PHYTOLOGIA BALCANICA 24 (1): 75 – 85, Sofia, 2018
75
Influence of the African paleotropical floristic categories on
the flora of high-altitude mountains in Yemen: case study of
Jabal An-Nabi Shuáyb, Sana’a (capital of Yemen)
Hassan M. Ibrahim1, Hana A. Al-Quhbi2, Amal A. Murshed3 &
Abdul Nasser A. Al-Gifri2
1
Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Sana'a University, P.O. Box 12231, Sana'a,
Republic of Yemen; e-mail: ibrahimflora@gmail.com (corresponding author)
2 Biology Department, University of Aden, P.O. Box 6312, Khor Makssar, Aden,
Republic of Yemen; e-mail: dr_hana_saleh@yahoo.com; ngifri@gmail.com
3 Vocational Agri. Institute, Ministry of Technical Education & Vocational Training,
Sana'a, Republic of Yemen; e-mail: amal5murshed@gmail.com.
Received: June 05, 2017 ▷ Accepted: March 12, 2018
Abstract.
About 205 plant species (eight Ferns, 167 Dicots & 30 Monocots) from a total of 288 species, recorded in 2013
from Jabal An-Nabi Shuáyb (the highest point in Yemen and Arabia), show a distribution relationship with
three African paleotropical floristic regions and 10 African paleotropical floristic elements. The distribution
relationship among the African paleotropical floristic elements was subjected to numerical analysis: the
African paleotropical floristic region with the highest number of species is Sudano-Zambezian with 184
(63.9 %) species; while the African paleotropical floristic element with the highest number of species is the
Afro-Montane Archipelago-Like Regional Centre of Endemism, with 175 (60.8 %) species.
Key words:
african, floristic elements, numerical analysis, paleotropical, Yemen
Introduction
White (1965) proposed a chorological sketch map of
the Northern and Central Africa, in which he distinguished between six or eventually seven regions, although in 1983 he replaced the earlier traditional hierarchy (Floral Empires or Kingdoms, Regions, Provinces,
Domains, Sectors, Districts, etc.) by a new system attempting to establish phytochoria based on the richness
of their endemic flora at the species level. Thus, African
mainland was divided into 18 phytochoria, comprising
nine regional centers of endemism separated by six regional transition zones and three regional mosaics.
White’s system was extended by Léonard (19881989) so as to cover Southwest Asia and was based on
the distribution of 509 species collected from the de-
serts of Iran. In 1991, White and Léonard adopted a
map of the African phytochoria and those extending to
SW Asia, with slight modification of some phytochoria.
Zohary (1973) had placed Yemen within two phytogeographical categories: Eritero-Arabian Province,
which is part of the Sudanian region and Saharo-Arabian region, while Léonard (1988-1989) and White & Léonard (1991) had shown that Yemen is a meeting point of
three phytogeographical categories: Somalia-Masai Regional Centre of endemism, Afro-Montane Archipelago-Like Regional Centre of Endemism and Arabian
Region Subzone. Furthermore, Al-Khulaidi (2013) mentioned that the flora of Yemen is a mixture of the Tropical
African Sudanian Plant Region and the Saharo-Arabian
Plant Region. There, the Sudanian element dominates in
the western mountains and parts of the highland plains
76
Ibrahim, H. & al. • African paleotropical floristic categories and high-altitude mountains in Yemen
of Yemen, whereas the Saharo-Arabian element dominates in the coastal plains, eastern mountains and eastern and northern desert plains. He also pointed out that
a high percentage of Yemen plants belong to the tropical African plants of the Sudanian Region. On the other hand, Ibrahim (2013) recorded 288 plant species from
Jabal An-Nabi Shuáyb (the highest mountain in Yemen and Arabia, located 30 km westwards of Sana’a, the
capital of Yemen, with coordinates 043°56' – 044°00' E &
15°13' – 15° 9' N) and also mentioned that the Tropical
African Sudanian Plant Region is strongly presented in
the flora not only of the Saharo-Arabian Plant Region.
