http://www.bio.bas.bg/~phytolbalcan/PDF/23_1/contents.html PHYTOLOGIA BALCANICA 23 (1): 101 – 118 Sofia, 2017 101 Plant species diversity in the Central Zagros Region of Iran Gholamhasan Veiskarami1 & Majid Sharifi-Tehrani2 1 Department of Biology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran, e-mail: veiskarami2012@ut.ac.ir 2 Department of Biology, University of Shahrekord, Shahrekord, Iran, e-mail: sharifi-m@sci.sku.ac.ir (corresponding author) Received: September 11, 2016 ▷ Accepted: April 2, 2017 Abstract. The Central Zagros Region of Iran located in West Iran comprises delightful oak forests of the Mediterranean type. In this study, plant species diversity of this region is investigated by using data of species in 25 sites (local floras), including Sefidkouh mountain area in the center of the region. With its area of 110 000 hectares and 1000–2060 m elevation a.s.l., the latter is introduced as the richest site comprising 180 previously unreported species occurring in the Central Zagros Region. Multivariate analysis of the species occurrence data has grouped the local floras into five main clusters revealing the floristic structure of this region. Our results showed that multivariate analysis of the species occurrence is a useful tool for floristic regionalization. Key words: Central Zagros, distribution, endemics, flora, life forms, Sefidkouh Introduction During the last glaciation period in the Northern Hemisphere, the Zagros Region of Iran was a mountain steppe in which Cousinia spp. and Tulipa spp. were abundant (Djamali & al. 2009; Djamali & al. 2011). Postglacial rebound then increased the species richness in that region by altering the species ranges. Species richness increased during the postglacial rebound through range alteration. The climate of Central Zagros is cold, semi-humid, with winter rainfalls in early December to late April, and the dry period coincides with the summer months. Despite overgrazing and excessive exploitation of vegetation, floristic richness in this region was increased by variations in microclimate, altitude, topography, and soil type. Current knowledge about the flora of that region (Fig. 1, Table 1) has been mainly obtained from local studies carried out with emphasis on the managed areas (Unpublished ID176; Asri & Mehrnia 2002, ID156; Safikhani & al. 2003, ID139; Abrari-Vajari & Veiskarami 2005, ID144; Zaji & al. 2005, ID19; Safikhani & al. 2006, ID197; Sohrabi & al. 2007, ID17; Safikhani & al. 2007, ID153; Hamzeh'ee & al. 2008, ID117; Yarahmadi & al. 2009, ID53; Mousavi & al. 2010, ID103; Pilehvar & al. 2010, ID188; Yavari & Shahgolzari 2010, ID55; Veiskarami & al. 2012, ID257; Darvishnia & al. 2012, ID150; Ghahremaninejad & al. 2012, ID184; Heydari & al. 2013, ID242; Abrari-Vajari & al. 2014, ID263; Jalilian & al. 2014, ID166; Kolahi & al. 2014, ID244). However, diversity of plants in the Central Zagros Region of Iran in the Eastern Mediterranean is not yet completely elucidated, and more floristic studies are still to be conducted. Flora of the Sefidkouh Mountain Area (central) was investigated by