Medicinal Plants of the Mongolian Gobi Desert Copyright © 2019 National Institute of Biological Resources & Mongolian Academy of Sciences Published jointly by National Institute of Biological Resources (NIBR), Republic of Korea Kyungpook National University (KNU), Republic of Korea Botanic Garden and Research Institute (BGRI), Mongolian Academy of Sciences (MAS), Mongolia Sponsored by National Institute of Biological Resources, Republic of Korea Compilers: Mongolian side: URGAMAL Magsar (Botanic Garden and Research Institute, MAS) Gundegmaa Vanjil (Department of Biology, MNUE) MUNKH-ERDENE Tovuudorj (Botanic Garden and Research Institute, MAS) ERDENETUYA Baasansurer Korean side: Ohseok Kwon (Kyungpook National University, KNU) Moonbo Choi (Kyungpook National University, KNU) Yeongbu Kim (Kyungpook National University, KNU) Total of Plant Species: 345 species Plan Published Date: on November of 2019 Project Coordinated by MAS: Urgamal Magsar KNU: Ohseok Kwon NIBR: Yeon Jae Bae, Se Chang Ahn, Kyung-Hee Oh, Jae-Shin Kang, Mijeong Jeon, Seonghyun Cho: Jaeho Lee, Wonhee Kim, Dul-youn Ha, Wonhyeop Shin, Eunjin Bae ISBN 987-89-6811-402-1 93480 Government Publication Registration Number 11-1480592-001619-01 x^^EH--SS-^1(1-27pM^.indd 2 2019. 12. 13. 2^ 4:16 Medicinal Plants ofthe Mongolian Gobi Desert Q x^^EH--SS-^1(1-27pM^.indd 3 VV National Institute of Biological Resources 2019. 12. 13. 2^ 4:16 Preface Mongolia is a country of vast land and glorious history. Although the Gobi Desert of Mongolia, meaning a wild land where grass does not grow well, represents the harsh environment of Mongolia, a variety of plants grow there. On the sides of plants inhabiting this spacious desert, extending 1,600km from east to west in the Mongolian Plateau, traditional medicinal knowledge which Mongolia’s nomads have utilized to survive since ancient times is hidden. It is very important to document systematically such Mongolian wisdom that has been passed down based on oral tradition and leave behind. The Mongolian Academy of Sciences (MAS) and National Institute of Biological Resources (NIBR) have been conducting research on useful biological resources of Mongolia since 2015 and published four handbooks for traditional knowledge on plants. The book, titled “Medicinal Plants of the Mongolian Gobi Desert,” serves as a summary of research achievements over the past three years. The importance of biological resources and traditional medicinal plants is not diminishing even in modern times. As science and technology advances, new efficacies of biological resources are found and various utilization methods are developed, in turn, making the value of biological resources higher. 004 Medicinal Plants of the Mongolian Gobi Desert ^^^^^-SS-^S1(1-27p)-4a.indd 4 W 2019. 12. 13. 2f 4:16 * This illustrated book includes information on 345 species of plants of the Gobi Desert. I believe that the photos, descriptions, and relevant traditional knowledge of the species in the book will be used effectively in Mongolia and Korea, where research is being conducted with the use of biological resources of Mongolia. I hope the publication of this illustrated book can help to increase both academic and economic interests in plants of the Gobi Desert. There is much room for our two countries, Mongolia and Korea, to expand the scope of cooperation in the area of biodiversity. We need to find a biological approach to tackling yellow dust caused by excessive grazing and desertification. We also need to conduct further joint research on biological materials of Mongolia that can be highly utilized. I hope that research between Mongolia and Korea on biodiversity and useful biological resources can be further facilitated, therefore, leading to our countries’ economic development and improvement ofpeople’s living standard. In conclusion, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to researchers from Mongolia and Korea for their efforts in publishing this handbook. Prof. Dr. Yeon Jae Bae President National Institute of Biological Resources 005 ^^^^^-SS-^S1(1-27p)-4a.indd 5 W 2019. 12. 13. 2f 4:16 Foreword Plants provide the foundation for all of the world’s ecosystems, which in turn provide us with vital ‘ecosystem services’: provisioning (food, medicine, timber), cultural (recreation, spiritual, social) and regulating (climate, water quality, soil). One of the world's richest natural resources is medicinal plants. Mongolia is a vast country where an extreme contrast of varying ecosystems can be seen in such as desert, steppe, forest, wetland, and alpine tundra. The country is located at the junction of two large floristic regions of the earth the Siberian taiga and the Central Asian steppe and desert. These facts explain why the flora of Mongolia is quite unique and diverse. In our country, almost 3,200 species of vascular plants are grown, and among them, over 1,100 species ofplants are considered medicinal. According to Memorandum of Understanding between the National Institute of Biological Resources, Ministry of Environment, Republic of Korea and Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Mongolia on cooperation concerning biological resources and information, and Nagoya protocol on Conservation on Biological Diversity, they are making joint study of biological resources of Mongolia. Mongolian and Korean researchers organized field research on biological resources in Mongolia in 2017-2019, and presented this book as results of their joint study. 