The text that follows is a PREPRINT. O texto que segue é um PREPRINT. Please cite as: Favor citar como: Daga, Vanessa S.; Valter M. Azevedo-Santos, Fernando M. Pelicice, Philip M. Fearnside, Gilmar Perbiche-Neves, Lucas R. P. Paschoal, Daniel C. Cavallari, José Erickson, Ana M. C. Ruocco, Igor Oliveira, André A. Padial & Jean R. S. Vitule. 2020. Water diversion in Brazil threatens biodiversity: Potential problems and alternatives. Ambio 49(1): 165–172. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-019-01189-8 . (online version published 27 April 2019) ISSN: 0044-7447 (print version) ISSN: 1654-7209 (electronic version) Copyright: Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences & Springer Science+Business Media B.V. The original publication is available at: A publicação original está disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-019-01189-8 1 Water diversion in Brazil threatens biodiversity: Potential problems and alternatives Vanessa S. Daga1, Valter M. Azevedo-Santos2, Fernando M. Pelicice3, Philip M. Fearnside4, Gilmar Perbiche-Neves5, Lucas R. P. Paschoal6, Daniel C. Cavallari7, José Erickson8, Ana M.C. Ruocco2, Igor Oliveira9, André A. Padial10, Jean R. S. Vitule1 1 Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação (LEC), Departamento de Engenharia Ambiental, Setor de Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil 2 Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil 3 Núcleo de Estudos Ambientais, Universidade Federal de Tocantins, Porto Nacional, Tocantins, Brazil 4 Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil 5 Centro de Ciências da Natureza, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Buri, São Paulo, Brazil 6 Invertebrate Morphology Laboratory (IML), Departamento de Biologia Aplicada, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil 7 Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil 8 Laboratório de Genética e Evolução Molecular, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil 9 Laboratório de Etnociências, Universidade Federal do Acre, Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre, Brazil 10 Departamento de Botânica, Setor de Ciências Biológicas. Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil Correspondence Vanessa Salete Daga, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. Email: vanedaga@yahoo.com.br, Phone: +55 (41) 3361-3012 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are very grateful to Dr. Luiz Ricardo Lopes de Simone (University of São Paulo Museum of Zoology, MZSP) for providing data from the Mollusca Collection, and Dr. Edson Gomes de Moura Júnior (Federal University of São Francisco Valley UNIVASF) for providing data from aquatic plants of the São Francisco River basin. We thank Dr. Neusa Hamada (National Institute for Research in Amazonia - INPA) for valuable comments and revision of the aquatic-insect data. We also would like to thank 2 Dr. Daniel Simberloff (Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee) for important comments on the manuscript, and Dr. James A. Nienow (Biology Department, Valdosta State University) and Dr. Larissa Strictar Pereira (Federal University of Paraná) for English revision. This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES - Brazil Finance Code 001), provided to V.M.A.S. and L.R.P.P. The authors are grateful to Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq - Brazil) for the continuous research productivity grants provided to J.R.S.V. (PQ Process Numbers: 310850/2012-6 and 303776/2015-3), and for support provided to V.S.D. (Process Number: 167382/2017-9), P.M.F. and J.E. AUTHOR BIOGRAPHIES Vanessa S. Daga is a biologist. In 2017, she completed her Ph.D in Zoology at Federal University of Paraná in Brazil, which investigated the consequences of non-native species introductions on biotic homogenization patterns in Neotropical reservoirs. Her main research interests include invasive species and the factors contributing to their dispersal and impacts on freshwater ecosystems. Address: Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação (LEC), Departamento de Engenharia Ambiental, Setor de Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR 81531-970, Brazil. e-mail: vanedaga@yahoo.com.br Valter M. Azevedo-Santos is a doctoral candidate at the Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”. His research is mainly focused on ichthyology, biodiversity conservation, and conservation policy. Address: Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Botucatu, SP 18618-970, Brazil. e-mail: valter.ecologia@gmail.com Fernando M. Pelicice is a Professor at the Universidade Federal do Tocantins. His research interests include ecology and management of reservoirs, invasive species, floodplain, interaction between fishes and aquatic macrophytes, as well as philosophy and the history of science. Address: Núcleo de Estudos Ambientais, Universidade Federal de Tocantins, Porto Nacional, TO 77500-000, Brazil. e-mail: fmpelicice@gmail.com Philip M. Fearnside is a Research Professor at the National Institute for Research in Amazonia (INPA). His research interests include the causes and impacts of deforestation, climate change and Amazonian development projects, especially hydroelectric dams. Address: Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Av. André Araújo, 2036, Manaus, AM 69067-375, Brazil. e-mail: pmfearn@inpa.gov.br Gilmar Perbiche-Neves is a Professor at the Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar). He has experience and interest in the field of invertebrate zoology, especially in copepods and other continental freshwater microcrustaceans, as well as limnology and aquaculture. Address: Centro de Ciências da Natureza, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Buri, SP 18290-000, Brazil. e-mail: gilmarperbiche83@gmail.com Lucas R. P. Paschoal is a biologist. In 2017, he completed his Ph.D. in Zoology at the Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho in Brazil. His research is mainly focused on biology of crustaceans and molluscs, and bioinvasions in Neotropical 3 reservoirs. Address: Invertebrate Morphology Laboratory (IML), Departamento de Biologia Aplicada, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP 14884-900, Brazil. e-mail: lucasrezende20@gmail.com Daniel C. Cavallari is a biologist and lab technician at the University of São Paulo (USP), Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto (FFCLRP). He obtained his MSc degree in Systematics, Animal Taxonomy and Biodiversity from the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo (MZUSP) in 2017. His research interests include taxonomy and morphology of gastropods, especially deep-water marine snails and Neotropical land snails, micro/nano CT-Scanning, natural history collections, and curatorial methods. Address: Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-901, Brazil. e-mail: dccavallari@gmail.com José Erickson is a biologist. In 2018, he completed his Ph.D. in Biological Sciences at the National Institute for Research in Amazonia (INPA), in Brazil. His research is focused on an eco-evolutionary approach to behavior, reproduction and the mating system in animals (e.g. turtles) using some integrated tools such as: geometric morphometry, histology and genetics. Address: Laboratório de Genética e Evolução Molecular, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES 29075-910, Brazil. e-mail: erickson.herpeto@gmail.com Ana M. C. Ruocco is a doctoral candidate at the Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”. Her research interests include freshwater ecology: limnology and aquatic communities, mainly focused on aquatic macroinvertebrates. Address: Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Botucatu, SP 18618-970, Brazil. e-mail: ana.ruocco@yahoo.com.br Igor Oliveira is a Professor at the Universidade Federal do Acre. His main research interests are conservation and biodiversity of amphibians, as well as the impacts of invasive species. Address: Laboratório de Etnociências, Universidade Federal do Acre, Cruzeiro do Sul, AC 69980-000, Brazil. e-mail: oliveira.snake@gmail.com André A. Padial is a Professor at the Federal University of Paraná. His research addresses questions about spatial and temporal organization of natural communities. He is currently working on issues that determine species composition and abundances of natural assemblages. Address: Departamento de Botânica, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR 81531-990, Brazil. e-mail: aapadial@gmail.com Jean R. S. Vitule is a Professor and the leader of the Laboratory of Ecology and Conservation (LEC) at the Federal University of Paraná. His main research interests are related to the fields of biodiversity and conservation, the negative impacts of large-scale projects and biological invasions. His research includes broad investigations to support and recommend that authorities and decision makers consider the environmental risks and costs of man-made projects, which threaten the biodiversity and the conservation of ecosystems. Address: Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação (LEC), Departamento de Engenharia Ambiental, Setor de Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR 81531-970, Brazil. e-mail: biovitule@gmail.com 4 Water diversion in Brazil threatens biodiversity: Potential problems and alternatives Abstract Construction of water diversions is a common response to the increasing demands for freshwater, often resulting in benefits to communities but with the risk of multiple environmental, economic and social impacts. Water-diversion projects can favor massive introductions and accelerate biotic homogenization. This study provides empirical evidence on the consequences of a Proposed Law intended to divert water from two large and historically isolated river basins in Brazil: Tocantins to São Francisco. Compositional similarity (CS) and β-diversity were quantified encompassing aquatic organisms: mollusks, zooplankton, crustaceans, insects, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, mammals and plants. For CS we i) considered only native species, and ii) simulated the introduction of non-natives and assumed the extinction of threatened species due to this water-diversion project. We highlight the environmental risks of such large-scale projects, which are expected to cause impacts on biodiversity linked to bioinvasion and homogenization, and we recommend alternatives in order to solve water-demand conflicts. Keywords Animal conservation; Biological conservation; Biological invasions; Biotic interchange; Environmental impacts; Inter-basin water transfer INTRODUCTION Human demand for water for domestic consumption, agriculture, and navigation development has historically led nations to propose actions that can prove unsustainable over long periods (Bagla 2014; Brito and Magalhães 2017). Construction of waterdiversion schemes is a common response to the increasing demand for freshwater (Liu et al. 2015; Zhang et al. 2015). This ancient human practice connects one river basin to another through artificial canals, often resulting in positive benefits to communities, but with generally ignored risks to the environmental, economic and social spheres in both the short and the long term (Moreira-Filho and Buckup 2005; Zhang et al. 2018). Water diversions can cause significant hydrological deficits and major changes in the dynamics of the river flow in the donor basin, in addition to habitat destruction, collapse of fisheries, spread of parasites, transmission of diseases, loss of genetic variability between populations, biological invasions, species extinction, and water pollution (Liang et al. 2012; Vitule et al. 2015; Merciai et al. 2017; Qin et al. 2018). Here, together with habitat alteration caused by water-diversion projects, another major ecological effect was highlighted, the concomitant indiscriminate and unplanned biotic interchange between basins. Artificial canals allow the dispersal of isolated taxa or populations between historically separated basins, resulting in multiple introductions of different organisms that otherwise would only very rarely overcome geological barriers (Zhan et al. 2015; Gallardo and Aldridge 2018). 