Asri (2002) and a list of 148 plant species was provided. The closest local flora to Sefidkouh, that of Kian (Nahavand, Hamedan Province), was studied in 2007 by Safikhani and coworkers, and 405 plant species were published (Safikhani & al. 2007). Other adjacent local floras published to date include 23 studies listed in Table 1. Our fieldwork in 1997–1998 showed that the Sefidkouh Mountain Area is even more species-rich than Veiskarami, G. & Sharifi-Tehrani, M. • Plant species diversity in Central Zagros 102 Fig. 1. Map of the study region. A: Location of Mt. Sefidkouh on the map of Iran, a1: the square encompassing the Central Zagros Region, a2: location of the study area. B: distribution of the 24 related local floras in the Central Zagros Region adjacent to the study area. Numbers of the 24 local floras follow Table 1. b1: location of the study area (Sefidkouh). C: satellite view of Mt. Sefidkouh, c1: the summit (3060 m). D: the elevation profile of Mt. Sefidkouh, d1: point of the summit. Map of the region and elevation profile are retrieved from GoogleEarth software package. Table 1. Twenty-four adjacent local floras to Mt. Sefidkouh. The numbers are matching those on Fig.1, B. Asterisks denote nonoutlayers; local floras used in the multivariate analysis. *1 *2 *3 *4 *5 *6 7 8 *9 *10 *11 *12 *13 14 *15 *16 17 *18 *19 *20 21 22 *23 *24 Flora Central Sefidkouh Mts Endemics of Zagros (unpubl) Fruit gardens Mt Mishparvar, Broujerd Beyranshahr C Zagros Forests Endemics of Zagros (Vajari) Hashtadpahloo Nozhian Perk Forest Zalian Broujerd Dehsorkh Javanrood Einolkosh Khangormaz Chaharzebr Lashkardar Malayer Manesht and Gholarang Kian Baharaab Shelem Qalajeh Khangormaz-2 Dalab Ilam Alvand Hamedan ID 156 176 103 224 251 188 263 144 190 257 53 17 19 55 117 139 150 153 166 184 196 197 242 244 Area (ha) 69500 3000 n/a n/a 20000 8072 3000 3000 34000 2920 25 45 2500 5000 3000 16000 33000 n/a 171 4467 42607 3000 4335 n/a Alt. 1500-2854 1000-2900 n/a 2200-3700 1101-2489 1400-2900 1000-2900 1200-2900 770-3012 1695-2460 1695-2460 1300- 1534 1733 1580- 2853 1400-1800 1750- 2928 1105- 2650 1615- 2080 1200-1700 1105- 2650 1160-2200 up to 2853 320- 2650 up to 3428 Temp. -5.9, 35.1 n/a n/a 14.4 n/a n/a n/a n/a -20, 32 -7, 43.2 -7, 43.2 13.1 n/a 9 23 13.4 6, 18.4 11.7 9.13 17.43 13.94 12.7 6.3, 22 1.9, 23.45 Prec. 650 400 n/a 422.22 n/a n/a 450 450 896.2 509.9 509.9 590.5 n/a 400 489 288.8 632 534.09 442 536.2 414.72 377.2 560.75 313.4 Coordinates N 33.816, E 47.717 N 33.654, E 48.027 N 33.46, E 48.31 N 33.854, E 48.479 N 33.662, E 48.529 N 33.133, E 48.266 N 33.217, E 48.383 N 33.216, E 48.45 N 33.283, E 48.533 N 33.239, E 48.614 N 33.949, E 48.955 N 34.842, E 46.396 N 34.25, E 46.933 N 34.584, E 48.186 N 34.15, E 46.65 N 34.167, E 48.85 N 33.433, E 46.3 N 34.139, E 48.215 N 33.047, E 46.657 N 33.809, E 46.646 N 33.933, E 46.333 N 34.583, E 48.166 N 33.695, E 46.38 N 34.603, E 48.321 Spec. 148 86 90 180 608 211 83 182 421 145 265 29 105 213 489 237 231 405 128 221 245 206 224 290 Year publ. 2002 2013 2010 2015 2016 2010 2014 2005 2014 2012 2009 2007 2005 2010 2008 2003 2012 2007 2013 2012 2014 2006 2013 2014 Phytol. Balcan. 