Life Forms of Plant Species and
Floristic Regions in Iran
By:
Mohammad Mousaei Sanjerehei
Islamic Azad University, Yazd Branch, Yazd, Iran
2019
Life Forms of Plant Species and Floristic
Regions in Iran
◼ Author: Mohammad Mousaei Sanjerehei
◼ Publisher: Tafakkor Talaei
◼ Publication date: 2019
◼ ISBN: 978-622-96077- 4- 9
◼ Dewey classification: 581.37
◼ National Bibliography Number: 5871419
Copyright © 2019 Mohammad Mousaei Sanjerehei
All rights are reserved by the author
Printed in Iran
Preface
The present book provides the importance and effectiveness of studies of plant
life forms. The relationships between plant life form and the attributes such as K
and r- selection, plant defenses, species interactions, plant productivity as well
as succession, grazing and fire are discussed with examples. In addition, this
book describes the importance of various climatic, edaphic and topographic
variables influencing the distribution of different plant life forms. The life
zones, floristic regions and life forms of 3064 of the most abundant plant
species in Iran are presented.
Mohammad Mousaei Sanjerehei
Contents
1. Plant Life Forms
Life form.............................................................................................................. 1
Raunkiaer’s classification system of life forms ................................................... 3
Phanerophytes...................................................................................................... 3
Chamaephytes...................................................................................................... 5
Hemicryptophytes................................................................................................ 5
Cryptophytes........................................................................................................ 5
Therophytes ......................................................................................................... 6
Phytoclimates ...................................................................................................... 6
2. Importance of Life Forms
Importance of studies of life forms...................................................................... 7
Ecosystem services by plants of different life forms ........................................... 8
Influence of climate on plant life forms .............................................................. 9
Relations between soil and plant life forms....................................................... 10
Influence of elevation on plant life forms ......................................................... 11
K and r- selected life forms ............................................................................... 12
Defenses and apparency of plants of different life forms .................................. 13
Interactions between plant life form and livestock grazing ............................... 14
Response of life forms to fire ............................................................................ 15
Shifts in life forms through succession.............................................................. 16
Relationship between plant life form and plant interactions ............................. 17
Productivity of plants of different life forms ..................................................... 19
3. Life Zones and Floristic Regions of Iran
Life Zones.......................................................................................................... 23
The Holdridge Life zones .................................................................................. 23
The life zones of Iran ......................................................................................... 25
Climate of Iran................................................................................................... 29
Floristic regions of Iran ..................................................................................... 30
Hyrcanian region ............................................................................................... 30
Irano-Touranian region ...................................................................................... 30
Zagross region ................................................................................................... 31
Khalijo-Omanian region .................................................................................... 32
Arasbaran region ............................................................................................... 32
4. Life Forms of Plant Species and Floristic Regions in Iran
Life forms of plant species and floristic regions in Iran .................................... 33
References ....................................................................................................... 139
Plant Life Forms
1.
1
Plant Life Forms
Life form
Life form of a plant indicates adaptation of the plant to the environment. In fact,
environment is the primary driver of life form evolution. For example, a
deciduous tree is a plant life form that responses to an unfavorable season by
shedding its leaves, or a geophyte is a plant that survives in a form of
underground root or stem in response to unfavorable environment.
Plant life form can also be defined as the structural form of a plant under the
condition of its habitat indicating function of the plant in the habitat and its
response to climate, soil, topography, disturbances such as grazing and fire as
well as interactions between plants (Arnold, 1955). In fact, life form is a result
of long term morphological adjustments to the environment that have an
evolutionary basis and have become fixed in the heredity of the kind (Cain,
1950).
Sometimes, a species may belong to one life form type in one region and to
another type in a region with different climatic conditions. Ricinus communis,
for example is a perennial in tropical and subtropical climates and an annual in
temperate climates.
A species may have more than one life form according to its age. All
phanerophytes (e.g., trees) show gradual change of life form as they grow in
size (Morey 1936).
Plant species that are phylogenetically close, may have different life forms. For
example Calendula officinalis and Artemisia sieberi are from the same family,
but the former is a small herbaceous plant and the latter is a woody shrub.
Conversely, species of unrelated families such as Acantholimon scorpius and
Acanthophyllum squarrosum may share a similar life form through convergent
evolution. Similar stem-succulents evolved in the families of Cactaceae and
Euphorbiaceae are good examples of this case (Cain, 1950). Thus, life forms are
not entirely the results of climatic conditions alone, but are dependent on the
flora available and on its history (Adamson, 1939).
Although there is a significant correlation between life form and climate, no
climatic zone or large scale environmental type is characterized by a single life
form. Thus, large climatic regions and principal associated soils contain plant
communities composed of several life forms.
2
Ecological dominance is largely determined by the combinations of life form
characteristics. Trees and shrubs exert dominance over all other species in forest
communities due to their superiority in life span and structure. Grasses
dominate in meadows and bunchgrass openings and are therefore superior life
forms in these ecosystems. However, disturbances such as overgrazing, fire and
heavy logging can reduce the dominance of superior life forms over inferior life
forms (Arnold, 1955). Terrestrial biomes including tropical forests, temperate
forests, grasslands, deserts, taiga (coniferous forests) and tundra are
differentiated on the basis of dominant plant life forms.
Several studies have shown a strong correlation between life forms and various
life history traits such as reproductive rate, length of life and body size. For
example therophytes (annuals) have a higher reproductive rate and a smaller
body size than phanerophytes (e.g., trees). In forests, trees have significantly
higher seed, fruit and flower weight and ratio of fruit to flower mass than other
life forms (Ramirez, 1993).
Since a plant’s life form represents fundamental adaptation to the environment,
community life form composition has a greater potential value than community
species composition for use as an indicator of microenvironmental conditions
(Cooper, 1961). The variations in community life form composition can be
quantified by estimating vegetative attributes such as cover, density, biomass
and frequency.
Changes in life forms may alter the structure of food web in an ecosystem. Loss
of red-flowered herbs for example, can probably result in loss of hummingbirds,
which in turn may lead to the loss of snakes that feed on hummingbirds (Ewel
and Bigelow, 1996).
Life form of a plant can determine the ability of the plant to capture resources
(Golluscio et al., 2005). Plants of the same life form have approximately similar
structure and similar manner for utilization of environmental resources.
Growth form is another characteristic of vegetation which is
sometimes used as a synonym for life form. However, there is a distinction
between life form which is determined by the general physiognomy and growth
form which can be regarded as a subdivision based on the architecture of the
shoots (Du Rietz, 1931).
A simple classification of plant life forms that has been extensively used is
trees, shrubs, grasses, forbs and annuals. A variety of criteria have been used by
researchers for classification of plant life forms. These include physiognomy
(Von Humboldt, 1807; Grisebach, 1884), height of the lignified stem and plant
longevity (de Candolle 1818), power of vegetative propagation, duration of
tillers, hypogeous or epigeous type of shoot, mode of wintering, degree and
mode of branching of rhizomes, evergreen and deciduous habit, heterotrophic
and autotrophic types (Warming, 1884, 1895, 1909), position of perennial buds
Plant Life Forms
3
during unfavorable season (Raunkiaer, 1904, 1905,1934), form, size, duration
and structure of leaves (Raunkiaer, 1916), morphology (Kerner von Marilaun,
1863; Mueller-Dombois and Ellenberg, 1974), biological-functional types
(Drude, 1890) and physiological-adaptational traits (Schimper, 1898).
These life form criteria have been used individually or combined into more
diverse and complex schemes for classification of life forms. There is no
universal agreement on one system of life form classification and each system
has its own advantages and disadvantages.
Raunkiaer’s classification system of life forms
Among all life form classification schemes, Raunkiaer’s system of life form
classification has received much attention and applied to any variety of
vegetation types. In addition, it can serve as an ecological classification of plant
communities (Mueller-Dombois and Ellenberg, 1974). Raunkiaer’s system is
based on the adaptation of plants to survive unfavorable season. Raunkiaer
characterized life form types based on the kind and the degree of protection
afforded to the perennating buds and shoot-apices, and classified life forms
based on the location of perennating buds during unfavorable season.
Unfavorable season may be due to drought, cold or both, and they may be short
or long. The life form types presented by Raunkiaer include phanerophytes,
chamaephytes, hemicryptophytes, cryptophytes and therophytes which are
arranged from least to most protection of buds.
Phanerophytes
The surviving buds or shoot-apices in these plants are located more than 25 cm
above soil surface and borne on the shoots which project into the air (Fig. 1).
Phanerophytes are mainly woody perennials such as trees and large shrubs and
are subdivided based on plant height:
Megaphanerophytes; with over 30 meters tall,
Mesophanerophytes; between 8-30 m tall,
Microphanerophytes; with 2-8 m tall,
Nanophanerophytes; under 2 m and over 25 cm tall.
In addition to height-based classification, Raunkiaer presented life form
subclasses based on bud covering and evergreen or deciduous attributes as;
Evergreen megaphanerophytes with bud covering,
Evergreen megaphanerophytes without bud covering,
Evergreen mesophanerophytes with bud covering,
Evergreen mesophanerophytes without bud covering,
Evergreen microphanerophytes with bud covering,
Evergreen microphanerophytes without bud covering,
4
Evergreen nanophanerophytes with bud covering,
Evergreen nanophanerophytes without bud covering,
Deciduous megaphanerophytes with bud covering,
Deciduous mesophanerophytes with bud covering,
Deciduous microphanerophytes with bud covering,
Deciduous nanophanerophytes with bud covering
Phanerophytes exhibit the least amount of protection from the unfavorable
conditions. These plants decrease in dominance with increasing climatic
severity (e.g., extremes of temperature). Some species such as Quercus stellata
show a mesophanerophytic life form under favorable conditions and nano-or
microphanerophytic life form under less favorable environment (e.g., drier
climate). The tallest trees occur in the most favorable climates in the warm and
humid tropical rainforests, temperate deciduous and coniferous forests, and for
any of these life forms, the plant stature is reduced when soil is less favorable
and climate is worse (Cain, 1950).
Figure 1- Diagram of the types of life-forms: Phanerophytes (1), Chamaephytes (2-3),
Hemicryptophytes (4), and Cryptophytes (5-9). The parts of the plant which die in the
unfavorable season are unshaded. The persistent axes with the surviving buds are black.
Proceeding from Phanerophytes (left) to cryptophytes (right), the plants enjoy
progressively better protection during the unfavorable season, and the surviving buds
being located lower and lower. In Chamaephytes the buds are on the surface of the
ground (2 and 3), in Hemicryptophytes they are in the soil-surface (4), and in
Cryptophytes (5 and 6) the buds are actually in the soil, or at the bottom of the water in
Helophytes (7) and Hydrophytes (8-9). From Raunkiaer (1934), The life forms of plants
and statistical plant geography.
Plant Life Forms
5
Chamaephytes
Chamaephytes are the plants having their perennating buds or shoot-apices on
the soil surface or above it not exceeding 25 cm (Fig. 1). Chamaephytes include
woody plants and are often protected in the unfavorable season by fallen leaves
and snow or by the dense growth of the plant itself and thus buds are better
protected than in phanerophytes (Cain, 1950).
Chamaephytes are subdivided into four groups as;
a) Suffruticose chamaephytes; the aerial shoots are erect. At the beginning of
the unfavorable season, they die back to the portion, of varying length, that
bears the surviving buds. In fact they are the plants in which the perennating
buds remain on the soil surface after the herbaceous parts have died away on the
approach of the critical season, like many Mediterranean species of Labiateae
and Papilionaceae (Smith, 1913).
b) Passive chamaephytes; the shoots are negatively geotropic but they are not
furnished with sufficient strengthening tissue to keep them erect. Thus they are
the plants with weak stems which often lie on the ground.
c) Active chamaephytes: the shoots are persistent and transversely geotropic in
light.
d) Cushion plants.
Raunkiaer noted that there is a positive correlation of the percentage of plants in
this class with increasingly latitude and altitude. There is sometimes difficult to
draw a sharp line to distinguish between phanerophytes, chamaephytes and
hemicryptophytes.
Hemicryptophytes
In this life form class, the surviving buds or shoot-apices are located in the soil
surface and are therefore more protected than the chamaephytes (Fig. 1).
Hemicryptophytes are numerous in humid temperate regions and often
constitute a high percentage of the total species of an area particularly in
deciduous forests and grasslands (Cain, 1950). Raunkiaer recognized three main
subdivisions for hemicryptophytes as follows;
a) Protohemicryptophytes or non-rosette: the plants are without leaf rosettes,
b) Partial rosette: these plants have both basal leaf rosette and leafy stem,
c) Rosette plants; they have all or nearly all of their leaves in a basal rosette and,
the elongated aerial shoot bears only flowers.
Cryptophytes
Buds or shoot-apices of these plants are buried in the soil, in water or in the soil
under the water at a distance from the surface. They are much more protected
than the plants whose perennating buds are on the soil surface or elevated into
6
the air (Cain, 1950). Three main subdivisions of this life form were presented
by Raunkiaer;
a) Geophytes; These plants have tuberous subterranean organs including
rhizomes, bulbs and tubers which enable them to make a quick vegetative
development with the return of favorable season. These include; rhizome
geophytes, bulb geophytes, stem tuber geophytes and root tuber geophytes (Fig.
1).
Geophytes are common in the Mediterranean type of climate, in some steppes
and in the vernal flora under deciduous temperate forests where they expand
rapidly before the full leaf canopy is displayed (Cain, 1950).
b) Helophytes; or marsh plants are mostly emergent plants. Their perennating
buds are rooted in the soil beneath the water (Fig. 1).
c) Hydrophytes; these are the plants which include free floating forms and those
which may be rooted but not emergent during the unfavorable season (Fig. 1).
Therophytes
Therophytes or annuals are the plants that survive the unfavorable seasons in the
form of seeds. Annuals are abundant in deserts and in weed communities and
where native vegetation is disturbed (Cain, 1950).
Phytoclimates
Raunkiaer presented four major phytoclimates based on the relationship
between climate and the life forms;
a) phanerophytic climate of the warm humid tropics,
b) hemicryptophytic climate of the midlatitudes, including both the coniferous
and deciduous forests as well as the moister steppes (temperate zones),
c) therophytic climate of tropical and subtropical deserts (arid and warm
deserts) and
d) chameophytic climate of high latitudes and altitudes (cold zones).
It should be noted that more than one life form may occur in an area with a
climate type and that no single life form is limited to a climate type. Local
conditions such as microclimate, edaphic conditions, plant interactions as well
as disturbances such as fire and grazing may result in an appearance of a variety
of life forms in a given climate. However, the dominant life form may be a good
indicator of the prevailing climate type.
Importance of Life Forms
7
2. Importance of Life Forms
Importance of studies of life forms
Plant life form is closely related to a variety of vegetation attributes and
ecological processes such as structure of community, succession, ecosystem
services and functions, intensity of grazing, fire extent and frequency, plant
interactions, life history features, fauna of herbivores and carnivores, plant
species richness and adaptation of plants. The study of plant life form is
important for;
• Determination of the environmental and anthropogenic variables shaping and
altering the structure of plant communities,
• Comparison of vegetation among different habitats and quantifying the
ecological similarity of different communities,
• Evaluating succession through shifts in plant life forms (i.e., from grass to
shrub),
• Understanding the changes in ecosystem services and functions as a result of
changes in life form types,
• Detecting changes in fauna of herbivores, carnivores and microorganisms
according to the changes in plant life forms,
• Investigation of forage quality and quantity for livestock,
• Assessing and predicting fire frequency and extent,
• Analysis of community resilience following environmental disturbances,
• Detection and interpretation of the type and significance of interactions
between plant species,
• Ecologically interpreting vegetation,
• Making an effective and efficient measure of vegetation for remote sensing
studies,
• Predicting the survival of plants under fire and grazing,
• Studying soil organic matter, carbon dynamics and storage as well as patterns
of other nutrient concentrations,
• Assessing and comparing life history features such as population size, ability
to disperse, reproductive strategy, length of life and reproductive age among
different plant species,
8
• Evaluating vertical patterns of ecosystem processes due to differences in root
distribution pattern and aboveground plant structure among different life
forms,
• Determining the compositional response of vegetation communities to
climate changes and disturbances and, planning for effective management
practices which will help to maintain a high level of plant productivity and
richness in different terrestrial ecosystems.
Ecosystem services by plants of different life forms
Plants provide a variety of ecological services and functions which are
environmentally, economically and socially beneficial and necessary for human
(Costanza et al., 1997). Plant life forms differ in the amount and the extent of
services and functions they provide. For example, importance and role of trees
in climate regulation and soil formation is much more than that of herbaceous
plants, whereas herbaceous plants are more important than trees in biological
control and livestock grazing. Plants of similar life forms provide approximately
equivalent functions. Therefore, in a community with frequent and diverse plant
species of similar life forms, the loss of a species or substitution of one species
for another is likely to have small consequences for ecosystem services and
functions. But shifts and changes in life forms can strikingly alter ecosystem
functions due to the different structure and architecture among different life
forms (Ewel and Bigelow 1996). The services and functions which are provided
by plants and are largely different among plants of different life forms include
but not limited to:
• Regulation of atmospheric gasses: O2/CO2 balance, O3 for UVB protection,
• Climate regulation: regulation of temperature, precipitation and greenhouse
gasses as well as vegetation cooling,
• Disturbance regulation: storm protection, flood control, drought recover,
• Water regulation: regulation of water cycle through transpiration, water
absorption and infiltration by plants,
• Erosion control: prevention of soil loss by wind and water,
• Soil formation: role of decomposed litters in chemical weathering of stones
and role of plant roots in physical weathering of stones,
• Nutrient cycling: role of nitrogen-fixing legumes and decomposition of plant
organic materials,
• Waste treatment and pollution control: role of vegetation in removal or
breakdown of xenic nutrients and compounds,
• Refugia: provision of habitat for animals,
• Food production: production of crops, nuts, fruits, etc,
Importance of Life Forms
9
• Raw materials: production of lumber, fuel and fodder,
• Forage production for livestock,
• Pharmaceutical uses: medicinal plants and medicinal compounds extracted
from plants,
• Recreation: providing opportunities for recreational activities (such as
forests),
• Biological control: role of companion plants in repelling and deterring pests.
For example, asparagus can deter the root-knot nematode of tomato, and
tomato can repel asparagus beetle, when they are planted together.
Influence of climate on plant life forms
Climatic variables such as temperature and precipitation have been long
recognized as the most important drivers of life form types. In fact, the relation
of physiognomy to climate has often been made the basis of the classification of
life forms by many scientists (Raunkiaer, 1934; Adamson, 1939). In deserts
with low precipitation and high temperature, life forms such as annuals,
succulents (e.g., cacti species) and desert shrubs (e.g., Haloxylon) are adapted.
Grasses are dominated in the prairie (temperate grasslands) and Savanna
(tropical grasslands).Tallest trees with large, oval and waxy leaves prevail in
tropical regions with annual precipitation of more than 2400 mm and annual
mean temperature of more than 17° C. Epiphytes are also abundant plants in
tropical climates. Temperate climates with annual precipitation of 750- 2000
mm are characterized by deciduous trees with abundant hemicryptophytes and
geophytes (Cain, 1950, Stiling, 1996). In these regions, many herbaceous plants
flower in spring before the expansion of tree canopies.
In Taiga (coniferous forests) with long and cold winters, most of trees are
evergreens or conifers with needle-leaves such as pines and spruces. There are
also some small-leaved deciduous trees like birch and alder, mostly in some
parts of Taiga escaping the most extreme winter cold.
In Tundra, with an annual precipitation of less than 250 mm, often as snow,
summer temperature of 5° C and winter temperature of -32° C, most plants
occur in the form of lichens, mosses and grasses (Stiling, 1996).
Woody cushion is a characteristic of damp and cold climate with a short
growing season (Adamson 1939). Shrubby species such as Sagebrush
(Artemisia sieberi and Artemisi aucheri) and milk vetch (Astragalus sp.) are
important indicators of arid and semiarid climates of Iran covering a large area
of this country.
Based on the physiognomic types of Holdridge, trees dominate mainly in the
areas with a precipitation of more than 500 mm. Grasses prevail where
10
precipitation is around 250-500 mm, and scrubs prevail in the regions with
precipitation of less than 250 mm.
Although there is a significant correlation between climate and plant life forms,
there is no climate zone characterized by a single life form. This is because
microclimate conditions, soil attributes, plant interactions and topographic
variables (e.g., slope, aspect and elevation) may result in the appearance of a
verity of life forms in a plant community. However the occurrence of dominant
life form in an area is likely to be highly dependent on the macroclimate of the
area.
Plants of the same species (e.g., Tribulus terrestris) may have different life
forms in accordance with different climatic conditions. The ability of a species
to grow in different life forms enables the existence of the species under
extreme climatic conditions. For example mat-like, stem shrub, prostrate,
multistemmed and single stemmed ecomorphs have been distinguished in the
Larch (Larix sibirica Ledeb.) along an altitudinal gradient in the polar Urals.
Development of vertical stems in prostrate and stem-shrub ecomorphs of
Siberian larch occurs mainly in favorable climatic periods (Mazepa and Devi,
2007).
Plants of different life forms respond differently to climatic changes. For
example, evergreen dwarf-shrubs and cushion plants in Tundra communities
generally respond very little to higher temperature. Deciduous dwarf-shrubs,
graminoides and herbs, in contrast tend to increase their growth rate and
standing crop and respond more quickly to environmental cues (Michelsen et
al., 1996; Molau, 1997).
Relationships between soil and plant life forms
Soil chemical properties such as salinity, pH and nutrient content and soil
physical properties like texture, structure, density, porosity and water content
can significantly affect on life form type and vegetation structure. In the
semiarid valley of Zapotitlan Mexico, nitrogen proved to be significant for
columnar cacti, succulents and chamaephytes. pH, EC and nitrogen were
significant for globose cacti, and pH was the important driver of therophytes
distribution (Pavon et al., 2000).
In a shortgrass steppe community in northeastern Colorado, diversity of life
forms has been found to be a function of the spatial partitioning of soil water
resources and their differential use by trees, shrubs and grasses (Dodd et al.,
1998). Two different life forms (e.g., shrubs and grasses) may occur in one
habitat where their different root distributions coincide with the vertical
separation of soil water resources (Walter, 1979).
In Sahelian, Burkina Faso, chamaephytes have shown a more pronounced
preference of dunes over pediplain than other life forms, whereas diversity of
Importance of Life Forms
11
geophytes has been found to be higher near water courses (Schmidt et al.,
2008).
Seeds of different plant life forms have different germinability, germination
time and speed of germination in relation to different values of soil water
potential and temperature. Shrubs for example, were shown to have higher
germinability than columnar succulents and shorter germination time than
arborescent semi-succulents in a Mexican inter-tropical desert. In general,
different plant life forms utilize different germination strategies to persist
(Flores and Briones, 2001).
Shifts in plant life forms can alter chemical and physical characteristics of the
underlying soil. Plant life forms differ in belowground structure such as root
depth and distribution and aboveground structure such as canopy cover, height
and leaf shape and therefore in their influences on soil properties and soilrelated processes such as runoff and erosion. Different aboveground plant
structures among life forms have different influences on ecosystem processes
through airflow, albedo, water percolation and infiltration patterns (Reynolds et
al., 1997). Shrubs have been shown to increase sustainability of soil surface
more than other types of life forms (grasses, forbs) in semisteppe rangelands of
Golestan Park, Iran (Ghodsi et al., 2012). This is due to the coarse roots and
deeper root distribution of shrubs in compared to grasses and forbs. In the
humid rangelands of Savadkooh, Iran, the most and the least volume of runoff
occurred respectively in forb and grass communities, and sediment
concentration was found to be more under shrubs than under grasses (Najafian
et al., 2010). Soil carbon content, organic matter and chemistry as well as
distribution and accumulation of nutrients may change following changes and
shifts in dominant plant life form, because plant life forms differ in litter
chemistry and patterns of detrital input (Gill and Burke, 1999). Studies have
shown that soil carbon, nitrogen and micronutrient concentrations are generally
higher under Savanna trees and shrubs than in the bare or grass-dominated
interspaces. This is because shrub litter is generally higher in nutrient content
and concentration than grass litter (Connin et al., 1997; Kieft et al., 1998; Burke
et al., 1998).
Different abiotic conditions such as decomposition, nutrient availability and
evaporation rate between under shrub canopy and grass canopy may lead to the
occurrence of different fauna under canopy of the two life forms (Gill and
Burke, 1999).
Influence of elevation on plant life forms
Elevation is an important topographic variable that significantly influences the
climatic conditions such as temperature (e.g., decrease of temperature
12
by 6°C for every 1000 m increase in elevation). Elevation has been shown to
have a significant effect on plant life forms.
In summer rangelands of Ramsar, Iran, life form types were found to depend on
the elevation (Askarizedeh and Heshmati, 2013). Annual grasses and perennial
forbs were inversely associated with elevation, whereas annual forbs, perennial
grasses, shrubs and trees were positively correlated with elevation.
Along a gradient of altitude in the humid rangelands of western Iran,
therophytes (annuals) were found to have a higher richness at lower elevations
and decrease with increasing elevation. Geophytes, hemicryptopohytes and
phanerophytes showed a positive response to elevation and increased with
increasing elevation (Hatami et al., 2011).
In the semiarid valley of Zapotitlan Mexico, Rosette plants,
microphanerophytes, nanophanerophytes and therophytes were well represented
throughout the altitudinal gradient.
Columnar and globose cacti were more abundant at elevations between 1600
and 2000m. Geophytes distributed at 1700 -1800 m range. The life form
abundance was found to be inversely correlated with elevation, and only
chamaephytes and nanophanerophytes were abundant at 2200 m (Pavon et al.,
2000).
In the rupestrian grasslands in south-eastern Brazil, frequency and richness
of phanerophytes and chamaephytes were found to decrease with increasing
elevation, while hemicryptophytes and therophytes were found to dominate at
high elevations (Mota et al., 2018). Korner et al. (1986) evaluated the effects of
altitudinal variation on structure and function of different plant life forms in
Southern Alps of New Zealand. They concluded that with an increase in
elevation, maximum leaf diffusive conductance, leaf nitrogen content and
stomatal density increased whereas stomatal area and specific area of leaves
decreased in trees (Nothofagus menziesii), ericaceous dwarf shrubs and
herbaceous plants of the genus Ranunculus. In general, the structural and
functional changes in the leaves of herbaceous plants along the altitudinal
gradient were more than those of shrubs and trees.
K and r- selected life forms
K and r- strategies are the concepts that bring together several life history
features such as reproductive strategy, population size, ability to disperse,
length of life and reproductive age (Stiling, 1996). The plants living in
environments imposing high density-independent mortality (r-selected plants)
will be selectively favored to allocate a greater proportion of resources to
reproductive activities and conversely, plants living in environments imposing
high density-dependent regulation (K- selected plants) will be selectively
Importance of Life Forms
13
favored to allocate a greater fraction of resources to non-reproductive activities
(Gadgil and Solbrig, 1972).
The concepts of K and r- selection are not absolute, but are meaningful only by
comparison. For example, herbaceous plants tend to be r-strategists more than
shrubs and trees. The r-selected plants such as therophytes (annuals) and weeds
produce a large amount of seeds and therefore have high population growth
rate. They spread quickly throughout a habitat, mature early, set seed and then
disappear. The r-selected plants are more frequent in disturbed habitats, because
plants from more disturbed habitats devote on the average, a greater proportion
of their aboveground production to reproductive tissue than plants from less
disturbed habitats (Gadgil and Solbrig, 1972).
K-selected plants such as phanerophytes (e.g., trees) reach to maturity late and
tend to increase more slowly to the carrying capacity of the environment. These
plants devote much energy to growth and maintenance and have relatively low
values of population growth (Stiling, 1996). In general, r-selected plants have a
higher reproductive rate, earlier sexual maturity, shorter life span, smaller size,
higher mortality of young and stronger dispersal ability than K - selected plants.
Therefore, the concepts of K and r-strategies appear to be more efficient when
applied for life forms rather than for plant species.
Defenses and apparency of plants of different life forms
Plants use various chemical and physical defenses against herbivores. Plant
chemical defenses are divided into quantitative and qualitative varieties.
Quantitative defenses of plants are the compounds such as tannins that are
largely digested by the herbivore and prevent further digestion of food. These
compounds often constitute more than 1 percent of the fresh weight of leaves.
Qualitative defenses are essentially the substances that can have a poisonous
effect on herbivores (especially insects and invertebrates) even when they
consume very small amount of the substances. These substances such as
atropine are present in leaves of plants at low concentrations, around less than 1
percent of the fresh weight of leaves. Most qualitative defenses are rich in
nitrogen and therefore are more common in nutrient- rich environments (Stiling,
1996).
In general, the nature and extent of investment in defense against herbivores has
evolved in response to the apparency of the plant (Feeny, 1976; Rhoades and
Cates, 1976). Thus, quantitative and qualitative chemical defenses of plants are
correlated to the life form and apparency of the plants. Apparent plants such as
trees have large size and are named because they are always apparent to
herbivores (mainly insects) and easily found by them. The defensive chemical
compounds of apparent plants are thought to be mainly quantitative. Unapparent
plants (such as annuals) are small and ephemeral plants that are often
14
unavailable to herbivores for long periods. The defenses of unapparent plants
are assumed to be largely qualitative (Stiling, 1996). Thus, nearly all
phanerophytes (such as trees and large shrubs) contain digestibility reducing
substances, whereas therophytes (annuals) and weeds contain toxins. In addition
to plant apparency, “carbon/nutrient balance” is an important factor influencing
the patterns of herbivory. According to the carbon/nutrient balance hypothesis,
plants will accumulate carbon-based defenses in low-nutrient environments,
whereas in low carbon environments (such as limited light conditions), plants
are more likely to invest in nitrogen-based defenses (Bryant et al., 1983; Van de
Waal et al., 2009). Both apparency and carbon/nutrient balance are related to
plant life forms (Maclean and Jensen, 1985). In a study in Alaska arctic tundra,
larvae of four generalist-feeding Lepidoptera selected for deciduous shrubs and
against evergreen shrubs and graminoids, which is consistent with the
carbon/nutrient hypothesis of plant defense. Deciduous shrubs growing on
nutrient rich habitats had rapid growth, high leaf turnover and little investment
in defense, whereas evergreen shrubs growing on nutrient poor sites had slower
growth and leaf turnover and higher investment in defense (Maclean and
Jensen, 1985).
Interactions between plant life form and livestock grazing
Influence of grazing on plant life forms mainly depends on the type of life form
and the type of herbivore. In addition, life form of a plant can largely influence
the pattern and intensity of grazing, because plants with different life forms
differ in the quality of forage (eg., crude protein, acid-detergent fiber,
digestibility of dry matter, metabolism energy) (Arzani et al., 2010).
Studies in rangelands of Arak and Bojnourd, Iran with cold semiarid climates
have shown that annual grasses and forbs were more preferred by sheep than
other types of life forms such as perennial grasses and shrubs (Heydarian et al.,
2010; Zare et al., 2012). Thus, overgrazing by sheep may result in an increase of
shrubs and a decrease of forbs (Heydarian et al., 2010). In rangelands of
Golestan and Kordestan, Iran with humid climate, grazing prevention has been
shown to lead to an increase in the cover, production and density of
hemicryptophytes, forbs and grasses (Imani et al., 2010; Salarian et al., 2013).
Some studies have shown that livestock grazing can largely prevent recruitment
of trees and shrubs and thus, transform woodlands into grasslands (Gibson and
Kirkpatrick, 1989; Cheal, 1993). Pettit et al. (1995) reported that grazing by
domestic livestock in woodlands of Australia significantly reduced the native
shrubs and perennial herbs, but increased the number of exotic annual grasses
and herbs. Cain (1950) pointed out that overgrazing which is so prevalent in
Importance of Life Forms
15
grasslands tends to increase the percentage of annuals through the introduction
and spread of weedy grasses and forbs of this life form.
Type of grazing animal seems to depend more on plant life form rather than
plant species. In general, sheep prefer grasses and forbs over shrubs and
therefore is known as a “grass and forb feeder”, whereas goats are shrub-feeder
and prefer to feed more on shrubs in contrast to sheep (Schulz, 1994; Khan et
al., 1999; Fayaz et al., 2015). Camels mainly graze on trees and shrubs and are
known as browsers (Schwartz et al., 1983). The study of the diet of camel in
rangelands of Semnan, Iran showed that this animal prefers chamaephytes such
as Alhagi psedoalhagi and Halocnemum strobilaceum and the phanerophytes
such as Tamarix leptopetala rather than other life forms (Fayaz et al., 2015).
Cattle mainly prefer grasses especially tall ones (Van Rees and Hutson, 1983;
Dougherty et al., 1989; Gallina, 1993). Arnold (1955) stated that overgrazing by
cattle reduced tall grasses in meadows and mid grasses in pine bunchgrass
openings and resulted in the replacement of tall and mid-grasses by short
grasses, perennial prostrate forbs, short-lived half shrubs and annuals.
Resistance of plants to animal grazing varies according to the life form of
plants. Annuals are more tolerant to grazing due to their fast growth rates and
early seeding than perennial life forms which show a slow growing and need
several years to reach reproductive maturity (Grime, 1974). Impact of grazing
on woody plants is likely to be much less than that on grasses and shrubs,
because large and long lived trees have a greater energy resources in their roots
and can draw on large reserves of resources to buffer the impact of herbivory
(Bigger and Marvier, 1998; Stiling, 1996). Geophytes can withstand grazing
pressure by having above ground growth occurring in winter and spring, and
dying back to an underground storage organ such as rhizomes and bulbs through
summer when overgrazing usually occurs (Pate and Dixon, 1981; Pettit et al.,
1995). Plants such as geophytes with the ability to resprout from an
underground storage organ after grazing are more likely to be resistant of
continuous grazing than the plants which are killed by grazing (e.g.,
therophytes) and rely on seed for regeneration. Plants with the ability of both
resprouting after grazing and reproducing from seed are not significantly
affected by grazing (Bell et al., 1984; Pettit et al., 1995).
Response of plant life forms to fire
Fire extent and frequency are important drivers of changes and shifts in plant
life form types and vegetation attributes such as density, cover and frequency.