38 Major water-diversion projects have been implemented around the world, such as China’s South-to-North diversion and South Africa’s Orange-Fish-Sundays project (Woodford et al. 2013; Zhan et al. 2015). In addition to water diversions that are already in operation, there are plans to connect countless other river basins worldwide. For 5 example, in North America around 30 water-diversion projects are planned (Shumilova et al. 2018). Similarly, water-diversion projects in Brazil have been developed in various regions of the country without appropriate consideration of environmental issues, the importance of which are not recognized owing to a lack of political motivation (Andrade et al. 2011; Vitule et al. 2015). Negative impacts resulting from the interchange of water between river basins are already apparent, with the introduction of non-native species (notably fishes) one of the most evident impacts (e.g. Moreira-Filho and Buckup 2005; Ramos et al. 2018). More astonishingly, novel large-scale projects are still being undertaken (Andrade et al. 2011; Shumilova et al. 2018), disregarding mechanisms for preventing biological invasions and ignoring policies that could preserve biodiversity and riverine ecosystem services for future generations. An old and controversial project is currently being advanced in Brazil with the aim of connecting the Tocantins and São Francisco River basins. The purpose of this largescale project is to allow navigation between the basins and to increase the water supply in Brazil’s semi-arid Northeast region. The Tocantins-São Francisco water-diversion project (hereafter TO-SF-WDP) has been opposed by local people in the donor basin and has been questioned by a number of politicians, even including those who are not usually sympathetic about environmental protection measures (Online Reference 1 – Supplementary Material). Here we provide empirical evidence showing that the TO-SFWDP would constitute a serious setback for environmental policies in Brazil. It would jeopardize aquatic ecosystems in the Amazon and Tocantins River basins, as well as cause additional damage to the São Francisco River (Brazil’s third largest river basin), which is one of the most threatened rivers in South America, mostly due to the diversion of its waters that is already underway (Moreira-Filho and Buckup 2005; Brito and Magalhães 2017). PROPOSED LAW (PL) 6569/2013 The proposed law (PL) 6569/2013 is intended to divert water from the Tocantins River (Amazon River basin) to the Preto River (São Francisco River basin) (Fig. 1). The TOSF-WDP would create a waterway for navigation between the basins and deliver water to the already-diverted São Francisco River (Online Reference 2 – Supplementary Material). The project includes plans for constructing ~200 km of canals in a network totaling 733 km that would cross several “conservation units” (protected areas), mostly in the states of Tocantins and Bahia. The proposed law was initiated under previous presidential administrations; it was approved in November 2017 by the Chamber of Deputies and was tabled in June 2018 by the Senate (Online Reference 3 – Supplementary Material). The archiving was mainly motived by the absence of studies and technical support justifying the supposition that the TO-SF-WDP would preserve the donor basin. However, the archiving does not guarantee that this PL will be forgotten or that new water-diversion projects will not be proposed, given that politicians are ignoring this decision and promising that the transposition project will be carried out (e.g. Online References 4 and 5 – Supplementary Material). PUTTING BIODIVERSITY AT RISK 6 The main impact expected from the proposed TO-SF-WDP is the introduction of nonnative organisms from one basin to another and the many potential negative effects that the introduced species can have on the receiving basin’s biota and ecosystem services. Organisms may be carried passively by river flow from the Tocantins to the São Francisco basin (aquatic invertebrates, eggs and juvenile of fish, aquatic plants, and algae), or they may disperse actively in both directions (crustaceans, fishes and reptiles). Displacement of aquatic plants (floating mats or plant fragments) through the network may also play a fundamental role dispersing many organisms that colonize these plants (Marsden and Ladago 2017). Additionally, because part of the rationale for the TO-SF-WDP is to ensure navigation between the basins, encrusted aquatic organisms may be carried by boats and barges, as is commonly reported in other cases of biological invasion (Table S1). The Amazon River basin has a long history of international navigation, and ballast water may enhance introductions, as occurred with the invasive Asian clam Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) (Table S1), and an Asian midge (Chironomidae) species (Amora et al. 2015). Globally, introduction of non-native species is considered to be one of the primary causes of species extinction (Clavero and Garcia-Berthou 2005; Sax and Gaines 2008; Bellard et al. 2016), as well as ecosystem disruption (Lövei et al. 2012). Species introductions represent an important phenomenon that needs to be studied and prevented, in particula because of the large catalogue of negative impacts (Simberloff and Vitule 2014). Biological invasions are of paramount concern for conservationists and a huge challenge in megadiverse countries, where introductions of non-native species and environmental degradation of rivers are accelerating the biotic homogenization process (e.g. Lövei et al. 2012; Winemiller et al. 2016). The outcome of biotic homogenization is a consistent decrease over time in the genetic, taxonomic, or functional distinctiveness of biotas, which occurs across a variety of ecosystems and taxonomic groups (Olden et al. 2004). Connecting distinct drainage basins through large-scale projects greatly facilitates biotic homogenization, as is the case of the planned Nicaragua Canal, which would certainly cause a biotic upheaval in the freshwater fish fauna of the affected basins, whose current compositional similarity is only one-third (Härer et al. 2017). The Tocantins River is a tributary of the Amazon River basin and hosts valuable biodiversity, corresponding to an important area of endemism, particularly for fish: around 400 species are present, of which 50% are endemic to the basin – the highest percentage among all Amazonian tributaries (Winemiller et al. 2016). As a consequence, the Tocantins River shares only a few species with the São Francisco River (see Methods section and Table S2 – Supplementary Material), with a low compositional similarity (CS) for native assemblages of mollusks, zooplankton, crustaceans, aquatic insects, freshwater fishes, amphibians, reptiles, aquatic mammals and aquatic plants (Fig. 2 – values in black). Furthermore, the likely introduction of non-native species and extinction of all currently threatened species owing to the construction of the TO-SF-WDP (Fig. 2 – values in red), will cause the CS for all taxonomic groups between these basins to increase even more. This scenario will be significantly more catastrophic for aquatic mammals (Fig. 2h), since all species recorded are threatened with extinction. In addition, the β- 7 diversities (Sørensen dissimilarity index - βsor) of mollusks (βsor = 0.86), zooplankton (βsor = 0.71), crustaceans (βsor = 0.65), aquatic insects (βsor = 0.92), freshwater fishes (βsor = 0.99), amphibians (βsor = 0.94), reptiles (βsor = 0.60), and aquatic plants (βsor = 0.79) show strong species turnover between basins (see details on Methods – Supporting Information). These results indicate that taxonomic homogenization is an anticipated outcome, leading to the loss of a long history of evolution across each taxonomic group by vicariance. The Tocantins River currently has few non-native aquatic species, in contrast to the São Francisco River, which has a long history of non-native species introductions and invasions (Table S2 – Supplementary Material) because of intense environmental degradation driven by anthropogenic activities. Additionally, the Tocantins and São Francisco Rivers run through different biomes, physiographic regions, and climate zones (Tocantins: Cerrado and rainforest; São Francisco: Cerrado and Caatinga semiarid vegetation). Thus, it is not possible to envisage which basin or ecoregion will be more affected by the biological invasions and their negative impacts or socioeconomic consequences for human populations. Information about some freshwater groups (e.g. aquatic insects and aquatic plants) is still scarce and difficult to assess, which makes the TO-SF-WDP even riskier. Although the Tocantins River still has many endemic species, both river basins are extensively impacted by multiple disturbances, especially changes in land cover and river hydrology (e.g. construction of many dams), along with habitat conversion and degradation (Winemiller et al. 2016; Pelicice et al. 2017). Social conflicts are expected as a result of the water diversion, given that hydropower and agribusiness activities have developed significantly in the Tocantins River basin while water availability is limited (i.e. highly seasonal, with six dry months). Furthermore, lack of effective wildlifemanagement strategies, lead to illegal hunting (Kemenes and Pezzuti 2007). This is the case of trade traffic of Podocnemis spp. turtles (Pantoja-Lima et al. 2014), which is expected to expand in the TO-SF-WDP network because these species are highly appreciated for human consumption in Amazonia and other regions of the country. The sum of these factors indicates that the TO-SF-WDP would cause profound changes in both basins, including irreversible impacts affecting biodiversity patterns, ecosystem functioning, and the provision of ecosystem services that are important for conservation of aquatic resources, water supply, food production, and public health (Moreira-Filho and Buckup 2005; Vitule et al. 2015; Brito and Magalhães 2017). In summary, projects such as the TO-SF-WDP represent a huge challenge at a time when biodiversity in megadiverse nations is increasingly threatened and in need to strong conservation measures (Scarano et al. 2012; Frehse et al. 2016; Pelicice et al. 2017; Alves et al. 2018; Bockmann et al. 2018; Azevedo-Santos et al. 2019). This is a good example of sharing the multiple and complex costs associated with misguided policies and large-scale degradation (i.e. the São Francisco River) with a distinct and moderately disturbed neighbor (i.e. the Tocantins River), leading to negative consequences for both. BETTER POTENTIAL ALTERNATIVES In view of the high environmental risk associated with water diversions (Zhang et al. 2018) and the lack of adequate information to guide conservation strategies and 8 monitoring programs, authorities should consider other alternatives. The most important recommendation is avoiding the construction of new water-diversion projects whenever possible, however if it is unavoidable, at least the construction of barriers to movement (e.g. acoustic, electrical or physical) should be also proposed, aiming to contain the spread of aquatic organisms between basins (Clarkson 2004; Rahel 2013; Rahel and Smith 2018). In the case of the TO-SF-WDP, transport functions can be served by improvement of rail connections, and, if the demand is sufficient (Matera 2012), improved air transport infrastructure can also be justified. Railways offer a still impacting alternative, but likely less than water-diversion projects. This can either be done through improvement of existing railways (e.g. EF-151, Online Reference 6 – Supplementary Material) or through the construction of new lines (sensu Laurance and Balmford 2013), providing transportation for both passengers and freight. As with all projects, railway construction or improvement should be preceded by multidisciplinary assessments that include explicit and honest consideration of negative impacts on biodiversity. Water scarcity in Northeast Brazil is an important rationale for the TO-SF-WDP, as is frequently the case for water diversions worldwide. One alternative rather than water diversion projects is water reuse (Hespanhol 2002), a practice already adopted in many countries (Miller 2006). For this practice, there are methods available for treating reused water for human consumption (Warsinger et al. 2018). In addition, innovative methods have been implanted in some semi-arid regions of the world, such as water harvesting from thin air, which has low cost and maintenance (Davtalab et al. 2013; Online Reference 7 – Supplementary Material). Another alternative is rainwater harvesting, where water is captured (often from rooftops) and stored in cisterns (e.g. Gomes and Heller 2016). Rainwater harvesting systems are already in use in Brazil’s Northeast region; however, they could be further implemented in the area that would receive water from the diversion project if the federal or state governments were to provide subsidies for massive application of this method. The combination of rainwater harvesting and water reuse could supply much of the demand for water for domestic use in the area served by the proposed water-diversion project. FINAL REMARKS Decisions on inter-basin water diversion are being made without sufficient reference to expected environmental and social impacts related to biodiversity and biological invasions. Warnings from the scientific community are being circumvented to allow implementation of questionable economic-development projects (Vitule et al. 2015; Brito and Magalhães 2017). PL 6569/2013 is not an isolated case in Brazil (Table 1). Several large-scale projects have been developed or planned in the last decade, as is the case of the São Francisco River water diversion mentioned previously: a problematic project characterized by environmental problems and delays (Brito and Magalhães 2017). Severe water scarcity in the city of São Paulo has also led local authorities to propose diversions (Vitule et al. 2015) to bring water from several other basins (Paraíba do Sul, Ribeira de Iguape, and Itapanhaú), and recently even the transposition of the Amazon River has been suggested by politicians (Online Reference 9 – Supplementary Material). Water diversions are well accepted by Brazilian authorities because they are striking and have popular appeal. Consequently, new water diversions will appear as water demands increase. 