23(1) • Sofia • 2017 already reported. Mt Sefidkouh and the surrounding hillsides (1000–3060 m), with an area of 110 000 ha (Fig. 1), is located 70 km westwards of Khorramabad city (E47 50 – E48 20, N33 30 – N33 45). According to meteorological data (1958–1993), the drought period in this region spans from April to September (Fig. 2), and most rainfalls (401.4 mm; 77 %) occur from December to May. The average temperature reaches its maximum (30 °C) in August and its minimum (6 °C) in February. This study was aimed at providing a checklist of plant species in this protected area, and at elucidating the structure of the overall flora in the region through multivariate analysis of occurrence (presence/absence of plant species) data in the neighboring local floras in the Central Zagros Region. The results of this study are novel and many new records for this extensive region encompassing 25 local floras are provided. Many rare species collected earlier just once from Iran were now collected again and reported here. The relative floristic similarities of the local floras are described in the important region of Central Zagros (Eastern Mediterranean). Material and methods The study area was measured using the GoogleEarth software package (Google 2013). Plant specimens were collected from April 1999 to June 2000 by means of several field collections, then identified and deposited in the Herbarium at the University of Tehran (TUH). Determination of specimens was performed by using the identification keys in Flora Iranica (Rechinger 1963–2012), Flora of Iran (Assadi 1989–2016), Flora of Turkey (Davis 1965–1985), and Flora Europea (Tutin & al. 1964). Distributions, endemism and conservation status of species Fig. 2. Ombrothermic graph for the Khorramabad Station. Meteorological data of 35 years (1958–1993) retrieved from Khorramabad Station. Vertical axis corresponds to precipitation, and temperature values are shown in the table beneath. 103 were checked with the Red Data Book of Iran (Jalili & Jamzad 1999). Resultant inventory of the species names and authorities was checked for spelling by the CheckName program (Sharifi-Tehrani 2014). Inventories of twenty-four adjacent local floras (Table 1) were extracted and checked for spelling and authorities, then cumulated into a new dataset and compared with the checklist of Sefidkouh (Table 2). Comparisons were performed in a floristic database entitled ‘iHerbs’ (Sharifi-Tehrani & RahiminejadRanjbar 2013). New records for this region (so far not reported in the 24 local floras published since 2002) are marked by letter ‘R’ in Table 2. A data matrix comprising the species occurrence data (1772 spp × 19 local floras marked by an asterisk in Table 1) is constructed and used for multivariate analyses. Data matrix was analyzed by Dice (SDice=2a/(2a+b+c)) and SMC (SM= m/n) coefficients for qualitative data, in which a= co-occurance of species, b= species present in one flora, c= species present in another flora, m= number of matches, and n= number of non-matches. PCO and