus L. were more
abundant at the land water interface (i.e., marshy areas).
The distribution pattern (i.e. Whitford’s index) showed all
species with more or less of contagious type of distribution
(A/F 0.05). The diversity indices study showed Simpson
complement index-0.561, Shannon-Weiner index-1.367,
Species richness index 3.079 and Species evenness index0.156 (Figure 9).
Figure 2. Family wise recorded number of angiospermic
macrophytes species
The study found occurrence of wide habitat variability
that helped establishment of different group of aquatic and
semi-aquatic vascular macrophytes in the lake. Many
macrophytes showed seasonal changes of population status,
influenced by water level (Dalu et al. 2012). This affects
the value of diversity index of the ecosystem, as calculated
by ratio between the number of species and the number of
individuals in that community (Ansari et al. 2017). The low
value of species evenness index showed the present species
were not equally abundant, some species dominated over
others. The lake hosts some unique macrophytes that found
rarely elsewhere in the state. Hygroryza aristata (Retz.)
Nees. Ex Wt. & Arn. and Oryza rufipogon Griff., the wild
4
B O NO RO WO WE TL A N D S 8 (1): 1-12, June 2018
Figure 3. Classification as per habitat requirement: Aquatic and
semi-aquatic plants (%)
Figure 6. Classification of monocots into habitat groups: Aquatic
and semi-aquatic monocots (%)
Figure 4. Classification into Angiosperm group: Diversity of
dicot and monocot species (%)
Figure 7. Classification of macrophytes into growth forms:
Growth form of macrophytes (%)
Figure 5. Classification of dicots into habitat group: Aquatic and
semi-aquatic dicots (%)
Figure 8. Classification of aquatic plants into their adaptation
group: Adaptation forms of aquatic plants (%)
relative of edible rice were a common occurrence in the
lake (Plate 1). The aesthetically important and endangerd
plant species, Gloriosa superba L. has been recorded from
shoreline areas of the lake for the first time (Plate 1). The
semi-aquatic plants were diverse and many showed
seasonal growth. Many of them were small herbaceous
annual plants.
Strong infestation of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.,
Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solm-Laub., Salvinia molesta
D. S. Mitch, Ceratophyllum demersum L., Hydrilla
verticillata (L.f.) Royle, Najas indica (Willd) Cham.;
Hymenachne amplexicaulis (Rudge) Nees, other grasses
and marshy vegetation were found negatively affecting the
lake (Plate 2). Soil erosion from surrounded hills and
siltation, decreased water flow due to closing of inlets and
outlets with Mahanadi River, intensive fertilizer load are
the possible factors for degradation of the lake.
Figure 9. Diversity indices from quadrate data
5
PANDA et al. – Macrophyte diversity of Ansupa Lake, Odisha, India
Table 1. List of Angiospermic macrophyte recorded from Ansupa Lake, Odisha, India
Plant family
Si. No.
Acanthaceae
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
Aizoaceae
Alismataceae
Amaranthaceae
Amaryllidaceae
Apiaceae
Aponogetonaceae
Araceae
Asteraceae
Boraginaceae
Capparaceae
Cariophyaceae
Ceratophyllaceae
Colchicaceae
Commelinaceae
Convolvulaceae
Plant species
Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Wall. ex Nees
Hygrophila auriculata (Schum) Heine
Hygrophila schulli (Buch.-Ham.) M.R.Almeida & S.M. Almeida
Justicia diffusa Willd
Ruellia tuberosa L.
Trianthema portulacastrum L.
Alisma plantago-aquatica L.
Limnophyton obtusifolium (L.) Miq.
Sagitaria sagittifolia L.
Sagittaria guayanensis var. lappula D. Don
Sagitaria trifolia L.
Achyranthes aspera L.
Aerva lanata (L.) Juss. ex Schult.
Alternanthera paronychioides A. St-Hil.
Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb.
Alternanthera sessilis (L.) DC.
Amaranthus spinosus L.
Amaranthus viridis L.
Celosia argentea L.