Material and methods
The paleotropical kingdom in Africa can be divided
according to Zohary (1973), Takhtajan (1986) and a
recent map presented by White and Léonard (1991)
into three main floristic regions and ten phytogeographical elements: Saharo-Sindian Region, including Sahara Regional Subzone (SS1); Sudano-Zambezian Region (Sudanian Region), including Sudanian
Regional Centre of Endemism (S), Sahel Regional
Transition Zone (Sa), Somalia-Masai Regional Centre
of Endemism (SM), Afro-Montane Archipelago-Like
Regional Centre of Endemism (Af), Zambezi Regional Centre of Endemism (Z) & Zanzibar-Inhambane
Regional Mosaic (ZI); Guinean Region divided further into Guineo-Congolian Centre of Endemism
(GC) Guinea-Congolian / Sudania Regional Transition Zone (GCS), and finally, Guinea-Congolian /
Zambezia Regional Transition Zone (GCZ).
In this work, the phytogeographical distribution relationship of 205 plant species (Table 1) from a total of
288 species, recorded by Ibrahim (2013) from Jabal AnNabi Shuáyb, were examined among the African paleotropical floristic regions and elements by using the following literature: Broun & al. (1929), Schwartz (1939),
Andrews (1950,1952 & 1956), Wickens (1976), Gallego & al. (1980), Johns (1991), Friis & Gibert (1993), Gilbert (1993), Jeffrey& Thulin (1993), Jonsell (1993), Thulin (1993a-m & 1995a-c), Thulin & Moggi (1993a,b),
Townsend (1993), Cope (1995, 2005 & 2007), Lye (1995),
Boulos (1996, 1999, 2000a-k, 2002a,b & 2005a,b), Chamberlain (1996a,b), Miller (1996a-e), Wood (1997) Abedin
& al. (1999), Chaudhary (1999a-f, 2000a-c & 2001a,b)¸
El-Hadidy & Boulos (2000), Abedin & al. (2001), Alfarhan & Thomas (2001), Chaudhary & Abdul Rub
(2001), Chaudhary & Hedge (2001), Boulos & Hind
(2002), Boulos & Snogerup (2002), Hepper (2002),
Snogerup & Boulos (2002), Burrows & Willis (2005),
Kukkonen & Simpson (2005), Snogerup & Snogerup
(2005), Ibrahim & al. (2009) and Al-Khulaidi (2013).
On the other hand, the distribution relationship
of the plant species with 10 African paleotropical floristic elements are shown as a dendrogram, by using
the Group Average Method as a sorting strategy, also
known as UPGMA (Unweighted Pair-Group Average
Linkage) method (Primer-E, 2001). As a result of cluster analysis, the dendrogram represents a hierarchical
classification at numerically defined levels, conveniently represented on the ordinate by similarity coefficient scale multiplied by 100 to give percentage values.
Results and discussion
In the period 2009-2011, 288 plant species were collected and identified from Jabal An-Nabi Shu’ayb (Ibrahim, 2013), including 205 species (eight Ferns, 197 Angiosperms: 167 Dicotyledons and 30 Monocotyledons)
showing a distribution relationship with the African
paleotropical floristic categories. Three paleotropical
floristic regions can be identified as follows: SudanoZambezian Region presented by 184 (63.9 %) species;
Afro-Montane Archipelago-Like Regional Centre of Endemism (Af) represented by 175 (60.8 %) species; where
Somalia-Masai Regional Centre of Endemism (SM), Sahel Regional Transition Zone (Sa), Sudanian Regional
Centre of Endemism (S), Sudanian Regional Centre of
Endemism (Z), and Zanzibar-Inhambane Regional Mosaic (ZI) are represented by 149 (51.7 %), 117 (40.6 %),
114 (39.6 %), 102 (35.4 %) & 90 species (31.3 %), respectively, followed by 114 (39.6 %) species in the Sahara Regional Subzone (SS1), although about 64 (22.2 %) species
show a relationship between the Guinean Region and
the flora of Jabal An-Nabi Shu’ayb (Tables 1-2 & Fig. 1)
(Guineo-Congolian Centre of Endemism (GC) is represented by 63(21.9 %) species, whereas Guinea-Congolian
/ Sudania Regional Transition Zone (GCS) & GuineaCongolian / Zambezia Regional Transition Zone (GCZ)
are represented by 59 (20.5 %) & 55 (19.1 %) plant species, respectively).