clustering analyses were conducted with NTSYSpc (Rohlf 2000) and SplitTree (Hudson & Bryant 2006) software packages. Exploratory data analysis was performed using CLUTO software package (Karypis 2003) by maximizing internal similarity inside each group, and minimizing similarities between the groups (Table 3). Table 2. Floristic inventory of Mt. Sefidkouh, with classification: chorotype (CT), life form (LF). Note: “endemic to the region” or “new record for the study area”. Species name CT LF Note Magnoliophyta Liliopsida Alismataceae Alisma lanceolatum With. Plur Cr R Amaryllidaceae Ixiolirion tataricum (Pall.) ES, Med, IT Th Herb. & Traub Araceae Arum conophalloides Kotschy IT Cr ex Schott Cyperaceae Bolboschoenus maritimus (L.) Plur Cr R Palla Carex diluta M.Bieb. IT Cr Carex otrubae Podp. ES, IT Cr Carex pachystylis J.Gay IT Cr Cyperus difformis L. Med, IT, SS Cr Cyperus distachyos Med, IT, SS Ch R Cyperus fuscus L. Med, IT, SS He R Cyperus glaber L. ES, Med, IT Cr Cyperus longus L. ES, IT Cr Cyperus rotundus Kunth IT Cr Eleocharis palustris (L.) Roem. Plur He & Schult. 104 Veiskarami, G. & Sharifi-Tehrani, M. • Plant species diversity in Central Zagros Table 2. Continuation. Species name Fimbristylis bisumbellata Bubani Pycreus flavidus (Retz.) T.Koyama Schoenoplectus bucharicus (Roshev.) Grossh. Schoenoplectus lacustris (L.) Palla Schoenoplectus lupulinus (Nees) V.I.Krecz. Schoenus nigricans L. Scirpoides holoschoenus (L.) Sojak Iridaceae Gladiolus kotschyanus Boiss. Gladiolus segetum Ker Gawl. Gynandriris sisyrinchium (L.) Parl. Iris hymenospatha B.Mathew & Wendelbo Juncaceae Juncus articulatus L. Juncus fontanesii J.Gay ex Laharpe Juncus maritimus Lam. Juncus minutulus (Albert & Jahand.) Prain Juncus sphaerocarpus Nees Juncus turkestanicus V.I.Krecz. & Gontsch. Lemnaceae Lemna minor L. Liliaceae Allium convallarioides Grossh. Allium eriophyllum Boiss. Allium haemanthoides Boiss. & Reut. ex Regel Allium laeve Wendelbo & Bothmer Allium paniculatum L. Allium phanerantherum Boiss. & Hausskn. Allium rotundum L. Allium stamineum Boiss. Bellevalia glauca Kunth Colchicum persicum Baker Colchicum robustum Stef. Gagea gageoides (Zucc.) Vved. Gagea tenuifolia (Boiss.) Fomin Muscari comosum (L.) Mill. Muscari neglectum Guss. ex Ten. Nectaroscordum koelzii Wendelbo Ornithogalum brachystachys C. Koch Ornithogalum cuspidatum Bertol. Ornithogalum persicum Hausskn. ex Bornm. CT Plur ES, Med IT Plur LF Note Cr R Cr R Cr E, N, R Th R IT Cr Plur IT He Cr R IT Cr Med, IT Cr Med, IT, SS Cr IT Cr IT, SS IT Cr Cr Med, IT Plur Cr Th Plur ES, IT Th Th Cosm IT IT IT Cr R Cr R Cr Cr E* IT Cr E* IT IT Cr Cr IT Med IT IT IT Med, IT ES, Med, IT ES, Med, IT ES, Med, IT Cr Cr Cr Cr Th Th Cr Cr Th R IT Cr E Med, IT Cr Med, IT Cr Med, IT Cr R R R R Table 2. Continuation. Species name CT Tulipa systola Stapf IT Najadaceae Najas minor All. Plur Orchidaceae Ophrys reinholdii Spruner ex Med Fleischm. Orchis collina Banks & Sol. IT Poaceae Aegilops crassa Boiss. Med, IT (Gramineae) Aegilops umbellulata Zhuk. IT Agropyron leptourum (Nevski) ES, Med, IT Grossh. Agropyron podperae Nabelek