Gomphrena celosioides Mart.
Crinum latifolium L.
Crinum viviparum (Lam.) R.Ansari & V.J.Nair
Centella asiatica (L.) Urb.
Hydrocotyle modesta Cham. & Schltdl.
Aponogeton natans (L.) Engl. & Krause
Alocasia indica (Roxb.) Schott
Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott
Pistia stratiotes L.
Ageratum conyzoides L.
Blumea lacera (Burm.f.) DC.
Caesulia axillaris Roxb.
Chromolaena odorata (L.) King & H.E. Robins.
Cyanthillium cinereum (L.) H. Rob
Eclipta alba (L.)
Eclipta prostrata (L.) L.
Enydra fluctuans Lour.
Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC
Gnaphalium polycaulon Pers.
Grangea maderaspatana L.
Mikania cordata (Burm.f.) Robinson
Sphaeranthus indicus L.
Spilanthes paniculata Wall. Ex DC.
Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn.
Xanthium strumarium L.
Coldenia procumbens L.
Heliotropium indicum L.
Cleome monophylla L.
Cleome viscosa L.
Polycarpon prostratum (Forssk.) Asc. & Sch.
Ceratophyllum demersum L.
Gloriosa superba L.
Commelina benghalensis L.
Commelina erecta L.
Commelina longifolia Lam.
Cyanotis axillaris (L.) D.Don ex Sweet
Evolvulus nummularius (L.) L.
Murdannia nudiflora (Linn.) Brenan.
Murdannia spirata (L.) Bruckn.
Ipomoea aquatica Forssk.
Ipomoea carnea Jacq. ssp. Fistulosa (Mart. ex Choisy) Austin
Plant
group
Macrophyte
type
Life
form
D
D
D
D
D
D
M
M
M
M
M
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
M
M
D
D
M
M
M
M
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
D
D
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Aquatic (S)
Aquatic (S)
Aquatic (S)
Aquatic (S)
Aquatic (S)
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Aquatic (S)
Aquatic (RF)
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Aquatic (S)
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Aquatic (FF)
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Aquatic (S)
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Aquatic (S)
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Aquatic (RF)
Semi-aquatic
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Perennial
Perennial
Annual
Perennial
Perennial
Perennial
Perennial
Annual
Annual
Perennial
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Perennial
Perennial
Perennial
Perennial
Perennial
Perennial
Perennial
Annual
Annual
Perennial
Perennial
6
Costaceae
Crassulaceae
Cucurbitaceae
Cyperaceae
Elatinaceae
Eriocaulaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Fabaceae
Gentianaceae
Hydrocharitaceae
Hydrophyllaceae
Lamiaceae
Lemnaceae
B O NO RO WO WE TL A N D S 8 (1): 1-12, June 2018
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
Ipomoea pes-tigridis L.
Merremia tridentata (L.) Hall. f.
Costus speciosus (J.Koenig) Sm.
Bryophyllum calycinum Salisb.
Mukia maderaspatana (L.) M. Roem.
Cucumis melo L.
Cyperus alopecuroides Rottb.
Cyperus brevifolius (Rottb.) Hassk.
Cyperus cephalotes Vahl
Cyperus compressus L.
Cyperus corymbosus Rottb.
Cyperus difformis L.
Cyperus haspan L
Cyperus imbricatus Retz.
Cyperus iria L.
Cyperus platystylis R. Br.
Cyperus polystachyos Rottb.
Cyperus rotundus L.
Cyperus strigosus L.
Eleocharis acutangula (Roxb.) schutt.
Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv.
Eleocharis dulcis (Burm.f.) Trin. ex Henschel
Fimbristylis dipsacea (Rottb.) C.B. Clarke
Fimbristylis ferruginea (L) Vahl.
Fimbristylis littoralis Gaudich.
Fimbristylis miliacea (L.) Vahl
Fuirena ciliaris (L.) Roxb.
Kyllinga tenuifolia Steud.
Lipocarpha chinensis (Osbeck) J.Kern.
Cyperous compactus Retz.