According to the chorological analysis, about 87
(30.2 %) of all recorded species in the flora of Jabal AnNabi Shuáyb are monoregional, of which 66 (22.9 %)
species are native to the Sudano-Zambezian Region,
Phytol. Balcan. 24(1) • Sofia • 2018
followed by the Saharo-Arabian Region with 21 (7.3 %)
species. Although biregional categories are represented
by 79 (27. 4 %) species of all recorded species in the flora of Jabal An-Nabi Shuáyb, of these the categories of the
Saharo-Arabian Region and Sudano-Zambezi Region
are represented by 54 (18.8 %) species, while the categories of the Sudano-Zambezi Region and Guinean Region
are represented by 25 (8.7 %) species.
On the other hand, the triregional categories are
represented by 39 (13.5 %) species (Table 2).
The dendogran resulting from the UPGMA method divides the 10 African paleotropical floristic elements on the basis of their species composition into
two main groups at a relative similarity level of 51.9 %.
Group I includes the Saharo-Sindian Region element
(Saharan Regional Subzone), Group II includes the Sudano-Zambezian Region elements (Sudanian Regional
Centre of Endemism, Sahel Regional Transition Zone, Somalia-Masai Regional Centre of Endemism, Afro-Montane Archipelago-Like Regional Centre of Endemism,
Zambezi Regional Centre of Endemism & Zanzibar-Inhambane Regional Mosaic) and the Guinean Region elements (Guineo-Congolian Centre of Endemism, Guinea-Congolian / Sudania Regional Transition Zone, and
finally, Guinea-Congolian / Zambezia Regional Transition Zone). Furthermore, Group II is divided into two
subgroups at a relative similarity level of 63.8 %.
Subgroup A (Sudano-Zambezian Region Elements) includes two main clusters at a relative similarity level of 77 %. Cluster 1 includes two elements
(Somalia-Masai Regional Centre of Endemism and
Afro-Montane Archipelago-Like Regional Centre of
Endemism) at a relative similarity level of 87.7 %. Cluster 2 includes two sub-clusters at a relative similarity level of 85.6 %: Sub-cluster A includes the Sudanian Regional Centre of Endemism and Sahel Regional
Transition Zone at a relative similarity level of 96.1 %;
Cluster B includes the Zambezian Regional Centre of
Fig. 1. Distribution of species among the 10 African paleotropical
elements. For abbreviations see Table 1.
77
Endemism & Zanzibar-Inhambane Regional Mosaic
at a relative similarity level of 93.7 %.
Furthermore, Subgroup B (Guinean Region Elements) includes two main clusters at a relative similarity level of 93.1 %: Cluster 1 includes two elements
(Guineo-Congolian Centre of Endemism, GuineaCongolian / Sudania Regional Transition Zone) at a
relative similarity level of 96.7 %, while Cluster 2 includes one element (Guinea-Congolian / Zambezia
Regional Transition Zone) (Fig. 2)
Conclusion
According to the earlier phytogegraphical analysis, 184
(63.9 %) species from the flora of Jabal An-Nabi Shu’ayb
show more distribution relationships with the SudanoZambezian Region than the other two African paleotropical floristic regions, although about 175 (60.8 %)
plant species show more distribution relationships with
the Afro-Montane Archipelago-Like Regional Centre
of Endemism than the other nine African paleotropical floristic elements. This corresponds to the findings
of White and Leonard (1991), which placed the southwestern mountains of the Arabian Peninsula (including
Jabal An-Nabi Shu’ayb) within the Afro-Montane Archipelago-Like Regional Centre of Endemism.
The relative similarly level of the Saharo-Sindian
Region (Saharan Regional Subzone) and the other African paleotropical floristic regions (Sudano-Zambezian
Region Elements and Guinean Region) is low – 51.9 %,
followed by the relative similarly level of the GuineaCongolian Regional Centre of Endemism and GuineoCongolian/Sudania Regional Transition Zone at a relative similarity level of 96.7 %, the relative similarly level
of the Sudanian Regional Centre of Endemism and Sahel Regional Transition Zone of 96.1 %.
Fig. 2. Cluster analysis of the 10 African paleotropical floristic
elements based on the similarity of their species composition by
the UPGMA method. For abbreviations see Table 1.
Ibrahim, H. & al. • African paleotropical floristic categories and high-altitude mountains in Yemen
78
Table 1. Distribution of species among the 10 African paleotropical elements.