IT Agropyron repens (L.) P.Beauv. ES, Med, IT Alopecurus myosuroides Huds. ES, Med, IT Arrhenatherum kotschyi Boiss. IT Avena clauda Durieu Med, IT Avena fatua L. ES, IT Boissiera squarrosa (Banks & IT Sol.) Eig Bothriochloa ischaemum (L.) Plur Keng Brachypodium sylvaticum (L.) ES P. Beauv. Bromus danthoniae Trin. ex IT C.A.Mey. Bromus japonicus Thunb. Plur Bromus rubens L. Med, IT, SS Bromus scoparius L. Plur Bromus sericeus Drobow IT Bromus sterilis L. ES, Med, IT Calamagrostis ES, Med, IT pseudophragmites (Haller f.) Koeler Catabrosa aquatica (L.) P.Beauv. Plur Catapodium rigidum (L.) IT C.E.Hubb. Cenchrus pennisetiformis Steud. Med, SS Crypsis alopecuroides Guss. ex ES, Med, IT Schult. Crypsis schoenoides (L.) Lam. ES, Med, IT Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Plur Cynosurus elegans Desf. Med Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. Plur Echinaria capitata (L.) Desf. Med, IT Echinochloa colonum IT Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Cosm P.Beauv. Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. Med Eragrostis pilosa (L.) P.Beauv. ES, Med, IT Eragrostis poaeoides P. Beauv. ex ES, Med, IT Roem. & Schult. Eremopoa persica (Trin.) Med, IT Roshev. Glyceria plicata (Fr.) Fr. ES, IT Med, IT Heteranthelium piliferum Hochst. ex Jaub. & Spach Hordeum bulbosum L. Med, IT LF Note Cr Cr R Cr R He Th Th He He Cr Th He Th Th Th R R R He Cr Th Th Th Th Th Th Cr Cr Th He Th R R R Th He Th Th Th Th Th Th Th Th Th Cr Th Cr R Phytol. Balcan. 23(1) • Sofia • 2017 Table 2. Continuation. Species name Hordeum glaucum Steud. Hordeum spontaneum K.Koch Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch. Lolium persicum Boiss. & Hohen. Lolium rigidum Gaudin Lophochloa berythea (Boiss. & C.I.Blanche) Bor Lophochloa phleoides Rchb. Melica persica Kunth Milium pedicellare (Bornm.) Roshev. ex Melderis Oryzopsis holciformis Hack. Parapholis incurva (L.) C.E.Hubb. Paspalum paspaloides Scribn. Phalaris minor Retz. Phalaris paradoxa L. Phleum boissieri Bornm. Phleum montanum K.Koch Phragmites australis (Cav.) Steud. Poa annua L. Poa timoleontis Heldr. ex Boiss. Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf. Polypogon semiverticillatus (Forssk.) Hyl. Psilurus incurvus Schinz & Thell. Saccharum ravennae (L.) L. Sclerochloa dura (L.) P.Beauv. Setaria glauca auct. Setaria verticillata (L.) P.Beauv. Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench Sorghum halepense Pers. Stipa barbata Desf. Stipa kurdistanica Bor Stipagrostis plumosa (L.) Munro ex T. Anderson Taeniatherum crinitum (Schreb.) Nevski Trachynia distachya (L.) Link Triticum aestivum L. Vulpia ciliata Dumort. Vulpia hirtiglumis Boiss. & Hausskn. Zea mays L. PotamoPotamogeton amblyophyllus getonaceae C.A.Mey. Potamogeton nodosus Poir. Typhaceae Typha australis Schumach. & Thonn. Zannichelliaceae Zannichellia palustris L. 105 CT Med, IT IT ES, Med, IT, SS ES, IT LF Note Th Th Cr R IT Med, IT He Th Med, IT IT Med, IT Th He Th Th IT He ES, Med, IT Th Plur Med, IT Plur IT ES, Med, IT Cosm Cr Th Th Th Cr Cr R R R R R ES, Med, IT Cr ES, Med, IT Cr Med, IT, SS Th