The Genera Aganope, Derris, and Paraderris (Fabaceae, Millettieae) in Thailand

Y. Sirichamorn

Descriptions, notes and colour plates of four monotypic (monospecific) genera ( Clarkella Hook. f., Gardeniopsis Miq., Hyptianthera Wight & Arn. and Morindopsis Hook. f.) are presented which had not been included in “Rubiaceae of Thailand. A pictorial guide to indigenous and cultivated genera” (Puff et al., 2005). Morindopsis laotica is reduced to a synonym of M. capillaris .

and P. ridleyi C. DC. are newly recorded for Thailand. These species are described and illustrated with line drawings and photographs. P. magnibaccum is lectotypified. Piper is the largest genus in the family Piperaceae with approximately 1,000 species (Tebbs, 1993). The distribution is mainly in the New World and in the Old World especially in Malaysia (Yuncker, 1958). Nineteen species have been enumerated in Thailand (The Forest Herbarium, 2001). The genus can be easily recognized on gross morphological characters, but it is difficult to identify to species. The genus is characterized by being either monoecious or dioecious, with leaves that are simple, alternate and entire. The inflorescences are spikes or catkins with dense or sparse flowers on the rachis. The flowers are unisexual or bisexual, very small, without sepal and petal and floral bracts are different in shape. The ovary has one locule and the fruit is a drupe. During revisionary work on the genus in Thailand the follo...

The Genera Aganope, Derris, and Paraderris (Fabaceae, Millettieae) in Thailand Author(s): Y. Sirichamorn, F. A. C. B. Adema and P. C. van Welzen Source: Systematic Botany, 37(2):404-436. 2012. Published By: The American Society of Plant Taxonomists URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1600/036364412X635467 BioOne (www.bioone.org) is a nonprofit, online aggregation of core research in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences. BioOne provides a sustainable online platform for over 170 journals and books published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Web site, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/page/terms_of_use. Usage of BioOne content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non-commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. Systematic Botany (2012), 37(2): pp. 404–436 © Copyright 2012 by the American Society of Plant Taxonomists DOI 10.1600/036364412X635467 The Genera Aganope, Derris, and Paraderris (Fabaceae, Millettieae) in Thailand Y. Sirichamorn,1 F. A. C. B. Adema, and P. C. van Welzen Netherlands Centre for Biodiversity Naturalis (section NHN), Leiden University, P. O. Box 9514, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands. 1 Author for correspondence (sirichamorn@nhn.leidenuniv.nl) Communicating Editor: Rodger Evans Abstract—In this revision of the Thai species of the genus Derris and the morphologically similar genera, Aganope and Paraderris, all currently recognized species are enumerated. Two new species, Derris glabra Sirichamorn and Derris pseudomarginata Sirichamorn, are described and illustrated. Keys to the genera and species are provided, together with descriptions and notes for all taxa. Keywords—Aganope, Derris, Fabaceae, Millettieae, Paraderris, Thailand. some species of Derris and closely related genera in their analyses. However, the small sample and uncertainties about the affiliations of the species prevented any final conclusions for Derris and its allies. Thus, the phylogeny of Derris s. l. is still far from solved. A more detailed phylogenetic analysis is necessary, including more morphological, anatomical, and molecular data. We will perform this in the near future. Derris s. s. differs from the most closely related Paraderris in flower and inflorescence structure. The flowers of Paraderris are relatively larger than those of Derris, and usually possess basal callosities on the standard petals. The brachyblasts of Paraderris are long and slender with two or three flowers at the apex, while those of Derris are knob-like or sometimes slender with more flowers scattered throughout (Geesink 1984; Adema 2003a). On the other hand, Aganope is morphologically more distinct from these two forementioned genera. It differs from Derris s. s. and Paraderris by having “true paniculate” inflorescences. The wing and keel petals are free from each other and the stamens are distinctly diadelphous (Polhill 1971; Geesink 1984). The African Ostryocarpus and the American Lonchocarpus are not included in this paper. Ostryocarpus is morphologically similar to Aganope, but differs mainly in its pods, which are circular in outline and wingless. Lonchocarpus is a large, morphologically variable genus of which the species are usually trees, while most of Paleotropical Derris species are lianas. Pseudoracemes characterize the genus with nodes usually bearing two flowers on the top of the brachyblast as found in Paraderris, while the pods are usually without wings. Derris is mainly present in Southeast Asia, however, the type species, D. trifoliata Lour., is also found in Africa, India, Sri Lanka, and the Southwest Pacific islands (Adema 2003b). Some species of Derris and its allies are cultivated and used as an insecticide and fish poison because their roots, leaves, and stems contain isoflavonoid rotenone. Several species, for example D. scandens (Roxb.) Benth., D. alborubra Hemsl. D. reticulata Craib, and D. thorelii (Gagnep.) Craib, are used as local medicine in Thailand and other Southeast Asian countries. Some species provide beautiful flowers and some are fast-growing shade trees, these are occasionally used as ornamentals. In this paper, a revision of the Thai species of Derris and its supposedly closely related genera, Paraderris and Aganope, is presented. The delimitating characters of the genera are treated in more detail. A key to all Thai species is presented. For the revision, material of all species was examined to evaluate all names. The genus Derris Lour. s. s. is a small to medium-sized member of the papilionoid Leguminosae, consisting of approximately 50 species, of which 16 can be found in Thailand (Adema 2000). On account of its indehiscent pods, the genus was at first included in the tribe Dalbergieae (Bentham 1860). Later, Polhill (1981) and Geesink (1981, 1984) transferred many genera with indehiscent pods, including Derris, from tribe Dalbergieae to tribe Millettieae, because they showed a close resemblance and relationship to Millettia and related genera. Derris was established by De Loureiro (1790), who described two new species, D. pinnata Lour. and D. trifoliata Lour. The concept of Derris varied considerably in treatments by different authors (Table 1). For example, Bentham (1860) accepted Derris in a wide taxonomic sense and included some American species, which were later called “American Derris.” He also divided Derris s. l. into several sections. Geesink (1984) studied the tribe Millettieae using phenetic and cladistic methods based on morphological and phytochemical characters. He found some serious disadvantages of lumping many taxa into a single genus Derris. Thus, Geesink proposed to raise most of Bentham’s sections to generic level, i.e. Brachypterum (Wight & Arn.) Benth., Paraderris (Miq.) Geesink, Ostryocarpus Hook. f. (including Aganope Miq., Ostryoderris Dunn, and Xeroderris Roberty), Lonchocarpus Kunth., and Deguelia Aublet. The last two genera, Lonchocarpus and Deguelia, are known as American Derris. They are nowadays mainly included in Lonchocarpus by most workers on Neotropical floras (Adema 2000). Polhill (1971) changed the generic delimitations again of Ostryocarpus. He united Aganope and Ostryoderris together under Aganope, but still recognized Ostryocarpus and Xeroderris as separate. Adema (2000) used a morphological cladistic analysis to study the relationship between these Derris-like genera and reunited the monotypic Xeroderris with Aganope. Adema accepted the African genus Ostryocarpus as a good genus separate from, but closely related to Aganope. In that study he also united Brachypterum with Derris s. s. Thus, the definition and concept of the genus Derris and related genera has changed again. In this account we will adhere to Adema’s concept (2000) and treat the genera Aganope, Derris s. s., and Paraderris. Molecular phylogenetic studies have the potential to resolve some of the controversies surrounding the delimitation of Derris and its related genera. However, those completed to date were not comprehensive enough for this purpose. For example, Hu et al. (2000, 2002) used chloroplast trnK/matK and nuclear ITS/5.8S sequences, respectively, to analyze the phylogeny of the tribe Millettieae. They included 404 2012] SIRICHAMORN et al.: AGANOPE, DERRIS, AND PARADERRIS IN THAILAND Table 1. Differences between the three main classification systems of Derris-like plants proposed by Bentham (1860), Geesink (1984) and Adema (2000). Bentham (1860) Genus Derris s. l. - sect. Dipteroderris - sect. Brachypterum - sect. Paraderris - sect. Aganope - sect. Euderris ser. Asiaticae ser. Americanae Genus Lonchocarpus - sect. Neuroscaphi - sect. Densiflori - sect. Eriophylli - sect. Laxiflori - sect. Punctati - sect. Fasiculati - sect. Paniculati Geesink (1984) Adema (2000) - Genus Derris s. s. - Genus Brachypterum - Genus Paraderris - Genus Ostryocarpus [= Aganope (Miq.)+ Ostryoderris (Dunn)+ Xeroderris (Roberty)] - Genus Derris s. s. - Genus Derris s. s. - Genus Paraderris - Genus Ostryocarpus - Genus Aganope (including Ostryoderris and Xeroderris) - Genus Derris s. s. - Genus Deguelia - Genus Lonchocarpus - Genus Derris s. s. - Genus Lonchocarpus - Genus Lonchocarpus - Genus Lonchocarpus - Genus Philenoptera - Genus Lonchocarpus - Genus Philenoptera Materials and Methods More than 2,000 specimens, mainly Thai, including most types, were studied morphologically. Their examination was facilitated by L, K, P, BKF, DNP, BK, BCU, PSU, and QBG herbaria. Herbarium abbreviations follow Holmgren and Holmgren 2007. Moreover, additional specimens were collected during flowering and fruiting periods from known natural habitats in Thailand in 2009–2010, using standard procedures for herbarium material (Bridson and Forman 1999). The field characters were observed and noted. The specimens were identified with keys to species from previous taxonomic revisions of Derris and allies and floras or manuals of neighboring countries, for example, the Flore du Cambodge du Laos et du Viêtnam (Phan and Vidal 2001) and Flora of China (Wei et al. 2008). The identifications were confirmed by comparison with the type specimens. Notes on Characters and Morphology—LEAVES—The leaves of Derris, Paraderris, and Aganope species are imparipinnate. The number of leaflets varies from three (D. trifoliata) to 41 (D. microphylla (Miq.) B. D. Jacks.). The shape, size, indumentum, and venation of the leaflets are important for recognition of Derris species. Many species have reddish or brownish pigments in their young leaves. These pigments appear not to be related to the sunlight intensity that the plants receive (pers. obs.). Stipellae can be found in some species as D. trifoliata, D. scandens, and P. elliptica. Interestingly, the stipellae are usually found in species which have onewinged pods. This possible correlation needs further study. All species have reticulate venation. Veins do not usually reach the margin but curve towards the apex, and sometimes anastomose near the margin. Only in one species, D. amoena Benth., nerves seemingly reach to and anastomose with the margin. INFLORESCENCES—Inflorescence type is one of the main characters that Geesink (1984) used for generic delimitation within the tribe Millettieae. For Derris s. s. Geesink only noticed “pseudoracemes and pseudopanicles” as inflorescences. These inflorescence types are characterized by fascicles of flowers on brachyblasts, the wart-like or shortly cylindrical structures, which are hypothesized to be reduced lateral inflorescence axes. However, the term ‘pseudoraceme’ was used loosely for many taxa and one difficulty is to determine which plants have pseudoracemes (Tucker 1987: 199). Adema (2003b: 393–394) discovered that sometimes it is difficult to decide in Derris whether a certain inflorescence is a panicle with short lateral branches or a pseudoraceme with long basal brachyblasts. As an example, Adema identified the presence of both types in parts of the same inflorescence of D. rubrocalyx Verdc. and D. koolgibberah F. M. Bailey. Both species are distinctly paniculate (with short lateral branches) at the base of the inflorescence, while the rachis bears only brachyblasts and resembles a pseudoraceme higher up. In this paper, more species are listed that show the same paniculatepseudoracemoid inflorescences. Similar to D. koolgibberah, specimens of D. alborubra clearly show elongated lateral branches at the base of the 405 inflorescence and these branches become shorter upward and finally only brachyblasts are present in the apex of the inflorescences. The original drawing in the first publication (Hemsley 1905) also shows the same characteristic. An even further reduction can be found in the limestone specialist species D. tonkinensis Gagnep., which has pseudopaniculate inflorescences, but sometimes the brachyblasts disappear near the top of the inflorescence, so that the flowers become solitary per node. Although not noted by Geesink (1984), real paniculate inflorescences are also present in Derris marginata (Roxb.) Benth., a species that can easily be recognized by its long and slender pedicels, and that has no brachyblasts at all. All inflorescences in this species are true panicles, with flowers solitary along the main axis and along the lateral branches. This might be the reason why Miquel (1855: 152) placed this species in Aganope. Our observation agrees with the study of Polhill (1971), who mentioned paniculate inflorescences for this species as well as the Taiwanese species, D. laxiflora Haines, in which flowers are also not fascicled, but are well spaced. These species are still accepted by us under Derris because of similarities in the flowers and the monadelphous stamens, by which they more resemble Derris than Aganope. This means that the generic circumscription of Derris according to Geesink has to be changed. Paraderris has only pseudoracemes, which do not often unite into pseudopanicles. The genus can easily be recognized because of its distinctly long and slender brachyblasts with only two or three flowers at the apex. No intermediate inflorescences were found in any specimens. As mentioned above, Aganope has paniculate inflorescences. All flowers are solitary and never fascicled on brachyblasts. However, there may be an exception. The description of A. polystachya (Benth.) Thoth. indicates flowers on elongated brachyblasts, up to 17 mm long. Thothathri (1961) also mentioned the presence of “tertiary branchlets” which in turn bear six to eight flowers. We were not able to examine the type specimen for this character and, therefore, for the time being we refrain from altering the genus description of Aganope. FLOWERS—Flowers of Derris s. s. are relatively small (less than 1.5 cm long) when compared to other genera. They are usually more or less fragrant with whitish, pinkish, or purplish petals. Pedicels are usually long and distinct. Calyces are often reddish, rarely greenish. The standard petal usually lacks basal callosities but is reflexed at the base and sometimes shows a basal green-yellowish patch to attract pollinators. The wings and keel petals adhere either by so-called lateral pockets or are hooked together by auricles or twisted claws (or any combination). In general, the wings are not curved or rolled backward to the calyx, except in D. reticulata and D. tonkinensis, of which the wings are distinctly curved (Fig. 1). Stamens are always monadelphous with basal fenestrae and the anthers are glabrous, except in D. koolgibberah and D. rubrocalyx, which occasionally have hairy anthers. The disk is hardy visible, sometimes annular, tubular or 10-lobed. Similar to Derris, the flowers of Paraderris are whitish or pinkish and distinctly pedicellate. The wing petals are adnate to the keel petals. The stamens are monadelphous with basal fenestrae and the disk is indistinct and sometimes variable in shape and size as found in Derris. It differs from Derris in the larger (usually more than 1.5 cm long) flowers with two large basal callosities on the standard petal. An exception is found in P. laotica (Gagnep.) Adema, which has small flowers without basal callosities. The anthers usually bear some hairs. The flowers of Aganope have clearly shorter pedicels than the previous two genera. The petals are dull white or greenish, and usually become blackish in dried specimens. Wings and keel petals are free from each other, although lateral pockets are distinctly present. The stamens are diadelphous and they have some hairs on the connective of the anthers. The disk is unique and usually consists of 10 free, finger-shaped glands. PODS—The pods of all genera are indehiscent, usually thin, flat and winged except in P. montana (Benth.) Adema, which has pods with thick woody valves that are sometimes almost wingless. The shape of the pod varies from relatively round to elongate and strap-like. In A. heptaphylla (L.) Polhill the pods are also constricted between the seeds. Pod indumentum is also variable. Velvety pods can be found in D. ferruginea (Roxb.) Benth. and D. pubipetala Miq., while nearly glabrous pods are present in most other species. Seed chambers, the hard areas around seeds formed by the thickening of mesocarp and endocarp, are found in some species which were previously included in the genus (section) Brachypterum such as D. scandens, D. microphylla, and D. robusta (Roxb. ex DC.) Benth. SEEDS—The seeds of Derris and Paraderris vary from kidney-shaped to almost discoid. They are usually compressed and have a central or slightly eccentric hilum. In Aganope, the seeds vary also in shape, but the position of the hilum is more eccentric than that of Derris and Paraderris. Sometimes, the seeds remain abortive and do not develop during maturation of the pods. 406 SYSTEMATIC BOTANY [Volume 37 Fig. 1. Wing Petal Variation: a. Straight wings of Paraderris elliptica. (Wall.) Adema. b. Slightly curved wings of Derris trifoliata Lour. c. Revolute wings of D. reticulata Craib. d. Strongly revolute wings in D. tonkinensis Gagnep. Taxonomic Treatment Key to the Genera of Thai DERRIS-like Plants 1. 1. Flowers solitary per node. Wings free from keel petals. Stamens diadelphous. Disks consisting of 10 free finger-shaped glands. Seeds with eccentric hilum. Specimens usually turn blackish when dry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aganope Flowers clustered on reduced lateral axes (brachyblasts), rarely solitary. Wings adnate with keel petals. Stamens monadelphous. Disks annular, short tubular or five to 10-lobed, sometimes hardly visible or absent. Seeds with central hilum. Specimens not turning blackish when dry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2. Brachyblasts vary in shape and length, usually with more than three flowers throughout. Standard petals less than 10 mm long, rarely with basal callosities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Derris 2. Brachyblasts slender with two or three flowers at the apex. Standard petals usually more than 10 mm long, usually with basal callosities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Paraderris Aganope Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. 1: 151. 1855; Polhill, Kew Bull. 25: 266, 1971; Rudd in Dassan & Fosberg (eds.), Rev. Hand. Fl. Ceylon 7: 234. 1991. P. K. Lôc & Thuân, Tap Chi Sinh Hoc (J. Biol.) 16: 11. 1994. Thoth. & Das, Rheedea 2: 62. 1996; P. K. Lôc & J. E. Vidal, Fl. Cambodge, Laos & Vietnam 30: 45. 2001. Derris Lour. sect. Aganope (Miq.) Benth., J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 4, Suppl. 103. 1860. Benth. & Hook. f., Gen. Pl. 549. 1865. Baker in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 2: 246. 1878. Thoth., Bull. Bot. Surv. Ind. 3: 175. 1961. Derris Lour. subgen. Aganope (Miq.) Kurz., J. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 45: 277. 1876. Deguelia Lour. sect. Aganope (Miq.) Taub. in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam 3, 2: 345. 1891.— TYPE. Aganope floribunda Miq. [= Aganope thyrsiflora (Benth.) Polhill] (lectotype designated by Polhill 1971). Ostryoderris Dunn, Bull. Misc. Inf. Kew: 363. 1911.—TYPE: Ostryoderris impressa Dunn [= Aganope impressa (Dunn) Polhill] (lectotype designated by Polhill 1971). Xeroderris Roberty, Bull. Inst. Fr.-Afr. Noire, Sér. A, 16: 353. 1954.—TYPE: Xeroderris chevalieri (Dunn) Roberty [= Aganope stuhlmannii (Taub.) Adema]. Lianas or trees. Leaves imparipinnate; stipules caducous; stipellae absent or present. Leaflets 5–9 per leaf, opposite, entire. Panicles axillary or terminal. Bracts subtending brachyblasts and flowers persistent or caducous, shorter than the corresponding flower buds; bracteoles usually at the apex of the pedicel or at the base of the calyx. Calyx cup-shaped, bilabiate, usually truncate, upper lip often indistinctly 2-lobed; lower lip 3-lobed. Corolla whitish or pale greenish, or with green or brown spots, usually turning blackish in dry specimens; standard with or without basal callosities, reflexed at base; wings approximately as long as keel petals, free or hardly adnate to the keel petals. Stamens 10, diadelphous; anthers all equal, fertile, hairy. Disc consisting of 9 or 10 free, finger-shaped glands. Ovary hairy, with 3–9 ovules. Pods indehiscent, flat, thin, leathery, with a wing along both sutures or along the upper suture only, seed chamber present or absent. Seeds (narrowly) bean-shaped, generally 1–6 per pod; hilum eccentric. Distribution—The genus is found in Tropical Africa, India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, and SE (Southeast) Asia. Habitat and Ecology—The genus Aganope can be found in various types of vegetation, even in disturbed or agricultural areas. One species, A. stuhlmannii (Taub.) Adema, is also found in semi-arid areas in tropical Africa. 2012] SIRICHAMORN et al.: AGANOPE, DERRIS, AND PARADERRIS IN THAILAND 407 Key to the Thai Species of AGANOPE Trees or treelets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. A. balansae Lianas/woody climbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2. Standard petals large, 13–14.5 13–15 mm. Pods sinuate, winged along the upper suture only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. A. heptaphylla 2. Standard petals smaller, 4.5–6 4.5–5.5 mm. Pods not sinuate, winged along both sutures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. A. thyrsiflora + + 1. 1. Derris exserta Craib, Bull. Misc. Inf. Kew: 383. 1927; Fl. Siam. Enum. 1: 489. 1928.—TYPE: THAILAND. Muang Loei, 20 Mar 1924, Kerr 8785 (holotype: K!; isotype: BK!). Representative Specimens Examined—LAOS. Khammouan: Thakhet, 20 Oct 1938, Poilane 28165 (P). THAILAND. Loei: Muang, 20 Mar 1924, Kerr 8785 (BK). VIETNAM. Thanh Hoa: Hoi Xuan, 22 Aug 1920, Poilane 1758 (P); Lao Cai: Phong Thô, 7 Dec 1937, Poilane 26751 (P); Tonkin: At the border of Yen-Lang river, August 1987, Balansa 2180 (P). 2. Aganope heptaphylla (L.) Polhill, Kew Bull. 25: 268. 1971. Sophora heptaphylla L., Sp. Pl.: 373. 1753. Derris heptaphylla (L.) Merr., Interpret. Herb. Amb. 273. 1917.—TYPE: CEYLON. Hermann s. n. (holotype: BM, see Polhill 1971). Pterocarpus diadelphus Blanco, Fl. Filip.: 563. 1837. Derris diadelpha (Blanco) Merr., Philipp. Journ. Sci. 5, Bot. 103. 1910.—TYPE: PHILIPPINES. Palawan: Taytay, May 1913, Merrill Species Blancoanea 344 (neotype here designated: L!, barcode L 0419242). Derris sinuata Benth. ex Thwaites, Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 93. 1859. Benth., J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 4 (Suppl.): 113. 1860. Baker in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 2: 246. 1878. Prain, J. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 66: 98. 1897. Thoth., Bull. Bot. Surv. Ind. 3: 195. 1961. Deguelia sinuata (Benth. ex Thwaites) Taub. in Engl. & Prantl., Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3, 3: 345. 