Pycreus pumilus (L.) Nees
Schoenoplectus articulatus (L.) Palla
Schoenoplectus grossus (L.f.) Palla
Schoenoplectiella supina (L.) Lye
Bergia ammannioides Roxb. ex Roth
Bergia capensis L.
Eriocaulon quinquangulare L.
Acalypha indica L.
Croton bonplandianus (Baill.) Kuntze
Euphorbia hirta L.
Euphorbia prostrata Aiton.
Jatropha gossypiifolia L.
Phyllanthus tenellus Roxb.
Ricinus communis L.
Aeschynomene aspera L.
Aeschynomene indica L.
Alysicarpus vaginalis (L.) DC.
Cassia tora L.
Crotalaria pallida Aiton
Crotalaria quinquefolia L.
Zornia diphylla (L.) Pers.
Senna obtusifolia (L.) H.S.Irwin. & Barneby
Senna occidentalis (L.) Link
Sesbania bispinosa (Jacq.) W.F. Wt.
Hoppea dichotoma Willd.
Blyxa echinosperma (Clarke) Hook.f.
Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle
Nechamandra alternifolia (Roxb. ex Wight) Thw.
Ottelia alismoides (L.) Pers.
Vallisneria natans (Lour.) H. Hara
Hydrolea zeylanica (L.) Vahl.
Anisomeles indica (L.) O. Kuntze.
Leucas aspera (Willd.) Link
Pogostemon quadrifolius (Benth.) F. Muell.
Spirodela polyrrhiza (L.) Schleid.
Lemna gibba L.
D
D
M
D
D
D
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
D
D
M
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
M
M
M
M
M
D
D
D
D
M
M
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Aquatic (RE)
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Aquatic (S)
Aquatic (S)
Aquatic (S)
Aquatic (S)
Aquatic (S)
Aquatic (RE)
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Aquatic (FF)
Aquatic (FF)
Perennial
Perennial
Perennial
Perennial
Annual
Annual
Annual
Perennial
Perennial
Annual
Perennial
Annual
Annual
Perennial
Annual
Perennial
Perennial
Perennial
Perennial
Perennial
Annual
Perennial
Annual
Perennial
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Perennial
Annual
Annual
Perennial
Perennial
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Perennial
Perennial
Perennial
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Perennial
Perennial
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Perennial
Perennial
Perennial
Annual
Annual
Perennial
Annual
Annual
Perennial
Annual
7
PANDA et al. – Macrophyte diversity of Ansupa Lake, Odisha, India
Lentibulariaceae
Linderniaceae
Lythraceae
Malvaceae
Martyniaceae
Menyanthaceae
Mimosaceae
Molluginaceae
Haloragaceae
Najadaceae
Nelumbonaceae
Nyctaginaceae
Nymphaeaceae
Onagraceae
Oxalidaceae
Plantaginaceae
Poaceae
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
Lemna aequinoctialis Welw
Wolffia globosa (Roxb.) Hartog & Vander Plas
Utricularia aurea Lour.
Utricularia inflexa Forssk.
Utricularia bifida L.
Lindernia crustacea (L.) F.Muell.
Ammannia baccifera L.
Ammannia multiflora Roxb.
Ammannia octandra L.f.
Rotala densiflora (Roth. ex Roem. & Schult.) Koehne
Rotala indica (Willd.) Koehne
Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet
Corchorus aestuans L.
Sida cordifolia L.
Urena lobata L.
Martynia annua L.
Nymphoides hydrophylla (Lour.) Kuntze
Nymphoides indica (L.) Kuntze
Mimosa pudica L.
Neptunia oleracea Lour.
Neptunia plena (L.) Benth.
Glinus oppositifolius (L.) Aug. DC
Mollugo pentaphylla L.
Myriophyllum tetrandrum Roxb.
Myriophyllum aquaticum (Vell.) Verdc.
Myriophyllum verticillatum L.
Najas faveolata A. Br. ex Magam.
Najas indica (Willd) Cham.
Najas marina L.
Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.