Studies of fire-vegetation relationships in rangelands and forests of Iran with a
wide range of climate from arid to humid have shown that fire can significantly
change the production, density and cover of forbs, grasses and shrubs and lead
to the decrease of perennial grasses and increase of annual grasses
16
(Siahmansour et al., 2015; Goudarzi et al., 2015; Rafiee et al., 2015; Karmi et
al., 2017).
Frequent fires can reduce the abundance of shrub life forms and favor
herbaceous life forms. Long-lived woody species have longer juvenile periods
than short-lived herbaceous species. Thus, frequent and successive fires can
prevent the long-lived woody plants to mature and set seed resulting in the
reduction of the abundance of these species and increase of the abundance of
life forms with short juvenile periods such as herbaceous plants (Morrison et al.,
1995; Burrows and Wardell-Johnson, 2003; Pekin et al., 2012). Great fire
frequency can also increase species richness through decreasing the dominant
life forms in forest ecosystems where dominant woody life forms competitively
suppress short-lived understory plant vegetation (Specht and Morgan, 1981;
Peterson and Reich, 2008).
Life forms differ in their resistance to fires, and therefore can be used as
efficient measures of predicting the survival of plants under fire. For example,
fire will tend to damage the species with exposed perennating buds, whereas the
plants with fully protected buds should be least affected. Chapman and Crow
(1981) evaluated the response of different life forms to prescribed fire and
showed that chamaephytes were most severely affected by fire.
Hemicryptophytes varied in their response to fire depending on how well buds
were protected and, geophytes best survived the prescribed burn.
Bell et al. (1984) recognized three types of reproductive response after fire;
resprouters, obligate seeders and facultative seeder/sprouters. Resprouters are
the plants which are able to resprout from an underground storage organ
following fire and as a result are more tolerant of fire than obligate seeders.
Obligate seeders are the plants which are killed by fire and rely on seed for
regeneration. Facultative seeders/sprouters are the least affected plants by fire
because they are able both to resprout after fire and to reproduce from seed.
One of the distinct biomes on the earth is chaparral, a Mediterranean scrub
habitat adapted to fire. In such ecosystem, precipitation may be sufficient to
support tall trees, but frequent fires prevent the trees from surviving long
enough to grow tall (Stiling, 1996).
Shifts in life forms through succession
Succession is the process of changes in species structure and life form in a
community over time. The study of life form is very important in plant
succession because development of a community through succession may
proceed by rearrangement of the proportions of some life form types or by
preponderance of one or more species in a life form type becoming increasingly
abundant (Adamson, 1931).
Importance of Life Forms
17
The actual process of succession include; appearance and substitution of a
verity of life forms, changes in the environment and differences in attributes of
a variety of species such as establishment, growth rate, dispersal, competition,
facilitation, mortality and resistance over time (Monk, 1983). The sequence of
species appearance as dominants seems in part related to their rate of growth to
maturity; annuals, herbaceous perennials and woody perennials. Larger and
longer-lived life forms tend to replace the smaller and shorter-lived ones. For
example, the stages of primary succession in a forest include pioneer plants
(e.g., lichens and mosses), herbaceous plants, scrubs, shrubs and trees.
With changes of life form dominance from annuals to perennials, certain species
within each group may become the dominants. This may be in part because the
dominant species produce allelopathic substances (Monk, 1983).
Successional life form changes on coastal Lake Michigan sand dunes are a good
example of primary succession. The geophyte, Ammophila breviligulata
dominates the dune ridges and gradually replaced by the hemicryptophyte,
Schizachyrium scoparium, the chamaephyte, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, and the
phanerophyte, Juniperus communis within 100 years. A mixed forest dominated
by Pinus strobus and Pinus resinosa develops between 225 and 400 years and
other phanerophytes such as Quercus rubra become important component of the
forest canopy after 440 years (Lichter, 2000).
Relationship between plant life form and plant interactions
Not only the life form of plants significantly influences on the type of
association between the plants, but also the life form of plants can be strongly
affected by the type of association between plants (Pate et al. 1984; Holzapfel et
al., 2006; Mousaei Sanjerehei et al., 2011; Castanho et al., 2012).
Species interactions are of central importance in the ecology of a species. Two
species have some mutual attraction, repulsion, or no interaction in a
community. Therefore the association may be positive, negative or absent. Two
species are spatially positively associated if any individual of one of the species
is found near members of the other species more frequently than random
expectation. Two species are negatively associated (segregated) if any
individual of one of the species is more likely to be found near members of its
own species more frequently than random expectation. Pairs of species are
termed “not associated” if the association between the two species is not
significant at a chosen probability level (Pielou, 1961; Dixon, 1994).
Negative interactions (competition) and positive interactions (facilitation)
between species are regarded as the important drivers of community dynamics,
structure and composition (Callaway and Walker, 1997; Callaway et al., 2002;
Tirado and Pugnaire, 2005). Facilitation is defined as the positive effects of
plants on the establishment or growth of other plants (Callaway 1995;
18
Holmgren et al., 1997). Several hypotheses suggest that the importance of
facilitation among plants may increase with increasing environmental harshness
(Bertness and Callaway, 1994; Callaway and Walker, 1997; Callaway et al.,
2002; Bruno et al., 2003).
Plants (e.g., nurse plants) may ameliorate harsh environment by providing shade
and moisture, increasing water availability, enriching soil nutrients, protecting
from desiccant winds as well as introducing in the ecosystem beneficial
organisms such as nitrogen fixing bacteria and as a result, facilitate the
recruitment and growth of other plants (Bertness and Callaway, 1994; Callaway
and Walker, 1997).
Competitive interactions are known to depend on water, nutrients and light as
well as the type and life form of plant species (Tremmel and Bazzaz, 1993). It is
believed that the importance of competition between plants tends to increase in
less stressful environments, e.g., high productivity conditions (Callaway et al.,
2002).
In the arid and semiarid Nodushan rangelands of Yazd, Iran, interactions
between the shrub species and between the grass species were found to be
mainly negative. The strong competition between the shrubs and between the
grasses was found to be more affected by similar life form and relatively similar
root distribution of the species rather than by the climatic conditions (Mousaei
Sanjerehei et al., 2011).
The grass species (Stipa barbata) was found near or in contact with the shrub
species (Artemisia sieberi and Artemisia aucheri) in the Nodushan rangelands
indicating the positive effects of the shrub species on the grass species. Grasses
(e.g., Stipa barbata) require a more humid condition for establishment than
shrubs in arid and semiarid environments. Less evaporation rates below the
canopy of shrubs relative to bare ground may facilitate the establishment and
survival of the grass species. A reduced evaporation from subcanopy soils is
likely to result in locally lower soil salinities than from soils exposed to direct
solar radiation (Mousaei Sanjerehei et al., 2011). In addition, water taken up by
shrub roots is released from shallow roots into upper layers during the night via
hydraulic lift and can partly be used by the grass species, although the
magnitude of water transferred by this way is small (Williams et al. 1993). Due
to the different root distribution of the shrub and grass species, they use
resources (e.g., water) from different soil layers and, as a result, the competition
between them may be less than that between two shrub species or two grass
species.
According to a meta-analysis across different life forms and ecosystems, herbs
had strong negative effects, especially on other herb species, whereas shrubs
had large facilitative effects especially on trees (Gomez-Aparicio, 2009).
Among herbaceous plants, grasses were found to be stronger competitors than
Importance of Life Forms
19
forbs (Goldberg et al., 2001; Pywell et al., 2003; Gomez-Aparicio, 2009). The
stronger competitive ability of grasses may be due to the fibrous roots and a
large root:shoot ratio of grasses which enable them to compete efficiently for
soil resources (Caldwell and Richards, 1986).
The competitive ability of shrubs was reported to be less than early-successional
grasses for belowground resources. This is due to the differences in allocation
patterns (such as lower root:shoot ratio of shrubs) and in architecture (such as
higher rooting depth of shrubs) between shrubs and grasses (Jackson et al.,
1996; Gomez- Aparicio, 2009; Kochy and Wilson, 2000). In addition, shrubs
are not as strong competitors as trees for above ground resources due to their
smaller size providing a moderate shade for understory vegetation in compared
to the limiting deep shade of trees in closed forests (Puerta-Pinero et al., 2007;
Gomes- Aparicio, 2009).
In Mediterranean post-fire shrub communities, pioneer shrubs can act as nurse
plants facilitating the establishment of late successional woody species (Siles et
al., 2008). In the Mojave Desert, shrubs (Ambrosia dumosa) were shown to
have strong positive and weak or no negative effects on survival, biomass,
production and seed production of the entire annual community, whereas
annuals had strong negative and week positive effects on shrub water status,
growth and reproductive output (Holzapfel and Mahall, 1999). Dohn et al.
(2013) reported a shift from net competitive to net facilitative effects of trees on
subcanopy grass production, with decreasing annual precipitation in Savannas.
The type of tree-grass interactions was different along a rainfall gradient in
tropical and temperate regions, and trees facilitated grass growth in drier regions
and suppressed grass growth in wetter regions.
Age and size of plants within a life form can also influence their competitive
and facilitative abilities. In the Patagonian Steppe for example, when shrubs
were young and small, facilitation between shrubs and tussock grasses was
more than competitive interactions resulting in the formation of dense ring of
grasses around a shrub. When the shrub became large and the ring of grasses
completed, competition overshadowed facilitation (Aguiar and Sala, 1994).
The balance between facilitation and competition appears to vary depending on
the life stages of the species, indirect interactions with other neighbors as well
as the benefactor size and the intensity of abiotic stress (Bertness and Callaway,
1994; Miller, 1994; Pugnaire et al., 1996; Callaway and Walker, 1997;
Tewksbury and Lloyd, 2001; Mousaei Sanjerehei et al., 2011)
Productivity of plants of different life forms
Since one of the most important sources of carbon dioxide absorption is
photosynthesis by vegetation, the study of primary production seems to be of
high importance. Estimates of primary production are useful for monitoring
20
ecosystem goods, services and structure, determining resources for herbivores,
evaluating the regulation of global climate through the carbon cycles,
determining variation in wood production as well as studying energy flow in
ecosystems and assessing ecosystem carbon sequestration (Schlapfer and
Schmid 1999; Roy and Saugier 2001; Roxburgh et al. 2004; Meyerson et al.
2005).
The amount of energy fixed by plants in photosynthesis is referred to as gross
primary production (GPP). Annual GPP is defined as the total of all carbon
annually fixed by plants in ecosystems (Ryan 1991).
A portion of the carbon fixed by plants is lost through construction (growth)
and maintenance respirations. Construction respiration is the amount of carbon
consumed in the processes such as ATP production, transport processes and
nutrient uptake which lead to a net increase in plant dry matter (Chiariello et al.
1989). Maintenance respiration provides the energy for the plant processes such
as maintenance of ion gradients across membranes, protein repair and
replacement and translocation-related processes which do not result in a net
gain in biomass, but keep existing phytomass in a healthy state (Penning de
Vries 1975).
The amount of carbon allocated in plants in a certain period of time after losses
due to respiration is known as net primary production (NPP). The estimates of
NPP and biomass for different ecosystems, each of which are dominated by a
certain plant life form, are summarized in Table 1 (Whittaker and Likens,
1975).
The most important factors influencing the primary production of plants include
climatic conditions, length of growing season, nutrients such as nitrogen and
phosphorus and the dominant plant life form.
The highest mean productivity (NPP) in terrestrial ecosystems is related to
tropical forests with the dominance of tree life form (2200 g dry matter/
m2/year) followed by temperate forests (1200), savanna (900), boreal forests
(800), woodland and shrublands (700), temperate grasslands (600) and tundra
and alpine (140). The lowest productivity occurs in desert and semidesert
communities with the dominance of scrub life form (90) and in extreme deserts
(3).
Importance of Life Forms
Table 1- Net primary production and biomass of different terrestrial
(Whittaker and Likens 1975)
Net primary production
Biomass
(dry matter)
(dry matter)
Ecosystem type
Area Normal Mean Total
Normal Mean
(kg/m2)
(106 range (g/ (g/m2/ (109 t/ range
2
2
2
km ) m /year) year)
year)
(kg/ m )
1000-3500 2200
Tropical rain
17
37.4
6-80
45
forest
1000-2500 1600
Tropical seasonal 7.5
12
6-60
35
forest
Temperate
5
600-2500 1300
6.5
6-200
35
evergreen forest
Temperate
7
600-2500 1200
8.4
6-60
30
deciduous forest
Boreal forest
12 400-2000
800
9.6
6-40
20
Woodland and
8.5 250-1200
700
6
2-20
6
shrubland
Savanna
15 200-2000
900
13.5
0.2-15
4
Temperate
9
200-1500
600
5.4
0.2-5
1.6
grassland
Tundra and alpine
8
10-400
140
1.1
0.1-3
0.6
Desert and
18
10-250
90
1.6
0.1-4
0.7
semidesert scrub
Extreme desert
24
0-10
3
0.07
0-0.2
0.02
21
ecosystems
Total
(109
t)
765
260
175
210
240
50
60
14
5
13
0.5
The following presents some examples of NPP and GPP by different life forms
under a wide range of climatic conditions;
The NPP (g carbon / m2/ year , carbon ~ 50% of dry matter) has been estimated
to be 32 for the shrub life forms, Artemisia sieberi and 63 for Artemisia aucheri
in arid and semiarid shrublands of Yazd, Iran (Mousaei Sanjerehei, 2013), 51.1
in a Bouteloua eriopoda grassland and 59.2 in a Larrea tridentata shrubland in
northern chihuahuan desert, USA (Muldavin et al., 2008), 1207 and 1140 in a
Miscanthus sinensis grassland in Japan over a two year period (Yazaki et al.,
2004), 307 for Picea mariana in boreal forests (Ryan et al., 1997), 960 for
Pinus radiata in temperate coniferous forests (Arneth et al., 1998) and 817 for
Betula ermanii, B.platyphylla and Quercus mongolia in temperate deciduous
forests (Saigusa et al., 2002).
The annual GPP (g carbon / m2/ year) has been obtained to be 85 for Artemisia
sieberi and 154 for Artemisia aucheri shrubs in arid and semiarid rangelands of
Yazd, Iran (Mousaei Sanjerehei, 2013), 584 and 1112 in a semiarid grassland in
22
Hungary in a dry and wet condition, respectively (Nagy et al., 2007), 3000 in
tropical forests (Chambers et al., 2000), 1100 for Picea mariana in boreal
forests (Ryan et al., 1997) and 1600 for Pinus strobes and Acer rubrum in
temperate mixed forests (Curtis et al., 2005).
Precipitation, temperature and evapotranspiration have been recognized as the
most important limiting factors in the “efficiency of primary production” that is
the percentage of solar energy converted to production. For example desert
shrubs are not expected to be very efficient at converting a large amount of solar
energy into production due to scarcity of water. The efficiency of NPP in
relation to annual solar radiation for the terrestrial ecosystems is 0.3%
(Whittaker and Likens 1975). The highest efficiency of primary production
occurs for trees in coniferous forests because their numerous needles present a
large surface area for photosynthesis (Stiling 1996).
Studies have shown that the percentage of the incoming solar energy absorbed
in photosynthesis as GPP (conversion efficiency of GPP) is low by shrubs in
arid and semiarid climates (e.g., 0.05% by Artemisia sieberi and 0.08% by
Artemisia aucheri) (Mousaei Sanjerehei, 2013) in compared to grass
communities (e.g., 1.2 %) (Golley, 1960), (e.g., 2.4% for C3 grass and 3.7% for
C4 grass) (Piedade et al., 1991; Beale and Long, 1995) and forest communities
(e.g., 1%) (Droste, 1979).
The causes in the energy losses at the different steps of plant photosynthetic
processes from interception of radiation to the formation of stored chemical
energy in biomass include reflected and transmitted radiation by canopy cover,
photochemical inefficiency, photorespiration and respiration which are different
among different life forms and climatic conditions (Zhu et al., 2008).
Life Zones and Floristic Regions of Iran
23
3. Life Zones and Floristic Regions of Iran
Life Zones
Life zone is defined as an ecological altitudinal or latitudinal zone characterized
by specific vegetation and climatic conditions (Heyer, 1967). A life zone can be
subdivided into associations based on site conditions such as edaphic and
microtopographic variables (Holdridge, 1967).
Life zone classification is important in mapping ecosystem and recognizing
ecophysiological responses of plants, since it is based on the climatic factors
influencing ecosystem processes (Lugo et al., 1999). Depending on the
physiognomy of a life zone, conversion of the life zone to a lower level may
result in losses to ecosystem services. For example, the conversion of forests to
rangelands may lead to losses of soil organic matter, decrease of soil fertility
and increase of carbon dioxide flux to the atmosphere (Garcia-Oliva et al.,
1994).
Classification and study of life zones are important for;
• Determining the vegetation-environment relationships,
• Assessing the effects of global climate change on the distribution of
vegetation,
• Studying species diversity,
• Evaluating the changes in vegetation during successional stages,
• Assessing land use/land cover changes,
• Comparing the potential vegetation and actual vegetation,
• Predicting the dynamics of vegetation distribution,
• Understanding natural and human-driven environmental changes,
• Predicting the future changes in land covers,
• Sustainable management of ecosystems and biodiversity conservation.
The Holdridge life zones
A variety of models have been developed for classification of life zones and
predicting the pattern of potential vegetation using temperature (Merriam,
1898), potential evapotranspiration, temperature and precipitation (Box, 1981;
Holdridge, 1967), geography techniques (Bailey, 1980), biogeographical criteria
24
(Smith, 1974), and biogeography, biogeochemistry and fire disturbance (Daly et
al., 2000).
One of the most efficient and widely used methods for classification of life
zones is the Holdridge life zone system (Holdridge, 1967). This method is
objective and requires minimum data on annual precipitation and mean annual
biotemperature. The Holdridge system strongly considers the driving forces of
ecosystem structure and provides explicit rules for using information to classify
ecosystems (Bailey and Hogg 1986). Based on this system, 39 classes of life
zones are defined (Fig. 2). The Holdridge life zone classification is based on
annual precipitation (P), biotemperature (BT) and potential evapotranspiration
(PET). The mean annual BT varies from 0 to 30 °C and is calculated as;
BT =
T
i
12
where Ti is the mean monthly temperature (0< Ti < 30°C). Potential
evapotranspiration ratio (PETR) is calculated as;
PETR =
PET BT 58.93
=
P
P
Figure 2- Holdridge life zone classification scheme.
Life Zones and Floristic Regions of Iran
25
The life zones of Iran based on Holdridge system
Classification of the life zones of Iran using the Holdridge system based on
annual precipitation and annual mean temperature maps (Fig. 3) shows that Iran
contains 26 life zones (Fig. 4) (Mousaei Sanjerehei, 2014). The area of each life
zone based on latitudinal regions, humidity provinces and physiognomic types
is presented in Table 2. The most extensive life zone is subtropical desert life
zone which covers 22.1% (364581 km2) of the country followed by cool
temperate steppe, warm temperate desert scrub and subtropical desert scrub
which cover 13.5%, 12.7% and 11.4% of the country respectively. The life zone
with the smallest coverage is subpolar moist tundra covering 0.004% of the area
of Iran (66 km2).
Based on the latitudinal regions, Iran contains one polar, three subpolar, four
boreal, five cool temperate, five warm temperate, five subtropical and three
tropical life zones. The largest latitudinal life zone is the subtropical life zone
covering 40.4% of the country followed by warm temperate life zone covering
30.4% of the country. The smallest latitudinal life zone is polar life zone
(0.09%).
Based on the humidity provinces, perarid life zone is the largest humidity life
zone covering 34.2 % of the country followed by arid life zone (24.8 %). The
least area of the country is covered by the superhumid life zone (0.15%).
According to the physiognomic types, the largest life zone is the desert type
occupying 35% of the country followed by scrub (30.4%), steppe (18.7%),
forest (10.2%) and woodland (5.6%) types, and the smallest life zone is tundra
type (0.14%) (Fig. 5).
Figure 3. A) Annual precipitation (mm) and B) mean annual temperature (°C) map of
Iran.
26
Boreal dry scrub
Boreal moist forest
Boreal rain forest
Boreal wet forest
Cool temperate desert
Cool temperate desert scrub
Cool temperate moist forest
Cool temperate steppe
Cool temperate wet forest
Polar desert
Subpolar moist tundra
Subpolar rain tundra
Subpolar wet tundra
Subtropical desert
Subtropical desert scrub
Subtropical dry forest
Subtropical moist forest
Subtropical thorn woodland
Tropical desert
Tropical desert scrub
Tropical thorn woodland
Warm temperate desert
Warm temperate desert scrub
Warm temperate dry forest
Warm temperate moist forest
Warm temperate thorn steppe
Figure 4. Classification of the life zones of Iran using the Holdridge system (Mousaei
Sanjerehei 2014).
Life Zones and Floristic Regions of Iran
Figure 5. Holdridge life zones of Iran based on physiognomic types.
27
28
Table 2. Percentage of the area of Iran life zones, latitudinal regions, humidity
provinces and physiognomic types.
Life zone grouping
Life zone grouping
Life zone
Area%
Physiognomic type
Area%
Subpolar moist tundra
0.004
Tundra
0.14
Boreal dry scrub
0.03
Woodland
5.57
Subpolar wet tundra
0.03
Forest
10.23
Boreal rain forest
0.04
Steppe
18.65
Polar desert
0.09
Scrub
30.44
Subpolar rain tundra
0.11
Desert
34.97
Subtropical moist forest
0.11
Latitudinal region
Cool temperate wet forest
0.28
Polar
0.09
Tropical thorn woodland
0.3
Subpolar
0.14
Cool temperate desert
0.43
Boreal
1.51
Warm temperate moist forest
0.43
Tropical
6.36
Boreal moist forest
0.59
Cool temperate
21.25
Boreal wet forest
0.85
Warm temperate
30.38
Subtropical dry forest
1.15
Subtropical
40.38
Tropical desert scrub
2.91
Humidity province
Warm temperate dry forest
2.96
Superhumid
0.15
Tropical desert
3.15
Perhumid
1.16
Cool temperate desert scrub
3.42
Superarid
3.15
Cool temperate moist forest
3.82
Humid
5.04
Warm temperate thorn steppe 5.15
Semiarid
13.84
Subtropical thorn woodland
5.27
Subhumid
17.64
Warm temperate desert
9.16
Arid
24.83
Subtropical desert scrub
11.42
Perarid
34.19
Warm temperate desert scrub
12.66
Cool temperate steppe
13.5
Subtropical desert
22.12
Life Zones and Floristic Regions of Iran
29
Climate of Iran
Iran has a variety of climates ranging from arid to perhumid with different
moisture contents. Climate of an area can be effectively classified using de
Martonne aridity index (de Martonne, 1926). de Martonne aridity index is
𝑃
calculated as 𝐼 =
, where P is annual precipitation (mm) and T is annual
10+𝑇
mean temperature (°C). The values of I < 5 indicate arid, 5-10 semi-arid, 10-20
semi-humid, 20-30 humid and > 30 perhumid climate. Based on the de
Martonne aridity index, 39 % of the area of Iran was classified as arid, 27% as
semiarid, 19 % as semihumid, 9% as humid and 6 % as perhumid (Fig. 6).
Figure 6- Classification of Iran climate using de Martonne aridity index
30
Floristic regions of Iran
Various climatic and geological conditions throughout Iran, Alborz and Zagros
Mountains, Caspian Sea in the north and Persian Gulf and Oman Sea in the
south of Iran have resulted in the appearance of different floristic regions with a
variety of plant species and life forms. Iran is classified into five floristic
regions including Hyrcanian, Irano- Touranian, Zagros, Khalijo-Omanian and
Arasbaran regions (Tregubov and Mobayen 1970).
Hyrcanian region
This region is extended along the southern coasts of Caspian Sea to the northern
slopes of the Alborz Mountains and includes humid and perhumid forests (Fig.
7). The flora of Hyrcanian region is related to the Euro-Siberian region.
Hyrcanian region is mainly covered by the beech, Fagus orientalis. The other
abundant species in this region are Quercus castaneifolia, Buxus hyrcana,
Carpinus betulus, Parrotia persica, Acer insigne, Zelkova carpinifolia, Albizia
julibrissin, Acer cappadocicum, Alnus glutinosa, Gleditsia caspica, Populus
caspica, Pterocarya fraxinifolia, Ulmus glabra and Vaccinium arctostaphylos
(Table 4). One of the important characteristics of this region is a low
abundance of the large conifers such as Cupressus, Thuja, Juniperus and Taxus
occupying small parts of this region. Hyrcanian region has a moderate climate
with an annual precipitation of 1500 mm in the central and western coasts and
600-700 mm in the eastern parts and on top of the Alborz Mountains (Javanshir,
1976; Tregubov and Mobayen, 1970).
Irano-Touranian region
This region occupies the central parts of Iran from southern slopes of the
Alborz Mountains in the north, to the Zagros Mountains in the west and south,
and is extended towards the east and west of Iran (Fig. 7). Irano-Touranian
region is the largest floristic region in Iran and includes mountainous xerophytic
forests and plain desert vegetation. Plain parts of this region have an arid
climate with annual precipitation of less than 250 mm, high rates of
evapotranspiration, dry summers and cold winters. However, Juniperus forests
in the mountainous parts have an annual precipitation of more than 400 mm and
a lower evapotranpiration and more moderate summers than other parts of the
Irano-Touranian region. The mountainous parts of Irano-Touranian region are
located at the elevation of more than 1500 m and have an annual precipitation of
200- 400 mm. The vegetation in the plains is steppe and semidesert vegetation
and mainly belongs to the genera; Astragalus, Acantholimon, Acanthophyllum,
Cousinia, Zygophyllum, Artemisia, Haloxylon, Tamarix and Anabasis as well
as Juniperus excelsa in the mountainous parts (Table 4). Dashte-Kavir is a
Life Zones and Floristic Regions of Iran
31
desert area in the Irano-Touranian region and is located on saline and limestone
soils and almost lacks vegetation. Dashte-Lout is a vast sandy Kavir in south
eastern of Dashte-Kavir and is mainly covered with psammophytic plant species
(Javanshir, 1976; Tregubov and Mobayen, 1970).
Figure 7- Map of floristic regions of Iran (Javanshir, 1976)
Zagross region
This region includes the Zagros Mountains in the west of Iran and is covered
by subxerophytic forests characterized by a variety of oak species such as
Quercus persica, Quercus libani and Quercus infectoria as well as Amygdalus,
Pistacia, Cercis griffithii and Acer cinerascens (Table 4). The vegetation in this
region resembles the Mediterranean plant species. Zagros region has a
32
moderately arid climate with an annual precipitation of 500-600 mm (Fig. 7)
(Javanshir, 1976; Tregubov and Mobayen, 1970).
Khalijo-Omanian region
This region consists of the southern parts of Iran between the Zagros southern
slopes and coasts of Persian Gulf and Oman Sea and is divided into Khalijian
zone with calcareous soils and Omanian zone with volcanic soils (Fig. 7). The
Omanian zone is warmer than the Kahlidjian zone. The annual precipitation in
Khalijo-Omanian region is 300 mm which decreases from west to east to 70
mm. This region has hot summers and mild winters and is covered by
subtropical xerophytic vegetation. The principle vegetation in this region
belongs to the subtropical Saharo-Sindian region. Ziziphus spina-christi and
Prosopis stephaniana are abundant in Khalijian zone, and Avicennia officinalis,
Acacia arabica, Acacia seyal and Acacia senegal are abundant species of
Omanian zone. Date tree (Phoenix dactylifera) is extensively planted in
Khalijo-Omanian region (Javanshir, 1976; Tregubov and Mobayen, 1970).
Arasbaran region
This region consists of subhygrophylic forests in the northwest of Iran (Fig. 7).
It was added to the above classification as a separate region, because the plant
species of this forest region is significantly different from the plant species of
Hyrcanian region (Javanshir, 1976).
Life Forms of Plant Species and Floristic Regions in Iran
33
4. Life Forms of Plant Species and Floristic Regions
in Iran
Life forms of plant species and floristic regions in Iran
The data on the floristic regions and life forms of 3064 of the most abundant
plant species throughout Iran were collected from various resources including
Colored flora of Iran (Ghahraman 1975-2005), Flora of Yazd (Mozaffarian
2000), Flora of Khuzestan (Mozaffarian 1999) and Flora of Iran, Vol. 1-85
(Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, 1989-2015).
18% of the number of the studied plant species are phanerophytes, 10%
chamaephytes, 30% hemicryptophytes, 23% therophytes, 15% geophytes,
0.14% helophytes, 0.36% hydrophytes and 3.5% both therophytes and
hemicryptophytes.
45% of the plant species occur in Irano-Touranian, 8.6% in Khalijo-Omanian,
7.7% in Hyrcanian, 1.5% in Zagros, 0.5% in Arasbaran, 16% in both IranoTouranian and Hyrcanian, 8.5% in both Irano-Touranian and Khalijo-Omanian,
2.2% in both Irano-Touranian and Zagross regions and 2.2% are cosmopolitan
(Table 3, 4). The plant species in Khalijo-Omanian region belong to the
subtropical Saharo-Sindian region and the plant species in Hyrcanian region are
related to Euro-Siberian region. The life forms of the studied plant species and
the floristic regions of Iran are presented in Table 4.
Table 3- Percentage of the number of the plant species occurring in the floristic
regions of Iran
Floristic regions of Iran
Irano-Touranian (IT)
Khalijo-Omanian (KhO)
Hyrcanian (Hyr)
Zagros (Zag)
Arasbaran (Ara)
IT and Hyr
IT and KhO
IT and Zag
Cosmopolitan
IT, Hyr and KhO
Hyr and Ara
IT, KhO and Zag
Percentage
of the plant
species
45
8.6
7.7
1.5
0.5
16
8.5
2.2
2.2
1.6
1.1
1
Floristic regions of
Iran
Percentage
of the plant
species
IT, Zag and Hyr
0.95
IT, Hyr, Ara and Zag 0.8
IT, Ara and Hyr
0.47
Hyr and KhO
0.3
IT and Ara
0.3
Hyr and Zag
0.27
IT, Hyr, Zag and KhO 0.25
IT, Zag, KhO and Ara 0.2
IT, Ara and Zag
0.18
Ara and Zag
0.17
Hyr, Ara and Zag
0.11
Zag and KhO
0.1
34
Table 4- The life forms of plant species and floristic regions of Iran. Life form:
Ph: Phanerophyte, Ch: Chamaephyte, He: Hemicryptophyte, Ge: Geophyte,
Th: Therophyte, Hyd: Hydrophyte, Hel: Helophyte. Floristic region:
Hyr: Hyrcanian region, Ara: Arasbaran region, IT: Irano-Touranian region,
IT*: Mountainous parts of Irano-Touranian region, Zag: Zagross region,
KhO: Khalijo-Omanian region, Cosm: Cosmopolitan, End: Endemic
Abutilon muticum
Life
form
Ch
Floristic
region
KhO
Malvaceae
Abutilon theophrasti
Th
IT, Hyr
Mimosaceae
Acacia acuminata
Ph
KhO
Mimosaceae
Acacia aucheri
Ph
IT, KhO
Mimosaceae
Acacia coriacea
Ph
KhO
Mimosaceae
Acacia ehrenbergiana
Ph
KhO
Mimosaceae
Acacia farnesiana
Ph
KhO
Mimosaceae
Acacia flava
Ph
KhO
Mimosaceae
Acacia georginia
Ph
KhO
Mimosaceae
Acacia jacquemontii
Ph
KhO
Mimosaceae
Acacia modesta
Ph
KhO
Mimosaceae
Acacia nubica
Ph
KhO
Mimosaceae
Acacia oligophylla
Ph
KhO
Mimosaceae
Acacia rupestris
Ph
KhO
Mimosaceae
Acacia saligna
Ph
KhO
Mimosaceae
Acacia sclerosperma
Ph
KhO
Mimosaceae
Acacia senegal
Ph
KhO
Mimosaceae
Acacia seyal
Ph
KhO
Mimosaceae
Acacia stenophylla
Ph
KhO
Euphorbiaceae
Acalypha australis
Th
Hyr, IT
Asteraceae
Acantholepis orientalis
Th
IT
Plumbaginaceae
Acantholimon acmostegium
Ch
IT, (End)
Plumbaginaceae
Acantholimon aspadanum
Ch
IT, (End)
Plumbaginaceae
Acantholimon avenaceum
Ch
IT
Plumbaginaceae
Acantholimon blakelockii
Ch
IT
Plumbaginaceae
Acantholimon bromifolium
Ch
IT, Zag,
Family
Plant species
Malvaceae
Life Forms of Plant Species and Floristic Regions in Iran
35
Family
Plant species
Life
form
Floristic
region
(End)
Plumbaginaceae
Acantholimon caryophyllaceum
Ch
IT
Plumbaginaceae
Acantholimon erinaceum
Ch
IT*
Plumbaginaceae
Acantholimon festucaceum
Ch
IT, (End)
Plumbaginaceae
Acantholimon flexuosum
Ch
IT, (End)
Plumbaginaceae
Acantholimon hohenackeri
Ch
IT*
Plumbaginaceae
Acantholimon horridum
Ch
IT, (End)
Plumbaginaceae
Acantholimon incomptum
Ch
IT
Plumbaginaceae
Acantholimon leucacanthum
Ch
IT
Plumbaginaceae
Acantholimon nigricans
Ch
IT*, (End)
Plumbaginaceae
Acantholimon oliganthum
Ch
Plumbaginaceae
Acantholimon olivieri
Ch
Plumbaginaceae
Acantholimon oymosum
Ch
IT
IT, Zag,
(End)
IT
Plumbaginaceae
Acantholimon pterostegium
Ch
IT, (End)
Plumbaginaceae
Acantholimon rudbaricum
Ch
IT
Plumbaginaceae
Acantholimon scirpinum
Ch
Plumbaginaceae
Acantholimon scorpius
Ch
IT, (End)
IT, KhO,
(End)
Plumbaginaceae
Acantholimon sp.