1891.—TYPE: CEYLON. Caltura District, Thwaites CP 1491 (holotype: K; isotype: BM!, photo). + + + + + + + + + + + + Trees, 4–15 m high. Twigs 4–8 mm diam., lenticellate, thinly pubescent or glabrescent in the lower part, upper part pubescent. Stipules caducous. Leaves with 5–9 leaflets. Petiole 10–17 cm long, striate, glabrous; rachis ca. 20 cm long, striate, glabrous; pulvinus 1–1.5 mm long, glabrous. Stipellae absent. Leaflets chartaceous to subcoriaceous, terminal one elliptic to obovate, 14.5–18 7.5–10.5 cm, length/width ratio 1.7–2, base obtuse to rounded, apex obtuse or shortly acuminate, acumen less than 5 mm long, emarginate, upper surface glabrous, lower surface glabrous or thinly sericeous, midrib slightly raised above, sometimes thinly sericeous, raised below, veins flattened or slightly raised above, raised below, 6–10 per side, 11–30 mm apart, not reaching the margin but curving towards the apex, sometimes anastomosing near the margin, venation reticulate; lateral leaflets mostly like terminal one, ovate to elliptic, 9.5–17 5.3–9.5 cm, length/ width ratio 1.7–1.9; pulvinus 3–6 mm long, glabrous. Panicles axillary or terminal, 17–35 cm long, peduncle up to 5 cm long, sericeous; lateral branches 3–6 cm long, sericeous. Bracts subtending lateral branches ovate, 2.5–3 1.5–2 mm, caducous, outside sericeous, inside glabrous. Brachyblasts absent. Bracts subtending flowers elliptic or ovate, 1–1.5 0.5–1 mm, outside sericeous, inside glabrous. Pedicels 1–2 mm long, sericeous. Bracteoles caducous. Calyx cup-shaped, 4–5 mm high, outside sericeous, inside glabrous, upper lip with 2 short lobes, 0.2–0.25 3.5–4 mm, lateral lobes short and broadly triangular 0.2–0.5 3–3.3 mm, lower lobe shortly triangular, 0.2–0.3 3–3.5 mm. Corolla whitish. Standard: claw 2.5–3.5 mm long; blade ovate or orbicular, 13–15 13– 14 mm, apex slightly emarginate, both sides glabrous, with basal callosities and thickened above the center of the petal. Wings: claw 1–2 mm long; blade elliptic, 8.5–9 2.5–2.8 mm, apex rounded, both sides glabrous, upper auricle ca. 0.5 mm, lower auricle indistinct, lateral pocket 2–4 mm or sometimes indistinct. Keel petals: claw 3.5–4 mm long; blade boat-shaped, 10.5–11 ca. 4 mm, apex rounded, both sides glabrous, upper auricle 0.5–0.7 mm, lateral pocket 1.5– 3 mm long. Stamens diadelphous, 10–11 mm long, free part 4–4.5 mm long, in two lengths, longer ones alternating with shorter ones, hairy in the upper part near anthers; anthers 1.5–1.7 0.5–0.7 mm, hairy. Disc 9 or 10 glands, up to 1 mm high, hairy. Ovary 6–8 mm long, stipe indistinct, sericeous; ovules 6–8; style 5–6 mm long, sericeous throughout. Pods strap-like, flattened, 9.5–21 3.2–4 cm, glabrous, with wings along both sutures, upper wing 8–10 mm wide, lower wing 5–8 mm wide; seed chamber absent. Seeds 1–3 per pod, narrowly bean-shaped, 23–25 10–12 by 1.5–2.5 mm; hilum eccentric, ca. 21 mm long. Distribution—The species is found in Vietnam, Laos, and northern Thailand (Fig. 2). Habitat and Ecology—This species is found at the edge of evergreen forest, near rivers, less than 600 m. Phenology—This species flowers from March to August and fruits from July to October. Notes—This species is a small to medium sized tree, but some labels, e.g. Poilane 28165 and 26751 mention liana as habit. Morphologically there is no difference between all specimens, thus we regard them as a single species. The type of D. exserta from Thailand (Kerr 8785) has slightly smaller flowers and leaflets, but we agree with Phan (Phan and Vidal 2001) to regard this name as a synonym of A. balansae, because all other characters are exactly the same. + 1. Aganope balansae (Gagnep.) P. K. Lôc, J. Biol. (Vietnam) 16: 12. 1994. P. K. Lôc & J. E. Vidal, Fl. Cambodge, Laos & Vietnam 30: 47. 2001. Derris balansae Gagnep., Notul. Syst. (Paris) 2: 346. 1913. in Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 2: 462. 1916; Lock & Heald, Leg. Indoch. 87. 1994.—TYPE: VIETNAM. Tonkin, Aug 1887, Balansa 2180 (holotype: P!; isotype: P!). Fig. 2. Distribution of Aganope balansae (Gagnep.) P. K. Lôc (diamond) and Aganope heptaphylla (L.) Polhill (circle). 408 SYSTEMATIC BOTANY + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Woody climbers. Twigs 6–8 mm diam., lenticellate, striate, thinly strigose or glabrescent in the lower part. Stipules caducous. Leaves with 5–7 leaflets. Petiole 6.5–10.5 cm long, striate, lenticellate, glabrous, articulate at the base; rachis 5–10.5 cm long, striate, glabrous; pulvinus 5–10 mm long, glabrous. Stipellae absent. Leaflets subcoriaceous, terminal one elliptic, 9.5–17.5 6–9.5 cm, length/width ratio 1.5–1.9, base obtuse to rounded, apex slightly acuminate, acumen up to 10 mm long, rounded, upper and lower surface glabrous, midrib raised in a furrow above, distinctly raised below, veins raised above and below, 8–10 per side, 8–25 mm apart, not reaching the margin but curving towards the apex, sometimes anastomosing near the margin, venation reticulate; lateral leaflets mostly like terminal one, elliptic to ovate, 9.7–16 6– 7.5 cm, length/width ratio 1.5–2; pulvinus 7–9.5 mm long, thinly strigose to glabrous. Panicles axillary or terminal, much branched, up to 30 cm long or more, peduncle 3–7 cm long, (thinly) sericeous, lenticellate; primary or secondary lateral branches 1.5–22 cm long, articulating with the inflorescence rachis. Bracts subtending lateral branches ovate to triangular, 1.1–1.3 0.9–1 mm, caducous, outside (thinly) sericeous, inside glabrous. Bracts subtending flowers ovate, 1– 1.5 0.7–0.8 mm, caducous, outside sericeous, inside glabrous. Pedicels 5–6 mm long, sericeous. Bracteoles at the top of pedicels, minute, ovate, 0.35–0.8 0.3–0.7 mm, caducous, outside sericeous, inside glabrous. Calyx greenish, cup-shaped, 6–6.5 mm high, inserted on a funnel-shaped receptacle, 2– 2.5 mm high; upper lip triangular, 0.7–0.8 2.5–3 mm, sometimes indistinct, lateral lobes short and broadly triangular, 0.5–0.7 4.5–5.5 mm, sometimes indistinct; lower lobe short triangular, ca. 0.5 2–2.5 mm, outside sericeous, inside glabrous. Corolla whitish or pale greenish. Standard: claw 2–3.5 mm long; blade broadly obovate or orbicular, 13–14.5 13–15 mm, apex slightly emarginate, both sides glabrous, with large basal callosities and thickened above the center of the petal. Wings: claw 1.5–2 mm long; blade spathulate, slightly oblique, 9.5–11 3–3.6 mm, apex rounded, curved upward, both sides glabrous, upper auricle and lower auricle absent, lateral pocket sometimes present, 2–3 mm long. Keel petals: claw 3–3.2 mm long; blade boat-shaped, 8.6–10.2 4.5–5 mm, apex rounded, both sides glabrous, upper auricle indistinct, lateral pocket 4–4.5 mm long. Stamens diadelphous, 10–11.5 mm long, free part 2.5–4 mm long, in two lengths, longer ones alternating with shorter ones, hairy, usually persistent during pod maturation; anthers 1.5–2.8 0.4–0.5 mm, hairy. Disc 9 or 10 glands, 0.7–0.8 mm high, hairy. Ovary 9–9.5 mm long, stipe ca. 0.5 mm long, sericeous; ovules 5–9; style 5–6 mm long, sericeous throughout. Pods variable in shape but usually strap-like, flat, 4.5–19.5 2.5–3.8 cm, glabrescent, distinctly sinuate between the seeds, with wing along the upper suture only, 2–4 mm wide; seed chamber absent. Seeds narrowly bean-shaped, 21–22 8–9 ca. 0.5 mm; hilum eccentric, ca. 2 mm long. Distribution—This species is found in Sri Lanka, India (Bengal), Thailand, Malesia: Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo, Philippines, Papua New Guinea, and Australia (Fig. 2). Habitat and Ecology—A species is found in primary and secondary (dipterocarp) rain forest, often along rivers, swamps, mangrove forest, seashore, and rocky sea-cliffs, up to 120 m. Phenology—This species flowers from February to March (Australia and Papua New Guinea), May to October (SE Asia) and fruits from May to June (Australia and Papua New Guinea), July to December, January to February (SE Asia). [Volume 37 Vernacular Names—Brunei: Akar kemedu raung. Indonesia: Belulu (Sumatra). Papua New Guinea: Waikahiri. Notes—The holotype “Hermann s. n.” is mentioned in the study of Polhill (1971) and now deposited in BM. However, it is not available in this study. Another holotype, “Thwaites CP 1491” is also in BM but the photo is visible online. Representative Specimens Examined—BRUNEI. Belait: Sungei Belait, about 10.5 miles above Bukit Puan, 31 Aug 1960, Sinclair 10521 (L). INDIA. Andaman and Nicobar Islands: Kamota, near Guest House, 21 May 1977, Bhargava 4687 (L). INDONESIA. Kalimantan Timur: Berau, INHUTANI I area, near Sg. Sega, 12 Oct 1996, Kessler et al. Berau 223 (L); Jambi: Teluk Keladi, Puding, 9 Aug 1985, Rahayu 266 (L); Jawa Timur: Bawean, 24 Nov 1937, Buwalda 3272 (L); Maluku: North Halmahera, from Limau to Soa, Galela district, 12 Oct 1976, Yoshida 2404 (L); West Ceram, 10 Feb 1938, Regma 2850 (L); Papua (Irian Jaya): Bomberai Peninsula, Tangguh survey area, Saengga River, 22 Feb 2002, Takeuchi et al. 16052 (L); Riau: Kp. Pangalian, 27 Jun 1939, Buwalda 6798 (L); Sumatera Barat: Road along the coast S. of Padang, near Painan, 11 Aug 1956, Jacobs 4577 (L); Sumatera Utara: Asahan River near Tandjung Balai, 10 Apr 1954, Alston 15368 (L). MALAYSIA. Johore: Sungei Mawai, off Sedili Besar River, near Mawai Baharu, Kota Tinggi District, 22 May 1978, Maxwell 78–268 (L); Kelantan: Semrak, sandy mangrove coast, 1 Jun 1982, Stone et al. 15223 (L); Pahang: Rompin area, sandy area next to the swamp forest, 17 Feb 1980, Maxwell 80–28 (L); Perak: Sungai Krian Estate, 25 Feb 1938, Spare 33277 (L); Sabah: Ulu Segama, Kalabakan, 15 Dec 1982, Krispinus SAN 95578 (L); Sarawak: Bako National Park, first Division, 18 Jul 1966, Hou 555 (L); Trengganu: South bank of Sungei Ibai at ferry, 6 Jul 1953, Sinclair 39829 (L). MYANMAR. Myebon, 20 Feb 1958, McKee 6101 (K). PAPUA NEW GUINEA. Gulf: Tributary of Era River, Baimuru subdistrict, 6 Apr 1974, Croft and Vinas LAE 61317 (L); Manus: Pelikawa, SW Manus, 23 Jun 1971, Stone and Streimann NGF 10414 (L); Milne Bay: Harada river, below Waigani Pltn., 8 Jun 1964, Henty NGF 20514 (L); Morobe: Wagan Village, Lae subdistrict, 26 May 1969, Streimann NGF 39461 (L). PHILIPPINES. Leyte, 13 Jul 1915, Wenzel 1444 (L). Mindanao: Zamboanga, Nipaan, 30 Nov 1957, Frake PNH 36257 (L); Mindoro: Puerto Galera & vicinity, 12 May 1952, Santos 5339 (L); Negros: Occidental Negros, May 1906, Whitford 1638 (L). SINGAPORE. Tanjong Gul, 28 Oct 1961, Sinclair 10666 (L). SOLOMON ISLANDS. Choiseul: West of Manggo River, 23 Mar 1970, Gafui and collectors BSIP 18347 (L); Kolombangara: south of Bambari harbour, 6 Jan 1968, Gafui and collectors BSIP 7537 (L); Wagina Island, 16 Mar 1964, Whitmore’s collectors BSIP 5457 (L). SRI LANKA. North Western: Batticaloa Dist, East of Lady Manning Bridge, Kalladi, 11 Feb 1972, Jayasuriya 706 (L). THAILAND. Ranong, 26 Nov 1973, Santisuk 688 (L); Satul: La-ngu, 8 Jan 1928, Kerr 13946 (K); Pangnga: Kaw Sao Sui, 6 Mar 1989, Kerr 17357 (K). 3. Aganope thyrsiflora (Benth.) Polhill, Kew Bull. 25: 268. 1971. Thoth., Rheedea 2: 63. 1992. P. K. Lôc & J. E. Vidal, Fl. Cambodge, Laos & Vietnam 30: 48. 2001. Millettia thyrsiflora Benth. in Miq., Pl. Jungh. 249. 1852. Derris thyrsiflora (Benth.) Benth., J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 4 (Suppl.): 114. 1860. Baker in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 2: 246. 1878. Prain, J. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 66: 99. 1897; Thoth., Bull. Bot. Surv. Ind. 3: 195. 1961. Deguelia thyrsiflora (Benth.) Taub. in Engl. & Prantl., Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3, 3: 345. 1891.—TYPE: MALAYSIA. Malay Peninsula, Malacca, Griffith KD 1776 (lectotype designated by Phan in Phan and Vidal 2001: P!; isolectotypes: K!, CAL, LE). Aganope floribunda Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 1: 151. 1855.—TYPE: INDONESIA. Java, Blume s. n. (lectotype here designated: L!, barcode L 0419344). Aganope macrophylla Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. 152. 1855.—TYPE: INDONESIA. Java, Blume s. n. (lectotype here designated: L!, barcode L 0419347). Derris pyrrothyrsa Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat., Eerste bijv. 297. 1861.— TYPE: INDONESIA. Sumatra: near Siboga, Teijsmann HB 691 (holotype: U!). SIRICHAMORN et al.: AGANOPE, DERRIS, AND PARADERRIS IN THAILAND Derris wallichii Prain, J. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 66: 99. 1897. Derris thyrsiflora (Benth.) Benth. var. wallichii (Prain) Thoth., Bull. Bot. Surv. Ind. 3: 196. 1961.—TYPE: INDIA. Andaman Islands, King’s collector s. n. (isotypes: K!, CAL, see Polhill 1971) Derris latifolia Prain, J. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 67: 288. 1898.— TYPE: UPPER MYANMAR. Kachin Mts, Shaik Mokim s. n. (holotype: P; isotype: K!). + + + + + + + + + + Woody climbers. Bark smooth, grayish. Twigs 4–8 mm diam., lenticellate, thinly pubescent or glabrescent in the lower part, upper part pubescent. Stipules caducous. Leaves with 5–9 leaflets. Petiole 3.5–10.5 cm long, striate, glabrous, articulate at the base; rachis 3–19.5 cm long, striate, glabrous or slightly strigose; pulvinus 5–7 mm long, glabrous. Stipellae absent. Leaflets subcoriaceous to coriaceous, terminal one elliptic or narrowly elliptic to obovate, 9–17.5 3.5– 7 cm, length/width ratio 1.7–2.6, base obtuse to rounded, apex acuminate, acumen up to 10 mm long, rounded or emarginate, upper surface glabrous and shining, lower surface glabrous or thinly strigose along veins, midrib sunken above, raised below, veins sunken above, raised below, 5– 7 per side, 15–27 mm apart, not reaching the margin but curving towards the apex, sometimes anastomosing near the margin, venation reticulate; lateral leaflets mostly like terminal one, elliptic or narrowly elliptic to ovate, 6–16.5 3.5–6.6 cm, length/width ratio 1.7–2.7; pulvinus 5–7 mm long, thinly strigose to glabrous. Panicles axillary or terminal, much branched, up to 30 cm long or more, peduncle 0.5–5.5 cm long, sericeous; primary or secondary lateral branches 1.7–25 cm long, sericeous. Bracts subtending lateral branches ovate to triangular, 1.5–1.7 0.5–0.6 mm, caducous, outside sericeous, inside glabrous. Flowers 8–10 mm long; bracts subtending flowers narrowly ovate, 1–1.5 0.3–0.6 mm, caducous, outside sericeous, inside glabrous. Pedicels 1–2 mm long, sericeous. Bracteoles at the top of the pedicels, narrowly triangular to acicular, 0.9–1.1 0.1–0.2 mm, outside sericeous, inside glabrous, usually caducous. Calyx pale yellowish or pinkish-green, cup-shaped, 3.7–4.2 mm high, outside sericeous, inside glabrous, upper lip shortly triangular, 0.1– 0.25 2–2.5 mm, sometimes indistinct, lateral lobes shortly and broadly triangular, 0.2–0.3 3–3.3 mm, sometimes indistinct, lower lobe shortly triangular, 0.1–0.2 1.5–2 mm. Corolla white or creamy, usually with green and dark brown spots scattered along the margin of the petals. Standard: claw 1–1.7 mm long; blade obovate or orbicular, 4.5–6 4.5– 5.5 mm, apex slightly emarginate, glabrous, with basal callosities and thickened inside in the middle of the petal. Wings: claw 1.5–2 mm long; blade elliptic, 6.3– 6.7 3.5– 3.7 mm, apex rounded, both sides glabrous, upper auricle 0.8–1 mm, lower auricle indistinct, lateral pocket indistinct. + + Derris platyptera Baker in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 2: 245, 1878.— TYPE: INDIA. Malabar: near Calicut, Wight KD 836 (holotype: K!). + Derris eualata Bedd., Ica. Pl. Ind. Or. 42, t 186. 1874. Derris thyrsiflora (Benth.) Benth. var. eualata (Bedd.) Thoth., Bull. Bot. Surv. Ind. 3: 195. 1961.—TYPE: INDIA. S. Canara, Beddome s. n. (lectotype here designated: K!). Keel petals: claw 3–3.3 mm long; blade boat-shaped, slightly oblique, 6–6.5 2.8–3.2 mm, apex rounded, glabrous, upper auricle 0.5–0.7 mm, lateral pocket 1.5–2 mm long. Stamens diadelphous, 7.5–8 mm long, free part 3.5–4 mm long, in two lengths, longer ones alternating with shorter ones, hairy especially at the upper part near the anthers; anthers 0.6–0.8 0.4–0.5 mm, hairy. Disc 9 or 10 glands, 0.3–0.5 mm high, hairy. Ovary 5–6 mm long, stipe indistinct, sericeous; ovules 3–6; style 4.5–5 mm long, sericeous throughout. Pods strap-like, flat, 5–15 2.5–3.8 cm, glabrescent, not sinuate, with wings along both sutures, upper wing 3–8 mm wide, lower wing 3–7 mm wide; seed chamber absent. Seeds 1–4 per pod, narrowly bean-shaped, 11–22 9–13 1.5–2.5 mm; hilum eccentric, ca. 2 mm long. Figure 3. Distribution—This species occurs in India, Myanmar, Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, Malesia: Peninsular Malaysia, Java, Borneo, and Philippines (Fig. 4). Habitat and Ecology—A species from dry evergreen forest, mixed dipterocarp forest, or secondary forests, usually found along roads, in open and highly disturbed areas, logged over areas, or Hevea rubber plantations, up to 100 m. Phenology—Flowering is reported from March to May and June to November; fruiting is from June to December. Vernacular Names—Thailand: Sae yan, Sae klan (southern), Sae nui (Ranong), Ye ne ko (Songkhla), Tab tao, Tang mae (Chanthaburi). + Aganope subavenis Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat., Eerste bijv. 299. 1861.— TYPE: INDONESIA. Sumatra: Lampong Province, near Natar, Teijsmann s. n. (holotype: U!, barcode U 0003515; isotype: L!, barcode L 0012044). 409 + 2012] Representative Specimens Examined—INDIA. Assam: Cherrapunjee, Khasi Hills, 23 Apr 1952, Chand 5431 (L); Assam: Hmuntha, Lushai Hills, 7 Apr 1951, Koelz 27595 (L); Kerala: Ponmudi, old sanitorium Merchison estate, 6 Mar 1980, Ridsdale 463 (L). INDONESIA. Aceh: Southern part of reserve, Alas River valley, mouth of the Bengkong/ Renum River, ca. 50 km S. of Kutacane, 7 Jul 1979, de Wilde and de Wilde-Duyfjes 18509 (L); Jawa Barat: Djasinga, Buitenzorg, 23 Nov 1913, Backer 10178 (L); Jawa Tengah: Semarang, Kedungdjati, 19 Oct 1996, Koorders 25326 (L); Kalimantan Timur: Along road Labanan-Kelai, off km 10 PT. Inhutani I Berau area, 15 May 1998, Sidiyasa at al. Berau 1253 (L); Maluku: Ceram, 1859–1860, Teijsmann s. n., barcode L 0419368 (L); Sulawesi Tengah: Banggai, Feb 1920, Kaudern 511 (L); Sumatera Selatan: Palembang, Kajoe Agoeng, 1929, de Voogd 281 (L). MALAYSIA. Johore: fifth mile Johore-Scudai Road, 4 Jul 1965, Sinclair 10828 (L); Kedah: Pasir Hitam, P. Langkawi, 18 Aug 1972, Soepadmo and Mahmud, 1240 (L); Pahang: Ginting Highlands road, 20 Jun 1974, Stone and Hattink 12015 (L); Sabah: Kampung Marak Parak, Kota Merudu, 16 Aug 1983, Gibot SAN 99988 (L); Sarawak: Gunong Gading, Lundu district, first Division, 25 Sep 1974, Mamit S 35176 (L); Selangor: Kuala Lumpur, 67 m. s. K. L. to Mentatab, 23 Aug 1972, Teo KL 3063 (L). PHILIPPINES. Luzon: Catanduanes, Virec, Brgy. Kalatagan, 1 Dec 1991, Barbon et al. PPI 5651 (L); Mindanao: Dinagat, Agusan del Sur, Koligayan, Agusan 3, Rosario (14 km NW of Bunawan), 10 Oct 1991, Sagcal and Fernando PPI 4911 (L). THAILAND. Chanthaburi: Ma Kam, 25 Nov 1930, Lakshanakara 531 (L); Phangnga: Khlong Nang Yon, 28 Apr 1973, Geesink and Santisuk 5003 (L); Phatthalung: Tamote, near Tamote village, 9 Aug 1986, Maxwell 86–534 (L); Ranong: Khao Phra Mi, 5 Jul 1972, K. Larsen et al. 30644 (L); Satun: E. side of Koh Talutao, 17 Jun 1974, Geesink et al. 7313 (L); Songkhla: Rattaphum, Khao Look Lom, 24 Sep 2009, Sirichamorn YSM2009–22 (L). VIETNAM. Quang Ninh: Sai Wong Mo Shan (Sai Vong Mo Leng), Lung Wan village, Dam-ha, 18 May 1940, Tsang 30074 (L); Ha Tinh: Huong Son Distr., Rao An, forest trail at Ngam Thep river crossing to the end of the trail on rocky river bed, 7 km from police station on Highway 8, 27 Nov 1999, Soejarto et al. 11170 (L). Derris Lour., Fl. Cochin. 432. 1790, nom. cons. Benth. in Miq., Pl. Jungh. 251. 1852. Proca. Linn. Soc. Lond. 4, Suppl. 101. 1860. Merr. Enum. Philip. Pl. 2: 299. 1923. Backer & Bakh. f., Fl. Java 1: 616. 1964. Verdc., Man. New Guinea Leg. 314. 1979. Geesink in Polhill & Raven (eds), Adv. Leg. Syst. 1: 256. 1981. O. N. Allen & E. K. Allen, Leguminosae 224. 1981. Geesink, Leiden Bot. Series 8: 91. 1984.—TYPE: Derris trifoliata Lour. (Typ. cons.). 410 SYSTEMATIC BOTANY [Volume 37 Fig. 3. Aganope thyrsiflora (Benth.) Polhill. a. Habit. b. Flower. c. Standard, inside view. d. Wing petal. e. Keel petal. f. Stamens. g. Pistil with disk. h. Pod [a-g: Maxwell 86–494; h: Maxwell 86–534; all L]. Drawing by Anita Walsmit Sachs (L). 2012] SIRICHAMORN et al.: AGANOPE, DERRIS, AND PARADERRIS IN THAILAND 411 stipellae absent or present, persistent. Leaflets 3–19 per leaf, opposite, entire. Inflorescences axillary pseudoracemes, often combined with terminal or axillary pseudopanicles, sometimes an inflorescence in the lower part a (pseudo) panicle and in the upper part a pseudoraceme, rarely true panicles; flowers usually fascicled on knob-like, club-shaped to slender brachyblasts. Bracts subtending brachyblasts and flowers persistent or caducous, shorter than the corresponding flower buds; bracteoles present, usually at the apex of the pedicel or at the base of the calyx. Calyx cup-shaped, often maroonish or reddish, bilabiate, upper lip 2-lobed, often indistinctly so; lower lip 3-lobed. Corolla whitish, pinkish, or purplish: standard without or rarely with small basal callosities, reflexed at base; wings approximately as long as keel petals, in some species curved backward towards the calyx, wings and keel petals adherent by lateral pockets or hooked together by auricles or twisted claws (or any combination). Stamens 10, monadelphous, with basal fenestrae; anthers all equal, fertile, often glabrous (to hairy). Disc absent or inconspicuous to tubular or 10-lobed. Ovary with (1–)2–12 ovules. Pods indehiscent, thin and stiff, with a wing along both sutures or along the upper suture only, seed chamber present or absent. Seeds bean-shaped, 1 or 2(–3) to rarely more per pod; hilum usually central. Distribution—This genus comprises about 50 species mainly in SE Asia, one species extending from East (E) Africa to Australia, and W. Pacific (D. trifoliata, a mangrove species), and one endemic species in N. Australia. Habitat and Ecology—Species of Derris s. s. are sunlight and water-preferring plants, usually found in fully exposed or semi-shaded areas along the streams or rivers. Two species, D. microphylla and D. robusta are deciduous trees and found in mixed deciduous forests or at the edge of dry evergreen forests. Two species, D. scandens and D. amoena are also found in disturbed or degraded areas, D. trifoliata is typical for the mangrove, and a third, D. tonkinensis, only occurs on limestone. Fig. 4. Distribution of Aganope thyrsiflora (Benth.) Polhill. Dalbergia L. f. subgen. Brachypterum Wight & Arn., Prod. Fl. Ind. Or. 1: 264. 1834. Brachypterum (Wight & Arn.) Benth., Comm. Legum. Gen. 37. 1837. Benth. in Miq., Pl. Jungh. 253. 1852. Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. 1: 138. 1855. Geesink, Leiden Bot. Series 8: 80. 1984. Derris Lour. sect. Brachypterum (Wight & Arn.) Benth., Proc. Linn. Soc. Bot. 4, Suppl. 101. 1860. Baker in Hook. f., Fl. Ind. 2: 549. 1878. Thoth., Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: 175. 1961. Geesink in Polhill & Raven, Adv. Leg. Syst. 1: 256. 1981. Thoth., Fasc. Fl. India 8: 1. 1982. Deguelia Aubl. sect. Brachypterum (Wight & Arn.) Taub. in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3, 3: 345. 1894.—TYPE: Dalbergia scandens Roxb. [= Derris scandens (Roxb.) Benth.]. Derris Lour. sect. Diperoderris Benth., Proca. Linn. Soc. Lond. 4, Suppl.:102. 1860.—TYPE: Derris ferruginea (Roxb.) Benth. (lectotype here designated). Lianas or trees. Twigs usually lenticellate. Leaves imparipinnate; stipules present, persistent or caducous; Key to the Thai Species of DERRIS Trees or treelets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2. Leaves with 19–41 leaflets. Stipellae 0.4–0.7 mm long. Leaflets 7–30 4–9 mm, apex rounded, emarginate. Corolla purplish or violet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7. D. microphylla 2. Leaves with 11–19 leaflets. Stipellae more than 0.7 mm long. Leaflets 14–65 10–25 mm, apex acute, mucronate. Corolla white . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12. D. robusta Lianas/woody climbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3. Stipellae present (check for scars when caducous). Pods one-winged or unwinged . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4. Leaves with up to five leaflets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 5. Leaflets velvety, hirsute or with scattered, appressed hairs (seemingly glabrous) below, base rounded to cuneate or subpeltate. Calyx sericeous outside. Standard sericeous or at least with some hairs at the apex outside . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. D. elegans 5. Leaflets glabrous below, base slightly cordate to subpeltate. Calyx mostly glabrous outside. Standard glabrous outside . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16. D. trifoliata 4. Leaves with more than five leaflets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 6. Leaves with nine to 13 leaflets. Leaflets subcoriaceous, elliptic to ovate or obovate, 3–8 1.2–3.5 cm. Stipellae up to 1.5 mm long. Brachyblasts knob-like, 2–6 mm long, with five to ten flowers. Wing petals distinctly strigose on both auricles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13. D. scandens 6. Leaves with 13–19 leaflets. Leaflets chartaceous to subcoriaceous, narrowly elliptic to narrowly obovate, 4–7.5 1.5–2.3 cm. Stipellae 2.5–3.5 mm long. Brachyblasts small and indistinct, 0.1–0.4 mm long, with two or three flowers. Wing petals glabrous but thinly ciliate in the basal part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14. D. thorelii 3. Stipellae absent. Pods one or two-winged . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 7. Inflorescences panicles or mixed forms between panicles and pseudoracemes/pseudopanicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 8. Inflorescences panicles. Pedicels 10–12 mm long, glabrous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6. D. marginata 8. Inflorescences mixed forms between panicles and pseudoracemes/ pseudopanicles. Pedicels 3–4.5 mm long, sericeous . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 9. Young leaves reddish or brownish. Leaflet apex obtuse and slightly emarginate. Brachyblasts present near apex of the inflorescence. Wings petals not curved backward to the calyx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. D. alborubra + 1. + + + 1. 412 SYSTEMATIC BOTANY 9. Young leaves light green. Leaflet apex shortly acuminate. Brachyblasts sometimes absent near apex of the inflorescence and then flowers solitary. Wings petals curved backward to the calyx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15. D. tonkinensis Inflorescences pseudoracemes or pseudopanicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 10. Leaflet base slightly cordate to subpeltate. Pods one-winged. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16. D. trifoliata 10. Leaflet base obtuse, (narrowly) cuneate to rounded. Pods two-winged . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 11. Pods velvety or sericeous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 12. Leaflets lightly strigose to velvety below, apex rounded, obtuse or cuspidate to short acuminate. Pod elliptic to strap-shaped, 7.8–9.5 3–3.5 cm, upper wing 4–10 mm wide, lower wing 4–7 mm wide. -Northern and North-eastern Thailand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. D. ferruginea 12. Leaflets usually strigose to almost glabrous below, apex distinctly acuminate. Pods ellipsoid to almost circular, 3–6.5 1.8–3 cm, upper wing 5–9 mm wide, lower wing 2–4 mm wide. —Southern Thailand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10. D. pubipetala 11. Pods mostly glabrous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 13. Leaflets nine to 11, narrowly obovate, base narrowly cuneate to attenuate. Inflorescences pseudoracemes. . . . 8. D. monticola 13. Leaflets three to seven, sometimes up to 9, elliptic ovate or obovate, base cuneate to obtuse, rarely attenuate. Inflorescences pseudoracemes or pseudopanicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 14. Inflorescences short, up to 6 cm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11. D. reticulata 14. Inflorescences long, usually more than 6 cm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 15. Leaflets sometimes glaucous below. Leaf veins seemingly ending or anastomosing in the margin . . . 2. D. amoena 15. Leaflets never glaucous below. Leaf veins not reaching the leaf margin but curving toward the apex, sometimes anastomosing near the margin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 16. Leaves with up to five leaflets. Calyx glabrous outside . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. D. glabra 16. Leaves with five or more leaflets. Calyx (thinly) sericeous outside . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 17. Leaflets elliptic to obovate, 3–8.5 1.5–3.5 cm, apex acuminate, acumen up to 10 mm long. Brachyblasts club-shaped to elongated cylindrical, 2–13 mm long, sericeous, with 3–8 flowers.—Limestone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15. D. tonkinensis 17. Leaflets ovate to elliptic, 6–12 3.3–5.5 cm, apex shortly acuminate, acumen 4–7 mm long. Brachyblasts knob-like to elongate cylindrical, sometimes hardly visible, 0.3–5 mm long, thinly sericeous, with 2–3 (rarely up to 5) flowers.—Not on limestone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9. D. pseudomarginata + + + + 7. [Volume 37 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Lianas, basal diameter 5–10 cm. Twigs 3–4 mm diam., glabrous, lenticellate. Leaves with 3–7 leaflets, reddish or brownish when young. Stipules triangular, ca. 1.5 1.3– 1.5 mm, outside thinly sericeous, inside glabrous. Petiole 2– 4.5 cm long, grooved and striate, thinly sericeous or nearly glabrous; rachis 3.5–5 cm long, (slightly) grooved above, sericeous, especially in the groove; pulvinus ca. 5 mm long, thinly sericeous. Stipellae absent. Leaflets subcoriaceous to coriaceous; terminal one elliptic, 7–8 ca. 3 cm, length/width ratio 2.3–2.6, base cuneate, obtuse to rounded, apex obtuse and slightly emarginate, upper surface shiny, glabrous but strigose along midrib, lower surface thinly strigose, midrib slightly raised in a furrow above, veins slightly raised above, 7–10 per side, 5–8 mm apart, not reaching the margin but curving towards the apex, sometimes anastomosing near the margin, venation reticulate; lateral ones mostly like terminal one, elliptic, 6.5–8 2–3 cm, length/width ratio 2.6–3; pulvinus 2–3 mm long, (thinly) sericeous. Inflorescences axillary or terminal, mixed forms between panicles and pseudoracemes/ pseudopanicles, up to 30 cm long, peduncle 5–35 mm long, sericeous; lateral branches up to 15 cm long, becoming shorter upwards and near the apex only brachyblasts. Bracts subtending brachyblasts (or lateral branches) triangular to narrowly triangular, 1.3–1.8 0.6– 0.8 mm, outside sericeous, inside glabrous. Brachyblasts cylindrical, 1.5–3 mm long, with 3–5 flowers, sericeous. + Derris alborubra Hemsl. var. honheoensis P. K. Lôc in P. K. Lôc & J. E. Vidal, Fl. Cambodge, Laos & Vietnam 30: 86. 2001.—TYPE: VIETNAM. Khanh Hoa, Nha Trang. Poilane 3134 (holotype: P!; isotype: P!). Bracts subtending flowers ovate to triangular, 0.7–0.8 0.5– 0.6 mm, outside sericeous, inside glabrous. Pedicels 3–5 mm long, sericeous. Bracteoles at the top of the pedicels, triangular, ca. 0.7 0.3–0.4 mm, outside sericeous, inside glabrous. Calyx maroonish, cup-shaped, 4–4.2 mm high, outside sericeous, margin ciliate, inside glabrous, tube 2.7–3 mm high, upper lip with 2 short triangular lobes, 0.3–0.5 1.5–2 mm; lateral lobes triangular, 1–1.3 3.5–4 mm; lower lobe triangular, 1–1.3 1.7–2 mm. Corolla pure white. Standard: claw 2.5–3 mm long; blade broadly obovate to orbicular, 8–10 7–8 mm, apex emarginate, basal callosities absent, outside thinly pubescent at apex, sometimes glabrescent, inside glabrous. Wings: claw 3–4 mm long; blade elliptic, 8–8.5 1.3–1.5 mm, apex rounded, outside glabrous or thinly ciliate at apex, inside glabrous, upper auricle 0.7–1 mm long, lower auricle indistinct, 0.1–0.3 mm long. Keel petals: claw ca. 3 mm long; blade boat-shaped, 6.5–8 3–3.5 mm, apex rounded, outside glabrous or thinly ciliate at apex, inside glabrous, upper auricle 1–1.5 mm long, lateral pocket hardly visible. Stamens monadelphous, with basal fenestrae, 10.5–11 mm long, free part 2–3 mm long, glabrous; anthers ca. 0.4 0.3 mm, glabrous. Disc shortly tubular, more or less distinctly (5- or) 10-lobed, up to 0.6 mm high. Ovary 6.5–7 mm long, stipe indistinct, sericeous; ovules 4 or 5; style 3–4 mm long, thinly hairy at base. Pods elliptic to discoid or obovoid, 2–4 2.2–2.5 cm, with few hairs especially at the base and the beak, sometimes glabrous, winged along both sutures, upper wing 4–5 mm wide, lower wing ca. 2 mm wide; seed chamber absent. Seeds 1 per fruit, discoid, flat, 7–8 6–7.5 ca. 1 mm; hilum central, 1–1.3 mm long. Distribution—This species occurs in China, Vietnam, Laos, Thailand (northern and north-eastern), and Cambodia (Fig. 5). Habitat and Ecology—This species is present in evergreen forests, usually near streams, 100–300 m. Phenology—In China flowering is reported in June or July. In Thailand flowering is in September to October. Fruiting has been reported in August to December. + 1. Derris alborubra Hemsl., Bot. Mag. 131: t. 8008. 1905. Gagnep. in Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 2: 452. 1916. Craib, Fl. Siam. Enum. 1: 487. 1928. P. K. Lôc & J. E. Vidal, Fl. Cambodge, Laos & Vietnam 30: 84. 2001.—TYPE: Curtis Bot. Mag.: Table 8008, cultivated at K and raised from seed from Hong Kong (see Note below). 2012] SIRICHAMORN et al.: AGANOPE, DERRIS, AND PARADERRIS IN THAILAND 413 Benth. var. maingayana (Baker) Prain, J. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 66: 106. 1897. Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 1: 597. 1922. Craib, Fl. Siam. Enum. 1: 487. 1928.—TYPE: MALAYSIA. Malacca, Maingay KD 1553 (holotype: K!; isotype: CAL). 2. Derris amoena Benth. in Miq., Pl. Junghuhn. 252. 1852. J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 4 (Suppl.): 110. 1860. Baker in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 2: 245. 1878. Prain, J. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 66: 105. 1897. Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 1: 597. 1922. Craib, Fl. Siam. Enum. 1: 487. 1928.—TYPE: MYANMAR. Martaban, Wallich Cat. 5912 (holotype: K!). Derris maingayana Baker in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 2: 245. 1878. Prain, J. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 66: 467. 1897. Derris amoena + + + + + + + + Representative Specimens Examined—CHINA. Canton, 19 June 1887, Samson s. n. (K); Guangzhou, June 1964, Tang 10026, 10196, 10687 (L). LAOS. Wiengchan: Borikhan, 29 Apr 1932, Kerr 21303 (K). THAILAND. Chaiyaphum: Ban Nam Phrom, 24 May 1974, Geesink and Phengklai 6912 (L); Nakhon Nayok: Hell Narok waterfall, Khao Yai National Park, 3 Sep 2009, Sirichamorn YSM2009–14 (L). VIETNAM. Tonkin: Sai Wong Mo Shan (Sai Vong Mo Leng), Lung Wan Village, Dam-ha, 18 Jul 1940, Tsang 29854, 29138 (L); Tonkin, Aug 1887, Balansa 2297 (L). + Uses—Stems or roots are sometimes used as local medicine, combined with the stems and roots of D. scandens they form a treatment for osteoarthritis. Vernacular Names—Thailand: Tao ta pla (Nakhon Ratchasima). Vietnam: (Dây) cô mò (Khanh Hoa). Notes—Vegetatively Derris alborubra is similar to D. scandens by having glossy, subcoriaceous, elliptic leaflets. Small differences are present, D. alborubra has on average fewer (three to seven instead of nine to 13) and larger leaflets than D. scandens. Because of the similarity, the same Thai name is often used for both species, just as they are also used as medicinal alternatives for treatment of osteoarthritis. Derris alborubra differs from D. scandens by the different type of inflorescence (see note on morphological characters), by calyx color and by the twowinged pods without seed chambers. About three or four specimens at K were mentioned as types of this species, all with the same information: published in Curtis Bot. Mag.: Table 8008, but without collecting date, collector, or collector number. They look relatively new and the first author assumes that they were collected later, possibly from a plant cultivated in the Royal Botanic Garden, Kew, which was grown from seed received from Hong Kong. A living plant no longer exists in K. + Fig. 5. Distribution of Derris alborubra Hemsl. (star) and D. amoena Benth. (circle). + + + Lianas. Bark maroonish, lenticellate, glabrous. Twigs 3– 5 mm diam., slightly strigose or glabrescent, lenticellate. Leaves with 5–9 leaflets, reddish when young. Stipules triangular, ca. 1.5 0.7–1 mm, outside thinly sericeous, inside glabrous. Petiole 3.5–6 cm long, slightly grooved and striate, glabrous or with few hairs; rachis 3.5–11 cm long, grooved and striate, glabrescent; pulvinus 5–9 mm long, thinly strigose. Stipellae absent. Leaflets subcoriaceous; terminal one elliptic to obovate, 6–9 3–4.5 cm, length/width ratio ca. 2, base cuneate to rounded, apex acuminate, acumen 2–5 mm long, rounded, upper surface glabrous or slightly strigose, especially at the basal part of the midrib, lower surface glabrous or slightly strigose, usually glaucous, midrib flat or slightly raised above, veins flat on both sides, 7–13 per side, 2–10 mm apart, parallel, seemingly ending and anastomosing in the margin, venation reticulate; lateral ones mostly like terminal one, elliptic to obovate, 4.5–8.5 2–4 cm, length/width ratio 2.1–2.3; pulvinus 5.5–7 mm long, glabrous. Pseudopanicles axillary, 7–18 cm long, peduncle 0.5–4.5 cm long, striate, glabrous or sometimes slightly sericeous. Bracts subtending brachyblasts ovate to triangular, ca. 0.8 0.6–0.7 mm, outside sericeous with ciliate margin, inside glabrous. Brachyblasts knob-like, 0.5–0.7 mm long, with 2 or 3 flowers, sericeous. Bracts subtending flowers ovate, 0.4–0.5 0.2–0.5 mm, outside sericeous, inside glabrous. Pedicels 3–7 mm long, sericeous. Bracteoles at the top or the upper part of the pedicels, ovate, 0.3–0.4 0.2–0.3 mm, outside slightly pubescent, inside glabrous. Calyx cup-shaped, 2–3 mm high, maroonish, outside thinly sericeous, margin ciliate, inside glabrous, tube 2.5–2.8 mm high, upper lip with 2 short lobes, shallowly notched, 0.3–0.4 3–4 mm; lateral and lower lobes shortly triangular, 0.5–0.6 1.5–2 mm, apex obtuse or rounded. Corolla purplish. Standard: claw 2.7–3 mm long; 8–8.5 mm, apex blade broadly elliptic to orbicular, 6–6.5 emarginate, basal callosities absent, outside slightly ciliate at apex, inside glabrous. Wings: claw 1.7–3 mm long; blade elliptic, 6–7 1.7–2.3 mm, apex rounded, outside slightly hairy and ciliate at the apex, inside glabrous, auricle ca. 0.5 mm long. Keel petals: claw ca. 2 mm long; blade boatshaped, 6–6.5 ca. 3 mm, apex rounded, outside thinly sericeous near the apical part and ciliate at apex, inside glabrous, upper auricle indistinct, 0.1–0.2 mm long, lateral pocket 1.2– 1.7 mm long. Stamens monadelphous, with basal fenestrae, 7–8 mm long, free part 2–3 mm long, glabrous; anthers ca. 0.5 0.4 mm, glabrous. Disc indistinct. Ovary 4.5–5 mm long, thinly sericeous; ovules 2 or 3; style 3.5–4 mm long, slightly hairy at base or sometimes glabrous. Pods broadly straplike, flat, 4–9.5 1.5–2.6 cm, glabrous, with wing along both sutures, upper wing 3–4 mm wide, lower wing ca. 2 mm wide. Seeds unknown. Distribution—This species is found in Thailand (Peninsular); Malesia: Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo (Fig. 5). Habitat and Ecology—Derris amoena grows commonly in edge of evergreen forests, along roadsides or rivers, in disturbed areas, in para-rubber (Hevea) plantations or open margins of swamp forest, up to 25 m. Phenology—This species flowers from December or January to March and fruits from February to April. SYSTEMATIC BOTANY + Lianas, up to 25 m long. Outer bark green, inner bark yellow. Twigs 3–12 mm diam., hirsute or thinly strigose to glabrous. Leaves with 3 or 5 leaflets. Stipules narrowly triangular, 2–5 2–5 mm, caducous, outside strigose or hirsute to glabrous, inside glabrous. Petiole 1–16 cm long, striate, strigose, or hirsute to glabrous; rachis 1–11 cm long, striate, + + + + + + + + + + Derris rufula Schum. & Lauterb., Fl. Deutsch. Schutzgeb. 361. 1901.—TYPE: PAPUA NEW GUINEA. Lauterbach 2821 (lectotype designated by Adema 2003a: K!). + Derris vestita Baker in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 2: 242. 1878. Derris elegans Graham ex Benth. var. vestita (Baker) Prain, J. As. Soc. Beng. 66: 103. 1879. Ridl., Fl. Mal. Penins. 1: 597. 1922. Craib, Fl. Siam. Enum. 1: 488. 1928. Verdc., Kew Bull. 32: 469. 1978.—TYPE: MALAYSIA. Malacca, Maingay KD 608 (1633) (holotype: K!, isotype: L!). + 3. Derris elegans Graham ex Benth. in Miq., Pl. Jungh. 252. 1852. Ridl., Fl. Mal. Penins 1: 596. 1922. Merr. Enum. Philip. Fl. Pl. 2: 299. 1923. Craib, Fl. Siam. Enum. 1: 488. 1928. Burkill, Dict. 1: 784. 1935. Verdc., Kew Bull. 32: 468. 1978. Adema, Blumea 48: 396. 2003. Derris elegans var. elegans, Adema, Blumea 48: 397. 2003.—TYPE: MYANMAR. Martaban, Wallich 5883 (holotype: K!). + Representative Specimens Examined—BRUNEI. Tutong: near KPG, Danale, 10 Jun 1967, van Niel 4386 (L). INDONESIA. Borneo: Lingkas, Tarakan, Kalimantan, Timur, 8 Mar 1981, Wiriadinata and Pawiroatmodjo 128 (L); Sumatra: East coast, subdivision Laboehan Batoe, District Kota Pinang, 15 Apr-16 May 1933, Rahmat Si Toroes 4072 (L). MALAYSIA. Johore: Kg. Hubang Development area, 100 m. s. Endau Road, Lowland forest, 14 Jul 1959, Burkill HMB 1902 (L); Kelantan: Bukit Baka forest Reserve, 2 Jun 1982, Stone, Chin et al. 15235 (L); Trengganu: Kemaman, Hill side, 13 Jul 1931, Osman and Tachon 27014 (L). SINGAPORE. Nee Soon: open margins of the swamp forest, 14 Feb 1983, Maxwell 83– 11 (L). THAILAND. Ranong: entrance to Ngao Falls Forest Reserve, 18 Jan 1987, Maxwell 87–94 (L); Satun: Edge of evergreen forest, 28 Dec 1927, Kerr 13700 (L); Surat Thani: Roadside, on Motorway No. 44 (from Phun Phin to Kiansa), km 92, 22 Sep 2009, Sirichamorn YSM 2009–20 (L). strigose or hirsute to glabrous; pulvinus 4–10 mm long, (thinly) hirsute. Stipellae acicular, 1.5–5 mm long. Leaflets chartaceous; terminal one elliptic to obovate, 6.5–20.5 2.5– 9 cm, length/width ratio 1.6–2.8, base rounded to cuneate or subpeltate, rarely cuneate, apex obtuse to rounded or shortly and broadly acuminate, acumen 2–3 mm long, rounded or emarginate, upper surface glabrous or more or less hirsute on midrib and nerves in lower part, lower surface hirsute to velvety, in older leaflets often much less hairy, then mostly along midrib and nerves, midrib and nerves raised above, nerves 6–10 per side, 6–29 mm apart, not reaching the margin but curving towards the apex, sometimes anastomosing near the margin, venation reticulate; lateral ones mostly like terminal one, (broadly) ovate to elliptic, 4.5–16.5 3–7.5 cm, length/width ratio 1.5–2.9; pulvinus 2–9 mm long, hirsute to glabrous. Pseudoracemes axillary and ramiflorous, sometimes several together forming pseudopanicles, 1.5–23 cm long; peduncle 0–20 cm long, thinly hirsute, sometimes strigose. Bracts subtending brachyblasts narrowly triangular or narrowly elliptic to ovate, 1–5.5 0.3–0.8 mm, outside sericeous, inside glabrous. Brachyblasts knob-like, shortly cylindrical, up to 2.5 mm long, with 2 or 3 flowers. Bracts subtending flowers (narrowly) 0.2–6 mm, ovate to triangular to elliptic or linear, 0.5–4 outside sericeous, inside glabrous. Pedicels 2.5–9 mm long, hirsute or strigose. Bracteoles in the upper part of the pedicels, often at different heights, narrowly ovate or narrowly triangular to elliptic or linear, 0.5–1.7 0.2–0.5 mm, outside sericeous, inside glabrous. Calyx 2.5–4.5 mm high, brownish to purple or red, rarely green, outside sericeous, inside glabrous, tube 2–3.5 mm high; upper lip 0.5–1 1.5–4.5 mm, shallowly notched; lateral lobes triangular or semicircular, 0.5–1 1.5–3 mm; lower lobe triangular, 0.5–1.5 1.5–2.5 mm. Corolla pink to white. Standard: claw 1.5–3 mm long; blade orbicular, rarely obovate, 8–9.5 9.5– 10.5 mm, apex emarginate, without basal callosities, outside sericeous or at least with some hairs at the apex, inside glabrous. Wings: claw 2.5–4 mm long; blade elliptic, 7–9 3–3.5 mm, apex rounded, upper auricle 0.5–1 mm long, lower auricle indistinct, lateral pocket indistinct, outside with some hairs at the ventral side at the apex, inside glabrous. Keel petals: claw 2–4 mm long; blade more or less boat-shaped, 7–8.5 2.5–4 mm, apex rounded, auricle 0.2–1 mm long, lateral pocket 1–2.5 mm long, outside sericeous at the upper part, at least at the ventral side, inside glabrous, rarely with some hairs at the apex. Stamens monadelphous, with basal fenestrae, 8–12 mm long, free part 1–4 mm long, alternately longer and shorter, glabrous; anthers 0.3–0.6 0.2–0.4 mm, glabrous. Disc hardly visible. Ovary 3.5–6 mm long, sericeous; stipe 0.5–1 mm long, sericeous; ovules 2–5; style 4–8 mm long, sericeous at base. Pods more or less oblong to orbicular, 3–6 1.5–3 cm, only a single wing along the upper suture, sometimes hardly visible, 0–3 mm wide, (thinly) hirsute; seed chamber absent. Seeds discoid or bean-shaped, compressed, 9–14 7–13 1–4 mm; hilum central, 1–2 mm long. Distribution—This species is found in Myanmar, Andaman Islands, Indochina, Thailand, Malesia: Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Philippines (Mindanao, Palawan), New Guinea, Solomon Islands, and Vanuatu (Fig. 6). Habitat and Ecology—This species grows in primary or secondary forest along rivers, up to 300 m. + Uses—The stems are ocassionally used as rope. Vernacular Names—Thailand (Peninsular): Yan Sao Kam, Yan Sao Dam, Sao Dam, Ya Na Lae Notes—Derris amoena and D. maingayana share similar morphological characters. Some authors (Baker 1878; Prain 1897; Adema 2003b) accepted D. maingayana as a separate species. While others (Prain 1897; Ridley 1922; Craib 1928) placed it as a variety of D. amoena. Craib (1928: 487) mentioned that the varieties do not obviously differ in most characters, only the whitish waxy coating on the lower surface of the leaflets and the width of the wings along the two sutures are used as characters to differentiate this species from D. amoena (Baker 1878: 245). Field observations show that the plant has reddish or brownish young leaves and the degree of waxy coating increases during the maturation of the leaves, thus younger leaves are less glaucous than the older ones. However, there does not seem to be any real difference between both species/varieties based on the degree of glaucous coloration. We also found that specimens identified as D. amoena usually had young leaves. The type specimens of D. amoena and D. maingayana are also similar. The leaflets of both taxa share the unique characteristic of secondary veins, which are parallel, seemingly ending and anastomosing in the margin. Moreover, the distributions of both taxa are entirely the same. Thus, here we treat D. amoena and D. maingayana as one species. [Volume 37 + 414 SIRICHAMORN et al.: AGANOPE, DERRIS, AND PARADERRIS IN THAILAND 415 rachis 5–7 cm long, slightly grooved above, sericeous; pulvinus 5–10 mm long. Stipellae absent. Leaflets subcoriaceous; terminal one elliptic or obovate, 6.5–12 3–5 cm, length/ width ratio 2.1–3, base cuneate, apex acuminate or obtuse to rounded, acumen up to 15 mm long, rounded, upper surface glabrous but hairy along midrib and lateral main veins, lower surface slightly strigose to velvety, midrib and veins flat or slightly raised above, veins 7–9 per side, 5–10 mm apart, not reaching the margin but curving towards the apex, sometimes anastomosing near the margin, venation usually reticulate but sometimes slightly scalariform near midrib; lateral ones (narrowly) elliptic, ovate or obovate, 4–15 2– 4.5 cm, length/width ratio 2–3.3, base cuneate, apex acuminate or obtuse to rounded, acumen up to 1.5 cm long, rounded; pulvinus 5–6 mm long, sericeous. Pseudoracemes/ pseudopanicles axillary or terminal, 9–23.5 cm long, peduncle 1–1.5 cm long, sericeous, branches 6–11 cm long. Bracts subtending brachyblasts ovate-triangular, 1.5–2.5 0.8–1.2 mm, outside sericeous, inside glabrous. Brachyblasts knob-like to cylindrical, 1–3.5 mm long, with 3–7 flowers. Bracts subtending flowers ovate, 1–1.8 0.5–0.8 mm, outside velvety, inside glabrous. Pedicels 6–7 mm long, sericeous. Bracteoles in the middle or in the upper part of pedicels nearly at the top, sometimes caducous, ovate or narrowly ovate, 0.8– 1.2 0.2–0.5 mm, outside velvety, inside glabrous. Calyx cup-shaped, dull maroonish, 2–2.5 mm high, outside thinly sericeous, inside glabrous or sericeous along the margin, tube ca. 2 mm high; upper lip with 2 short lobes, 0.1–0.2 2– 2.5 mm; lateral lobes short triangular, 0.7–1 2–2.5 mm, apex obtuse; lower lobe shortly triangular, 0.6–0.8 2–2.5 mm, apex obtuse. Corolla white. Standard: claw 2.7–2.8 mm long; blade orbicular, ca. 9 7 mm, apex emarginate, without auricle or basal callosities, outside thinly sericeous, especially at the apex, inside glabrous. Wings: claw 3–3.2 mm long; blade elliptic, 6–7 0.7–1 mm, apex rounded, outside hairy at the apex, inside glabrous, upper auricle ca. 1 mm long. Keel petals: claw ca. 2.8 mm long; blade boat-shaped, ca. 7.5 2.5 mm, apex rounded, outside hairy at the apex, inside glabrous, lateral pocket small or indistinct, 0.5–1 mm long, auricle ca. 1 mm long. Stamens monadelphous, with basal fenestrae, 9–10 mm long, free part of filaments 3–4 mm long, glabrous; anthers ca. 0.5 0.4 mm, glabrous. Disc indistinct. Ovary sericeous to velvety, 7–7.5 mm long, stipe sericeous, 1– 1.2 mm long; ovules 3–5; style 5–6 mm long, glabrous but slightly sericeous at base. Pods elliptic to strap-like, 7.8–9.5 3–3.5 cm, flat, thin, velvety, leathery with a wing along both sutures, flat, upper wing 4–10 mm wide, lower wing 4–7 mm wide; seed chamber hardly visible. Seeds 1 or 2 per pod, bean-shaped, flat, 18–20 12–15 mm; hilum central. Distribution—Derris ferruginea is known from India, Myanmar, south China, Laos, Thailand (northern and northeastern), and Vietnam (Fig. 7). Habitat and Ecology—This species grows in open areas along streams, in the forest margin or on hill slopes with granite bedrock, 450–1,200 m. Phenology—Flowering is from February to March or from July to August. Fruiting is from August to November. Uses—The roots are known as “Indian tiba root” used in the preparation of insecticides; but when compared with Paraderris elliptica then the rotenone content is less (0.1–4.3%) (Thothathri 1982: 19). Vernacular Names—Vietnam: Bö gan (Khanh Hoa), Cóc kèn set (Pham Hoang Hô). + Lianas, basal diameter 10–15 cm. Bark smooth, greenish and aging to more pale grayish-brown. Twigs densely covered with golden-brown hairs. Leaves with 7–9 leaflets, occasionally reddish or brownish when young. Stipules ovate to triangular, 3–4 1–4 mm, outside velvety, inside glabrous. Petiole 3.5–6.5 cm long, slightly grooved above, sericeous; + + + + + + + + 4. Derris ferruginea (Roxb.) Benth. in Miq., Pl. Jungh. 