Boerhavia diffusa L.
Boerhavia repens L.
Euryale ferox Salisb.
Nymphaea nouchali Burm.f.
Nymphaea pubescens Willd.
Nymphaea rubra Roxb. ex Andrews
Ludwigia prostrata Roxb.
Ludwigia adscendens (L.) H. Hara
Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) P.H. Raven
Ludwigia perennis L.
Oxalis corniculata L.
Scoparia dulcis L.
Apluda mutica L.
Arundinella pumila (Hochst. ex A.Rich) Steud
Axonopus compressus (Sw.) P.Beauv.
Brachiaria deflexa (Schumach.) C.E.Hubb. ex Robyns
Brachiaria mutica (Forssk.) Stapf.
Brachiaria ramosa (L.) Stapf
Brachiaria reptans (L.) C.A.Gardner & C.E.Hubb
Chloris barbata Sw.
Cyrtococcum longipes (Hook.f.) A.Camus
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd.
Dichanthelium sp.
Echinochloa colona (L.) Link
Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P.Beauv.
Echinochloa stagnina (Retz.) Beauv.
Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn
Elytrophorus spicatus (Willd.) A. Camus
Eragrostis ciliaris (L.) R.Br.
Eragrostis gangetica (Roxb.) Steudel
Eragrostis japonica (Thunb.) Trin.
Eragrostis pilosa (L.) P.Beauv.
Eragrostis tenella (L.) P.Beauv.ex Roem.& Schult.
Hygroryza aristata (Retz.) Nees ex Wight & Arn
Hymenachne amplexicaulis (Rudge) Nees
Leersia hexandra Sw.
M
M
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
M
M
M
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
Aquatic (FF)
Aquatic (FF)
Aquatic (S)
Aquatic (S)
Aquatic (S)
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Aquatic (RF)
Aquatic (RF)
Semi-aquatic
Aquatic (RF)
Aquatic (RF)
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Aquatic (RE)
Aquatic (RE)
Aquatic (RE)
Aquatic (S)
Aquatic (S)
Aquatic (S)
Aquatic (RF)
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Aquatic (RF)
Aquatic (RF)
Aquatic (RF)
Aquatic (RF)
Semi-aquatic
Aquatic (RF)
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Aquatic (RF)
Aquatic (RF)
Semi-aquatic
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Perennial
Perennial
Perennial
Annual
Annual
Annual
Perennial
Annual
Perennial
Perennial
Perennial
Perennial
Annual
Annual
Perennial
Perennial
Perennial
Perennial
Annual
Perennial
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Perennial
Annual
Perennial
Annual
Annual
Annual
Perennial
Perennial
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Perennial
Annual
Annual
Perennial
Perennial
Perennial
8
Papilionaceae
Polygonaceae
Pontederiaceae
Portulacaceae
Potamogetonaceae
Rubiaceae
Scrophulariaceae
Solanaceae
Sphenocleaceae
Sterculiaceae
Trapaceae
Typhaceae
Verbenaceae
Violaceae
B O NO RO WO WE TL A N D S 8 (1): 1-12, June 2018
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
Oryza rufipogon Griff.
Panicum sumatrense Roth
Paspalum dilatatum Poir
Paspalum distichum L.
Paspalum vaginatum Sw.
Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult.
Saccharum spontaneum L
Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv.
Sporobolus coromandelianus (Retzi.) Kunth
Sesbania bispinosa (Jacq.) W.Wight.
Persicaria glabrum (Willd.) M.Gomez
Polygonum barbatum L.
Polygonum plebeium R. Br.
Rumex maritimus L.
Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solm-Laub.
Monochoria hastata (L.) Solm.
Monochoria vaginalis (Burm f.) Presl.
Portulaca oleracea L.
Potamogeton nodosus Poir.
Stuckenia pectinata (L.) Börner
Dentella repens (L.) Forst. et Forst.
Oldenlandia diffusa (Willd.) Roxb.
Mitracarpus hirtus (L.) DC.
Oldenlandia corymbosa L.
Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell.