9 It is also important to remember that Brazil is signatory to the Convention on Biological Diversity in which Aichi Biodiversity Target No. 9 specifies that “By 2020, invasive alien species and pathways are identified and prioritized, priority species are controlled or eradicated, and measures are in place to manage pathways to prevent their introduction and establishment” (Online Reference 10 – Supplementary Material). 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Wang, B. Fu, G. Gao, and Q. Shen. 2018. Ecological effects and potential risks of the water diversion project in the Heihe River Basin. Science of the Total Environment 619-620: 794-803. FIGURE CAPTIONS Fig. 1 Tocantins River basin (yellow) and São Francisco River basin (green), which are planned to be connected by a water-diversion project. Fig. 2 Number of native species recorded in the Tocantins River basin (yellow circle) and São Francisco River basin (green circle), and the compositional similarity (CS blue intersection): i) considering only native assemblages (values in black), and ii) taking into account the introduction of non-native species and assumes that all currently threatened species will become extinct due to the construction of the TO-SF-WDP (values in red), for each taxonomic group: A Mollusks, B Zooplankton, C Crustaceans, D Aquatic insects (genus level), E Freshwater fishes, F Amphibians, G Reptiles, H Aquatic mammals, I Aquatic plants (genus level). Data sources and methods are given in the Supplementary Material. 14 Table 1 Examples of water diversion in Brazil. Situation: C concluded, P planned (under evaluation), U unknown Water diversions Reason Situation References Piumhi River (Grande River basin) to Dam C Moreira-Filho and Sujo River (São Francisco basin) Buckup 2005 Paraíba do Sul River (Paraíba do Sul Water C Castro and basin) to Guandu River (Guandu supply Ferreirinha 2012; River basin) Acselrad et al. 2015 Itapanhaú River (Itapanhaú River Water P LabSid 2015 basin) to Biritiba reservoir (Tietê supply River basin) Capivari stream (Capivari basin) to Water C Morgantini 2017 Piancó stream (Piacó basin) supply Claro River (Claro River basin) to Water C Santos and Naves Saudade stream (Uberaba River basin) supply 2016 Capivari River (Capivari River basin) Dam C Branco 2008 to Cachoeira River (Cachoeira River basin) São Francisco River (São Francisco Water C Ramos et al. 2018 River basin) to Paraíba do Norte River supply (Paraíba River basin) São Francisco River (São Francisco Water C Andrade et al. 2011 River basin) to Piranhas-Açu River supply (Piranhas-Açu River basin) São Francisco River (São Francisco Water C Andrade et al. 2011 River basin) to Apodi River (Apodi supply River basin) São Francisco River (São Francisco Water C Andrade et al. 2011 River basin) to Jaguaribe River supply (Jaguaribe River basin) Doce River (Doce River basin) to Water C Coelho 2006 Riacho River (Riacho River basin) supply Paraíba do Sul to Cantareira Water U Andrade et al. supply 2011; Vitule et al. 2015 Tocantins to São Francisco Piracicaba River (Piracicaba River basin) to upper Tietê River (upper Tietê River basin) Cravo River (Cravo river basin) to Ligeirinho reservoir (Ligeirinho River basin) Caí River (Caí river basin) to Sinos River (Sinos River basin) Navigation, Water supply Water supply P this study C Andrade et al. 2011 Water supply U Bernardi 2014 Water supply C Online Reference 8 – Supplementary Material 15 16 1 1 SUPPORTING INFORMATION 2 Electronic References (ER) cited in the main text 3 4 5 6 1ER. 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Aichi Biodiversity Targets. https://www.cbd.int/. Accessed January 2018 2 31 32 Table S1 Examples of species introduced via boats and vessels in aquatic environments around the world. Group Zooplankton Species Kellicottia bostoniensis (Rousselet, 1908) Native region North America Introduced region Iguaçu and Paraná rivers basins (Brazil) References 1/2/3 Zooplankton Skistodiaptomus pallidus (Herrick, 1879) North America New Zealand and Germany Mollusks Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas, 1771) Mollusks Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker, 1857) Black, Caspian, and Azov Seas Asia Lake St. Clair, Big St. Germain Lake, Lake Gogebic (USA), Europe and New Zealand São Francisco, Paraná and Uruguay rivers basins (Brazil) 7/8/9 Mollusks Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) Asia Brazil - spread all over the rivers basins 9/10 Mollusks Corbicula largillierti (Philippi, 1844) Asia Atlantic, Paraná and Uruguay rivers basins (Brazil) 9 Mollusks Corbicula fluminalis (Müller, 1774) Asia Uruguay river Basin (Brazil) 9 Annelids Hypania invalida (Grube, 1960) Ponto-Caspian region Elbe River (Czech Republic) 11 Crustacea Palaemon macrodactylus Rathbun 1902 Asia La Plata Basin (Argentina) Fish Butis koilomatodon (Bleeker, 1849) Indo-Pacific Panama Canal 4 5/6 12/13 14 3 33 34 35 36 References Cited in the Table S1 1. Lopes RM, Lansac-Tôha FA, Vale R, Serafim-Jr M (1997) Comunidade zooplanctônica do Reservatório de Segredo. In: Agostinho AA, Gomes LC (eds) Reservatório de Segredo: bases ecológicas para o manejo. Eduem, Maringá, pp 39-60 37 38 39 2. Bezerra-Neto JF, Aguila LR, Landa GG, Pinto-Coelho RM (2004) The exotic rotifer Kellicottia bostoniensis (Rousselet, 1908) (Rotifera: Brachionidae) in the zooplankton community in a tropical reservoir. Lundiana 52: 151-153 40 41 3. Coelho PN, Henry R (2017) The small foreigner: new laws will promote the introduction of non-native zooplankton in Brazilian aquatic environments. Acta Limnol Bras 29: e7 42 43 44 4. Branford SN, Duggan IC, Hogg ID, Brandorff G-O (2017) Mitochondrial DNA indicates different North American east coast origins for New Zealand and German invasions of Skistodiaptomus pallidus (Copepoda: Calanoida). Aquat Invasions 12: 167-175 45 46 47 5. Anderson LG, Rocliffe S, Haddaway NR, Dunn AM (2015) The role of tourism and recreation in the spread of non-native species: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 10: e0140833 48 49 6. Johnson LE, Ricciardi A, Carlton JT (2001) Overland dispersal of aquatic invasive species: a risk assessment of transient recreational boating. Ecol Appl 11: 1789-1799 50 51 52 7. Belz CE, Darrigran G, Mäder Netto OS, Boeger WA, Ribeiro Jr. PJ (2012) Analysis of four dispersion vectors in inland waters: the case of the invading bivalves in South America. J Shellfish Res 31(3): 777-784 53 54 55 8. Barbosa NPU, Silva FA, Oliveira MD, Santos Neto MA, Carvalho MD, Cardoso AV (2016) Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker, 1857) (Mollusca, Bivalvia, Mytilidae): first record in the São Francisco River basin, Brazil. Check List 12: 1846 56 57 58 59 60 9. Santos SB, Thiengo SC, Fernandez MA, Miyahira IC, Gonçalves ICB, Ximenes RF, Mansur MCD, Pereira D (2012) Espécis de moluscos límnicos invasores do Brasil. In: Mansur MCD, Santos CP, Pereira D, Paz ICP, Zurita MLL, Rodriguez MTR, Nehrke MV, Bergonci PEA (eds) Moluscos límnicos invasores no Brasil: biologia, prevenção e controle. Redes Editora, Porto Alegre, pp 25-50 61 62 10. Beasley CR, Tagliaro CH, Figueiredo WB (2003) The occurrence of the asina clam Corbicula fluminea in the lower Amazon Basin. Acta Amaz 33: 317-324 63 64 11. Straka M, Špaček J, Pařil P (2015) First record of the invasive polychaete Hypania invalida (Grube, 1960) in the Czech Republic. BioInvasions Rec 4: 87-90 65 66 67 12. Spivak ED, Boschi EE, Martorelli SR (2006) Presence of Palaemon macrodactylus Rathbun 1902 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Caridea: Palaemonidae) in Mar Del Plata Harbor, Argentina: first record from Southwestern Atlantic waters. Biol Invasions 8(4): 673-676 68 69 70 13. Bonel N, Alda P, Martorelli SR (2013) Larger and heavier individuals of the invasive shrimp Palaemon macrodactylus in the Salado River, Argentina. Aquat Invasions 8(3): 341-346 71 72 14. Dawson CE (1973) Occurrence of an exotic eleotrid fish in Panama with discussion of probable origin and mode of introduction. Copeia 1: 141-144 4 73 METHODS 74 Data compilation and analyses 75 The datasets from the Tocantins and São Francisco Rivers basins (FEOW, 2015; Figure 1), 76 were constructed based on multiple sources. The map in the Figure 1 was constructed using 77 shapfiles provided by the National Water Agency (ANA, 2018) and the Ministry of 78 Environment (MMA, 2018), through the QGIS program (Sherman et al., 2012). 79 The multiassemblage dataset encompassed mollusks, zooplankton, crustaceans, 80 aquatic insects, freshwater fishes, amphibians, reptiles, aquatic mammals and aquatic plants. 81 Data on mollusks were compiled from museum data collections and supplemented with 82 available literature. The data on zooplankton, crustaceans, aquatic insects, amphibians, 83 aquatic mammals and aquatic plants were obtained from available literature. The data on 84 freshwater fish and reptiles were compiled from databases (Eschmeyer et al., 2018; Froese & 85 Pauly, 2018; Uetz et al., 2018), and supplemented with available literature. 86 Based on species records for the Tocantins and São Francisco Rivers basins, the 87 species list was constructed to indicate the most probable and parsimonious representation of 88 the assemblages for each river basin. Native species corresponded to indigenous species 89 occurring in each river basin as a result of natural processes, while non-native species were 90 considered as those introduced as result of the species translocations (extra-limit 91 introductions from other freshwater ecoregions within the Neotropical region) or introduced 92 from other zoogeographic regions. Threatened species were considered as the most likely 93 candidates to become extinct in the future, and are those listed as Critically Endangered (CR), 94 Endangered (EN), Near Threatened (NT), and Vulnerable (VU), according to the IUCN Red 95 List of Threatened Species (IUCN Red List, 2017). In addition, the list of threatened species 96 was supplemented for aquatic insects (MMA, 2014a; ICMBio, 2016, 2018), freshwater fishes 97 (MMA, 2014a; ICMBio, 2016, 2018), amphibians (MMA, 2014b; ICMBio, 2018), reptiles 5 98 (Testudines) (MMA, 2014b; ICNS/SSC, 2018), and aquatic mammals (MMA, 2014b; 99 ICMBio, 2018), by including information from specific lists. This approach was considered 100 to be the most conservative, since the data contained in the IUCN Red List of Threatened 101 Species are incomplete for the Neotropical region (Vitule et al., 2017). 