252. 1852. J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 4 (Suppl.): 109. 1860. Baker in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 2: 245. 1878. Craib, Fl. Siam. Enum. 1: 490. 1928. Thoth., Bull. Bot. Surv. Ind. 3: 189. 1961. P. K. Lôc & J. E. Vidal, Fl. Cambodge, Laos & Vietnam 30: 56. 2001. Robinia ferruginea Roxb., Fl. Ind, Ed. 2, 3: 329. 1832.—TYPE: INDIA. Silhet, Wallich 5885 A (lectotype designated by Thothathri 1982: K!; isolectotypes: CAL, E, LE). + Representative Specimens Examined—INDONESIA. Sumatra: Aceh, Middle Alas River (Lae Sauraya) area, c 15 km N. of Gelombang, S. of Bengkong River, mainly plateau forest. 26 Jul 1985, de Wilde & de WildeDuyfjes 20359A (L). MALAYSIA. Perak: Sungai Krain Estate, 10 Jan 1939, Spare SFN 36208 (L); Sabah: Bodukan, Ranau dist., 22 July 1986, Amin and Francis SAN 116078 (L); Selangor: Ulu Gombak: 25 Feb 1971, Teo and Pachiappan KL 2959 (L); Ulu Kelang, Klang Gate, 11 Apr 1974, Kasim and Zainudin 01749 (L); Ulu Langat: above Pansoon, 7 Feb 1975, van Balgooy and Stone 2257 (L). PAPUA NEW GUINEA. Central Province: 6 miles south-west of Karema, Brown river, 30 Jul 1962, Schodde 2667 (L); Madang Province: Enecil village, near Gogol River, Madang sub-province, 25 Nov 1969, Katik NGF 46616 (L); West Sepik Province: Gorge Nth of Meinat flood plains, Bewani Subprov., 19 Sep 1982, Kerenga LAE 56523 (L). THAILAND. Narathiwat: Sungei Kolok, Nikom Waeng, 2 Mar 1974, K. Larsen and S. S. Larsen 32828 (L); Songkhla: Klong Lahm Tahp, Saba Yoi, 22 Feb 1987, Maxwell 87–183 (L); Satun: Thung Nui, 13 Feb 1961, Suvarnakoses 38131 (L). + Phenology—Flowering has been reported from January to March and from July to September. Fruiting has been reported from March to April and from July to August. Uses—Derris elegans is used as a fish poison in New Guinea and possibly Peninsular Malaysia. A solution of crushed leaves in (green) coconut water is used in Papua New Guinea to wash out snake bites. Vernacular Names—Malaysia: Aka tuba (Peninsular). Papua New Guinea: Imora (Kabali, Central Province). Thailand: Oud nam, Oud laud (Surat Thani) Notes—According to Adema (2003b), D. elegans is a variable, widespread species with four varieties: D. elegans var. elegans, D. elegans var. celebica Adema, D. elegans var. gracillima (Hemsl.) Verdc., and D. elegans var. korthalsiana (Blume ex Miq.) Adema. The description provided here pertains to var. elegans, the only variety found in Thailand. This variety is recognized by its denser indumentum than the other varieties. + Fig. 6. Distribution of Derris elegans Graham ex Benth. + + + 2012] SYSTEMATIC BOTANY [Volume 37 Derris spanogheanae similissima, foliolis floribusque paucioribus (foliolis 3–5, floribus 2–5 in brachyblastis, versus plus quam 5 foliolis floribusque), axe communi ramis lateralibus pedicellis glabrioribus differt. Lianas, basal diameter ca. 5–10 cm. Twigs 3–8 mm diam., lenticellate, glabrous, striate. Stipules triangular, 1–1.1 9– 1.1 mm, caducous, outside thinly sericeous, margin ciliate, inside glabrous. Leaves with 3–5 leaflets. Petiole 2.5–5 cm long, striate, glabrous; rachis 0.7–2.5 cm long, striate, glabrous; pulvinus 4–6 mm long, glabrous. Stipellae absent. Leaflets subcoriaceous; terminal one (broadly) elliptic, 6.5– 9.5 3.4–5.8 cm, length/width ratio 1.6–1.9, base obtuse, apex acuminate, acumen 5–6 mm long, rounded or slightly emarginate, upper and lower surface glabrous, midrib distinct, pale, flat above, distinctly raised below, veins slightly raised above and below, 4–6 per side, 7–15 mm apart, not reaching the margin but curving towards the apex, sometimes anastomosing near the margin, venation reticulate; lateral ones mostly like terminal one but usually smaller, elliptic to ovate, 4.5–5.5 2.5–3.8 cm, length/width ratio 1.4–1.8; pulvinus 4– 6 mm long, glabrous. Pseudoracemes/ pseudopanicles axillary or terminal, 12.5–28 cm long; peduncle 10–15 mm long, glabrous; lateral branches 2.5–17 cm long. Bracts subtending brachyblasts ovate, 0.9–1 0.4–0.5 mm, outside glabrous or with some hairs at the base, margin ciliate, inside glabrous. Brachyblasts knob-like to elongated cylindrical, 1–11 mm long with 2–5 flowers throughout, glabrous or with few scattered hairs. Bracts subtending flowers ovate, 0.6– 0.7 0.4–0.5 mm, glabrous on both sides, margin ciliate. Pedicels 3–4 mm long, glabrous or with some scattered hairs. Bracteoles at the apex of pedicels, elliptic to ovate, 0.5– 0.6 0.2–0.4 mm, glabrous on both sides, margin ciliate. Flowers slightly fragrant. Calyx reddish-green, cup-shaped, 2.7–3.2 mm high, outside glabrous, margin ciliate, inside glabrous or thinly sericeous in the apical part, tube 2.5–2.7 mm high, upper lip, 0.3–0.5 2.3–2.5 mm; lateral lobes triangular or semi-circular, 0.3–0.5 1.7–2 mm; lower lobe triangular or semi-circular, 0.3–0.5 1.5–1.6 mm. Corolla whitish or with pale pinkish hue at the top. Standard: claw 2.7–3 mm long; blade broadly obovate to orbicular, 6.5–7 7–8 mm, apex emarginate, basal callosities absent, glabrous. Wings: claw 2.7–3 mm long; blade elliptic, 5.6–6 1.8–2 mm, apex rounded, upper auricle 0.5–1.2 mm long, lower auricle indistinct, both sides glabrous. Keel petals: claw 2.7–3 mm long; blade boat-shaped, 5.5–6 3–3.5 mm, apex rounded, upper auricle 0.4–0.7 mm long, lateral pocket ca. 1.5 mm long, sometimes hardly visible, both sides glabrous or with some hairs at apex. Stamens 10, monadelphous with basal fenestrae, 8–9 mm long, free part 2–2.5 mm long, glabrous; anthers ca. 0.5 0.4–0.6 mm, glabrous. Disc annular or indistinct, 0.2– 0.5 mm high, glabrous. Ovary 5.5–6 mm long, thinly strigose, stipe indistinct; ovules usually 3; style 3.5–4 mm long, glabrous. Immature pods strap-like, 7–8 1–1.5 cm, glabrous, with a wing along both sutures, upper wing 3–3.3 mm wide, lower wing 2.7–3 mm wide; seed chamber absent. Seeds unknown. Figure 8 . Distribution—This species is endemic to Thailand (Peninsular) (Fig. 7). Habitat and Ecology—This species grows in evergreen forests and in fully exposed to semi-shaded areas near roadsides and on hill slopes. Soil: Laterite, 300–400 m. Phenology—Flowering is from August to September and fruiting is in October. + + 416 Representative Specimens Examined—CHINA. Hainan: Hung Mo Shan, Lai [Loi] area, 21 July 1929, Tsang and Fung 544 (K). INDIA. Assam: Jenkins, 1845, Hooker s. n. (K); Silhet: Cachar, June 1874, Keenan s. n. (K). THAILAND. Chiang Rai: Mae Chan, Ban Mai Pattana, Nawng Pah Gaw Subdistrict, 16 Apr 1989, Maxwell 89–467 (L); Udon Thani: Phu Foi Lom, Nong Sang, 1 Sept 2009, Sirichamorn YSM2009–13 (L). VIETNAM. Hatinh: Hong Son Distr., Rao An, Ngam Thep River about 4–5 km from Police station on Highway 8, 26 Nov 1999, Soejarto et al. 11141 (L). 5. Derris glabra Sirichamorn, spec. nov.—TYPE: THAILAND. Songkhla: Rattaphum, Khao Luk Lom, 24 Sep 2009, Sirichamorn YSM 2009–23 (holotype: L!; isotypes: L!, BK!). + + + + + + + + + + Notes—This species is similar in many characters to D. pubipetala. They have different, disjunct distributions. Derris ferruginea has a northern distribution, ranging from India to southern China, Laos, northern-northeastern Thailand and northern Vietnam, whereas D. pubipetala is found in the southern part, from southern Thailand to Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, Celebes, and the Philippines (Luzon, Mindoro, Mindanao, Palawan). Morphologically there are some differences. Adema (2003b: 401) noted differences in pod wings and the apex of the leaflets. Derris ferruginea has pods with more unequal wings, the lower wing distinctly narrower than the upper one; in D. pubipetala the wings almost have the same width. In D. ferruginea the apex of the leaflets varies from cuspidate to shortly acuminate or rounded, but they are distinctly acuminate in D. pubipetala. However, in the first author’s opinion these characters are too variable to be useful. Some specimens of D. ferruginea, i.e. Sirichamorn YSM2009–13 from northeastern Thailand and Soejarto et al. 11141 from northern Vietnam, also show more equal wings of the pods and leaflets with an acuminate apex (acumen up to 1.5 cm long) as found in specimens of D. pubipetala. With regards to floral color, Thothathri (1982) also mentioned that D. ferruginea has purple flowers, while D. pubipetala has whitish or greenish ones. In this study, some specimens identified as D. ferruginea (for example Maxwell 89–467) also have white flowers. Although both species are morphologically similar, preliminary molecular results of cpDNA markers, trnK-matK, trnL-F IGS (intergenic spacer), and psbA-trnH, as well as one Nuclear marker, ITS, showed that they are not closely related, and as their distributions are non-overlapping, we still recognize both species as separate taxa. + + Fig. 7. Distribution of Derris ferruginea (Roxb.) Benth. (circle), D. marginata (Roxb.) Benth. (inverted triangle), D. monticola (diamond), D. thorelii (triangle), D. pseudomarginata Sirichamorn (square), D. glabra Sirichamorn (star). 2012] SIRICHAMORN et al.: AGANOPE, DERRIS, AND PARADERRIS IN THAILAND 417 Fig. 8. Derris glabra Sirichamorn. a. Habit. b. Brachyblast with flower buds. c. Flower. d. Standard, inside view. e. Wing petal. f. Keel petal. g. Stamens. h. Pistil. i. Pod [a-i: Sirichamorn YSM 2009–23; all L]. Drawing by Anita Walsmit Sachs (L). SYSTEMATIC BOTANY 6. Derris marginata (Roxb.) Benth. in Miq., Pl. Jungh. 1: 252. 1852. Benth., J. Linn. Soc. 4, Suppl.: 111. 1860. Baker in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 2: 245. 1878. Gagnep. in Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 2: 453. 1916. Craib, Fl. Siam. Enum. 1: 490. 1928. Thoth., Bull. Bot. Surv. Ind. 3: 187. 1961. P. K. Lôc & J. E. Vidal, Fl. Cambodge, Laos & Vietnam 30: 81. 2001. Dalbergia marginata Roxb., Fl. Ind. ed. 2, 3: 230. 1832. Aganope marginata (Roxb.) Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 1: 152. 1855. Deguelia marginata (Benth.) Taub. in Engl. & Prantl., Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3, 2: 345. 1891.—TYPE: BANGLADESH. Silhet, Wallich 5909 (holotype: K!; isotypes: CAL, LE, P!). + + + + + + + + Lianas. Twigs 4–6 mm diam., glabrous, lenticellate. Stipules triangular, 2–2.5 ca. 2 mm, outside thinly sericeous, inside glabrous. Leaves with 5–7 leaflets. Petiole 2.5–8 cm long, striate, glabrous; rachis 5.5–11 cm long, striate, glabrous; pulvinus 8–10 mm long, glabrous. Stipellae absent. Leaflets subcoriaceous to coriaceous; terminal one elliptic, 6– 14.5 3.5–6.5 cm, length/width ratio 1.7–2.5, base obtuse to rounded, apex acuminate, acumen 8–14 mm long, rounded, upper and lower surface glabrous, midrib slightly raised in a furrow above, distinctly raised below, veins raised on both sides, 9–12 per side, 7–20 mm apart, not reaching the margin but curving upwards, sometimes anastomosing near the margin, venation reticulate; lateral ones mostly like terminal one, elliptic to ovate, 6.8–13.5 3.2–6 cm, length/width ratio 2.1–2.2; pulvinus 6–11 mm long. Panicles axillary, rarely terminal, 12–22 cm long, peduncle 10–35 mm long, glabrous or thinly strigose, striate; lateral branches 2.5– 14 cm long. Bracts subtending lateral branches triangular, 1.5–1.6 1.3–1.4 mm, outside glabrous to thinly sericeous, inside glabrous but with some hairs at base. Brachyblasts absent. Bracts subtending flowers elliptic to ovate, 0.9–1 0.4–0.6 mm, both sides glabrous or with few hairs, margin ciliate. Pedicels slender, 10–12 mm long, glabrous. Bracteoles at the upper part of pedicels, narrowly elliptic to ovate, 0.7–0.9 0.2–0.3 mm, both sides glabrous, margin slightly ciliate. Calyx reddish-green, cup-shaped, 2.5–3.7 mm high, both sides glabrous, margin ciliate, tube 2–3 mm high, upper lip indistinct or with 2 short lobes, 0.2–0.3 1.5– 3 mm; lateral lobes triangular or semi-circular, 0.7–1 2– + + + + 2.7 mm; lower lobe triangular or semi-circular, ca. 0.7 1.5–1.6 mm. Corolla whitish or pinkish. Standard: claw 3.3– 3.5 mm long; blade broadly obovate to orbicular, basal callosities absent, 8–9 7–7.5 mm, apex emarginate, outside glabrous or with few hairs at the apex, inside glabrous. Wings: claw 3–3.5 mm long; blade elliptic, 8.3–9 1.8– 2.2 mm, apex rounded, upper auricle 1–1.7 mm long, lower auricle indistinct, both sides glabrous. Keel petals: claw 2.5– 3 mm long; blade boat-shaped, 7–7.3 2.7–3.1 mm, apex rounded, glabrous, upper auricle indistinct, lateral pocket 1.5–2 mm long. Stamens monadelphous, with basal fenestrae, 10–10.5 mm long, free part 1.5–2 mm long, glabrous; anthers ca. 0.3 0.2–0.3 mm, glabrous. Disc annular, more or less distinctly (5–)10-lobed, up to 0.3 mm high. Ovary 4– 5 mm long, stipe indistinct, glabrous to thinly sericeous; ovules 4 or 5; style 3–3.5 mm long, glabrous. Pods elliptic to strap-like, 7–10 2.5–3.5 cm, glabrous, with wing along both sutures, upper wing 3–10 mm wide, lower wing 2–5 mm wide, seed chamber absent. Seeds 1 per fruit or sometimes 12–13 1–2 mm; hilum immature, discoid, flat, 13–14 central, 1–1.4 mm long. Distribution—This species is distributed from India through Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar, south China, Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam (Thothathri 1961; Phan and Vidal 2001) (Fig. 7). Habitat and Ecology—This species is found growing in evergreen forests, rarely in coastal forest, 3–800 m. Phenology—Flowering season has been reported in May to July and fruiting is from July to September (Phan and Vidal 2001). Vernacular Names—Vietnam: cóc kèn bı̀a (Pham Hoang Hô). Thailand: Tang mae. + + + Representative Specimens Examined—INDIA. Assam, Jenkins s. n. (L); Calcutta, Hortus Botanicus (cultivated), Pierre s. n. (P). THAILAND. Chanthaburi: Khao Soi Dao Wildlife Sanctuary, in front of the park headquarters, 29 Aug 2009, Sirichamorn YSM2009–12 (L). 7. Derris microphylla (Miq.) B. D. Jacks., Index Kewensis 1: 332. 1895. Heyne, Nutt. Pl. 2: 307. 1916. Backer & Bakh.f., Fl. Java 1: 618. 1964. P. K. Lôc & J. E. Vidal, Fl. Cambodge, Laos & Vietnam 30: 72. 2001. Brachypterum microphyllum Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste bijv. 296. 1860.— TYPE: INDONESIA. Sumatra: Palembang, Teysmann s. n. (holotype: L!, barcode L 0475651; isotype: U!, barcode U 0003512). Derris dalbergioides Baker in Hook. f., Fl. Brit Ind. 2: 241. 1878. Prain, J. As. Soc. Beng. 66: 101. 1897. Gagnep. in Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 2: 456. 1916. Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 1: 595. 1922. Craib, Fl. Siam. Enum. 1: 487. 1928.—TYPE: MALAYSIA. Malacca, Maingay s. n. (lectotype here designated: K!). Deciduous trees 5–20 m high, dbh up to 25 cm. Bark pale grayish-brown. Twigs ca. 4 mm diam., lenticellate, velutinous. Stipules narrowly triangular, 4–5 0.5–0.7 mm, both sides sericeous, hairs shorter towards the base. Leaves with 19–41 leaflets, golden-brownish-green when young. Petiole 9–17 mm long, grooved above, pubescent; rachis 5– 15 cm long, grooved above, pubescent; pulvinus up to 5 mm long. Stipellae acicular, 0.4–0.7 mm long, sericeous. Leaflets chartaceous, terminal one (narrowly) elliptic to obovate, 14– 7–9 mm, length/width ratio 2.1–3.3, base cuneate to 30 broadly cuneate, apex rounded, emarginate, upper and lower surface thinly sericeous, midrib slightly sunken above, + Representative Specimens Examined—Known only from the type. [Volume 37 + Note—This species is similar to D. spanogheana Blume ex Miq. in most morphological characters. It differs only by having fewer leaflets and fewer flowers per brachyblast (D. spanogheana usually has more than five leaflets and more than five flowers per brachyblast). Both species are mostly glabrous, however, pedicels, lateral branches, and main axes of the inflorescences of D. glabra are more glabrous than those of D. spanogheana. The first Thai specimen we have seen (Maxwell 86–674) was identified as D. affinis Benth., but this name is probably a synonym of D. trifoliata. Additional collections with flowers and young pods from the same locality of Maxwell’s specimen were obtained during a field trip. Adema (2003b: 402) tried to clarify the “mostly glabrous” species of Derris and he united the specimens with 2-winged pods into D. spanogheana. However, the habitat of the Thai specimens is slightly different, they are collected in wet areas, while most specimens of D. spanogheana are from drier areas in the Philippines e.g. Luzon, Mindanao, Mindora, Leyte. Cebu, Panay, Alubat, Celebes, and the Lesser Sunda Islands (Adema pers. comm.). + 418 2012] SIRICHAMORN et al.: AGANOPE, DERRIS, AND PARADERRIS IN THAILAND Fig. 9. Distribution of Derris microphylla (Miq.) B. D. Jacks. 8. Derris monticola (Kurz) Prain, J. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 66: 361. 1897. Dunn, J. Linn. Soc. 41: 237. 1912. Craib, Fl. Siam. Enum. 1: 491. 1928. Thoth., Bull. Bot. Surv. Ind. 3: 185. 1961. Grierson & Long, Fl. Bhutan 1: 657. 1987. Millettia monticola Kurz, J. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 42: 67. 1873. Baker in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 2: 106. 1876.—TYPE: MYANMAR. Martaban, Kurz 1776 (holotype: CAL, see Thothathri 1961). Derris acuminata Benth. var. sikkimensis Thoth., J. Jap. Bot. 51(5): 143. 1976.—TYPE: INDIA. Sikkim, Hooker s. n. (holotype: K!). + + Lianas. Twigs 3–5 mm diam., striate, glabrous, lenticellate. Leaves with 9–11 leaflets. Stipules ovate-triangular, 2–2.2 1.5–1.8 mm, outside sericeous, inside glabrous. Petiole ca. 9.5 cm long, thinly hirsute; rachis ca. 8.5 cm long, thinly hirsute; pulvinus 9–10 mm long. Stipellae absent. Leaflets subcoriaceous; terminal one narrowly obovate, ca. 8.5 2.7 cm, length/width ratio ca. 3.2, base narrowly cuneate to attenuate, apex cuspidate, acumen 3–5 mm long, more or less rounded, upper surface glabrous, lower surface thinly sericeous and sometimes glaucous, midrib and veins flat to slightly raised above, raised below, veins 15–18 per side, 3.5– 6 mm apart, reaching to near the margin, then curving towards the apex, sometimes anastomosing near the margin, venation reticulate; lateral ones mostly like terminal one, elliptic to narrowly obovate, 6 –9 2.3–2.5 cm, length/width ratio 2.6–3.6; pulvinus 3–5 mm long. Pseudoracemes axillary, 12–17 cm long, peduncle 1.7–2.5 cm long, thinly strigose. Bracts subtending brachyblasts ovate-triangular, 1–1.2 ca. 0.9 mm, outside sericeous, inside glabrous. Brachyblasts knob-like, 1–1.5 mm long with 3–5 flowers throughout, pubescent. Bracts subtending flowers narrowly ovate, 1–1.2 0.4–0.7 mm, outside sericeous, inside glabrous. Pedicels 4–4.5 mm long, sericeous. Bracteoles at the base of the calyx, + + Representative Specimens Examined—CHINA. Guangdong: Guangzhou, 15 Jun 1981, Yip 286 (L). INDIA. Assam: Kohima, Naga Hills, 27 Jun 1950, Koelz 25355 (L). INDONESIA. Celebes: 22 Sep 1938, bb 25550 (L); Java: Bandoeng, 20 Oct 1948, Popta 0036 (L); Sumatra: 16 Apr 1932, Lörzing 16522 (L). MADAGASCAR. Fianarantsoa: 5 Dec 1993, Dan Turk 590 (K). MALAYSIA. Negeri Sembilan: Jempol, Serting Tengah F. R., 25 May 1993, Saw FRI 39802 (L); Penang: Sg. Tembeling, King George Nat. Park, 17 Apr 1954, Wyatt-Smith KEP 71947 (L). Selangor: Ulu Gombak, University of Malaya Field Study Center, near the Lab, 3 May 1968, Mahmud 827 (L). SRI LANKA Peradenija, 3 May 1955, Worthington 6733 (L). THAILAND. Chumphon: 35 km North of Chumphon, 16 Jul 1963, King 5593 (L); Nakhon Si Thammarat: Khao Lawng, 10 May 1955, Snan 298 (L); Pangnga: Nai Chong, 9 May 1973, Geesink and Santisuk 5274 (L); Surat Thani: Khao Sok, 30 km E. of Takua Pa, 9 Jun 1992, Larsen et al. 42735 (P). UGANDA. Kampala: Mengo District, 24 Sept 1952, Dale U802 (K). + + + + + + + + + + + + + + veins flat above, slightly raised below, 5–8 per side, 1–5 mm apart, becoming hardly visible near the margin, venation reticulate; lateral ones mostly like terminal one, (narrowly) elliptic, 7–29 4–8 mm, length/width ratio 1.6–3.7; pulvinus 1–2 mm long. Pseudoracemes axillary, 8.5–16.5 cm long, peduncle 1.5–5 cm long, pubescent. Bracts subtending brachyblasts narrowly triangular to acicular, 2.2–2.5 0.3– 0.4 mm, both sides sericeous, hairs shorter and more dense in lower part. Brachyblasts knob-like or shortly cylindrical, more or less curved upwards, 1–3 mm long, with 5–8 flowers. Bracts subtending flowers narrowly ovate to acicular, 0.7– 1 0.2–0.3 mm, outside sericeous, inside glabrous or with some hairs. Pedicels 1–3 mm long, sericeous. Bracteoles at the base of the calyx, narrowly ovate, 0.6–0.8 ca. 0.3 mm, outside sericeous, inside glabrous. Calyx brownish-green, cup-shaped, ca. 2.5 mm high, tube 1.5–2 mm high; upper lip 2–2.5 mm; with 2 short lobes, shallowly notched, 0.5–1 lateral lobes triangular, 0.5–1 1–1.5 mm; lower lobe triangular, 0.5–1 ca. 1.5 mm, outside sericeous, inside glabrous. Corolla purplish Standard: claw 1.5–1.7 mm long; blade broadly obovate to orbicular, 7–7.7 5.5–6 mm, apex emarginate, with 2 small basal callosities, outside with some hairs at the apex and along the upper part of the midrib or glabrescent, inside with some hairs at the apex. Wings: claw ca. 2 mm long; blade elliptic, 6.5–7 2–2.5 mm, apex slightly curved upward, apex rounded, auricles and lateral pocket indistinct, both sides glabrous. Keel petals: claw ca. 2.5 mm long; blade more or less boat-shaped, 6–6.5 ca. 3 mm, apex rounded, lateral pocket 1–2 mm long, outside with some hairs to thinly sericeous on major veins at ventral side and apex, inside glabrous. Stamens monadelphous, with basal fenestrae, 8–8.5 mm long, free for 2–3.5 mm, glabrous; anthers ca. 0.4 0.2 mm, glabrous. Disc tubular, ca. 0.3 mm high. Ovary 5–6 mm long, sericeous, stipe 0.5–1 mm long; ovules 11 or 12; style 2–3.5 mm long, sericeous at base. Pods more or less falcate, flattened, bulging over the seeds, 3.5–7 1.3–1.8 cm, stipe 2–3 mm long, upper wing 2–4 mm wide, outside thinly sericeous, glabrescent, seed chamber visible from outside, dark, veined. Seeds bean-shaped to transverse-ellipsoid, 4.5–7.5 3–5 mm; hilum central, ca. 1 mm long. Distribution—Derris microphylla is present in from Uganda, Madagascar, India, Sri Lanka, south China, Indochina, Thailand, Malesia: Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java and Celebes (Fig. 9). Habitat and Ecology—This species is found in deciduous forest, road and riversides, up to 1,200 m. Phenology—Flowering season is from April to August. Fruiting is from May to September. Uses—This species is used as timber and shade trees. In Malaysia a poultice of roots or bark is used to treat itch, and sometimes for ornamental purposes (Thothathri and Rugayah 1997: 116). Vernacular Names—Indonesia: Kayu retak (Palembang). Malaysia: Daun berayai, batai betek (Peninsular). Thailand: Lak keay, khang ten (Surat Thani and South-eastern), Prang pun, ma naam chaai (Chumphon). Di ngu, fantae (Peninsular). Vietnam: (Cây) tràch (Dông Nai), dau dau (Ninh Thuân), tri-et (Lâm Dông). 