Ch
Plumbaginaceae
Acantholimon spinicalyx
Ch
IT, (End)
Plumbaginaceae
Acantholimon talagonicum
Ch
IT, (End)
Plumbaginaceae
Acantholimon tragacanthinum
Ch
IT, (End)
Plumbaginaceae
Acantholimon truncatum
Ch
IT
Plumbaginaceae
Acantholimon wendelboi
Ch
IT, (End)
Caryophyllaceae
Acanthophllum glandulosum
Ch
IT
Caryophyllaceae
Acanthophyllum adenophorum
Ch
IT
Caryophyllaceae
Acanthophyllum bracteatum
Ch
IT
Caryophyllaceae
Acanthophyllum caespitosum
Ch
IT
Caryophyllaceae
Acanthophyllum chloroltegium
Ch
IT
Caryophyllaceae
Acanthophyllum crassifolium
Ch
IT
36
Acanthophyllum glandulosum
Life
form
Ch
Floristic
region
IT
Caryophyllaceae
Acanthophyllum gracile
Ch
IT
Caryophyllaceae
Acanthophyllum heratense
Ch
IT
Caryophyllaceae
Acanthophyllum khuzistanum
Ch
KhO
Caryophyllaceae
Acanthophyllum kurdicum
Ch
IT
Caryophyllaceae
Acanthophyllum laxiusculum
Ch
IT
Caryophyllaceae
Acanthophyllum lilacinum
Ch
IT
Caryophyllaceae
Acanthophyllum microcephalum
Ch
IT
Caryophyllaceae
Acanthophyllum microcephalus
Ch
IT
Caryophyllaceae
Acanthophyllum pachystegium
Ch
IT
Caryophyllaceae
Acanthophyllum sordidum
Ch
IT
Caryophyllaceae
Acanthophyllum sp.
Ch
Caryophyllaceae
Acanthophyllum spinosum
Ch
IT
Caryophyllaceae
Acanthophyllum squarrosum
Ch
IT
Caryophyllaceae
Acanthophyllum stocksianum
Ch
IT
Caryophyllaceae
Acanthophylum speciosum
Ch
IT
Acanthaceae
Acanthus dioscoridis
He
IT
Aceraceae
Acer assyriacum
Ph
Zag
Aceraceae
Acer campestre
Ph
Hyr, Ara
Aceraceae
Acer cappadocicum
Ph
Hyr
Aceraceae
Acer cinerascens
Ph
IT, Zag
Aceraceae
Acer hyrcanum
Ph
Aceraceae
Acer ibericum
Ph
Aceraceae
Acer insigne
Ph
Hyr
Ara, Hyr,
IT
Hyr
Aceraceae
Acer monspessulanum
Ph
IT
Aceraceae
Acer opalus
Ph
Hyr
Aceraceae
Acer persicum
Ph
IT, Zag
Aceraceae
Acer platanoides
Ph
Hyr
Aceraceae
Acer pseudoplatanus
Ph
Hyr
Aceraceae
Acer regelii
Ph
Hyr
Family
Plant species
Caryophyllaceae
Life Forms of Plant Species and Floristic Regions in Iran
37
Acer tataricum
Life
form
Ph
Floristic
region
Hyr
Aceraceae
Acer turcomanicum
Ph
Hyr
Aceraceae
Acer velutinum
Ph
Hyr
Asteraceae
Achillea biebersteinii
He
Asteraceae
Achillea eriophora
He
Asteraceae
Achillea filipendulina
He
IT
IT, KhO,
(End)
IT
Asteraceae
Achillea micrantha
He
IT
Asteraceae
Achillea millefolium
He
IT, Hyr
Asteraceae
Achillea nobilis
He
IT
Asteraceae
Achillea pachycephala
He
Asteraceae
Achillea santolina
He
Asteraceae
Achillea tenuifolia
He
IT
IT, KhO,
Hyr
IT
Asteraceae
Achillea vermicularis
He
Asteraceae
Achillea wilhelmsii
He
Lamiaceae
Acinos graveolens
Th
IT, Hyr
IT, Hyr,
KhO
IT
Asteraceae
Acroptilon repens
He
IT
Adianthaceae
Adianthum capillus-veneris
Ge
Cosm
Ranunculaceae
Adonis aestivalis
Th
Hyr, IT
Ranunculaceae
Adonis dentata
Th
IT, Hyr
Ranunculaceae
Adonis flammea
Th
IT, Hyr
Ranunculaceae
Adonis scrobiculata
Th
IT
Poaceae
Aegilops columnaris
Th
IT
Poaceae
Aegilops crassa
Th
IT
Poaceae
Aegilops cylindrica
Th
IT
Poaceae
Aegilops ovata
Th
IT
Poaceae
Aegilops tauschii
Th
IT, Hyr
Poaceae
Aegilops triuncialis
Th
IT
Poaceae
Aegilops umbellulata
Th
IT
Asteraceae
Aegopordon berardioides
He
IT, KhO
Family
Plant species
Aceraceae
38
Aellenia aurucula
Life
form
He
Floristic
region
IT
Chenopodiaceae
Aellenia subaphylla
He
IT
Poaceae
Aeluropus lagopoides
Ge
IT, KhO
Poaceae
Aeluropus littoralis
Ge
IT, KhO
Poaceae
Aeluropus macrostachyus
Ge
KhO
Amaranthaceae
Aerva javanica
Ch
KhO
Amaranthaceae
Aerva persica
Ch
IT, KhO
Brassicaceae
Aethionema arabicum
Th
IT
Brassicaceae
Aethionema carneum
Th
IT
Brassicaceae
Aethionema grandiflorum
He
IT
Brassicaceae
Aethionema trinervium
He
IT
Rosaceae
Agrimonia eupatoria
He
Hyr, IT
Chenopodiaceae
Agriophyllum lateriflorum
Th
IT
Chenopodiaceae
Agriophyllum minus
Th
IT
Poaceae
Agropyron cristatum
He
IT, Hyr
Poaceae
Agropyron desertorum
He
IT
Poaceae
Agropyron elongatum
He
IT
Poaceae
Agropyron imbricatum
Ge
IT, Ara
Poaceae
Agropyron intermedium
Ge
IT
Poaceae
Agropyron longe-aristatum
Ge
IT
Poaceae
Agropyron pectiniforme
Ge
IT, Hyr
Poaceae
Agropyron repens
Ge
IT
Poaceae
Agropyron trichophorum
Ge
IT
Poaceae
Agrostis gigantea
Ge
Hyr, IT
Poaceae
Agrostis stolonifera
Ge
Hyr, IT
Simaroubaceae
Ailanthus altissima
Ph
IT
Simaroubaceae
Ailanthus glandulosa
Ph
IT
Aizoaceae
Aizoon hispanicum
Th
KhO
Lamiaceae
Ajuga chamaecistus
He
IT*, Zag
Lamiaceae
Ajuga comata
He
IT, Hyr
Family
Plant species
Chenopodiaceae
Life Forms of Plant Species and Floristic Regions in Iran
39
Albizia julibrissin
Life
form
Ph
Floristic
region
Hyr
Mimosaceae
Albizia lebbeck
Ph
KhO, Hyr
Malvaceae
Alcea angulata
Th, He
IT
Malvaceae
Alcea aucheri
He
IT
Malvaceae
Alcea crassicaulis
He
IT
Malvaceae
Alcea digitata
He
IT
Malvaceae
Alcea ficifolia
He
IT, Hyr
Malvaceae
Alcea glabrata
He
IT, (End)
Malvaceae
Alcea hyrcana
He
Hyr
Malvaceae
Alcea Iaxiflora
He
IT, (End)
Malvaceae
Alcea kurdica
He
IT
Malvaceae
Alcea rhyticarpa
He
IT
Malvaceae
Alcea rugosa
He
IT
Malvaceae
Alcea sulphurea
He
IT
Malvaceae
Alcea teheranica
He
IT, (End)
Rosaceae
Alchemilla citrina
He
Hyr, (End)
Rosaceae
Alchemilla kurdica
Ge
IT*
Rosaceae
Alchemilla pectiniloba
He
Hyr, (End)
Rosaceae
Alchemilla persica
Ge
IT, Hyr
Rosaceae
Alchemilla rigida
He
Hyr
Fabaceae
Alhagi cameleruns
Ch
IT
Fabaceae
Alhagi camelorum
Ch
IT
Fabaceae
Alhagi graecorum
Ch
IT
Fabaceae
Alhagi mannifera
Ch
IT, KhO
Fabaceae
Alhagi maurorum
Ch
IT, KhO
Fabaceae
Alhagi persarum
Ch
IT
Fabaceae
Alhagi pseudoalhagi
Ch
IT
Alismaceae
Alisma plantago-aquatica
Hel
Cosm
Boraginaceae
Alkanna orientalis
Ge
IT, Zag
Brassicaceae
Alliaria petiolata
He
Hyr, IT
Family
Plant species
Mimosaceae
40
Allium ampeloprasum
Life
form
Ge
Floristic
region
IT
Liliaceae
Allium atroviolaceum
Ge
IT
Liliaceae
Allium borszczowii
Ge
IT
Liliaceae
Allium bungei
Ge
IT
Liliaceae
Allium caspium
Ge
IT
Liliaceae
Allium cepa
Ge
IT, KhO
Liliaceae
Allium chloroneurum
Ge
IT
Liliaceae
Allium cristophii
Ge
IT
Liliaceae
Allium eriophyllum
Ge
IT, KhO
Liliaceae
Allium erubesces
Ge
Hyr, IT
Liliaceae
Allium giganteum
Ge
IT
Liliaceae
Allium haemanthoides
Ge
IT
Liliaceae
Allium helicophyllum
Ge
IT
Liliaceae
Allium hirtifolium
Ge
IT
Liliaceae
Allium jesdianum
Ge
IT
Liliaceae
Allium longicuspis
Ge
IT
Liliaceae
Allium minutiflorum
Ge
IT
Liliaceae
Allium monophyllum
Ge
IT
Liliaceae
Allium paniculatum
Ge
IT
Liliaceae
Allium paradoxum
Ge
Hyr
Liliaceae
Allium persica
Ge
IT
Liliaceae
Allium rotundum
Ge
IT
Liliaceae
Allium rubellum
Ge
IT, Hyr
Liliaceae
Allium sarawschanicum
Ge
IT
Liliaceae
Allium scabriscapum
Ge
IT
Liliaceae
Allium scabrum
Ge
IT
Liliaceae
Allium schoenoprasum
Ge
IT
Liliaceae
Allium scotostemon
Ge
IT, Hyr
Liliaceae
Allium sp.
Ge
Liliaceae
Allium stamineum
Ge
Family
Plant species
Liliaceae
IT
Life Forms of Plant Species and Floristic Regions in Iran
41
Allium umbilicatum
Life
form
Ge
Floristic
region
IT
Liliaceae
Allium xiphopetalum
Ge
IT
Betulaceae
Alnus glutinosa
Ph
Hyr
Betulaceae
Alnus subcordata
Ph
Hyr, (End)
Poaceae
Alopecurus apiatus
Ge
IT
Poaceae
Alopecurus arundinaceus
Ge
Poaceae
Alopecurus myosuroides
Th
Poaceae
Alopecurus pratensis
Ge
IT, Hyr
IT, KhO,
Hyr
IT
Poaceae
Alopecurus textilis
Ge
IT, Hyr
Poaceae
Alopecurus vaginatus
He
IT
Amaranthaceae
Alternanthera sessilis
Th
IT, Hyr
Malvaceae
Althaea armeniaca
He
Hyr, IT
Malvaceae
Althaea cannabina
He
IT, Hyr
Malvaceae
Althaea hirsuta
Th
IT, Hyr
Malvaceae
Althaea ludwigii
Th, He
IT, KhO
Malvaceae
Althaea officinalis
He
IT
Brassicaceae
Alyssum alyssoides
Th
IT
Brassicaceae
Alyssum bracteatum
He
IT*
Brassicaceae
Alyssum dasycarpum
Th
IT
Brassicaceae
Alyssum desertorum
Th
IT, Hyr
Brassicaceae
Alyssum heterotrichum
Th
IT
Brassicaceae
Alyssum hirsutum
Th
IT
Brassicaceae
Alyssum inflatum
Th
IT
Brassicaceae
Alyssum lanigerum
He
IT
Brassicaceae
Alyssum linifolium
Th
IT, Hyr
Brassicaceae
Alyssum marginatum
Th
IT
Brassicaceae
Alyssum maritimum
Th
IT
Brassicaceae
Alyssum minus
Th
IT
Brassicaceae
Alyssum szovitsianum
Th
IT
Amaranthaceae
Amaranthus albus
Th
Cosm
Family
Plant species
Liliaceae
42
Amaranthus blitoides
Life
form
Th
Floristic
region
Cosm
Amaranthaceae
Amaranthus cholorostachys
Th
IT, Hyr
Amaranthaceae
Amaranthus graecizans
Th
KhO, IT
Amaranthaceae
Amaranthus hybridus
Th
IT, Hyr
Amaranthaceae
Amaranthus retroflaxus
Th
Cosm
Amaranthaceae
Amaranthus viridis
Th
Cosm
Asteraceae
Amberboa nana
Th
IT
Asteraceae
Amberboa sosnovskyi
Th
IT
Asteraceae
Amberboa turanica
Th
IT
Lythraceae
Ammannia multiflora
Th
IT
Umbelliferae
Ammi majus
Th
IT, KhO
Umbelliferae
Ammi visnaga
Th, He
Cosm
Fabaceae
Ammodendron persicum
Ph
Vitaceae
Ampelopsis vitifolia
Ph
Rosaceae
Amygdalus arabica
Ph
Rosaceae
Amygdalus carduchorum
Ph
Rosaceae
Amygdalus communis
Ph
Rosaceae
Amygdalus eburenea
Ph
Rosaceae
Amygdalus elaeagnifolia
Ph
Rosaceae
Amygdalus erioclada
Ph
IT
Ara, Zag,
Hyr
IT*, KhO,
Zag
Zag
IT*, Zag,
Ara
IT*, Zag,
KhO,
(End)
IT*, Zag,
(End)
IT*, Zag
Rosaceae
Amygdalus fenzliana
Ph
IT*, Zag
Rosaceae
Amygdalus glauca
Ph
Rosaceae
Amygdalus haussknechtii
Ph
Rosaceae
Amygdalus horrida
Ph
Rosaceae
Amygdalus keredjensis
Ph
Rosaceae
Amygdalus kotschyi
Ph
Zag, (End)
IT*, Zag,
(End)
IT*, Zag,
Ara, KhO
IT*, (End)
Ara, Zag,
IT*
Family
Plant species
Amaranthaceae
Life Forms of Plant Species and Floristic Regions in Iran
43
Amygdalus leiocarpa
Life
form
Ph
Floristic
region
IT*, Zag
Rosaceae
Amygdalus lycioides
Ph
IT*, Zag
Rosaceae
Amygdalus orientalis
Ph
Rosaceae
Amygdalus podperae
Ph
Rosaceae
Amygdalus salicifolia
Ph
Rosaceae
Amygdalus scoparia
Ph
Rosaceae
Amygdalus spartioides
Ph
Zag
IT*, Zag,
KhO,
(End)
Zag
IT*, Zag,
KhO
IT*
Rosaceae
Amygdalus spinosissima
Ph
IT*
Rosaceae
Amygdalus trichamygdalus
Ph
IT*
Rosaceae
Amygdalus turcomanica
Ph
IT*
Rosaceae
Amygdalus urumiensis
Ph
IT*, Zag
Chenopodiaceae
Anabasis annua
Th
IT
Chenopodiaceae
Anabasis aphylla
He
IT
Chenopodiaceae
Anabasis brachiata
He
IT
Chenopodiaceae
Anabasis calcarea
He
IT, (End)
Chenopodiaceae
Anabasis haussknechtii
Ch
IT
Chenopodiaceae
Anabasis setifera
He
IT, KhO
Primulaceae
Anagallis arvensis
Th
Cosm
Fabaceae
Anagyris foetida
Ph
Zag
Boraginaceae
Anchusa aegyptiaca
Th
IT, KhO
Boraginaceae
Anchusa italica
He
IT, Hyr
Boraginaceae
Anchusa ovata
Th
IT, Zag
Boraginaceae
Anchusa strigosa
He
Euphorbiaceae
Andrachne aspera
He
Euphorbiaceae
Andrachne colchica
He
IT
IT, KhO,
Ara, Zag
Hyr
Euphorbiaceae
Andrachne fruticulosa
He
IT
Euphorbiaceae
Andrachne rotundifolia
He
Euphorbiaceae
Andrachne telephioides
He
IT, Hyr
IT, KhO,
Zag
Family
Plant species
Rosaceae
44
Androsace maxima
Life
form
Th
Floristic
region
Hyr, IT
Primulaceae
Androsace villosa
He
Hyr
Ranunculaceae
Anemone biflora
Th
IT
Ranunculaceae
Anemone petiolulosa
Ge
IT
Umbelliferae
Anethum graveolens
Th
IT
Umbelliferae
Anisosciadium orientale
Th
KhO
Asteraceae
Anthemis altissima
Th
IT, Hyr
Asteraceae
Anthemis atropatana
Th
Asteraceae
Anthemis austro-iranica
Th
Asteraceae
Anthemis cotula
Th
Asteraceae
Anthemis gayana
Th
IT
IT, KhO,
(End)
IT, KhO,
Hyr
IT, (End)
Asteraceae
Anthemis hyalina
Th
IT
Asteraceae
Anthemis odontostephana
Th
IT, KhO
Asteraceae
Anthemis pesudocotula
Th
IT
Asteraceae
Anthemis rhodocentra
Th
IT, KhO
Asteraceae
Anthemis scariosa
Th
KhO
Asteraceae
Anthemis schizostephana
Th
IT
Asteraceae
Anthemis scoparia
He
KhO
Asteraceae
Anthemis susiana
Th
KhO
Asteraceae
Anthemis tinctoria
He
IT, Hyr
Asteraceae
Anthemis triumfettii
He
IT, Hyr
Asteraceae
Anthemis wettsteiniana
Th
IT
Chenopodiaceae
Anthochlamys multinervis
Th
IT, (End)
Chenopodiaceae
Anthochlamys polygaloides
Th
IT
Umbelliferae
Anthriscus nemorosa
He
Hyr
Umbelliferae
Anthriscus sylvestris
He
Hyr
Asteraceae
Anvillea garcinia
Ch
KhO
Umbelliferae
Aphanopleura breviseta
Th
IT
Umbelliferae
Apium graveolens
Th, He
IT
Family
Plant species
Primulaceae
Life Forms of Plant Species and Floristic Regions in Iran
45
Aquilegia vulgaris
Life
form
Ge
Floristic
region
IT
Brassicaceae
Arabidopsis pumila
Th
IT
Brassicaceae
Arabidopsis sp.
Th
Brassicaceae
Arabidopsis wallichii
Th
Brassicaceae
Arabis caucasica
He
Brassicaceae
Arabis graellsiiformis
He
IT
IT, Hyr,
Zag
IT
Brassicaceae
Arabis nova
Th
IT, Hyr
Brassicaceae
Arabis sagittata
Th, He
Hyr, IT
Asteraceae
Arctium lappa
He
IT, Hyr
Asteraceae
Arctium minus
He
IT
Caryophyllaceae
Arenaria gypsophiloides
He
IT
Caryophyllaceae
Arenaria persica
He
IT
Caryophyllaceae
Arenaria serpyllifolia
Th
Hyr, IT
Fabaceae
Argyrolobium roseum
Th, He
KhO
Fabaceae
Argyrolobium trigonelloides
Th, He
IT
Poaceae
Aristida adscensionis
Th, He
KhO
Aristolochiaceae
Aristolochia bottae
He
IT
Rosaceae
Armeniaca vulgaris
Ph
IT
Boraginaceae
Arnebia decumbens
Th
IT
Boraginaceae
Arnebia fimbriopetala
Th
KhO
Boraginaceae
Arnebia grandiflora
Th
IT
Boraginaceae
Arnebia hispidissima
Th
KhO
Boraginaceae
Arnebia linearifolia
Th
IT
Boraginaceae
Arnebia minima
Th
IT
Poaceae
Arrhenatherum kotschyi
He
IT
Asteraceae
Artemisia absinthium
Ch
IT
Asteraceae
Artemisia annua
Th
Hyr, IT
Asteraceae
Artemisia aucheri
Ch
IT
Asteraceae
Artemisia biennis
He, Th
IT
Asteraceae
Artemisia chamaemelifolia
Ch
IT, Hyr
Family
Plant species
Ranunculaceae
46
Artemisia deserti
Life
form
Ch
Floristic
region
IT
Asteraceae
Artemisia fragrans
Ch
IT
Asteraceae
Artemisia haussknechtii
Ch
IT
Asteraceae
Artemisia khorassanica
He
IT, (End)
Asteraceae
Artemisia kopetdaghensis
Ch
IT
Asteraceae
Artemisia oliveriana
Ch
IT
Asteraceae
Artemisia persica
Ch
IT
Asteraceae
Artemisia santolina
He
IT
Asteraceae
Artemisia scoparia
Ch
IT, Hyr
Asteraceae
Artemisia sieberi
Ch
IT
Asteraceae
Artemisia spicigera
Ch
IT
Asteraceae
Artemisia turanica
Ch
IT
Asteraceae
Artemisia turcomanica
Ch
IT
Asteraceae
Artemisia vulgaris
Ch
IT, Hyr
Araceae
Arum albispathum
Ge
Hyr
Araceae
Arum conophalloides
Ge
IT*, Zag
Araceae
Arum elongatum
Ge
IT*
Araceae
Arum giganteum
Ge
Zag, (End)
Araceae
Arum kotschyi
Ge
IT*
Araceae
Arum maculatum
Ge
Hyr
Poaceae
Arundo donax
Ge
Hyr, KhO
Asparagaceae
Asparagus breslerianus
He
IT
Asparagaceae
Asparagus officinalis
He
Hyr, IT
Asparagaceae
Asparagus persicus
He
IT, Hyr
Asparagaceae
Asparagus verticillatus
He
IT, Hyr
Boraginaceae
Asperago procumbens
Th
IT, Hyr
Rubiaceae
Asperula arvensis
Th
IT, Hyr
Rubiaceae
Asperula glomerata
He
IT
Rubiaceae
Asperula odarata
He
Hyr, Ara
Rubiaceae
Asperula setosa
Th
IT
Family
Plant species
Asteraceae
Life Forms of Plant Species and Floristic Regions in Iran
47
Asperula stylosa
Life
form
He
Floristic
region
Hyr, IT
Rubiaceae
Asperula taurina
Ge
Hyr
Rubiaceae
Asperula trichodes
Th
IT
Liliaceae
Asphodelus tenuifolius
Th
KhO
Aspleniaceae
Asplenium adiantum
Ge
Hyr
Aspleniaceae
Asplenium trichomanes
He
IT, Hyr
Asteraceae
Aster alpinus
He
IT
Asteraceae
Asteriscus pygmaeus
Th
KhO
Fabaceae
Astragalus adscendens
Ch
IT
Fabaceae
Astragalus ajubensis
He
IT
Fabaceae
Astragalus albispinus
Ch
IT, (End)
Fabaceae
Astragalus alopecias
Ch
IT
Fabaceae
Astragalus anacamptus
He
IT
Fabaceae
Astragalus anisacantus
Ch
IT
Fabaceae
Astragalus ankylotus
Th
IT
Fabaceae
Astragalus anserinifolius
He
IT
Fabaceae
Astragalus arbusculinus
He
IT
Fabaceae
Astragalus argyroides
He
IT
Fabaceae
Astragalus asciocalyx
He
IT
Fabaceae
Astragalus bakaliensis
Th
IT, KhO
Fabaceae
Astragalus bassineri
He
IT
Fabaceae
Astragalus biovulatus
Th
IT
Fabaceae
Astragalus bombycinus
He
IT
Fabaceae
Astragalus brachycalyx
Ch
IT, Zag
Fabaceae
Astragalus calliphysa
Ch
IT, (End)
Fabaceae
Astragalus callystachys
Ch
IT, (End)
Fabaceae
Astragalus campylanthus
Ch
IT, (End)
Fabaceae
Astragalus campylorrhynchus
Th
IT, KhO
Fabaceae
Astragalus candolleanus
He
IT
Fabaceae
Astragalus caprinus
He
KhO
Family
Plant species
Rubiaceae
48
Family
Plant species
Fabaceae
Astragalus carduchorum
Life
form
Ch
Fabaceae
Astragalus cephalanthus
Ch
Fabaceae
Astragalus chartaceus
He
Floristic
region
IT
IT, KhO,
(End)
IT
Fabaceae
Astragalus chrysostachys
Ch
IT
Fabaceae
Astragalus citrinus
He
IT
Fabaceae
Astragalus commixtus
Th
IT, KhO
Fabaceae
Astragalus coronilla
Th
IT
Fabaceae
Astragalus crenatus
Th
IT
Fabaceae
Astragalus cruciatus
Th
IT
Fabaceae
Astragalus curvipes
He
IT
Fabaceae
Astragalus dactylocarpus
Ch
IT
Fabaceae
Astragalus denudatum
Ch
IT, Hyr
Fabaceae
Astragalus dschuparensis
Ch
IT, (End)
Fabaceae
Astragalus ecbatanus
Ch
IT, (End)
Fabaceae
Astragalus effuses
He
IT
Fabaceae
Astragalus eremophilus
Th, He
KhO
Fabaceae
Astragalus eriopodus
He
Fabaceae
Astragalus fasciculifolius
Ph
Fabaceae
Astragalus fischeri
He
IT
IT, KhO,
(End)
IT, (End)
Fabaceae
Astragalus fridae
He
IT
Fabaceae
Astragalus glaucacanthus
Ch
IT, (End)
Fabaceae
Astragalus glaucops
Ch
IT, (End)
Fabaceae
Astragalus globiflorus
Ch
IT, Zag
Fabaceae
Astragalus glycyphyllos
He
Hyr
Fabaceae
Astragalus gossypinus
Ch
IT
Fabaceae
Astragalus hamosus
Th
IT, KhO
Fabaceae
Astragalus heratensis
He
IT
Fabaceae
Astragalus hermannii
He
IT, (End)
Fabaceae
Astragalus heterodoxus
He
IT
Life Forms of Plant Species and Floristic Regions in Iran
49
Astragalus hohenackeri
Life
form
He
Floristic
region
IT
Fabaceae
Astragalus hymenocalyx
He
IT, (End)
Fabaceae
Astragalus impexus
He
IT, (End)
Fabaceae
Astragalus ischredensis
He
IT, (End)
Fabaceae
Astragalus ispahanicus
He
Fabaceae
Astragalus jesdianus
He
Fabaceae
Astragalus kahiricus
He
IT
IT, KhO,
(End)
IT, KhO
Fabaceae
Astragalus khoshjailensis
He
IT, (End)
Fabaceae
Astragalus kirrindicus
He
IT
Fabaceae
Astragalus kopetdaghi
He
IT
Fabaceae
Astragalus laguriformis
He
IT
Fabaceae
Astragalus ledinghamii
He
IT
Fabaceae
Astragalus macropelmatus
He
IT
Fabaceae
Astragalus magistratus
He
IT, (End)
Fabaceae
Astragalus maymanensis
Th
IT
Fabaceae
Astragalus megalocystis
Ch
IT, (End)
Fabaceae
Astragalus melanocalyx
He
IT
Fabaceae
Astragalus mercklini
He
IT
Fabaceae
Astragalus michauxianus
Ch
IT
Fabaceae
Astragalus microcephalus
Ph
IT
Fabaceae
Astragalus microphysa
Ch
IT, (End)
Fabaceae
Astragalus mollis
He
IT
Fabaceae
Astragalus mucronifolius
He
IT, (End)
Fabaceae
Astragalus multijugus
He
IT
Fabaceae
Astragalus murinus
He
IT, (End)
Fabaceae
Astragalus myriacanthus
Ch
IT, (End)
Fabaceae
Astragalus neo-mozaffarianii
Ch
IT, (End)
Fabaceae
Astragalus obtusifolius
Ch
IT
Fabaceae
Astragalus ochrochlorus
Ch
IT, (End)
Fabaceae
Astragalus odoratus
He
IT
Family
Plant species
Fabaceae
50
Astragalus ophiocarpus
Life
form
Ch
Floristic
region
IT
Fabaceae
Astragalus ovinus
He
IT
Fabaceae
Astragalus ovoideus
Ch
IT, (End)
Fabaceae
Astragalus oxyglottis
Th
IT
Fabaceae
Astragalus parrowianus
Ch
IT
Fabaceae
Astragalus pelitus
He
IT, (End)
Fabaceae
Astragalus persicus
Ch
IT, (End)
Fabaceae
Astragalus pichleriana
Ch
IT
Fabaceae
Astragalus pinetorum
He
IT, (End)
Fabaceae
Astragalus podolobus
Ch
IT
Fabaceae
Astragalus pseudoszovitsii
He
IT
Fabaceae
Astragalus raddei
He
IT
Fabaceae
Astragalus rawlinsianus
He
IT
Fabaceae
Astragalus saetiger
He
IT, (End)
Fabaceae
Astragalus schahrudensis
Ch
IT
Fabaceae
Astragalus schistocalyx
Ch
IT
Fabaceae
Astragalus scorpius
Ch
KhO
Fabaceae
Astragalus senilis
He
IT, Hyr
Fabaceae
Astragalus shirkuhicus
Ge
IT
Fabaceae
Astragalus sieberi
He
KhO
Fabaceae
Astragalus siliquosus
He
IT
Fabaceae
Astragalus siversianus
Ch
IT
Fabaceae
Astragalus spachianus
He
IT
Fabaceae
Astragalus spinosus
Ch
KhO
Fabaceae
Astragalus squarrosus
Ch
Fabaceae
Astragalus susianus
Ch
Fabaceae
Astragalus talemansurensis
Ch
Fabaceae
Astragalus tenuiscapus
He
IT, KhO
KhO,
(End)
IT, Zag,
KhO
IT
Fabaceae
Astragalus tragacantha
Ch
IT
Family
Plant species
Fabaceae
Life Forms of Plant Species and Floristic Regions in Iran
51
Astragalus tribuloides
Life
form
Th
Floristic
region
IT, KhO
Fabaceae
Astragalus tricholobus
Ch
IT, (End)
Fabaceae
Astragalus vanillae
He
IT, (End)
Fabaceae
Astragalus verus
Ch
IT
Fabaceae
Astragalus wartoensis
Ch
IT
Umbelliferae
Astrodaucus orientalis
He
IT
Campanulaceae
Asyneuma persicum
He
IT
Athyriaceae
Athyrium filix-femina
Ge
Cosm
Asteraceae
Atractylis cancellata
Th
Polygonaceae
Atraphaxis spinosa
Ph
Polygonaceae
Atraphaxis suaedifolia
Ch
IT
IT, Zag,
Ara
IT
Polygonaceae
Atraphaxis tournefortii
Ch
IT, Zag
Chenopodiaceae
Atriplex aucheri
Th
IT, Hyr
Chenopodiaceae
Atriplex belangeri
Th
IT
Chenopodiaceae
Atriplex canescens
Ch, Ph
IT
Chenopodiaceae
Atriplex dimorphostegia
Th
IT, KhO
Chenopodiaceae
Atriplex flabellum
Th
IT
Chenopodiaceae
Atriplex griffithii
Ch
IT, KhO
Chenopodiaceae
Atriplex haliumus
Ch
IT, KhO
Chenopodiaceae
Atriplex hortensis
Th
IT
Chenopodiaceae
Atriplex lentiformis
Ph
IT, KhO
Chenopodiaceae
Atriplex leucoclada
He, Th
IT, KhO
Chenopodiaceae
Atriplex micrantha
Th
IT
Chenopodiaceae
Atriplex moneta
Th
IT
Chenopodiaceae
Atriplex persica
Ch
KhO, IT
Chenopodiaceae
Atriplex stocksii
Ch
IT
Chenopodiaceae
Atriplex tatarica
Th
IT
Chenopodiaceae
Atriplex verrucifera
Ch
IT
Solanaceae
Atropa acuminata
He
Hyr
Solanaceae
Atropa belladonna
He
Hyr
Family
Plant species
Fabaceae
52
Atropa pallidifolia
Life
form
He
Floristic
region
Hyr
Brassicaceae
Aubrietia parviflora
He
IT
Poaceae
Avena fatua
Th
IT
Poaceae
Avena ludoviciana
Th
IT
Poaceae
Avena sativa
Th
IT
Poaceae
Avena wiestii
Th
IT, KhO
Avicenniaceae
Avicennia officinalis
Ph
KhO
Meliaceae
Azadirachta indica
Ph
KhO
Umbelliferae
Azilia eryngioides
He
IT
Scrophulariaceae
Bacopa monnifera
Hel
KhO
Brassicaceae
Barbarea plantaginea
He
Hyr, IT
Chenopodiaceae
Bassia eriophora
Th
KhO
Chenopodiaceae
Bassia hyssopifolia
Th
IT
Caesalpiniaceae
Bauhinia acuminata
Ph
KhO
Caesalpiniaceae
Bauhinia purprea
Ph
KhO
Caesalpiniaceae
Bauhinia veriegata
Ph
KhO
Liliaceae
Bellevalia longistyla
Ge
IT, Zag
Liliaceae
Bellevalia saiviczii
Ge
IT
Asteraceae
Bellis annua
Th
Berberidaceae
Berberis integerrima
Ph
Berberidaceae
Berberis lycium
Ph
KhO
IT*, Zag,
Hyr, Ara
IT*
Berberidaceae
Berberis orientalis
Ph
Berberidaceae
Berberis vulgaris
Ph
Rhamnaceae
Berchemia lineata
Ph
Hyr
IT*, Hyr,
Zag, Ara
KhO
Betulaceae
Betula pendula
Ph
Hyr
Geraniaceae
Biebersteinia multifida
Ge
Cosm
Chenopodiaceae
Bienertia cycloptera
Th
IT, KhO
Cupressaceae
Biota orientalis
Ph
Hyr
Brassicaceae
Biscutella didyma
Th
IT, KhO
Family
Plant species
Solanaceae
Life Forms of Plant Species and Floristic Regions in Iran
53
Blepharis edulis
Life
form
He
Floristic
region
IT, KhO
Cyperaceae
Blysmus compressus
Ge
Hyr, IT
Nyctaginaceae
Boerhavia diffusa
He
KhO
Nyctaginaceae
Boerhavia elegans
He
KhO
Poaceae
Boisseria squarrosa
Th
IT
Cyperaceae
Bolboschoenus maritimus
Ge
IT
Malvaceae
Bombax malabaricum
Ph
Podophylaceae
Bongardia chrysogonum
Ge
Poaceae
Bothriochloa ischaemum
He
KhO
IT, Zag,
Hyr
IT
Poaceae
Brachypodium pinnatum
Ge
Poaceae
Brachypodium sylvaticum
He
Brassicaceae
Brassica deflexa
Th
Hyr, IT
Hyr, Ara,
IT
IT, KhO
Brassicaceae
Brassica elongata
He
IT
Brassicaceae
Brassica nigra
Th
KhO
Brassicaceae
Brassica oleracea
He
IT
Brassicaceae
Brassica rapa
He
Brassicaceae
Brassica tournefortii
Th
Poaceae
Briza minor
Th
IT
Hyr, IT,
KhO
Hyr, IT
Poaceae
Bromus briziformis
Th
IT, Hyr
Poaceae
Bromus danthonia
Th
IT
Poaceae
Bromus japonicus
Th
IT, Hyr
Poaceae
Bromus rechingeri
Th
IT
Poaceae
Bromus scoparius
Th
Cosm
Poaceae
Bromus sterilis
Th
IT, Hyr
Poaceae
Bromus tectorum
Th
Cosm
Poaceae
Bromus tomentellus
He
IT
Brassicaceae
Brossardia papyracea
He
IT
Cucurbitaceae
Bryonia aspera
He
IT
Cucurbitaceae
Bryonia dioica
He
IT, Ara
Family
Plant species
Acanthaceae
54
Bryonia monoica
Life
form
He
Floristic
region
IT
Brassicaceae
Buchingera axillaris
Th
IT
Scrophulariaceae
Buddleja crispa
Ph
IT, KhO
Scrophulariaceae
Buddleja paniculata
Ph
KhO
Caryophyllaceae
Buffomia koelzii
He
IT, Hyr
Caryophyllaceae
Buffonia macrocarpa
He
IT
Caryophyllaceae
Buffonia oliveriana
Th
IT
Boraginaceae
Buglossoides arvensis
Th
Hyr, IT
Boraginaceae
Buglossoides purpurocaerulea
Ge
Hyr
Boraginaceae
Buglossoides tenuifolia
Th
IT
Capparidaceae
Buhsea trinervia
Ge
IT
Scrophulariaceae
Bungea trifida
Ge
IT
Brassicaceae
Bunias oreintalis
Th, He
IT
Umbelliferae
Bunium cylindricum
Ge
IT, Hyr
Umbelliferae
Bunium elegans
Ge
IT
Umbelliferae
Bunium luristanicum
Ge
IT
Umbelliferae
Bunium paucifolium
Ge
IT
Umbelliferae
Bunium persicum
Ge
IT
Umbelliferae
Bupleurum exaltatum
He
IT, Hyr
Umbelliferae
Bupleurum falcatum
He
IT
Umbelliferae
Bupleurum gerardii
Th
IT
Umbelliferae
Bupleurum lancifolium
Th
IT
Umbelliferae
Bupleurum marschallianum
Th
Hyr
Umbelliferae
Bupleurum rotundifolium
Th
IT
Buxaceae
Buxus hyrcana
Ph
Hyr
Boraginaceae
Caccinia macranthera
He
IT
Capparaceae
Cadaba glandulosa
Ph
KhO
Caesalpiniaceae
Caesalpinia bonducella
Ph
KhO
Caesalpiniaceae
Caesalpinia gilliesii
Ph
KhO, IT
Fabaceae
Cajanus indicus
Ph
KhO
Family
Plant species
Cucurbitaceae
Life Forms of Plant Species and Floristic Regions in Iran
55
Calamagrostis epigejos
Life
form
Ge
Floristic
region
IT
Poaceae
Calamagrostis pseudophragmites
Ge
IT
Lamiaceae
Calamintha grandiflora
He
Hyr, IT
Lamiaceae
Calamintha officinalis
He
Hyr, IT
Asteraceae
Calendula officinalis
Th, He
IT
Asteraceae
Calendula persica
Th
IT, KhO
Asteraceae
Callicephalus nitens
Th
IT, Hyr
Polygonaceae
Calligonum amoenum
Ph
IT, KhO
Polygonaceae
Calligonum bungei
Ph
IT, KhO
Polygonaceae
Calligonum comosum
Ph
IT, KhO
Polygonaceae
Calligonum crinitum
Ph
IT, KhO
Polygonaceae
Calligonum denticulatum
Ph
IT
Polygonaceae
Calligonum intertextum
Ph
KhO
Polygonaceae
Calligonum junceum
Ph
IT
Polygonaceae
Calligonum laristanicum
Ph
KhO
Polygonaceae
Calligonum leucocladum
Ph
IT
Polygonaceae
Calligonum persicum
Ph
IT
Polygonaceae
Calligonum polygonoides
Ph
IT, KhO
Polygonaceae
Calligonum schizopterum
Ph
IT
Polygonaceae
Calligonum stenopterum
Ph
IT
Polygonaceae
Calligonum tetrapterum
Ph
IT
Polygonaceae
Calligonum turkestanicum
Ph
IT
Rubiaceae
Callipeltis cucullaria
Th
IT
Myrtaceae
Callistemon salignus
Ph
KhO
Asclepiadaceae
Calotropis procera
Ph
KhO
Convulvulaceae
Calystegia sepium
He
IT, Hyr
Convolvulaceae
Calystegia silvatica
He
Hyr
Brassicaceae
Camelina laxa
Th
IT
Brassicaceae
Camelina rumelica
Th
Hyr, IT
Campanulaceac
Campanula cecilii
Th
IT, Zag
Family
Plant species
Poaceae
56
Campanula flaccidula
Life
form
Th
Floristic
region
IT, Zag
Campanulaceac
Campanula glomerata
He
IT, Hyr
Campanulaceac
Campanula humillima
He
IT, (End)
Campanulaceac
Campanula incanescens
He
IT
Campanulaceac
Campanula involucrata
He
IT
Campanulaceac
Campanula kermanica
He
IT, (End)
Campanulaceac
Campanula latifolia
He
Hyr, IT
Campanulaceac
Campanula odontosepala
He
Campanulaceac
Campanula perpusilla
He
Campanulaceac
Campanula rapunculus
He
Hyr, IT
IT, Zag,
(End)
Hyr, IT
Campanulaceac
Campanula reuteriana
Th
IT, Zag
Bignoniaceae
Campsis radicans
Ph
KhO
Cannaceae
Canna indica
Ge
KhO
Cannabinaceae
Cannabis sativa
Th
Cosm
Capparidaceae
Capparis cartinaginea
Ch
KhO
Capparidaceae
Capparis decidua
Ph
KhO
Capparidaceae
Capparis parviflora
Ch
IT
Capparidaceae
Capparis sicula
Ch
IT, KhO
Capparidaceae
Capparis spinosa
Ch
Brassicaceae
Capsella bursa-pastoris
Th, He
Fabaceae
Caragana ambigua
Ch
IT, KhO
IT, Hyr,
KhO
KhO
Fabaceae
Caragana gerardiana
Ph
KhO
Fabaceae
Caragana ulicina
Ch
KhO
Brassicaceae
Cardamine hirsuta
Th
Hyr, IT
Brassicaceae
Cardamine impatiens
Th, He
Hyr, IT
Brassicaceae
Cardamine uliginosa
Ge
IT, Hyr
Brassicaceae
Cardaria draba
Ge
IT
Asteraceae
Carduus arabicus
Th
IT
Asteraceae
Carduus getulus
Th
KhO
Family
Plant species
Campanulaceac
Life Forms of Plant Species and Floristic Regions in Iran
57
Carduus pycnocephalus
Life
form
Th
Floristic
region
IT
Asteraceae
Carduus thoermeri
He
IT, Ara
Asteraceae
Carduus transcaspicus
He, Th
IT, Hyr
Cyperaceae
Carex acuta
Ge
IT
Cyperaceae
Carex acutiformis
Ge
Hyr, IT
Cyperaceae
Carex digitata
Ge
Hyr
Cyperaceae
Carex distans
Ge
IT, Zag
Cyperaceae
Carex divisa
Ge
IT, Hyr
Cyperaceae
Carex divulsa
Ge
Hyr, IT
Cyperaceae
Carex grioletii
Ge
Hyr
Cyperaceae
Carex orbicularis
Ge
IT, Hyr
Cyperaceae
Carex oreophila
Ge
IT, Hyr
Cyperaceae
Carex pachystylis
Ge
IT, Hyr
Cyperaceae
Carex pendula
Ge
Hyr
Cyperaceae
Carex physodes
Ge
IT
Cyperaceae
Carex remota
Ge
Hyr
Cyperaceae
Carex riparia
Ge
Hyr, IT
Cyperaceae
Carex songorica
Ge
IT, Hyr
Cyperaceae
Carex sp.