102 Species presence/absence data were considered to quantify the compositional similarity 103 between river basins. Matrices were created separately for each taxonomic group, 104 considering: i) only native species, and ii) introduction of non-native species and extinction 105 of threatened species. Zooplankton and aquatic insects faunas did not have non-native 106 species, while aquatic mammals comprehended only threatened species. For aquatic insects 107 and aquatic plants the analyses were carried out at the genus level. Similarity matrices were 108 calculated separately for i and ii, using Jaccard’s coefficient of similarity. This analysis was 109 performed in R software (R Core Team, 2016), using the ‘vegan’ package (Oksanen et al., 110 2013). Jaccard similarity matrices were created by calculating one minus the dissimilarity 111 matrix provided in “vegdist” function. Partitioning of taxonomic dissimilarities was used to 112 quantify variations in β-diversity for each taxonomic group between the two river basins 113 (Baselga & Orme, 2012). For this analysis we used the functions ‘beta.multi’ and ‘beta.pair’ 114 in the ‘betapart’ package (Baselga et al., 2018) in R software (R Core Team, 2016), based on 115 the Sørensen dissimilarity matrix. 116 References Cited in the Methods section 117 118 119 ANA - Agência Nacional de Águas (2018). Portal de Metadados Geoespaciais. http://metadados.ana.gov.br/geonetwork/srv/pt/main.home?uuid=1a2dfd02-67fd-40e4-be297bd865b5b9c5. Accessed June 2018 120 121 Baselga, A., & Orme, D. L. (2012). betapart: an R package for the study of beta diversity. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 3, 808-812 122 123 124 Baselga, A., Orme, D., Villeger, S., De Bortoli, J., & Leprieur, F. (2018). betapart: Partitioning Beta Diversity into Turnover and Nestedness Components. R package version 1.5.0. https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/betapart/index.html. Accessed April 2018 6 125 126 127 Eschmeyer, W. N., Fricke, R., & van der Laan, R. (2018). Catalog of Fishes: genera, species, references. https://www.calacademy.org/scientists/projects/catalog-of-fishes. Accessed February 2018 128 129 FEOW - Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (2015). Ecoregions. http://www.feow.org/. Accessed January 2018 130 Froese, R., & Pauly, D. (2018). FishBase. http://fishbase.org. Accessed February 2018 131 132 ICMBio - Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (2016). Livro Vermelho da Fauna Brasileira Ameaçada de Extinção. Ministério do Meio Ambiente, Brasília 133 134 135 136 ICMBio - Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (2018). Lista de Espécies Quase Ameaçadas e Com Dados Insuficientes. Ministério do Meio Ambiente, Brasília. http://www.icmbio.gov.br/portal/faunabrasileira/lista-de-especies-dadosinsuficientes. Accessed March 2018 137 138 IUCN Red List (2017-3). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN Global Species Programme – Red List Unit. http://www.iucnredlist.org/. Accessed March 2018 139 140 IUCN/SSC (2018). Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group (TFTSG). IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC). http://www.iucn-tftsg.org/. Accessed March 2018 141 142 143 MMA - Ministério do Meio Ambiente (2014a). Peixes e Invertebrados Aquáticos Ameaçados. http://www.mma.gov.br/biodiversidade/especies-ameacadas-deextincao/atualizacao-das-listas-de-especies-ameacadas. Accessed March 2018 144 145 146 MMA - Ministério do Meio Ambiente (2014b). Fauna Ameaçada. http://www.mma.gov.br/biodiversidade/especies-ameacadas-de-extincao/atualizacao-daslistas-de-especies-ameacadas. Accessed March 2018 147 148 MMA - Ministério do Meio Ambiente (2018). Biomas (MMA/IBGE). http://mapas.mma.gov.br/i3geo/datadownload.htm. Accessed March 2018 149 150 151 Oksanen, J., Blanchet, F. G., Friendly, M., Kindt, R., Legendre, P., McGlinn D., …Wagner, H. (2013). vegan: Community Ecology Package. R package version 2.5-2. http://CRAN.Rproject.org/package=vegan. Accessed March 2018 152 153 R Core Development Team (2016). R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://www.r-project.org/. Accessed March 2018 154 155 156 157 Sherman, G. E., Sutton, T., Blazek, R., Holl, S., Dassau, O., Morely, B., Mitchell, T., & Luthman, L. (2012). Quantum GIS User Guide. Version 1.8 “Wroclaw”. http://download.osgeo.org/qgis/doc/manual/qgis-1.8.0_user_guide_en.pdf. Accessed June 2018 158 159 Uetz, P., Freed, P., & Hošek, J. (2018). The Reptile Database. http://www.reptiledatabase.org/. Accessed March 2018 160 161 162 163 Vitule, J. R. S., Agostinho, A. A., Azevedo-Santos, V. M., Daga, V. S., Darwall, W. R. T., Fitzgerald, D.B., ... Winemiller, K. O. (2017). We need better understanding about functional diversity and vulnerability of tropical freshwater fishes. Biodiversity and Conservation, 26, 757-762 7 Table S2 List of species/genera for the Tocantins (TO) and São Francisco (SF) Rivers basins. Status: N (native species for each respective river basin), and I (non-native species translocated or from other zoogeographic region). Threatened species were marked with an asterisk. GROUP Mollusks SPECIES/GENERA BIVALVIA Anodontites moricandii (Lea, 1860) Anodontites obtusus (Spix, 1927) Anodontites tenebricosus (Lea, 1834) Anodontites trapesialis (Lamarck, 1819) Anodontites trapezeus (Spix, 1827) Castalia ambigua Lamarck, 1819 Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) Corbicula largillierti (Philippi, 1844) Diplodon ellipticus (Wagner, 1827) Diplodon rhombeus (Spix & Wagner, 1827) Diplodon rhuacoicus (d'Orbigny, 1835) Diplodon rotundus (Spix & Wagner, 1827) Diplodon suavidicus (Lea, 1856) Eupera bahiensis (Spix & Wagner, 1827) Leila bleinvilleana (Lea, 1835) Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker, 1857) Monocondylaea franciscana (Moricand, 1837) Monocondylaea paraguayana d'Orbigny, 1835 Mycetopoda siliquosa (Spix, 1827) Mytilopsis lopesi Alvarenga & Ricci, 1989 Pisidium pulchellum (d'Orbigny, 1835) Prisodon obliquus Schumacher, 1817 Prisodon syrmatophorus (Gmelin, 1791) RIVER BASIN TO SF N I I N N N N N N I I N N N N N N N I N N N N N N N REFERENCES 1/2/3 1/4 4/5/6 1/2/3/4 2/3/4/7 1/5/8 9/10/11 11/12/13 1/3 1/4 14 3/4/5/7/15 1 1 3/5 16/17 3/4/5/18 1 1/2 1 1 4 19 8 Zooplankton Triplodon corrugatus (Lamarck, 1819) GASTROPODA Asolene spixii (d'Orbigny, 1838) Aylacostoma bicincta (Reeve, 1860) Aylacostoma brasiliensis (Moricand, 1939) Aylacostoma edwardsi (Lea, 1852) Aylacostoma tenuilabris (Reeve, 1860) Aylacostoma tuberculata (Wagner, 1827) Biomphalaria glabrata (Say, 1818) Biomphalaria kuhniana (Clessin, 1883) Biomphalaria straminea (Dunker, 1848) Biomphalaria tenagophila (d'Orbigny, 1835) Doryssa annulata (Haltenorth & Jaeckel, 1941) Doryssa millepunctata (Tryon, 1865) Idiopyrgus rudolphi (Haas, 1938) Melanoides tuberculata (O.F. Müller, 1774) Physella acuta (Draparnaud, 1805) Planorbella duryi (Wetherby, 1879) Pomacea maculata Perry, 1810 Pomacea meta Ihering, 1915 Pomacea nobilis Reeve, 1856 COPEPODA: CALANOIDA: DIAPTOMIDAE Argyrodiaptomus azevedoi (Wright, 1935) Argyrodiaptomus neglectus (Wright, 1938) Argyrodiaptomus paggii Previattelli & Santos-Silva, 2007 Dasydiaptomus coronatus (Sars, 1901) Notodiaptomus cearensis (Wright, 1936) Notodiaptomus deitersi (Poppe, 1891) Notodiaptomus henseni (Dahl, 1894) N N N N 2/3/5/20 N N N 2 2 1 1 1 1/2 21 1 21 21 1 1 1 2/22 11 11 23 1 1 N N N N N N N N I I I N N I N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 Crustaceans Notodiaptomus iheringi (Wright, 1935) Notodiaptomus isabelae (Wright, 1936) Notodiaptomus jatobensis (Wright, 1936) Notodiaptomus maracaibensis Kiefer, 1954 * Notodiaptomus paraensis Dussart & Robertson, 1984 Notodiaptomus spinuliferus Dussart, 1986 Scolodiaptomus corderoi (Wright, 1936) DECAPODA Infraorder Brachyura Goyazana castelnaui (H. Milne Edwards, 1853) Kingsleya gustavoi Magalhães, 2004 Sylviocarcinus devillei H. Milne-Edwards, 1853 Sylviocarcinus pictus (H. Milne-Edwards 1853) Infraorder Caridea Atya scabra (Leach, 1816) * Macrobrachium acanthurus (Wiegmann, 1836) Macrobrachium amazonicum (Heller, 1862) Macrobrachium brasiliense (Heller, 1862 Macrobrachium carcinus (Linnaeus, 1758) Macrobrachium denticulatum Ostrovski, Da Fonseca & Da Silva-Ferreira, 1996 * Macrobrachium heterochirus (Wiegmann, 1836) Macrobrachium jelskii (Miers, 1877) Macrobrachium nattereri (Heller, 1862) Macrobrachium olfersi (Wiegmann, 1836) Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man, 1879) Macrobrachium surinamicum Holthuis, 1948 Palaemon carteri (Gordon, 1935) Potimirim potimirim (Müller, 1881) Suborder Dendrobranchiata N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 N 1/2/3/15 4/15 1/5/15 1/5/15 N N N N N N N N 1/6/15 1/7/8/9/10/15 1/7/8/9/10/15 1/7/8/9/10/15 1/7/8/9/10/15 1/11/15 1/7/8/9/10/15 1/7/8/9/10/15 1/7/8/9/10/15 1/7/8/9/10/15 9 1/7/8/9/10/15 1/9/10/12/13/15 1/14/15 N I N N N 10 Aquatic Insects Acetes marinus Omori, 1975 Acetes paraguayensis Hansen, 1919 EPHEMEROPTERA Baetidae Americabaetis Apobaetis Aturbina Baetis Baetodes * Callibaetis Camelobaetidius * Cloeodes Cryptonympha Harpagobaetis Moribaetis Paracloeodes Prebaetodes Spiritiops Tupiara Waltzoyphius Zelusia Caenidae Brasilocaenis Caenis Latineosus Leptophlebiidae Askola Farrodes N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10 1/2/3/5/6/7/8/9/10 1/2/3/5/6/7/11 12/13 1/2/3/5/6/7/8/12/13/14/15 1/2/3/4/5/6/7/10 1/2/3/5/6/7/8/9/10/14/15 1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/12/13/14/15/16 2/3/5/6/7/8 9/10 1 1/2/3/5/6/7/8 14/15 2/3/6/7 5/8 1/2/3/5/6/7/8/9/10 2/3/5/6/7/8/9/10 N N N 11 1/2/3/4/6/7/13/14 2/3/6/7 N N 1/2/3/6/7 1/2/3/5/6/7/8/12/13/14/15 N N N N N N N N N 1/9/10/15 1/9/10/15 11 Fittkaulus Hagenulopsis Hagenulus Hermanella * Homothraulus Hydrosmilodon Hylister Leentvaaria Massartela Massartellopsis Miroculis Needhamella Nousia Paramaka Simothraulopsis Terpides Thraulodes Traverella * Ulmeritoides Leptohyphidae Leptohyphes Leptohyphodes Traverhyphes Tricorythodes Tricorythopsis Euthyplociidae Campylocia Ephemeridae Hexagenia N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 9/10 2/3/5/6/7/8/14/15 1 1/2/3/5/6/7/12/13/14/15 1/12 2/3/6/7 5/8/12 14/15 2/3/5/6/7/12/13 13 1/2/3/5/6/7/8/16 1/2/3/6/7/14/15 1/13 2/3/6/7 2/3/6/7/10 1/2/3/6/7/9/10 1/2/3/5/6/7/8/11/14/15 14/15 2/3/6/7/14 N N N N N N N N N 1/2/3/5/6/7/8/14/15/16 14/15 2/3/4/5/6/7/8/10/13 1/2/3/6/7/14/15 2/3/5/6/7/8/13/14/15 N N 2/3/6/7/14 N 2/3/5/6/7 12 Polymirtacyidae Asthenopus Campsurus PLECOPTERA Perlidae Anacroneuria Enderleina Kempnyia Macrogynoplax Gripopterygidae Gripopteryx Paragripopteryx Tupiperla TRICHOPTERA Hydropsychidae Leptonema Macronema Macrostemum Smicridea Synoestropsis Leptoceridae Amphoropsyche Atanatolica Grumichella Nectopsyche Oecetis Setodes Triaenodes Triplectides N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 2/3/6/7 2/3/6/7/14/15/17/46 N N N N 2/3/5/6/8/13/14/15/18 13 5/8/13 2/3/5/6/8/13 N N N 2/3/6 5/13 5/13 N N N N 2/3/5/6/8/13/14/15/18/19/20 2/3/5/6/14/15/19/20 2/3/5/6/19/20 2/3/5/6/8/12/13/14/15/18/19/20 14/15/20 N N 5 5/20 20 2/3/5/6/8/13/14/19/20 2/3/5/6/13/14/15/16/19/20 18/20 18 2/3/6/13/19/20 N N N 13 Odontoceridae Marilia Barypenthus Calamoceratidae Phylloicus Ecnomidae Austrotinodes Sericostomatidae Grumicha Helicopsychidae Helicopsyche Hydrobiosidae Atopsyche Polycentropodidae Cernotina Cyrnellus Polycentropus Polyplectropus Glossosomatidae Mexitrichia Mortoniella Protoptila Philopotamidae Chimarra Dolophilodes Wormaldia Hydroptilidae Alisotrichia Anchitrichia N N N N 2/3/5/6/8/13/20 5/8/19/20 N N 2/3/5/6/8/13/14/16/18/19/20/47 N N 2/3/6/19/20 N 5/8 N N 2/3/5/6/12/13/14/15/16/19/20 N N 2/3/5/6/8/13/14/15/20 N N N N N N N N 13/20 2/3/5/6/8/13/14/15/16/18/19/20 2/3/6/18/20 2/3/5/6/8/13/14/19/20 N N N N N 5 2/3/6/19 2/3/6/13/14/15/20 N N 2/3/5/6/13/14/15/18/19/20 18/19/20 2/3/6/13/19 N N 2/3/6 2/3/6/20 N N N N 14 Dicaminus Hydroptila Metrichia Neotrichia Ochrotrichia Oxyethira Taraxitrichia Zumatrichia Xiphocentronidae Xiphocentron ODONATA Suborder Zygoptera Coenagrionidae Acanthagrion Amphiagrion Argia Chromagrion Enallagma Leptobasis Nehalenia Calopterigidae Hetaerina Mnesarete Suborder Anisoptera Corduliidae Macromia Libellulidae Dasythemis Dythemis N N N N N N N 14/15/20 2/3/5/6/13/14/15/19/20 2/3/6/19/21 2/3/6/13/18/19/20 2/3/6/12/13/20 2/3/6/12/13/14/15/16/19/20/22 2/3/6 20 N 20 N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 13 13 13/16/18 13 13 13 13 N 13/16 16 N 18 N N 13 16 15 Erythemes Ladona Libellula Orthemis Perithemes Gomphidae Agrigomphus Arigomphus Epigomphus Erpetogomphus Gomphus Hagenius Neogomphus Praeviogomphus Octogomphus Phylogomphoides Progomphus Zonophora Aeshnidae Aeshna Anax Coryphaeschna Gomphaeshna Gyanacantha HEMIPTERA Suborder Heteroptera Pleidae Neoplea Naucoridae N N N N N N 13 13 13 13 13/18 N N N 13 13 13 18 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 N N N N N N N N N N N N N 13 13 18 13 13 N 18/23 N N 16 Ambrysus Carvalhoiella Cryphocricos Ctenipocoris Limnocoris Pelocoris Notonectidae Buenoa Enithares Martarega Notonecta Ochteridae Ochterus Gelastocoridae Gelastocoris Montandonius Nerthra Gerridae Brachymetra Cylindrostethus Halobatopsis Limnogonus Metrobates Neogerris Rheumatobates Tachygerris Veliidae