006 Medicinal Plants of the Mongolian Gobi Desert ^^^^^-SS-^S1(1-27p)-4a.indd 6 W 2019. 12. 13. 2f 4:16 _i This book includes description, distribution, habitat, used parts, traditional usage, reference and photos of 345 species of vascular medicinal plants in Gobi Desert of Mongolia and I don’t doubt that this book will be insert mite in the knowledge of biological resources. Mongolian and Korean joint study on biological resources will play a role in getting knowledge for sustainable utilization of biological resources of Mongolia in the future. Tuvshintogtokh Indree Doctor (Ph.D), associate professor Director ofBotanic Garden and Research Institute, Mongolian Academy of Sciences 2019. 11. 28. 007 ^^^^^-SS-^S1(1-27p)-4a.indd 7 W 2019. 12. 13. 2f 4:16 contents Preface 004 Foreword 006 Introduction 010 — Gymnosperms Eudicots Cupressaceae 016 Ephedraceae 018 Amaranthaceae................................................................. ...046 Apiaceae............................................................................ ..................063 Apocynaceae ..............................................................................084 Asclepiadaceae ....................................................................085 Asteraceae........................................................................ ..............087 Bignoniaceae ............................................................................169 Boraginaceae.................................................................... ........170 Brassicaceae Monocot s ............................................................................174 Cannabaceae Iridaceae ................................................028 ............................................................................182 Juncaginaceae......................................030 Caprifoliaceae................................................................... Liliaceae.................................................031 .......184 Poaceae..................................................038 Caryophyllaceae............................................................... Potamogetonaceae..............................043 ...185 Chenopodiaceae ................................................................192 Convolvulaceae ....................................................................208 Crassulaceae.................................................................... ........211 Cynomoriaceae ^^■^-SS-^.1(1-27pM^.indd 8 ....................................................................216 2019. 12. 13. 2^ 4:16 Linaceae............................................... 284 Salicaceae............................................ 374 Malvaceae............................................ 288 Scrophulariaceae Orobanchaceae .................................. 290 Solanaceae .......................................... 385 380 Papaveraceae ..................................... 295 Tamaricaceae ..................................... 390 Plantaginaceae Ulmaceae............................................. 397 301 Plumbaginaceae ................................ 306 Urticaceae ........................................... 399 Polygalaceae....................................... 322 Valerianaceae ..................................... 400 Polygonaceae Verbenaceae 323 Primulaceae........................................ 332 404 Zygophyllaceae................................... 405 Ranunculaceae................................... 333 Rhamnaceae 354 Rosaceae.............................................. 355 Rubiaceae ............................................ 371 Rutaceae 373 References .........................................417 Index.....................................................420 Introduction Currently, the vascular plant flora of Mongolia consists of about 3,191 species belonging to more than 684 genera and 108 families including 125 endemics and 532 sub-endemics (Urgamal et al. 2019). This book contains a total of 345 species of medicinal plants of Mongolian Gobi Desert. Species scientific name Species names in the this book are used and followed by the International Plant Names Index (http://www.ipni.org/index.html). The International Plant Names Index (IPNI) is a database of the names and associated basic bibliographical details of seed plants, ferns and lycophytes. The data are freely available and are gradually being standardized and checked. The author citations for all plant taxa follow Brummitt and Powell (1992) and as updated on the IPNI web site. The taxonomy of families and orders follows Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG IV, 2016) and Stevens (2001) on the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website, Version 14, July 2017 (http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/). Species Mongolian name The forms of the Mongolian names in Latin alphabet followed Ulziikhutag (1984), Ligaa et al. (2008), Manibazar (2010), Urgamal & Oyuntsetseg (2017), Urgamal & Oyuntsetseg (2019), and Urgamal et al. (2019). Conservation status The IUCN and other assessments for each species given in the books by Mongolian Red Book (2013), Nyambayar et al. (2011), Urgamal et al. (2014), Urgamal (2018), and Urgamal et al. (2019). Species description Briefly described morphology of the species in the following order: habit, height, root, stem, leaves, inflorescence, flower, fruit, seed, and flowering and fruiting time. The species description is based on the Key to the Vascular Plants of Mongolia (Grubov 1982), Flora of China, Mongolian Red Book (2013) and other data sources (Ulziykhutag 2003; Urgamal 2009; Nyambayar et al. 2011; Gundegmaa & Munkh-Erdene 2018; Tungalag 2012, 2016; 010 Medicinal Plants of the Mongolian Gobi Desert x^^EH--gS-^1(1-27p)-4^.indd 10 VV 2019. 