Ge
Cyperaceae
Carex stenophylla
Ge
IT
Cyperaceae
Carex strigosa
Ge
Hyr
Cyperaceae
Carex sylvatica
Ge
Hyr, IT
Caricaceae
Carica papaya
Ph
KhO
Asteraceae
Carpesium abrotanoides
He
Hyr
Betulaceae
Carpinus betulus
Ph
Betulaceae
Carpinus orientalis
Ph
Betulaceae
Carpinus schuschaensis
Ph
Hyr, Ara
IT*, Hyr,
Ara
Hyr, Ara
Aizoaceae
Carpobratus edulis
He
IT
Asteraceae
Carthamus glaucus
Th, He
IT
Asteraceae
Carthamus lanatus
Th, He
IT, Hyr
Family
Plant species
Asteraceae
58
Carthamus oxyacantha
Life
form
Th
Floristic
region
IT
Asteraceae
Carthamus tinctorius
Th
Cosm
Caesalpinaceae
Cassia fistula
Ph
KhO
Caesalpinaceae
Cassia italica
Ch
KhO
Caesalpinaceae
Cassia obovata
Ch
KhO
Fagaceae
Castanea sativa
Ph
Hyr
Poaceae
Catabrosa aquatica
Ge
Hyr, IT
Poaceae
Catapodium rigidum
Th
Hyr, IT
Apocynaceae
Catharanthus rosea
He
KhO
Umbelliferae
Caucalis platycarpos
Th
IT, Hyr
Ulmaceae
Celtis australis
Ph
Ulmaceae
Celtis caucasica
Ph
Ulmaceae
Celtis glabrata
Ph
Hyr, Ara
IT*, Hyr,
Ara, Zag
Hyr, IT*
Ulmaceae
Celtis tournefortii
Ph
Hyr, Zag
Poaceae
Cenchrus ciliaris
Ge
IT, KhO
Poaceae
Cenchrus pennisetiformis
Th, He
KhO
Asteraceae
Centaurea aggregata
He
IT
Asteraceae
Centaurea aucheri
Ge
IT, Zag
Asteraceae
Centaurea balsamita
Th
IT
Asteraceae
Centaurea behen
He
IT
Asteraceae
Centaurea bruguieriana
Th
IT, KhO
Asteraceae
Centaurea cheiranthifolia
Ge
IT
Asteraceae
Centaurea depressa
Th
IT
Asteraceae
Centaurea gaubae
He
IT
Asteraceae
Centaurea hyalolepis
Th, He
IT
Asteraceae
Centaurea hyrcanica
He
Asteraceae
Centaurea iberica
He, Th
Asteraceae
Centaurea intricate
He
Hyr
IT, Hyr,
Zag
IT, KhO
Asteraceae
Centaurea irritans
Th
IT
Family
Plant species
Asteraceae
Life Forms of Plant Species and Floristic Regions in Iran
59
Centaurea ispahanica
Life
form
He
Floristic
region
IT
Asteraceae
Centaurea koeieana
He
IT
Asteraceae
Centaurea lachnopus
Ge
IT
Asteraceae
Centaurea leuzeoides
He
IT
Asteraceae
Centaurea luristanica
He
IT
Asteraceae
Centaurea ovina
He
Hyr
Asteraceae
Centaurea pabotii
He
IT
Asteraceae
Centaurea pseudosinaica
Th
KhO
Asteraceae
Centaurea pulchella
Th
IT
Asteraceae
Centaurea sintenisiana
He
Asteraceae
Centaurea solstitialis
Th
Asteraceae
Centaurea sosnovskyi
Th
IT, Hyr
IT, Hyr,
Ara
IT, Hyr
Asteraceae
Centaurea virgata
Ch
Asteraceae
Centaurea zuvandica
Ge
Gentianaceae
Centaurium minus
Th, He
Gentianaceae
Centaurium pulchellum
Th
Gentianaceae
Centaurium spicatum
Th
IT, Hyr
IT, Hyr,
Ara
IT, Hyr
IT, Hyr,
KhO
Hyr, IT
Orchidaceae
Cephalanthera caucasica
Ge
Hyr
Orchidaceae
Cephalanthera damasonium
Ge
Hyr, Ara
Orchidaceae
Cephalanthera rubra
Ge
Hyr
Orchidaceae
Cephalanthera sp.
Ge
Dipsacaceae
Cephalaria dichaetophora
Th
IT, Zag
Dipsacaceae
Cephalaria kotschyi
He
IT
Dipsacaceae
Cephalaria microcephala
He
IT
Dipsacaceae
Cephalaria procera
He
IT
Dipsacaceae
Cephalaria syriaca
Th
IT
Asteraceae
Cephalorrhynchus brassicifoluis
He
IT, Hyr
Asteraceae
Cephalorrhynchus kossinskyi
Ge
IT
Caryophyllaceae
Cerastium dichotomum
Th
IT
Family
Plant species
Asteraceae
60
Cerastium glomeratum
Life
form
Th
Floristic
region
IT, Hyr
Caryophyllaceae
Cerastium inflatum
Th
Rosaceae
Cerasus avium
Ph
Rosaceae
Cerasus brachypetala
Ph
IT
Hyr, IT*,
Zag, Ara
IT
Rosaceae
Cerasus chorassanica
Ph
IT, (End)
Rosaceae
Cerasus griffithii
Ph
Zag
Rosaceae
Cerasus incana
Ph
IT
Rosaceae
Cerasus mahaleb
Ph
IT
Rosaceae
Cerasus microcarpa
Ph
IT
Rosaceae
Cerasus vulgaris
Ph
IT*, Hyr
Chenopodiaceae
Ceratocarpus arenarius
Th
IT
Ranunculaceae
Ceratocephala testiculata
Th
IT
Ranunculaceae
Ceratocephalus falcatus
Th
IT, Hyr
Caesalpinaceae
Ceratonia siliqua
Ph
KhO
Ceratophyllaceae
Ceratophyllum demersum
Hyd
Caesalpinaceae
Cercis griffithii
Ph
Caesalpinaceae
Cercis siliquastrum
Ph
IT, Hyr
IT, Hyr,
Zag
Hyr
Boraginaceae
Cerinthe minor
He
IT, Hyr
Umbelliferae
Chaerophyllum aureum
He
IT, Hyr
Umbelliferae
Chaerophyllum bulbosum
Ge
IT, Hyr
Umbelliferae
Chaerophyllum khorassanicum
He
Umbelliferae
Chaerophyllum macropodum
He
Umbelliferae
Chaerophyllum macrospermum
He
IT, Hyr
IT, Zag,
Hyr
IT
Brassicaceae
Chalcanthus renifolius
Ge
IT, Hyr
Lamiaceae
Chamaesphacos ilicifolius
Th
IT
Asteraceae
Chardinia orientalis
Th
IT
Papaveraceae
Chelidonium majus
He
Hyr, IT
Chenopodiaceae
Chenopodium album
Th
Cosm
Chenopodiaceae
Chenopodium ambrosioides
Th
Hyr
Family
Plant species
Caryophyllaceae
Life Forms of Plant Species and Floristic Regions in Iran
61
Chenopodium botrys
Life
form
Th
Floristic
region
IT, Hyr
Chenopodiaceae
Chenopodium foliosum
Th
IT, Hyr
Chenopodiaceae
Chenopodium glaucum
Th
IT, Hyr
Chenopodiaceae
Chenopodium murale
Th
IT, KhO
Chenopodiaceae
Chenopodium novopokrovskyanum
Th
IT, Hyr
Chenopodiaceae
Chenopodium urbicum
Th
IT, Hyr
Chenopodiaceae
Chenopodium vulvaira
Th
IT, Hyr
Fabaceae
Chesneya astragalina
He
Asteraceae
Chondrilla juncea
He, Th
Brassicaceae
Chorispora tenella
Th
IT*
IT, Hyr,
Zag
IT
Euphorbiaceae
Chrozophora hierosolymitana
Th
IT
Euphorbiaceae
Chrozophora tinctoria
Th
Asteraceae
Chrysanthemum coronarium
Th
Asteraceae
Chrysanthemum roseum
He
IT
Hyr, IT,
KhO
IT
Poaceae
Chrysopogon aucheri
Ge
KhO
Fabaceae
Cicer anatolicum
He
IT
Fabaceae
Cicer arietinum
Th
Fabaceae
Cicer oxyodon
He
Fabaceae
Cicer spiroceras
He
IT
IT, Hyr,
KhO
IT, (End)
Asteraceae
Cichorium intybus
He
Cosm
Asteraceae
Cichorium pumilum
Th
KhO, Zag
Onagraceae
Circaea lutetiana
Ge
Hyr, IT
Asteraceae
Cirsium arvense
Ge
IT, Hyr
Asteraceae
Cirsium bornmulleri
He
IT
Asteraceae
Cirsium bracteatum
Th
IT
Asteraceae
Cirsium bracteosum
He
IT
Asteraceae
Cirsium congestum
He
IT
Asteraceae
Cirsium echinus
He
IT, Hyr
Asteraceae
Cirsium haussknechtii
He, Th
IT
Family
Plant species
Chenopodiaceae
62
Cirsium hygrophilum
Life
form
He
Floristic
region
IT, Hyr
Asteraceae
Cirsium lappaceum
He
IT
Asteraceae
Cirsium rhizocephalum
He
IT
Asteraceae
Cirsium spectabile
Ge
IT
Asteraceae
Cirsium strigosum
He
IT, Hyr
Asteraceae
Cirsium vulgare
He
IT, Hyr
Orbanchaceae
Cistanche tubulosa
Ge
IT
Cucurbitaceae
Citrullus colocynthis
He
KhO, IT
Cucurbitaceae
Citrullus vulgaris
Th
IT
Rutaceae
Citrus sp.
Ph
Cyperaceae
Cladium mariscus
Ge
Hyr, IT
Ranunculaceae
Clematis ispahanica
Ch
IT
Ranunculaceae
Clematis orientalis
Ch
IT, Zag
Capparaceae
Cleome chrysantha
He
KhO
Capparaceae
Cleome coluteoides
He
Capparaceae
Cleome dolichostyla
Th, He
Capparaceae
Cleome heratensis
He,Th
IT
KhO,
(End)
IT
Capparaceae
Cleome iberica
He, Th
IT, Zag
Capparaceae
Cleome Khorasanica
He
IT
Capparaceae
Cleome noeana
Th, He
IT, KhO
Capparaceae
Cleome oxypetala
He
IT, KhO
Capparaceae
Cleome quinquenervia
Th
IT
Lamiaceae
Clerodendron inerme
Ph
KhO
Amaranthaceae
Climacoptera turcomanica
Th
IT
Lamiaceae
Clinopodium umbrosum
He
IT, Hyr
Lamiaceae
Clinopodium vulgare
He
Hyr, IT
Brassicaceae
Clypeola aspera
Th
IT
Brassicaceae
Clypeola dichotoma
Th
IT
Brassicaceae
Clypeola jonthlaspi
Th
IT
Cruciferae
Clypeola microcarpa
Th
IT, Hyr
Family
Plant species
Asteraceae
Life Forms of Plant Species and Floristic Regions in Iran
63
Cnicus benedictus
Life
form
Th
Floristic
region
IT
Menispermaceae
Cocculus pendulus
Ch
KhO
Asteraceae
Codonocephalum peacockianum
He
IT
Colochicaceae
Colchicum persicum
Ge
IT
Colochicaceae
Colchicum steveni
Ge
Hyr, IT
Colochicaceae
Colchicum szovitsii
Ge
IT
Fabaceae
Colutea arborescens
Ph
Ara, Hyr
Fabaceae
Colutea armata
Ph
Fabaceae
Colutea buhsei
Ph
Fabaceae
Colutea gifana
Ph
IT*, KhO
IT*, Ara,
Hyr
IT*
Fabaceae
Colutea gracilis
Ph
IT
Fabaceae
Colutea persica
Ph
Zag, IT*
Fabaceae
Colutea porphyrogramma
Ph
IT*
Fabaceae
Colutea triphylla
Ph
IT*, Hyr
Fabaceae
Colutea uniflora
Ph
IT*, Hyr
Caryophyllaceae
Cometes surattensis
Th
KhO
Orchidaceae
Comperia comperiana
Ge
IT
Umbelliferae
Conium maculatum
He
Cosm
Brassicaceae
Conringia clavata
Th
IT
Brassicaceae
Conringia orientalis
He, Th
IT, Hyr
Brassicaceae
Conringia perfoliata
Th
IT, Hyr
Brassicaceae
Conringia persica
Th
IT
Ranunculaceae
Consolida camptocarpa
Th
IT
Ranunculaceae
Consolida orientalis
Th
IT
Ranunculaceae
Consolida rugulosa
Th
IT
Ranunculaceae
Consolida trigonelloides
Th
IT
Convolvulaceae
Convolvulus acanthocladus
Ch
KhO, Zag
Convolvulaceae
Convolvulus argyracanthus
Ch
KhO
Convolvulaceae
Convolvulus arvensis
He
Cosm
Convolvulaceae
Convolvulus buschiricus
He
KhO
Family
Plant species
Asteraceae
64
Convolvulus calvertii
Life
form
He
Floristic
region
IT
Convolvulaceae
Convolvulus cantabrica
He
IT, Hyr
Convolvulaceae
Convolvulus chondrillioides
Ch
IT
Convolvulaceae
Convolvulus commutatus
He
IT
Convolvulaceae
Convolvulus dorycnium
He
IT
Convolvulaceae
Convolvulus eremophilus
He
IT
Convolvulaceae
Convolvulus erinaceus
Ch
IT
Convolvulaceae
Convolvulus evolvuloides
He
IT
Convolvulaceae
Convolvulus fruticosus
Ch
IT
Convolvulaceae
Convolvulus glomeratus
Ch
Convolvulaceae
Convolvulus gonocladus
He
Convolvulaceae
Convolvulus koeieanus
He
Convolvulaceae
Convolvulus leiocalycinus
Ch
Convolvulaceae
Convolvulus leptocladus
Ch
KhO
IT, KhO,
(End)
IT, KhO,
(End)
IT, Zag,
KhO
KhO
Convolvulaceae
Convolvulus lineatus
He
IT
Convolvulaceae
Convolvulus oxyphyllus
He
Convolvulaceae
Convolvulus oxysepalus
He
Convolvulaceae
Convolvulus pilosellifolius
He
Convolvulaceae
Convolvulus pseudocantabrica
He
KhO
KhO, IT,
(End)
IT, KhO,
Zag
IT
Convolvulaceae
Convolvulus reticulatus
He
IT
Convolvulaceae
Convolvulus schirazianus
He
IT, (End)
Convolvulaceae
Convolvulus sericeus
He
KhO
Convolvulaceae
Convolvulus spinosus
Ch
IT, KhO
Convolvulaceae
Convolvulus stachydifolius
He
Convolvulaceae
Convolvulus turrillianus
Ch
Convolvulaceae
Convolvulus urosepalus
He
IT
IT, KhO,
(End)
IT, KhO
Convolvulaceae
Convolvulus virgatus
Ch
KhO, IT
Asteraceae
Conyza bonariensis
Th
IT, Hyr
Family
Plant species
Convolvulaceae
Life Forms of Plant Species and Floristic Regions in Iran
65
Conyza canadensis
Life
form
Th
Floristic
region
IT
Asteraceae
Conyzanthus squamatus
He
Cosm
Tiliaceae
Corchorus depressus
Ch
KhO
Tiliaceae
Corchorus trilocularis
He, Th
KhO
Boraginaceae
Cordia crenata
Ph
KhO
Boraginaceae
Cordia myxa
Ph
KhO
Umbelliferae
Coriandrum sativum
Th
Cosm
Chenopodiaceae
Corispermum lehmannianum
Th
IT
Chenopodiaceae
Cornulaca amblyacantha
Ch
KhO, IT
Chenopodiaceae
Cornulaca aucheri
Th
IT, KhO
Chenopodiaceae
Cornulaca laucantha
Th, He
IT, KhO
Chenopodiaceae
Cornulaca monacantha
Ch
Cornaceae
Cornus australis
Ph
Cornaceae
Cornus mas
Ph
IT, KhO
IT*, Hyr,
Ara
Ara, Hyr
Cornaceae
Cornus sanguinea
Ph
Zag
Fabaceae
Coronilla scorpioides
Th
IT, KhO
Fabaceae
Coronilla varia
He
Hyr, IT
Primulaceae
Cortusa matuioli
He
Hyr, (End)
Fumariaceae
Corydalis chionophila
He
IT
Fumariaceae
Corydalis rupestris
He
IT
Betulaceae
Corylus avellana
Ph
Hyr, Ara
Betulaceae
Corylus colurna
Ph
Hyr
Asteraceae
Cota altissima
Th
Hyr
Anacardiaceae
Cotinus coggygria
Ph
Ara
Rosaceae
Cotoneaster atrosanguinea
Ph
Ara, Zag
Rosaceae
Cotoneaster azarolus
Ph
Zag
Rosaceae
Cotoneaster discolor
Ph
IT*, Hyr
Rosaceae
Cotoneaster esfandiarii
Ph
IT*, (End)
Rosaceae
Cotoneaster heterophylla
Ph
Zag
Rosaceae
Cotoneaster hissarica
Ph
IT*, Zag,
Family
Plant species
Asteraceae
66
Family
Plant species
Life
form
Floristic
region
Hyr
Rosaceae
Cotoneaster insignis
Ph
IT*, Hyr
Rosaceae
Cotoneaster integerrima
Ph
Hyr
Rosaceae
Cotoneaster kotschyi
Ph
IT*
Rosaceae
Cotoneaster luristanica
Ph
IT*, Zag
Rosaceae
Cotoneaster meyeri
Ph
Zag, Ara
Rosaceae
Cotoneaster microphylla
Ph
Zag, Ara
Rosaceae
Cotoneaster morulus
Ph
Zag
Rosaceae
Cotoneaster multiflora
Ph
Rosaceae
Cotoneaster nummularia
Ph
Rosaceae
Cotoneaster ovata
Ph
Rosaceae
Cotoneaster persica
Ph
Rosaceae
Cotoneaster racemiflora
Ph
Hyr
IT*, Hyr,
Ara
IT*, Hyr
IT*, Zag,
(End)
Ara, Hyr,
Zag
Rosaceae
Cotoneaster sp.
Ph
Rosaceae
Cotoneaster turcomanica
Ph
Hyr
Rosaceae
Cotoneaster tytthocarpa
Ph
IT*, Hyr
Asteraceae
Cousinia amplissima
He
IT
Asteraceae
Cousinia arida
He
IT
Asteraceae
Cousinia assyriaca
He
IT
Asteraceae
Cousinia behboudiana
He
IT
Asteraceae
Cousinia belangeri
He
IT
Asteraceae
Cousinia calcitrapa
He
IT
Asteraceae
Cousinia calolepis
Ch
IT
Asteraceae
Cousinia chrysochlora
Ch
IT
Asteraceae
Cousinia congesta
Ch
IT
Asteraceae
Cousinia cylindracea
He
IT
Asteraceae
Cousinia cymbolepis
He
IT
Asteraceae
Cousinia decipiens
Ch
IT
Asteraceae
Cousinia deserti
He
IT
Life Forms of Plant Species and Floristic Regions in Iran
67
Cousinia ecbatanensis
Life
form
He
Floristic
region
IT
Asteraceae
Cousinia elwendensis
He
IT*
Asteraceae
Cousinia eriobasis
He
IT
Asteraceae
Cousinia eryngioides
He
IT
Asteraceae
Cousinia hablitzii
He
IT, Hyr
Asteraceae
Cousinia heliantha
Th, He
IT
Asteraceae
Cousinia khorramabadensis
He
IT
Asteraceae
Cousinia lachnosphaera
He
IT
Asteraceae
Cousinia lactiflora
He
IT
Asteraceae
Cousinia lasiandra
He
IT
Asteraceae
Cousinia macrocarpa
He
IT
Asteraceae
Cousinia meshhedensis
He
IT
Asteraceae
Cousinia microcarpa
He
IT
Asteraceae
Cousinia microcephala
He
IT
Asteraceae
Cousinia millefontana
He
IT
Asteraceae
Cousinia multiloba
He
IT
Asteraceae
Cousinia neurocentra
He
IT
Asteraceae
Cousinia onopordioides
He
IT, Hyr
Asteraceae
Cousinia pichleriana
He
IT
Asteraceae
Cousinia piptocephala
He
IT
Asteraceae
Cousinia prolifera
Th
IT, KhO
Asteraceae
Cousinia sicigera
He
IT
Asteraceae
Cousinia smirnowii
Ch
IT
Asteraceae
Cousinia stocksii
He
IT, KhO
Asteraceae
Cousinia tenuifolia
He
IT
Asteraceae
Cousinia turcomanica
He
IT
Asteraceae
Cousinia turkmenorum
He
IT
Asteraceae
Cousinia umbrosa
He
IT
Asteraceae
Cousinia urumiensis
Ch
IT
Brassicaceae
Crambe kotschyana
He
IT
Family
Plant species
Asteraceae
68
Crambe orientalis
Life
form
He
Floristic
region
IT
Crussulaceae
Crassula alata
Th
IT, KhO
Rosaceae
Crataegus ambigua
Ph
IT, Hyr
Rosaceae
Crataegus atrosanguinea
Ph
Rosaceae
Crataegus azarolus
Ph
Rosaceae
Crataegus caucasica
Ph
IT, Hyr
IT, Hyr,
Zag
Hyr
Rosaceae
Crataegus elbursensis
Ph
Hyr
Rosaceae
Crataegus melanocarpa
Ph
Hyr, IT
Rosaceae
Crataegus meyeri
Ph
Rosaceae
Crataegus microphylla
Ph
Rosaceae
Crataegus monogyna
Ph
IT, Hyr
Hyr, IT,
Zag
IT, Hyr
Rosaceae
Crataegus persica
Ph
Zag, (End)
Rosaceae
Crataegus pinnatifida
Ph
Rosaceae
Crataegus pontica
Ph
Rosaceae
Crataegus pseudoheterophylla
Ph
Rosaceae
Crataegus pseudomelanocarpa
Ph
IT
IT, Zag,
Hyr
IT, Hyr,
Zag
Hyr
Rosaceae
Crataegus sinaica
Rosaceae
Crataegus songarica
Ph
Rosaceae
Crataegus sp.