Dopatrium junceum (Roxb.) Buch-Ham. ex Benth.
Limnophila aquatica (Roxb.) Alston
Limnophila heterophylla (Roxb.) Benth.
Limnophila indica (L.) Druce
Limnophila sessiliflora (Vahl) Blume
Lindernia anagallis (Burm.f.) Pennel
Lindernia antipoda (L.) Alston
Lindernia parviflora (Roxb.) Haines
Mecardonia procumbens (Mills.) Small
Scoparia dulcis L.
Verbascum chinense (L.) Santapau
Physalis minima L.
Sphenoclea zeylanica Gaertn.
Melochia corchorifolia L.
Trapa natans L. var. bispinosa (Roxb.) Makino
Typha angustata Bory & Chaub.
Lantana camara L.
Lippia javanica (Burm.f.) Spreng.
Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene
Hybanthus enneaspermus (L.) F.Muell.
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
D
D
D
D
D
M
M
M
D
M
M
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
M
D
D
D
D
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Aquatic (RF)
Aquatic (RF)
Aquatic (RE)
Semi-aquatic
Aquatic (S)
Aquatic (S)
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Aquatic (RE)
Aquatic (RE)
Aquatic (RE)
Aquatic (RE)
Aquatic (RE)
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Aquatic (RF)
Aquatic (RE)
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Semi-aquatic
Perennial
Perennial
Annual
Perennial
Annual
Annual
Perennial
Annual
Annual
Annual
Perennial
Perennial
Annual
Annual
Perennial
Perennial
Perennial
Annual
Annual
Perennial
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Perennial
Perennial
Perennial
Perennial
Annual
Annual
Note: D= Dicot, M= Monocot, S= Submerged, FF= Free floating, RF= Rooted floating, RE= Rooted erect, =Exotic or non native
species (Un-marked species are native or indigenous to India)
Table 2. List of Non-flowering (Pteridophyte) macrophytes of Ansupa Lake (Odisha), India
Family
S. No.
Plant species
Habitat group
Life form
Marsileaceae
1
2
Marsilea minuta L.
Marsilea quadrifolia L.
Aquatic (RF)
Aquatic (RF)
Perennial
Perennial
Salviniaceae
3
4
5
6
Aquatic (FF)
Aquatic (FF)
Aquatic (FF)
Aquatic (FF)
Annual
Perennial
Perennial
Perennial
Azolla microphylla Kaulf.
Azolla pinnata R.Br.
Salvinia minima Baker
Salvinia molesta D.S. Mitch
Note: RF=Rooted floating, FF=Free floating, = Exotic or non native species (Un-marked species are native or indigenous to India)
9
PANDA et al. – Macrophyte diversity of Ansupa Lake, Odisha, India
Table 3. Quantitave status of important macrophytes of Ansupa Lake, Odisha, India
Macrophyte species
Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solm-Laub.
Ipomoea aquatica Forssk.
Cyperus strigosus L.
Cyperus iria L.
Cyperus rotundus L.
Ludwigia adscendens (L.) H. Hara
Ludwigia perennis L.
Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb.
Salvinia molesta D.S. Mitch
Salvinia minima Baker
Cyperus compressus L.
Kyllinga tenuifolia Steud.
Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle
Ceratophyllum demersum L.
Najas faveolata A. Br. ex Magam.
Nymphaea pubescens Willd.
Trapa natans L. var. bispinosa (Roxb.) Makino
Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.
Pistia stratiotes L.
Spirodela polyrrhiza (L.) Schleid.
Utricularia sp.
Lemna gibba L.
Azolla pinnata R Br.
Polygonum barbatum L.
Marsilea quadrifolia L.