12. 13. Tuvshintogtokh et al. 2019) The habitat of each species is detailed. This data came mainly from Grubov (1982), Pyak et al. (2008), Nyambayar et al. (2011), Urgamal & Oyuntsetseg (2017), Urgamal (2018), and Urgamal et al. (2019). Regional distribution Given by botanical-geographical regions in Mongolia (Figure 1) distributions of the species in Mongolia mainly followed Grubov (1982), Gubanov (1996), Pyak et al. (2008), Nyambayar et al. (2011), Urgamal et al. (2014), Urgamal (2018), and Urgamal et al. (2019). Some herbarium data and other references (citations in species accounts) on species distributions were considered. World distribution Listed in alphabetical order based largely on Germplasm Resources Information Network (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program) and Flora of China data and additional references (Urgamal 2018; Urgamal et al. 2019) given in relevant species accounts. Medicinal uses This data came mainly from Ligaa (1987), Boldsaikhan (2004), Ligaa et al. (2009, 2015), Urgamal & Kwon (2015), and The Handbook for Traditional Knowledge on Biological Resources (2015-2018) Volumes 1-4. Species photographs The photographs of the mainly included species were taken by all authors during the field survey. In the book, we tried to expose species general, habitats and their particular parts. The photographs included in this book are taken by: Alexandr Ebel, Andrey Barishenko, Andrey Pyak, Anna Malikhina, B.Badamnyambuu, B.Baldan-Osor, B.Oyuntsetseg, B.Erdenetuya, Dava Chimidov, E.Altantsetseg, Evgenii Sydorchuk, G.Burenbaatar, Georgy Lazikov, Igor Styajkin, Ira Khan, Kh.Solongo, M.Bayarmaa, M.Urgamal, M.Schnittler, Natalia Pankova, Natalia Surovtseva, N.Batsaikhan, N.Kherlenchimeg, Ohseok Kwon, Sergei Dragan, Sh.Baasanmunkh, Su Jianping, T.Munkh-Erdene, Ts.Delger, V.Gundegmaa, Vladimir Epictetov, Youngho Cho and Yuri Danilevskii. 011 ^^^a^-SS-^S1(1-27p)-4a.indd 11 W 2019. 12. 13. 2f 4:16 Introductio n Habitat 1 - Khuvsgul (Khu), 2 - Khentii (Khe), 3 - Khangai (Kha), 4 - Mongolian Dauria (MD), 5 - Foothills of Great Khingan (FGKh), 6 - Khovd (Kho), 7 - Mongolian Altai (MA), 8 - Middle Khalkh (MKh), 9 - East Mongolia (EM), 10 - Depression of Great Lakes (DGL), 11 - Valley of Lakes (VL), 12 - East Gobi (EG), 13 - Gobi Altai (GA), 14 -Dzungarian Gobi (DG), 15 - Transaltai Gobi (TG), 16 - Alashan Gobi (AG) Figure 1. Map of the phyto-geographical regions of Mongolia (by Grubov, 1982) 012 Medicinal Plants of the Mongolian Gobi Desert ^^^^^-SS-^S1(1-27p)-4^.indd 12 W 2019. 12. 13. Gymnosperm s x^^EH--gS-^1(1-27p)-4^.indd 15 2019. 12. 13. Gymnosperm s Juniperus pseudosabina Fisch. & C.A. Mey. Cupressaceae Habitat Description Thickets on mountains small, erect or procumbent, 0.5-1 m. Stems branchlets densely arranged, mostly straight, 4-angled or sometimes terete. Leaves both scalelike and needlelike; needlelike leaves usually present on seedlings and young trees, decussate or in whorls of 3, ascending, 4-8 mm, apex acuminate. Pollen cones ovoid or subglobose, 2-3 mm; microsporophylls 6-8, each with 2 or 3 pollen sacs. Seed cones bluish black or brownish black when ripe, glaucous, ovoid or broadly ovoid, 0.7-1.4 cm x 6-10 mm, 1-seeded. Seeds ovoid or ellipsoid, slightly flattened, 6-7 x 4-6 mm, ridged, base rounded or pointed, apex blunt. Shrubs Distribution Mongolia, Afghanistan, China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan. Parts used Fruit spring and leaf. Medicinal uses The green leaves are entered into composition consisting of leaves of junifer, herb of friged sagebrush, foliferous brahches of Rhododendron, willow and tamarisk. That is used as a bath for common weakness, prostraction, depression of strength due to sensility and convalescence, gout, rheumatism, chronic arthritis and inflammations of extremities. 016 Medicinal Plants of the Mongolian Gobi Desert ^^^^^-SS-^S1(1-27p)-4^.indd 16 W 2019. 12. 13. Gymnosperm s Juniperus sabina L. Cupressacea e Description Habitat Forests rocky or thickets mountain 0.6-1 m. Stems bark grayish brown; branchlets densely arranged, ascending, slender, 0.6-1 mm in diam.. Leaves both scalelike and needlelike; needlelike leaves usually present on young plants, rarely present on adult plants, decussate or in whorls of 3, closely appressed, 3-7 mm, concave adaxially, convex abaxially, apex sharply pointed. Pollen cones ellipsoid or oblong, 3-4 mm; microsporophylls 10-14, each with 2-4 pollen sacs. 5eed cones light brownish green, brown, purplish blue, or black when ripe, often glaucous, usually irregularly globose, 5-8 x 5-9 mm, 1 or 2-seeded. Seeds ovoid, slightly flattened, 4-5 mm, ridged, with resin pits, apex blunt or slightly pointed. or Shrubs slopes and sand dunes. Distribution Mongolia, China, Kazakhstan, Russia Parts used Fruit spring and leaf. Medicinal uses The fruit and annual spring are applied in Mongolian medicine as an anthipyretic, diaphoretic, diuretic to fever caused by kidney and urinary bladder diseases, anthrax, rheumatism, oliguria, joint and extremitiy diseases conditioned by congestion and accumulation of yellow (serum) liquid in them. The preparations, obtained from fruit and annual spring, exterminate stagnated yellow liquid (serum fluid) from body. 017 ^^^^^-SS-^S1(1-27p)-4^.indd 17 W 2019. 