Ph
Rosaceae
Crataegus szovitsii
Ph
IT
Rosaceae
Crataegus turcomanica
Ph
IT
Asteraceae
Crepis elbursensis
Ge
IT
Asteraceae
Crepis kotschyana
Th
IT, KhO
Asteraceae
Crepis micrantha
Th
IT, KhO
Asteraceae
Crepis pulchra
Th, He
IT, KhO
Asteraceae
Crepis quercifolia
Th, He
Asteraceae
Crepis sancta
Th, He
Asteraceae
Crepis turcomanica
He
IT
IT, Hyr,
Zag, KhO
IT
Family
Plant species
Brassicaceae
IT, Zag
IT, Hyr
Life Forms of Plant Species and Floristic Regions in Iran
69
Cressa cretica
Life
form
He
Floristic
region
IT, KhO
Iridaceae
Crocus cancellatus
Ge
IT, Zag
Iridaceae
Crocus caspius
Ge
Hyr
Iridaceae
Crocus haussknechtii
Ge
IT, zag
Iridaceae
Crocus sativus
Ge
IT
Fabaceae
Crotalaria aegyptiaca
Ch
KhO
Fabaceae
Crotalaria burhia
Ch
KhO
Fabaceae
Crotalaria furfuracea
Ch
KhO
Fabaceae
Crotalaria persica
He
KhO
Fabaceae
Crotalaria retusa
He
KhO
Rubiaceae
Crucianella ciliata
Th
IT
Rubiaceae
Crucianella gilanica
He
IT
Rubiaceae
Crucianella sintenisii
He
IT
Rubiaceae
Cruciata laevipes
Ge
Hyr
Asteraceae
Crupina crupinastrum
Th
IT
Poaceae
Crypsis schoenoides
Th
IT, Hyr
Cucurbitaceae
Cucumis melo
Th
KhO, Hyr
Umbelliferae
Cuminum cyminum
Th
Cupressaceae
Cupressus horizontalis
Ph
Cupressaceae
Cupressus sempervirens
Ph
Convolvulaceae
Cuscuta approximata
Th
Convolvulaceae
Cuscuta campestris
Th
IT
Hyr, Zag,
IT
Hyr
IT, Hyr,
KhO
Cosm
Convolvulaceae
Cuscuta epithymum
Th
IT, KhO
Convolvulaceae
Cuscuta monogyna
Th
IT, Hyr
Poaceae
Cutandia memphitica
Th
KhO, Hyr
Primulaceae
Cyclamen coum
Ge
Hyr
Rosaceae
Cydonia oblonga
Ph
IT, Hyr
Rosaceae
Cydonia vulgaris
Ph
IT, Hyr
Brassicaceae
Cymatocarpus pilosissimus
Th
IT
Family
Plant species
Convolvulaceae
70
Cymbocarpum anethoides
Life
form
Th
Floristic
region
IT, Hyr
Asteraceae
Cymbolaena griffithii
Th
IT
Poaceae
Cymbopogon olivieri
He
IT, KhO
Asclepiadaceae
Cynanchum acutum
He
IT, Hyr
Poaceae
Cynodon dactylon
Ge
Cosm
Boraginaceae
Cynoglossum creticum
He
Hyr, Zag
Boraginaceae
Cynoglossum officinale
He
Hyr
Cynomoriaceae
Cynomorium songaricum
Th
IT
Poaceae
Cynosurus echinatus
Th
IT, Hyr
Cyperaceae
Cyperus arenarius
Ge
KhO
Cyperaceae
Cyperus conglomeratus
Ge
KhO
Cyperaceae
Cyperus difformis
Th
Cyperaceae
Cyperus distachyos
Ge
Cyperaceae
Cyperus eremicus
Ge
IT, Hyr
IT, KhO,
Hyr
IT, KhO
Cyperaceae
Cyperus fuscus
Th
Cyperaceae
Cyperus longus
Ge
Cyperaceae
Cyperus rotundus
Ge
IT, Hyr
Hyr, IT,
Zag
Cosm
Athyriaceae
Cystopteris fragilis
Ge
IT, Hyr
Poaceae
Dactylis glomerata
He
IT, Hyr
Poaceae
Dactyloctenium aegyptium
Ge
KhO
Orchidaceae
Dactylorrhiza iberica
Ge
Hyr
Orchidaceae
Dactylorrhiza umbrosa
Ge
IT
Fabaceae
Dalbergia sissoo
Ph
KhO
Ruscaceae
Danae racemosa
Ph
Hyr
Thymelaeaceae
Daphne laureola
Ph
Hyr
Thymelaeaceae
Daphne mezereum
Ph
Thymelaeaceae
Daphne mucronata
Ph
Thymelaeaceae
Daphne oleoides
Ph
Thymelaeaceae
Daphne pontica
Ph
Hyr
IT, Ara,
Zag, KhO
IT, Zag,
KhO
Hyr
Family
Plant species
Umbelliferae
Life Forms of Plant Species and Floristic Regions in Iran
71
Daphne rechingeri
Life
form
Ph
Floristic
region
Hyr
Thymelaeaceae
Daphne stapfii
Ph
IT, KhO
Datiscaceae
Datisca cannabina
He
IT, Hyr
Solanaceae
Datura innoxia
Th
KhO
Solanaceae
Datura stramonium
Th
Cosm
Umbelliferae
Daucus carota
Th, He
IT, Hyr
Ranunculaceae
Delphinium cyphoplectrum
He
IT
Ranunculaceae
Delphinium semibarbatum
He
IT
Thymelaeaceae
Dendrostellera lessrtii
Ch
IT
Poaceae
Deschampsia caespitosa
Ge
IT, Hyr
Brassicaceae
Descurainia Sophia
Th, He
IT, Hyr
Poaceae
Desmostachya bipinnata
Ge
KhO, IT
Poaceae
Deyeuxia parsana
He
Hyr
Caryophyllaceae
Dianthus crinitus
He
IT
Caryophyllaceae
Dianthus libunotis
Th, He
IT, Hyr
Caryophyllaceae
Dianthus macranthoides
He
IT, KhO
Caryophillaceae
Dianthus orientalis
Ch
IT
Caryophyllaceae
Dianthus pachypetalus
He
IT
Caryophyllaceae
Dianthus szowitsianus
He
IT
Caryophyllaceae
Dianthus tabrisianus
He
IT
Thymelaeaceae
Diarthron antoniniae
Ch
IT
Thymelaeaceae
Diarthron vesiculosum
Th
Poaceae
Dichanthium annulatum
Ge
Umbelliferae
Dicyclophora persica
Th
IT, Hyr
IT, KhO,
Hyr
IT, KhO
Brassicaceae
Dielsiocharis kotschyi
Ch
IT
Plantaginaceae
Digitalis nervosa
He
IT, Hyr
Poaceae
Digitaria nodosa
He
IT
Poaceae
Digitaria sanguinalis
Th
IT
Poaceae
Dinebra retroflexa
Th
KhO
Primulaceae
Dionysia aubrietioides
He
IT, (End)
Family
Plant species
Thymelaeaceae
72
Dionysia curviflora
Life
form
He
Floristic
region
IT, (End)
Primulaceae
Dionysia janthina
He
IT, (End)
Primulaceae
Dionysia khuzistanica
He
IT, (End)
Primulaceae
Dionysia rhaptodes
He
IT, (End)
Ebenaceae
Diospyros lotus
Ph
Hyr
Brassicaceae
Diplotaxis erucoides
Th
KhO
Brassicaceae
Diplotaxis harra
He, Th
KhO, IT
Dipsacaceae
Dipsacus laciniatus
He
IT
Dipsacaceae
Dipsacus pilosus
He
Hyr, IT
Dipsacaceae
Dipsacus strigosus
He
Hyr, Ara
Asteraceae
Dipterocome pusilla
Th
IT
Asteraceae
Dittrichia graveolens
Th
IT, KhO
Scrophulariaceae
Dodartia orientalis
He
IT
Sapindaceae
Dodonea viscose
Ph
KhO
Umbelliferae
Dorema ammoniacum
Th, He
IT
Umbelliferae
Dorema hyrcanum
He, Th
IT
Brassicaceae
Draba aucheri
He
IT
Brassicaceae
Draba nemorosa
Th
Hyr, IT
Brassicaceae
Drabopsis verna
Th
IT
Lamiaceae
Dracocephalum kotschyi
He
IT
Lamiaceae
Dracocephalum moldavica
Th
IT
Dryopteridaceae
Dryopteris borreri
He
Hyr
Dryopteridaceae
Dryopteris caucasica
Ge
Hyr
Dryopteridaceae
Dryopteris filix-mas
Ge
Hyr
Umbelliferae
Ducrosia anethifolia
He
IT, KhO
Umbelliferae
Ducrosia flabellifolia
He
Fabaceae
Ebenus stellata
Ch
Poaceae
Echinochloa crus-galli
Th
IT
IT, KhO,
Zag
Hyr, IT
Umbelliferae
Echinophora cinerea
He
IT
Umbelliferae
Echinophora paltyloba
He
IT
Family
Plant species
Primulaceae
Life Forms of Plant Species and Floristic Regions in Iran
73
Family
Plant species
Life
form
Floristic
region
IT, KhO,
(End)
IT, (End)
Asteraceae
Echinops aucheri
He
Asteraceae
Echinops cephalotes
He
Asteraceae
Echinops ceratophorus
He
Asteraceae
Echinops dichorus
He
Asteraceae
Echinops erioceras
He
IT, (End)
KhO,
(End)
IT, (End)
Asteraceae
Echinops gedrosiacus
He
KhO
Asteraceae
Echinops heteromorphus
He
IT, (End)
Asteraceae
Echinops ilicifolius
Ch
IT, (End)
Asteraceae
Echinops jezdianus
He
IT, (End)
Asteraceae
Echinops lalesarensis
Ch
IT, (End)
Asteraceae
Echinops leiopolyceroides
He
Asteraceae
Echinops longipenicillatus
He
Asteraceae
Echinops macrophyllus
He
IT, (End)
KhO,
(End)
IT, KhO
Asteraceae
Echinops mosulensis
He
IT
Asteraceae
Echinops orientalis
He
IT
Asteraceae
Echinops polygamus
He
IT
Asteraceae
Echinops pungens
He
IT, Hyr
Asteraceae
Echinops ritrodes
He
IT
Asteraceae
Echinops robusta
He
IT, (End)
Asteraceae
Echinops tournefortii
He
IT
Boraginceae
Echium amoenum
He
Hyr
Boraginaceae
Echium italicum
He
IT
Boraginaceae
Echium khuzistanicum
Th, He
KhO
Asteraceae
Eclipta prostrata
Th
Hyr
Boraginaceae
Ehretia laevis
Ph
KhO
Boraginaceae
Ehretia obtusifolia
Ph
KhO
Elaeagnaceae
Elaeagnus angustifolia
Ph
IT
Cyperaceae
Eleocharis acicularis
Ge
IT
Cyperaceae
Eleocharis palustris
Ge
IT, Hyr
74
Eleusine indica
Life
form
Th
Floristic
region
Hyr
Poaceae
Elymus hispidus
Ge
IT, Hyr
Poaceae
Elymus zagricus
Ge
IT
Polygonaceae
Emex spinosa
Th
IT, KhO
Poaceae
Enneapogon persicus
He
IT, KhO
Ephedraceae
Ephedra brevifoliata
Ph, Ch
IT, KhO
Ephedraceae
Ephedra ciliata
Ph, Ch
IT, KhO
Ephedraceae
Ephedra distachya
Ph, Ch
IT
Ephedraceae
Ephedra foliata
Ph, Ch
IT, KhO
Ephedraceae
Ephedra glauca
Ph, Ch
IT
Ephedraceae
Ephedra holoptera
Ph, Ch
IT
Ephedraceae
Ephedra intermedia
Ph, Ch
Ephedraceae
Ephedra major
Ph, Ch
Ephedraceae
Ephedra microbracteata
Ph, Ch
IT, Zag
IT, Hyr,
KhO
KhO
Ephedraceae
Ephedra pachyclada
Ph, Ch
Ephedraceae
Ephedra persica
Ph, Ch
Ephedraceae
Ephedra procera
Ph, Ch
Ephedraceae
Ephedra sarcocarpa
Ph, Ch
IT, KhO
IT, KhO,
Zag
IT, Hyr,
Ara, Zag
IT, Zag
Ephedraceae
Ephedra strobilacea
Ph, Ch
IT
Asteraceae
Epilasia hemilasia
Th
IT
Onagraceae
Epilobium dodonaei
Ge
Hyr
Onagraceae
Epilobium hirsutum
Ge
IT, Hyr
Onagraceae
Epilobium minutiflorum
Ge
IT
Onagraceae
Epilobium palustre
Ge
IT, Hyr
Podophyllaceae
Epimedium pinnatum
Ge
Hyr
Orchidaceae
Epipactis helleborine
Ge
Hyr, IT
Orchidaceae
Epipactis latifolia
Ge
Hyr, IT
Orchidaceae
Epipactis microphylla
Ge
Hyr
Orchidaceae
Epipactis palustris
Ge
IT
Family
Plant species
Poaceae
Life Forms of Plant Species and Floristic Regions in Iran
75
Epipactis rechingeri
Life
form
Ge
Floristic
region
Hyr
Orchidaceae
Epipactis veratrifolia
Ge
IT, KhO
Equisetaceae
Equisetum arvense
Ge
IT, Hyr
Equisetaceae
Equisetum maximum
Ge
Hyr
Equisetaceae
Equisetum palustre
Ge
Hyr, IT
Equisetaceae
Equisetum ramosissimum
Ge
IT, Hyr
Equisetaceae
Equisetum sp.
Ge
Equisetaceae
Equisetum telmateia
Ge
IT, Hyr
Poaceae
Eragrostis poaeoides
Th
IT
Brassicaceae
Eremobium aegyptiacum
Th
KhO
Umbelliferae
Eremodaucus lehmannii
He
IT
Poaceae
Eremopoa persica
Th
IT
Poaceae
Eremopogon foveolatus
Ge
KhO
Poaceae
Eremopyrum bonaepartis
Th
IT
Poaceae
Eremopyrum confusum
Th
IT
Poaceae
Eremopyrum distans
Th
IT
Lamiaceae
Eremostachys labiosa
Ge
IT
Lamiaceae
Eremostachys laevigata
He
IT, Zag
Lamiaceae
Eremostachys macrophylla
He
IT
Lamiaceae
Eremostachys pulvinaris
He
IT
Liliaceae
Eremurus inderiensis
Ge
IT
Liliaceae
Eremurus kopetdaghensis
Ge
IT
Liliaceae
Eremurus olgae
Ge
IT
Liliaceae
Eremurus persicus
Ge
IT
Liliaceae
Eremurus spectabilis
Ge
IT
Liliaceae
Eremurus stenophyllus
Ge
IT
Asteraceae
Erigeron acer
He
IT, Hyr
Rosaceae
Eriobotrya japonica
Ph
Hyr
Geraniaceae
Erodium ciconium
Th
IT, Hyr
Geraniaceae
Erodium cicutarium
Th
Cosm
Family
Plant species
Orchidaceae
76
Family
Plant species
Geraniaceae
Erodium glaucophyllum
Life
form
He
Floristic
region
IT, KhO
IT, Zag,
KhO
IT, KhO
KhO, Zag,
IT
IT, KhO
Geraniaceae
Erodium gruinum
Th, He
Geraniaceae
Erodium malacoides
Th, He
Geraniaceae
Erodium moschatum
Th, He
Geraniaceae
Erodium oxyrrhynchum
Th, He
Geraniaceae
Erodium pulverulentum
Th, He
Brassicaceae
Eruca sativa
Th
Brassicaceae
Erucaria hispanica
Th
IT, KhO
IT, Hyr,
KhO
KhO, IT
Umbelliferae
Eryngium billardieri
He
Cosm
Umbelliferae
Eryngium bungei
He
IT
Umbelliferae
Eryngium caeruleum
He
Hyr, IT
Umbelliferae
Eryngium caucasicum
He
IT
Umbelliferae
Eryngium noeanum
He
IT
Umbelliferae
Eryngium thyrsoideum
He
IT
Brassicaceae
Erysimum aitchisonii
He
IT
Brassicaceae
Erysimum crassicaule
He
IT
Brassicaceae
Erysimum griffithianum
Th
IT
Brassicaceae
Erysimum oleifolium
He
IT, KhO
Brassicaceae
Erysimum repandum
Th
IT, Hyr
Brassicaceae
Euclidium syriacum
Th
IT
Myrtaceae
Eugenia jambolana
Ph
KhO
Myrtaceae
Eugenia jambos
Ph
KhO
Asteraceae
Eupatorium cannabinum
Ch
Hyr, IT
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbia aellenii
He
IT
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbia aleppica
Th, He
IT
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbia amygdaloides
Ge
Hyr
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbia aucheri
He
IT, Hyr
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbia Boissieriana
He
IT, Hyr
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbia buhsei
He
IT, Hyr
Life Forms of Plant Species and Floristic Regions in Iran
77
Euphorbia bungei
Life
form
He
Floristic
region
IT
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbia cheiradenia
He
IT, Hyr
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbia connata
He
IT
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbia decipiens
He
IT
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbia densa
Th
IT, KhO
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbia denticolata
He
IT
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbia erythradenia
He
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbia falcata
Th
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbia gedrosiaca
He
IT
IT, Hyr,
KhO
IT, KhO
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbia granulata
Th
KhO
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbia helioscopia
Th
Hyr, IT
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbia heteradena
He
IT, Hyr
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbia humilis
He
IT
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbia larica
Ch
KhO
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbia macroclada
He
IT
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbia macrostegia
He
IT
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbia microsciadia
He
IT
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbia neriifolia
Ph
KhO
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbia osyridea
He
KhO
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbia petiolata
Th
IT
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbia sororia
Th
IT
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbia splendida
He
IT
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbia stricta
Th
Hyr, IT
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbia szovitsii
Th
IT, Hyr
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbia teheranica
He
IT
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbia tirucalli
Ph
KhO
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbia turcomanica
Th
IT, KhO
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbia virgata
He
IT, Hyr
Scrophulariaceae
Euphrasia juzepczukii
Th
IT
Chenopodiaceae
Eurotia ceratoides
Ch
IT
Family
Plant species
Euphorbiaceae
78
Evonymus europaeus
Life
form
Ph
Floristic
region
Ara, Hyr
Celastraceae
Evonymus latifolia
Ph
Hyr, Ara
Celastraceae
Evonymus velutina
Ph
Hyr
Celastraceae
Evonymus verrucosa
Ph
Ara
Zygophyllaceae
Fagonia acerosa
He
KhO
Zygophyllaceae
Fagonia bruguieri
He
IT, KhO
Zygophyllaceae
Fagonia indica
He
KhO
Zygophyllaceae
Fagonia olivieri
He
KhO
Zygophyllaceae
Fagonia subinermis
He
KhO
Fagaceae
Fagus orientalis
Ph
Hyr
Umbelliferae
Falcaria vulgaris
He
IT, Hyr
Brassicaceae
Farsetia heliophila
He
IT, KhO
Umbelliferae
Ferula assa-foetida
He
IT
Umbelliferae
Ferula gabriellii
He
IT
Umbelliferae
Ferula galbanifua
He
Hyr
Umbelliferae
Ferula gummosa
He
IT
Umbelliferae
Ferula haussknechtii
He
IT, Zag
Umbelliferae
Ferula hirtella
He
IT
Umbelliferae
Ferula latisecta
He
IT
Umbelliferae
Ferula macrocolea
He
IT
Umbelliferae
Ferula oopoda
He
IT
Umbelliferae
Ferula orientalis
He
IT
Umbelliferae
Ferula ovina
He
IT
Umbelliferae
Ferula stenocarpa
Th
IT, KhO
Umbelliferae
Ferula szowitsiana
He
IT
Umbelliferae
Ferula tabasensis
He
IT
Umbelliferae
Ferulago angulata
He
IT
Umbelliferae
Ferulago contracta
He
IT
Umbelliferae
Ferulago macrocarpa
He
IT
Umbelliferae
Ferulago stellata
He
IT
Family
Plant species
Celastraceae
Life Forms of Plant Species and Floristic Regions in Iran
79
Festuca arundinacea
Life
form
He
Floristic
region
IT
Poaceae
Festuca ovina
He
IT, Hyr
Poaceae
Festuca rubra
Ge
IT, Hyr
Brassicaceae
Fibigia macrocarpa
He
IT
Brassicaceae
Fibigia suffruticosa
He
IT
Brassicaceae
Fibigia umbellata
He
IT
Ranunculaceae
Ficaria kochii
Ge
IT
Moraceae
Ficus bengalensis
Ph
Moraceae
Ficus carica
Ph
Moraceae
Ficus johannis
Ph
KhO
IT, Hyr,
Ara, Zag
IT, KhO
Moraceae
Ficus laccifera
Ph
KhO
Moraceae
Ficus palmata
Ph
KhO
Moraceae
Ficus religiosa
Ph
KhO
Moraceae
Ficus rubunigosa
Ph
KhO
Moraceae
Ficus rupestris
Ph
IT
Asteraceae
Filago hurdwarica
Th
IT, KhO
Rosaceae
Filipendula vulgaris
Ge
Ara
Umbelliferae
Foeniculum vulgare
He
IT, KhO
Urticaceae
Forsskaolea tenacissima
Th, He
KhO
Brassicaceae
Fortuynia bungei
He
IT, KhO
Brassicaceae
Fortuynia garcinii
He
KhO
Rosaceae
Fragaria sp.
Ge
Rosaceae
Fragaria vesca
Ge
Hyr
Asteraceae
Francoeuria undulata
He
IT, KhO
Rhamnaceae
Frangula alnus
Ph
Hyr
Frankeniaceae
Frankenia hirsuta
Ch
Hyr, IT
Frankeniaceae
Frankenia pulverulenta
Th, He
IT, KhO
Oleaceae
Fraxinus coriariifolia
Ph
Ara, Hyr
Oleaceae
Fraxinus excelsior
Ph
Hyr
Oleaceae
Fraxinus persica
Ph
Zag, (End)
Family
Plant species
Poaceae
80
Family
Plant species
Life
form
Floristic
region
IT*, Hyr,
Zag, Ara
Oleaceae
Fraxinus rotuidfolia
Ph
Oleaceae
Fraxinus sp.
Ph
Oleaceae
Fraxinus syriaca
Ph
Zag
Liliaceae
Fritillaria crassifolia
Ge
IT
Liliaceae
Fritillaria gibbosa
Ge
IT
Liliaceae
Fritillaria imperialis
Ge
IT
Liliaceae
Fritillaria persica
Ge
IT
Liliaceae
Fritillaria raddeana
Ge
IT
Liliaceae
Fritillaria sp.
Ge
Liliaceae
Fritillaria zagrica
Ge
IT
Umbelliferae
Froriepia subpinnata
Th
Hyr
Cyperaceae
Fuirena pubescens
Ge
IT
Cistaceae
Fumana procumbens
Ch
IT, Hyr
Fumariaceae
Fumaria asepala
Th
IT
Fumariaceae
Fumaria parviflora
Th
Cosm
Fumariaceae
Fumaria vaillantii
Th
IT, Hyr
Liliaceae
Gagea alexeenkoana
Ge
IT
Liliaceae
Gagea anonyma
Ge
Liliaceae
Gagea chlorantha
Ge
Liliaceae
Gagea chomutowae
Ge
IT
Zag, IT,
KhO
IT
Liliaceae
Gagea gageoides
Ge
IT, Hyr
Liliaceae
Gagea olgae
Ge
IT
Liliaceae
Gagea reticulata
Ge
IT
Liliaceae
Gagea setifolia
Ge
IT
Liliaceae
Gagea sp.
Ge
IT
Liliaceae
Gagea stipitata
Ge
IT, Hyr
Liliaceae
Gagea tenera
Ge
IT
Liliaceae
Gagea vegeta
Ge
IT
Rubiaceae
Gaillonia aucheri
Ch
KhO
Life Forms of Plant Species and Floristic Regions in Iran
81
Gaillonia bruguieri
Life
form
He
Floristic
region
IT
Asteraceae
Galinsoga parviflora
Th
Cosm
Rubiaceae
Galium aparine
Th
Hyr, IT
Rubiaceae
Galium humifusum
He
IT
Rubiaceae
Galium mite
Ch
IT
Rubiaceae
Galium odaratum
He
Hyr
Rubiaceae
Galium setaceum
Th
IT
Rubiaceae
Galium spurium
Th
IT
Rubiaceae
Galium verum
He
IT, Zag
Chenopodiaceae
Gamanthus gamocarpus
Th
IT
Asteraceae
Garhadiolus angulosus
Th
Cosm
Boraginaceae
Gastrocotyle hispida
Th
IT
Fabaceae
Genista tinctoria
Ch
Ara
Gentianaceae
Gentiana olivieri
He
IT, KhO
Geraniaceae
Geranium albanum
Ge
Geraniaceae
Geranium collinum
Ge
Geraniaceae
Geranium columbinum
Th, He
Hyr, IT
IT, Hyr,
Zag
Hyr
Geraniaceae
Geranium dissectum
He, Th
IT, Hyr
Geraniaceae
Geranium divaricatum
Th
Hyr, IT
Geraniaceae
Geranium kotschyi
Ge
IT
Geraniaceae
Geranium lucidum
Th
IT, Hyr
Geraniaceae
Geranium molle
Th, He
Hyr, IT
Geraniaceae
Geranium montanum
Ge
Geraniaceae
Geranium persicum
Ge
Geraniaceae
Geranium pyrenaicum
Ge
Hyr
IT, Hyr,
Zag
Hyr, IT
Geraniaceae
Geranium robertianum
He, Th
Hyr, IT
Geraniaceae
Geranium rotundifolium
Th
Cosm
Geraniaceae
Geranium sylvaticum
Ge
Geraniaceae
Geranium tuberosum
Ge
Ara
Hyr, IT,
Zag
Family
Plant species
Rubiaceae
82
Geum heterocarpum
Life
form
He
Floristic
region
IT
Rosaceae
Geum kokanicum
He
IT
Rosaceae
Geum rivale
Ge
IT, Hyr
Rosaceae
Geum urbanum
He
Hyr, IT*
Chenopodiaceae
Girgensohnia imbricata
Th
IT
Chenopodiaceae
Girgensohnia oppositiflora
Th
IT
Iridaceae
Gladiolus atroviolaceus
Ge
IT
Iridaceae
Gladiolus halophilus
Ge
IT
Iridaceae
Gladiolus italicus
Ge
IT, KhO
Iridaceae
Gladiolus segetum
Ge
IT, KhO
Papaveaceae
Glaucium calycinum
He
IT
Papaveaceae
Glaucium elegans
Th
IT
Papaveaceae
Glaucium grandiflorum
He
IT
Papaveaceae
Glaucium oxylobum
He
IT
Primulaceae
Glaux maritima
Ge
IT
Caesalpiniaceae
Gleditsia caspica
Ph
Hyr
Asclepiadaceae
Glossonema varians
He
KhO
Poaceae
Glyceria plicata
He
IT, Hyr
Fabaceae
Glycyrrhiza echinata
He
Fabaceae
Glycyrrhiza glabra
Ge
Asteraceae
Gnaphalium luteo-album
Th
Hyr
IT, KhO,
Hyr
Cosm
Brassicaceae
Goldbachia laevigata
Th
IT
Brassicaceae
Graelsia saxifragifolia
He
IT
Malvaceae
Grewia asiatica
Ph
KhO
Malvaceae
Grewia bicolor
Ph
KhO
Malvaceae
Grewia makranica
Ph
KhO
Malvaceae
Grewia populifolia
Ph
KhO
Asteraceae
Gundelia tournefortii
He
IT
Asteraceae
Gymnarrhena micrantha
Th
IT, KhO
Caryophyllaceae
Gymnocarpos decander
Ch
IT, KhO
Family
Plant species
Rosaceae
Life Forms of Plant Species and Floristic Regions in Iran
83
Gynandriris sisyrinchium
Life
form
Ge
Floristic
region
IT
Caryophyllaceae
Gypsophila abconica
Th
KhO
Caryophyllaceae
Gypsophila caricifolia
He
IT
Caryophyllaceae
Gypsophila elegans
Th, He
IT, Hyr
Caryophyllaceae
Gypsophila pilosa
Th
IT
Caryophyllaceae
Gypsophila platyphylla
He
IT
Chenopodiaceae
Halanthium rarifolium
Th
IT
Amaranthaceae
Halimione vertucifera
He
IT
Chenopodiaceae
Halimocnemis mollissima
Th
IT
Chenopodiaceae
Halimocnemis pilifera
Th
IT
Fabaceae
Halimodendron halodendron
Ph
IT
Chenopodiaceae
Halocharis hispida
Th
IT
Chenopodiaceae
Halocharis sp.