Dicotyledon
Ferns
Plant species
Adiantum capillus-veneris L.
Asplenium aethiopicum (Burm. f.) Bech.
Ceterach officinarum Willd.
Cheilanthes coriacea Decne.
Equisetum ramosissimum Desf.
Hypodematium crenatum (Forssk.) Kuhn
Ophioglossum polyphyllum A. Braun ex Schub.
Pteris dentata Forssk.
SS1
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Sa
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Acanthus arboreus Forssk.
Acacia origena Asfaw
Achyranthes aspera L.
Aerva javanica (Burm.f.) Juss. ex Schult.
Agrocharis melanantha Hochst.
Alkanna orientalis (L.) Boiss.
Amaranthus hybridus L.
Anagallis arvensis L.
Anagallis foemina Mill.
Anarrhinum forsskaolii (J. F. Gmel.) Cufod.
Anchusa arvensis (L.) M. Bieb.
Andrachne aspera Spreng.
Apium nodiflorum (L.) Lag.
Arabis alpina L.
Argyrolobium rupestre (E. Mey.) Walp.
Artemisia abyssinica Sch. Bip. ex A. Rich.
Astragalus atropilosulus (Hochst.) Bunge
Astragalus vogelii (Webb) Bornm.
Berberis holstii Engl.
Bidens bipinnata L.
Buddleja polystachya Fresen.
Calendula arvensis M. Bieb.
Campanula edulis Forssk.
Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik.
Caylusea hexagyna (Forssk.) M. L. Green
Chenopodium album L.
Chenopodium murale L.
Chenopodium schraderianum Schult.
Cineraria abyssinica Sch.Bip. ex A. Rich.
Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten.
Clematis simensis Fresen.
Commicarpus pedunculosus (A.Rich.) Cufod.
Convolvulus arvensis L.
Convolvulus sagittatus Thunb.
Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronquist
Conyza hochstetteri Sch. Bip. ex A. Rich.
Conyza incana (Vahl) Willd.
Conyza stricta Willd.
Crassula alata (Viv.) A. Berger
Crepis rueppellii Sch. Bip.
Cuscuta planiflora Ten.
Datura stramonium L.
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Phytogeographical elements
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Phytol. Balcan. 24(1) • Sofia • 2018
79
Table 1. Continuation.
Dicotyledon
Plant species
Debregeasia saeneb (Forssk.) Hepper & J.R.I.Wood
Dichrocephala chrysanthemifolia (Blume) DC.
Diplotaxis erucoides (L.) DC.
Echinops spinosissimus Turra
Epilobium hirsutum L.
Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'Hér.
Erodium malacoides (L.) L'Hér.
Erucastrum arabicum Fisch. & C. A. Mey.
Euphorbia helioscopia L.
Euphorbia inaequilatera Sond.
Euphorbia peplus L.
Euphorbia schimperiana Scheele
Euryops arabicus Steud. ex Jaub. & Spach
Fagonia bruguieri DC.
Fagonia indica Burm. f.
Farsetia longisiliqua Decne.
Felicia abyssinica Sch. Bip. ex A. Rich.
Felicia dentata (A. Rich.) Dandy
Ficus carica L.
Ficus palmata Forssk.
Forsskaolea tenacissima L.
Fumaria abyssinica Hammar
Fumaria parviflora Lam.
Galinsoga parviflora Cav.
Galium aparinoides Forssk.
Geranium arabicum Forssk.
Geranium biuncinatum Kokwaro
Geranium mascatense Boiss.
Gomphocarpus sinaicus Boiss.
Gymnosporia senegalensis (Lam.) Loes.
Helichrysum foetidum (L.) Cass.
Helichrysum forskahlii (J. F. Gmel.) Hilliard & B.L. Burtt
Helichrysum glumaceum DC.
Helichrysum pumilum Hook.f.
Heliotropium longiflorum (A.DC.) Jaub. & Spach
Hypericum revolutum Vahl
Hypoestes forskaolii (Vahl) R. Br.
Indigofera arabica Jaub. & Spach
Jasminum grandiflorum L.
Kleinia odora (Forssk.) DC.
Kleinia semperviva DC.
Lactuca inermis Forssk.
Launaea fragilis (Asso) Pau
Launaea nudicaulis (L.) Hook.f.