Aponogeton natans (L.) Engl. & Krause
Hygroryza aristata (Retz.) Nees ex Wight & Arn
Lindernia parviflora (Roxb.) Haines
Total
count
Total plots
where recorded
Frequency
Abundance
Abundance/
frequency
(A/F)
31
17
14
60
20
13
20
25
37
6
62
2
1240
4060
335
6
8
57
11
54
171
78
29
38
20
5
7
10
4
3
2
1
1
2
3
1
3
1
2
1
12
21
9
4
1
16
3
4
4
7
5
1
3
1
2
2
16
12
8
4
4
8
12
4
12
4
8
4
48
84
36
16
4
64
12
16
16
28
20
4
12
4
8
8
7.75
5.67
7.0
60.0
20.0
6.5
6.67
25.0
12.33
6.0
31.0
2.0
103.33
193.33
37.22
1.5
8.0
3.56
3.67
13.5
42.75
11.14
5.8
38.0
6.67
5.0
3.5
5.0
0.484
0.472
0.875
15.00
5.00
0.813
0.556
6.250
1.028
1.500
3.875
0.500
2.153
2.302
1.034
0.094
2.00
0.056
0.306
0.844
2.672
0.398
0.290
9.500
0.556
1.250
0.438
0.625
A
B
C
D
Plate 1. Some taxonomically important taxa from Ansupa Lake, Odisha, India. Note: A. Oryza rufipogon, B. Hygroryza aristata, C.
Ottelia alismoides, D. Gloriosa superba
10
B O NO RO WO WE TL A N D S 8 (1): 1-12, June 2018
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
Plate 2. Invasive weed species of Ansupa Lake, Odisha, India. Note: A-B. Eichhornia crassipes, C-D. Nelumbo nucifera, E. Salvinia
molesta, F. Ceratophyllum demersum, G. Najas indica, H. Hymenachne amplexicaulis
PANDA et al. – Macrophyte diversity of Ansupa Lake, Odisha, India
Besides being having these troublesome weeds, the lake
also hosts many macrophytes that are used as food, fodder
or medicine by the local households. Control of invasion
and their management is a tedious and need multiple
strategies. Management of this invasive grass must include
a combination of strategies such as winter burning,
herbicide application and hydroperiod control. The floating
rotted macrophyte Euryale ferox Salisb., once occurred in
the lake (recorded in October 2014) is now extinct from the
lake. Implementation of physical (mechanical) methods
and dredging to required depth will reduce current infested
weeds and further regular monitoring, participation of both
Governments agency and local community thought to
restore a long term functioning of the lake.
General comments
Aquatic macrophytes are indispensable constituent of
any wetland. They provide habitat to various aquatic fauna,
act as primary producers, oxygenate water, maintain water
quality, do nutrient cycling, stabilize shoreline of lakes,
provide substrate for growth of algae, provide shelter to
benthic fauna and breeding ground for fishes, check inflow
of silt, reduce nutrient load by self utilizing and minimize
development of algal blooms (Naskar 1990; Bornette and
Puijalon 2009; Ansari et al. 2017). But, sometimes
environments enforce and help for invasion of exotic weeds
in aquatic ecosystems which negatively affect the entire
ecosystem. These plants compete with native species and
many times facilitate for loss or extinction of less
aggressive and indigenous species (Stallings et al. 2015).In
many instances they affect negatively to human activities
(e.g. fishing, swimming, navigation and irrigation) and
degrade the physical, chemical or biological aspects (Basak
et al. 2015). In India, about 140 aquatic plants have been
reported as attained the status of aquatic weeds (Naskar
1990, Gupta 2012) and many of them found in Ansupa
Lake. The wetlands in India are also gradually shrinking
and under severe anthropogenic pressure (Pattanaik et al.
2008; Udayakumar and Ajithadoss 2010). Regular physical
visits, application of geospatial remote sensing techniques,
monitoring of change in floristic composition, maintaining
required depth, reducing fertilizer use in agriculture in
nearby cultivation lands, creation of green coverage in
surrounding barren lands can save native biota from alien
species to invade many aquatic ecosystems.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Authors are thank full to Ministry of Environment,
Forest and Climate Change for providing financial
assistance for Conservation and Management of Ansupa
Lake, Odisha, India for the year 2016-2017 under the
National Plan for Conservation of Aquatic Eco-systems
(NPCA).
11
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