Th
Chenopodiaceae
Halocharis sulphurea
Th
IT, KhO
Chenopodiaceae
Halocmemum strobilaceum
Ch
IT, KhO
Chenopodiaceae
Halostachys belangeriana
Ph
IT
Chenopodiaceae
Halostachys caspica
Ch
Hyr
Chenopodiaceae
Halothamnus acutifolius
Ch
IT
Chenopodiaceae
Halothamnus auriculus
Ch
IT
Chenopodiaceae
Halothamnus glaucus
Ch
IT
Chenopodiaceae
Halothamnus iranicus
Ch
KhO
Chenopodiaceae
Halothamnus kermanensis
Ch
IT, (End)
Chenopodiaceae
Halothamnus subaphyllus
Ch
IT
Chenopodiaceae
Haloxylon ammodendern
Ph
IT, KhO
Chenopodiaceae
Haloxylon aphyllum
Ph
IT
Chenopodiaceae
Haloxylon articulatum
Ph
IT
Chenopodiaceae
Haloxylon multiflorum
Ph
IT, KhO
Chenopodiaceae
Haloxylon persicum
Ph
IT
Chenopodiaceae
Haloxylon recurvum
Ph
IT, KhO
Chenopodiaceae
Haloxylon salicornicum
Ph
IT, KhO
Family
Plant species
Iridaceae
84
Hammada salicornia
Life
form
Ch
Floristic
region
IT, KhO
Rutaceae
Haplophyllum buhsei
He
Rutaceae
Haplophyllum canaliculatum
He
Rutaceae
Haplophyllum glaberrimum
He
IT, (End)
IT, KhO,
(End)
IT, (End)
Rutaceae
Haplophyllum pedicellatum
He
IT
Rutaceae
Haplophyllum perforatum
Ch
IT*
Rutaceae
Haplophyllum pilosum
He
IT
Rutaceae
Haplophyllum robustum
He
IT
Rutaceae
Haplophyllum tuberculatum
He
IT, KhO
Umbelliferae
Haussknechtia elymaitica
He
IT
Araliaceae
Hedera colchica
Ph
Hyr
Araliaceae
Hedera helix
Ph
Zag
Araliaceae
Hedera pastuchovii
Ph
Hyr
Asteraceae
Hedypnois rhagadioloides
Th
Hyr, KhO
Fabaceae
Hedysarum criniferum
He
IT
Fabaceae
Hedysarum kopetdaghi
He
IT
Fabaceae
Hedysarum wrightianum
He
IT
Cistaceae
Helianthemum chamaecistus
He
Cistaceae
Helianthemum ledifolium
Th, He
Cistaceae
Helianthemum lippii
Ch
IT, Hyr
IT, KhO,
Hyr, Zag
KhO
Cistaceae
Helianthemum nummularium
He
Cistaceae
Helianthemum salicifolium
Th
Asteraceae
Helianthus annus
Th
IT, Hyr
IT, Hyr,
KhO, Zag
IT
Asteraceae
Helianthus tuberosus
Ge
Cosm
Asteraceae
Helichrysum armenium
He
IT
Asteraceae
Helichrysum davisianum
He
IT
Asteraceae
Helichrysum leucocephalum
He
KhO, IT
Asteraceae
Helichrysum oligocephalum
He
IT
Asteraceae
Helichrysum oocephalum
He
IT
Family
Plant species
Chenopodiaceae
Life Forms of Plant Species and Floristic Regions in Iran
85
Helichrysum psychrophilum
Life
form
He
Floristic
region
IT, Hyr
Asteraceae
Helichrysum rubicundum
He
IT
Boraginaceae
Heliotropium agdense
Th
IT
Boraginaceae
Heliotropium arguzioides
Ge
IT
Boraginaceae
Heliotropium aucheri
He
IT
Boraginaceae
Heliotropium bacciferum
Ch
IT, KhO
Boraginaceae
Heliotropium brevilimbe
He
KhO, IT
Boraginaceae
Heliotropium chorassanicum
Th
IT
Boraginaceae
Heliotropium crispum
He
IT, KhO
Boraginaceae
Heliotropium dasycarpum
He
IT
Boraginaceae
Heliotropium digynum
Ch
KhO
Boraginaceae
Heliotropium dissitiflorum
Th
IT
Boraginaceae
Heliotropium elipticum
Th
IT, Hyr
Boraginaceae
Heliotropium esfandiarii
Th
IT, (End)
Boraginaceae
Heliotropium europaeum
Th
Hyr, IT
Boraginaceae
Heliotropium lasiocarpum
Th
IT
Boraginaceae
Heliotropium mesinanum
Th
IT
Boraginaceae
Heliotropium noeanum
Th
IT
Boraginaceae
Heliotropium ramosissimum
He
IT
Boraginaceae
Heliotropium samolifolium
Th
IT, (End)
Boraginaceae
Heliotropium supinum
Th
IT
Boraginaceae
Heliotropium szovitsianum
Th
IT
Boraginaceae
Heliotropium transoxanum
He
IT
Asteraceae
Helminthotheca echioides
Th, He
IT, KhO
Poaceae
Henrardia persica
Th
IT
Umbelliferae
Heracleum persicum
He
Caryaphyllaceae
Herniaria cinerea
Th
Caryaphyllaceae
Herniaria glabra
Th, He
Caryaphyllaceae
Herniaria hirsuta
Th
IT
KhO, Hyr,
Zag, IT
IT, Hyr
IT, KhO,
Hyr, Zag
Family
Plant species
Asteraceae
86
Herniaria incana
Life
form
He
Floristic
region
Hyr, IT
Asteraceae
Hertia angustifolia
Ch
IT, KhO
Asteraceae
Hertia intermedia
Ch
IT, KhO
Brassicaceae
Hesperis hyrcana
He
Hyr
Brassicaceae
Hesperis kurdica
He
IT
Brassicaceae
Hesperis leucoclada
He
IT
Brassicaceae
Hesperis persica
He
IT, Hyr
Poaceae
Heteranthelium piliferum
Th
IT
Boraginaceae
Heterocaryum laevigatum
Th
IT
Boraginaceae
Heterocaryum macrocarpum
Th
IT
Boraginaceae
Heterocaryum subsessile
Th
IT, Hyr
Boraginaceae
Heterocaryum szovitsianum
Th
IT
Asteraceae
Heteroderis pusilla
Th
IT
Asteraceae
Heteropappus altaicus
He
IT
Malvaceae
Hibiscus trionum
Th
IT, Hyr
Asteraceae
Hieracium procerum
He
IT, Hyr
Fabaceae
Hippocrepis bicontorta
Th
KhO
Fabaceae
Hippocrepis bisiliqua
Th
IT
Elaeagnaceae
Hippophae rhamnoides
Ph
IT*, Hyr
Hippuridaceae
Hippuris vulgaris
Hel
Brassicaceae
Hirschfeldia incana
Th, He
Caryaphyllaceae
Holosteum glutinosum
Th
IT
IT, Hyr,
KhO
IT
Caryaphyllaceae
Holosteum umbellatum
Th
IT
Chenopodiaceae
Horaninovia anomala
Th
IT
Chenopodiaceae
Horaninovia ulicina
Th
IT, (End)
Poaceae
Hordeum bulbosum
Ge
Poaceae
Hordeum glaucum
Th
Poaceae
Hordeum murinum
Th
IT, Hyr
IT, Hyr,
KhO
IT
Poaceae
Hordeum spontaneum
Th
IT
Family
Plant species
Caryaphyllaceae
Life Forms of Plant Species and Floristic Regions in Iran
87
Hordeum violaceum
Life
form
He
Floristic
region
IT, Hyr
Poaceae
Hordeum vulgar
Th
IT
Rosaceae
Hulthemia persica
Ch
IT
Fabaceae
Hymenocarpus circinatus
Th
IT, KhO
Lamiaceae
Hymenocrater argutidens
Ch
IT*
Lamiaceae
Hymenocrater butiminosus
Ch
IT*
Lamiaceae
Hymenocrater calycinus
Ch
IT*
Lamiaceae
Hymenocrater elegans
Ch
IT*
Lamiaceae
Hymenocrater yazdianus
He
IT
Brassicaceae
Hymenolobus procumbens
Th
Cosm
Solanaceae
Hyoscyamus arachnoideus
He
IT
Solanaceae
Hyoscyamus insanus
Ge
KhO, IT
Solanaceae
Hyoscyamus kotschyanus
Ge
Solanaceae
Hyoscyamus muticus
Ge
Solanaceae
Hyoscyamus niger
Th, He
IT
IT, KhO,
(End)
IT, Hyr
Solanaceae
Hyoscyamus nutans
Ge
IT, KhO
Solanaceae
Hyoscyamus orthocarpus
Ge
IT, KhO
Solanaceae
Hyoscyamus pusillus
Th
IT
Solanaceae
Hyoscyamus reticulatus
He
IT, Hyr
Solanaceae
Hyoscyamus rosularis
Ge
IT, KhO
Solanaceae
Hyoscyamus senecionis
Ge
IT
Solanaceae
Hyoscyamus squarrosus
Ge
IT
Solanaceae
Hyoscyamus tenuicaulis
Ge
KhO, IT
Poaceae
Hyparrhenia hirta
He
KhO
Papaveraceae
Hypecoum pendulum
Th
IT
Hypericaceae
Hypericum androsaemum
Ph
Hyr
Hypericaceae
Hypericum asperulum
He
Zag, IT*
Hypericaceae
Hypericum helianthemoides
He
IT
Hypericaceae
Hypericum hirsutum
He
Hyr
Hypericaceae
Hypericum hirtellum
He
IT
Family
Plant species
Poaceae
88
Hypericum hyssopifolium
Life
form
He
Floristic
region
IT*
Hypericaceae
Hypericum perforatum
He
IT, Hyr
Hypericaceae
Hypericum scabrum
He
IT*
Hypericaceae
Hypericum triquetrifolium
He
IT
Lamiaceae
Hyssopus angustifolius
He
IT, Hyr
Asteraceae
Ifloga spicata
Th
KhO
Aquilofoliaceae
Ilex spinigera
Ph
Hyr
Poaceae
Imperata cylindrica
Ge
IT, KhO
Fabaceae
Indigofera argentea
Ch
KhO
Fabaceae
Indigofera intricata
Ch
KhO
Fabaceae
Indigofera paucifolia
Ch
KhO
Asteraceae
Inula beritannica
He
IT
Asteraceae
Inula oculus-christi
Ge
IT, Hyr
Asteraceae
Inula salicina
Ge
IT, Hyr
Asteraceae
Inula thapsoides
Ge
IT
Iridaceae
Iris acutiloba
Ge
IT
Iridaceae
Iris caucasica
Ge
IT
Iridaceae
Iris drepanophylla
Ge
IT
Iridaceae
Iris fosterana
Ge
Iridaceae
Iris hymenospatha
Ge
Iridaceae
Iris kopetdagensis
Ge
Iridaceae
Iris persica
Ge
Iridaceae
Iris pseudacorus
Ge
IT
IT, KhO,
(End)
IT, Hyr
IT, KhO,
(End)
Hyr
Iridaceae
Iris pseudocaucasica
Ge
Hyr, IT
Iridaceae
Iris reticulata
Ge
IT, Hyr
Iridaceae
Iris sisyrinchium
Ge
IT, KhO
Iridaceae
Iris songarica
Ge
IT
Iridaceae
Iris squria
Ge
IT, Hyr
Brassicaceae
Isatis buschiana
He
IT
Family
Plant species
Hypericaceae
Life Forms of Plant Species and Floristic Regions in Iran
89
Isatis cappadocica
Life
form
He
Floristic
region
IT, Hyr
Brassicaceae
Isatis minima
Th
KhO
Brassicaceae
Isatis raphanifolia
Th
IT
Brassicaceae
Isatis regulosa
Th
IT
Amaryllidaceae
Ixiolirion tataricum
Ge
Oleaceae
Jasminum fruticans
Ph
Oleaceae
Jasminum officinale
Ph
IT
IT*, Hyr,
Ara
IT*, Hyr
Juglandaceae
Juglans fallax
Ph
Juglandaceae
Juglans regia
Ph
Juncaceaea
Juncus acutus
Ge
Juncaceaea
Juncus articulatus
Ge
Juncaceaea
Juncus bufonius
Th
Juncaceaea
Juncus effusus
Ge
Cosm
IT, Hyr,
KhO
IT, Hyr
Juncaceaea
Juncus fontanesii
Ge
IT
Juncaceaea
Juncus gerardi
Ge
IT
Juncaceaea
Juncus infelxus
Ge
IT, Hyr
Juncaceaea
Juncus Littoralis
Ge
Hyr
Juncaceaea
Juncus maritimus
Ge
IT
Juncaceaea
Juncus punctorius
Ge
IT
Juncaceaea
Juncus rigidus
Ge
IT, KhO
Juncaceaea
Juncus socotranus
Ge
KhO
Cupressaceae
Juniperus communis
Ph
Cupressaceae
Juniperus excelsa
Ph
Cupressaceae
Juniperus foetidissima
Ph
Cupressaceae
Juniperus polycarpus
Ph
Cupressaceae
Juniperus sabina
Ph
Ara, Hyr
IT*, Zag,
Hyr
IT*, Ara
IT*, Ara,
Zag
Hyr
Asteraceae
Jurinea dumolosa
He
IT
Asteraceae
Jurinea leptoloba
He
IT
Family
Plant species
Brassicaceae
Hyr, Ara
Hyr, IT,
Ara, Zag
Cosm
90
Jurinea macrocephala
Life
form
He
Floristic
region
IT
Asteraceae
Jurinea radians
He
IT
Asteraceae
Jurinea ramosissima
He
IT
Asteraceae
Jurinea stenocalathia
He
IT
Asteraceae
Jurinea viciosoi
He
IT
Chenopodiaceae
Kalidium caspicum
Ch
Scrophulariaceae
Kickxia elatine
Th
Chenopodiaceae
Kochia prostrata
He
IT
IT, Zag,
KhO, Hyr
IT, Hyr
Chenopodiaceae
Kochia scoparia
Th
Cosm
Chenopodiaceae
Kochia stellaris
Th
IT
Poaceae
Koeleria cristata
He
IT, Hyr
Asteraceae
Koelpinia linearis
Th
Cosm
Asteraceae
Koelpinia macrantha
Th
IT
Asteraceae
Koelpinia tenuissima
Th
IT, KhO
Chenopodiaceae
Krascheninnikovia ceratoides
Ch
IT
Brassicaceae
Lachnoloma lehmannii
Th
IT
Asteraceae
Lactuca glauciifolia
He
IT
Asteraceae
Lactuca microcephala
Ge
Asteraceae
Lactuca orientalis
Ch
Asteraceae
Lactuca persica
He
IT, (End)
IT, Hyr,
KhO
IT, KhO
Asteraceae
Lactuca scarioloides
Th, He
Asteraceae
Lactuca serriola
Th, He
Asteraceae
Lactuca tuberosa
He
Asteraceae
Lactuca undulata
Th
IT
Hyr, IT,
KhO, Zag
IT, Hyr,
KhO
IT
Lamiaceae
Lagochillus kotschyanus
Ch
IT
Lamiaceae
Lagochilus cabulicus
Ch
IT
Umbelliferae
Lagoecia cuminoides
Th
IT, KhO
Lamiaceae
Lallemantia iberica
Th
IT
Lamiaceae
Lallemantia royleana
Th
IT
Family
Plant species
Asteraceae
Life Forms of Plant Species and Floristic Regions in Iran
91
Lamarckia aurea
Life
form
Th
Floristic
region
KhO
Lamiaceae
Lamium album
He
Hyr, IT
Lamiaceae
Lamium amplexicaule
Th
Hyr, IT
Lamiaceae
Lamium galeobdelon
Ge
Hyr
Lamiaceae
Lamium purpureum
Th
Hyr
Verbenaceae
Lantana camara
Ph
Boraginaceae
Lappula barbata
He, Th
Boraginaceae
Lappula ceratophora
Th
KhO
IT, Hyr,
Zag
IT
Boraginaceae
Lappula drabovii
Th, He
Boraginaceae
Lappula microcarpa
Th, He
Boraginaceae
Lappula myosotis
Th
IT
IT, Hyr,
Zag
IT
Boraginaceae
Lappula patula
Th
IT
Boraginaceae
Lappula semiglabra
Th
IT
Boraginaceae
Lappula sessiliflora
Th
IT, Hyr
Boraginaceae
Lappula sinaica
Th
IT
Boraginaceae
Lappula spinocarpos
Th
IT, KhO
Asteraceae
Lapsana communis
He, Th
IT, Hyr
Asteraceae
Lapsana intermedia
He
IT
Umbelliferae
Laser trilobum
He
Hyr
Asteraceae
Lasiopogon moscoides
Th
IT
Fabaceae
Lathyrus aphaca
Th
Fabaceae
Lathyrus cicera
Th
Fabaceae
Lathyrus inconspicuus
Th
Hyr, IT
IT, Hyr,
KhO
IT, Hyr
Fabaceae
Lathyrus incurvus
He
IT
Fabaceae
Lathyrus laxiforus
He
Hyr, IT
Fabaceae
Lathyrus pratensis
He
Hyr, IT
Fabaceae
Lathyrus rotundifolius
He
Hyr, IT
Fabaceae
Lathyrus sativus
Th
IT, Hyr
Fabaceae
Lathyrus vernus
He
Hyr
Family
Plant species
Poaceae
92
Lathyrus vinealis
Life
form
Th
Floristic
region
IT
Asteraceae
Launaea acanthodes
Ch
IT
Asteraceae
Launaea capitata
Th
KhO, IT
Asteraceae
Launaea fallax
He
KhO
Asteraceae
Launaea glomerata
Th
IT, KhO
Asteraceae
Launaea mucronata
He
IT, KhO
Asteraceae
Launaea oligocephala
He
IT, KhO
Asteraceae
Launaea procumbens
He
IT, KhO
Asteraceae
Launaea spinosa
Ch
IT
Rosaceae
Laurocerasus officinalis
Ph
Hyr
Lauraceae
Laurus nobilis
Ph
IT
Lythraceae
Lawsonia intermis
Ph
KhO
Campanulaceae
Legousia falcata
Th
IT, Hyr
Lemnaceae
Lemna trisulca
Hyd
Hyr
Fabaceae
Lens culinaris
Th
IT
Fabaceae
Lens orientalis
Th
IT
Podophyllaceae
Leontice leontopetalum
Ge
IT, Zag
Asteraceae
Leontodon asperrimus
He
IT, Hyr
Asteraceae
Leontodon hispidus
He
Hyr, IT
Lamiaceae
Leonurus cardica
Ge
IT, Hyr
Brassicaceae
Lepidium draba
Ge
IT, Hyr
Brassicaceae
Lepidium latifolium
Ge
Hyr, IT
Brassicaceae
Lepidium perfoliatum
Th, He
IT , Hyr
Brassicaceae
Lepidium persicum
He
IT
Brassicaceae
Lepidium sativum
Th
Cosm
Brassicaceae
Lepidium vesicarium
Th, He
IT
Asclepiadaceae
Leptadenia pyrotechnica
Ph
KhO
Brassicaceae
Leptaleum filifolium
Th
IT
Scrophulariaceae
Leptorhabdos parviflora
Th
IT, Hyr
Rubiaceae
Leptunis trichoides
Th
IT
Family
Plant species
Fabaceae
Life Forms of Plant Species and Floristic Regions in Iran
93
Lepyrodiclis holosteoides
Life
form
Th
Floristic
region
IT, KhO
Caryophyllaceae
Lepyrodiclis stellarioides
Th
IT
Fabaceae
Leucaena glauca
Ph
KhO
Poaceae
Leucopoa pseudosclerophylla
Ge
IT
Poaceae
Leucopoa sclerophylla
He
IT
Umbelliferae
Leutea petiolaris
He
IT, Hyr
Umbelliferae
Libanotis transcaucasica
He
Hyr, IT
Oleaceae
Ligustrum vulgare
Ph
Ara, Hyr
Orchidaceae
Limodorun abortivum
Ge
Hyr, IT
Plumbaginaceae
Limonium gmelini
He
IT
Plumbaginaceae
Limonium iranicum
Ch
IT, KhO
Plumbaginaceae
Limonium meyeri
He
IT
Plumbaginaceae
Limonium reniforme
He
IT
Scrophulariaceae
Linaria dalmatica
He
IT, Hyr
Scrophulariaceae
Linaria grandiflora
He
IT
Scrophulariaceae
Linaria kavirensis
Th
IT, (End)
Scrophulariaceae
Linaria kopetdaghensis
He
IT
Scrophulariaceae
Linaria kurdica
He
IT
Scrophulariaceae
Linaria lineolata
Ch
IT, (End)
Scrophulariaceae
Linaria michauxii
He
IT, (End)
Scrophulariaceae
Linaria pyramidata
He
IT
Scrophulariaceae
Linaria simplex
Th
IT, Hyr
Boraginaceae
Lindelofia kandavanensis
He
Hyr, (End)
Linderniaceae
Lindernia procumbens
Th
Cosm
Linaceae
Linum album
He
IT, (End)
Linaceae
Linum austriacum
Ch
IT, Hyr
Linaceae
Linum bienne
Th, He
KhO, Hyr
Linaceae
Linum catharticum
Th
IT, Hyr
Linaceae
Linum corymbulosum
Th
IT, Hyr
Linaceae
Linum glaucum
He
IT
Family
Plant species
Caryophyllaceae
94
Linum strictum
Life
form
Th
Floristic
region
IT
Umbelliferae
Lisaea heterocarpa
Th
IT, Zag
Orchidaceae
Listera ovata
Ge
Hyr
Boraginaceae
Lithospermum arvensis
Th
IT, Hyr
Boraginaceae
Lithospermum officinale
Ge
Hyr, IT
Boraginaceae
Lithospermum purpureo-coeruleum
Ge
Hyr
Poaceae
Lolium perenne
He
IT, Hyr
Poaceae
Lolium persicum
Th
IT, Hyr
Poaceae
Lolium rigidum
Th
IT, Hyr
Chenopodiaceae
Londesia eriantha
Th
Caprifoliaceae
Lonicera bracteolaris
Ph
Caprifoliaceae
Lonicera caprifolium
Ph
IT
IT*, Hyr,
Ara
Hyr
Caprifoliaceae
Lonicera caucasica
Ph
Hyr, Ara
Caprifoliaceae
Lonicera floribunda
Ph
IT*, Hyr
Caprifoliaceae
Lonicera hypoleuca
Ph
Caprifoliaceae
Lonicera iberica
Ph
Caprifoliaceae
Lonicera nummulariifolia
Zag
IT*, Hyr,
Ara
IT*, Zag
Poaceae
Lophochloa abtusiflora
Th
KhO
Poaceae
Lophochloa phleoides
Th
Cosm
Loranthaceae
Loranthus europaeus
Ph
Zag
Loranthaceae
Loranthus grewinkii
Ph
Zag, Hyr
Fabaceae
Lotus angustissimus
Th
Hyr, KhO
Fabaceae
Lotus corniculatus
He
IT
Fabaceae
Lotus gebelia
He
IT
Fabaceae
Lotus halophilus
Th
KhO
Onagraceaea
Ludwigia palustris
Hyd
Hyr
Cucurbitaceae
Luffa cylindrica
Th
KhO
Juncaceae
Luzula forsteri
Ge
Solanaceae
Lycium depressum
Ph
Hyr
IT, KhO,
Zag, Ara
Family
Plant species
Linaceae
Life Forms of Plant Species and Floristic Regions in Iran
95
Lycium edgewortii
Life
form
Ph
Floristic
region
KhO
Solanaceae
Lycium kopetdaghi
Ph
IT
Solanaceae
Lycium makranicum
Ph
KhO
Solanaceae
Lycium ruthenicum
Ph
IT, Ara
Solanaceae
Lycium shawii
Ph
KhO
Solanaceae
Lycopersiclum esculentum
Th
Cosm
Lamiaceae
Lycopus europaeus
Ge
Lythraceae
Lythrum hyssopifolia
Th
Lythraceae
Lythrum salicaria
He
Umbelliferae
Malabaila secacul
He
Hyr, IT
IT, Hyr,
KhO
Hyr, IT,
Zag
IT
Umbelliferae
Malablia porphyrodiscus
Ge
IT
Brassicaceae
Malcolmia africana
Th
IT
Brassicaceae
Malcolmia behboudiana
Th
KhO
Brassicaceae
Malcolmia strigosa
Th
IT
Brassicaceae
Malcolmia turkestanica
Th
IT
Rosaceae
Malus communis
Ph
IT, Hyr
Rosaceae
Malus domestica
Ph
Rosaceae
Malus orientalis
Ph
Malvaceae
Malva aegyptica
Th
IT
IT*, Hyr,
Ara, Zag
IT, KhO
Malvaceae
Malva neglecta
He, Th
Hyr, IT
Malvaceae
Malva nicaeensis
Th
KhO, Hyr
Malvaceae
Malva parviflora
Th
KhO, IT
Malvaceae
Malva sylvestris
He, Th
IT
Anacardiaceae
Mangifera indica
Ph
KhO
Lamiaceae
Marrubium anisodon
Ge
IT, Hyr
Lamiaceae
Marrubium astracanicum
He
IT, Hyr
Lamiaceae
Marrubium crassidens
He
IT
Lamiaceae
Marrubium cuneatum
He
IT
Lamiaceae
Marrubium parviflorum
Ge
Hyr, IT
Family
Plant species
Solanaceae
96
Family
Plant species
Lamiaceae
Marrubium vulgare
Life
form
Ge
Apocynaceae
Marsdenia erecta
Ph
Asteraceae
Matricaria aurea
Th
Floristic
region
Hyr, IT
IT*, Zag,
KhO
IT, KhO
Asteraceae
Matricaria recutita
Th
IT, KhO
Brassicaceae
Matthiola alyssifolia
He
IT
Brassicaceae
Matthiola chenopodiifolia
Th
IT
Brassicaceae
Matthiola flavida
He
IT
Brassicaceae
Matthiola longipetala
Th
IT, KhO
Brassicaceae
Matthiola ovatifolia
He
Fabaceae
Medicago coronata
Th
Fabaceae
Medicago laciniata
Th, He
IT
IT, Hyr,
KhO
KhO
Fabaceae
Medicago lupulina
He
Fabaceae
Medicago minima
Th
Fabaceae
Medicago orbicularis
Th
Fabaceae
Medicago polymorpha
Th
Fabaceae
Medicago radiata
Th
IT, Hyr
IT, KhO,
Hyr
IT, Hyr
IT, Hyr,
KhO
IT
Fabaceae
Medicago rigidula
Th
IT
Fabaceae
Medicago sativa
He
Cosm
Fabaceae
Medicago scutellata
Th
IT
Meliaceae
Melia azedarach
Ph
Hyr, KhO
Poaceae
Melica ciliata
He
IT, Hyr
Poaceae
Melica jacquemontii
Ge
IT
Poaceae
Melica persica
Ge
Poaceae
Melica uniflora
Ge
Fabaceae
Melilotus albus
He
IT
Hyr, IT,
Ara
IT, Hyr
Fabaceae
Melilotus indicus
Th
IT, KhO
Fabaceae
Melilotus officinalis
He
IT
Lamiaceae
Mentha aquatica
Ge
Hyr
Life Forms of Plant Species and Floristic Regions in Iran
97
Mentha longifolia
Life
form
Ge
Floristic
region
IT
Lamiaceae
Mentha pulegium
He
Hyr
Lamiaceae
Mentha spicata
Ge
Hyr, IT
Euphorbiaceae
Mercurialis perennis
Ge
Hyr
Fabaceae
Meristotropis xanthioides
He
IT
Aizoaceae
Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum
Th
KhO
Caryophyllaceae
Mesostemma kotschyanum
He
Poaceae
Mespilus germanica
Ph
Campanulaceae
Michauxia koeiana
He
IT
Hyr, IT*,
Zag, Ara
IT, (End)
Campanulaceae
Michauxia laevigata
He
IT, Hyr
Asteraceae
Microcephala lamellata
Th
IT
Boraginaceae
Microparacaryum bungei
Th
IT
Boraginaceae
Microparacaryum intermedium
Th
IT
Boraginaceae
Microparacaryum salsum
Th
IT, (End)
Poaceae
Microtegium vimienum
Th
Hyr
Poaceae
Milium pedicellare
Th
IT
Poaceae
Milium vernale
Th
Hyr, IT
Mimosaceae
Mimosa hamata
Ph
KhO
Mimosaceae
Mimosa pudica
Ph
KhO
Caryophyllaceae
Minuartia hamata
Th
IT
Caryophyllaceae
Minuartia hybrida
Th
IT
Caryophyllaceae
Minuartia lineata
He
Hyr, IT
Caryophyllaceae
Minuartia meyeri
Th
IT
Caryophyllaceae
Minuartia picta
Th
IT, KhO
Caryophyllaceae
Minuartia subtilis
Th
Scrophulariaceae
Misopates orontium
Th
Boraginaceae
Moltkia coerulea
Ge
IT
IT, KhO,
Zag
IT
Boraginaceae
Moltkiopsis ciliata
He
KhO
Brassicaceae
Moricandia sinaica
Th, He
KhO
Family
Plant species
Lamiaceae
98
Moriera spinosa
Life
form
Ch
Floristic
region
IT
Morinaceae
Morina persica
He
Moraceae
Morus alba
Ph
Moraceae
Morus nigra
Ph
IT, Zag
IT, Hyr,
Ara
Hyr, Ara
Umbelliferae
Muretia amplifolia
Ge
KhO
Liliaceae
Muscari caucasicum
Ge
IT
Liliaceae
Muscari neglectum
Ge
IT
Liliaceae
Muscari tenuiflorum
Ge
IT
Boraginaceae
Myosotis asiatica
He
IT, Hyr
Boraginaceae
Myosotis koelzii
Th
IT, (End)
Boraginaceae
Myosotis olympica
He
IT*, (End)
Boraginaceae
Myosotis propinqua
Th
IT, Hyr
Boraginaceae
Myosotis refracta
Th
IT
Boraginaceae
Myosotis sparsiflora
Th
IT, Hyr
Boraginaceae
Myosotis stricta
Th
IT
Boraginaceae
Myosotis sylvatica
Ge
IT, Hyr
Tamaricaceae
Myricaria germanica
Ph
IT*, Hyr
Tamaricaceae
Myricaria squamosa
Ph
Zag
Halogaraceae
Myriophyllum verticillatum
Hyd
Myrtaceae
Myrtus communis
Ph
Arecaceae
Nannorrhops ritchiana
Ge
Cosm
IT*, Zag,
KhO
KhO
Amaryllidaceae
Narcissus tazetta
Ge
IT, Hyr
Poaceae
Nardurus subulatus
Th
IT
Brassicaceae
Nasturtium officinale
Hel
Hyr, IT
Rubiaceae
Neogaillonia eriantha
Ch
IT
Orchidaceae
Neottia nidus-avis
Ge
Hyr
Lamiaceae
Nepeta bracteata
Th
IT
Lamiaceae
Nepeta cataria
He
IT
Lamiaceae
Nepeta crassifolia
He
IT, Hyr
Family
Plant species
Brassicaceae
Life Forms of Plant Species and Floristic Regions in Iran
99
Nepeta fissa
Life
form
He
Floristic
region
IT
Lamiaceae
Nepeta gloeocephala
He
IT
Lamiaceae
Nepeta glomerulosa
He
IT
Lamiaceae
Nepeta heliotropifolia
He
IT
Lamiaceae
Nepeta hymenodonta
Th
IT
Lamiaceae
Nepeta ispahanica
Th
IT
Lamiaceae
Nepeta kotschyi
He
IT
Lamiaceae
Nepeta oxyodonta
He
IT
Lamiaceae
Nepeta persica
He
IT
Lamiaceae
Nepeta pungens
Th
IT
Lamiaceae
Nepeta saccharata
Th
IT
Lamiaceae
Nepeta satureioides
Th
IT
Lamiaceae
Nepeta sintenisii
He
Apocynaceae
Nerium indicum
Ph
Apocynaceae
Nerium oleander
Ph
IT, Hyr
IT, Zag,
KhO
KhO
Brassicaceae
Neslia apiculata
Th
IT, Hyr
Rosaceae
Neurada procumbens
Th
KhO
Solanaceae
Nicotina tabacum
Th
Cosm
Ranunculaceae
Nigella arvensis
Th
IT, Hyr
Ranunculaceae
Nigella integrifolia
Th
IT
Ranunculaceae
Nigella sativa
Th
IT
Asteraceae
Nikitinia leptoclada
Ch
IT
Zygophyllaceae
Nitraria komarovii
Ph
IT
Zygophyllaceae
Nitraria roborowskii
Ph
IT
Zygophyllaceae
Nitraria schoberi
Ph
IT
Zygophyllaceae
Nitraria sibirica
Ph
IT
Chenopodiaceae
Noaea mucronata
Ch
IT
Chenopodiaceae
Noea tournefortii
Ch
IT
Boraginaceae
Nonnea caspica
Th
Hyr, IT
Boraginaceae
Nonnea Lutea
Th
Hyr
Family
Plant species
Lamiaceae
100
Nonnea persica
Life
form
He
Floristic
region
IT
Boraginaceae
Nonnea pulla
He
IT, Hyr
Boraginaceae
Nonnea rosea
Th
Hyr
Boraginaceae
Nonnea turcomanica
Th
IT
Asteraceae
Notobasis syriaca
Th
IT, KhO
Brassicaceae
Notoceras bicorne
Th
KhO
Resedaceae
Ochradenus aucheri
Ch
KhO
Resedaceae
Ochradenus baccatus
Ph
KhO
Resedaceae
Ochradenus ochradeni
Ch
IT
Lamiaceae
Ocimum basilicum
Th
IT, Hyr
Oleaceae
Olea aucheri
Ph
IT, KhO
Oleaceae
Olea europaea
Ph
Hyr
Oleaceae
Olea ferruginea
Ph
KhO
Asteraceae
Oligochaeta divaricata
Th
IT, Hyr
Asteraceae
Oligochaeta minima
Th
IT
Resedaceae
Oligomeris linifolia
Th
KhO
Umbelliferae
Oliveria decumbens
Th
IT, KhO
Fabaceae
Onobrychis altissima
He
IT
Fabaceae
Onobrychis aucheri
Th
IT, KhO
Fabaceae
Onobrychis bungei
He
IT, Hyr
Fabaceae
Onobrychis cornuta
Ch
IT*
Fabaceae
Onobrychis crista-galli
Th
IT, KhO
Fabaceae
Onobrychis gypsicola
He
IT
Fabaceae
Onobrychis khorassanica
He
IT
Fabaceae
Onobrychis mazanderanica
He
Hyr
Fabaceae
Onobrychis melanotricha
He
IT
Fabaceae
Onobrychis micrantha
Th
IT
Fabaceae
Onobrychis plantago
Ge
IT
Fabaceae
Onobrychis ptolemaica
He
IT
Fabaceae
Onobrychis sintenisii
Ch
IT
Family
Plant species
Boraginaceae
Life Forms of Plant Species and Floristic Regions in Iran
101
Family
Plant species
Fabaceae
Onobrychis transcaspica
Life
form
Ch
Fabaceae
Ononis reclinata
Th
Fabaceae
Ononis spinosa
Ch
Floristic
region
IT
IT, Hyr,
KhO
IT
Asteraceae
Onopordon acanthium
He
IT, Hyr
Asteraceae
Onopordon carmanicum
He
IT, KhO
Asteraceae
Onopordon heteracanthum
He
IT
Asteraceae
Onopordon leptolepis
He
IT
Boraginaceae
Onosma bodeanum
He
IT
Boraginaceae
Onosma bulbotrichum
He
IT
Boraginaceae
Onosma dasytrichum
Ch
IT
Boraginaceae
Onosma demawendicum
Ge
IT, (End)
Boraginaceae
Onosma dichroanthum
He
IT
Boraginaceae
Onosma elwendicum
He
IT
Boraginaceae
Onosma kotschyi
He
IT, (End)
Boraginaceae
Onosma longilobum
He
IT
Boraginaceae
Onosma microcarpum
He
IT
Boraginaceae
Onosma orientale
He
IT, KhO
Boraginaceae
Onosma rostellatum
He
IT, KhO
Boraginaceae
Onosma sericeum
He
IT
Boraginaceae
Onosma stenosiphon
He
IT
Boraginaceae
Onosma trachytrichum
He
IT
Cryptogrammaceae
Onychium melanolepis
Ge
KhO
Ophioglossaceae
Ophioglossum lusitanicum
Ge
Hyr
Ophioglossaceae
Ophioglossum vulgatum
Ge
Hyr
Orchidaceae
Ophrys apifera
Ge
Hyr
Orchidaceae
Ophrys sphegodes
Ge
Hyr, IT
Poaceae
Oplismenus undulatifolius
He
Hyr
Orchidaceae
Orchis caspia
Ge
Hyr
Orchidaceae
Orchis latifolia
Ge
Hyr, IT
Orchidaceae
Orchis mascula
Ge
Hyr, IT
102
Orchis palustris
Life
form
Ge
Floristic
region
IT, Hyr
Lamiaceae
Origanum vulgare
He
Hyr, IT
Liliaceae
Ornithogalum arcuatum
Ge
IT, Zag
Liliaceae
Ornithogalum brachystachys
Ge
IT, KhO
Liliaceae
Ornithogalum cuspidatum
Ge
IT
Liliaceae
Ornithogalum persicum
Ge
IT
Liliaceae
Ornithogalum sintenisii
Ge
Hyr
Liliaceae
Ornithogalum tenuifolium
Ge
IT, Hyr
Orobanchaceae
Orobanche alba
Th, He
Hyr, IT
Orobanchaceae
Orobanche hirtiflora
He
IT
Orobanchaceae
Orobanche vulgaris
He
IT, Hyr
Poaceae
Oryzopsis holciformis
He
IT
Poaceae
Oryzopsis lateralis
Ge
IT
Poaceae
Oryzopsis molinioides
He
IT
Lamiaceae
Otostegia persica
Ch
IT, KhO
Asteraceae
Outreya carduiformis
He
Oxalidaceae
Oxalis corniculata
Ge
IT, Hyr
IT, Hyr,
KhO
Oxalidaceae
Oxalis sp.