Lavandula dentata L.
Lepidium armoracia Fisch. & C.A. Mey.
Leucas glabrata (Vahl) Sm.
Linum usitatissimum L.
Lotononis platycarpa (Viv.) Pic. Serm.
Lotus arabicus L.
Lotus corniculatus L.
SS1
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Ibrahim, H. & al. • African paleotropical floristic categories and high-altitude mountains in Yemen
80
Table 1. Continuation.
Dicotyledon
Plant species
Lythrum hyssopifolia L.
Macowania ericifolia (Forssk.)B. L. Burtt & Grau.
Malva parviflora L.
Malva verticillata L.
Marrubium vulgare L.
Medicago lupulina L.
Medicago polymorpha L.
Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds.
Micromeria imbricata (Forssk.) C. Chr.
Minuartia filifolia (Forssk.)Schweinf. ex Mattf.
Misopates orontium (L.) Raf.
Nicotiana glauca Graham
Orobanche cernua Loefl.
Orobanche ramosa L.
Osteospermum vaillantii (Decne.) Norl
Otostegia fruticosa (Forssk.) Schweinf. ex Penzig
Oxalis corniculata L.
Phagnalon stenolepis Chiov.
Plantago albicans L.
Plantago lanceolata L.
Plantago major L.
Pollichia campestris Aiton
Polygala abyssinica R. Br. ex Fresen.
Polygala steudneri Chodat
Polygonum aviculare L.
Potentilla dentata Forssk.
Primula verticillata Forssk.
Psiadia punctulata (DC.) Vatke
Pulicaria inuloides (Poir.) DC.
Pulicaria jaubertii E. Gamal-Eldin
Pulicaria petiolaris Jaub. & Spach
Pulicaria undulata (L.) C.A. Mey.
Ranunculus multifidus Forssk.
Reichardia tingitana (L.) Roth
Rhus retinorrhaea Steud. ex A. Rich.
Ricinus communis L.
Rosa abyssinica R. Br. ex Lindl.
Rumex nervosus Vahl
Rumex steudelii Hochst. ex A. Rich.
Rumex vesicarius L.
Ruta chalepensis L.
Salsola kali L.
Salvia aegyptiaca L.
Salvia merjamie Forssk.
Salvia schimperi Benth.
Scabiosa columbaria L.
Scutellaria arabica Jaub. & Spach
Senecio lyratus Forssk.
Senecio schimperi Sch. Bip. ex A. Rich.
Senecio vulgaris L.
SS1
+
–
+
–
+
+
+
+
+
–
–
+
+
+
+
+
+
–
+
+
+
–
–
–
+
–
–
–
+
+
+
+
–
+
–
+
–
–
–
+
+
+
+
–
–
–
–
–
–
+
Sa
+
–
+
–
+
+
–
–
+
+
+
–
+
–
+
+
–
+
–
+
–
+
+
–
+
–
–
–
+
–
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
–
+
–
–
+
+
–
+
+
S
+
–
+
–
+
+
–
–
+
+
–
–
–
–
+
+
–
+
–
+
–
+
+
–
+
–
–
–
+
–
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
–
+
–
+
+
–
+
+
–
+
+
Phytogeographical elements
SM Af
Z
ZI GC
+
+
+
+
+
–
+
–
–
–
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
–
–
–
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
–
+
+
–
–
–
+
+
–
–
–
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
–
+
+
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
+
+
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
+
+
+
–
+
+
+
+
+
–
+
–
+
–
–
–
+
–
–
–
+
+
–
–
–
+
+
+
+
+
–
–
–
–
–
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
–
+
+
–
–
–
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
–
–
–
+
+
–
–
–
+
+
+
–
–
–
+
–
–
–
+
+
–
–
–
+
+
–
–
–
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
–
+
+
–
–
–
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
–
–
–
+
+
+
+
–
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
–
–
–
+
+
+
+
+
–
–
–
–
–
–
+
–
–
–
+
+
+
–
–
–
+
–
–
–
+
+
+
+
+
–
+
–
–
–
–
+
–
–
–
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
GCS GCZ
+
+
–
–
+
+
–
–
+
+
–
–
–
–
–
–
+
+
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
+
+
–
–
+
+
–
–
–
–
+
+
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
+
+
+
+
–
–
–
–
+
+
–
–
–
–
+
+
–
–
+
+
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
+
+
–
–
–
–
+
+
+
+
Phytol. Balcan. 24(1) • Sofia • 2018
81
Table 1. Continuation.