12. 13. Gymnosperm s Ephedra dahurica Turcz. Ephedraceae Habitat Description In the dry steppes and on 15-25 cm tall. Stem erect, branches are straight or slightly spread, often serpentine twisted at the top, gray-green, simple or branched, rough; internode 1-5 cm long. Vagina 2-5 mm long., brownish-yellow to gray-green. Microstrobile! 2-7 mm long, one on each side, and occasionally there are 3. Fruits a berry, shaped cones are ovate, red, opposite, or one each 7-11 x 8-10 mm. Seeds 2 in number, 5 x 3 mm, reniform, flat on the inside, convex from the outside. Pollination Jun-Jul, seed maturity Aug-Sep. Subshrubs rocky slopes Distribution Mongolia, China, Kazakhstan Parts used Herb. Medicinal uses L-ephedrine hydrochloride is applied to bronchial asthma, nettle rash and other allergic diseases, rinitis, narrowing of pupil, dilation of blood vessel, blood loss, myasthenia, hypotension, etc. The preparations containing catechin of this plant are used as an antiphlogistic, capillary strengthening, antihemorrhagic, wound healing remedy for hematuria caused by various kinds of nephritis and other kidney diseases, bruises, etc. Powder of small green branches of the ephedra is an essential constituent of “triephthila” which is applied to kidney diseases too. The decoction of Ephedra is employed in the treatment of rheumatism and catarrhal diseases. 018 Medicinal Plants of the Mongolian Gobi Desert ^^^^^-SS-^S1(1-27p)-4a.indd 18 W 2019. 12. 13. 2^ 4:16 Gymnosperm s Ephedra equisetina Bunge Ephedraceae Habitat Description Dry and rocky places. to 1-1.2 m tall; woody stems well developed, erect or partially procumbent, thick. Stems herbaceous branchlets virgate, bluish green or grayish green, priunose, 1-1.5 mm in diam., rigid, internodes short, 1-3 cm x 1-1.5 mm, finely furrowed. .eaves opposite, brownish, 1.5-3 mm, connate for ca. 3/4 their length, free part bluntly triangular. Pollen cones solitary or in clusters of 3 or 4 at nodes, sessile or shortly pedunculate; bracts in 3 or 4 pairs, connate for ca. 1/3 their length; staminal column slightly exserted, with 6-8 sessile anthers. Seed cone usually opposite at nodes, shortly pedunculate, elongate-ovoid or ovoid at maturity, 8-10 x 4-5 mm; bracts in 3 pairs, apical pair connate for ca. 2/3 their length, red and fleshy at maturity; integument tube to 2 mm, straight or slightly curved, slightly exserted. Seeds usually 1, elongate-ovoid, 5-7 x 2.5-3 mm. Shrub Distribution Mongolia, Afghanistan, China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan. Parts used Herb and fruit. Pollination Jun-Jul, seed maturity Aug-Sep. Medicinal uses This species has medicinal properties. The small green branches serve as a raw material for obtaining L-ephedrine, catechin and the preparations of many medicine forms. L-ephedrine hydrochloride 019 ^^^a^-SS-^S1(1-27p)-4a.indd 19 VV 2019. 12. 13. £¥ ■ 4:16 Gymnosperm s is applied to bronchial asthma, nettle rash and other allergic diseases, rinitis, narrowing of pupil, dilation of blood vessel, blood loss, myasthenia, hypotension, etc. The preparations containing catechin of this plant are used as an antiphlogistic, capillary strengthening, antihemorrhagic, wound healing remedy for hematuria caused by various kinds of nephritis and other kidney diseases, bruises, etc. Powder of small green branches of the ephedra is an essential constituent of “triephthla” which is applied to kidney diseases too. The decoction of Ephedra is employed in the treatment of rheumatism and catarrhal diseases. 020 Medicinal Plants of the Mongolian Gobi Desert ^^^^^-SS-^S1(1-27p)-4^.indd 20 W 2019. 12. 13. Gymnosperm s Ephedra glauca Regel Ephedraceae Description Habitat Grasslands, valleys, beaches, deserts, floodlands, cliffs, river sandy other dry, sandy or rocky places. Distribution Mongolia, Afghanistan, China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan Parts used Herb. to 1 m, densely branched, sometimes with creeping stem producing single, erect, green primary branches. Stems branchlets yellowish or bluish green, often pruinose, internodes usually 2-6 cm x 1.5-3.5 mm. Leave in whorls of 3 or opposite, connate for at least 2/3 their length. Pollen cones usually clustered at nodes, often sessile; bracts in 3 or 4 pairs or whorls; anthers 5-8, sessile or shortly stipitate. Seed cones ellipsoid, ovoid, or oblong-ovoid; bracts in 2-5 pairs or whorls, outer ones connate at base, apical pair or whorl connate for ca. 1/2 their length, margins membranous, globose, red, and fleshy at maturity; integument tube long, 3-5 mm, usually spirally twisted. Seeds 2 or 3, ovoid or elongate-ovoid, 5-6 x ca. 3 mm, concealed by bracts. Subshrubs or shrubs Pollination May-Jun, seed maturity Jul-Aug. Medicinal uses This species is used to relieve inflammation, heal ulcers, restore respiratory centers, and reduce blood pressure, hot pressing and nervous function. 021 ^^^^^-SS-^S1(1-27p)-4^.indd 21 W 2019. 12. 