Microvelia Paravelia N N N N N N N N N 18/23/24 24 23/24 23 18/23/24 23 N N N N 13/23/24 24 23/24 13/16/23 N 23/24 N N N 23/24 24 23 N N N N N N N N 23 23 23/24 23 23 13/23 23 24 N N 13/23/24 23/24 17 Platyvelia Rhagovelia Stridulivelia Mesoveliidae Mesovelia Hydrometridae Hydrometra Nepidae Curicta Ranatra Helotrephidae Neotrephes Hebridae Hebrus Lipogomphus Corixidae Centrocorisa Heterocorixa Sigara Tenagobia Belostomatidae Belostoma Lethocerus MEGALOPTERA Corydalidae Corydalus DIPTERA Chaoboridae Chaoborus N N N N 23 13/23/24 23 N 23 N 23 N N 23 13/23/24 N 24 N N 24 23 N N N N 23 23 23 23/24 N N 13/23/24 23 N 13/18/25 N 26/27/28/29/30 18 Chironomidae Subfamily Tanypodinae Ablabesmyia Alotanypus Clinotanypus Coelotanypus Djalmabatista Fittkauimyia Labrundinia Larsia Macropelopia Monopelopia Pentaneura Procladius Tanypus Zavrelimyia Subfamily Orthocladiinae Corynoneura Cricotopus Ichthyocladius Lopescladius Nanocladius Oliveriella Onconeura Orthocladius Paracladius Parakiefferiella Parametriocnemus Thienemanniella N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 13/17/21/26/28/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37 27/28/29/30/35 13/17/21 13/21/27/28/29/30/32/33/34/36/37/48 13/17/21/26/27/29/30/32/33/35/37/48 35 13/17/21/27/29/30/32/33/35/37 13/32/34 13 13 26/35 13/27/29/30/32/33/34 13/27/29/30/32/33/34/37 13 13/25/35 13/17/21/26/32/35/48 38 21/26 13/17/35 32 21 13/32/35 35 35 35 13/21/26/32/35 19 Subfamily Chironominae Aedokritus Apedilum Asheum Axarus Beardius Caladomyia Cladopelma Cladotanytarsus Chironomus Cryptochironomus Demycryptochironomus Dicrotendipes Endotribelus Fissimentum Goeldichironomus Lauterborniella Manoa Microchironomus Nilothauma Nimbocera Tanytarsus Tribelos Complexo Harnischia Procladius Rheotanytarsus Riethia Robackia Parachironomus N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 21/27/28/29/30/33/34 13/34/35 34/37 21/32/37 13/27/29/30/32/33/35 21/26/27/35/37 13/26/27/29/30/32/33/34 29/30 13/17/21/26/27/28/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/39/48 13/21/26/27/29/30/31/32/33/35/37 13/21 13/21/27/29/30/32/33/34/36/37 13/26/35 13/17/21/27/28/29/30/31/33/34/37 13/17/21/26/27/29/30/32/33/34/36/37 27/29/30/33/34/37 27/29/30/33 21 13/21/26/27/29/30/32/35/37 27/29/30 13/17/21/26/27/28/29/30/32/33/34/35/36/37 13/32 13/21/26/27/28/29/30 27/28/29 21/26/35 37 21 13/17/21/26/27/28/29/30/32/35/37 20 Paralauterboniella Paratanytarsus Paratendipes Phaenopsectra Pelomus Polypedilum Pseudochironomus Saetheria Stempellinella Stenochironomus Xenochironomus Xestochironomus Zavreliella Simullidae Simulium COLEOPTERA Suborder Hydrophiloidea Hydrophilidae Tropisternus Elmidae Heterelmis Hexacylloepus Macrelmis Ordobrevia Phanocerus Psephenidae Psephenus Gyrinidae Gyretes N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 13/27/29/30/33 37 26/34/35/37 13/32 27/29/30/33/37 13/17/21/26/27/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/48 27/29/30/33/35/37 34 35 13/27/29/30/32/33 32 26/35 27/29/30/37 N 40/41/42/43/44/45 N N N N N N N N 16 N N N N 13/16 16 13/18 13 13 N 13 16 21 Freshwater Fish Gyrinus Dytiscidae Hydaticus Hydrovatus MYLIOBATIFORMES N 16 Paratrygon aiereba (Müller & Henle, 1841) * Potamotrygon garmani Fontenelle & Carvalho, 2017 Potamotrygon henlei (Castelnau, 1855) Potamotrygon rex Carvalho, 2016 Potamotrygon scobina Garman, 1913 CLUPEIFORMES Anchoviella jamesi (Jordan & Seale, 1926) Anchoviella juruasanga Loeb, 2012 Lycengraulis batesii (Günther, 1868) Pellona castelnaeana Valenciennes, 1847 CHARACIFORMES Acestrocephalus acutus Menezes, 2006 Acestrocephalus maculosus Menezes, 2006 Acestrocephalus stigmatus Menezes, 2006 Acestrorhynchus britskii Menezes, 1969 Acestrorhynchus falcatus (Bloch, 1794) Acestrorhynchus lacustris (Lütken, 1875) Acestrorhynchus microlepis (Jardine, 1841) Acinocheirodon melanogramma Malabarba & Weitzman, 1999 Acnodon Normani Gosline, 1951 Agoniates halecinus Müller & Troschel, 1845 Anodus orinocensis (Steindachner, 1887) Anostomoides laticeps (Eigenmann, 1912) N N N N N 1/2 3 4 5 3 N N N N 4 6 1/4/7/8/9/10/11/12 1/4/7/9/10 N N N 13 14 4/13 15 4/13 13 1/4/7/8/11 N N N N N N 13 13 N N N N N 4/13/16 1/4/9/10/11 1/4 1/7/12/17/18 22 Anostomus ternetzi Fernández-Yépez, 1949 Apareiodon argenteus Pavanelli & Britski, 2003 Apareiodon cavalcante Pavanelli & Britski, 2003 Apareiodon ibitiensis Amaral Campos, 1944 Apareiodon machrisi Travassos, 1957 Apareiodon piracicabae (Eigenmann, 1907) Apareiodon tigrinus Pavanelli & Britski, 2003 Argonectes robertsi Langeani, 1999 Astyanax argyrimarginatus Garutti, 1999 Astyanax courensis Bertaco, Carvalho & Jerep, 2010 Astyanax elachylepis Bertaco & Lucinda, 2005 Astyanax fasciatus (Cuvier, 1819) Astyanax goyacensis Eigenmann, 1908 Astyanax goyanensis (Miranda Ribeiro, 1944) Astyanax joaovitori Oliveira, Pavanelli & Bertaco, 2017 Astyanax lacustris (Lütken, 1875) Astyanax multidens Eigenmann, 1908 Astyanax novae Eigenmann, 1911 Astyanax rivularis (Lütken, 1875) Astyanax unitaeniatus Garutti, 1998 Astyanax xavante Garutti & Venere, 2009 Bivibranchia fowleri (Steindachner, 1908) Bivibranchia notata Vari & Goulding, 1985 Bivibranchia velox (Eigenmann & Myers, 1927) Boulengerella cuvieri (Spix & Agassiz, 1829) Boulengerella maculata (Valenciennes, 1850) Brachychalcinus parnaibae Reis, 1989 Brycon cf. pesu Müller & Troschel, 1845 Brycon falcatus Müller & Troschel, 1844 N N N 17 14/16/19 14/19 N N 1/19/20/21/22/23 N N N N N N N N N N 19 1/4/24/25/26/27 28 23/29 30/31 13 4/29/31/32 29/30 N N N 33 13 N N N N N N N N N N N 14 34 1/4/16/27 4 1/4/16/27 4/9/10/11/13/35 1/9/10/24/36 1/9/10/24/25/35/37/38 23 Brycon gouldingi Lima, 2004 Brycon nattereri Günther, 1864 * Brycon orthotaenia Günther, 1864 * Bryconamericus novae Eigenmann & Henn, 1914 Bryconops alburnoides Kner, 1858 Bryconops melanurus (Bloch, 1794) Bryconops tocantinenses Guedes, Oliveira & Lucinda, 2016 Caenotropus labyrinthicus (Kner, 1858) Caiapobrycon tucurui Malabarba & Vari, 2000 Chalceus macrolepidotus Cuvier, 1818 Characidium bahiense Almeida, 1971 Characidium lagosantense Travassos, 1947 Characidium satoi Melo & Oyakawa, 2015 Characidium stigmosum Melo & Buckup, 2002 Characidium xanthopterum Silveira, Langeani, da Graça, Pavanelli & Buckup, 2008 Charax leticiae Lucena, 1987 Colossoma macropomum (Cuvier, 1816) Compsura heterura Eigenmann, 1915 Creagrutus atrisignum Myers, 1927 Creagrutus britskii Vari & Harold, 2001 Creagrutus figueiredoi Vari & Harold, 2001 Creagrutus menezesi Vari & Harold, 2001 Creagrutus molinus Vari & Harold, 2001 Creagrutus mucipu Vari & Harold, 2001 Creagrutus saxatilis Vari & Harold, 2001 Creagrutus seductus Vari & Harold, 2001 Ctenocheirodon pristis Malabarba & Jerep, 2012 Curimata acutirostris Vari & Reis, 1995 Curimata cyprinoides (Linnaeus, 1766) N N I N N N N N N N N N I N N N N N I N N N N N N N N N N N I N 1/4/25/37/38/39 1/4/7/9 4/31 40 4/7 13 4/35 13/41 41 41/42 43 7 4/25/39/44 14/23/45 13/16/31 1 13 1/4/7/25 7/9/10/12/25/35 24 Curimata inornata Vari, 1989 Curimatella alburnos (Müller & Troschel, 1844) Curimatella dorsalis (Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1889) Curimatella immaculata (Fernández-Yépez, 1948) Curimatella lepidura (Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1889) Cynopotamus gouldingi Menezes, 1987 Cynopotamus tocantinenses Menezes, 1987 Cyphocharax boiadeiro Melo, 2017 Cyphocharax gouldingi Vari, 1992 Cyphocharax leucostictus (Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1889) Cyphocharax notatus (Steindachner, 1908) Cyphocharax plumbeus (Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1889) Cyphocharax stilbolepis Vari, 1992 Exodon paradoxus Müller & Troschel, 1844 Galeocharax gulo (Cope, 1870) Hasemania crenuchoides Zarske & Géry, 1999 * Hasemania kalunga Bertaco & Carvalho, 2010 Hasemania nana (Lütken, 1875) Hemibrycon surinamensis Géry, 1962 Hemigrammus ataktos Marinho, Dagosta & Birindelli, 2014 Hemigrammus brevis Ellis, 1911 Hemigrammus marginatus Ellis, 1911 Hemigrammus ora Zarske, Le Bail & Géry, 2006 Hemigrammus tocantinsi Carvalho, Bertaco & Jerep, 2010 Hemiodus microlepis Kner, 1858 Hemiodus ternetzi Myers, 1927 Hemiodus tocantinenses Langeani, 1999 Hemiodus unimaculatus (Bloch, 1794) Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus (Spix & Agassiz, 1829) N N N N 1/4/12/25 N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1/4 1/7/16 15 46 1/4 1/4 1/4 1/4/16 1/4 1/4/16 4/47/51 23 48 13 49 50 13 13 52 53 1/4/7/9/10/24/26/27 13/20/21/27 4 1/4/8/9/10/12/13/16/26/27/35/37 13/43 25 Hoplias aimara (Valenciennes, 1847) Hoplias curupira Oyakawa & Mattox, 2009 Hoplias intermedius (Günther, 1864) Hoplias lacerdae Miranda Ribeiro, 1908 Hoplias malabaricus (Bloch, 1794) Hoplias microcephalus (Agassiz, 1829) Hydrolycus armatus (Jardine, 1841) Hydrolycus tatauaia Toledo-Piza, Menezes & Santos, 1999 Hyphessobrycon amandae Géry & Uj, 1987 Hyphessobrycon diastatos Dagosta, Marinho & Camelier, 2014 Hyphessobrycon eilyos Lima & Moreira, 2003 * Hyphessobrycon hamatus Bertaco & Malabarba, 2005 Hyphessobrycon haraldschultzi Travassos, 1960 Hyphessobrycon langeanii Lima & Moreira, 2003 Hyphessobrycon loweae Costa & Géry, 1994 Hyphessobrycon micropterus (Eigenmann, 1915) Hyphessobrycon moniliger Moreira, Lima & Costa, 2002 Hyphessobrycon santae (Eigenmann, 1907) Hyphessobrycon stegemanni Géry, 1961 Hyphessobrycon weitzmanorum Lima & Moreira, 2003 Hysteronotus megalostomus Eigenmann, 1911 * Iguanodectes spilurus (Günther, 1864) Jupiaba acanthogaster (Eigenmann, 1911) Jupiaba apenima Zanata, 1997 Jupiaba elassonaktis Pereira & Lucinda, 2007 Jupiaba polylepis (Günther, 1864) Knodus breviceps (Eigenmann, 1908) Knodus figueiredoi Esguícero & Castro, 2014 Knodus savannensis Géry, 1961 N N 13 4/54 N I N 39 1/13/20/22/54/55/56 N N N N N N N N N N 1/4/9/10/11/12/24/25/26/35/37/57 1/4/9/10/13/25/35/57 N N N 58 59/60 14/60 60 58/60 61 13/58 60 N N N 13/60 59/60 N N N N N N N N N 1/4/51 1/4 31/62 63 1/4/16/51 64 13 26 Kolpotocheirodon theloura Malabarba & Weitzman, 2000 * Laemolyta fernandezi Myers, 1950 Laemolyta taeniata (Kner, 1859) Lepidocharax burnsi Ferreira, Menezes & Quagio-Grassiotto, 2011 Leporellus pictus (Kner, 1858) Leporellus vittatus Valenciennes, 1849 Leporinus affinis Günther, 1864 Leporinus bimaculatus Castelnau, 1855 Leporinus bistriatus Britski, 1997 * Leporinus desmotes Fowler, 1914 Leporinus elongatus Valenciennes, 1850 Leporinus friderici Bloch, 1794 Leporinus geminis Garavello & Santos, 2009 Leporinus maculatus Müller & Troschel, 1844 Leporinus marcgravii Lütken, 1875 Leporinus multimaculatus Birindelli, Teixeira & Britski, 2016 Leporinus piau Fowler, 1941 Leporinus santosi Britski & Birindelli, 2013 Leporinus taeniatus Lütken, 1875 Leporinus taeniofasciatus Britski, 1997 * Leporinus tigrinus Borodin, 1929 Leporinus tristriatus Birindelli & Britski, 2013 Leporinus unitaeniatus Garavello & Santos, 2009 Leporinus venerei Britski & Birindelli, 2008 Megaleporinus obtusidens (Valenciennes, 1837) Megaleporinus reinhardti (Lütken, 1875) Megaleporinus trifasciatus (Steindachner, 1876) Melanocharacidium auroradiatum Costa & Vicente, 1994 Metynnis maculatus (Kner, 1858) N N N N N N N N 1/4/9/10/17/18/26/65 1/9/10/17/18 N N N I N N N 1/4/17/20/26/37/65 1/4/7/8/9/10/17/18/26/35/37 13 1/4/9/10/17/37 43 1/4/7/8/9/10/17/18/26/35/37/44/51/62 1/26/67 4/67 N N I N N N N N N N 1/4/7/26/67 16/70 N N N N N 13 68 13 14/69 4/13/17/26/35/37 I 15/39 7/17/18/37/71 1 1/15/39/44 27 Metynnis lippincottianus (Cope, 1870) Moenkhausia alesis Petrolli & Benine, 2015 Moenkhausia aurantia Bertaco, Jerep & Carvalho, 2011 Moenkhausia costae (Steindachner, 1907) Moenkhausia dasalmas Bertaco, Jerep & Carvalho, 2011 Moenkhausia hysterosticta Lucinda, Malabarba & Benine, 2007 Moenkhausia loweae Géry, 1992 Moenkhausia pankilopteryx Bertaco & Lucinda, 2006 Moenkhausia pyrophthalma Costa, 1994 Moenkhausia sanctaefilomenae (Steindachner, 1907) Moenkhausia tergimacula Lucena & Lucena, 1999 Moenkhausia venerei Petrolli, Azevedo-Santos & Benine, 2016 Mylesinus paucisquamatus Jégu & Santos, 1988 * Myleus altipinnis (Valenciennes, 1850) Myleus micans (Lütken, 1875) Myleus setiger Müller & Troschel, 1844 Myloplus arnoldi Ahl, 1936 Myloplus torquatus (Kner, 1858) Mylossoma duriventre (Cuvier, 1818) Orthospinus franciscensis (Eigenmann, 1914) Parodon hilarii Reinhardt, 1867 Phenacogaster franciscoensis Eigenmann, 1911 Piabarchus stramineus (Eigenmann, 1908) Piabina argentea Reinhardt, 1867 Piaractus brachypomus (Cuvier, 1818) Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg, 1887) Poptella compressa (Günther, 1864) Poptella longipinnis (Popta, 1901) Prochilodus argenteus Spix & Agassiz, 1829 I N N N N N N N