Ge
Fabaceae
Oxytropis heratensis
He
IT
Fabaceae
Oxytropis hirsutiuscula
He
IT
Brassicaceae
Pachypterygium multicaule
Th
Rhamnaceae
Paliurus spina-christi
Ph
Asteraceae
Pallenis spinosa
Th
IT
Hyr, Zag,
Ara
IT, Hyr
Chenopodiaceae
Panderia turkestanica
Th
IT
Poaceae
Panicum antidotale
Ge
KhO
Poaceae
Panicum repens
Ge
KhO
Poaceae
Panicum turgidum
He
KhO
Papaveraceae
Papaver arenarium
Th
IT, Hyr
Papaveraceae
Papaver argemone
Th
IT
Family
Plant species
Orchidaceae
Life Forms of Plant Species and Floristic Regions in Iran
103
Papaver decaisnei
Life
form
Th
Floristic
region
IT, KhO
Papaveraceae
Papaver dubium
Th
Cosm
Papaveraceae
Papaver fugax
Th, He
IT
Papaveraceae
Papaver macrostomum
Th
IT
Papaveraceae
Papaver orientale
He
IT
Papaveraceae
Papaver pavoninum
Th
IT, Hyr
Papaveraceae
Papaver rhoeas
Th
IT
Boraginaceae
Paracaryum crista-galli
He
IT
Boraginaceae
Paracaryum intermedium
Th
IT
Boraginaceae
Paracaryum persicum
He
IT
Boraginaceae
Paracaryum rugulosum
He
IT
Boraginaceae
Paracaryum salsum
Th
IT
Boraginaceae
Paracaryum strictum
He
IT
Boraginaceae
Paracaryum turcomanicum
He
IT
Poaceae
Parapholis incurva
Th
IT, KhO
Urticaceae
Parietaria alsinifolia
Th
Urticaceae
Parietaria judaica
Ge
Urticaceae
Parietaria lusitanica
Th
IT, KhO
Hyr, IT,
Zag, KhO
IT
Urticaceae
Parietaria officicalis
Ge
IT
Caesalpiniaceae
Parkinsonia aculeata
Ph
KhO
Caryophyllaceae
Paronychia arabica
He, Th
Caryophyllaceae
Paronychia bungei
He
Caryophyllaceae
Paronychia caespitosa
He
Caryophyllaceae
Paronychia kurdica
He
Hamamelidaceae
Parrotia persica
Ph
KhO
IT, KhO,
(End)
IT, Zag,
(End)
IT, Zag,
KhO
Hyr
Poaceae
Paspalum dilatatum
Ge
Hyr
Poaceae
paspalum paspaloides
Ge
KhO
Scrophulariaceae
Pedicularis pycnantha
He
IT, Hyr
Scrophulariaceae
Pedicularis rechingeri
He
IT, (End)
Family
Plant species
Papaveraceae
104
Pedicularis sibthorpii
Life
form
He
Floristic
region
Hyr, IT
Scrophulariaceae
Pedicularis wilhelmsiana
He
IT
Zygophyllaceae
Peganum harmala
He
IT, KhO
Brassicaceae
Peltaria angustifolia
Th
IT, Zag
Poaceae
Pennisetum divisum
Ge
KhO
Poaceae
Pennisetum orientale
Ge
IT
Asteraceae
Pentanema divaricatum
Th
IT, KhO
Asteraceae
Pentanema multicaule
He
IT
Asteraceae
Pentanema pulicariifotme
He
IT
Asclepiadaceae
Pergularia tomentosa
Ch
KhO
Asclepiadaceae
Periploca aphylla
Ch
KhO
Asclepiadaceae
Periploca graeca
Ph
Hyr
Lamiaceae
Perovskia abrotanoides
Ch
Hyr, IT
Lamiaceae
Perovskia artemisioides
Ch
KhO, IT
Lamiaceae
Perovskia atriplicifolia
Ch
KhO
Rosaceae
Persica vulgaris
Ph
IT, Hyr
Asteraceae
Petasites hybridus
Ge
Hyr, IT
Caryophyllaceae
Petrorhagia cretica
Th
IT
Caryophyllaceae
Petrorhagia saxifrage
He
IT, Hyr
Chenopodiaceae
Petroselinum crispum
He
IT
Chenopodiaceae
Petrosimonia brachiata
Th
IT
Asteraceae
Phagnalon nitidum
He
IT, KhO
Poaceae
Phalaris arundinacae
Ge
IT, Hyr
Poaceae
Phalaris minor
Th
IT
Poaceae
Phalaris paradoxa
Th
IT
Fabaceae
Phaseolus vulgaris
Th
IT
Poaceae
Phleum iranicum
Ge
IT, Hyr
Poaceae
Phleum paniculatum
Th
IT, Hyr
Poaceae
Phleum phleoides
He
Hyr, IT
Poaceae
Phleum pratense
He
IT, Hyr
Family
Plant species
Scrophulariaceae
Life Forms of Plant Species and Floristic Regions in Iran
105
Family
Plant species
Life
form
Lamiaceae
Phlomis anisodonta
He
Lamiaceae
Phlomis aucheri
He
Floristic
region
IT, KhO,
Zag
IT
Lamiaceae
Phlomis bruguieri
He
IT
Lamiaceae
Phlomis cancellata
He
IT
Lamiaceae
Phlomis herba-venti
He
IT, Hyr
Lamiaceae
Phlomis olivieri
He
IT, Hyr
Lamiaceae
Phlomis persica
He
IT
Lamiaceae
Phlomis tuberosa
He
IT
Palmaceae
Phoenix dactylifera
Ph
KhO
Poaceae
Phragmites australis
Ge
IT
Rubiaceae
Phuopsis stylosa
He
Hyr
Verbenaceae
Phyla nodiflora
Ge
IT, KhO
Aspleniaceae
Phylitis scolopendrium
Ge
IT, Hyr
Solanaceae
Physalis alkekengi
Ge
Hyr
Solanaceae
Physalis divaricata
Th
KhO, IT
Chenopodiaceae
Physogeton occultus
Th
IT, (End)
Brassicaceae
Physoptychis gnaphalodes
He
IT
Brassicaceae
Physorhynchus chamaerapistrum
Ch
KhO
Umbelliferae
Physospermun cornubiense
He
IT
Phytolaccaceae
Phytolacca americana
He
Cosm
Asteraceae
Picnomon acarna
Th, He
IT, Hyr
Asteraceae
Picris strigosa
He
Cosm
Umbelliferae
Pimpinella affinis
He
Hyr, IT
Umbelliferae
Pimpinella aurea
He
IT
Umbelliferae
Pimpinella barbata
Th
IT, KhO
Umbelliferae
Pimpinella dichotoma
Ge
IT
Umbelliferae
Pimpinella eriocarpa
Th
IT, KhO
Umbelliferae
Pimpinella tragium
Ge
IT, Hyr
Pinaceae
Pinus eldarica
Ph
IT
Pinaceae
Pinus taeda
Ph
Hyr
106
Family
Plant species
Anacardiaceae
Pistacia atlantica
Life
form
Ph
Anacardiaceae
Pistacia cabulica
Ph
Anacardiaceae
Pistacia khinjuk
Ph
Anacardiaceae
Pistacia mutica
Ph
Anacardiaceae
Pistacia vera
Ph
Floristic
region
IT*
IT*, KhO,
Zag
IT*, Zag,
KhO
IT*, Zag,
KhO, Ara
IT*
Fabaceae
Pisum formosum
He
Hyr, IT
Plantaginaceae
Plantago atrata
He
Hyr, IT
Plantaginaceae
Plantago bellardi
Th
IT, KhO
Plantaginaceae
Plantago boissieri
Th
KhO
Plantaginaceae
Plantago cilliata
Th, He
KhO, IT
Plantaginaceae
Plantago coronopus
Th, He
IT
Plantaginaceae
Plantago evacina
Th
IT
Plantaginaceae
Plantago gentianoides
He
Plantaginaceae
Plantago indica
Th
Plantaginaceae
Plantago lagopus
He, Th
Plantaginaceae
Plantago lanceolata
He
Plantaginaceae
Plantago major
He
IT
IT, Hyr,
KhO
IT, Hyr
IT, Hyr,
KhO
Hyr, IT
Plantaginaceae
Plantago maritima
He
Plantaginaceae
Plantago ovata
He
Plantaginaceae
Plantago psyllium
Th
Plantaginaceae
Plantago stocksii
He
IT
IT, KhO,
Hyr
IT, Hyr,
KhO
IT, KhO
Plantaginaceae
Plantago trichophylla
Th, He
KhO
Orchidaceae
Platanthera bifolia
Ge
Hyr
Platanaceae
Platanus orientalis
Ph
IT*, Zag
Asteraceae
Platychaete aucheri
He
IT, KhO
Asteraceae
Platychaete glaucescens
Ch
IT, KhO
Asteraceae
platychaete mucronifolia
Ch
KhO, IT
Life Forms of Plant Species and Floristic Regions in Iran
107
Platycladus orientalis
Life
form
Ph
Floristic
region
IT
Plumbaginaceae
Plumbago europaea
He
IT, Hyr
Poaceae
Poa annua
Th
Hyr
Poaceae
Poa araratica
Ge
IT
Poaceae
Poa bulbosa
Ge
IT, Hyr
Poaceae
Poa nemoralis
Ge
Hyr, IT
Poaceae
Poa pratensis
Ge
IT, Hyr
Poaceae
Poa sinaica
Ge
IT
Poaceae
Poa trivialis
Ge
Hyr, IT
Asteraceae
Podospermum laciniatum
He
Caryophyllaceae
Polycarpon tetraphyllum
Th
Polygalaceae
Polygala anatolica
He
IT, Hyr
Hyr, KhO,
Zag
IT, Hyr
Polygalaceae
Polygala erioptera
He, Th
KhO
Polygalaceae
Polygala platyptera
He
Hyr, (End)
Asparagaceae
Polygonatum orientale
Ge
Hyr, IT
Polygonaceae
Polygonum afghanicum
He
IT
Polygonaceae
Polygonum alpestre
He
IT, Hyr
Polygonaceae
Polygonum arenastrum
Th
IT
Polygonaceae
Polygonum argyrocoleon
Th
IT
Polygonaceae
Polygonum aridum
He
IT
Polygonaceae
Polygonum aviculare
He, Th
Cosm
Polygonaceae
Polygonum convolvulus
Th
IT, Hyr
Polygonaceae
Polygonum dumosum
Ch
IT
Polygonaceae
Polygonum hydropiper
Th
Hyr, IT
Polygonaceae
Polygonum hyrcanicum
He, Th
Hyr, IT
Polygonaceae
Polygonum lapathifolium
Th
Hyr, IT
Polygonaceae
Polygonum luzuloides
He
IT
Polygonaceae
Polygonum orientale
Th
IT, Hyr
Polygonaceae
Polygonum paranchioides
He
IT
Polygonaceae
Polygonum patulum
Th
IT
Family
Plant species
Cuppressaceae
108
Polygonum persicaria
Life
form
Th
Floristic
region
IT, Hyr
Polygonaceae
Polygonum polycnemoides
Th
IT
Polygonaceae
Polygonum rottboellioides
Th
IT
Polygonaceae
Polygonum spinosom
He
IT
Polygonaceae
Polygonum thymifolium
He
IT
Polypodiaceae
Polypodium interjectum
Ge
Hyr
Polypodiaceae
Polypodium vulgare
Ge
Cosm
Poaceae
Polypogon fugax
Th
IT, KhO
Poaceae
Polypogon monspeliensis
Th
Cosm
Aspisiaceae
Polystichum aculeatum
Ge
Cosm
Aspisiaceae
Polystichum woronowii
Ge
Hyr
Salicaceae
Populus afghanica
Ph
Zag
Salicaceae
Populus alba
Ph
Salicaceae
Populus caspica
Ph
Salicaceae
Populus deltoids
Ph
Salicaceae
Populus euphratica
Ph
Salicaceae
Populus nigra
Ph
Portulacaceae
Portulaca grandiflora
Th
IT*
IT*, Hyr,
Ara
Hyr
IT*, KhO,
Zag
IT*, Hyr,
Ara
KhO
Portulacaceae
Portulaca oleracea
Th, He
KhO
Asteraceae
Postia puberula
Ch
IT, Zag
Potamogetonaceae
Potamogeton nodosus
Hyd
IT, Hyr
Potamogetonaceae
Potamogeton pectinatus
Hyd
IT, Hyr
Potamogetonaceae
Potamogeton perfoliatus
Hyd
KhO, Hyr
Rosaceae
Potentilla argentea
He
IT
Rosaceae
Potentilla canescens
He
IT, Hyr
Rosaceae
Potentilla crantzii
He
Hyr
Rosaceae
Potentilla lignosa
He
Hyr
Rosaceae
Potentilla micrantha
Ge
Hyr
Rosaceae
Potentilla nuda
He
IT, (End)
Family
Plant species
Polygonaceae
Life Forms of Plant Species and Floristic Regions in Iran
109
Potentilla persica
Life
form
He
Floristic
region
Zag, (End)
Rosaceae
Potentilla recta
He
IT, Hyr
Rosaceae
Potentilla reptens
Ge
IT, Hyr
Umbelliferae
Prangos acaulis
He
IT
Umbelliferae
Prangos feruiacea
He
IT
Umbelliferae
Prangos latiloba
He
IT
Umbelliferae
Prangos uloptera
He
IT, Hyr
Asteraceae
Prenanthes cacaliifolia
He
Hyr
Primulaceae
Primula acaulis
He
Hyr
Primulaceae
Primula auriculata
He
IT, Hyr
Primulaceae
Primula capitellata
He
IT
Primulaceae
Primula heterochroma
He
IT
Mimosaceae
Prosopis cineraria
Ph
KhO
Mimosaceae
Prosopis farcta
Ph
KhO, IT
Mimosaceae
Prosopis juliflora
Ph
KhO
Mimosaceae
Prosopis koelziana
Ph
KhO
Mimosaceae
Prosopis spicigera
Ph
KhO
Mimosaceae
Prosopis stephaniana
Ph
KhO, IT
Lamiaceae
Prunella vulgaris
He
Cosm
Rosaceae
Prunus arminiacae
Ph
Cosm
Rosaceae
Prunus avium
Ph
Rosaceae
Prunus brachypetala
Ph
Rosaceae
Prunus caspica
Ph
Rosaceae
Prunus chorassanica
Ph
Rosaceae
Prunus diffusa
Ph
Rosaceae
Prunus divaricata
Ph
Rosaceae
Prunus domestica
Ph
Hyr
IT*, Ara,
Zag
IT*, Ara,
Hyr, (End)
IT*
IT*, Hyr,
Zag, (End)
IT*, Zag,
Hyr, Ara
Hyr, Zag
Rosaceae
Prunus incana
Ph
IT*, Zag
Rosaceae
Prunus lycioides
Ph
IT, Zag
Family
Plant species
Rosaceae
110
Family
Plant species
Life
form
Floristic
region
IT*, Ara,
Zag
IT*, Zag,
Hyr, Ara
IT*, Hyr
Rosaceae
Prunus mahaleb
Ph
Rosaceae
Prunus microcarpa
Ph
Rosaceae
Prunus pseudoprostratus
Ph
Rosaceae
Prunus sp.
Ph
Rosaceae
Prunus spinosa
Ph
Hyr, Ara
Rosaceae
Prunus tortuosa
Ph
IT*, Zag
Rosaceae
Prunus turcomanica
Ph
IT*, Hyr
Umbelliferae
Psammogeton canescense
Th
IT, KhO
Poaceae
Psathyrostachys fragilis
Ge
IT
Asteraceae
Psephellus leuzeoides
Ch
IT
Brassicaceae
Pseudocamelina camelinae
Th, He
IT
Brassicaceae
Pseudocamelina glaucophylla
He
IT, Hyr
Brassicaceae
Pseudocumelina campylopoda
He
IT
Asteraceae
Pseudohandelia umbellifera
He
IT
Crassulaceae
Pseudosedum multicaule
He
IT
Myrtaceae
Psidium guajava
Ph
KhO
Fabaceae
Psoralea aucheri
Ph
KhO
Fabaceae
Psoralea drupacea
Ph
IT
Fagaceae
Psoralea plicata
Ch
KhO
Asteraceae
Psychrogeton amorphoglossus
Ge
IT
Asteraceae
Psychrogeton obovatus
He
Paronychiaceae
Pteranthus dichotomus
Th
Hypoleoidaceae
Pteridium aquilinum
Ge
IT
IT, Hyr,
KhO
Hyr
Pteridaceae
Pteris cretica
Ge
Hyr
Juglandaceae
Pterocarya fraxinifolia
Ph
Hyr
Dipsacaceae
Pterocephalus brevis
Th
KhO
Dipsacaceae
Pterocephalus canus
He
IT
Dipsacaceae
Pterocephalus gedrosiacus
He
IT
Dipsacaceae
Pterocephalus kurdicus
He
IT*
Life Forms of Plant Species and Floristic Regions in Iran
111
Pterocephalus melanobasis
Life
form
He
Floristic
region
IT
Dipsacaceae
Pterocephalus persicus
He
IT*, (End)
Dipsacaceae
Pterocephalus plumosus
Th
IT, Hyr
Polygonaceae
Pteropyrum aucheri
Ph
Ara, IT
Polygonaceae
Pteropyrum noeanum
Ph
KhO
Polygonaceae
Pteropyrum olivieri
Ph
IT
Poaceae
Puccinellia grossheimiana
He
Hyr, IT
Asteraceae
Pulicaria dysenterica
Ge
Hyr, IT
Asteraceae
Pulicaria gnaphalodes
He
IT, KhO
Asteraceae
Pulicaria salviifolia
He
Punicaceae
Punica granatum
Ph
Umbelliferae
Pycnocycla aucherana
Ch
IT
Hyr, IT*,
Ara, Zag,
KhO
IT, KhO
Umbelliferae
Pycnocycla caespitosa
He
IT
Umbelliferae
Pycnocycla flabellifolia
He
KhO
Umbelliferae
Pycnocycla nodiflora
Ch
IT, KhO
Umbelliferae
Pycnocyla spinosa
Ch
IT
Rosaceae
Pyracantha coccinea
Ph
Hyr
Rosaceae
Pyrus amygdaliformis
Ph
Rosaceae
Pyrus boissieriana
Ph
Rosaceae
Pyrus communis
Ph
Zag
IT*, Hyr,
Ara, Zag
Hyr, Zag
Rosaceae
Pyrus elaeagnifolia
Ph
Ara
Rosaceae
Pyrus glabra
Ph
Zag, (End)
Rosaceae
Pyrus grossheimii
Ph
Hyr
Rosaceae
Pyrus hyrcana
Ph
Rosaceae
Pyrus mazanderanica
Ph
Rosaceae
Pyrus oxyprion
Ph
Hyr
IT*, Hyr,
(End)
Ara
Rosaceae
Pyrus salicifolia
Ph
IT*, Ara
Rosaceae
Pyrus sp.
Ph
Family
Plant species
Dipsacaceae
112
Pyrus syriaca
Life
form
Ph
Floristic
region
Ara, Zag
Fagaceae
Quercus apiculata
Ph
Zag
Fagaceae
Quercus atropatana
Ph
Hyr
Fagaceae
Quercus baneica
Ph
Zag
Fagaceae
Quercus brantii
Ph
IT
Fagaceae
Quercus caduchorum
Ph
Zag
Fagaceae
Quercus castaneifolia
Ph
Hyr
Fagaceae
Quercus cedrorum
Ph
Zag
Fagaceae
Quercus globularis
Ph
Zag
Fagaceae
Quercus hedjazii
Ph
Zag
Fagaceae
Quercus iberica
Ph
Hyr
Fagaceae
Quercus infectoria
Ph
Zag
Fagaceae
Quercus irregularis
Ph
Zag
Fagaceae
Quercus komarovii
Ph
Ara
Fagaceae
Quercus libani
Ph
Zag
Fagaceae
Quercus macranthera
Ph
Hyr, Ara
Fagaceae
Quercus magnosquamata
Ph
Zag
Fagaceae
Quercus ophiosquamata
Ph
Zag
Fagaceae
Quercus ovicarpa
Ph
Zag
Fagaceae
Quercus persica
Ph
Zag
Fagaceae
Quercus polynervata
Ph
Zag
Fagaceae
Quercus saii
Ph
Zag
Fagaceae
Quercus scalaridentata
Ph
Zag
Fagaceae
Quercus squamulosa
Ph
Zag
Fagaceae
Quercus subcordata
Ph
Zag
Fagaceae
Quercus tregubovii
Ph
Zag
Fagaceae
Quercus ungeri
Ph
Zag
Fagaceae
Quercus vesca
Ph
Zag
Ranunculaceae
Ranunculus arvensis
Th
IT, Hyr
Ranunculaceae
Ranunculus asiaticus
Ge
IT
Family
Plant species
Rosaceae
Life Forms of Plant Species and Floristic Regions in Iran
113
Ranunculus aucheri
Life
form
Ge
Floristic
region
IT
Ranunculaceae
Ranunculus eriorrhizus
Ge
IT
Ranunculaceae
Ranunculus macropodioides
Ge
IT
Ranunculaceae
Ranunculus muricatus
Th
IT
Ranunculaceae
Ranunculus trichophyllus
Hyd
IT, Hyr
Brassicaceae
Raphanus raphanistrum
Th
IT, Hyr
Brassicaceae
Rapistrum rugosum
Th
Hyr, IT
Tamaricaceae
Reaumuria alternifolia
Ch
IT
Tamaricaceae
Reaumuria cistoides
Ch
IT, KhO
Tamaricaceae
Reaumuria floyeri
Th, He
KhO
Tamaricaceae
Reaumuria fruticosa
Ch, Ph
IT
Tamaricaceae
Reaumuria kermanensis
Ch
IT, (End)
Tamaricaceae
Reaumuria oxiana
Ch
IT, (End)
Tamaricaceae
Reaumuria persica
Ch
IT, (End)
Tamaricaceae
Reaumuria reflexa
Ch
IT
Tamaricaceae
Reaumuria sogdiana
Ch
IT
Tamaricaceae
Reaumuria squarrosa
Ch
IT
Tamaricaceae
Reaumuria stocksii
He, Th
KhO, IT
Tamaricaceae
Reaumuria turcestanica
Ch
IT, Hyr
Asteraceae
Reichardia orientalis
Th
IT, KhO
Resedaceae
Reseda alba
He, Th
KhO
Resedaceae
Reseda aucheri
Th, He
IT, KhO
Resedaceae
Reseda buhseana
He, Th
IT
Resedaceae
Reseda bungei
He
Resedaceae
Reseda lutea
He, Th
Resedaceae
Reseda luteola
He
IT
IT, Hyr,
KhO, Zag
IT
Resedaceae
Reseda macrobotrys
Th, He
IT
Asteraceae
Rhagadiolus stellatus
Th
IT, Hyr
Rhamnaceae
Rhammus elbursensis
Ph
Hyr
Rhamnaceae
Rhammus frangula
Ph
Hyr
Family
Plant species
Ranunculaceae
114
Rhammus spathuliifolia
Life
form
Ph
Floristic
region
Hyr
Rhamnaceae
Rhamnus cathartica
Ph
Hyr, Ara
Rhamnaceae
Rhamnus cornifolia
Ph
Hyr, Zag
Rhamnaceae
Rhamnus escalerae
Ph
Zag
Rhamnaceae
Rhamnus grandifolia
Ph
Hyr
Rhamnaceae
Rhamnus iranica
Ph
IT*, Zag
Rhamnaceae
Rhamnus kurdica
Ph
Rhamnaceae
Rhamnus pallasii
Ph
Rhamnaceae
Rhamnus persica
Ph
Zag
IT*, Hyr,
Ara, Zag
IT*, Zag
Rhamnaceae
Rhamnus sintenissi
Ph
IT*
Rhamnaceae
Rhamnus spathuliifolia
Ph
IT*
Apocynaceae
Rhazya stricta
Ch
KhO
Polygonaceae
Rheum ribes
Ge
IT
Rhizophoraceae
Rhizophora mucronata
Ph
Anacardiaceae
Rhus coriaria
Ph
Scrophulariaceae
Rhynchocorys elephas
Th
KhO
IT*, Zag,
Hyr, Ara
IT, Hyr
Scrophulariaceae
Rhynchocorys maxima
Th
IT, Hyr
Grossulariaceae
Ribes bieberstenii
Ph
Ara, Hyr
Grossulariaceae
Ribes grossularia
Ph
Hyr
Grossulariaceae
Ribes melananthum
Ph
Hyr, IT*
Grossulariaceae
Ribes orientale
Ph
IT*, Hyr
Euphorbiaceae
Ricinus communis
Th, Ph
KhO
Boraginaceae
Rindera lanata
He
IT
Brassicaceae
Robeschia schimperi
Th
IT
Boraginaceae
Rochelia bungei
Th
IT
Boraginaceae
Rochelia cardiosepala
Th
Boraginaceae
Rochelia disperma
Th
Boraginaceae
Rochelia macrocalyx
Th
IT
IT, Hyr,
KhO
IT
Boraginaceae
Rochelia persica
He
IT
Family
Plant species
Rhamnaceae
Life Forms of Plant Species and Floristic Regions in Iran
115
Roemeria hybrida
Life
form
Th
Floristic
region
IT, KhO
Papaveraceae
Roemeria refracta
Th
IT
Rosaceae
Rosa addida
Ph
IT*
Rosaceae
Rosa albicans
Ph
IT*, Zag
Rosaceae
Rosa anserinifolia
Ph
Zag, IT*
Rosaceae
Rosa asperrima
Ph
Zag, IT*
Rosaceae
Rosa aucheri
Ph
IT*, Hyr
Rosaceae
Rosa baggeriana
Ph
IT*, Zag
Rosaceae
Rosa banksiae
Ph
IT
Rosaceae
Rosa beggeriana
Ph
IT, Hyr
Rosaceae
Rosa canica
Ph
IT*, Zag
Rosaceae
Rosa centifolia
Ph
Zag
Rosaceae
Rosa damascena
Ph
Rosaceae
Rosa dumetorum
Ph
Rosaceae
Rosa elymaitica
Ph
Cosm
IT*, Zag,
Ara
IT*, Zag
Rosaceae
Rosa foetida
Ph
IT
Rosaceae
Rosa gallica
Ph
IT*
Rosaceae
Rosa guzarica
Ph
IT*
Rosaceae
Rosa hemisphaerica
Ph
IT*
Rosaceae
Rosa iberica
Ph
IT*
Rosaceae
Rosa kotschyana
Ph
IT*
Rosaceae
Rosa lutea
Ph
IT*, Zag
Rosaceae
Rosa moschata
Ph
IT*, Zag
Rosaceae
Rosa orientalis
Ph
IT*, Zag
Rosaceae
Rosa persica
Ge
IT
Rosaceae
Rosa rechingeri
Ph
IT*
Rosaceae
Rosa spinosissima
Ph
IT*
Crassulaceae
Rostraria cristata
Th
IT
Crassulaceae
Rosularia elymaitica
He
IT
Crassulaceae
Rosularia paniculata
He
IT
Family
Plant species
Papaveraceae
116
Rosularia sempervivum
Life
form
Ge
Floristic
region
Zag, IT
Rubiaceae
Rubia albicaulis
Ph
IT
Rubiaceae
Rubia florida
Ch
IT
Rubiaceae
Rubia tinctorum
He
Rosaceae
Rubus anatolicus
Ph
Rosaceae
Rubus astrae
Ph
Rosaceae
Rubus caesius
Ph
Rosaceae
Rubus fruticosus
Ph
IT
IT*, Hyr,
Zag, Ara
Hyr, (End)
Hyr, IT*,
Zag
Hyr
Rosaceae
Rubus hirtus
Ph
Hyr
Rosaceae
Rubus hyrcanus
Ph
Hyr
Rosaceae
Rubus karakalensis
Ph
IT*, Zag
Rosaceae
Rubus lanuginosus
Ph
Hyr
Rosaceae
Rubus ochthodes
Ph
Hyr
Rosaceae
Rubus persicus
Ph
Hyr, (End)
Rosaceae
Rubus raddeanus
Ph
Hyr
Rosaceae
Rubus sanctus
Ph
IT, Hyr
Polygonaceae
Rumex acetosa
He
IT
Polygonaceae
Rumex chalepensis
He
IT, Hyr
Polygonaceae
Rumex conglomeratus
He
Polygonaceae
Rumex crispus
He
Polygonaceae
Rumex dentatus
Th
IT, Hyr
IT, Hyr,
Zag
IT
Polygonaceae
Rumex elbursensis
He
IT
Polygonaceae
Rumex scutatus
Ge
Hyr, IT
Polygonaceae
Rumex vesicarius
Th
KhO, IT
Asparagaceae
Ruscus hyrcanus
Ph
Hyr
Poaceae
Saccharum Ravennae
Ge
IT, KhO
Rhamnaceae
Sageretia laetevirens
Ph
Chenopodiaceae
Salicornia europea
Th
Salicaceae
Salix acmophylla
Ph
KhO
IT, Hyr,
KhO
IT*, Hyr,
Family
Plant species
Crassulaceae
Life Forms of Plant Species and Floristic Regions in Iran
117
Family
Plant species
Life
form
Floristic
region
Zag
Salicaceae
Salix aegyptica
Ph
Salicaceae
Salix alba
Ph
Salicaceae
Salix babylonica
Ph
IT*, Hyr,
Zag, Ara
IT*, Hyr,
Zag
IT*, Hyr
Salicaceae
Salix caprea
Ph
Hyr
Salicaceae
Salix carmanica
Ph
IT*
Salicaceae
Salix daphnoides
Ph
Salicaceae
salix elbursensis
Ph
Salicaceae
Salix excelsa
Ph
Salicaceae
salix pycnostachya
Ph
Hyr
IT*, Zag,
Hyr
IT*, Zag,
Hyr, Ara
IT*
Salicaceae
salix songarica
Ph
IT*
Salicaceae
Salix sp.