419 SYSTEMATIC BOTANY + + + Comparatione D. marginata foliorum venis secondariis vix visibilibus. Inflorescentiae pseudopaniculatae. Brachyblasti variabiles inter relative longi ad brevissimi interdum vix visibiles praecipue prope inflorescentiae apicem, in D. marginata absentes. Pedicelli distincte breviores crassiores pilis numeriosioribus quam in D. marginata. Flores paulo minores eis D. marginata. Lianas, basal diameter ca. 5 cm. Twigs 5–8 mm diam., lenticellate, the lower part thinly sericeous to glabrous, the upper part sericeous. Stipules ovate-triangular, 1.7–1.8 1.6–1.7 mm, outside thinly sericeous, margin ciliate, inside glabrous. Leaves with 5–7 leaflets, subcoriaceous. Petiole 4– 6 cm long, striate, glabrous to thinly strigose; rachis 5–8 cm long, striate, glabrous to thinly strigose; pulvinus 4–8 mm long, thinly strigose. Stipellae absent. Leaflets: terminal one elliptic to obovate, 4.5–12 2.3–5.5 cm, length/width ratio 1.8–2.2, base obtuse, apex shortly acuminate, acumen 4–7 mm long, rounded, upper and lower surface glabrous, midrib raised in a furrow above, distinctly raised below, veins flat or slightly sunken above, raised below, 6–9 per side, 6–17 mm apart, not reaching the margin but curving towards the apex, anastomosing near the margin, venation reticulate; lateral ones mostly like terminal one, ovate to elliptic, 5–10.5 + + + + + + + + + + 9. Derris pseudomarginata Sirichamorn, spec. nov.— TYPE: THAILAND. Chonburi: Sriracha district, Collins 275 (holotype: K!). + Representative Specimens Examined—MYANMAR. Amherst, Mulayit ridge, 4 Feb 1927, Parkinson 5164 (K). THAILAND. Chiang Mai: 29 Mar 1911, Kerr 1731 (L, P). 3–5.5 cm, length/width ratio 1.8–1.9, base obtuse to rounded; pulvinus 4–7 mm long, thinly strigose. Pseudoracemes/ pseudopanicles axillary or terminal, 5–17 cm long, peduncle 1–5 cm long; lateral branches 4.5–15 cm long, thinly sericeous, glabrescent. Bracts subtending brachyblasts ovate or triangular, 0.7–0.8 0.5–0.7 mm, outside thinly sericeous or glabrous, inside glabrous. Brachyblasts knob-like to elongate cylindrical, sometimes hardly visible, 0.3–3 mm long, thinly sericeous, bearing 2 or 3(-5) flowers. Bracts subtending flowers ovate, 0.6–0.8 0.4–0.6 mm, outside thinly sericeous or glabrous, inside glabrous. Pedicels 3–5.5 mm long, thinly sericeous. Bracteoles at the top of the pedicels, ovate, ca. 0.6 0.4 mm, outside glabrous or thinly sericeous, inside glabrous, margin ciliate. Calyx maroonish, cup-shaped, 2.5– 3.5 mm high, outside thinly sericeous, margin ciliate, inside thinly sericeous in the upper part, tube 2–2.5 mm high, upper lip indistinct or with 2 short lobes, 0.2–0.4 2–2.5 mm; lateral lobes triangular or semi-circular, 0.3–0.5 1.2–1.5 mm; lower lobe triangular or semi-circular, 0.4–0.5 1.5–1.6 mm. Corolla whitish. Standard: claw 3–3.5 mm long; blade broadly obovate to orbicular, 4.5–5.5 4.5–5 mm, apex slightly emarginate, basal callosities absent, both sides glabrous. Wings: claw 3–3.5 mm long; blade elliptic, 4–4.5 1.5–1.7 mm, apex rounded, upper auricle 0.7–0.8 mm long, lower auricle indistinct, both sides glabrous. Keel petals: claw 2.7–3 mm long; blade boat-shaped, 4.7–5 1.6–2 mm, apex rounded, upper auricle indistinct, lateral pocket ca. 1 mm long, sometimes hardly visible, both sides glabrous or sometimes with scattered hairs at the apical part of the petal. Stamens monadelphous, with basal fenestrae, 8–8.5 mm long, free part 2–2.5 mm long, glabrous; anthers 0.3–0.4 ca. 0.3 mm, glabrous. Disc annular, more or less distinctly (5-)10lobed, up to 0.2 mm high, hairy. Ovary 7–8 mm long, stipe indistinct, (thinly) sericeous; ovules 3 or 4; style 3–4 mm long, thinly sericeous at base, upwards glabrous. Pods elliptic to strap-like, 3.3–8 2.5–3.7 cm, glabrous, with a wing along both sutures, upper wing 4–8 mm wide, lower wing 2–5 mm wide; seed chamber absent. Seeds 1 or 2 per fruit, broadly bean-shaped, flat, 15–17 13–14 0.5–1 mm; hilum subcentral, ca. 2 mm long. Figure 10. Distribution—This species is endemic in Thailand (southeastern) (Fig. 7). Habitat and Ecology—This species grows in (dry) evergreen forests or open thickets in the forest, up to 300 m. Phenology—Flowering is from August to October. Fruitingis from September to January Note—The specimens, Maxwell 76–31 and Maxwell 73–415, were originally indentified as Aganope thrysiflora, because of the highly branching inflorescences and two-winged pods. Another two specimens from Kew, Collins 275 and Collins 279 (see also Craib 1927) were identified as D. marginata. These four specimens were collected from the same locality (Sriracha district, Chon Buri province) and they show the same morphological characters. The first author studied these specimens in more detail. However, characters such as leaflets, inflorescences and flowers are all completely unlike A. thrysiflora and D. marginata. The inflorescences of this species are pseudopanicles, the brachyblasts vary between relatively long to short to knob-like, and sometimes they are hardly visible. In A. thrysiflora and D. marginata, there are no brachyblasts and, therefore, the flowers are all solitary. Pedicels of this species are distinctly longer than those of A. thrysiflora, but distinctly shorter, thicker, and with more + + + + + + + + + + elliptic or ovate, 0.5–0.7 0.4–0.5 mm, outside sericeous, inside glabrous. Calyx cup-shaped, 3–3.5 mm high, outside sericeous, inside glabrous, tube ca. 3 mm high; upper lip with 2 short lobes, 0.3–0.4 1.8–2 mm; lateral lobes triangular, 0.5–0.7 1–1.5 mm; lower lobe triangular, ca. 1 1.5–2 mm. Corolla pink or purple (blue according to Thothathri 1982). Standard: claw 1.5–2 mm long; blade orbicular or ovate, 10– 12 8.5–10 mm, apex emarginate, basal callosities indistinct, both sides glabrous. Wings: claw 2.5–2.8 mm long; blade 2.5–2.7 mm, apex rounded, narrowly obovate, 7.3–7.5 upper auricle 0.5–1 mm long, lateral pocket 1–1.5 mm long, sometimes inconspicuous, both sides slightly sericeous at the apex. Keel petals: claw 2.5–2.8 mm long; blade boat-shaped, 3.4–3.5 mm, apex rounded, auricle hardly visible, 7–7.2 lateral pocket 1.5–2 mm long, glabrous. Stamens monadelphous, with basal fenestrae, 9–10 mm long, free part of filaments 1–3 mm long, glabrous; anthers 0.5–0.9 0.3–0.5 mm, glabrous. Disc annular, 0.2–0.3 mm high, sometimes hardly visible. Ovary hairy, 6–7.5 mm long, stipe indistinct; ovules 4 or 5; style 2.5–4.5 mm long, glabrous but slightly hairy at base. Pods (Thothathri 1961) narrowly elliptic or strap-like, flat, glabrous, 7–10 1.5–2.5 cm, with a wing along both sutures, upper wing wider than lower. Seeds unknown. Distribution—This species occurs in India, Bangladesh, Myanmar and northern Thailand (Fig. 7). Habitat and Ecology—A species from evergreen forests, 720–2,000 m. Phenology—In Thailand, flowering has been reported in March. Fruiting is still unknown. Notes—This species is rare in Thailand. Only one flowering specimen was collected by A. F. G. Kerr in Chiang Mai, northern Thailand. Unfortunately, we were not able to study the holotype of Millettia monticola Kurz deposited in CAL. [Volume 37 + 420 2012] SIRICHAMORN et al.: AGANOPE, DERRIS, AND PARADERRIS IN THAILAND 421 Fig. 10. Derris pseudomarginata Sirichamorn. a. Habit. b1. Longer brachyblast with flower buds, usually on the basal position of the inflorescence. b2. Short or hardly visible brachyblast on the apical position of the inflorescence. c. Flower. d. Standard, inside view. e. Wing petal. f. Keel petal. g. Stamens. h. Pistil. i. Pod [a-i: Collins 275, K]. Drawing by Anita Walsmit Sachs (L). SYSTEMATIC BOTANY Derris mindorensis Perkins, Fragm. Fl. Philip. 2: 82. 1904. Merr., Enum. Philip. 2: 300. 1923.—TYPE: PHILIPPINES. Mindoro, Palauan, Merrill 953 (holotype: B or PNH, lost; isotype: K!). Derris micans Perkins, Fragm. Fl. Philip. 2: 82. 1904. Merr., Enum. Philip. 2: 300. 1923.—TYPE: PHILIPPINES. Luzon, Tanay, Merrill 2284 (holotype: B or PNH, lost; isotypes: K!, US!). Derris ferruginoides Quisumb., Philip. J. Sca. 41: 324. 1930.— TYPE: PHILIPPINES. Luzon, Clemens 7406a (holotype: UC!). + Representative Specimens Examined—INDONESIA. Celebes: Minahassa (Menado), 1897, Koorders 17668 (L); Lesser Sunda Is.: W. Flores, 30 May 1975, Schmutz 3804 (L); Moluccas: Pulau Trangan, Kerei, 29 Oct 1994, van Balgooy 6722 (L); Sumatra: Palembang, Bosch Talangbobang, 29 Oct 1929, van Steenis 3382 (L). MALAYSIA. Perak: Mount of Phang Nga, near Tapah, 26 Jul 1941, Ward SFN 37585 (L); Sabah: Lahad Datu, Takun, Kennedy Bay, section 42, 5 Sep 1961, Chai SAN 26076 (L); Tambunan, 15 Mar 1969, Nooteboom 1290 (L); Ulu Biah, Keningau + + + + + + + + + + Lianas. Bark slightly pinkish. Twigs 3–5 mm diam., sericeous or glabrescent. Leaves with 5–9 leaflets. Stipules triangular, 1.5–2 1.5–2 mm, outside sericeous, inside glabrous. Petiole 1.5–6 cm long, striate, hirsute or thinly hirsute; rachis 3.5–9 cm long, striate, (thinly) hirsute; pulvinus 5–10 mm long. Stipellae absent. Leaflets subcoriaceous; terminal one elliptic to obovate, 5.5–12.5 2.2–5 cm, length/width ratio ca. 2.5, base cuneate, obtuse to rounded, apex acuminate, acumen 2–13 mm long, rounded, upper surface glabrous to slightly hairy, lower surface strigose to almost glabrous, midrib slightly sunken above, veins slightly raised or flat above, raised below, 4–9 per side, 5–18 mm apart, not reaching the margin but curving towards the apex, sometimes anastomosing near the margin, venation usually reticulate but sometimes slightly scalariform; lateral ones mostly as terminal one, elliptic to ovate, 3.5–11 1.7–4.5 cm, length/ width ratio 2.1–2.4; pulvinus 3–6 mm long. Pseudoracemes/ pseudopanicles axillary or terminal, 5–28 cm long, peduncle 1.5–5 cm long, sericeous, branches up to 19 cm long. Bracts subtending brachyblasts ovate-triangular, 0.8–1.5 0.6–1.0 mm, outside sericeous, inside glabrous. Brachyblasts knob-like to slenderly cylindrical, 2–25 mm long with 5–7 flowers throughout, pubescent. Bracts subtending flowers elliptic to ovate or triangular, 0.6–0.7 0.3–0.5 mm, outside pubescent, inside glabrous. Pedicels 2–6 mm long, pubescent. Bracteoles at the base of the calyx, elliptic, 0.5–0.8 0.3–0.5 mm, outside pubescent, inside glabrous. Calyx cup-shaped, reddish brown to purplish, 3.5–4 mm high, outside sericeous, inside sericeous at the apex, tube ca. 3 mm high; upper lip with 2 short lobes, shallowly notched, 1–2 2–5 mm; lateral lobes semicircular to rounded triangular, 0.7–1 2–3 mm, lower lobe triangular, ca. 1 1.5–3 mm. Corolla white or pale green. Standard: claw 3–4 mm long; blade orbicular or ovate, 6–8 + Derris acuminata Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 1: 144. 1855. Benth., Proc. Soc. Lond. 4 (Suppl.): 115. 1860. Backer & Bakh. f., Fl. Java 1: 619. 1964.—TYPE: INDONESIA. Sumatra, Korthals s. n. (lectotype here designated: L!, barcode L0476235; isolectotype: U!, barcode U 0139545). + 10. Derris pubipetala Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 1: 145. 1855. Benth., Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond. 4 (Suppl.): 115. 1860. Adema, Blumea 48: 401. 2003.—TYPE: INDONESIA. Java, Blume 1286 (holotype: L!, barcode L 0476233; isotypes: A, K, L!). + Representative Specimens Examined——THAILAND. Chon Buri: Sriracha, Khao Khiew, 21 Jan 1976, Maxwell 76–31 (L). 8–9 mm, apex emarginate, without auricle or basal callosities, outside sericeous except for the margin and base, mostly hairy in the middle and apical part, inside glabrous but sericeous at the apex. Wings: claw 3–3.5 mm long; blade elliptic to semi-hastate, 7–8.5 1.5–2.5 mm, apex rounded, upper auricle 1–2.5 mm long, lower auricle rarely present, 0.4–0.5 mm long, outside hairy at the apex, inside glabrous, lateral pocket inconspicuous. Keel petals: claw 2.3–2.5 mm long; blade boat-shaped, 6–6.5 2.3–2.5 mm, apex rounded, auricle 0.5–1 mm long, outside hairy at the apex, inside glabrous, lateral pocket 1.5–2.7 mm long, sometimes hardly visible. Stamens monadelphous, with basal fenestrae, 9–10 mm long, free part of filaments 2–3.5 mm long, glabrous; anthers 0.3–0.5 0.3–0.4 mm, glabrous. Disc annular, 0.1–0.3 mm high. Ovary hairy, 5–6.5 mm long, stipe hairy, ca. 1 mm long; ovules 3–5; style 5–8 mm long, glabrous but slightly hairy at base. Pods ellipsoid to almost circular, 3–6.5 1.8–3 cm, leathery with wing along both sutures, flat, upper wing wider than lower, 5–9 mm wide, lower wing 2–4 mm wide, pubescent, seed chamber hardly visible. Seeds 1 or 2 per pod, discoid or broadly bean-shaped, 7–8 5–6.5 1–2 mm; hilum central, 0.4–0.5 mm long. Distribution—This species occurs in Thailand (Peninsular); Malesia: Peninsular Malaysia (Perak), Sumatra, Borneo, Philippines (Luzon, Mindanao, Mindoro, Palawan), Celebes, and Moluccas (Fig. 11). Habitat and Ecology—A species from primary, either disturbed or secondary wet evergreen forest, near river banks or seashore. Soil: Limestone, clay or sandstone, up to 1,000 m. Phenology—Flowering is from May to October. Fruiting is from April to July, or November. Uses—Roots said to be used as fish poison. Notes—The species is variable in the density of its indumentum, and similar in most characters to the more northern species, D. ferruginea (see also the note under D. ferruginea). + hairs than those of D. marginata. The flowers are slightly smaller than those of A. thrysiflora and D. marginata, and are more similar to Derris flowers. The morphological characters of this species are unique and, therefore, it is to describe them as a new species. Future molecular phylogenetic evidence will have to prove the taxonomic status of this taxon. [Volume 37 + 422 Fig. 11. Distribution of Derris pubipetala Miq. 2012] SIRICHAMORN et al.: AGANOPE, DERRIS, AND PARADERRIS IN THAILAND 423 District, 9 Oct 1976, Sundaling SAN 83906 (L). PHILIPPINES. Luzon: Dipaguidin, near Palanan Point, 18 Apr 1991, Ridsdale et al. ISU 54 (L); Laguna, Feb-Mar 1917, Catalan 26463 (L); Aurora, Baler, N. of Gupa Beach, 3 May 1992, Stone et al. 5492 (L); Mindanoa, Sep 1909, Elmer 11738 (L); Palawan: Hinabaan, Guinayangan, Quezon, 27 Oct 1967, Mendoza PNH 97918 (L); Mindoro: E of Mindoro, beside quarry track, Mt. Talipana, 7 km SW of Puerto Galera, 29 Apr 1987, Burley 193 (L); Paluan, Apr 1921, Ramos 39669 (L); Puerto Galera, 12 Jul 1955, Sulit 32817 (L); Palawan, Apr 1911, Elmer 13078 (L). THAILAND. Phuket: Hill near Thalang, E. of the road to Phuket, 8 May 1968, van Beusekom and Phengkhlai 665 (L); Pattani: Koke Po, Sai Khao Falls Forest Park, 5 Apr 1985, Maxwell 85–370 (L). 11. Derris reticulata Craib, Kew Bull. 384. 1927. Fl. Siam. Enum. 1: 435, 493. 1928.—TYPE: THAILAND. Kanburi (= Kanchanaburi), 4 Jan 1926, Kerr 10142 (holotype: K!; isotype: BK!). + + + + + Lianas, basal diameter 3–10 cm. Bark thin, smooth, light brown. Twigs 3–5 mm diam., glabrous, lenticellate. Leaves usually with 5(–7) leaflets Stipules caducous, triangular, 1.2–1.5 1.4–1.5 mm, outside sericeous, inside glabrous. Petiole 2–6 cm long, grooved above, glabrous or with some scattered hairs, rachis 2.5–5 cm long, pulvinus 4–6 mm long. Stipellae absent or reduced to hairy knob-like structures. Leaflets: subcoriaceous, terminal one (narrowly) elliptic to (narrowly) obovate, 6.5–13 2.5–4 cm, length/width ratio 2.6–3.3, base cuneate to obtuse, apex acuminate, acumen ca. 9–15 mm long, rounded, upper surface glabrous, lower surface glabrous except along the midrib with some scattered hairs, midrib flat or slightly raised above, distinctly raised below, veins flat above, raised below, 6–11 per side, 8–13 mm apart, not reaching the margin but curving towards the apex, sometimes anastomosing near the margin, venation reticulate; lateral ones (narrowly) elliptic to (narrowly) ovate, 5.5–12 1.5–4 cm, length/width ratio 2.2–3.6, base broadly cuneate to obtuse, apex acuminate, acumen 5–7 mm long, rounded, above glabrous, below glabrous except along the midrib with some scattered hairs; pulvinus 3–4 mm long. Pseudoracemes/ pseudopanicles axillary or (rarely) terminal, 2.5–5.5 cm long, striate, sericeous; peduncle up to 5 mm long, striate, sericeous; lateral branches up to 3.5 cm long. Flowers (known only from some photographs therefore floral information partly available) white. Brachyblasts knob-like to elongate and cylindrical, ca. 9 mm long, (thinly) sericeous, with 2–4 flowers throughout, if 2-flowered, then flowers sometimes seemingly at apex of the brachyblast. Pedicels ca. 7 mm long, (thinly) sericeous. Bracteoles in the middle or upper part of the pedicels. Calyx reddish or greenish-red, cup-shaped, ca. 2.5 mm high, outside (thinly) sericeous or glabrescent. Standard: blade obovate, ca. 9 7 mm, apex emarginate, without basal callosities, both sides glabrous. Wings curved backward to the calyx. Keels unknown. Stamens monadelphous, with basal fenestrae, ca. 10 mm long. Ovaries unknown. Pods strap-like or sometimes ellipsoid, 5–9.5 1.5–2.5 cm, thin, with a wing along both sutures, upper wing 4–7 mm wide, lower wing 2–3 mm wide, with some scattered short hairs, especially on both wings, or sometimes glabrescent, seed chamber indistinct, but usually slightly thickened and with reticulate veins around the seed. Seeds unknown. Distribution—This species is endemic to Thailand (Fig. 12). Habitat and Ecology—This species is found in semishaded area of dry evergreen forests, edge of evergreen mixed (dipterocarp) forest, in bamboo forest, or along streams, 50–450 m. Fig. 12. Distribution of Derris reticulata Craib (circle) and D. tonkinensis Gagnep. (square). Phenology—Flowering is from August to September. Fruiting is from September to January. Uses—The stems contain some sweet chemical substance and are used as a sweetener in local medicine; also used as a laxative. Vernacular Names—Thailand: Cha aim nua, Oi sam suan. Notes—Derris reticulata is a mysterious species. It was first described in 1927 (Craib 1927: 384) from a single specimen with short inflorescences and a 2-winged pod, which is reticulate around the seeds, while some leaflets are narrowly elliptic and almost glabrous. The Thai name “Cha aim nua” was mentioned on labels of type specimens by Kerr, who collected the type specimen in Kanchanaburi and which means “Licorice of the North.” The Thai name implies that the local people knew the sweetening quality of the stems and that they used them in local medicine for a long time. Later, the use has been forgotten, perhaps because the species became scarce in Kanchanaburi or was difficult to find, as no more collections were found. From field expedition in 2009 the first author found some unidentified Thai specimens (see below), which all have short inflorescences with 2-winged pods which are reticulate around seeds, and variously shaped, almost glabrous leaflets. These specimens were collected from central and eastern Thailand, which is far away from the type locality. However, the fruiting time is almost exactly the same. Moreover, these unidentified specimens were called “Oi sam suan,” which is Thai for “Three fields sugarcane.” It is possible that these specimens also contain sweet substances in their stems. In September more fruiting specimens were collected together with data from local people and a researcher at Sakaerat Environmental Research Station in Nakhon Ratchasima province. Unfortunately, it was too late to collect flowering specimens. However, some photographs of the flowers were taken by a researcher of this environmental research station, Mr. Buasai Somsung. The photos were here used for a qualitative description. This species has as typical character of the wing petals curved backwards to the calyx (see note on morphological characters). This character is also found in SYSTEMATIC BOTANY + + + + Brachypterum polyphyllum Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 1: 139. 1855. Derris polyphylla (Miq.) Benth., Proc. Linn. Soc. 4 (Suppl.): 104. 1860. Koord. & Valeton, Boomsoort. Java 2: 89. 1895. Koord., Exkursionsfl. Java 2: 393. 1912. Backer & Bakh. f., Fl. Java 1: 618. 1964.—TYPE: INDONESIA. Java, Soerakarta, Horsfield s. n. (L16) (holotype: U!, barcode U 0103949; isotypes: CAL, K!,). + + + + + + Deciduous trees, 9–20 m high, dbh 20–25 cm. Bark smooth, pale grayish-brown. Twigs terete, 1–5 mm diam., strigose. Stipules acicular, 4–5.5 0.3–0.5 mm, sericeous. Leaves with 11–19 leaflets. Petiole 2.5–3 cm long, striate, grooved above, sericeous; rachis 10–13 cm long, striate, grooved above, sericeous; pulvinus 3–7 mm long. Stipellae acicular, 0.7–2.5 mm long, sericeous. Leaflets subcoriaceous; terminal one elliptic, 2.6–6 1–2.5 cm, length/width ratio ca. 2.5, base cuneate, apex acute, mucronate, upper surface thinly sericeous or nearly glabrescent, lower surface sericeous, midrib and veins slightly raised or flat above, raised below, veins 4–6 per side, 3.5–7 mm apart, curving towards the apex, anastomosing near or sometimes at the margin, venation reticulate; lateral ones mostly as terminal one, ovate to elliptic, 1.4–6.5 1–1.7 cm, usually oblique, basiscopic side narrower; pulvinus 2–3 mm long. Pseudoracemes axillary, 5.5–27.5 cm long, peduncle 2–5.5 cm long, sericeous. Bracts subtending brachyblasts narrowly ovate, ca. 0.5 1–2.2 mm, outside sericeous, inside glabrous, sometimes caducous. Brachyblasts slender 2–3.5 mm long, 3–7-flowered, if 3-flowered, then all flowers usually at the apex of the brachyblast, if more than 3 flowers or if the brachyblasts short, then the flowers seemingly more 0.3– scattered. Bracts subtending flowers elliptic, 0.7–0.8 0.4 mm, caducous, outside sericeous, inside glabrous. Pedicels 3–4.5 mm long. Bracteoles at the base of the calyx, elliptic, ca. 0.3 mm, outside sericeous, inside glabrous. 0.6–0.7 Calyx 2.5–3 mm high, outside sericeous, inside glabrous, + 12. Derris robusta (Roxb. ex DC.) Benth., Proc. Linn. Soc. 4 (Suppl.): 104. 1860. Baker in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 2: 241. 1878. Craib, Fl. Siam. Enum. 1: 435, 493. 1928. Backer & Bakh. f., Fl. Java 1: 618. 1964. Thoth., Fasc. Fl. India 8: 26. 1982. P. K. Lôc & J. E. Vidal, Fl. Cambodge, Laos & Vietnam 30: 70. 2001. Dalbergia robusta Roxb. [Hort. Beng. 53. 1814, nom. nud.] ex DC., Prod. 2: 417. 1825. Deguelia robusta (Roxb. ex DC.) Taub. in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3, 2: 345. 1891.