13. Gymnosperm s Ephedra intermedia Schrenk & C.A. Mey. Ephedraceae Description Habitat Grasslands, valleys, beaches, deserts, floodlands, cliffs, river sandy other dry, sandy or rocky places. Distribution Mongolia, Afghanistan, China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan Parts used Herb. to 1 m, densely branched, sometimes with creeping stem producing single, erect, green primary branches. Stems branchlets yellowish or bluish green, often pruinose, internodes usually 2-5 cm x 1.5-3.0 mm. Leaves in whorls of 3 or opposite, connate for at least 2/3 their length. Pollen cones usually clustered at nodes, often sessile; bracts in 3 or 4 pairs or whorls; anthers 5-8, sessile or shortly stipitate. Seed cones ellipsoid, ovoid, or oblong-ovoid; bracts in 2-5 pairs or whorls, outer ones connate at base, apical pair or whorl connate for ca. 1/2 their length, margins membranous, globose, red, and fleshy at maturity; integument tube long, 3-5 mm, usually spirally twisted. Seeds 2 or 3, ovoid or elongate-ovoid, 5-6 x ca. 3 mm, concealed by bracts. Subshrubs or shrubs Pollination May-Jun, seed maturity Jul-Aug. Medicinal uses The character states distinguishing var. glauca and var. tibetica from typical Ephedra intermedia may all be observed together in a single population; the species is therefore not divided here. This species has medicinal properties. Members of this genus contain various 022 Medicinal Plants of the Mongolian Gobi Desert *^2^EH--§-S-4M1(1-27p)- 4H.indd 22 2019. 12. 13. 2^ 023 !-4M1(1-27p)-4H.in dd 23 2019. 12. 13. Gymnosperm s medicinally active alkaloids (but notably ephedrine) and they are widely used in preparations for the treatment of asthma and catarrh. Ephedrine has a similar effect to adrenaline in the body. It acts promptly to reduce swellings of the mucous membranes and has antispasmodic properties, thus making it valuable in the treatment of asthma. This species contains between 0.7 and 2.33% alkaloids, of which 10% is ephedrine. The whole plant can be used at much lower concentrations than the isolated constituents unlike using the isolated ephedrine, using the whole plant rarely gives rise to side-effects. The plant also has antiviral effects, particularly against influenza. The stems are a pungent, bitter, warm herb that dilates the bronchial vessels whilst stimulating the heart and central nervous system. The stems are also an antidote, diaphoretic, diuretic, vasoconstrictor and vasodilator. They are used internally in the treatment of asthma, hay fever and allergic complaints. They are also combined with a number of other herbs and used in treating a wide range of complaints. This herb should be used with great caution, preferably under the supervision of a qualified practitioner. It should not be prescribed to patients who are taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors, or suffering from high blood pressure, hyperthyroidism or glaucoma. Ephedrine is seen as a performance-boosting herb and, as such, is a forbidden substance in many sporting events such as athletics. The stems can be harvested at any time of the year and is dried for later use. The root is antihidrotic, and it lowers blood pressure and dilates the peripheral blood vessels. It is used in the treatment of night sweating and spontaneous sweating. Gymnosperm s Ephedra przewalskii Stapf Ephedraceae Habitat Description Stony and sandy deserts, erect or ascending, 1-2 m, much branched. Stems young branchlets green to pale brownish, internodes stout, 2.5-5 cm x 2-3 mm. Leaves in whorls of 3, rarely opposite, free part triangular, apex acute or acuminate. Cones opposite or whorled at nodes, usually borne on proximal parts of branchlets, often sessile. Bracts of pollen cones in 3 or 4 whorls of 3, rarely opposite, connate at base, with broad, membranous margin surrounding central, herbaceous keel; anthers 5-8, shortly stipitate. Seed cones subglobose; bracts in 4 or 5 whorls of 3, rarely opposite, almost completely free, connate only at base, light brown and membranous at maturity, abruptly narrowed toward base, apical whorl ofbracts with female flowers; integument tube 1.5-2 mm, exserted, usually straight. Seeds 2 or 3, elongate-ovoid, 4-5 x 2-2.5 mm, concealed by scarious bracts. Pollination Jun-Jul, seed maturity rocky foothills of mountains and slopes of dry river beds. Distribution Mongolia, China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan. Parts used Herb and small green branch. Shrubs Jul-Aug. Medicinal uses Alkaloids obtained from the species of Ephedra used in herbal medicines, which are used to synthetically prepare pseudoephedrine and ephedrine, can cause cardiovascular events. These events have 024 Medicinal Plants of the Mongolian Gobi Desert *^2^EH-§-#- 4M1(1-27p)- 4H.in dd 24 2019. 12. 13. :16 025 ^g^-S3l-SS-^M.1(1-27p)-4:a.indd 25 W 2019. 12. 13. Gymnosperm s been associated with arrhythmias, palpitations, tachycardia and myocardial infarction. The preparations containing catechin of this plant are used as an antiphlogistic, capillary strengthening, antihemorrhagic, wound healing remedy for hematuria caused by various kinds of nephritis and other kidney diseases, bruises, etc. Powder of small green branches of the ephedra is an essential constituent of “triephthla” which is applied to kidney diseases too. The decoction of Ephedra is employed in the treatment of rheumatism and catarrhal diseases. Gymnosperm s Ephedra sinica Stapf Description Habitat Rocky and stony slopes of mountains and hills, along slopes and pebble bottom of sayrs, on half-fixed thin sands. Distribution Mongolia, China. Parts used Small green branch. Subshrubs small, 15-40 cm, sparsely branched. Stems woody stems short or prostrate; branchlets straight or curved, sometimes slightly involute, internodes 3-4 cm x ca. 2 mm, shallowly furrowed. Leaves opposite, connate for 1/3-2/3 their length, free