N N N N N N 72 23/73 15 74 75 15/76 31/76 1/76 13/16 4/13/14/76 4/13/20/21/77/78 N N N N N N N N N N N N I N N I N 1/4/26/35 1 1/4/9/10/11/13/16/24/25/35/37 1/35/37/44 13 13 1/4/8/25/26/37 25/39/44 1/4 7/51 28 Prochilodus brevis Steindachner, 1875 Prochilodus costatus Valenciennes, 1850 Prochilodus nigricans Spix & Agassiz, 1829 Psectrogaster amazônica Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1889 Psellogrammus kennedyi (Eigenmann, 1903) Pygocentrus nattereri Kner, 1858 Pygocentrus piraya (Cuvier, 1819) Rhaphiodon vulpinus Spix & Agassiz, 1829 Rhinopetitia myersi Géry, 1964 Roeboexodon geryi Myers, 1960 Roeboexodon guyanensis (Puyo, 1948) Roeboides affinis (Günther, 1868) Roeboides xenodon (Reinhardt, 1851) Roestes Itupiranga Menezes & Lucena, 1998 * Salminus franciscanus Lima & Britski, 2007 * Salminus hilarii Valenciennes, 1850 Sartor tucuruiense Santos & Jégu,1987 * Schizodon knerii (Steindachner, 1875) Schizodon vittatus (Valenciennes, 1850) Semaprochilodus brama (Valenciennes, 1850) Serrapinnus aster Malabarba & Jerep, 2014 Serrapinnus heterodon (Eigenmann, 1915) Serrapinnus lucindai Jerep & Malabarba, 2014 Serrapinnus piaba (Lütken, 1875) Serrapinnus sterbai Zarske, 2012 Serrapinnus tocantinenses Malabarba & Jerep, 2014 Serrasalmus brandtii Lütken, 1875 Serrasalmus geryi Jégu & Santos, 1988 Serrasalmus gibbus Castelnau, 1855 N N N N N 1/4/7/9/10/16/24/25/26/35/37/79 1/4/7/12/24/25 N I N N N N N N 1/9/10/11/43 1/4/7/9/10/11/24/25/35/37/80/81 1 4/12 1/4/7/16/82/83 N N N N N 25 17 N N N N 1/4/7/9/10/12/17/18/26/35 1/7/9/10/12/24/25/37 84 N N N N N N N N 84 13 84 84 15 1/7/9/10 1/4/7/9/10/12 29 Serrasalmus rhombeus (Linnaeus, 1766) Steindachnerina amazônica (Steindachner, 1911) Steindachnerina gracilis Vari & Williams Vari, 1989 Steindachnerina notograptos Lucinda & Vari, 2009 Stygichthys typhlops Brittan & Böhlke, 1965 * Tetragonopterus akamai Araujo & Lucinda, 2014 Tetragonopterus anostomus Silva & Benine, 2011 Tetragonopterus araguaiensis Silva, Melo, Oliveira & Benine, 2013 Tetragonopterus argenteus Cuvier, 1816 Tetragonopterus chalceus Spix & Agassiz, 1829 Tetragonopterus denticulatus Silva, Melo, Oliveira & Benine, 2013 Tetragonopterus franciscoensis Silva, Melo, Oliveira & Benine, 2016 Thayeria boehlkei Weitzman, 1957 Thoracocharax stellatus (Kner, 1858) Tometes ancylorhynchus Andrade, Jégu & Giarrizzo, 2016 Tometes siderocarajensis Andrade, Machado, Jégu, Farias & Giarrizzo, 2017 Triportheus albus Cope, 1872 Triportheus angulatus (Spix & Agassiz, 1829) Triportheus guentheri (Garman, 1890) Triportheus trifurcatus (Castelnau, 1855) Xenurobrycon coracoralinae Moreira, 2005 GYMNOTIFORMES Apteronotus camposdapazi de Santana & Lehmann, 2006 Archolaemus blax Korringa, 1970 Brachyhypopomus menezesi Crampton, de Santana, Waddell & Lovejoy, 2017 Brachyhypopomus regani Crampton, de Santana, Waddell & Lovejoy, 2017 Eigenmannia besouro Peixoto & Wosiacki, 2016 Eigenmannia microstoma (Reinhardt, 1852) Eigenmannia vicentespelaea Triques, 1996 * N N N N 4/7/9/10/11/12/24/26/35/37 4/31/35 1/16 85 N N N N N N N N 86 87 88 4/9/10/16/51/62/88 1/4/10/15/26/39/88 88 N N N N N N N N N 1/51 6/50/89/90 91 91 1/4/8/9/10/35 7/44 15 1/4/9/10/16/24/26/37/92 93 N N 94 13/95 N N N 96 N N N 97 30 Electrophorus electricus (Linnaeus, 1766) Gymnorhamphichthys petiti Géry & Vu, 1964 Gymnotus carapo Linnaeus, 1758 Rhamphichthys marmoratus Castelnau, 1855 Sternarchorhynchus axelrodi de Santana & Vari, 2010 * Sternarchorhynchus mesensis Campos-da-Paz, 2000 Sternarchorhynchus schwassmanni de Santana & Vari, 2010 Sternarchorhynchus starksi de Santana & Vari, 2010 Sternopygus macrurus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Sternopygus Xingu Albert & Fink, 1996 SILURIFORMES Acanthicus adônis Isbrücker & Nijssen, 1988 Acanthicus hystrix Spix & Agassiz, 1829 Ageneiosus inermis (Linnaeus, 1766) Ageneiosus ucayalensis Castelnau, 1855 Aguarunichthys tocantinsensis Zuanon, Rapp Py-Daniel & Jégu, 1993 * Ammoglanis diaphanus Costa, 1994 Ancistomus micrommatos (Cardoso & Lucinda, 2003) Ancistomus spilomma (Cardoso & Lucinda, 2003) Ancistomus spinosissimus (Cardoso & Lucinda, 2003) Ancistrus aguaboensis Fisch-Muller, Mazzoni & Weber, 2001 Ancistrus cryptophthalmus Reis, 1987 * Ancistrus jataiensis Fisch-Muller, Cardoso, da Silva & Bertaco, 2005 Ancistrus karajas de Oliveira, Rapp Py-Daniel, Zawadzki & Zuanon, 2016 Ancistrus minutus Fisch-Muller, Mazzoni & Weber, 2001 * Ancistrus ranunculus Muller, Rapp Py-Daniel & Zuanon, 1994 * Ancistrus reisi Fisch-Muller, Cardoso, da Silva & Bertaco, 2005 Ancistrus stigmaticus Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1889 Aspidoras albater Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1976 N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 4 1 1/4/20/21/31/98 1 14 N 1/13/20/21/31/35/62 99 99 1/4/9/10 1/4 13/78 100 100 14/20/21/23 101/102/103 14/104 105 14/20/21/22 104 14/107/108 31 Aspidoras belenos Britto, 1998 Aspidoras brunneus Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1976 Aspidoras eurycephalus Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1976 Aspidoras gabrieli Wosiacki, Graças Pereira & Reis, 2014 Aspidoras mephisto Tencatt & Bichuette, 2017 Aspidoras pauciradiatus (Weitzman & Nijssen, 1970) Aspidoras poecilus Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1976 Aspidoras velites Britto, Lima & Moreira, 2002 Auchenipterichthys coracoideus (Eigenmann & Allen, 1942) Auchenipterus nuchalis (Spix & Agassiz, 1829) Auchenipterus osteomystax (Miranda Ribeiro, 1918) Bagropsis reinhardti Lütken, 1874 * Baryancistrus longipinnis (Kindle, 1895) * Baryancistrus niveatus (Castelnau, 1855) * Bergiaria westermanni (Lütken, 1874) Bunocephalus minerim Carvalho, Cardoso, Friel & Reis, 2015 Centromochlus bockmanni (Sarmento-Soares & Buckup, 2005) Centromochlus ferrarisi Birindelli, Sarmento-Soares & Lima, 2015 Centromochlus schultzi Rössel, 1962 Cephalosilurus fowleri Haseman, 1911 Cetopsis arcana Vari, Ferraris & de Pinna, 2005 Cetopsis caiapo Vari, Ferraris & de Pinna, 2005 Cetopsis coecutiens (Lichtenstein, 1819) Cetopsis gobioides Kner, 1858 Cetopsis sarcodes Vari, Ferraris & de Pinna, 2005 Cetopsorhamdia iheringi Schubart & Gomes, 1959 Cetopsorhamdia molinae Miles, 1943 Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) Conorhynchos conirostris (Valenciennes, 1840) * N N N N N N N N N N N 14/23 109 110 31 106 4/9/10 1/4/7/8/9/10/24/35/111 4/111 N N N 1/4/35/37 N N N N N N N N N 112 4/112 13 113 14/113 4/14/113 N N N N I N 14/113 13 20/21 39/114/115 32 Corumbataia tocantinenses Britski, 1997 Corumbataia veadeiros Carvalho, 2008 Corydoras araguaiaensis Sands, 1990 Corydoras cochui Myers & Weitzman, 1954 Corydoras costai Ottoni, Barbosa & Katz, 2016 Corydoras difluviatilis Britto & Castro, 2002 Corydoras eversi Tencatt & Britto, 2016 Corydoras garbei Ihering, 1911 Corydoras lymnades Tencatt, Vera-Alcaraz, Britto & Pavanelli, 2013 Corydoras maculifer Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1971 Corydoras multimaculatus Steindachner, 1907 Curculionichthys sagarana Roxo, Silva, Ochoa & Oliveira, 2015 Curculionichthys tucana Roxo, Dias, Silva & Oliveira, 2017 Denticetopsis epa Vari, Ferraris & de Pinna, 2005 Doras zuanoni Sabaj Pérez & Birindelli, 2008 Duopalatinus emarginatus (Valenciennes, 1840) Farlowella amazonum (Günther, 1864) Farlowella henriquei Miranda Ribeiro, 1918 Franciscodoras marmoratus (Lütken, 1874) Gelanoglanis varii Calegari & Reis, 2016 Gymnotocinclus anosteos Carvalho, Lehmann & Reis, 2008 Gymnotocinclus canoeiro Roxo, Silva, Ochoa & Zawadzki, 2017 Harttia duriventris Rapp Py-Daniel & Oliveira, 2001 Harttia leiopleura Oyakawa, 1993 Harttia longipinna Langeani, Oyakawa & Montoya-Burgos, 2001 Harttia novalimensis Oyakawa, 1993 Harttia punctata Rapp Py-Daniel & Oliveira, 2001 Harttia torrenticola Oyakawa, 1993 Hassar wilderi Kindle, 1895 N N N N 20/21/23 116 117 N N N 117 N N N N N N N N 117 13 118 113 1/119 N N N 1/51 4 N N N N N 120 14/121 122 N N N N 4/13/20/21/22/23 N N 4/9/10/11/61/123 33 Hemiancistrus cerrado de Souza, Melo, Chamon & Armbruster, 2008 Hemisorubim platyrhynchos (Valenciennes, 1840) Henonemus intermedius (Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1889) Hisonotus bocaiuva Roxo, Silva, Oliveira & Zawadzki, 2013 Hisonotus vespuccii Roxo, Silva & Oliveira, 2015 Hypophthalmus marginatus Valenciennes, 1840 Hypoptopoma muzuspi Aquino & Schaefer, 2010 Hypostomus alatus Castelnau, 1855 Hypostomus asperatus Castelnau, 1855 Hypostomus atropinnis (Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1890) Hypostomus delimai Zawadzki, de Oliveira & Debona, 2013 Hypostomus ericae Hollanda Carvalho & Weber, 2005 Hypostomus faveolus Zawadzki, Birindelli & Lima, 2008 Hypostomus francisci (Lütken, 1874) Hypostomus garmani (Regan, 1904) Hypostomus goyazensis (Regan, 1908) Hypostomus lima (Lütken, 1874) Hypostomus vaillanti (Steindachner, 1877) Hypostomus velhochico Zawadzki, Oyakawa & Britski, 2017 Imparfinis borodini Mees & Cala, 1989 Imparfinis minutus (Lütken, 1874) Imparfinis mirini Haseman, 1911 Ituglanis bambui Bichuette & Trajano, 2004 * Ituglanis boticário Rizzato & Bichuette, 2015 Ituglanis epikarsticus Bichuette & Trajano, 2004 * Ituglanis goya Datovo, Aquino & Langeani, 2016 Ituglanis ina Wosiacki, Dutra & Mendonça, 2012 Ituglanis macunaima Datovo & Landim, 2005 * Ituglanis mambai Bichuette & Trajano, 2008 * N N N 124 1/4/7/9/10/25/35 N N N N 4 N N N N N N 4/125 4/14/21 4/126 N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 20/21/22/23 14/107/127 107/127 107/127 127 127/128 127/129 14/107/127/130 34 Ituglanis passensis Fernández & Bichuette, 2002 * Ituglanis ramiroi Bichuette & Trajano, 2004 * Lamontichthys avacanoeiro de Carvalho Paixão & Toledo-Piza, 2009 * Lamontichthys parakanade Carvalho Paixão & Toledo-Piza, 2009 * Leporacanthicus galaxias Isbrücker & Nijssen, 1989 Leptorhamdia essequibensis (Eigenmann, 1912) Limatulichthys griséus (Eigenmann, 1909) Lophiosilurus alexandri Steindachner, 1876 * Loricaria lata Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1889 Loricaria pumila Thomas & Rapp Py-Daniel, 2008 Loricaria cataphracta Linnaeus, 1758 Loricariichthys nudirostris (Kner, 1853) Megalancistrus barrae (Steindachner, 1910) Megalodoras uranoscopus (Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1888) Microglanis leptostriatus Mori & Shibatta, 2006 Microglanis maculatus Shibatta, 2014 Microglanis oliveirai Ruiz & Shibatta, 2011 Microglanis reikoae Ruiz, 2016 Microglanis robustus Ruiz & Shibatta, 2010 * Microglanis xerente Ruiz, 2016 Microglanis xylographicus Ruiz & Shibatta, 2011 Micromyzon akamai Friel & Lundberg, 1996 Microlepidogaster discontenta Calegari, Silva & Reis, 2014 Microlepidogaster negomata Martins, Cherobim, Andrade & Langeani, 2017 Microplecostomus forestii Silva, Roxo, Ochoa & Oliveira, 2016 Nannoplecostomus eleonorae Ribeira, Lima & Pereira, 2012 Neoplecostomus franciscoensis Langeani, 1990 Otocinclus hasemani Steindachner, 1915 Otocinclus tapirape Britto & Moreira, 2002 N N N N N N N 107/127 107/127 14/131 131 1 4 N N N N N 132 4 4 N N 4 N N N 133 134 N N N N N 135 134 N N N N 136 137 N N N 31 51 35 Otocinclus vittatus Regan, 1904 Otocinclus xakriaba Schaefer, 1997 Oxydoras niger (Valenciennes, 1821) Panaque nigrolineatus (Peters, 1877) Parancistrus aurantiacus (Castelnau, 1855) * Pareiorhina cepta Roxo, Silva, Mehanna & Oliveira, 2012 Pareiorhina rosai Silva, Roxo & Oyakawa, 2016 Parotocinclus prata Ribeiro, Melo & Pereira, 2002 Parotocinclus robustus Lehmann & Reis, 2012 Peckoltia oligospila (Günther, 1864) Phractocephalus hemioliopterus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Pimelodella laurenti Fowler, 1941 Pimelodella spelaea Trajano, Reis & Bichuette, 2004 * Pimelodella robinsoni (Fowler, 1941) Pimelodella vittata (Lütken, 1874) Pimelodina flavipinnis Steindachner, 1876 Pimelodus blochii Valenciennes, 1840 Pimelodus fur (Lütken, 1874) Pimelodus halisodous Ribeiro, Lucena & Lucinda, 2008 * Pimelodus joannis Ribeiro, Lucena & Lucinda, 2008 * Pimelodus luciae Rocha & Ribeiro, 2010 Pimelodus maculatus Lacepède, 1803 Pimelodus quadratus Lucinda, Ribeiro & Lucena, 2016 Pimelodus pohli Ribeiro & Lucena, 2006 Pimelodus stewarti Ribeiro, Lucena & Lucinda, 2008 * Pimelodus tetramerus Ribeiro & Lucena, 2006 Pinirampus pirinampu (Spix & Agassiz, 1829) Platydoras costatus (Linnaeus, 1758) Plesioptopoma curvidens Reis, Pereira & Lehmann, 2012 * N N N N N N 1/4/11/24/25/26/35/37/39 1/4/7/24/35/37 1/4 N N N N N N 4/7 N N 14/138/139 N N N N 1/4/12 1/4/7/8/9/10/16/24/25/35/37/62 N N N N 140 140 141 N N N N N N N 140 142 1/4/8/9/10/11/25/35 4/143 N 36 Propimelodus araguayae Rocha, de Oliveira & Rapp Py-Daniel, 2007 Pseudacanthicus pitanga Chamon, 2015 Pseudauchenipterus flavescens (Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1888) Pseudopimelodus charus (Valenciennes, 1840) Pseudoplatystoma corruscans (Spix & Agassiz, 1829) Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum (Linnaeus, 1766) Pseudotatia parva Mees, 1974 Pterodoras granulosus (Valenciennes, 1821) Pterygoplichthys etentaculatus (Spix & Agassiz, 1829) Pterygoplichthys joselimaianus (Weber, 1991) Rhamdia enfurnada Bichuette & Trajano, 2005 Rhamdia foina (Müller & Troschel, 1849) Rhamdia itacaiunas Silfvergrip, 1996 Rhamdia poeyi Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1888 Rhamdia quelen (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) Rhamdiopsis microcephala (Lütken, 1874) * Rhinelepis aspera Spix & Agassiz, 1829 * Rhinolekos capetinga Roxo, Ochoa, Silva & Oliveira, 2015 Rhynchodoras xingui Klausewitz & Rössel, 1961 * Rineloricaria hasemani Isbrücker & Nijssen, 1979 Rineloricaria osvaldoi Fichberg & Chamon, 2008 Scobinancistrus pariolispos Isbrücker & Nijssen, 1989 * Scoloplax distolothrix Schaefer, Weitzman & Britski, 1989 Sorubim lima (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Spatuloricaria nudiventris (Valenciennes, 1840) Spectracanthicus javae Chamon, Pereira, Mendonça & Akama, 2018 Spectracanthicus tocantinensis Chamon & Rapp Py-Daniel, 2014 Squaliforma emarginata (Valenciennes, 1840) Stegophilus insidiosus Reinhardt, 1859 N N N N N N 4/7/9/10/24/25/26/37/44 N N 1/25/35/44/144/145 N N 4/12/100 N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 146 147 4 1/4/7/8/9/10/11/24/25/26/37/62 N N N N 148 1/9/10/22 N 37 Sturisoma rostratum (Spix & Agassiz, 1829) Tatia intermedia (Steindachner, 1877) Tocantinsia piresi (Miranda Ribeiro, 1920) * Trachelyopterus leopardinus (Borodin, 1927) Trichomycterus brasiliensis Lütken, 1874 Trichomycterus concolor Costa, 1992 Trichomycterus macrotrichopterus Barbosa & Costa, 2010 Trichomycterus novalimensis Barbosa & Costa, 2010 * Trichomycterus punctatissimus Castelnau, 1855 Trichomycterus reinhardti (Eigenmann, 1917) Trichomycterus rubbioli Bichuette & Rizzato, 2012 * Trichomycterus rubiginosus Barbosa & Costa, 2010 Tridentopsis tocantinsi La Monte, 1939 Trichomycterus trefauti Wosiacki, 2004 Trichomycterus variegatus Costa, 1992 Typhlobelus macromycterus Costa & Bockmann, 1994 Xyliphius anachoretes Figueiredo & Britto, 2010 Zungaro zungaro (Humboldt, 1821) BATRACHOIDIFORMES Potamobatrachus trispinosus Collette, 1995 * CYPRINIFORMES Ctenopharyngodon idella (Valenciennes, 1844) Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758) Hypophthalmichthys nobilis (Richardson, 1845) Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Valenciennes, 1844) CYPRINODONTIFORMES Anablepsoides tocantinenses (Costa, 2010) Cnesterodon septentrionalis Rosa & Costa, 1993 * Cynolebias altus Costa, 2001 N N N 4/9/10 55/149 1 N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 150 4/9/10/11/25/26/37 N I I I I N N 39/151 39/151 151 151 152 N 38 Cynolebias attenuatus Costa, 2001 Cynolebias elegans Costa, 2017 Cynolebias gibbus Costa, 2001 Cynolebias gilbertoi Costa, 1998 Cynolebias gorutuba Costa, 2017 Cynolebias griseus Costa, Lacerda & Brasil, 1990 * Cynolebias leptocephalus Costa & Brasil, 1993 * Cynolebias obscurus Costa, 2014 Cynolebias ochraceus Costa, 2014 Cynolebias oticus Costa, 2014 Cynolebias parietalis Costa, 2014 Cynolebias perforatus Costa & Brasil, 1991 Cynolebias porosus Steindachner, 1876 Cynolebias rectiventer Costa, 2014 Cynolebias roseus Costa, 2014 Hypsolebias adornatus (Costa, 2000) * Hypsolebias alternatus (Costa & Brasil, 1994) * Hypsolebias auratus (Costa & Nielsen, 2000) * Hypsolebias brunoi (Costa, 2003) * Hypsolebias carlettoi (Costa & Nielsen, 2004) * Hypsolebias delucai (Costa, 2003) Hypsolebias faouri Britzke, Nielsen & Oliveira, 2016 Hypsolebias fasciatus (Costa & Brasil, 2006) * Hypsolebias flammeus (Costa, 1989) * Hypsolebias flavicaudatus (Costa & Brasil, 1990) * Hypsolebias fulminantis (Costa & Brasil, 1993) * Hypsolebias ghisolfii (Costa, Cyrino & Nielsen, 1996) * Hypsolebias gibberatus (Costa & Brasil, 2006) * Hypsolebias gilbertobrasili Costa, 2012 * N N N N N N N 14 N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 153 153 N N N N N 39 Hypsolebias guanambi Costa & Amorim, 2011 * Hypsolebias harmonicus (Costa, 2010) * Hypsolebias hellneri (Berkenkamp, 1993) * Hypsolebias igneus (Costa, 2000) * Hypsolebias lopesi (Nielsen, Shibatta, Suzart & Martín, 2010) * Hypsolebias macaubensis (Costa & Suzart, 2006) * Hypsolebias marginatus (Costa & Brasil, 1996) * Hypsolebias mediopapillatus (Costa, 2006) * Hypsolebias multiradiatus (Costa & Brasil, 1994) * Hypsolebias nielseni (Costa, 2005) * Hypsolebias nitens Costa, 2012 Hypsolebias notatus (Costa, Lacerda & Brasil, 1990) * Hypsolebias picturatus (Costa, 2000) * Hypsolebias pterophyllus Costa, 2012 Hypsolebias radiseriatus Costa, 2012 Hypsolebias radiosus (Costa & Brasil, 2004) Hypsolebias rufus (Costa, Nielsen & de Luca, 2001) * Hypsolebias sertanejo Costa, 2012 Hypsolebias similis (Costa & Hellner, 1999) * Hypsolebias stellatus (Costa & Brasil, 1994) * Hypsolebias tocantinenses Nielsen, Cruz & Junior, 2012 * Hypsolebias trifasciatus Nielsen, Martins, de Araujo, de Lira & Faour, 2014 Hypsolebias trilineatus (Costa & Brasil, 1994) * Hypsolebias virgulatus (Costa & Brasil, 2006) * Maratecoara formosa Costa & Brasil, 1995 * Maratecoara lacortei (Lazara, 1991) Maratecoara splendida Costa, 2007 * Melanorivulus imperatrizensis Nielsen & Pinto, 2015 Melanorivulus crixas (Costa, 2007) * N N N N N N N 153 N N 153 N N N N N N N N N N N N 153 N N N N N N N N 154 40 Melanorivulus ignescens Costa, 2017 Melanorivulus jalapensis (Costa, 2010) Melanorivulus javahe (Costa, 2007) Melanorivulus karaja (Costa, 2007) * Melanorivulus kayapo (Costa, 2006) * Melanorivulus kunzei Costa, 2012 * Melanorivulus litteratus (Costa, 2005) * Melanorivulus paracatuensis (Costa, 2003) Melanorivulus petrisecundi Costa, 2016 Melanorivulus pindorama Costa, 2012 * Melanorivulus planaltinus (Costa & Brasil, 2008) * Melanorivulus rubromarginatus (Costa, 2007) * Melanorivulus salmonicaudus (Costa, 2007) * Melanorivulus spixi Costa, 2016 Melanorivulus ubirajarai Costa, 2012 * Melanorivulus violaceus (Costa, 1991) * Melanorivulus wallacei Costa, 2016 Melanorivulus zygonectes (Myers, 1927) Neofundulus acutirostratus Costa, 1992 Pamphorichthys araguaiensis Costa, 1991 Pamphorichthys pertapeh Figueiredo, 2008 * Phalloceros leticiae Lucinda, 2008 Phalloceros uai Lucinda, 2008 Pituna compacta (Myers, 1927) Pituna obliquoseriata Costa, 2007 Pituna poranga Costa, 1989 Plesiolebias aruana (Lazara, 1991) Plesiolebias canabravensis Costa & Nielsen, 2007 * Plesiolebias filamentosus Costa & Brasil, 2007 N N N N N N N 155 156 154 154 157 N N N N N N N N N N N 154 158 159 154 154 154 154 13/154 N N 1 N N 160 N N N N N N N 161 162 162 162 41 Plesiolebias fragilis Costa, 2007 Plesiolebias lacerdai Costa, 1989 Plesiolebias xavantei (Costa, Lacerda & Tanizaki, 1988) * Simpsonichthys cholopteryx Costa, Moreira & Lima, 2003 * Simpsonichthys punctulatus Costa & Brasil, 2007 * Simpsonichthys zonatus (Costa & Brasil, 1990) * Spectrolebias costai (Lazara, 1991) Spectrolebias inaequipinnatus (Costa & Brasil, 2008) Spectrolebias semiocellatus Costa & Nielsen, 1997 Trigonectes rubromarginatus Costa, 1990 Trigonectes strigabundus Myers, 1925 * TETRAODONTIFORMES Colomesus asellus (Müller & Troschel, 1849) Colomesus tocantinenses Amaral, Brito, Silva & Carvalho, 2013 OSTEOGLOSSIFORMES Arapaima gigas (Schinz, 1822) * PERCIFORMES Acarichthys heckelii (Müller & Troschel, 1849) Aequidens tetramerus (Heckel, 1840) Apistogramma tucurui Staeck, 2003 Astronotus ocellatus (Agassiz, 1831) Australoheros mattosi Ottoni, 2012 Cichla kelberi Kullander & Ferreira, 2006 Cichla mirianae Kullander & Ferreira, 2006 Cichla monoculus Spix & Agassiz, 1831 Cichla ocellaris Bloch & Schneider, 1801 Cichla pinima Kullander & Ferreira, 2006 Cichla piquiti Kullander & Ferreira, 2006 Cichlasoma araguaiense Kullander, 1983 N N N N 162 162 162 N N N N N N N 163 4 N N 1/4/14/16 14 N 164/165 N N N N N N N N N N N 4/51 I N I I I 4/39/44/151 1/4/44/145/166/167 166 39/145/166 35/44/166 166 1/4/9/10/44/145/166/167/168 13/20/21/31 42 Amphibians Cichlasoma sanctifranciscense Kullander, 1983 Coptodon rendalli (Boulenger, 1897) Crenicichla cametana Steindachner, 1911 Crenicichla compressiceps Ploeg, 1986 Crenicichla cyclostoma Ploeg, 1986 * Crenicichla jegui Ploeg, 1986 * Crenicichla labrina (Spix & Agassiz, 1831) Crenicichla lugubris Heckel, 1840 Crenicichla stocki Ploeg, 1991 Geophagus neambi Lucinda, Lucena & Assis, 2010 Geophagus proximus (Castelnau, 1855) Geophagus surinamensis (Bloch, 1791) Geophagus sveni Lucinda, Lucena & Assis, 2010 Laetacara araguaiae Ottoni & Costa, 2009 Mesonauta acora (Castelnau, 1855) Microphilypnus ternetzi Myers, 1927 Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) Pachyurus francisci (Cuvier, 1830) * Pachyurus junki Soares & Casatti, 2000 Pachyurus paucirastrus Aguilera, 1983 * Pachyurus schomburgkii Günther, 1860 Plagioscion squamosissimus (Heckel, 1840) Retroculus acherontos Landim, Moreira & Figueiredo, 2015 Retroculus lapidifer (Castelnay, 1855) Rondonacara hoehnei (Miranda Ribeiro, 1918) Satanoperca acuticeps (Heckel, 1840) Satanoperca jurupari (Heckel, 1840) Teleocichla cinderella Kullander, 1988 * ANURA N I N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 4 4 1/4/31 1/9/10/11/26/62 169 167 35 169 1/167 1/4 I N N N N N N N N N N N 13 39 I 39/151/170 4/12 1 1/35/171 1/4/9/10/11/15/24/39/44/79/170 1/4/9/10/13/16/20/21/35/51/62/167/172 4/51 167 43 Adelphobates galactonotus (Steindachner, 1864) Adenomera bokermanni (Heyer, 1973) Adenomera hylaedactyla (Cope, 1868) Adenomera martinezi (Bokermann, 1956) Allobates goianus (Bokermann, 1975) * Ameerega flavopicta (Lutz, 1925) Aplastodiscus arildae (Cruz & Peixoto, 1987) Aplastodiscus cavicola (Cruz & Peixoto, 1985) * Barycholos ternetzi (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1937) Boana albopunctata (Spix, 1824) Boana boans (Linnaeus, 1758) Boana botumirim (Caramaschi, Cruz & Nascimento, 2009) Boana buriti (Caramaschi and Cruz, 1999) Boana cipoensis (Lutz, 1968) * Boana crepitans (Wied-Neuwied, 1824) Boana faber (Wied-Neuwied, 1821) Boana geographica (Spix, 1824) Boana goiana (Lutz, 1968) Boana lundii (Burmeister, 1856) Boana multifasciata (Günther, 1859) Boana paranaiba (Carvalho, Giaretta & Facure, 2010) Boana pardalis (Spix, 1824) Boana polytaenia (Cope, 1870) Boana raniceps (Cope, 1862) Boana wavrini (Parker, 1936) Bokermannohyla alvarengai (Bokermann, 1956) Bokermannohyla circumdata (Cope, 1871) N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1/2 3/4 2/4/5/6/7 1/8/9 1/3/4/5/8/9 4/10 4 2/4/5/6/8/9/11 1/3/4/5/6/7/8/10 1/4 4 4 3/4 4/8/10/12 3/4 1/2 4 1/3/4/5/6 1/2/4/5/8 6 4 4/10 1/2/4/5/6/7/9/12/13 2 3/4 3/4/10 44 Bokermannohyla diamantina Napoli & Juncá, 2006 Bokermannohyla ibitiguara (Cardoso, 1983) Bokermannohyla martinsi (Bokermann, 1964) * Bokermannohyla nanuzae (Bokermann and Sazima, 1973) Bokermannohyla pseudopseudis (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1937) Bokermannohyla ravida (Caramaschi, Napoli, and Bernardes, 2001) Bokermannohyla sagarana Leite, Pezzuti & Drummond, 2011 * Bokermannohyla saxicola (Bokermann, 1964) Bokermannohyla sazimai (Cardoso and Andrade, 1982) Ceratophrys aurita (Raddi, 1823) * Ceratophrys joazeirensis Mercadal de Barrio, 1986 Chiasmocleis albopunctata (Boettger, 1885) Corythomantis greeningi Boulenger, 1896 Crossodactylus trachystomus (Reinhardt & Lütken, 1862) Dendropsophus anataliasiasi (Bokermann, 1972) Dendropsophus cruzi (Pombal and Bastos, 1998) Dendropsophus decipiens (Lutz, 1925) Dendropsophus elegans (Wied-Neuwied, 1824) Dendropsophus jimi (Napoli & Caramaschi, 1999) Dendropsophus leucophyllatus (Beireis, 1783) Dendropsophus melanargyreus (Cope, 1887) Dendropsophus microcephalus (Cope, 1886) Dendropsophus minutus (Peters, 1872) Dendropsophus nanus (Boulenger, 1889) Dendropsophus rubicundulus (Reinhardt & Lütken, 1862) Dendropsophus soaresi (Caramaschi & Jim, 1983) * Dermatonotus muelleri (Boettger, 1885) N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 4 4 4 3/4 1 4 4 3/4 4 4 4 1/4/5/6/8/9 4/12 4 1 1/4/5/6/7/11 4 3/4 4 1/2 1/2/4/5/7/8 1/2/7/8/12 1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/10 1/2/4/6 1/2/4/6/7 1/4/5/6/7/12/13 1/2/4/7/8/12/13 45 Elachistocleis cesarii (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1920) Elachistocleis ovalis (Schneider, 1799) Haddadus binotatus (Spix, 1824) Hylodes babax Heyer, 1982 Hylodes otavioi