—TYPE: INDIA. Silhet, Wallich 5849B (lectotype designated by Thothathri 1982: CAL; isolectotype: K!). + + Representative Specimens Examined—THAILAND. Chaiyaphum: Dat Don, 13 Aug 1972, K. Larsen et al. 31804 (L); Nakhon Ratchasima: Wang Nam Kheaw, Sakaerat Environmental research station, 17 Sep 2009, Sirichamorn YSM 2009–18 (L); Saraburi: Muak Lek, 31 Aug 1924, Kerr 9084 (L). tube 2–2.5 mm high; upper lobes triangular, 0.5–0.7 2– 2.5 mm; lateral lobes triangular, 0.5–0.7 1.5–1.7 mm; lower lobe triangular, ca. 0.5 1.5–1.7 mm. Corolla white. Standard: claw 1.5–2 mm long; blade orbicular, 6–7.5 5.5–5.7 mm, apex emarginate, basal callosities small or indistinct, both sides sericeous at apex. Wings: claw 2–2.5 mm long; blade elliptic, 5–5.5 1.5–1.7 mm, apex rounded, lateral pocket up to 1 mm long, sometimes hardly visible, auricle indistinct, both sides glabrous or with few hairs at apex. Keel petals: claw 2–3 mm long; blade boat-shaped, 5–6.5 2–2.5 mm, apex rounded, lateral pocket 1–1.5 mm long, glabrous or with few hairs at apex. Stamens monadelphous, with basal fenestrae, 7–8 mm long, free for ca. 2 mm, glabrous; anther 0.3–0.4 mm long, glabrous. Disc tubular, 0.3–0.4 mm high. Ovary ca. 5 mm long, stipe ca. 0.5 mm long, sericeous; ovules 7–11; style 2–2.5 mm long, glabrous and slightly sericeous at base. Pods strap-like, 1.5–8.5 0.7–1.1 mm, flat, sericeous, 4–8 seeds per pod, with a wing along the upper suture, ca. 2 mm wide; seed chamber slightly solid, visible from outside. Seeds ellipsoid, 4–4.5 3– 5 0.6–1.5 mm; hilum central, 0.4–0.5 mm long. Distribution—This species occurs in India, Myanmar, China, Laos, Thailand, and southward though Java, Sulawesi, and Sumatra (Fig. 13). Habitat and Ecology—A species from disturbed, degraded, fire-prone areas, deciduous forest with much bamboo, or dry evergreen forest, up to 1,000 m. Phenology—In Thailand flowering is reported from March to May, from July to October for other regions. Fruiting is from August to November. Uses—Wood is used for making tea boxes, shade trees and green manure (Hamid 1999: 241; Thothathri 1982: 27). Vernacular Names—Indonesia: Bekel, Kedusan, Wedusan (Javanese). Thailand: Khang sai chang (Pitsanulok), Khee mord, kang khee mord (Saraburi), Haang kow, Pee chan (Northern), Lawit tua mea (Chanthaburi). Vietnam: Cóc kèn, kra mui. Notes—This is a deciduous species that is present in many vegetation types. In Thailand, it is mainly found in the north and less commonly so in other parts of the country. However, some specimens are found in the southeast of Thailand, e.g. Chanthaburi province. Specimens from these two areas + D. tonkinensis. It is reported that the flowering period was short, between August (or late July) to September, after that the flowers easily drop. Because of its short inflorescences and brief, unpredictable flowering period, it may be hard to find, which explains why there are no flowering specimens in herbaria and why local people use the plant less in medicine. We decided use the name D. reticulata for all unidentified specimens with 2-winged pods that are thickened and reticulate at the seeds, and which have almost glabrous 5-foliolate leaves, short pseudoraceme or pseudopanicle inflorescences (less than six cm long), sweet stems, and flowers in August or September. [Volume 37 + 424 Fig. 13. Distribution of Derris robusta (Roxb. ex DC.) Benth. SIRICHAMORN et al.: AGANOPE, DERRIS, AND PARADERRIS IN THAILAND + + + + + Dalbergia timorensis DC., Prod. 2: 417. 1825. Brachypterum timorensis (DC.) Benth. ex Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 1: 138. 1855. Derris timorensis (DC.) Pittier, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 20: 41. 1917.—TYPE: not indicated (P or G-DC). Dalbergia venusta Zipp. ex Span., Linnaea 15: 197. 1841.— TYPE: LESSER SUNDA ISL. Timor, Zippelius s. n. (holotype: L!, barcode L 0475849; isotype: L!, barcode L 0475873). Millettia litoralis Dunn, Philip. J. Sca., Bot. 6: 316. 1912. Linn. Soc. Bot. 41: 181. 1912. —TYPE: PHILIPPINES. Mindanao, St. Cruz, DeVore and Hoove 250 (holotype: K!). + + Lianas, basal diameter 2–5 cm. Twigs 3–5 mm diam., thinly strigose to glabrous, lenticels throughout. Leaves with 9–13 leaflets. Stipules triangular, 1–1.5 0.9–1.3 mm, outside sericeous, inside glabrous. Petiole 2–5 cm long, grooved above, thinly hirsute or sometimes glabrescent; rachis 5.5–10 cm long, grooved above, (thinly) hirsute to glabrous; pulvinus 3–7 mm long. Stipellae present or sometimes inconspicuous, acicular, up to 1.5 mm long. Leaflets subcoriaceous; terminal one elliptic to obovate, 4.5–8 1.5–3.2 cm, length/width ratio 2.5–3, base cuneate to broadly cuneate or rounded, apex obtuse, usually emarginate or shortly obtusely acuminate, acumen 2–6 mm long, emarginate to rarely rounded, upper surface shiny, glabrous to slightly strigose along midrib, lower surface thinly strigose, midrib and veins slightly raised + + + + 13. Derris scandens (Roxb.) Benth., Proc. Linn. Soc. 4, (Suppl.): 103. 1860. Gagnep. in Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 2: 415. 1916. Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 1: 595. 1922. Merr., Enum. Philipp. 2: 301. 1923. Craib, Fl. Siam. Enum. 1: 492. 1928. Thoth., Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: 177. 1961. Backer & Bakh. f., Fl. Java 1: 618. 1964. Thoth., Fasc. Fl. India 8: 27. 1982. Dalbergia scandens Roxb., Pl. Coromandel 2: 49, pl. 192. 1805. Wight & Arnott, Prod. 1: 264. 1834. Brachypterum scandens (Roxb.) Benth., Ann. Wien. Mus. 2: 101. 1837. Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 1: 138. 1855.— TYPE: INDIA. Roxburgh, Pl. Coromandel 2: 49, pl. 192. 1805 (lectotype designated by Thothathri 1982: CAL). + Representative Specimens Examined—INDIA. Assam: Takubama, Naga Hills, 1–9 Sep 1950, Chand 3618 (L); Cherrapunjee, Khasi Hills, 16 Jul 1952, Koelz 30289 (L). INDONESIA. Celebes: 8 Apr 1896, de Wit I. B. 43 (L); Java: Semarang, Kedoengdjati, 2 Nov 1896, Koorders 25510 (L); Sumatra: Palembang, 19 May 1941, de Wit I. F. 3 (L). LAOS. Pakse: North of Paksong, Bassac, 26 Sep 1928, Poilane 15732 (L); Sayaboury: Phinag, Nampouy village area, near Nam Pouy River, 29 Aug 1999, Maxwell 99– 236 (L). THAILAND. Chanthaburi: Pong Namrawn, Khao Soidao Tai, 12 Feb 1959, Smitinand 5496 (L); Chiang Mai: Doi Sutep-Pui National Park, south side, Mae Heeyah Nai Village area, Muang district, 13 Feb 1990, Maxwell 90–198 (L); Chiang Rai: Doi Laung, Roadside to Ban Mai Pattana, 27 Aug 2009, Sirichamorn YSM 2009–10 (L); Lampang: Muang Pan, Jae Sawn National Park, park headquarters, 30 May 1996, Maxwell 96–752 (L); Mae Hong Son: 18 Jun 1973, Geesink et al. 5951 (K); Phitsanulok: Kaeng Sopha, 28 Jun 1967, Phusomsaeng 265 (L); Phrae, 16 Mar 1961, Phengkhlai 18 (L); Uttaradit: Huay Hin, 15 Apr 1961, Phengkhlai 119 (K). or flat above, raised below, veins 7–12 per side, 3–5 mm apart, curving towards the apex and sometimes reaching the margin, sometimes anastomosing near the margin, venation reticulate; lateral ones mostly like terminal, elliptic to ovate, rarely obovate, 3–6.8 1.2–3.5 cm, length/width ratio 1.9– 2.5; pulvinus 1.5–5 mm long. Pseudoracemes axillary, rarely several together as pseudopanicles, 5–28 cm long, peduncle 1.5–5 cm long, thinly strigose. Bracts subtending brachyblasts ovate-triangular, 0.7–1 0.5– 0.7 mm, outside sericeous, inside glabrous. Brachyblasts knob-like, 2–6 mm long, 5–10-flowered, sericeous. Bracts subtending flowers elliptic to ovate, 0.6– 0.7 0.3–0.5 mm, outside sericeous, inside glabrous. Pedicels 5.5–9 mm long, sericeous. Bracteoles at the base of the calyx, elliptic or ovate, 0.5–0.8 0.3–0.7 mm, outside pubescent, inside glabrous. Calyx reddish or greenish-red, cupshaped, 2.5–2.7 mm high, outside sericeous, inside glabrous, tube ca. 2 mm high; upper lip and lateral lobes hardly visible; lower lobe triangular, ca. 0.7 1.5–2 mm. Corolla white or pale pink. Standard: claw 2–3 mm long; blade orbicular or obovate, 5–8 6–8 mm, apex emarginate, without auricle or basal callosities, outside glabrous or sometimes slightly sericeous at apex, ciliate in lower part to up to halfway, inside glabrous. Wings: claw 2–2.5 mm long; blade narrowly obovate, 4.5–6.5 1–1.5 mm, apex rounded, outside slightly sericeous at the apex and distinctly strigose on both auricles, inside glabrous, upper auricle ca. 0.5 mm long, lower auricle hardly visible, lateral pocket inconspicuous. Keel petals: claw 2.3–2.5 mm long; blade boat-shaped, 6–6.5 2.3– 2.5 mm, apex rounded, outside hairy at the apex, sometimes also along the major veins ventrally, inside glabrous, auricle and lateral pocket hardly visible. Stamens monadelphous, with basal fenestrae, white, 9–12 mm long, free part of filaments 1.5–3.5 mm long, glabrous; anthers 0.3–0.5 0.3–0.4 mm, glabrous. Disc short-tubular, more or less distinctly (5-)10lobed, up to 0.6 mm high. Ovary hairy, 4–5 mm long, stipe hairy, ca. 1 mm long; ovules 8–10; style 4–5.5 mm long, glabrous but slightly hairy at base. Pods strap-like, 4.5–9 0.7–1.5 cm, flat, bulging around the seeds, with a wing along the upper suture only, wing 1–2 mm wide, thinly sericeous; seed chamber hard, usually visible from outside. Seeds beanshaped, flat, ca. 7 5 1 mm; hilum central, ca. 1 mm long. Figure 14. Distribution—Derris scandens is widespread species ranging from Reunion island to India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Myanmar, thoughout Indochina, Thailand, Malay Peninsular, Sumatra, Borneo, Java, Philippines, Celebes, Lesser Sunda Islands, Papua New Guinea (Morobe Prov.), and Australia (Fig. 15). Habitat and Ecology—This common species grows in various types of vegetation: open and disturbed or abandoned cultivated areas, shrubbery, agricultural areas, edges of rice fields, grasslands, or beach or mangrove forest, up to 750 m. Phenology—Flowering is from July to September, or throughout the year. Fruiting is from December to August. Uses—Derris scandens is used as a fish poison. In Thailand stems or roots are used as local medicine for the treatment of osteoarthritis, common cold or backache, also as a diuretic, laxative, expectorant and emmenagogue. Sometimes it is cultivated as an ornamental plant (Hamid 1999: 241). Vernacular Names—Cambodia: Priang (Kampot). Indonesia: Bendan, Gobul (Javanese), Sobi (Madura). Laos: Ta pa (Savannakhet). Philippines: Malasaga (Tagalog), Lapak + are morphologically similar and treated as the same species. A disjunct northern – southeastern distribution is not uncommon (van Welzen pers. comm.). When the brachyblasts are short or when there are more than three flowers on a brachyblast, then the flowers are seemingly more scattered over the brachyblast. In some rare cases, when there are three flowers at the apex of the brachyblasts, then the specimens may easily be mistaken for the genus Paraderris. However, the three-flowered condition has never been found in Thailand so far. 425 + 2012] 426 SYSTEMATIC BOTANY [Volume 37 Fig. 14. Derris scandens (Roxb.) Benth. a. Habit. b. Brachyblast with flower buds. c. Flower. d. Standard, inside view. e. Wing petal. f. Keel petal. g. Stamens. h. Pistil with disk. i. Pod [a-h: Maxwell s. n., barcode L 0475773; i: Maxwell 87–15; all L]. Drawing by Anita Walsmit Sachs (L). SIRICHAMORN et al.: AGANOPE, DERRIS, AND PARADERRIS IN THAILAND 427 nate, both sides slightly sericeous. Leaves with 13–19 leaflets. Petiole 3.5–4.5 cm long, grooved above, sericeous to glabrescent, rachis 17–20 cm long, sericeous to glabrescent, pulvinus 4–6 mm long. Stipellae acicular, 2.5–3.5 mm long, glabrous or with some hairs. Leaflets chartaceous to subcoriaceous; terminal one narrowly obovate, 6–6.5 2–2.3 cm, length/width ratio 2.8–3, base cuneate, apex obtuse to slightly acuminate, acumen 0.2–0.5 mm long, mucronate, upper surface slightly sericeous or sometimes glabrescent, lower surface sericeous, midrib slightly sunken above, veins flat above, raised below, 9–12 per side, 3–5.5 mm apart, curving towards the apex, anastomosing near or sometimes at the margin, venation reticulate; lateral leaflets narrowly obovate or narrowly elliptic, 4–7.5 1.5–2.3 cm, length/width ratio 2.6–3.3, base rounded to cordate, apex obtuse to slightly acuminate with mucronate tip, above slightly sericeous or sometimes glabrescent, below sericeous, venation reticulate; pulvinus ca. 2 mm long. Pseudoracemes axillary, rarely form pseudopanicles, 3–6 cm long, striate, (thinly) sericeous; peduncle up to 1.5 cm long, striate, (thinly) sericeous. Bracts subtending brachyblasts narrowly ovate, 1.5–1.6 0.3–0.5 mm, outside sericeous, inside glabrous. Brachyblasts knob-like, indistinct, 0.1–0.4 mm long, with 2 or 3 flowers. Bracts subtending flowers narrowly ovate to acicular, 1.5–4 0.2– 0.4 mm, outside pubescent, inside glabrous. Pedicels 4.5– 5 mm long, sericeous. Bracteoles on the upper part or at the top of the pedicels, narrowly ovate, 1.3–1.5 0.3–0.4 mm, outside pubescent, inside glabrous. Calyx greenish, cupshaped, 3–3.5 mm high, outside thinly sericeous, inside glabrous, tube 2.8–3 mm high; upper lobes triangular, 0.5– 0.9 1.3–1.5 mm; lateral lobes triangular, 0.4–0.5 1.2– 1.7 mm; lower lobe triangular, 0.7–0.8 1.5–1.7 mm. Corolla pale greenish-white. Standard: claw 1.5–1.7 mm long; blade elliptic or ovate, 11–12 9–11 mm, apex emarginate, basal callosities indistinct, both sides glabrous. Wings: claw 1.8– 2 mm long; blade narrowly elliptic, 7.8–8 1.8–2 mm, apex rounded, auricle indistinct, lateral pocket ca. 0.5 mm long, both sides glabrous but thinly ciliate at the basal part. Keel petals: claw 2.3–2.5 mm long; blade boat-shaped, apex rounded, 6.3–6.5 2.5–2.7 mm, both sides glabrous, lateral pocket 1–2 mm long, auricle indistinct. Stamens monadelphous, with basal fenestrae, 9–10 mm long, free part of filaments 1.5–2 mm long, glabrous; anthers ca. 0.8 0.35 mm, glabrous. Disc annular, more or less distinctly 5-lobed, up to 0.5 mm high. Ovary hairy, 6–6.5 mm long, stipe ca. 1 mm long; ovules 7–12; style 2.5–3 mm long, hairy at base. Pods narrowly ovate to strap-like, 5–11 ca. 2 cm, with thinly scattered appressed hairs especially along suture, thin, veined, wing along the upper suture only, ca. 2 mm wide; seed chamber usually visible from outside, membranous. Seeds ellipsoid, slightly flattened, 7.4–7.7 4–6 mm; hilum central, 1.5–1.7 mm long. Distribution—This species is found in Laos and northern Thailand (Fig. 7). Habitat and Ecology—A species from open, fire prone areas or hill slopes in deciduous, mostly dipterocarp forest with bamboo, shale bedrock, 200–300 m. Phenology—Flowering is from June to September. Fruiting is from August to November Vernacular Names—Thailand: Tao tab pla, Khruea tab pla, Khruea ta pla, Khee chang tao, Khruea lai 14. Derris thorelii (Gagnep.) Craib, Fl. Siam. Enum. 1: 435, 493. 1928. P. K. Lôc & J. E. Vidal, Fl. Cambodge, Laos & Vietnam 30: 56. 2001. Millettia thorelii Gagnep., Not. Syst. (Paris) 2: 365. 1913.—TYPE: LAOS. De Xieng Khouang à Pak Lai, 1866–1868, Thorel s. n. (lectyotype designated by Phan in Phan and Vidal 2001: P!; isolectotype: P!). + Lianas, basal diameter 2–4 cm. Bark thin, smooth, brown. Stipules narrowly triangular, 9–10 1–2 mm, apex acumi- + + + + + + + + + Representative Specimens Examined—AUSTRALIA. Queensland: near Boonal, between Terriotville and Anthony, 30 Nov 1930, Hubbard 5355 (L). BRUNEI. Belait: Seria, 7 Aug 1965, van Niel 4065 (L). INDIA. Andaman and Nicobar Islands: Middle Andaman, from Rangat to logging area ca. 6 km to the N.E. Much, 7 Jun 1977, Bhargara et al. 6438 (L); Tamil Nadu: Kodamady, 23 Jul 1966, Shetty 27910 (L). INDONESIA. Java: Besuki, SW. foot of Mt Baluran, 0–2 km from the road between Banjuwangi (38.3 km) and Situbondo, 25 May 1957, Jacobs 4916 (L); Nusa Tenggara Barat: Along dry riverbed, 8 km east of Sumbawa Besar, 9 Apr 1961, Kostermans 18047 (L); Nusa Tenggara Timur: Flores, 24 Dec 1974, Verheijen 4538 (L); Sumatra: Serdang by Rantaripandjang, 13 Aug 1922, Lörzing 9128 (L). LAOS. Champasak: Khong, Sahong Island, east side, along the bank of the Maekong River, 15 Oct 1997, Maxwell 97–1186 (L); Vientiane: Hatxiafong, Ban Khuay Daeng, forest 2–3 km from village, 7 Jul 1999, Soejarto and Sydara 10831 (L). MALAYSIA. Johore: Bukit Kluang, Besut, 11 Sep 1955, Sinclair and Kiah bin Salleh S. F. 40815 (L); Kedah: Pulau, Langkawi, opposite Timun, 19 Aug 1972, Chin 1836 (L). PHILIPPINES. Leyte: Municip. Ormoc, Bgy. Danao, Lake Danao National Park, Forest along unpaved road surrounding the lake, southest side of the lake, 26 Jun 1993, Soejarto et al. 8063 (L); Luzon: W slope of Mt. Malinaoc, near Buhi, Camarines Sur., 7 Apr 1987, Burley 88 (L); Mindoro: Base SE slope of Mt. Yagaw, 16 Aug 1953, Conklin PNH 18726 (L); Palawan: Jul-Aug 1925, Cenabre FB 29993 (L). REUNION ISLAND. 9 Mar 1977, Cadet 5731 (K). SRI LANKA. Anuradhapura: Hinnukkiriyawa off Kekirawa, 7 Aug 1973, Jayasuriya 1247 (L); Central Province: Matale district, Ereula Tank ca. 5 miles ESE of Dambulla, 11 Oct 1974, Davidse 7401 (L). THAILAND. Ang Thong: Wat Giang, 15 Aug 1971, Maxwell 71– 481 (L); Chon Buri: Siracha, Si Chang island, east side of Kow Kwang, 9 Sep 1993, Maxwell 93–1023 (L); Khon Kaen, 24 Jul 1967, Bunma 37910 (L); Nakhon Ratchasima: Pak Chawng, 4 Sep 1958, Smitinand 4849 (L); Pattani: Muang, Ban Boo Boh, 6 Jan 1987, Maxwell 87–15 (L); Phetchaburi: Kaeng Krachan, Kaeng Krachan National Park, along the road toward national park headquarters, 9 Aug 2002, Middleton et al. 858 (L); Phuket: Ao Sane beach, 10 July 1979, Niyomdham et al. 259 (L); Prachuap Khiri Khan: Pran Buri, Kui Buri National Park, trail from park headquarters, 19 Aug 2002, Middleton et al. 1214 (L); Ratchaburi: Khao Nam Tok, west of Huai Yang, 10 Aug 1966, K. Larsen et al. 1352 (P); Sakon Nakhon: Panna Ni Kom, 28 Jun 1932, Lakshnakara 1023 (L); Trat: between Trat and Roem Ngop, wayside, 1 Aug 1973, Murata et al. T-17394 (L). EAST TIMOR. E. of Laleia river, N. Timor., 13 Dec 1953, Van Steenis 18009 (L). + (Bikol). Thailand: Tao wan priang (Central), Ta pla, Tao ta pla, Khruea khao nang (Nakhon Ratchasima), Pan sanai (Peninsular). Vietnam: (Dây) Thùc binh (Ninh Thuân) + Fig. 15. Distribution of Derris scandens (Roxb.) Benth. + + + 2012] Representative Specimens Examined—THAILAND. Chiang Mai: Doi Suthep, 9 Apr 1909, Kerr 588 (K); Chiang Rai: Hui Pa Lai Doi Duan, SYSTEMATIC BOTANY 15. Derris tonkinensis Gagnep., Not. Syst. (Paris) 2: 349. 1913; in Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 2: 458, Fig. 44. 1916. F. C. How, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 3: 220. 1954. P. K. Lôc & J. E. Vidal, Fl. Cambodge, Laos & Vietnam 30: 77. 2001.—TYPE: VIETNAM. Quang Ninh, rochers calcaires de la Baie de Ha Long, 3 Jul 1885, Balansa 1189 (lectotype designated by Phan in Phan and Vidal 2001: P!; isolectotype: K!). + + + + + + + + + + + + + Lianas, basal diameter 2–4 cm. Bark thin, smooth, light brown-gray, lenticellate. Stipules triangular, ca. 1.5 1– 1.5 mm, outside slightly hairy, glabrescent, inside glabrous. Leaves with 5–7 leaflets. Petiole 1.8–4 cm long, grooved above, glabrous, rachis 1.7–4 cm long, pulvinus 2–4.5 mm long. Stipellae absent. Leaflets: subcoriaceous; terminal one elliptic to obovate, 4.5–8.5 1.7–3.5 cm, length/width ratio 2.5–2.6, base broadly cuneate, apex acuminate, acumen up to 10 mm long, rounded, upper and lower surface glabrous or thinly sericeous, midrib raised above, veins flat or slightly sunken above, slightly raised below, 7–14 per side, 3.5– 10 mm apart, not reaching the margin but curving towards the apex, venation reticulate; lateral ones elliptic to narrowly 1.5–2.7 cm, length/width ratio 2–2.6, base elliptic, 3–7.2 broadly cuneate to rounded, apex acuminate, acumen 5– 7 mm long, rounded, above and below glabrous or thinly sericeous, not glaucous; pulvinus 1.5–3 mm long. Pseudoracemes/pseudopanicles axillary or terminal, 6.5–20 cm long, striate, (thinly) sericeous, glabrescent; peduncle 0.5– 2 cm long, striate, (thinly) sericeous, glabrescent; lateral branches up to 11 cm long. Bracts subtending brachyblasts ovate to triangular, 0.6–1 0.4–0.8 mm, outside pubescent, inside glabrous. Brachyblasts club-shaped to elongate cylindrical, 2–13 mm long, with 3–8 flowers, sometimes disappearing near the top of the inflorescence and then flowers solitary. Bracts subtending flowers ovate with acute 0.3–0.4 mm, outside pubescent, inside glaapex, 0.4–0.7 brous. Pedicels 2–5 mm long, sericeous. Bracteoles at the top of the pedicels, ovate, ca. 0.6 0.4 mm, outside pubescent, inside glabrous. Calyx maroonish, cup-shaped, 2–3 mm high, outside thinly sericeous, inside glabrous or sericeous along the margin, tube 2–2.5 mm high; upper lip with 2 short lobes, 0.2–0.3 2–2.5 mm; lateral and lower lobes shortly triangular, ca. 0.5 1.5 mm, apex obtuse or sometimes rounded. Flowers slightly fragrant. Corolla white with pinkish hue. Standard: claw 0.7–1 mm long; blade orbicular 6–7 ca. 6 mm, apex emarginate, without auricles or basal callosities, both sides glabrous. Wings usually curved backward; claw ca. 3 mm long; blade narrowly elliptic, 7–8 0.7–1 mm, apex rounded, auricle ca. 1 mm long, both sides glabrous. Keel petals: claw ca. 2 mm long; blade boat-shaped, 7–7.5 2– 2.5 mm, apex rounded, both sides glabrous, lateral pocket up to 1.5 mm long or sometime indistinct, auricle 0.8–1 mm long. Stamens monadelphous, with basal fenestrae, 10– 12 mm long, free part of filaments 1.5–2 mm long, glabrous; 0.2 mm, glabrous. Disc annular, 0.2– anthers ca. 0.5 0.3 mm high. Ovary 6.5–7 mm long, hairy, stipe indistinct; style 5–6 mm long, hairy at base; ovules 4 or 5. Pods straplike or sometime elliptic, 5–12 1.5–3 cm, thin, glabrescent, with wings along both sutures, upper wing 4–7 mm wide, lower wing 1–3 mm wide; seed chamber hardly visible. Seeds 1 or 2 per pod, ellipsoid, flat, ca. 8 19 1–2 mm; hilum central, 1–4 mm long. Distribution—Derris tonkinensis occurs in south China, northern Vietnam, and Thailand (Fig. 12). Habitat and Ecology—This is a species that grows on rugged limestone mountain, in mixed evergreen or deciduous hardwood forest, light shade to open exposed areas damaged seasonally by fire, 550–1,625 m. Phenology—Flowering is from August to September. Fruiting is from October to December. Notes—Derris tonkinensis is a limestone species (Phan and Vidal 2001: 78) known from mountains in Laos, Vietnam, and northern Thailand. The first author also found specimens from limestone mountains in southwestern and Peninsular Thailand, that are similar to the northern specimens in many characters. However, they have not been included in D. tonkinensis yet, awaiting further molecular evidence. + 12 Jul 1926, Garrett 299 (L); Loei: Wang Sapung, 8 Mar 1924, Kerr 8629 (K); Nan: 18 Jul 1926, Winit 1758 (K); Phrae: Song, Mae Yom National Park, west side of Mae Yom River, Mae Den area, 12 Nov 1991, Maxwell 91–1024 (L). [Volume 37 + 428 Representative Specimens Examined—THAILAND. Chiang Mai: Chiang Dao, Doi Chiang Dao Animal Sanctuary, Doi Luang valley, 6 Nov 1995, Maxwell 95–1085 (L); Lampang: Wahng Nua, Jae Sawn National Park, northern part, Wahng Die Subdistrict; Pah Ngam (Nahn Kaht) limestone mountain; summit above Maw Cave, 3 Oct 1996, Maxwell 96–1282 (L). VIETNAM. Quang Ninh, 3 Jul 1885, Balansa 1189 (P). 16. Derris trifoliata Lour., Fl. Cochin. 433. 1790. Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 1: 144. 1855. Craib, Fl. Siam. Enum. 1: 494. 1928. Thoth., Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: 181. 1961; P. K. Lôc & J. E. Vidal, Fl. Cambodge, Laos & Vietnam 30: 74. 2001. Deguelia trifoliata (Lour.) Taub. in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3: 345. 1894.—TYPE: CHINA. Guangdong, Loureiro s. n. (holotype: P!). Dalbergia heterophylla Willd., Sp. Pl. 3: 901. 1803. Derris heterophylla (Willd.) Backer ex Heyne, Nutt. Pl. ed. 2: 806. 1927. Backer & Bakh. f., Fl. Java 1: 619. 1964. Rudd, Rev. Hand. Fl. Ceylon 7: 232. 1991.—TYPE: INDIA, Herbarium Willdenow 13073 (Roxburgh?, see Note) (lectotype designated by Rudd 1991: B!, photo). Robinia uliginosa Willd., Sp. Pl. 3: 1133. 1803. Galedupa uliginosa (Willd.) Roxb., Fl. Ind. ed.2, 3: 243. 1832. Derris uliginosa (Willd.) Benth. in Miq., Pl. Junghuhn. 252. 1852. Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 1: 141, Table 3, fig. H. 1855. Baker in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 2: 241. 1878. Heyne, Nutt. Pl. 2: 308. 1916. Gagnep. in Lecomte, Fl. IndoChine 2: 453. 1916. Ridl., Fl. Mal. Pensins. 1: 595, Fig. 54. 1922.—TYPE: INDIA. Roxburgh s. n. (holotype: B, lost, isotype: BM!, photo). Pterocarpus frutescens Blanco, Fl. Filip.: 562. 1837. ed. 2: 392. 1845. ed. 3, 2: 356. 1879.—TYPE: PHILIPPINES. Luzon, Bulacan Prov., Obando, Merrill Species Blancoanea 541 (neotype here designated: L!; isoneotype: US). Derris multiflora Benth. in Miq., Pl. Jungh. 253. 1852. Benth., Proc. Linn. Soc. 4 (Suppl.): 108. 1860.—TYPE: INDONESIA. Java, Anjol, Mt. Blitaran, Junghuhn 47 (holotype: K!). Brachypterum floribundum Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 1: 139. 1855. Derris floribunda (Miq.) Benth., Proc. Linn. Soc. 4 (Suppl.): 105. 1860. King, J. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 66: 105. 1897. Deguelia floribunda (Miq.) Taub. in Engl. & Prantl. Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3, 3: 345. 1894.—TYPE: INDONESIA. Java, near Samarang, Horsfield s. n. (L20) (holotype: K!; isotypes: CAL, U!, barcode U 0003511). Derris forsteriana Blume ex Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 1: 144, t. 3, fig. G. 1855.—TYPE: INDONESIA. Celebes, 8 Sep 1813, Forsten s. n. (lectotype here designated: L!, barcode L 0476090). 2012] SIRICHAMORN et al.: AGANOPE, DERRIS, AND PARADERRIS IN THAILAND + + Lianas, sometimes more or less creeping, up to 8 m long, up to 5 cm diam. Twigs hollow, 4–7 mm diam., glabrous, lenticellate. Leaves with 3–7 leaflets, rarely unifoliolate. Stipules triangular, 1.5–2 ca. 2 mm, glabrous, caducous. Petiole 1.5–10 cm long, grooved above, striate, glabrous; rachis 1.5– 6 cm long, grooved above, striate, glabrous; pulvinus 3– 10 mm long, glabrous. Stipellae sometimes present, acicular, 0.5–1(–1.5) mm long, glabrous. Leaflets subcoriaceous to coriaceous; terminal one ovate to elliptic, 3.5–16 1.5–8.5 cm, length/width ratio 1.8–3, base slightly cordate to (sub)peltate, rarely rounded, apex emarginate, rounded or acuminate, acumen 3–25 mm long, upper and lower surface glabrous, midrib and nerves flat or slightly raised, veins 5–11 per side, 3–20 mm apart, not reaching the margin but curving towards the apex, anastomosing before the margin, venation reticulate; lateral ones mostly like the terminal one, narrowly elliptic to ovate, 2.5–12 1–5.5 cm, length/width ratio 1.7–3.6; pulvinus 4–7 mm long. Pseudoracemes axillary or ramiflorous (then often on creeping branches), rarely pseudo-panicles, 1–18 cm long, peduncle 0.2–4.5 cm long, thinly strigose. Bracts subtending brachyblasts triangular, 0.6 –1.4 0.5 – 1 mm, outside glabrous or thinly sericeous, margin ciliate, inside glabrous. Brachyblasts knob-like, up to 5 mm long, with 2 or 3(–7) flowers. Bracts subtending flowers elliptic to triangular, orbicular or cordate, 0.5–0.8 0.3–0.6 mm, both sides glabrous, margin ciliate. Pedicels 2–6 mm long, glabrous or with few hairs. Bracteoles at the apex or the upper part of the pedicels, elliptic, triangular, orbicular or cordate, 0.5–0.7 0.4–0.6 mm, both sides glabrous, margin ciliate. Calyx cup-shaped, 2.5–4 mm long, outside glabrous, teeth ciliate, inside sericeous in upper part, tube 2–3 mm long; upper lip usually shallowly notched, 0.25–0.5 2.5–4 mm; lateral lobes triangular or semi-circular, ca. 0.5 1–2 mm; lower lobe triangular, ca. 0.5 1.5–2 mm. Corolla white to pale pink, rarely purple or pale blue. Standard with a green spot at the base; claw 2–3 mm long; blade orbicular, 7– 9.5 7.5–10 mm, apex slightly emarginate, basal callosities absent, both sides glabrous. Wings: claw 2.5–4 mm long; blade elliptic, 6–9 2–3 mm, apex rounded, both sides glabrous, lateral pocket indistinct, upper auricle 0.5–1 mm long. Keel petals: claw 2.5–3.5 mm long; blade boat-shaped, 6–8 3–4 mm, apex rounded, both sides glabrous, lateral pocket ca. 2 mm long, upper auricle indistinct or sometimes up to 1 mm long. Stamens monadelphous, with basal fenestrae, 8–12 mm long, free part 1.5–4 mm long, glabrous; anthers 0.6–0.8 0.3–0.5 mm, glabrous. Disc absent. Ovary 3–5 mm long, stipe indistinct, sericeous; ovules 3–8; style 6–9 mm long, glabrous or sometimes sericeous for up to 2/3. Pods elliptic to more or less discoid or obovoid, 30–55 20– 37 mm, with few hairs especially basally and on the beak, upper wing only, 1–5 mm wide; seed chamber absent. Seeds 1–3 per fruit, flat, bean-shaped, 13–23 12–21 2–5 mm; hilum central, ca. 1 mm long. Distribution—Derris trifoliata is the most widespread species of the genus Derris, occurring along southern and eastern coast of Africa, Madagascar, Reunion, Seychelles, India and Sri Lanka to China and the Ryukyus, southward to SE Asia, Thailand and throughout Malesia up toward Australia and the west Pacific (Fig. 16). Habitat and Ecology—This is a species that grows in primary and secondary forests along coasts, on beaches, in mangrove, along dikes, river banks, and brackish swamps, up to 400 m. 429 Distribution of Derris trifoliata Lour. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Fig. 16. Phenology—Flowering and fruiting are throughout the year. Uses—It is used as a fish poison. Also used in local medicine as a stimulant, antispasmodic, and counter-irritant, and against rheumatism, chronic paralysis, and dysmenorrhoea. In Papua New Guinea a decoction of the roots is used externally against fever and internally against sores. Thai traditional doctors used roots or stems as a laxative, carminative, and anti-arthritis treatment. Vernacular Names—Indonesia: Areuy ki tonggeret, Tuwa areuy (Sundanese); Gadal (Javanese). Malaysia: Tuba bekut (Peninsular). Papua New Guinea: Gamo (Zimanki), Woifatum (Wanigela). Philippines: Silasila, Asiasimanan (Tagalog); Butong (Bisaya). Thailand: Tob tab nam, Khweap ta-le, Phak tab (Central), Top tab ta-le (South-western). Vietnam: (Dây) Cóc kèn, (Dây) Ngái. Notes—Types of Dalbergia heterophylla and Robinia uliginosa were studied from microfilm deposited in L. The first one belongs to Herbarium Willdenow 13073 without name or number of the collector on the specimen’s label. However, Roxburgh is possibly the collector of this specimen because his name (and the same handwriting) is present on other related specimens. Representative Specimens Examined—AUSTRALIA. Northern Territory: Oenpelli, on muddy bank of tidal East Alligator River, 14 Oct 1948, Specht 1199 (L); Queensland: McIvor River, 25 Jul 1972, Stocker 895 (L). BRUNEI. Belait: Kula Belait, 7 Aug 1965, van Niel 4064 (L); BruneiMuara: Sengkurong, Jerudong, 26 Jan 1994, Said BRUN 16702 (L). FIJI. Viti Levu: Serua, Flat coastal strip in vicinity of Ngaloa, 26 Dec 1953, Smith 9335 (L). GUAM Riverine Forest at Mouth of Talofofo River, 3 Jun 1962, Stone 4180 (L). INDIA. Andaman and Nicobar Islands: Jula, Katchal Island, roadside, 27 Dec 1974, Chakrabarty 2238 (L). INDONESIA. Bali: Beroa Bay, 25 Sep 1992, Gordon and Bougher M34 (L); Celebes: Along South shore of Lake Matano, West of Soroaka, 14 Jun 1979, Hennipman 5810 (L); Java: Pantai Damas, Prigi, 12 Jun 1983, Afriastini 1229 (L); Kalimantan Timur: PT. Inhutani I, Berau, Labanan area beside Labanan river, 29 May 1997, Ambriansyah Berau 555a (L); Moluccas: Halmahera, Babano igo, 2 Nov 1951, Idjan and Mochtar 378 (L); Nusa Tenggara Timur: Flores, 13 Apr 1973, Verheijen 3385 (L); Papua: Batana Island, Amdoei, distr. Radjah Ampat, 2 Apr 1954, van Royen 3301 (L); Sumatra: Atjeh, Kampong Sigleng, N. from Troemon, 29 Aug 1941, Asdat 152a (L); Riau, Lingga Arch, Pulau Lingga, Kampong Daik, 14 Jul 1919, Beumée 1925 (L). JAPAN. Ryukyu Islands: Yonaguni Island, east of Sonai, 27 Aug 1951, Walker and Tawada 6796 (L). MADAGASCAR. Toamasina: N. end of Bay of Antongil, c 2 km east of Maroansetra, 24 Apr 1989, D. J. and B. P. Du Puy M 211 (K). MALAYSIA. Johore: Sedili Kecil, 25 Sep 1971, Res 00420 (L); Perak: Kuala Sepetang near Port Weld mangrove zone, 9 Jun 1983, Stone 15558 (L); Negeri Sembilan: Port Dickson, 22 Feb 1946, Monod de Froideville 800 (L); Selangor: 13 Sep 1967, Carrick 1634 (L). Sabah: Kunak, Road to oil palm, Kunak town, 10 Jul 1979, Madani SAN 90782 (L); Sarawak: Gunong Api, ulu Sg. Melinau, Tutoh, Baram District. NE flank of mountain, 27 Sep 1971, Anderson S 30762 (L); Trengganu: Kemaman, 13 Jul 1931, Osman 430 SYSTEMATIC BOTANY and Tachon KEP 27013 (L). MICRONESIA. Chuuk: Moen Island, south of Moen Village, 15 Nov 1949, Anderson 738 (L); Kosrae: Lela (Lele) Island, Lela (Lele) Harbor, 19–21 Aug 1946, Fosberg 26544 (L); Pohnpei: Nanmatol Islet, Matalanim District, 11 Aug 1946, Fosburg 26384 (L). NEW CALEDONIA. Ponérihouen: Monéo, 1 Jan 1961, Mckee 7879 (L). PALAU ISLANDS. Babeldaob (Babelthuap) Island: Garamiscan Colony, Garamiscan (Almiokan) River, 20 Jul 1946, Fosberg 25739 (L). PAPUA NEW GUINEA. Madang: Laing Island, Hansa Bay near Bogia, 28 Jun 1980, Goetghebeur 3509 (L); Manus: Lou Island, area of hot spring and mud field, close to the south coast, 4 Dec 1975, Sands et al. 3027 (L); Milne Bay: Goodenough island, Bolu Bolu, 29 Sep 1953, Brass 24434 (L); West New Britain: Fullerborn Harbour, Gasmata, 7 May 1973, Womersley LAE 55338 (L); West Sepik: Creek between Wara Col and Musu river along Vanimo-Wutung road, Vanimo, 29 Sep 1977, Wiakabu LAE 73335 (L). PHILIPPINES. Luzon: La Union, Sta. Rita, 19 Oct. 1992, Barbon et al. PPI 8968 (L); Mindanao: Mati, Davao, Mar-Apr 1927, Ramos and Edano PNH 49040 (L); Mindanao: Agusan Norte, Tungao, NALCO, 19 May 1991, Barton et al. PPI 1892 (L); Mindoro: Mt. Yagaw, 25 Mar 1958, Conklin PNH 37861 (L); Palawan: Sidanow, 25 Apr 1964, Mendoza and Espiritu PNH 91257 (L). SINGAPORE. Changi Point, 18 Sep 1979, Maxwell 79–16 (L). SOLOMON ISLANDS. Santa Isabel: Binusa, N.W. Santa Isabel, Beach side, 18 Jan 1966, Beer’s collectors 6793 (L); Ulawa Island: Olosu’u, beach side, 4 Feb 1965, Teona 6225 (L). SOUTH AFRICA. Natal: Mtunzini, 4 Mar 1967, Strey 7396 (K). SRI LANKA. Eastern Province: Trincomalee District, ca. 5 miles due S of Tamaivillu, 14 Oct 1974, Davidse 7583 (L); Western Province: Thalahena, Colombo District, 10 Aug 1974, Waas 723 (L). THAILAND. Kanchanaburi: 3 Jan 1929, Kerr 10130 (L); Narathiwat: Ban Ka Pong Baa Ruu, Ra Ngea, 21 Aug 1988, Niyomdham and Ueachirakan 1895 (L); Pangnga: Kraburi, 8 May 1973, Geesink and Santisuk 5249 (L); Ranong: Ban Tha Mai, 6 km from the coast, 10 Jul 1968, van der Kevie 37 (L); Samut Prakan: Sawangkaniwas (Thai red cross society), Tai Ban, Muang, 20 Aug 2009, Sirichamorn YSM2009–06 (L); Samut Songkhram: Bahn Koon Chong, Muang District, 23 Aug 1975, Maxwell 75–916 (L); Songkhla: Yaw Island (Ko Yao), south side, 27 Aug 1986, Maxwell 86–621 (L). EAST TIMOR. Weluli, 21 Jul 1966, Friedberg 398 (L). Paraderris (Miq.) Geesink, Leiden Bot. Ser. 8: 109. 1984. Derris Lour. sect. Paraderris Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. 1: 145. 1855. Benth., Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond. 4, Suppl.: 111. 1860. Geesink, Adv. Leg. Syst. 1: 256. 1981. Deguelia Aubl. Sect. [Volume 37 Paradeguelia Taub. in Engl. & Prantl., Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3: 345. 1894, nom illeg.—TYPE: Derris cuneifolia Benth. (lectotype designated by Geesink 1984). [= Paraderris cuneifolia (Benth.) Geesink]. Lianas. Leaves imparipinnate; stipules present, sometimes caducous; stipellae absent or occasionally present but then much reduced. Leaflets 3–15 per leaf, opposite, entire, often obovate. Pseudoracemes axillary, sometimes terminal, rarely pseudopanicles; flowers usually 2 or 3 on the top of long and slender brachyblasts. Bracts subtending brachyblasts and flowers persistent or caducous, shorter than the corresponding flower buds; bracteoles usually in the upper part of the pedicel or at the base of the calyx. Calyx cup-shaped, bilabiate, upper lip 2-lobed, often indistinct; lower lip 3-lobed, inside usually sericeous in upper part. Corolla whitish or pinkish; standard with 2 large basal callosities, in 1 or 2 species without any basal callosities, reflexed at base; wings approximately as long as keel petals, wings and keel petals adherent by lateral pockets or hooked together via auricles or twisted claws (or any combination). Stamens 10, monadelphous, with basal fenestrae; anthers all fertile, usually hairy. Disc inconspicuous, annular. Ovary with 1–7 ovules. Pods indehiscent to rarely tardily dehiscent, leathery, rarely woody, with a wing along both sutures or along the upper suture only, rarely unwinged, seed chamber present or absent. Seeds 1–3, bean-shaped, often flat; hilum usually central. Distribution—The genus is from SE Asia, from India, Myanmar, throughout Malesia up to New Guinea. Habitat and Ecology—Like Derris, Paraderris prefers light and water. The genus is usually found in fully exposed to semi-shaded areas along streams or rivers. Key to the Thai Species of Paraderris Leaflets (thinly) sericeous below. Calyx sericeous outside. Standard sericeous except for the rim and claw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. P. elliptica Leaflets mostly glabrous below. Calyx glabrous or thinly sericeous outside. Standard glabrous, sometimes thinly ciliate at apex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2. Blade of standard 8–8.5 mm long, basal callosities small, indistinct or absent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. P. laotica 2. Blade of standard more than 10 mm long, basal callosities large and distinct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3. Leaflets 5–9 3.3–5 cm, apex rounded to shortly acuminate, acumen 3–4 mm long.—N. India, Nepal, Myanmar, S. China, and N. Thailand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. P. cuneifolia 3. Leaflets 6.5–18.5 3.3–9 cm, apex acuminate, acumen 5–20 mm long.—Thailand, throughout Malesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. P. montana + + 1. 1. Galedupa marginata Roxb. [Hort. Bengal. 53. 1814 (nom. nud.)], Fl. Ind. 3: 241. 1832.—TYPE: INDIA. Silhet, Wallich Cat. 5896A (holotype: K-W; isotype: P!). Derris discolor Benth., Proca. Linn. Soc. 4 (Suppl.): 111. 1860.— TYPE: INDIA. Sikkim: Terai, lower hill, J. D. Hooker s. n. (holotype: K!; isotypes: K!, P!). Derris hancei Hemsl., Bot. Mag. t. 8008 (after D. alborubra Hemsl.): 131. 1905.—TYPE: CHINA. Canton: along the river, Sampson in herb. Hance 9920 (holotype: K!). Derris glauca Merr. & Chun, Sunyattsenia 2: 246. 1953.— TYPE: CHINA. Hainan: Ngai Yuen, 4 Jun 1933, F. C. How 70860 (holotype: NY!, photo; isotypes: US!, A). Derris truncata Craib, Kew Bull. 385. 1927.—TYPE: THAILAND. Pitsanulok: Nakhawn Tai, 3 Apr 1924, Kerr 8898 (holotype: K!; isotype: BK!). Derris cuneifolia Benth. var. longipedicellata Thoth., Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: 191. 1961. Fasc. Fl. Ind 8: 15. 1982.—TYPE: INDIA. Sikkim: Sivoke, Ribu 760 (holotype: CAL, see Thothathri 1961). Derris cuneifolia Benth. forma assamica Thoth., Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: 192. 1961. Fasc. Fl. Ind 8: 15. 1982.—TYPE: INDIA. Assam: Cachar, Bishnupur, U. Kanjilal 4835 (holotype: CAL, see Thothathri 1961). Lianas. Twigs 3–6 mm diam., smooth or slightly lenticellate, thinly hirsute in young parts, older parts glabrescent. Leaves with 5–9 leaflets, rarely up to 15. Stipules ovate, 1.5–2 2–2.5 mm, outside thinly sericeous, margin ciliate, inside glabrous. Petiole 5–7.5 cm long, striate; rachis 4–8 cm long, striate, glabrous to thinly hirsute at the upper side; pulvinus 4–8 mm long, hirsute, especially at the base. Stipellae absent. Leaflets chartaceous, terminal one obovate, 5–9 3.4–5 cm, length/width ratio 1.5–1.8, base cuneate, apex + Paraderris cuneifolia (Benth.) Geesink, Scala Millettiearum: 109. 1984. Derris cuneifolia Benth. in Miq., Pl. Jungh. 253. 1852. Proc. Linn. Soc. 4 (Suppl.): 112. 1860. Prain, J. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 66, 2: 459. 1897. Thoth., Fasc. Fl. India 8: 13. 1982. Deguelia cuneifolia (Benth.) Taub. in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3: 345. 1894.—TYPE: NEPAL. Nookate, Wallich Cat. 5887 (lectotype designated by Thothathri 1982: CAL; isolectotypes: K!; BM, LE). + 1. 2012] SIRICHAMORN et al.: AGANOPE, DERRIS, AND PARADERRIS IN THAILAND Thomson s. n. (P). THAILAND. Pitsanulok: Nakhawn Tai, 3 Apr 1924, Kerr 8898 (BK). 2. Paraderris elliptica (Wall.) Adema, Thai. For. Bull., Bot. 28: 11. 2001. Pongamia elliptica Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 3: 20, t. 237. 1832. Derris elliptica (Wall.) Benth., Proc. Linn. Soc. 4 (Suppl.): 111. 1860. Prain, J. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 66, 2: 460. 1897. Gagnep. in Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 2: 461. 1916. Thoth., Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: 194. 1961. Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 1: 597. 1922. Craib, Fl. Siam. Enum. 1: 488. 1928. Backer & Bakh. f., Fl. Java 1: 617. 1964. P. K. Lôc & J. E. Vidal, Fl. Cambodge, Laos & Vietnam 30: 60. 2001.— TYPE: INDIA. Hort. Bot. Calcutta (originally from Ambon), Wallich 5881A (holotype: K!; isotype: CAL, fragments). Dalbergia purpurea Reinw. ex Hassk., Flora 25, Beibl. 2: 53. 1842.—TYPE: INDONESIA. Java, Blume s. n. (holotype: L!, barcode L 0475217). Pongamia hypoleuca Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 1: 148. 1855.—TYPE: BORNEO. Korthals s. n. (lectotype drsignated by Adema 2003a: L!, barcode L 0475263). Pongamia volubilis Zoll. & Mor. var glaucophylla Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 1: 149. 1855. Derris elliptica (Wall.) Benth var glaucophylla (Miq.) Kaneh. & Hatus., Bot. Mag. Tokyo 56: 364. 1942.—TYPE: INDONESIA. Java, Anonymous s. n. (lectotype designated by Adema 2003a: L!, barcode L 0475218). Derris elliptica (Wall.) Benth. var. chittagongensis Thoth., Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: 195. 1961. Fasc. Fl. India 8: 18. 1982. Paraderris elliptica (Wall.) Adema var. chittagongensis (Thoth.) Adema, Blumea 48: 137. 2003.—TYPE: INDIA. Chittagong: Kodla, Baldal Khan 450 (C) (holotype: CAL!; isotype: CAL, photo K!). Lianas, up to 5 m high. Bark dull greenish to brown. Twigs 4–15 mm diam., hirsute, glabrescent in older parts, lenticellate. Leaves with 7–15 leaflets. Stipules triangular or ovate, 3–3.5 1.7–3 mm, outside sericeous, inside glabrous. Petiole 4–14.5 cm long, striate, (thinly) hirsute; rachis 6–20.5 cm long, striate, (thinly) hirsute; pulvinus 5–11 mm long, (thinly) hirsute. Stipellae rarely present, acicular, ca. 1.5 mm long. Leaflets chartaceous to subcoriaceous, terminal one obovate to narrowly obovate, 7–16 2–5 cm, length/width ratio 3.2–4.3, base cuneate, apex acuminate, acumen 3–20 mm long, + + + + Representative Specimens Examined— CHINA. Guangzhou: along the river, 1870, Sampson 9920 (P); Hainan: Ku Tung Village, Ching Mai District, 2 May 1933, Lei 612 (L). INDIA. Silhet: s. d., Hooker and Fig. 17. Distribution of Paraderris cuneifolia (Benth.) Geesink (circle) and P. laotica (Gagnep.) Adema (diamond). + + + + + + + + + shortly acuminate or obtuse, acumen 3–4 mm long, rounded, upper surface glabrous, lower surface with widely scattered appressed hairs, especially along the midrib and veins, midrib flat to slightly sunken above, raised below, nerves flat or slightly raised above, raised below, 8–11 per side, 6–10 mm apart, curving towards the apex and almost reaching the leaf margin, anastomosing near or close to the margin, venation reticulate; lateral leaflets mostly like terminal one, elliptic or obovate, 6–7.5 3.3–4 cm, length/width ratio 1.8–1.9; pulvinus ca. 4.5 mm long, thinly sericeous. Pseudoracemes axillary or rarely terminal, rarely combined to pseudopanicles, 7–16 cm long; peduncle 1–4.5 cm long, glabrous to thinly strigose; lateral branches up to 7 cm long. Bracts subtending brachyblasts ovate to triangular, 1.7–1.8 1.5–1.6 mm, outside sericeous, margin ciliate, inside glabrous. Brachyblasts slender, cylindrical, 5–9 mm long, with 2 or 3 flowers at the apex. Bracts subtending flowers broadly elliptic to ovate, 1– 1.1 0.7–0.8 mm, outside glabrous or thinly sericeous, margin ciliate, inside glabrous. Pedicels 3–9.5 mm long, glabrous or thinly sericeous. Bracteoles at the top of the pedicels, elliptic to ovate or orbicular, ca. 1 0.7–0.8 mm, outside glabrous or thinly sericeous, margin ciliate, inside glabrous or thinly sericeous at the apex. Calyx 3–4.5 mm high, reddish, outside glabrous to thinly sericeous, margin ciliate, inside glabrous, tube 2.5–4 mm high; upper lip indistinct or sometimes with 2 short semicircular lobes; lateral lobes (broadly) triangular, 0.3–0.5 2–2.5 mm; lower lobe triangular, 0.4–0.5 2–3 mm. Corolla white or pink. Standard: claw 2–2.5 mm long; blade broadly ovate to orbicular, 11.5–12 10–13 mm, apex rounded, glabrous, basal callosities present. Wings: claw 2.5–4 mm long; blade elliptic, 10–11 3.8–4 mm, apex rounded, both sides glabrous or thinly ciliate at apex, upper auricle 0.5–1 mm long, lower auricle 0.2–0.4 mm long, lateral pocket 2.5–3.5 mm long, Keel petals: claw 4–4.5 mm long; blade boat-shaped, 9.6–10 3.5–3.7 mm, apex rounded, both sides glabrous or with some hairs at the apex, auricle up to 0.7 mm long or sometimes indistinct, lateral pocket 3–4 mm long. Stamens monadelphous with basal fenestrae, 9–11 mm long, free part 3–4 mm long, glabrous; anthers 0.6–0.9 0.3–0.5 mm, glabrous. Disc annular or with (up to) 10 lobes, 0.2–0.5 mm high, with some hairs. Ovary 3.5–7 mm long, sericeous; stipe usually indistinct but sometimes up to 1 mm long; ovules 3 or 4; style 6–7 mm long, sericeous in lower part. Pods elliptic or ovate, 40–50 20– 23 mm, glabrous, with wing along both sutures, upper wing 3–4.5 mm wide, lower wing 3–4.5 mm wide, sometimes indistinct; seed chamber absent. Seeds unknown. Distribution—This species occurs in India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar, south China, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Celebes (Fig. 17). Habitat and Ecology—This is a species from primary and secondary dry evergreen forests, often along rivers. Phenology—Flowering is from March to May. Fruiting is from June to July. Notes—Pods of P. cuneifolia are flatter and more distinctly winged than those of P. montana. Without pods, the species are similar. However, we still consider them as separate species, because they also have a different distribution. P. cuneifolia has a more northern distribution, while P. montana has a southern distribution. Type specimens deposited in CAL could not be examined. 