Dicotyledon
Silene burchellii Otth ex DC.
Silene macrosolen Steud. ex A. Rich.
Sisymbrium irio L.
Solanum incanum L.
Solanum villosum Mill.
Sonchus oleraceus L.
Tagetes minuta L.
Thesium radicans Hochst. ex A. Rich.
Tribulus terrestris L.
Trifolium fragiferum L.
Trifolium semipilosum Fresen.
Tylophoropsis heterophylla (A. Rich.) N.E. Br.
Urospermum picroides (L.) Scop. ex F.W.Schmidt
Urtica urens L.
Vaccaria hispanica (Mill.) Rauschert
Verbena officinalis L.
Vermifrux abyssinica (A. Rich.) J.B. Gillett
Vernonia leopoldi (Sch. Bip. ex Walp.) Vatke
Veronica anagallis-aquatica L.
Veronica polita Fr.
Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal
Xanthium spinosum L.
Zehneria scabra (L. f.) Sond.
Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Willd.
SS1
+
–
+
+
+
+
+
–
+
–
–
–
+
+
+
+
–
–
+
+
+
+
–
+
Sa
–
+
–
+
+
+
–
+
–
–
–
–
–
+
–
+
+
–
–
–
+
–
+
+
S
+
+
–
+
+
+
–
+
–
–
–
–
–
+
–
+
+
–
–
–
+
–
+
+
Monocotyledon
Plant species
Albuca abyssinica Jacq.
Androcymbium schimperianum (Hochst.) K.Perss
Andropogon distachyos L.
Arundo donax L.
Asparagus africanus Lam.
Asphodelus fistulosus L.
Avena fatua L.
Brachypodium retusum (Pers.) P. Beauv.
Bromus leptoclados Nees
Bromus pectinatus Thunb.
Carex distans L.
Cenchrus ciliaris L.
Cyperus niveus Retz.
Digitaria abyssinica (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Stapf
Eleusine floccifolia (Forssk.) Spreng.
Eragrostis braunii Schweinf.
Eragrostis papposa (Roem. & Schult.) Steud.
Hyparrhenia hirta (L.) Stapf
Juncus fontanesii J. Gay ex Laharpe
Juncus punctorius L. f.
Lamarckia aurea (L.) Moench
Oryzopsis holciformis (M.Bieb.) Hack.
Pennisetum setaceum (Forssk.) Chiov.
Pennisetum thunbergii Kunth
Pennisetum villosum R. Br. ex Fresen.
–
–
–
+
+
+
+
–
–
+
+
+
–
–
+
–
–
–
+
+
+
–
+
–
–
+
–
+
–
+
–
–
–
–
+
+
+
+
+
–
+
+
+
+
+
–
–
+
+
–
+
–
+
–
+
–
–
–
–
+
+
+
+
+
–
+
–
–
+
+
–
–
+
+
–
Phytogeographical elements
SM Af
Z
ZI GC
+
+
–
–
–
+
+
+
+
–
+
+
–
–
–
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
–
–
–
–
–
–
+
+
+
+
–
+
–
–
–
–
–
+
–
–
–
+
+
–
–
–
–
+
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
+
+
+
+
+
–
–
–
–
–
+
+
+
+
–
+
+
–
–
–
–
+
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
+
+
+
+
+
–
–
–
–
–
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
–
–
+
+
+
+
+
+
–
–
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
–
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
–
+
–
+
–
–
–
–
+
+
+
+
+
–
+
+
–
+
–
–
–
+
+
–
+
–
+
–
+
–
–
–
–
+
+
+
+
+
–
+
–
–
+
–
–
–
–
+
–
+
–
+
–
+
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
+
+
–
–
–
–
+
–
–
–
–
–
–
GCS GCZ
–
–
–
–
–
–
+
+
+
+
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
+
+
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
+
+
–
–
+
+
–
–
+
–
+
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
+
+
–
–
–
–
+
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
+
–
+
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
+
+
–
–
–
–
+
–
–
–
–
–
–
Ibrahim, H. & al. • African paleotropical floristic categories and high-altitude mountains in Yemen
82
Table 1. Continuation.