Ph
Salicaceae
Salix triandra
Ph
Salicaceae
Salix wilhelmsiana
Ph
Salicaceae
Salix zygostemon
Ph
Chenopodiaceae
Salsola abarghuensis
Ch
IT*, Zag,
Ara, Hyr
IT*, Zag,
Ara
IT*, Zag,
Hyr
IT, (End)
Chenopodiaceae
Salsola aperta
Th
IT
Chenopodiaceae
Salsola arbuscula
Ch
IT
Chenopodiaceae
Salsola arbusculiformis
Ch
IT
Chenopodiaceae
Salsola aucheri
Ch
IT
Chenopodiaceae
Salsola canescens
Ch
IT
Chenopodiaceae
Salsola crassa
Th
IT
Chenopodiaceae
Salsola dendroides
Ch
IT
Chenopodiaceae
Salsola drummondii
Ch
KhO
Chenopodiaceae
Salsola gemmascens
Ch
IT
Chenopodiaceae
Salsola gossypina
Th
IT
Chenopodiaceae
Salsola imbricata
Ch
KhO
118
Salsola incanescens
Life
form
Th
Floristic
region
IT
Chenopodiaceae
Salsola jordanicola
Th
IT, KhO
Chenopodiaceae
Salsola kali
Th
IT
Chenopodiaceae
Salsola kerneri
Ch
IT
Chenopodiaceae
Salsola lachnantha
Ch
KhO
Chenopodiaceae
Salsola lanta
Th
IT
Chenopodiaceae
Salsola nitraria
Th
IT, KhO
Chenopodiaceae
Salsola orientalis
Ch
IT
Chenopodiaceae
Salsola praecox
Th
IT
Chenopodiaceae
Salsola richteri
Ph
IT
Chenopodiaceae
salsola rigida
Ch
IT
Chenopodiaceae
Salsola sclerantha
Th
IT
Chenopodiaceae
Salsola tomentosa
Ch
IT
Chenopodiaceae
Salsola turcomanica
Th
IT
Chenopodiaceae
Salsola vermiculata
Ch
IT
Chenopodiaceae
Salsola verrucosa
Ch
IT
Chenopodiaceae
Salsola yazdiana
Ch
IT, (End)
Salvadoraceae
Salvadora oleoides
Ph
KhO
Salvadoraceae
Salvadora persica
Ph
KhO
Lamiaceae
Salvia aethiopis
He
IT, Hyr
Lamiaceae
Salvia atropatana
He
IT, Hyr
Lamiaceae
Salvia ceratophylla
He
IT
Lamiaceae
Salvia chloroleuca
He
IT
Lamiaceae
Salvia compressa
He
IT
Lamiaceae
Salvia eremophila
Ch
IT
Lamiaceae
Salvia glutinosa
He
Hyr
Lamiaceae
Salvia hydrangea
He
IT*
Lamiaceae
Salvia limbata
He
IT, Hyr
Lamiaceae
Salvia macrosiphon
Ch
KhO
Lamiaceae
Salvia mirzayanii
He
IT
Family
Plant species
Chenopodiaceae
Life Forms of Plant Species and Floristic Regions in Iran
119
Salvia multicaulis
Life
form
He
Floristic
region
IT, Hyr
Lamiaceae
Salvia nemarosa
Ge
IT
Lamiaceae
Salvia palaestina
He
IT, KhO
Lamiaceae
Salvia reuterana
He
IT
Lamiaceae
Salvia rhytidea
He
IT
Lamiaceae
Salvia sclarea
He
IT
Lamiaceae
Salvia spinosa
He
IT
Lamiaceae
Salvia syriaca
Ge
IT
Lamiaceae
Salvia verticillata
He
IT, Hyr
Lamiaceae
Salvia virgata
He
IT
Lamiaceae
Salvia viridis
Th
IT, Hyr
Caprifoliaceae
Sambucus ebulus
Ge
Hyr, IT
Caprifoliaceae
Sambucus nigra
Ph
Zag
Brassicaceae
Sameraria armena
Th
IT
Brassicaceae
Sameraria elegans
Th
IT
Brassicaceae
Sameraria stylophora
Th
IT
Primulaceae
Samolus valerandi
He
Cosm
Rosaceae
Sanguisorba minor
He
Hyr, IT
Umbelliferae
Sanicula europae
He
IT, Hyr
Caryophyllaceae
Saponaria bodeana
Th
IT
Caryophyllaceae
Saponaria orientalis
Th
IT, Hyr
Lamiaceae
Satuerja laxiflora
Th
IT
Lamiaceae
Satureja bachtiarica
He
IT
Brassicaceae
Savignia parviflora
Th
IT, KhO
Dipsacaceae
Scabiosa argentea
He
IT
Dipsacaceae
Scabiosa calocephala
Th
IT
Dipsacaceae
Scabiosa deserticola
Th
IT
Dipsacaceae
Scabiosa flovida
Th
IT, (End)
Dipsacaceae
Scabiosa hyrcanica
He
Ara
Dipsacaceae
Scabiosa kermanensis
He
IT, (End)
Family
Plant species
Lamiaceae
120
Scabiosa leucactis
Life
form
Th
Floristic
region
KhO, IT
Dipsacaceae
Scabiosa micrantha
Th
IT, Hyr
Dipsacaceae
Scabiosa oliveri
Th
IT
Dipsacaceae
Scabiosa persica
Th
IT
Dipsacaceae
Scabiosa rotata
Th
IT
Umbelliferae
Scaligeria allioides
He
IT
Umbelliferae
Scaligeria nodosa
He
IT
Umbelliferae
Scandix iberica
Th
IT
Umbelliferae
Scandix pecten-veneris
Th
IT, KhO
Umbelliferae
Scandix stellata
Th
Asteraceae
Scariola orientalis
Ch
Brassicaceae
Schimpera arabica
Th
IT, Hyr
IT, Hyr,
KhO
IT, KhO
Asteraceae
Schischkinia albispina
Th
IT
Brassicaceae
Schismus arabicus
Th
KhO
Cyperaceae
Schoenoplectus lacustris
Ge
Hyr
Cyperaceae
Schoenus nigricans
Ge
IT, Hyr
Umbelliferae
Schumannia karelinii
Ge
IT
Plantaginaceae
Schweinfurthia papilionacea
Th, He
IT, KhO
Liliaceae
Scilla autumnalis
Ge
KhO
Liliaceae
Scilla bisotunensis
Ge
IT
Liliaceae
Scilla persica
Ge
IT*
Liliaceae
Scilla sibirica
Ge
Hyr
Cyperaceae
Scirpoides holoschoenus
Ge
Cosm
Cypraceae
Scirpus lacustris
He
Hyr
Caryophyllaceae
Scleranthus orientalis
Th, He
IT, Hyr
Caryophyllaceae
Sclerocephalus arabicus
Th
KhO
Asteraceae
Scolymus hispanicus
Th
KhO
Fabaceae
Scorpiurus muricatus
Th
Asteraceae
Scorzonera calyculata
He
KhO
IT, Hyr,
Zag
Family
Plant species
Dipsacaceae
Life Forms of Plant Species and Floristic Regions in Iran
121
Scorzonera cana
Life
form
He
Floristic
region
IT
Asteraceae
Scorzonera cinera
He
IT, Hyr
Asteraceae
Scorzonera intricata
He
Asteraceae
Scorzonera laciniata
He
Asteraceae
Scorzonera leptophylla
He
IT, (End)
IT, Hyr,
Zag
IT
Asteraceae
Scorzonera litwinowii
He
IT
Asteraceae
Scorzonera microcalathia
He
Asteraceae
Scorzonera mucida
He
Asteraceae
Scorzonera paradoxa
He
IT, (End)
IT, Zag,
(End)
IT, KhO
Asteraceae
Scorzonera parviflora
He
IT
Asteraceae
Scorzonera phaeopappa
He
IT, Zag
Asteraceae
Scorzonera pusilla
He
IT
Asteraceae
Scorzonera raddeana
He
IT
Asteraceae
Scorzonera ramossima
He
Asteraceae
Scorzonera rupicola
He
Asteraceae
Scorzonera tortuosissima
He
IT, Zag
IT, Zag,
(End)
IT, Zag
Cyperaceae
Scripoides holoschoenus
Ge
IT
Scrophulariaceae
Scrophularia azerbaijanica
He
IT
Scrophulariaceae
Scrophularia deserti
He
IT
Scrophulariaceae
Scrophularia frigida
He
IT, (End)
Scrophulariaceae
Scrophularia leucoclada
Ch
IT
Scrophulariaceae
Scrophularia nervosa
He
IT
Scrophulariaceae
Scrophularia pruinosa
He
IT, Hyr
Scrophulariaceae
Scrophularia striata
He
IT, KhO
Scrophulariaceae
Scrophularia umbrosa
He
Hyr, IT
Scrophulariaceae
Scrophularia variegata
He
IT, Hyr
Scrophulariaceae
Scrophularia vernalis
He, Th
Hyr, IT
Lamiaceae
Scutellaria albida
He
IT
Lamiaceae
Scutellaria multicaulis
He
IT
Family
Plant species
Asteraceae
122
Scutellaria nepetifolia
Life
form
He
Floristic
region
IT
Lamiaceae
Scutellaria orientalis
He
IT
Lamiaceae
Scutellaria pinnatifida
Ch
IT, Hyr
Lamiaceae
Scutellaria tournefortii
Ge
Hyr
Poaceae
Secale cereale
Th
IT, Hyr
Poaceae
Secale montanum
He
IT
Crassulaceae
Sedum hispanicum
Th, He
IT, Hyr
Crassulaceae
Sedum lenkoranicum
He
Hyr
Crassulaceae
Sedum obtusifolium
He
IT
Crassulaceae
Sedum pallidum
He, Th
Hyr
Crassulaceae
Sedum pentapetalum
Th
IT
Crassulaceae
Sedum pilosum
He
Ara, Hyr
Crassulaceae
Sedum rubens
Th
IT, Hyr
Crassulaceae
Sedum spurium
He
Hyr
Crassulaceae
Sedum stoloniferum
He
Hyr
Chenopodiaceae
Seidlitzia cinerea
Th
IT, KhO
Chenopodiaceae
Seidlitzia florida
Th
IT
Chenopodiaceae
Seidlitzia rosmarinus
Ch
IT, KhO
Umbelliferae
Semenovia suffruticose
He
IT
Crassulaceae
Sempervivum iranicum
He
Hyr, (End)
Asteraceae
Senecio cineraria
He
IT
Asteraceae
Senecio erucifolius
Ch
Hyr
Asteraceae
Senecio flavus
Th
IT, KhO
Asteraceae
Senecio galucus
Th
IT, KhO
Asteraceae
Senecio molis
Ge
IT
Asteraceae
Senecio othonnae
He
Hyr
Asteraceae
Senecio paucilobus
He
IT
Asteraceae
Senecio paulsenii
Ge
IT
Asteraceae
Senecio vernalis
Th
Hyr, IT
Asteraceae
Senecio vulgaris
Th
IT, Hyr
Family
Plant species
Lamiaceae
Life Forms of Plant Species and Floristic Regions in Iran
123
Serratula cerinthifolia
Life
form
He
Floristic
region
IT
Asteraceae
Serratula grandifolia
He
IT
Asteraceae
Serratula haussknechtii
Ge
IT, Hyr
Asteraceae
Serratula khuzistanica
He
KhO
Asteraceae
Serratula latifolia
He
IT
Asteraceae
Serratula quinquefolia
He
Hyr
Fabaceae
Sesbania aculeata
Ph
KhO
Fabaceae
Sesbania sesban
Ph
KhO
Poaceae
Setaria glauca
Th
IT, Hyr
Poaceae
Setaria viridis
Th
IT, Hyr
Rubiaceae
Sherardia arvensis
Th
IT, Hyr
Rosaceae
Sibbaldia parviflora
He
Hyr
Lamiaceae
Sideritis montana
Th
IT, Hyr
Asteraceae
Siebera nana
Th
IT
Asteraceae
Siegesbeckia orientalis
Th
IT, Hyr
Caryophyllaceae
Silene arabica
Th
KhO, IT
Caryophyllaceae
Silene aucheriana
He
IT, Hyr
Caryophyllaceae
Silene bupleuroides
Ge
IT, Hyr
Caryophyllaceae
Silene chlorifolia
He
IT
Caryophyllaceae
Silene commelinifolia
He
IT, Hyr
Caryophyllaceae
Silene coniflora
Th
IT
Caryophyllaceae
Silene conoidea
Th
IT, Hyr
Caryophyllaceae
Silene dichotoma
Th, He
IT, Hyr
Caryophyllaceae
Silene goniocaula
He
IT
Caryophyllaceae
Silene gynodioica
He
IT
Caryophyllaceae
Silene latifolia
Th, He
IT, Hyr
Caryophyllaceae
Silene linearis
Th
IT, KhO
Caryophyllaceae
Silene marschallii
He
IT
Caryophyllaceae
Silene microphylla
He
IT
Caryophyllaceae
Silene odontopetala
He
IT, Hyr
Family
Plant species
Asteraceae
124
Silene schafta
Life
form
He
Floristic
region
Hyr
Caryophyllaceae
Silene spergulifolia
He
IT
Caryophyllaceae
Silene stapfii
He
IT
Caryophyllaceae
Silene viscosa
He
Hyr, IT
Asteraceae
Silybum marianum
He, Th
Cosm
Cucurbitaceae
Sinapis alba
Th
IT, Hyr
Cucurbitaceae
Sinapis arvensis
Th
IT, Hyr
Brassicaceae
Sisymbrium altissimum
Th
Brassicaceae
Sisymbrium irio
Th
Brassicaceae
Sisymbrium loeselii
Th, He
Hyr, IT
Hyr, IT,
KhO
Hyr, IT
Brassicaceae
Sisymbrium officinale
Th
IT, Hyr
Liliaceae
Smilax excelsa
Ph
Hyr
Fabaceae
Smirnova turkestana
Ph
IT
Umbelliferae
Smyrniopsis aucheri
He
IT
Umbelliferae
Smyrnium cordifolium
He
IT
Solanaceae
Solanum asiae-mediae
Ge
IT*
Solanaceae
Solanum dulcamara
Ph
Hyr, Zag
Solanaceae
Solanum incanum
Ph
KhO
Solanaceae
Solanum kieseritzkii
Ge
Hyr
Solanaceae
Solanum melongena
Th
IT
Solanaceae
Solanum nigrum
Th
Cosm
Solanaceae
Solanum olgae
Th
Solanaceae
Solanum persicum
Ph
Solanaceae
Solanum pseudocapsicum
Ph
IT
Hyr, IT,
Zag
Hyr
Solanaceae
Solanum surattense
Th
KhO
Solanaceae
Solanum tuberosum
Ge
Boraginaceae
Solenanthus circinathus
He
Boraginaceae
Solenanthus stamineus
He
Asteraceae
Solidago virga-aurea
Th, He
Cosm
IT, Hyr,
Zag
IT, Hyr,
Zag
Hyr
Family
Plant species
Caryophyllaceae
Life Forms of Plant Species and Floristic Regions in Iran
125
Family
Plant species
Life
form
Asteraceae
Sonchus asper
Th, He
Asteraceae
Sonchus maritimus
He
Asteraceae
Sonchus oleraceus
Th, He
Fabaceae
Sophora alopecuroides
Ge
Floristic
region
IT, KhO,
Hyr
IT
IT, KhO,
Hyr
IT
Fabaceae
Sophora mollis
Ph
KhO, IT
Fabaceae
Sophora pachycarpa
He
IT
Rosaceae
Sorbus boissieri
Ph
Hyr, Ara
Rosaceae
Sorbus caucasica
Ph
Rosaceae
Sorbus graeca
Ph
Rosaceae
Sorbus luristanica
Ph
Rosaceae
Sorbus orientalis
Ph
Rosaceae
Sorbus persica
Ph
Rosaceae
Sorbus torminalis
Ph
Ara
IT*, Zag,
Hyr, Ara
IT*, Zag,
(End)
Hyr
IT*, Zag,
Hyr
Hyr, Ara
Poaceae
Sorghum halepense
Ge
IT, Hyr
Thyphaceae
Sparganium erectum
Hel
IT, Hyr
Caryophyllaceae
Spergularia bocconii
Th
Caryophyllaceae
Spergularia diandra
Th
Caryophyllaceae
Spergularia marina
Th, He
Sphenocleaceae
Sphenoclea zeylanica
Hel
Hyr, KhO
IT, KhO,
Hyr
Hyr, IT,
KhO
KhO
Chenopodiaceae
Spinacia oleracea
Th, He
IT, KhO
Chenopodiaceae
Spinacia turkestanica
Th
IT
Rosaceae
Spiraea anatolica
Ph
Hyr
Rosaceae
Spiraea brahuica
Ph
Rosaceae
Spiraea crenata
Ph
Araceae
Spirodela polyrhiza
Hyd
KhO
IT*, Hyr,
Ara
Hyr
Brassicaceae
Spirorrhynchus sabulosus
Th
IT
Lamiaceae
Stachys acerosa
He
IT
126
Stachys benthamiana
Life
form
He
Floristic
region
IT
Lamiaceae
Stachys byzanthina
He
Hyr
Lamiaceae
Stachys Inflata
He
IT
Lamiaceae
Stachys kurdica
He
IT
Lamiaceae
Stachys lavandulifolia
He
IT, Zag
Lamiaceae
Stachys obtusicrena
He
IT
Lamiaceae
Stachys persica
He
Hyr
Lamiaceae
Stachys pilifera
He
IT
Lamiaceae
Stachys pubescens
He
IT, Hyr
Lamiaceae
Stachys setifera
Ge
IT
Lamiaceae
Stachys spectabils
He
Lamiaceae
Stachys sylvatica
He
Lamiaceae
Stachys tomentosa
He
IT
Hyr, IT,
Ara
IT
Lamiaceae
Stachys turcamanica
Ge
IT
Caryophyllaceae
Stellaria alsinoides
Th
IT
Caryophyllaceae
Stellaria holostea
Ge
IT, Hyr
Caryophyllaceae
Stellaria media
Th
Cosm
Thymelaceae
Stelleropsis antoniae
Ch
IT
Thymelaceae
Stelleropsis iranica
He
IT
Asteraceae
Steptorhamphus persicus
He
IT, KhO
Asteraceae
Steptorrhamphus tuberosus
Ge
IT, KhO
Brassicaceae
Sterigmostemum acanthocarpum
Th, He
IT, Hyr
Brassicaceae
Sterigmostemum longistylum
Th, He
IT
Brassicaceae
Sterigmostemum ramosissimum
Th, He
IT
Brassicaceae
Sterigmostemum sulphureum
He, Th
IT, KhO
Orchidaceae
Steveniella satyrioides
Ge
Hyr
Poaceae
Stipa arabica
He
IT
Poaceae
Stipa barbata
He
IT
Poaceae
Stipa capensis
Th
IT, KhO
Poaceae
Stipa hohenackeriana
He
IT
Family
Plant species
Lamiaceae
Life Forms of Plant Species and Floristic Regions in Iran
127
Stipa parviflora
Life
form
He
Floristic
region
IT
Poaceae
Stipagrostis paradisea
He
IT, KhO
Poaceae
Stipagrostis pennata
Ge
IT
Poaceae
Stipagrostis plumosa
He
IT, KhO
Sapindaceae
Stocksia brahuica
Ph
KhO
Chenopodiaceae
Suaeda acuminata
Th
IT
Chenopodiaceae
Suaeda aegyptiaca
Th, He
KhO
Chenopodiaceae
Suaeda altissima
Th
IT
Chenopodiaceae
Suaeda arcuata
Th
IT
Chenopodiaceae
Suaeda fruticosa
Ch
IT, KhO
Chenopodiaceae
Suaeda microphylla
Ch
IT
Chenopodiaceae
Suaeda microsperma
Th
IT
Chenopodiaceae
Suaeda vermiculata
Ch
IT, KhO
Boraginaceae
Symphytum kurdicum
He
IT
Oleaceae
Syringa persica
Ph
IT*, Ara
Poaceae
Taeniatherum crinitum
Th
IT, KhO
Caesalpiniaceae
Tamarindus indica
Ph
KhO
Tamaricaceae
Tamarix altemifolia
Ph
IT
Tamaricaceae
Tamarix androssowii
Ph
IT
Tamaricaceae
Tamarix aphylla
Ph
IT, KhO
Tamaricaceae
Tamarix aralensis
Ph
IT
Tamaricaceae
Tamarix aravensis
Ph
IT
Tamaricaceae
Tamarix arceuthoides
Ph
IT
Tamaricaceae
Tamarix aucheriana
Ph
KhO
Tamaricaceae
Tamarix bachtiarica
Ph
IT
Tamaricaceae
Tamarix deserti
Ph
IT
Tamaricaceae
Tamarix dioica
Ph
IT, KhO
Tamaricaceae
Tamarix dubia
Ph
Tamaricaceae
Tamarix florida
Ph
Tamaricaceae
Tamarix galica
Ph
IT
IT, KhO,
Zag
IT, KhO,
Family
Plant species
Poaceae
128
Family
Plant species
Life
form
Floristic
region
Zag
Tamaricaceae
Tamarix hispida
Ph
IT
Tamaricaceae
Tamarix hohenackeri
Ph
IT, Zag
Tamaricaceae
Tamarix indica
Ph
IT, KhO
Tamaricaceae
Tamarix ispahanica
Ph
IT
Tamaricaceae
Tamarix karakalensis
Ph
IT, Hyr
Tamaricaceae
Tamarix karelini
Ph
IT
Tamaricaceae
Tamarix korolkowii
Ph
Tamaricaceae
Tamarix kotschyi
Ph
Tamaricaceae
Tamarix laxa
Ph
Tamaricaceae
Tamarix leptopetala
Ph
Tamaricaceae
Tamarix macrocarpa
Ph
IT
IT, KhO,
Zag
IT, KhO
IT, KhO,
Hyr
IT, KhO
Tamaricaceae
Tamarix mascatensis
Ph
IT, KhO
Tamaricaceae
Tamarix meyeri
Ph
IT
Tamaricaceae
Tamarix octandra
Ph
IT
Tamaricaceae
Tamarix passerinoides
Ph
Tamaricaceae
Tamarix ramoissima
Ph
Tamaricaceae
Tamarix rosea
Ph
IT, KhO
IT, Hyr,
Zag, Ara
IT
Tamaricaceae
Tamarix serotina
Ph
IT
Tamaricaceae
Tamarix sp.
Ph
Tamaricaceae
Tamarix stricta
Ph
IT, KhO
Tamaricaceae
Tamarix szowitsiana
Ph
IT
Tamaricaceae
Tamarix tetragyna
Ph
IT, KhO
Tamaricaceae
Tamarix tetrandra
Ph
IT
Dioscoraceae
Tamus communis
Ge
Hyr, IT
Asteraceae
Tanacetum canescens
He
IT
Asteraceae
Tanacetum chiliophyllum
Ge
IT
Asteraceae
Tanacetum coccineum
He
Hyr
Asteraceae
Tanacetum fruticolosum
He
IT
Life Forms of Plant Species and Floristic Regions in Iran
129
Tanacetum lingulatum
Life
form
He
Floristic
region
IT, (End)
Asteraceae
Tanacetum paradoxum
He
IT, (End)
Asteraceae
Tanacetum parthenium
Ge
IT, Hyr
Asteraceae
Tanacetum persicum
He
IT
Asteraceae
Tanacetum Pinnatum
He
IT
Asteraceae
Tanacetum polycephalum
He
IT
Asteraceae
Tanacetum turcomanicum
He
IT
Asteraceae
Tanacetum walteri
He
IT
Asteraceae
Taraxacum azerbaijanicum
He
IT, (End)
Asteraceae
Taraxacum baltistanicum
He
Asteraceae
Taraxacum bessarabicum
He
Asteraceae
Taraxacum brevirostre
He
IT, Ara
Hyr, IT,
Zag
IT, Hyr
Asteraceae
Taraxacum calliops
He
IT
Asteraceae
Taraxacum hydrophilum
He
IT, (End)
Asteraceae
Taraxacum microcephaloides
He
IT
Asteraceae
Taraxacum monochlamydeum
He
IT
Asteraceae
Taraxacum montanum
He
IT, Hyr
Asteraceae
Taraxacum officinale
He
IT
Asteraceae
Taraxacum persicum
He
IT
Asteraceae
Taraxacum pseudo calocephalum
He
IT, Hyr
Asteraceae
Taraxacum roseum
He
IT
Asteraceae
Taraxacum syriacum
He
IT, Hyr
Asteraceae
Taraxacum wallichii
He
IT
Brassicaceae
Tauscheria lasiocarpa
Th
IT
Fabaceae
Taverniera glabra
Ch
KhO
Fabaceae
Taverniera nummularia
Ch
KhO
Fabaceae
Taverniera persica
Ch
KhO
Fabaceae
Taverniera spartea
Ph
KhO
Taxacaea
Taxus baccata
Ph
Hyr, Ara
Bignoniaceae
Tecomella undulata
Ph
KhO
Family
Plant species
Asteraceae
130
Telephium eriglaucum
Life
form
He
Floristic
region
IT, (End)
Combretaceae
Terminalia arjuna
Ph
KhO
Combretaceae
Terminalia catappa
Ph
KhO
Zygophyllaceae
Tetradiclis tenella
Th
IT
Poaceae
Tetrapogon villosus
Ge
KhO
Umbelliferae
Tetrataenium lasiopetalum
He
IT
Lamiaceae
Teucrium chamaedrys
He
IT, Hyr
Lamiaceae
Teucrium hyrcanicum
Ge
Hyr
Lamiaceae
Teucrium orientale
Ch
IT, KhO
Lamiaceae
Teucrium polium
He
Cosm
Lamiaceae
Teucrium scordium
Ge
IT
Ranunculaceae
Thalictrum isopyroides
He
IT
Ranunculaceae
Thalictrum minus
Ge
IT
Umbelliferae
Thecocarpus meifolius
He
IT
Asteraceae
Thevenotia persica
Th
IT, Hyr
Apocynaceae
Thevetia neriifolia
Brassicaceae
Thlaspi arvense
Th
Brassicaceae
Thlaspi perfoliatum
Th
Lamiaceae
Thuspeinantha persica
Th
IT, Hyr
IT, Hyr,
KhO
IT
Thymelaceae
Thymelaea mesopotamica
Th
IT, KhO
Lamiaceae
Thymus caramanicus
Ch
IT
Lamiaceae
Thymus daenensis
Ch
IT
Lamiaceae
Thymus fallax
Ch
IT
Lamiaceae
Thymus kotschyanus
Ch
IT*
Lamiaceae
Thymus serpyllum
Ch
IT*
Lamiaceae
Thymus transcaspicus
Ch
IT
Tiliaceae
Tilia begonifolia
Ph
Hyr
Tiliaceae
Tilia caucasica
Ph
Hyr
Tiliaceae
Tilia dasystyla
Ph
Hyr
Tiliaceae
Tillia platyphyllos
Ph
Hyr, Ara
Family
Plant species
Caryophyllaceae
KhO
Life Forms of Plant Species and Floristic Regions in Iran
131
Tordylium persicum
Life
form
Th
Floristic
region
IT
Umbelliferae
Torilis arvensis
Th
Hyr, IT
Umbelliferae
Torilis leptophylla
Th
IT, Hyr
Brassicaceae
Torularia aculeolata
Th
IT
Brassicaceae
Torularia torulosa
Th
IT, KhO
Boraginaceae
Trachelanthus cerinthoides
He
Apocynaceae
Trachomitum armenum
Ch
Apocynaceae
Trachomitum sarmatiense
Ch
IT*
IT, Hyr,
Ara, Zag
Hyr
Apocynaceae
Trachomitum scabrum
Ch
IT
Apocynaceae
Trachomitum venetum
Ph
IT, Hyr
Umbelliferae
Trachydium depressum
He
IT
Poaceae
Trachynia distachya
Th
IT, KhO
Asteraceae
Tragopogon bornmuelleri
He
IT
Asteraceae
Tragopogon buphthalmoides
He
Cosm
Asteraceae
Tragopogon capitatus
He
IT
Asteraceae
Tragopogon caricifolium
He
IT, Hyr
Asteraceae
Tragopogon collinus
He
IT, Hyr
Asteraceae
Tragopogon gaudanicus
He
Asteraceae
Tragopogon graminifolius
He
Asteraceae
Tragopogon Jezdianus
He
Asteraceae
Tragopogon longirostris
He
Asteraceae
Tragopogon montanus
He
Asteraceae
Tragopogon reticulatus
He
IT
IT, Hyr,
Zag
IT, Hyr,
KhO,
(End)
Hyr, Zag,
IT
IT, Hyr,
(End)
Hyr, IT
Asteraceae
Tragopogon vaginatus
He
IT
Asteraceae
Tragopogon vvedenskyi
He
Poaceae
Tragus racemosus
Th
Onograceae
Trapa natans
Hyd
IT, Hyr
IT, Hyr,
KhO
Hyr
Family
Plant species
Umbelliferae
132
Tribulus longipetalus
Life
form
Th, He
Floristic
region
IT, KhO
Zygophyllaceae
Tribulus macropterus
Th, He
IT, KhO
Zygophyllaceae
Tribulus ochroleucus
He
Zygophyllaceae
Tribulus terrestris
Th, He
Boraginaceae
Trichodesma aucheri
He
IT
Hyr, IT,
KhO
IT, (End)
Boraginaceae
Trichodesma incanum
He
IT*
Boraginaceae
Trichodesma stocksii
He
KhO
Poaceae
Tricholaena tenerriffae
He
KhO
Cyperaceae
Trichophorum pumilum
Ge
IT, Hyr
Fabaceae
Trifolium alexandrinum
Th
IT
Fabaceae
Trifolium ambiguum
Ge
IT
Fabaceae
Trifolium angustifolium
Th
Hyr
Fabaceae
Trifolium arvense
Th
IT, Hyr
Fabaceae
Trifolium campestre
Th
Fabaceae
Trifolium clusii
Th
Fabaceae
Trifolium dasyurum
Th
Fabaceae
Trifolium fragiferum
He
IT, Hyr
IT, Hyr,
KhO
IT, Zag,
KhO
IT, Hyr
Fabaceae
Trifolium pratense
He
Hyr, IT
Fabaceae
Trifolium purpureum
Th
IT
Fabaceae
Trifolium radicosum
Ge
IT
Fabaceae
Trifolium repens
He
Hyr, IT
Fabaceae
Trifolium resupinatum
He, Th
Hyr
Fabaceae
Trifolium tumens
Ge
IT, Hyr
Juncaginaceae
Triglochin palustris
Ge
IT, Hyr
Fabaceae
Trigonella elliptica
He
IT
Fabaceae
Trigonella monantha
Th
IT
Fabaceae
Trigonella monspeliaca
Th
IT
Fabaceae
Trigonella spruneriana
Th
IT, Hyr
Fabaceae
Trigonella stellata
Th
KhO, IT
Family
Plant species
Zygophyllaceae
Life Forms of Plant Species and Floristic Regions in Iran
133
Trigonella teheranica
Life
form
He
Floristic
region
IT
Fabaceae
Trigonella uncata
Th
IT, KhO
Asteraceae
Tripleurospermum decipiens
He, Th
IT
Asteraceae
Tripleurospermum disciforme
He, Th
IT, Hyr
Poaceae
Trisetum flavescens
He
IT, Hyr
Liliaceae
Tulipa biflora
Ge
IT, KhO
Liliaceae
Tulipa chrysantha
Ge
IT, Hyr
Liliaceae
Tulipa clusiana
Ge
IT, KhO
Liliaceae
Tulipa cuspidata
Ge
IT
Liliaceae
Tulipa lehmanniana
Ge
IT
Liliaceae
Tulipa micheliana
Ge
IT
Liliaceae
Tulipa montana
Ge
IT, Hyr
Liliaceae
Tulipa sp.
Ge
Liliaceae
Tulipa systola
Ge
IT, Hyr
Liliaceae
Tulipa undulatifolia
Ge
IT
Liliaceae
Tulipa wilsoniana
Ge
IT
Umbelliferae
Turgenia latifolia
Th
IT, Hyr
Brassicaceae
Turritis glabra
He
Hyr, IT
Asteraceae
Tussilago farfara
Ge
IT, Hyr
Typhaceae
Typha angustifolia
Ge
IT
Thyphaceae
Typha australis
Ge
Hyr, IT
Thyphaceae
Typha grossheimii
Ge
IT
Typhaceae
Typha latifolia
Ge
Ulmaceae
Ulmus carpinifolia
Ph
Ulmaceae
Ulmus densa
Ph
Hyr
Hyr, Ara,
Zag
IT
Ulmaceae
Ulmus elliptica
Ph
Hyr
Ulmaceae
Ulmus glabra
Ph
Hyr
Ulmaceae
Ulmus laevis
Ph
Hyr
Ulmaceae
Ulmus minor
Ph
Hyr, IT
Ulmaceae
Ulmus umbraculifera
Ph
IT
Family
Plant species
Fabaceae
134
Family
Plant species
Life
form
Crassulaceae
Umbilicus intermedius
Ge
Crassulaceae
Umbilicus tropaeollifolius
Ge
Floristic
region
IT, KhO,
Hyr
IT
Urginea maritima
Ge
IT, KhO
Asteraceae
Urospermum picroides
Th
Urticaceae
Urtica dioica
Ge
Urticaceae
Urtica pilulifera
He, Th
Urticaceae
Urtica urens
He, Th
Caryophyllaceae
Vaccaria grandiflora
Th
Cosm
IT, Hyr,
Zag, KhO
IT, KhO,
Hyr, Zag
IT, KhO,
Hyr, Zag
IT
Caryophyllaceae
Vaccaria oxydonta
Th
Caryophyllaceae
Vaccaria pyramidata
Th
Ericaceae
Vaccinium arctostaphylos
Ph
IT
IT, Hyr,
KhO
Hyr
Valerianaceae
Valeriana ficariifolia
He
IT
Valerianaceae
Valeriana sisymbrifolia
Ge
IT, Hyr
Valerianaceae
Valerianella amblyotis
Th
IT
Valerianaceae
Valerianella cymbicarpa
Th
IT
Valerianaceae
Valerianella dactylophylla
Th
IT
Valerianaceae
Valerianella dufresnia
Th
IT, Hyr
Valerianaceae
Valerianella lasiocarpa
Th
IT, Hyr
Valerianaceae
Valerianella muricata
Th
IT, Hyr
Valerianaceae
Valerianella oxyrrhyncha
Th
IT
Valerianaceae
Valerianella plagiostephana
Th
IT
Valerianaceae
Valerianella platycarpa
Th
IT
Valerianaceae
Valerianella szovitsiana
Th
IT
Valerianaceae
Valerianella triplaris
Th
IT
Valerianaceae
Valerianella vesicaria
Th
IT
Asteraceae
Varthemia persica
Ch
IT
Caryophyllaceae
Velezia rigida
Th
IT
Scrophulariaceae
Verbascum agrimoniifolium
He
IT, Hyr
Asparagaceae
Life Forms of Plant Species and Floristic Regions in Iran
135
Verbascum alceoides
Life
form
He
Floristic
region
IT
Scrophulariaceae
Verbascum carduchorum
He
IT
Scrophulariaceae
Verbascum cheiranthifolium
He
IT, Hyr
Scrophulariaceae
Verbascum disjectum
He
Scrophulariaceae
Verbascum farsistanicum
He
Scrophulariaceae
Verbascum intricatum
He
IT, (End)
IT, KhO,
(End)
IT, (End)
Scrophulariaceae
Verbascum kochiforme
He
KhO
Scrophulariaceae
Verbascum phlomoides
He
IT
Scrophulariaceae
Verbascum pseudo-digitalis
He
IT
Scrophulariaceae
Verbascum sinuatum
He
IT
Scrophulariaceae
Verbascum songaricum
He
IT, Hyr
Scrophulariaceae
Verbascum speciosum
He
IT, Hyr
Scrophulariaceae
Verbascum thapsus
He
IT, Hyr
Verbenaceae
Verbena officinalis
He
Hyr, IT
Scrophulariaceae
Veronica acrotheca
IT
Scrophulariaceae
Veronica anagallis-aquatica
Scrophulariaceae
Veronica anagalloides
He
Ge,
Hel
Th
Scrophulariaceae
Veronica argute-serrata
Th
IT
Scrophulariaceae
Veronica arvensis
Th
Hyr, IT
Scrophulariaceae
Veronica beccabunga
Ge
IT
Scrophulariaceae
Veronica biloba
Th
IT
Scrophulariaceae
Veronica campylopoda
Th
IT
Scrophulariaceae
Veronica capillipes
Th
IT
Scrophulariaceae
Veronica ceratocarpa
Th, He
Hyr
Scrophulariaceae
Veronica crista-galli
Th
Hyr
Scrophulariaceae
Veronica francispetae
Th
Hyr, (End)
Scrophulariaceae
Veronica hederifolia
Th
Hyr, IT
Scrophulariaceae
Veronica hispidula
Th
IT
Scrophulariaceae
Veronica macropoda
Th
IT
Family
Plant species
Scrophulariaceae
IT, Hyr
Hyr, IT
136
Veronica orientalis
Life
form
He
Floristic
region
IT
Scrophulariaceae
Veronica oxycarpa
He
IT
Scrophulariaceae
Veronica persica
He, Th
Cosm
Scrophulariaceae
Veronica polita
Th
IT, Hyr
Scrophulariaceae
Veronica rubrifolia
Th
IT*
Caprifoliaceae
Viburnum cotinifolium
Ph
KhO
Caprifoliaceae
Viburnum Lantana
Ph
Hyr, Ara
Caprifoliaceae
Viburnum opulus
Ph
Ara
Fabaceae
Vicia aintabensis
Th
Fabaceae
Vicia amphicarpa
Th
Fabaceae
Vicia angustifolia
Th
IT
IT, Hyr,
KhO
IT, Hyr
Fabaceae
Vicia assyriaca
Th
IT
Fabaceae
Vicia ciceroidea
He
IT
Fabaceae
Vicia cracca
He
Hyr, IT
Fabaceae
Vicia crocea
Ch
Hyr
Fabaceae
Vicia ervilia
Th
IT, Hyr
Fabaceae
Vicia hirsuta
Th
Hyr
Fabaceae
Vicia hybrida
Th
IT
Fabaceae
Vicia michauxii
Th
IT
Fabaceae
Vicia monantha
Th
IT, KhO
Fabaceae
Vicia narbonensis
Th
IT, Hyr
Fabaceae
Vicia peregrina
Th
IT, Hyr
Fabaceae
Vicia sativa
Th
IT, Hyr
Fabaceae
Vicia subvillosa
Ge
IT
Fabaceae
Vicia tetrasperma
Th
Hyr, IT
Fabaceae
Vicia truncatula
He
IT, Hyr
Fabaceae
Vicia variabilis
He
IT, Hyr
Fabaceae
Vicia villosa
Th
IT, Hyr
Apocynaceae
Vinca herbacea
He
Hyr, IT
Asclepiadaceae
Vincetoxicum canescens
He
IT
Family
Plant species
Scrophulariaceae
Life Forms of Plant Species and Floristic Regions in Iran
137
Vincetoxicum pumilum
Life
form
He
Floristic
region
IT
Asclepiadaceae
Vincetoxicum scandens
He
Hyr
Violaceae
Viola alba
Ge
Hyr
Violaceae
Viola arvensis
Th
Hyr, Ara
Violaceae
Viola behboudiana
Th, He
KhO
Violaceae
Viola caspica
Ge
Hyr
Violaceae
Viola modesta
Th
IT
Violaceae
Viola occulta
Th
IT, Hyr
Violaceae
Viola odorata
Ge
Hyr, IT
Violaceae
Viola pachyrrhiza
Ge
Zag, IT*
Violaceae
Viola reichenbachiana
He
Hyr, IT
Violaceae
Viola riviniana
Ge
Hyr
Violaceae
Viola sieheana
Ge
Hyr
Violaceae
Viola sintenisii
Ge
Hyr
Violaceae
Viola stocksii
Th
KhO
Violaceae
Viola suavis
Ge
Hyr
Violaceae
Viola sylvestris
He
Hyr, IT
Violaceae
Viola tricolor
Th, He
Hyr
Loranthaceae
Viscum album
Ph
Hyr
Verbenaceae
Vitex angus-castus
Ph
IT
Verbenaceae
Vitex negundo
Ph
Verbenaceae
Vitex pseudo-negundo
Ph
Vitaceae
Vitis sylvestris
Ph
Vitaceae
Vitis vinifera
Ph
KhO
KhO, IT,
Zag
Hyr, Ara,
Zag
Hyr, IT
Poaceae
Vulpia myuros
Th
Hyr, IT
Poaceae
Vulpia persica
Th
IT
Asteraceae
Willemetia tuberosa
Ge
IT, Hyr
Solanaceae
Withania coagulans
Ph
KhO
Solanaceae
Withania somnifera
Ph
KhO
Family
Plant species
Asclepiadaceae
138
Xanthium spinosum
Life
form
Th
Floristic
region
IT
Asteraceae
Xanthium stramarium
Th
IT
Potamogetonaceae
Zannichellia palustris
Hyd
Cosm
Lamiaceae
Zataria multiflora
Ch
IT*, KhO
Ulmaceae
Zelkova carpinifolia
Ph
Hyr
Ulmaceae
Zelkova hyrcana
Ph
Hyr
Poaceae
Zingeria trichopoda
Th
IT
Lamiaceae
Ziziphora capitata
Th
IT
Lamiaceae
Ziziphora clinopodioides
Ch
IT
Lamiaceae
Ziziphora tenuior
Th
IT
Rhamnaceae
Ziziphus jujuba
Ph
IT
Rhamnaceae
Ziziphus lotus
Ph
KhO
Rhamnaceae
Ziziphus nammularia
Ph
KhO, Zag
Rhamnaceae
Ziziphus officinarum
Ph
KhO
Rhamnaceae
Ziziphus oxyphylla
Ph
KhO
Rhamnaceae
Ziziphus spina-Christi
Ph
Zag, KhO
Asteraceae
Zoegea leptaurea
Th
IT, Zag
Asteraceae
Zoegea purpurea
Th
IT, KhO
Umbelliferae
Zosimia absinthifolia
He
IT
Zygophyllaceae
Zygophyllum atriplicoides
Ph
IT, KhO
Zygophyllaceae
Zygophyllum eurypterum
Ph
IT, KhO
Zygophyllaceae
Zygophyllum fabago
Ch
IT
Zygophyllaceae
Zygophyllum hamiense
Ch
KhO
Zygophyllaceae
Zygophyllum megacarpum
Ph
IT
Zygophyllaceae
Zygophyllum propinquum
Ch
KhO
Zygophyllaceae
Zygophyllum simplex
Th
KhO
Family
Plant species
Asteraceae
References
139
References
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