part subulate to narrowly triangular, to 5 mm, apex sharply pointed. Pollen cones sessile or pedunculate, solitary or in clusters at nodes, rarely terminal; bracts in 4 pairs, margin very narrow, membranous, apex obtuse or subacute; anthers 7 or 8, sessile or shortly stipitate. Seed cones terminal or axillary, solitary, oblong-ovoid or subglobose, ca. 8 x 6-7 mm at maturity; bracts in 4 pairs, connate for 1/2-3/4 their length, red and fleshy at maturity; integument tube 1-2 mm, straight or slightly curved. Seeds 2, black-red or grayish brown, concealed by or equaling bracts. Pollination May-Jun, seed maturity Aug-Sep. Medicinal uses The small green branches serve as a raw material for obtaining Lephedrine, catechin and the preparations of many medicinal forms. L-ephedrine hydrochloride is applied to bronchial asthma, nettle rash, other allergic diseases, rinitis, narrowing of pupil, dilation of blood vessel, blood loss, myasthenia, and hypotension, etc. 026 Medicinal Plants of the Mongolian Gobi Desert 4M1(1-27p)-4H.indd 26 2019. 12. 13. 'f Monocot s ^^■^-SS-^.1(1-27p)-4^.indd 27 2019. 12. 13. Monocot s Iris bungei Maxim. Habitat Description Sandy grasslands, perennial, densely tufted. Rhizome knobbly, woody. Leaves linear, 20-50 cm x 2-4 mm, veins 4-7, base surrounded by maroonbrown, 10-13 cm long, persistent sheaths; flowering stems not or only slightly emerging above ground, 12-15 cm. Flowers pale violet, 5-7 cm in diam.; pedicel ca. 1.5 cm; perianth tube filiform, 6-7 cm; outer segments oblong-oblanceolate, 5-6 x 1.2-1.5 cm; inner segments erect, narrowly oblanceolate, 5-5.5 cm x 8-10 mm. Fruits a capsule, narrowly cylindric, 8-9 x 1.5-2 cm, 6-veined, apex long beaked. Seeds dark brown or brown. Fl. May-Jun, fr. Jul-Aug. deserts, dunes. Distribution Mongolia, China. Parts used Root. Herbs Medicinal uses The root is used to treat hot diseases of bones and joints, wounds, injuries, microbial swelling, barrier diffusion of microbes in the body, and fevers. 028 Medicinal Plants of the Mongolian Gobi Desert ^^^^^-gg-^£2(28- 43p)- 4H.indd 28 2019. 12. 13. :17 Eudicot s Zygophyllum xanthoxylon (Bunge) Maxim. Zygophyllacea e Habitat Description Debris and stony tailings Shrubs erect, 40-100 cm tall. Stems branches arching, zigzag, and slopes of mountains and hills, rocks, dry riverbed slopes in debris and pebble desert. Distribution Mongolia, China. Parts used Herb. spreading spiny-pointed; bark bright gray; xylem yellow. Leaves on old branches fascicled and on current year branchlets opposite, with 2 leaflets; petiole 0.8-2.5 cm; leaflet blades long spatulate, linear-oblong, or linear, 8-24 x 2-5 mm, apex obtuse. Flowers light yellow, axillary on old branches. Fruits a capsule, nearly spherical, 1.8-4 cm, 3-valved, wings 5-9 mm wide. Seeds oblong or oblong-ovoid, 6-7 x ca. 2.5 mm. Fl. Jun, fr. Jul-Sep. Medicinal uses This species needs additional further research on herbal medicine. 416 Medicinal Plants of the Mongolian Gobi Desert x^^E--SS-^3(298-424p)-4^.indd 416 2019. 12. 13. 24 4:20 References Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG IV). 2016. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV. Botanical Journal ofthe Linnean Society, 181(1): 1-20. Boldsaikhan, B.. 2004. Encyclopedia of Mongolian Medicinal Plants. Volume 1. Second edition. Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. Brummitt, R. K. & C. E. Powell. 1992. Authors of Plant Names. Published on the internet (http:// www.ipni.org/index.html) [accessed in 2019]. Electronic Catalog of Vascular Plants of Asian Russia. http://www- sbras.nsc.ru/win/elbib/atlas/list. dhtml?flora#menu. [accessed in 2019]. Wu, Z. and P.H. Raven (eds.). 1994-2011. 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Oyuntsetseg & R. Tungalag. 2011. In Jamsran, Ts., Sanchir, Ch., Bachman S., Soninkhishig, N., Gombobaatar, S., Baillie, J.E.M., and Tsendeekhuu Ts. (eds.). Regional Red List Series Vol. 9. Plants (Part 1). Zoological Society of London, National University ofMongolia. Admon Press. (In English and Mongolian). Oyuntsetseg, B., S. Baasanmunkh, D. Nyambayar, N. Batkhuu, C. H. Lee, K. S. Chang, G. Y. 417 ^^^^E-SS-^S3(298-424p)-4a.indd 417 W 2019. 12. 13. 2f 4:20 Chung, H. J. Choi. 2018. The conservation status of 100 rare plants in Mongolia. Korea National Arboretum, Pochen, 232pp. Pyak, A. I., S. C. Shaw, A. L. Ebel, A. A. Zverev, J. G. Hodgson, B. D. Wheeler, K. J. Gaston, M. O. Morenko, A. S. Revushkin, Y. A. Kotukhov & D. Oyunchimeg. 2008. Endemic plants of the Altai mountain country. “WILD Guides” Press. The Handbook for Traditional Knowledge on Biological Resources. 2015. Vol. 01. (Mongolia). Seo Hyeong Publisher. Ministry of Environment, National Institute of Biological Resources (NIBR), Korea. 632pp. ( in Korean and English). The Handbook for Traditional Knowledge on Biological Resources. 2016. Vol. 02. (Mongolia, The People's Republic of China, Brunei Darussalam, Kingdom of Cambodia). Woonsuk Beak Publisher. Ministry of Environment, National Institute of Biological Resources (NIBR), Korea. 351pp. ( in Korean and English). The Handbook for Traditional Knowledge on Biological Resources. 2017. Vol. 03. (Mongolia, Federated States of Micronesia). Ministry of Environment, National Institute of Biological Resources (NIBR), Korea. 200pp. (in Korean and English). The Handbook for Traditional Knowledge on Biological Resources. 2018. Vol. 04. (Mongolia, Federated States of Micronesia) Ministry of Environment, National Institute of Biological Resources (NIBR), Korea. 