Monocotyledon
Plant species
Polypogon viridis (Gouan) Breistr.
Pycreus sanguinolentus (Vahl) Nees
Snowdenia polystachya (Fresen.) Pilg.
Themeda triandra Forssk.
Tragus racemosus (L.) All.
SS1
+
–
–
+
+
Sa
+
+
+
+
+
S
+
+
+
+
+
Phytogeographical elements
SM Af
Z
ZI GC
+
+
+
+
–
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
–
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
GCS GCZ
–
–
+
+
–
–
+
+
+
+
Legеnd: SS1: Saharan regional sub zone, Sa: Sahel regional transition zone, S: Sudanian regional central of endemism, SM: SomaliaMasai regional centre of endemism, Af: Afromontane archipelago-like regional centre of endemism, Z: Zambezian regional central of
endemism, ZI: Zanzibar-Inhambane regional mosaic, GC: Guineo-Congolian regional centre of endemism, GCS: Guinea-Congolian/
Soudania regional transition zone & GCZ: Guinea-Congolian/ Zambezia regional transition zone.
Table 2. Mono, bi & tri-regional species.
Phytogeographical regions /
phytogeographical categories
Percentage (%)
No.
of the total No. of species
of
recorded from J. An-Nabi
species
Shu’ayb flora
Monoregional:
Saharo-Arabian region
21
SS1
Total
21
7.3%
Sudano-Zambezian region:
SM.
1
Af.
18
Z.
1
SM+ Af.
14
Af + Z.
2
Sa + S + Af.
2
Sa+ SM+ Af.
2
SM + Af + Z.
2
Sa + S + SM + Af.
5
S+ SM+ Af+ Z.
1
SM + Af + Z + ZI
1
Sa + SM + Af + Z
1
Sa + S + SM + Af + Z + ZI
16
Total
66
22.9%
Total number of monoregional
87
30.2%
species
Biregional:
Saharo-Arabian region + Sudano-Zambezian region
SS1+ SM.
5
SS1+ Af.
5
SS1+ Sa+ S.
1
SS1+ SM + Af.
11
SS1+ SM+ Z.
1
SS1 + Sa + S +Af.
3
SS1+ S+ SM+ Af.
1
SS1 + Sa + SM + Af.
2
SS1 + Sa + S + SM + Af.
8
SS1 + Sa + S + SM + Af + Z.
2
SS1 + Sa + SM + Af + Z + ZI.
1
SS1 + Sa + S + SM + Af + Z + ZI
14
Total
54
18.8%
Percentage (%)
No.
of the total No. of species
of
recorded from J. An-Nabi
species
Shu’ayb flora
Sudano-Zambezian region + Guinean region:
SM + Af + GC.
1
Af + GC + GCS.
1
S + Af + GC + GCS.
1
Sa + S + SM + Af + Z + ZI + GC
1
+ GCS.
Sa + S + SM + Af + Z + ZI + GC + 21
GCS + GCZ
Total
25
8.7%
Total number of biregional species 79
27.4%
Tri-regional:
Saharo-Arabian region +
Sudano-Zambezian Region +
Guinean Region
SS1 + Af + Z + GCZ
1
SS1 + Sa + S + SM + Af + GC
1
SS1+ Sa+ S+ SM+ Af+ Z+ GC.
1
SS1+ Sa+ S+ SM+ Af+ Z+ ZI+ GC. 1
SS1 + Sa + S + SM + Af + Z + ZI + 2
GC + GCS.
SS1 + Sa + S + SM + Af + Z + ZI
33
+GC + GCS + GCZ.
Total
39
13.5%
Total number of triregional species 39
13.5%
The total number of
205
species shows distribution
relationships with the African
phytogeographical regions
Sudano-Zambezian region + Guinean region:
SM + Af + GC.
1
Af + GC + GCS.
1
S + Af + GC + GCS.
1
Sa + S + SM + Af + Z + ZI + GC
1
+ GCS.
Sa + S + SM + Af + Z + ZI + GC + 21
GCS + GCZ
Total
25
8.7%
Total number of biregional species 79
27.4%
Phytogeographical regions /
phytogeographical categories
Phytol. Balcan. 24(1) • Sofia • 2018
83
Table 2. Continuation.