Sazima & Bokermann, 1983 Ischnocnema izecksohni (Caramaschi & Kisteumacher, 1989) Ischnocnema juipoca (Sazima & Cardoso, 1978) Ischnocnema surda Canedo, Pimenta, Leite & Caramaschi, 2010 Itapotihyla langsdorffii (Duméril & Bibron, 1841) Julianus pinimus (Bokermann & Sazima, 1973) Leptodactylus caatingae Heyer & Juncá, 2003 Leptodactylus camaquara Sazima & Bokermann, 1978 Leptodactylus chaquensis Cei, 1950 Leptodactylus cunicularius Sazima & Bokermann, 1978 Leptodactylus furnarius Sazima & Bokermann, 1978 Leptodactylus fuscus (Schneider, 1799) Leptodactylus jolyi Sazima & Bokermann, 1978 Leptodactylus labyrinthicus (Spix, 1824) Leptodactylus latrans (Steffen, 1815) Leptodactylus mystaceus (Spix, 1824) Leptodactylus mystacinus (Burmeister, 1861) Leptodactylus petersii (Steindachner, 1864) Leptodactylus podicipinus (Cope, 1862) Leptodactylus pustulatus (Peters, 1870) Leptodactylus sertanejo Giaretta & Costa, 2007 Leptodactylus syphax Bokermann, 1969 Leptodactylus troglodytes Lutz, 1926 N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 4/7/14 1/2/3/5/8/9/10 3/4 4 3/4 4 3/4/10 4 4 4 4 3/4 4 4/10 1/3/4/6/8 1/2/3/4/5/6/7/9/12/13 3/4 1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/12/13 1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/12/13 1/2/4/5/6/8/9 1/4/5/6/8/9 1/8/9 1/2/4/5/6/8 1 7/11 1/4/5/6/7/8/9/12/13 1/2/4/7/12/13 46 Leptodactylus vastus Lutz, 1930 Lithobates catesbeianus (Shaw, 1802) Lithobates palmipes (Spix, 1824) Lithodytes lineatus (Schneider, 1799) Odontophrynus americanus (Duméril & Bibron, 1841) Odontophrynus carvalhoi Savage & Cei, 1965 Odontophrynus cultripes Reinhardt & Lütken, 1862 Ololygon canastrensis (Cardoso & Haddad, 1982) Ololygon flavoguttata (Lutz & Lutz, 1939) Ololygon longilinea (Lutz, 1968) Ololygon luizotavioi Caramaschi & Kisteumacher, 1989 Ololygon machadoi (Bokermann & Sazima, 1973) Ololygon skaios (Pombal, Carvalho, Canelas & Bastos, 2010) Oreobates remotus Teixeira, Amaro, Recoder, Sena & Rodrigues, 2012 Phasmahyla jandaia (Bokermann & Sazima, 1978) * Phyllomedusa burmeisteri Boulenger, 1882 Physalaemus albifrons (Spix, 1824) Physalaemus centralis Bokermann, 1962 * Physalaemus cicada Bokermann, 1966 Physalaemus crombiei Heyer & Wolf, 1989 Physalaemus cuvieri Fitzinger, 1826 Physalaemus deimaticus Sazima & Caramaschi, 1988 * Physalaemus evangelistai Bokermann, 1967 Physalaemus kroeyeri (Reinhardt & Lütken, 1862) Physalaemus marmoratus (Reinhardt & Lütken, 1862) Physalaemus maximus Feio, Pombal & Caramaschi, 1999 * Physalaemus nattereri (Steindachner, 1863) N I N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 2 14 1/15 1 3/4/10 4 1/4 4 4/10 4 4/10 3/4 4 4 3/4 4 4 1/2/4/6/7/8/9/12/13 4 4 1/2/3/4/5/6/7/9/10/13 3/4 3/4 4 4 4 1/2/4/6/7/8/9/11 47 Pithecopus ayeaye Lutz, 1966 * Pithecopus azureus (Cope, 1862) Pithecopus hypochondrialis (Daudin, 1800) Pithecopus megacephalus (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926) Pithecopus nordestinus (Caramaschi, 2006) Pithecopus oreades (Brandão, 2002) Pleurodema diplolister (Peters, 1870) Pristimantis fenestratus (Steindachner, 1864) Proceratophrys bagnoi Brandão, Caramaschi, Vaz-Silva & Campos, 2013 Proceratophrys boiei (Wied-Neuwied, 1824) Proceratophrys concavitympanum Giaretta, Bernarde & Kokubum, 2000 Proceratophrys cristiceps (Müller, 1883) Proceratophrys cururu Eterovick & Sazima, 1998 Proceratophrys goyana (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1937) Proceratophrys vielliardi Martins & Giaretta, 2011 Proceratophyrs carranca Godinho, Moura, Lacerda & Feio, 2013 Pseudis bolbodactyla Lutz, 1925 Pseudis tocantins Caramaschi & Cruz, 1998 Pseudopaludicola giarettai Carvalho, 2012 Pseudopaludicola mineira Lobo, 1994 Pseudopaludicola murundu Toledo, Siqueira, Duarte, Veiga-Menoncello, Recco-Pimentel & Haddad, 2010 Pseudopaludicola mystacalis (Cope, 1887) Pseudopaludicola saltica (Cope, 1887) Pseudopaludicola ternetzi Miranda-Ribeiro, 1937 Rhaebo guttatus (Schneider, 1799) Rhinella crucifer (Wied-Neuwied, 1821) Rhinella granulosa (Spix, 1824) N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 4 1/5/6/7 2/8/13 3/4 4 4 1/4/7/12/13 1/2 6 4 1 1/5/9/13 3/4 1/4/5/7/8/9/11 4 4 1/4/6 1/2 4 3/4 4 1/2/4/7 1/3/4/7/8 4 1/7/8 4 1/2/4/5/6/7/8/9/12/13 48 Rhinella inopina Vaz-Silva, Valdujo & Pombal, 2012 Rhinella margaritifera (Laurenti, 1768) Rhinella mirandaribeiroi (Gallardo, 1965) Rhinella ocellata (Günther, 1858) Rhinella rubescens (Lutz, 1925) Rhinella schneideri (Werner, 1894) Rhinella veredas (Brandão, Maciel & Sebben, 2007) Scinax cabralensis Drummond, Baêta & Pires, 2007 Scinax camposseabrai (Bokermann, 1968) Scinax constrictus Lima, Bastos & Giaretta, 2005 Scinax curicica Pugliese, Pombal & Sazima, 2004 Scinax fuscomarginatus (Lutz, 1925) Scinax fuscovarius (Lutz, 1925) Scinax maracaya (Cardoso & Sazima, 1980) Scinax nebulosus (Spix, 1824) Scinax pachycrus (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1937) Scinax rogerioi Pugliese, Baêta & Pombal, 2009 Scinax similis (Cochran, 1952) Scinax squalirostris (Lutz, 1925) Scinax tigrinus Nunes, Carvalho & Pereira, 2010 Scinax x-signatus (Spix, 1824) Thoropa megatympanum Caramaschi & Sazima, 1984 Trachycephalus mambaiensis Cintra, Silva, Silva, Garcia & Zaher, 2009 Trachycephalus nigromaculatus Tschudi, 1838 Trachycephalus typhonius (Linnaeus, 1758) Vitreorana eurygnatha (Lutz, 1925) Vitreorana franciscana Santana, Barros, Pontes & Feio, 2015 N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 4 1/2/5 4/6/7 1/5/7/8/9 3/4/10 1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/12/13 4 4 4 6/7 4 1/2/4/5/6/7 1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/12/13 4 1/2 4/12 4 4 3/4/10 4 2/4/8/12/13 3/4 4 4 1/2/3/4/5/6/7 4/10 4 49 Reptiles GYMNOPHIONA Caecilia gracilis Shaw, 1802 Siphonops paulensis Boettger, 1892 TESTUDINES Acanthochelys radiolata (Mikan, 1820) Acanthochelys spixii (Duméril & Bibron, 1835) Chelus fimbriata (Schneider, 1783) Hydromedusa tectifera Cope, 1870a Kinosternon scorpioides scorpioides (Linnaeus, 1766) Mesoclemmys perplexa Bour & Zaher, 2005 Mesoclemmys tuberculata (Luederwaldt, 1926) Mesoclemmys vanderhaegei (Bour, 1973) Phrynops geoffroanus (Schweigger, 1812) Podocnemis expansa (Schweigger, 1812) * Podocnemis unifilis Troschel, 1848 * Rhinoclemmys punctularia (Daudin, 1801) Trachemys dorbigni (Duméril & Bibron, 1835) CROCODYLIA Caiman crocodilus crocodilos (Linnaeus, 1758) Caiman latirostris (Daudin, 1801) Melanosuchus niger (Spix, 1825) Paleosuchus palpebrosus (Cuvier, 1807) SQUAMATA Eunectes murinus (Linnaeus, 1758) Eunectes notaeus Cope, 1862 Helicops angulatus (Linnaeus, 1758) Helicops apiaka Kawashita-Ribeiro, Ávila & Morais, 2013 N N N N N N N N N N N I 2 1/2/13/12/16 N N N N N N N I N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1/2/3/4 1/2/3/4 1/2/3/4 1/2/3/4 1/2/3/4 1/2/3/4 1/2/3/4 1/2/3/4 1/2/3/4 1/2/3/4 1/2/3/4 1/2/3/4 1/2/3/4 2/3/4/5 2/3/4/5 2/3/4/5 2/3/4/5 2/3/4/6 2/3/4/6 2/3/4/6 2/3/4/6 50 Aquatic Mammals Helicops hagmanni Roux, 1910 Helicops leopardinus (Schlegel, 1837) Helicops modestus Günther, 1861 Helicops polylepis Günther, 1861 Helicops tapajonicus Frota, 2005 Helicops trivittatus (Gray, 1849) Hydrodynastes bicinctus (Herrmann, 1804) Hydrodynastes gigas (Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854) Hydrodynastes melanogigas Franco, Fernandes & Bentin, 2007 * Hydrops martii (Wagler in Spix, 1824) Micrurus lemniscatus (Linnaeus, 1758) Pseudoeryx plicatilis (Linnaeus, 1758) Xenodon rabdocephalus rabdocephalus (Wied-Neuwied, 1824) ARTIODACTYLA N N N N N N N N N N N N Infraorder Cetacea Inia araguaiaensis Hrbek, Da Silva, Dutra, Farias, 2014 * Sotalia fluviatilis (Gervais & Deville, 1853) * N N CARNIVORA Pteronura brasiliensis (Gmelin, 1788) * Lontra longicaudis (Olfers, 1818) * N N N N N N N 2/3/4/6 2/3/4/6 2/3/4/6 2/3/4/6 2/3/4/6 2/3/4/6 2/3/4/6 2/3/4/6 2/3/4/6 2/3/4/6 2/3/4/6 2/3/4/6 2/3/4/6 1/2/3 4 N 5 5 Aquatic Plants ALISMATALES Alismataceae Echinodorus Hydrocleys Limnocharis Sagittaria N N N N N N N 1/2/3/4/5/6/7 2/3/4/5/6/7 1/2 1/4/8 51 Asclepiadaceae Roulinia Araceae Lemna Montrichardia Pistia Urospatha Wolffia Wolffxxiella Xanthosoma Hydrocharitaceae Apalanthe Egeria Najas Valisneria Potamogetonaceae Potamogeton ASPARAGALES Amaryllidaceae Crinum APIALES Araliaceae Hydrocotyle ARECALES Arecaceae Copernicia Euterpe N N N N 2/3 N N N 4/6/7 6/7 1/2/3/4/5/6/7 1 N N 2/3 4/6 N 1 N 1 N N N N 2/3/4/5/7/8 N 4/8 N 6 N 1/2/4/7/9 2 7 N N 6 6 52 Mikania ASTERALES Asteraceae Eclipta Egletes Enydra Lepidaploa Pluchea Menyanthaceae Nymphoides BORAGINALES Boraginaceae Euploca Heliotropium BRASSICALES Capparaceae Tarenaya Cleomaceae Cleome CARYOPHYLLALES Aizoaceae Sesuvium Amaranthaceae Alternanthera Amaranthus Chenopodium Dysphania N N N 4/5/6/7/8 N N N N N 1/4/5/7 N 1/2/4/5/6/7/8 N N 4/5/7/8 N 2/4/5/6/7/8 N 3 N 4/8 N N N N 2/4/8 4/8 4/6/7/8 4/5/8 4/7/8 4/5/7/8 4/7/8 4/5 8 53 Droseraceae Drosera Molluginaceae Glinus Mollugo Polygonaceae Polygonum CHARALES Characeae Chara COMMELINALES Commelinaceae Callisia Commelina Tripogandra Pontederiaceae Eichhornia Heteranthera Hydrothrix Pontederia CURCUBITALES Cucurbitaceae Cucumis Luffxa FABALES Fabaceae Aeschynomene N 6 N N 4/5/8 N N 1/2/3/4/5/7/8 N N 1/2/4/5 4/7/8 N N N N N N N N 1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9 N N 2/3/4 N 2/4 N N N 4/7/8 1/2/7 4/5 1/4/5/6/7/8 4/8 1/6/9 4/8 54 Indigofera Lonchocarpus Machaerium Macroptilium Mimosa Mucuna Neptunia Tephrosia Vachellia Leguminosae Sesbania Polygalaceae Asemeia GENTIANALES Apocynaceae Funastrum Gentianaceae Schultesia Rubiaceae Borreria Diodella Genipa Machaonia Mitracarpus LAMIALES Acanthaceae Avicennia N N N N N N N N N 4/8 6 6 4/6/7 4/6/7/8 6 4/5/6/7/8 4/5/8 4/5 N 4/8 N 8 N 6 N 4/5/6/7/8 N N N N N 6/7 N 4/6/7/8 6 6 4/8 6 55 Bignoniaceae Bignonia Lamiaceae Mesosphaerum Lentibulariaceae Utricularia Plantaginaceae Anamaria Angelonia Bacopa Scoparia Stemodia Verbenaceae Stachytarpheta MALPIGHIALES Euphorbiaceae Bernardia Croton Euphorbia Rhizophoraceae Rhizophora MALVALES Malvaceae Hibiscus Melochia Peltaea Talipariti N 6 N 7/8 N N 1/2/3/4/6/7 N N N N N N 1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8 N 4/7/8 N N N 4/8 2/3/7/8 N 6 N N N N 6 4/8 4/5/7/8 4/5/7/8 4/5/7/8 4/5/7/8 2/3 6/7 6 56 MARCHANTIALES Ricciaceae Ricciocarpus MYRTALES Combretaceae Combretum Conocarpus Laguncularia Lythraceae Ammannia Pleurophora Rotala Onagraceae Crenea Ludwigia NYMPHAEALES Cabombaceae Cabomba Nymphaeaceae Nuphar Nymphaea POALES Cyperaceae Bulbostyles Bulbostylis Cyperus Eleocharis N 2/3/4 N N N 6 N N N 4/7/8 6 6 4/7/8 2/7 N N N 1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9 N N 1/2/3/4/7 N N 2 N N N 6 2/3/4/5/6/7/8 1 N N N 4/7/8 1/2/3/4/5/7/8 1/2/3/4/5/7/8/9 57 Fimbristylis Fuirema Oxycaryum Rhynchospora Poaceae Brachiaria Echinochloa Eleusine Eragrostis Hymenachne Luziola Megathyrsus Panicum Paspalum Typhaceae Typha POLYPODIALES Pteridaceae Ceratopteris Thelypteridaceae Thelypteris SALVINIALES Salviniaceae Azolla Salvinia Marsileaceae Marsilea N N N N 1/4/7 N N I N N 4/7/8 1/2/3/4/5/7/9 1/4/7/8 9 N N N N N N N N 1/2/3/4/6/7/9 N 2/3/4/6/7/8 N 2/3/4/5/7 N 2/3/7 N N 2/3/4/5/7 1/2/3/4/5/7/8/9 N 2/4/7 4/7/8 6 4/5/6/7/8 2/3/4/5/7/8 4/5/7/8 6/7 7/8 58 SOLANALES Convolvulaceae Evolvulus Ipomoea Hydroleaceae Hydrolea Solanaceae Physalis ZINGIBERALES Cannaceae Canna N N 2/3/4/5/6/7/8 N 2/3/4/5/6/7 N 4/6/7/8 N 6 4/7/8 59 References Cited in the Table S2 Mollusks 1. 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Rodrigues UGBS (2017) Macrófitas aquáticas na área de transição entre o Rio Areias e o Reservatório da Usina Hidrelétrica Luís Eduardo Magalhães - Tocantins: cobertura, biomassa e macroinvertebrados associados. MSc. Thesis, Universidade Federal do Tocantins 88 Table S3 Summary of compositional similarities for each taxonomic group in Tocantins and São Francisco Rivers basins, considering only native assemblage (i), and the introduction of non-native species and extinction of threatened species (ii). Data source and methods are given in the Methods section GROUP Mollusks Zooplankton Crustaceans Aquatic Insects Freshwater Fish Amphibians Reptiles Aquatic Mammals Aquatic Plants COMPOSITIONAL SIMILARITY only native non-native indroduced / threatened extinct only native threatened extinct only native non-native indroduced / threatened extinct only native threatened extinct only native non-native indroduced / threatened extinct only native non-native indroduced / threatened extinct only native non-native indroduced / threatened extinct only native threatened extinct only native non-native indroduced 0.081 0.209 0.143 0.154 0.316 0.388 0.338 0.332 0.016 0.056 0.251 0.263 0.394 0.452 0.25 0.188 0.226