298pp. (in Korean and English). Tungalag, R. A.. 2012. Field Guide to the Trees and shrubs of Mongolia. Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. “Munkhiin Yseg” Press. Tungalag, R.. 2016. The Flowers of the Mongolian Gobi Desert. Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. Admon Publishing. 333pp. Tuvshintogtokh, I., N. Nyambayar, B. Mandakh, D. Manidari, Ts. Tumenjargal & N. Battogtokh. 2019. Flora and Vegetation of the Ikh Nart Nature Reserve. Admon Print. Ulaanbaatar. 604pp. Ulziykhutag, N.. 2003. Legumes of Mongolia: Taxonomy, ecology, geography, phylogeny and economic importance. Bembi San Press, Ulaanbaatar. 588pp. (in Russian). Urgamal, M.. 2009. Flora of Mongolia. Vol. 10. (Apiaceae-Cornaceae). Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. Bembi san Press. (in Mongolian). Urgamal, M.. 2018. Species Catalogue of Rare and Threatened Vascular Plants of Mongolia. Ulaanbaatar. Mongolia. Bembi San Press. 193pp. Urgamal, M., B. Oyuntsetseg, D. Nyambayar & C. Dulamsuren. 2014. Conspectus of the vascular plants of Mongolia. In Sanchir, Ch. & Ts. Jamsran (Eds.) (p. 334). Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia: “Admon” Press. 418 Medicinal Plants of the Mongolian Gobi Desert ^^^^E-SS-^S3(298-424p)-4a.indd 418 W 2019. 12. 13. 24 4:20 Urgamal, M., B. Oyuntsetseg, V. Gundegmaa, T. Munkh-Erdene & Kh. Solongo. 2016. Additions to the vascular flora of Mongolia-III. Proceedings of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences. 56(220): 32-38. Urgamal, M. & B. Oyuntsetseg. 2017. Atlas of the Endemic Vascular Plants of Mongolia. Ulaanbaatar. Mongolia. Bembi San Press. 107pp. Urgamal, M., B. Oyuntsetseg, R. Tungalag, V. Gundegmaa, Ch. Oyundari, Ts. Tserendulam, T. Munkh-Erdene, Kh. Solongo, E. Enkhjargal, Ts. Bukhchuluun, N. Kherlenchimeg, G. Burenbaatar, O. Enkhtuya, S. Javkhlan & S. Gombobaatar. 2019. Mongolian Plant Regional Red List Vol. 11. National University of Mongolia, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Zoological Society of London. Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. (In Mongolian). 419 ^^^^E-SS-^S3(298-424p)-4a.indd 419 VV 2019. 12. 13. 2^ 4:20 Index A Artemisia rutifolia 100 Artemisia Abutilon theophrasti 288 santolinifolia 101 Artemisia scoparia 103 Artemisia sieversiana 105 Achnatherum splendens 38 18 Artemisia xanthochloa 107 Artemisia 5 xerophytica 108 Asparagus gobicus 36 Aconitum chasmanthum 333 Aconitum smirnovii 335 Asparagus trichophyllus 37 Aster hispidus 109 Asterothamnus alyssoides Agriophyllum squarrosum 46 110 Asterothamnus centraliasiaticus 111 Agropyron desertorum 39 Asterothamnus heteropappoides 112 Ajania achilleoides 87 Asterothamnus molliusculus 113 Ajania fruticulosa 88 Asterothamnus poliifolius 114 Ajania grubovii 89 Astragalus mongholicus 227 Atraphaxis Allium altaicum 31 Allium mongolicum 32 pungens 317 Atriplex sibirica 192 Axyris amaranthoides 193 Allium platyspathum 34 Allium polyrhizum 35 B_ Amaranthus retrofexus 47 Bassia dasyphylla 194 Brachanthemum Ammopiptanthus mongolicus 225 gobicum 115 Brachanthemum Amygdalus mongolica 355 mongolicum 116 Bupleurum aureum 65 Amygdalus pedunculata 356 Bupleurum bicaule 66 Bupleurum Anabasis aphylla 48 mongolicum 67 Bupleurum multinerve 68 Anabasis brevifolia 50 Bupleurum scorzonerifolium 70 Anabasis elatior 51 C_ Anabasis eriopoda 52 Anabasis pelliotii 53 Anabasis salsa 54 Anabasis truncata 55 Calligonum gobicum 318 Calligonum junceum 319 Calligonum mongolicum 320 Ancathia igniaria 90 Angelica archangelica subsp. decurrens 63 Cancrinia discoidea 117 Cannabis sativa 182 Apocynumpictum 84 Caragana brachypoda 229 Arnebia decumbens 170 Caragana korshinskii 230 Arnebiafimbriata 171 Caragana leucophloea 231 Arnebia guttata 172 Artemisia adamsii 91 Artemisia annua 92 Artemisia dracunculus 94 Artemisia frigida 96 Artemisia macrocephala 97 Artemisia rupestris 98 420 Medicinal Plants of the Mongolian Gobi Desert x^^E--SS-^3(298-424p)-4^.indd 420 VV 2019. 12. 13. 2^ 4:20 Caragana microphylla 232 Echinops nanus 124 Echinops ritro Caragana pygmaea 233 125 Ephedra dahurica 18 Ephedra Caragana spinosa 234 equisetina 19 Ephedra glauca 21 Caragana stenophyla 235 Ephedra intermedia 22 Ephedra Caragana tibetica 236 przewalskii 24 Ephedra sinica 26 Caryopteris mongholica 404 Eremostachys moluccelloides 270 Ceratocarpus arenarius 56 Erodium tibetanum 265 Euphorbia Chenopodium album 195 humifusa 219 Euphorbia kozlovii Chesneya mongolica 237 221 Euphorbia mongolica 222 Cicuta virosa 72 Euphorbia potaninii 223 Euphorbia Cirsium esculentum 118 subcordata 224 Cistanche deserticola 290 F Cistanche salsa 292 Clematisfruticosa 336 Clematis glauca 337 Clematis songarica 338 Clematis tangutica 339 Comarum salesovianum 357 Convolvulus ammanii subsp. mongolica 208 Ferula bungeana 74 Convolvulus gortschakovii 209 Ferula feruloides 75 Convolvulus tragacanthoides 210 G Cotoneaster melanocarpus 358 Cotoneaster uniflorus 359 Cymbaria dahurica 293 Gentiana decumbens 261 Gentiana Cynanchum acutum subsp. sibiricum 85 macrophyla 262 Glaucium squamigerum 295 Cynanchum thesioides 86 Glycyrrhiza glabra subsp. semenovii 238 Cynomorium songaricum 216 Glycyrrhiza inflata 239 Glycyrrhiza squamulosa 240 Glycyrrhiza uralensis 241 Goniolimon eximium 306 Goniolimon D_ speciosum 307 Gypsophila desertorum 187 Descurainia sophia 174 Dianthus soongoricus 186 Dontostemon crassifolius 176 Dracocephalumfoetidum 267 Dracocephalum fruticulosum 268 Dracocephalum grandiflorum 269 H Dysphania botrys 57 Halerpestes sarmentosa 340 Halimodendron halodendron 243 E_ Echinops Halogeton arachnoideus 58 Halogeton gmelinii glomeratus 59 Halostachys caspica 196 120 Echinops integrifoliu 122 Haloxylon ammodendron 197 Echinops latifolius 123 Haplophyllum dauricum 373 Heracleum dissectum 76 421 ^^■^-SS-^.3(298-424p)-4^.indd 421 VV 2019. 