431 SYSTEMATIC BOTANY + + + + + + + + + + + + + rounded, upper surface glabrous to thinly sericeous, lower surface more or less sericeous, older leaflets often less hairy, midrib flat above, rarely slightly sunken, raised below, nerves flat above, raised below, 7–14 per side, 3–16 mm apart, curving towards the apex and almost reaching the margin, sometimes anastomosing near the margin, venation reticulate; lateral leaflets mostly like terminal one, narrowly elliptic to obovate, 4–16 2–5.5 cm, length/width ratio 2–4; pulvinus 3–7 mm long, (thinly) sericeous. Pseudoracemes/ pseudopanicles axillary, rarely terminal, up to 30 cm long; peduncle 0.5–5.5 cm long, sericeous; lateral branches 5–20 cm long. Bracts subtending brachyblasts ovate to triangular, 1.5–2.5 1–1.5 mm, outside sericeous, inside glabrous. Brachyblasts long cylindrical, 10–25 mm long, with 2 or 3 flowers at the apex. Bracts subtending flowers ovate, elliptic, triangular or cordate, 1.5– 2.5 1–2 mm, outside sericeous, inside glabrous. Pedicels 5– 11 mm long, sericeous. Bracteoles at the top of the pedicels, (narrowly) ovate or triangular, 1–2.7 1–2 mm, outside sericeous, inside glabrous. Calyx 5.5–7 mm high, brown to dark maroonish, outside sericeous, inside sericeous at apex, tube 4–6 mm high; upper lip hardly visible or sometimes with 2 short semicircular lobes; lateral lobes (broadly) triangular, 1– 1.5 3–5 mm; lower lobe triangular, 1.5–2.5 3–5 mm. Corolla white to pink, or violet, standard with green blotch at base. Standard: claw 3–4 mm long; blade orbicular, 12–17 10– 17 mm, apex emarginate, basal callosities large, outside sericeous, except for the margin and claw, inside sericeous at apex. Wings: claw 4.5–5 mm long; blade obliquely elliptic, 10 –13 4.5–5 mm, apex rounded, upper auricle 0.5–1 mm long, lower auricle absent, lateral pocket 2–5 mm long, sometimes hardly visible, outside with some hairs at the ventral side part of the apex, inside sericeous at apex. Keel petals: claw 4.8–5 mm long; blade boat-shaped, 10–11 5–6 mm, apex rounded, auricle indistinct, lateral pocket large, 4–5 mm long, outside with some hairs at apex, inside sericeous at apex, rarely with some hairs at the apex. Stamens monadelphous, with basal fenestrae, 14–23 mm long, free part 3–7 mm long, glabrous, rarely with some hairs; anthers 0.3–0.6 0.2– 0.4 mm, with some hairs outside. Disc indistinct, annular, usually with some hairs. Ovary 6–10 mm long, outside sericeous, inside with a row of hairs along the lower suture; stipe 1– 1.7 mm long, sericeous; ovules 3–5; style 8–14 mm long, sericeous in lower part. Pods elliptic or strap-like, flat, 4– 11 1.5–2 cm, thinly sericeous, sometimes also glaucous, with wing along the upper suture only or rarely winged on both sutures, upper wing 1.5–2 mm wide, lower wing usually undeveloped, up to 1.5 mm wide; seed chamber absent. Seeds seen immature in well developed pods, bean-shaped, flat, ca. 13 8–8.5 ca. 3 mm; hilum central, 2.5–3 mm long. Figure 18. Distribution—This species occurs in India, Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia, throughout Thailand, Malesia: Malay Peninsula, Philippines (Palawan); Caroline Islands, and probably introduced in Hawaii (Fig. 19). Habitat and Ecology—This is a species from primary and secondary forest, often along riverbanks, up to 1,450 m. Phenology—Flowering is from December to April. Fruiting is from March to May, October, or December. Uses—The roots commonly known as “derris or tuba root of commerce,” are the source of rotenone whose content varies from 1.6–10.0% (Thothathri 1982: 17). The plants are cultivated for fish poison and insecticide. [Volume 37 Vernacular Names—Brunei: Tuba (Dusun, Malay). Cambodia: Ca bia. Indonesia: Tuba, Oyod tungkul (Javanese), Tuwa leteng (Sundanese). Malaysia: Tuba, Akar tuba. Philippines: tubli, Tugling-pula (Tagalog), Upei (Bontok). Myanmar: Hon. Thailand: Hang lai daeng, Lai nam, Lo tin (Northern, Central), Kalamphoh (Phetchaburi), Oud nam (Surat Thani). Veitnam: Khê’ dai (Northern), (Dây) Cô˜ rùa (Southern). ˙ Notes—This species is variable in the size of the leaflets, color and density of the indumentum, shape of the pods, and the presence of a wing along the lower suture of the pod. The leaflets from most specimens are obovate, but vary in size. Hairs are usually colorless, whitish or silvery, but some specimens, including those formerly recognized as var. chittagongensis, have yellowish or golden-brown hairs. The density of hairs also varies between thinly and densely sericeous. The size of pods is ca. 7 2 cm, but some specimens from Myanmar, northwestern and western Thailand have narrowly strap-like pods, which are more than 7 cm long and less than 1.7 cm wide (Fig. 18h2). A narrow lower wing along the lower suture of the pod is also occasionally observed. This lower wing is also reported for var. chittagongensis (Adema 2003a). The variability between the specimens is without gaps and, therefore, taxonomic recognition of the different forms is not warranted. At the moment, there is no reason to distinguish entities at the infraspecific level and, therefore, all names are still treated as synonyms. + 432 Representative Specimens Examined—BRUNEI. Belait: Sungai Liang, 2 Mar 1965, van Niel 3721 (L). INDONESIA. Jawa Barat: Isthmus of Udjung Kulon, 31 Dec 1961, Kostermans 19337 (L); Jambi, 28 Aug 1945, Posthumus 818 (L); Jawa Tengah: Semarang, Kedoengdjati, 18 Sep 1896, Koorders 40930 (L); Kalimantan Timur: W. Koetai no.1, near Kp. Djembajan, 16 Jun 1925, Endert 1452 (L); KPC area beside river Bengalon to Tepian Lang, 1 Apr 1996, Ambri et al. AA1620 (L); Maluku: Tobelo, Pos 12, Eil. Raoh., 23 Mar 1938, bb 24549 (L); Nusa Tenggara Timur: Flores, 1 Nov 1980, Schmutz 4706 (L); Papua (Irian Jaya): Bird’s head Penin., Surrounding of Ayawasi, 31 Oct 1995, Ridsdale 2137 (L); Sulawesi Tengah: Subdiv. Poso. Bemba, secondary vegetation, 8 Aug 1937, Eyma 1587 (L); Sumatra Utara: Asahan River, near Tandjung Balai, 10 Apr 1954, Alston 15365a (L). MALAYSIA. Pahang: Jeram Panjang: 22 Jul 1970, Shah and Noor MS 2044 (L). MICRONESIA. Chuuk: Lukunor Atoll, Oneop Islet, 7 Jan 1950, Anderson 2120 (L); Satawan Atoll: Satawan Islet, 2 Jan 1950, Anderson 1078 (L); Kosrae: Lela (Lele) Island, Lela (Lele) Harbor, around village and ruins of ancient temple, 19–21 Aug 1946, Fosberg 26547 (L). MYANMAR. Mandalay: Inkadi, 10 May 1928, Khant 2480 (K). PAPUA NEW GUINEA. East Sepik: Angoram, upper Karawar river, 2 Sep 1968, Dornstreich NGF MDD-9 (L); Morobe: Markham Valley, Markham road near Lae, Oct 1959, Henty NGF 11574 (L); Nomad: Nomad river Patral Post, 21 Jun 1974, Luoma 3 (L). PHILIPPINES. Negros Island: Negros Occidental, Patag Protected forest, 27 Mar 1992, Stone et al. PPI 6414 (L). SINGAPORE. 13 3/4 mile Hurong Road, 9 Apr 1951, Sinclair s. n. (L). THAILAND, Chiang Rai: Mae Chan, Nawng Pah Gaw subdistrict, Ban Mai Pattana, 13 Apr 1988, Maxwell 88–467 (L); Kanchanaburi: Pompee village near Khwae Noi river, E. of Sangkhla, 25 Mar 1968, van Beusekom and Phengkhlai 102 (P); Nakhon Si Thammarat: Khao Lawng, 26 Mar 1958, Snan 1016 (L); Nong Khai: Ho Kam community forest, Pak Khat-Bueng Kan, 4 May 2002, Pooma et al. 3459 (L); Surat Thani: Ban La, 19 Feb 1930, Kerr 18127 (L); Surat Thani: Phun Phin, Pum Duang, along the canal, 22 Sep 2009, Sirichamorn YSM2009–19 (L); Tak: Tha Songyang Mae Song, Ban Maesong, km 107–108, near Moei river, 23 Jun 2005, Pooma et al. 5445 (L). USA, Hawaii: 5 miles west of Hana on main Road, 13 Apr 1974, Fosburg 55438 (L). 3. Paraderris laotica (Gagnep.) Adema, Blumea 48: 138. 2003. Derris laotica Gagnep., Not. Syst. 2: 348. 1911. Craib, Fl. Siam. Enum. 1: 490. 1928. P. K. Lôc & J. E. Vidal, Fl. Cambodge, Laos & Vietnam 30: 60. 2001.—TYPE: CAMBODIA. Bhâklon, 20 Oct 1909, Magnen et al. s. n. (lectotype designated by Phan in Phan and Vidal 2001: P!; isolectotype: K, fragments). 2012] SIRICHAMORN et al.: AGANOPE, DERRIS, AND PARADERRIS IN THAILAND 433 Fig. 18. Paraderris elliptica (Wall.) Adema. a. Habit. b. Flower. c. Standard, inside view. d. Wing petal. e. Keel petal. f. Stamens. g. Pistil. h. Pods showing the variation of shape and pod wing: h1. Broadly elliptic pod with one wing (commonly found), h2. Narrowly strap-like pod with two indistinct wings (occasional) [a-g: van Beusekom and Phengkhlai 102; h1: Pooma et al. 3459, h2: Pooma et al. 5445; all L]. Drawing by Anita Walsmit Sachs (L). SYSTEMATIC BOTANY [Volume 37 apex emarginate, basal callosities indistinct or absent (in var. virens), both sides glabrous. Wings: claw 2.8–3 mm long; blade elliptic, 6.5–7 1.8–2 mm, apex rounded, upper auricle 0.5–0.6 mm long, both sides glabrous, lower auricle indistinct, lateral pocket indistinct or absent. Keel petals: claw 2.9–3 mm long; blade boat-shaped, 7–9 3.5–3.7 mm, apex rounded, both sides glabrous, upper auricle ca. 0.5 mm long, sometimes indistinct, lateral pocket 1.8–3 mm long. Stamens monadelphous, with basal fenestrae, 11–13 mm long, free part 2.5–4.5 mm long, glabrous or with some hairs at apex; anthers 0.5–0.6 0.3–0.4 mm, glabrous. Disc annular or indistinct, 0.5–1 mm high, glabrous. Ovary 5.8–7 mm long, outside sericeous, inside glabrous; stipe up to 0.5 mm long, sometimes indistinct; ovules 4 or 5; style 6–8 mm long, sericeous at lower part. Pods and seeds unknown. Distribution—According to Phan and Vidal (2001), this species is found in Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, and Cambodia (Fig. 17). Habitat and Ecology—This is a species from dense evergreen forest on humid ground, 600–800 m. Phenology—Flowering is from July to August. Fruiting is in October. Notes—This species is different from all other Paraderris species. Leaflets and flowers are smaller and the standard petals lack basal callosities. However, it still has slender brachyblasts with the flowers more or less apically (The specimen, Maxwell 07–470, has more scattered flowers on brachyblast). A species of Paraderris, P. lushaiensis Thoth. was also reported to lack basal callosities on the standard petals (Thothathri 1982). However, like other species of Paraderris, the size of the flowers is relatively larger than those of P. laotica. The specimens studied are only the types and one specimen from Cambodia (Maxwell 07–470). None have fruits. The first author’s preliminary results of a molecular analysis of three chloroplasts markers, trnL-F IGS psbAtrnH, and trnK-matK, including one nuclear marker, ITS, indicate that this species is not closely related to other species of Paraderris. In contrast, it is closer to species of Derris, especially the type species, D. trifoliata. However, in this paper this species is still recognized as a member of Paraderris due to its distinct characteristic brachyblast and flower position. Further analyses of more molecular nuclear and chloroplast markers will be carried out in the near future to verify its taxonomic status. + + + 434 Fig. 19. Distribution of Paraderris elliptica (Wall.) Adema. Derris laotica Gagnep var. virens Gagnep, Not. Syst. 2: 348. 1911. Craib, Fl. Siam. Enum. 1: 490. 1928.—TYPE: CAMBODIA. Siem-reap, 15 Jul 1875, Godefroi 686 (lectotype designated by Phan in Phan and Vidal 2001: P!; isolectotype: P!). Representative Specimens Examined—CAMBODIA. s. d., Magnen et al. s. n. (P); Kratie: Mekong River, Svan Island, north-western side, 1 Aug 2007, Maxwell 07–470 (L); Siem Reap: 15 Jul 1875, Harmand 686 (L). + + + + + + + + + + Lianas, 6–10 m high. Twigs 3–4 mm diam., striate, lenticellate, glabrous. Leaves usually trifoliate. Stipules ovate-triangular, 1.3–1.5 0.9–1.3 mm, outside glabrous to thinly sericeous, especially at the base, margin ciliate, inside glabrous. Petiole 1.5–5 cm long, striate, glabrous or with few hairs; rachis 0.6–1.3 cm long, striate, glabrous or with few hairs; pulvinus 2–5 mm long, glabrous to thinly hirsute, especially at the base. Stipellae absent or rarely present, acicular, 0.5–1 0.2 mm, glabrous. Leaflets subcoriaceous; terminal one elliptic to obovate, 5.5–6 2–3.5 cm, length/ width ratio 1.7–2.7, base rounded to subcordate (cuneate in former var. virens), apex slightly acuminate, acumen 2–5 mm long, rounded, upper surface glabrous, lower surface glabrous or with widely scattered appressed hairs, midrib flat to slightly raised in a furrow above, nerves slightly raised above, 6–8 per side, 3–6.5 mm apart, not reaching the margin but curving towards the apex, anastomosing near the margin, venation reticulate; lateral leaflets mostly like terminal one, (narrowly) elliptic to ovate, 3.3–7.5 0.9–3.2 cm, length/width ratio 2.3–3.6; pulvinus 1–2 mm long, glabrous. Pseudoraceme/pseudopanicle axillary, rarely terminal, 6.5– 20 cm long; peduncle 0–1 cm long, thinly strigose; lateral branches up to 18.5 cm long. Bracts subtending brachyblasts narrowly elliptic to ovate, 0.7–1 0.3–0.4 mm, outside glabrous, margin ciliate to fimbriate, inside glabrous except for some hairs at the base. Brachyblasts slender, cylindrical, 5– 10 mm long, with 2 (–3) flowers at the apex. Bracts subtending flowers ovate to triangular, 0.6–0.7 0.4–0.5 mm, outside glabrous, margin ciliate to fimbriate, inside sericeous. Pedicels 3–5 mm long, glabrous or thinly sericeous. Bracteoles at the upper part of the pedicels, (narrowly) ovate, 0.5–0.6 0.2– 0.4 mm, outside glabrous or thinly sericeous, margin ciliate to fimbriate, inside glabrous or thinly sericeous. Calyx cupshaped, 2.5–2.7 mm high, outside glabrous, margin ciliate, inside sericeous at apex, tube 2–2.2 mm high; upper lip indistinct or sometimes with 2 shallow notches; lateral lobes triangular, ca. 0.5 1.9–2.1 mm; lower lobe triangular, 0.5– 0.7 1–1.5 mm. Corolla pink. Standard: claw 2.5–2.8 mm long; blade broadly ovate to orbicular, 8–8.5 7–7.8 mm, 4. Paraderris montana (Benth.) Adema, Blumea 48: 139. 2003. Derris montana Benth. in Miq., Pl. Jungh. 253. 1852; Proc. Linn. Soc. 4 (Suppl.): 113. 1860.—TYPE: INDONESIA. Java, Dieng, Junghunh s. n. (holotype: BO, see Adema 2003a). Derris cuneifolia Benth. var. malaccensis Benth., Proc. Linn. Soc. 4, (Suppl.): 112. 1860. Derris malaccensis (Benth.) Prain, J. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 66, 2: 107. 1897. Paraderris malaccensis (Benth.) Adema, Thai For. Bull., Bot. 28: 11. 2001.—TYPE: MALAYSIA. Malacca, Griffith KD 1774 (holotype: K!; isotype: CAL). Derris malaccensis (Benth.) Prain var. aptera Prain, J. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 66, 2: 108. 1897.—TYPE: MALAYSIA. Perak, King’s coll. 4518 (lectotype designated by Adema 2003a: K!; isolectotypes: A, CAL). SIRICHAMORN et al.: AGANOPE, DERRIS, AND PARADERRIS IN THAILAND Derris malaccensis (Benth.) Prain var. millettiodes Prain, J. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 66, 2: 108. 1897.—TYPE: MALAYSIA. Perak, King’s coll. 10696 (holotype: K!; isotype: CAL). monadelphous, with basal fenestrae, 11–13 mm long, free part 3–5 mm long, glabrous; anthers 0.9–1 0.3–0.5 mm, glabrous, rarely with some hairs. Disc with up to 10-lobes, 0.5–1 mm high, glabrous. Ovary 9–10.5 mm long, outside sericeous, inside glabrous; stipe indistinct; ovules 1–4; style 6–8 mm long, sericeous in lower part. Pods woody, variable in shape and thickness, ellipsoid, ovoid or strap-like, 2–9.5 2–4 0.5–1.4 cm, glabrous, wings absent or obscurely present on both sutures, upper wing 1–2 mm wide, lower wing up to 1 mm wide; seed chamber absent. Seeds bean-shaped, 16– 19 12 4–5 mm; hilum central, 2.5–3 mm long. Distribution—This species occurs in Bangladesh, Thailand, Malesia: Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo, Java, Celebes, and New Guinea (Fig. 20). Habitat and Ecology—This is a species from primary and secondary forests, often along rivers, forest margins, roads and railroads, or in para rubber (Hevea) plantations, up to 1,000 m. Phenology—Flowering has been reported from February to May, or August to December. Fruiting is from March or May to September, or November. Uses—It is used as insecticide and fish poison. Vernacular Names—Malaysia: Tuba merah (Peninsular). Thailand: Hang lai khao. Notes—The characters of the pod are different from Derrislike plants. They are often inflated and unwinged. However, in some specimens the pods are slightly winged along the upper suture or both sutures. The pods appear to be tardily dehiscent. The type of Derris montana, Junghunh s.n, is possibly deposited at BO and not available. Representative Specimens Examined—BANGLADESH. Rangamati: Kaptai, Sitap(a)har west, Jarultala (Silchari), 24 Apr 1997, Huq and A. I. 10463 (L). BRUNEI. Belait: 27 Apr 1969, van Niel 4638 (L); Tutong: between Belabau and Benutan on Tutong R., riverside forest, 31 Mar 1990, Coode 6436 (L). INDONESIA. Aceh: Sekundur Forest Reserve, E. side of Gunung Leuser National Park, Langkat, Base camp at Aras Napal, upper Besitang river area, 1 Aug 1991, de Wilde and de WildeDuyfjes 21227 (L); Jawa Barat: Bantam, Menés, 13 Mar 1913, Backer 7061 (L); Jawa Timur: Besuki, Mount Puger, 29 Feb 1940, Buwalda 7283 (L); Kalimantan Tengah: Sampit, Along Sg. Penjahuan, N. of Kuala Kuajan, 17 Mar 1948, Kostermans 4656 (L); Kalimantan Timur: along Sg. Lunok near camp Malinau, 23 Dec 1982, Axelius 329 (L); Wanariset I area, off km 5.5, Wanariset-Semoi Road, 29 Oct 1991, Ambriansyah and Arifin AA243 (L); Sulawesi Selatan: Samalea Hill, Tompokbalang, Maros, 30 Sep 1975, Soenarko 365 (L); Sulawesi Tengah: Sopu Valley, ca. 80 km SSE of Palu, 7 May 1979, de Vogel 5251 (L). MALAYSIA. Johore: Sungai Bahan East Coast of Jahore, 23 Jun 1934, Corner SFN. 28638 (L); Negeri Sembilan: + + + + + + + + + + + Lianas, up to 20 m high. Bark (gray) brown, inner bark green. Twigs 3–6 mm diam., lenticellate, thinly hirsute or thinly strigose in young parts, glabrescent. Leaves with 5–13 leaflets. Stipules ovate-triangular, 1.5–3 1.5–3 mm, outside glabrous to thinly sericeous, inside glabrous. Petiole 3.5–11 cm long, striate, glabrous to thinly hirsute at the upper side; rachis 4.5–14.5 cm long, striate, glabrous to thinly hirsute at the upper side; pulvinus 5–11 mm long, hirsute, especially at the base. Stipellae rarely present, acicular, ca. 1 mm long. Leaflets chartaceous to subcoriaceous; terminal one elliptic to obovate, 7.5–18.5 4–9 cm, length/width ratio 1.8–2.3, base obtuse to rounded, apex acuminate, acumen 5– 20 mm long, rounded, upper surface glabrous or with widely scattered appressed hairs, lower surface glabrous to thinly strigose, midrib flat to slightly sunken above, nerves flat above, 6–11 per side, 10–16 mm apart, curving towards the apex and almost reaching the leaf margin, venation reticulate; lateral leaflets mostly like terminal one, ovate, elliptic or obovate, 6.5–15.5 3.3–7.5 cm, length/width ratio 1.8–2.7; pulvinus 5–11 mm long, sericeous at base. Pseudoracemes/ pseudopanicles axillary, rarely terminal, 8–22 cm long; peduncle 1–3 cm long, glabrous to thinly strigose; lateral branches up to 20 cm long. Bracts subtending brachyblasts ovate to triangular, 1–1.7 0.7–1.1 mm, outside glabrous to sericeous, ciliate, inside glabrous or with some hairs at the base. Brachyblasts slender, cylindrical, 10–18 mm long, with 2 or 3 flowers at the apex. Bracts subtending flowers broadly ovate to triangular, 0.5–1.1 0.4–1.3 mm, outside glabrous or thinly sericeous, margin ciliate, inside glabrous. Pedicels 4– 9 mm long, glabrous or thinly sericeous. Bracteoles at the top of the pedicels, elliptic to ovate or orbicular, 0.7–1.4 0.6– 1.3 mm, outside glabrous or thinly sericeous, margin ciliate, inside glabrous. Calyx 3.5–5 mm high, pink, maroonish or brown, outside glabrous to thinly sericeous, margin ciliate, inside glabrous, sometimes sericeous at apex; tube 3–3.5 mm high; upper lip indistinct or sometimes with 2 short semicircular lobes; lateral lobes (broadly) triangular, 0.5–1 2–3.5 mm; lower lobe triangular, 1–1.5 2–3 mm. Corolla white or pink to purplish, standard with green blotch at base. Standard: claw 2.5–3 mm long; blade broadly ovate to orbicular, 10–12 10–13 mm, apex emarginate, both sides glabrous or thinly ciliate at apex, basal callosities large. Wings: claw 3.5–4 mm long; blade elliptic, 8–11 2.5–3.3 mm, apex rounded, both sides glabrous or thinly ciliate at apex, upper auricle 0.5–1 mm long, lower auricle absent, lateral pocket 1.5–2.5 mm long, sometimes hardly visible. Keel petals: claw 4.5–5 mm long; blade boat-shaped, 8–11 3–3.6 mm, apex rounded, both sides glabrous or with some hairs at apex, auricle indistinct, lateral pocket 3–5 mm long. Stamens + Derris danauensis Backer, Blumea 5: 513. 1945.—TYPE: INDONESIA. Java: Rawah Danau, 11 Aug 1937, Van Steenis 10539 (holotype: BO?; isotype: L!). + Derris caudata Backer, Blumea 5: 513. 1945.—TYPE: INDONESIA. Java: Bantam, Menés, 13 Mar 1913, Backer 7061 (holotype: BO?; isotype: L!). + + Derris pachycarpa Merr., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 86: 310. 1922.—TYPE: MALAYSIA. Borneo: Sabah, Batu Lima, BS (Ramos) 1250 (holotype: PNH, lost; isotype: K!). 435 + 2012] Fig. 20. Distribution of Paraderris montana (Benth.) Adema. 436 SYSTEMATIC BOTANY Jelebu district, Pasoh Forest Reserve, 10 Jul 1996, Gardette 1997 (L); Pahang: Jenderak Halt, Railway Track, 28 Mar 1959, Kadim and Mahmood, KM 48 (L); Perak: Maxwell’s Hill-Tea Station, 4 Mar 1965, Hardial and Samsuri 265 (L); Sabah: Ranau, roadside, 27 Apr 1988, Amin et al. SAN 121505 (L); Sarawak: By rail to Matang dam., 29 Sep 1963, Smythies S 14074 (L); Selangor: Ulu Selangor, 19 Jul 1969, Chan FRI 11246 (L). PAPUA NEW GUINEA. Central Prov: near Mori river, ca. 20 km NE of Cape Rodney, 26 Sep 1968, Paijmans 439 (L); East Sepik: Angoram subdistrict, upper Karawar river, 2 Sep 1968, Dornstreich NGF MDD-10 (L); Gulf: Kikori river, 4 miles downstream from Kikori station, 30 Mar 1974, Womersley NGF 46495 (L); Morobe: Markham bridge, Lae subdistrict, 20 Sep 1977, Katik LAE 70799 (L); Northern Prov: Subdist. Kokoda, 0.5 km east of Hanjiri village, on the Luwuni River bank, 27 Sep 1975, Wiakabu and Kairo LAE 70237 (L); West New Britain: Kandrian subdist., Unai River, Fullerborn Harbour, 24 Feb 1965, Sayers NGF 21735 (L). THAILAND. Nakhon Si Thammarat: Lansagah, Gahrome Falls, Khao Luang National Park, 4 Mar 1986, Maxwell 86–140 (L); Pangnga: Bang To, 24 Feb 1929, Kerr 17228 (L); Pattani: Khao Kalalwiti, 1 Apr 1928, Kerr 14963 (L); Songkhla: Khao Klong Rhang, Na Mom district, 24 Sep 2009, Sirichamorn YSM2009–21 (L); Trang: Muang District, Khao Chong Forest Park, 10 Mar 1985, Maxwell 85–283 (L). Acknowledgments. We wish to express our sincere thanks to all curators and staff of BCU, BK, BKF, CMU, K, L, and P for providing laboratory facilities, specimen loans, and various kinds of support. The first author is also indebted to the Royal Thai Government for funding his PhD study. Jan Frits Veldkamp kindly translated the diagnosis of two new species into Latin. Ms. Anita Walsmit Sachs skillfully prepared the beautiful illustrations. Literature Cited Adema, F. 2000. Notes on Malesian Fabaceae XX. Derris in Thailand and Malesia. Thai Forest Bulletin (Botany) 28: 2–16. Adema, F. 2003a. Notes on Malesian Fabaceae (LeguminosaePapilionoideae). 9. The genus Paraderris. Blumea 48: 129–144. Adema, F. 2003b. Notes on Malesian Fabaceae (LeguminosaePapilionoideae). 11. The genus Derris. Blumea 48: 393–419. Baker, J. G. 1878. L. Leguminosae, 89. Derris Lour. Pp. 240–246 in Flora of British India vol. 2, ed. J. D. Hooker. London: Reeve and Co., Ltd. Bentham, G. 1860. Synopsis of Dalbergieae, a tribe of Leguminosae. Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society. Botany 4(suppl.): 1–134. Bridson, D. and L. Forman. 1999. The herbarium handbook. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens. Craib, W. G. 1927. Contributions to the Flora of Siam. Additamentum 23. Kew Bulletin 27: 374–395. Craib, W. G. 1928. Florae Siamensis Enumeratio 1. Bangkok: Siam Society. Geesink, R. 1981. Tribe 6. Tephrosieae (Benth.) Hutch. (1964). in Advances in legume systematics. Part 1, eds., R. M. Polhill and P. H. Raven. Kew: Royal Botanic Garden. [Volume 37 Geesink, R. 1984. Scala Millettiearum: A survey of the genera of the Millettiea (Legum.-Pap.) with methodological considerations. Leiden: E. J. Brill Printers and Publishers, Leiden University Press. Hamid, A. 1999. Derris Lour. Pp. 234–242 in PROSEA: Plant resources of south-east Asia 12, medical and poisonous plants (1), eds. L. S. de Padua, N. Bunyapraphatsara, and R. H. M. J. Lemmens. Leiden: Backhuys Publisher. Hemsley, W. B. 1905. Derris alborubra Hemsl. (sp. nov.). t. 8008 in Curtis’s Botanical Magazine vol. 131, ed. W. T. Thiselton-Dyer. London: Lovell Reeve and Co., LTD. Hu, J.-M., M. Lavin, M. F. Wojciechowski, and M. J. Sanderson. 2000. Phylogenetic systematics of the tribe Millettieae (Leguminosea) based on chloroplast trnK/matK sequences and its implications for evolutionary patterns in Papilionoideae. American Journal of Botany 87: 418–430. Hu, J.-M., M. Lavin, M. F. Wojciechowski, and M. J. Sanderson. 2002. Phylogenetic analysis of nuclear ribosomal ITS/5.8S sequences in the tribe Millettieae (Fabaceae): Poecilanthe-Cyclolobium, the core Millettieae, and the Callerya group. Systematic Botany 27: 722–733. Loureiro, J. de. 1790. Flora Cochinchinensis: 432. Lissabon: J. de Loureiro. Miquel, F. A. W. 1855. Flora van Nederlandsch-Indië 1. Amsterdam: Van der Post. Phan, L. K. and J. E. Vidal. 2001. Leguminosae-Papilionoideae-Millettieae. Pp. 1–191 in Flore du Cambodge du Laos et du Viêtnam 30. Paris: Muséum National d’ Naturelle. Polhill, R. M. 1971. Some observations on generic limits in DalbergieaeLonchocarpineae Benth. (Leguminosae). Kew Bulletin 25: 259–273. Polhill, R. M. 1981. Tribe 4. Dalbergieae Bronn ex Dca. (1825). Pp. 233–244 in Advances in legume systematics Part 1, eds., R. M. Polhill and P. H. Raven. Kew: Royal Botanical Gardens. Prain, D. 1897. Order 8. Leguminosae. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 66: 21–275. Ridley, H. N. 1922. Flora of the Malay Peninsula 1. London: L. Reeve and Co., Ltd. Rudd, V. E. 1991. Derris trifoliata Lour. Pp. 232–234 in A revised handbook of the Flora of Ceylon vol. 7, eds. M. D. Dassanayake and F. R. Fosberg. Enfield: Science Publishers, Inc. Thothathri, K. 1961. Studies in Leguminosae 1. A taxonomic revision of the genus Derris Lour. in India. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 3: 175–200. Thothathri, K. 1982. Leguminosae: Genus Derris. Fascicles of Flora of India 8: 1–33. Thothathri, K. and Rugayah. 1997. Derris microphylla (Miq.) B. D. Jacks. Pp. 115–117 in PROSEA: Plant resources of south-east Asia 11, auxiliary plants, eds. F. Hanum and L. J. G. van der Maesen. Leiden: Backhuys Publisher. Tucker, S. C. 1987. Pseudoracemes in papilionoid legumes: their nature, development, and variation. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 95: 181–206. Wei, Z., D. Chen, D. Zhang, and L. Pedley. 2008. Fabaceae tribe Millettieae. Pp. 165–193 in Flora of China vol. 10, eds. Z. Y. Wu, P. H. Raven, and D. Y. Hong. Beijing: Science Press.

Log In

The Genera Aganope, Derris, and Paraderris (Fabaceae, Millettieae) in Thailand

The Genera Aganope, Derris, and Paraderris (Fabaceae, Millettieae) in Thailand

Related Papers

RELATED PAPERS