Phytogeographical regions /
phytogeographical categories
Tri-regional:
Saharo-Arabian region +
Sudano-Zambezian Region +
Guinean Region
SS1 + Af + Z + GCZ
SS1 + Sa + S + SM + Af + GC
SS1+ Sa+ S+ SM+ Af+ Z+ GC.
SS1+ Sa+ S+ SM+ Af+ Z+ ZI+ GC.
SS1 + Sa + S + SM + Af + Z + ZI +
GC + GCS.
SS1 + Sa + S + SM + Af + Z + ZI
+GC + GCS + GCZ.
Total
Total number of triregional species
The total number of
species shows distribution
relationships with the African
phytogeographical regions
Percentage (%)
No.
of the total No. of species
of
recorded from J. An-Nabi
species
Shu’ayb flora
Boulos, L. 1999. Flora of Egypt. Vol. 1. Al Hadara Publishing,
Cairo, Egypt.
Boulos, L. 2000a. Convolvulaceae Juss. – In: Boulos, L. (ed.), Fl. of
Egypt. Vol. 2, pp. 242-268. Al Hadara Publishing, Cairo, Egypt.
Boulos, L. 2000b. Euphorbiaceae Juss. – In: Boulos, L. (ed.), Fl.
Egypt. Vol. 2, pp. 36-67. Al Hadara Publishing, Cairo, Egypt.
Boulos, L. 2000c. Geraniaceae Juss. – In: Boulos, L. (ed.), Fl. Egypt.
Vol. 2, pp. 1-12. Al Hadara Publishing, Cairo, Egypt.
1
1
1
1
2
Boulos, L. 2000d. Linaceae DC. ex Perleb. – In: Boulos, L. (ed.),
Fl. Egypt. Vol. 2, pp. 33-35. Al Hadara Publishing, Cairo, Egypt.
Boulos, L. 2000e. Lythraceae J. St-Hil. – In: Boulos, L. (ed.), Fl.
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Vol. 2, pp. 92-111. Al Hadara Publishing, Cairo, Egypt.
33
39
39
205
13.5%
13.5%
Legеnd: For abbreviations see Table 1.
Boulos, L. 2000g. Oleaceae Hoffmanns. & Link – In: Boulos,
L. (ed.), Fl. Egypt. Vol. 2, pp. 202-205. Al Hadara Publishing,
Cairo, Egypt.
Boulos, L. 2000h. Onagraceae Juss. – In: Boulos, L. (ed.), Fl. Egypt.
Vol. 2, pp.149-151. Al Hadara Publishing, Cairo, Egypt.
Boulos, L. 2000i. Primulaceae Batsch ex Borkh. – In: Boulos,
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Boulos, L. 2000j . Umbelliferae Juss. – In: Boulos, L. (ed.), Fl. Egypt.
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Egypt. Vol. 2, pp. 12-33. Al Hadara Publishing, Cairo, Egypt.
Abedin, S., Al-Yahya, M., Mossa, J.S. & Al-Said, M. 1999.
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Arabia Illustrated .Vol.1, pp. 356-392. Ministry of Agriculture and
Water, National Herbarium and National Agriculture and Water
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Republic of Yemen.
Alfarhan, A. & Thomas, J. 2001. Buddlejaceae K. Wilh. – In:
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Boulos, L. 2002b. Verbenaceae J. St.-Hil. – In: Boulos, L. (ed.), Fl.
Egypt. Vol. 3, pp. 1-5. Al Hadara Publishing, Cairo, Egypt.
Boulos, L. 2005b. Asphodelaceae Juss. – In: Boulos, L. (ed.), Fl.
Egypt. Vol. 4, pp. 33-37. Al Hadara Publishing, Cairo, Egypt.
Boulos, L. & Hind, D. J. 2002. Compositae Giseke. – In: Boulos,
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Boulos, L. & Snogerup, B. 2002. Scrophulariaceae Juss. – In: Boulos,
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Republic of South Africa.
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Chamberlain, D. F. 1996 a. Berberidaceae Juss. – In: Miller, A.G. &
Cope, T. A. (eds.), Fl. Arabian Peninsula and Socotra. Vol.1, pp.
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A. (eds.), Fl. Arabian Peninsula and Socotra. Vol.1, pp. 233-283.
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and Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK.
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