12. 13. 2^ 4:20 Heteropappus altaicus 127 Leontopodium conglobatum 139 Heteropappus biennis 129 Leontopodium leontopodioides 140 Hieracium umbellatum 130 Leontopodium ochroleucum 141 Hippolytia trifida 131 Leonurus sibiricus 273 Hippophae rhamnoides 217 Lepidium latifolium 178 Hyoscyamus niger 385 Ligularia altaica 142 Hyoscyamus pusiEu 386 Ligularia fscherii 143 Hypecoum erectum 296 Ligularia thomsonii 145 Hypecoum lactiflorum 298 Limonium aureum 308 Limonium bicolor 309 I Limonium chrysocomum 310 Iljinia regelii 60 Incarvillea Limonium flexuosum 312 potaninii 169 Inula britannica Limonium gmelinii 313 132 Inula salicina 133 Iris Limonium myrianthum 315 bungei 28 Iris tenuifolia 29 Limonium suffruticosum 316 Isatis tinctoria 177 Linaria hepatica 380 Limonium chrysocomum subsp. semenovii 311 Linum altaicum 284 Linum baicalense 286 Linum pallescens 287 J Lithosciadium kamelinii 77 Juniperus pseudosabina 16 Lomatogonium carinthiacum 263 Juniperus sabina 17 Jurinea Lomatogonium rotatum 264 chaetocarpa 134 Jurinea Lonicera tatarica 184 mongolica 135 Lycium ruthenicum 387 Lithosciadium multicaule 78 Lycium truncatum 388 K Kalidium caspicum 199 Kalidium M_ cuspidatum 198 Kalidium foliatum 200 Malva Kalidium gracile 201 Kaschgaria komarovii Medicagofalcata 136 Krascheninnikovia ceratoides 190 Medicago sativa 245 neglecta 289 244 Krascheninnikovia ewersmanniana 191 N_ Nanophyton erinaceum 61 Neopallasia pectinata 146 L Nepeta Lactuca tatarica 137 Lagochilus Nitraria ilicifolius 271 Lamium album 272 Nitraria Lappula intermedia 173 407 Leontopodium campestre 138 422 Medicinal Plants of the Mongolian Gobi Desert x^^EH--SS-^3(298-424p)-4^.indd 422 annua 274 Nitraria roborowskii 405 VV 2019. 12. 13. 24 4:20 sibirica 406 sphaerocarpa O Potentilla anserina 362 Potentilla bifurca 363 Potentilla tanacetifolia 365 Primula farinosa Olgaea leucophylla 147 332 Pseudolysimachion longifolium 382 Orobanche cernua 294 Ptilotrichum canescens 179 Pulsatilla ambigua Orostachys spinosa 211 341 Pulsatilla bungeana 342 Pulsatilla Orostachys thyrsiflora 212 bungeana var. astragalifolia 343 Pulsatilla Oxytropis aciphylla 247 Oxytropis glabra 248 Oxytropis myriophylla patens subsp. flavescens 344 Pulsatilla patens subsp. multifida 345 Pulsatilla tenuiloba 346 250 Oxytropis oxyphylla 251 R_ Oxytropis pseudoglandulosa 252 Ranunculus natans 347 Ranunculus sceleratus P erythroxylon 354 Rheum compactum 325 348 Reaumuria soongarica 390 Rhamnus Panzerina canescens 275 Panzerina Rheum nanum 326 Rheum rhabarbarum 327 lanata 276 Papaver baitagense 299 Rhodiola quadrifida 213 Ribes heterotrichum Papaver nudicaule 300 Patrinia 266 Rosa beggeriana 366 Rosa laxa 368 Rosa rupestris 400 Patrinia sibirica 401 spinosissima 369 Rubia cordifolia 371 Rumex Pedicularisfava 381 Peganum acetosa 328 Rumex crispus 330 Rumex harmala 408 Peganum multisectum patientia 331 409 Peganum nigellastrum 410 Persicaria vivipara 321 Peucedanum baicalense 79 Peucedanum S_ Salix ledebouriana 378 terebinthaceum 80 Peucedanum Salix vaginatum 81 Phlojodicarpus sibiricus 82 Phragmites australis 40 Physochlaina physaloides 389 Plantago arachnoidea 301 Plantago depressa 302 Plantago major 303 Plantago minuta 304 Polygala tenuifolia 322 Polygonum aviculare 323 Polygonum divaricatum 324 miyabeana 379 Salsola abrotanoides 202 Salsola arbuscula 203 Salsola collina 204 Salsola laricifolia 205 Salsola passerina 207 Saussurea amara 148 Saussurea involucrata 150 Populus euphratica 374 Populus laurifolia 376 Potamogeton perfoliatum 43 Potaninia mongolica 360 Potentilla acaulis 361 423 x^^E--SS-^3(298-424p)-4^.indd 423 VV 2019. 12. 13. 2^ 4:20 Saussurea salicifolia 152 Saussurea Thymu altaicu 278 salsa 153 Scorzonera austriaca 154 Thymus gobicu 279 Scorzonera capito 155 Scorzonera Thymus mongolicus 280 divaricata 156 Scorzonera Tribulu terrestris 411 pseudodivaricata 157 Scorzonera Triglochin palustris 30 radiata 158 Scutellaria scordiifolia Trollius altaicus 353 277 Sedum aizoon 214 Sedum Tugarinovia mongolica roseum 215 Serratula centauroides 166 159 Serratula marginata 160 Silene repens 188 Sophora alopecuroides 253 U Sphaerophysa salsula 254 Ulmus Sphallerocarpus gracilis 83 Spiraea Urtica cannabina 399 pumila 397 aquilegifolia 370 Spongiocarpella grubovii 255 Stellaria dichotoma 189 Stipa inebrians 42 Sympegma regelii V 62 Valeriana officinalis 402 Veronica incana 384 Vicia costata 260 X Xanthium strumarium 167 T Z Tamarix arceuthoides 391 Ziziphora clinopodioides 282 Tamarix elongata 392 Tamarix gracilis 393 Tamarix karelinii 394 Tamarix leptostachya 395 Tamarix ramosissima 396 283 Zygophyllum gobicum 412 Zygophyllum potaninii 413 Zygophyllum pterocarpum 414 Taraxacum dealbatum 161 Zygophylum Taraxacum mongolicum 162 rosowii 415 Zygophyllum xanthoxylon 416 Taraxacum officinale 164 Taraxacum sinicum 165 Thalictrum foeditum 349 Thalictrum minus 350 Thalictrum petaloideum 351 Thalictrum simplex 352 Thermopsis lanceolata 256 Thermopsis longicarpa 257 Thermopsis mongolica 259 Thlaspi arvense 180 424 Medicinal Plants of the Mongolian Gobi Desert x^^EH--SS-^3(298-424p)-4^.indd 424 Ziziphorapamiroalaica VV 2019. 12. 13. 2^ 4:20