Med, IT Th IT Th R Med, IT, SS ES, Med, IT Plur ES, Med, IT Cosm Cosm ES, IT IT IT Cr Th Th Th Cr Cr He Cr He R R R R R R R ES, Med, IT Th Med, IT, SS IT ES, Med, IT IT Th Th Th Th Cult Plur Th Cr R R Plur Plur Cr Cr R R Cosm Cr R R R Table 2. Continuation. Species name Magnoliopsida Aceraceae Acer monspessulanum L. Amaranthaceae Amaranthus albus L. Amaranthus caudatus L. Amaranthus retroflexus L. Anacardiaceae Pistacia khinjuk Stocks Apiaceae Actinolema eryngioides Fenzl (Umbelliferae) Ammi majus L. Anisosciadium orientale DC. Apium nodiflorum (L.) Lag. Bifora testiculata (L.) Roth Bunium luristanicum Rech.f. Bunium rectangulum H.Wolff Bupleurum gerardii All. Bupleurum haussknechtii Boiss. Bupleurum lancifolium Hornem. Chaerophyllum macropodum Boiss. Daucus carota L. Eryngium billardierei Heldr. ex Boiss. Eryngium creticum Lam. Eryngium thyrsoideum Boiss. Falcaria vulgaris Bernh. Ferula macrocolea Boiss. Ferulago angulata (Schltdl.) Boiss. Ferulago macrocarpa Boiss. Ferulago stellata Boiss. Lagoecia cuminoides L. Malabaila sekakul Boiss. Ormosciadium aucheri Boiss. Physocaulis nodosus W.D.J.Koch Pimpinella affinis Ledeb. Pimpinella barbata Boiss. Pimpinella eriocarpa Banks & Sol. Prangos pabularia Lindl. Scandix pecten-veneris L. Scandix stellata Banks & Sol. Semenovia tragioides (Boiss.) Pimenov & V.N. Tikhom. Smyrniopsis aucheri Boiss. Smyrnium cordifolium Boiss. Torilis leptophylla Rchb.f. Torilis radiata Moench Turgenia latifolia Hoffm. Turgenia lisaeoides C.C.Towns. Aristolochiaceae Aristolochia olivieri Colleg. ex Boiss. Asteraceae Achillea wilhelmsii K.Koch (Compositae) Anthemis cretica L. CT LF Note IT Cosm Cosm Plur IT IT Ph Th Th Th Ph Th IT IT Plur ES, IT IT IT IT IT IT, SS Th Th Cr Th Cr Cr Th Th Th IT He R R R R R E E E ES, IT Cr ES, Med, IT He IT IT ES, Med, IT IT IT He He He He He IT IT Med, IT IT IT Med, IT IT IT, SS IT He He Th He Th Th He Th Th E R R IT ES, Med, IT ES, IT, SS IT He Th Th He E, R IT IT ES, Med, IT ES, Med, IT ES, Med, IT IT IT He He Th Th Th Th Cr IT He IT Cr R E E 106 Veiskarami, G. & Sharifi-Tehrani, M. • Plant species diversity in Central Zagros Table 2. Continuation. Species name Anthemis hyalina DC. Anthemis pseudocotula Boiss. Artemisia haussknechtii Boiss. Atractylis cancellata L. Bellis perennis L. Bidens tripartita L. Calendula persica C. A. Mey. Carduus arabicus Jacq. Carlina kurdica Meusel & Kästner Carthamus dentatus Vahl Carthamus lanatus L. Carthamus oxyacantha M.Bieb. Centaurea behen L. Centaurea bruguierana (DC.) Hand.-Mazz. Centaurea geluensis Boiss. & Hausskn. ex Boiss. Centaurea iberica Trevir. ex Spreng. Centaurea koeieana Bornm. Centaurea solstitialis L. Centaurea sosnovskyi Grossh. Centaurea virgata Lam. Cephalorrhynchus rechingerianus Chondrilla juncea L. Cichorium pumilum Jacq. Cirsium congestum Fisch. & C.A.Mey. ex DC. Cirsium spectabile DC. Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. Cnicus benedictus L. Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronquist Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist Cousinia disfulensis Bornm. Cousinia haussknechtii C.Winkl. Crepis kotschyana (Boiss.) Boiss. Crepis pulchra L. Crepis sancta (L.) Babc. Crupina crupinastrum Vis. Cymbolaena griffithii (A.Gray) Wagenitz Echinops chardini Boiss. & Buhse Echinops endotrichus Rech.f. Filago eriocephala Guss. Filago pyramidata L. Garhadiolus angulosus Jaub. & Spach Geropogon hybridus Sch.Bip. Gundelia tournefortii L. CT IT Med, IT, SS IT Med ES, IT Plur IT, SS Med, IT IT Med, IT IT IT IT IT, SS LF Note Th Th He Th He Th R Th Th He E, N, R Th R Th Th He Th IT He ES, IT He IT Med, IT IT ES, Med, IT IT He Th Th He Cr E E E ES, Med, IT He Med, IT Th Med, IT He IT Plur Med, IT IT He He Th Th E IT Th IT IT IT IT Med, IT, SS Med, IT Med, IT He Ch Th Th Th Th Th R IT He R IT Med, IT ES, Med, IT Med, IT He Th Th Th E R Med, IT Med, IT Th He R E E Table 2. Continuation. Species name Hedypnois rhagadioloides (L.) F.W.Schmidt Helichrysum oligocephalum DC. Helichrysum pseudoplicatum Nabelek Koelpinia chrysoglochis Rech.f. Lactuca scarioloides Boiss. Notobasis syriaca (L.) Cass. Onopordum carduchorum Bornm. & Beauverd Outreya carduiformis Jaub. & Spach Phagnalon nitidum Fresen. Phagnalon persicum Boiss. Picnomon acarna (L.) Cass. Picris strigosa M.Bieb. Postia puberula Boiss. & Hausskn. Pulicaria dysenterica (L.) Bernh. Rhagadiolus edulis Gaertn. Rhagadiolus stellatus (L.) Gaertn. Scariola orientalis (Boiss.) Soják Scorzonera calyculata Boiss. Scorzonera papposa DC. Senecio gallicus Vill. Senecio vernalis Waldst. & Kit. Serratula cerinthifolia (Sm.) Boiss. Siebera nana (DC.) Bornm. Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. Sonchus oleraceus L. Steptorhamphus tuberosus (L.) Grossh. Tanacetum polycephalum Sch. Bip. Taraxacum wallichii DC. Tragopogon vaginatus Ownbey & Rech.f. Urospermum picroides (L.) Scop. ex F.W.Schmidt Varthemia persica DC. Xanthium brasilicum Vell. Xanthium spinosum L. Xeranthemum squarrosum Boiss. Zoegea leptaurea L. Boraginaceae Anchusa italica Retz. Asperugo procumbens L. Cynoglossum creticum Mill. Echium italicum L. Heliotropium europaeum L. Heliotropium supinum L. CT Med, IT LF Note Th R IT IT He He E R IT IT Med, IT IT Th He Th He R IT He IT IT Med, IT IT IT He He He He Ph Med, IT Ch Med Med Th Th Med, IT Ch IT IT IT ES, Med, IT Med, IT He Cr Th Th Cr IT Cosm Cosm IT Th He Th Cr IT He IT IT He Th Med, IT Th R IT Cosm Cosm IT He Th Th Th R IT ES, IT Plur ES, Med, IT ES, Med, IT ES, Med, IT Cosm Th He Th He He Th Th E E R E R R Phytol. Balcan. 23(1) • Sofia • 2017 Table 2. Continuation. Species name CT LF Note Lappula barbata (M.Bieb.) IT Th Gürke Lappula sinaica (A.DC.) Asch. IT, SS Th & Schweinf. Lappula spinocarpos (Forssk.) IT, SS Th Asch. ex Kuntze Mattiastrum cristatum Brand IT He R Myosotis Koelzii Riedl IT Th E Nonea caspica G.Don ES, IT Th Nonea suchtelenioides Riedl IT He E Onosma kotschyi Boiss. IT He E Onosma platyphylla Riedl IT He E Onosma sericea Willd. IT He Onosma straussii (Riedl) Khat. Med, IT He R Rochelia disperma (L.) Wettst. IT Th Rochelia persica Bunge ex Boiss. ES, IT Th IT Th Brassicaceae Aethionema carneum B.Fedtsch. (Cruciferae) Alyssum desertorum Stapf Cosm Th Alyssum meniocoides Boiss. IT Th Alyssum stapfii Vierh. IT Th Alyssum strigosum Banks & Sol. IT Th Alyssum szovitsianum Fisch. & IT Th C.A.Mey. Arabis caucasica Willd. ES, Med, IT He Arabis nova Vill. ES, Med, IT Th Aubrieta parviflora Boiss. IT Ch Barbarea plantaginea DC. Med, IT He Biscutella didyma L. ES, Med, IT Th Brassica nigra (L.) K.Koch Med Th Calepina irregularis (Asso) IT Th R Thell. Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Cosm Th Medik. Cardamine hirsuta L. ES Th R Cosm Th Cardaria draba (L.) Desv. Clypeola aspera Turrill IT Th Clypeola jonthlaspi L. ES, Med, Th IT, SS Conringia orientalis (L.) C.Presl IT Th Conringia perfoliata (C.A.Mey.) IT Th N.Busch Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb ES, Med, IT Th ex Prantl Drabopsis verna K.Koch Med, IT, SS Th Eruca sativa Mill. ES, Med, IT Th Erucaria hispanica (L.) Druce Med Th R Erysimum repandum L. IT He IT Th R Erysimum sisymbrioides C.A.Mey. Euclidium syriacum (L.) ES, IT Th R W.T.Aiton Fibigia macrocarpa Boiss. ES, IT He Graellsia saxifragifolia Boiss. IT Ch E 107 Table 2. Continuation. Species name Hesperis kurdica F.Dvořák & Hadač Hesperis odorata F.Dvorak Hirschfeldia incana (L.) Lagr.Foss. Isatis cappadocica Desv. Isatis lusitanica L. Lepidium latifolium L. Lepidium perfoliatum L. Lepidium sativum L. Malcolmia africana (L.) W.T.Aiton Matthiola longipetala DC. Moriera spinosa Boiss. Myagrum perfoliatum L. Nasturtium officinale R.Br. Neslia apiculata Fisch., C.A.Mey. & Avé-Lall. Parlatoria cakiloides Boiss. Sameraria stylophora Boiss. Sinapis arvensis L. Sisymbrium altissimum L. Sisymbrium irio L. CT IT LF Note He E IT IT Ch Th IT ES, Med, IT ES, Med, IT IT Cosm Med, IT, SS He Th Cr Th Th Th Med, IT IT ES, IT IT ES, Med, IT Th Ch Th Cr Th IT IT ES, Med, IT ES, Med, IT ES, Med, IT, SS Sisymbrium loeselii L. IT Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop. IT Sisymbrium orientale L. ES, Med, IT Thlaspi perfoliatum L. ES, Med, IT Caesalpiniaceae Cercis siliquastrum L. ES, IT Campanulaceae Asyneuma multicaule (Boiss.) IT Rech.f. & Schiman-Czeika Asyneuma pulchellum (Fisch. & IT C.A.Mey.) Bornm. Campanula cecilii Chitt. IT IT Campanula flaccidula Vatke Legousia falcata Fritsch ES, Med, IT Mindium laevigatum (Vent.) IT Rech.f. & Schiman-Czeika Capparaceae Capparis spinosa L. Med, IT Cleome iberica DC. Med, IT Caprifoliaceae Lonicera nummulariifolia Jaub. Med, IT & Spach Sambucus ebulus L. ES, Med, IT Caryophyllaceae Acanthophyllum kurdicum IT Boiss. & Hausskn. ex Boiss. Arenaria leptoclados Boiss. ES, IT Bufonia oliveriana Ser. IT Cerastium dichotomum L. ES, Med, IT, SS Cerastium glomeratum Thuill. Med, IT Dianthus orientalis Adams IT Gypsophila persica Barkoudak IT Gypsophila pilosa Huds. IT Herniaria hirsuta L. ES, Med, IT Holosteum umbellatum L. Med, IT Th Th Th Th Th He Th Th Th Ph He E R R R E R R R E He Th Th Th He Ch Th Ph He Ch R He He Th Th He He Th Th Th E E R R 108 Veiskarami, G. & Sharifi-Tehrani, M. • Plant species diversity in Central Zagros Table 2. Continuation. Species name Mesostemma kotschyana (Fenzl ex Boiss.) Vved. Minuartia hamata (Hausskn.) Mattf. Minuartia hybrida (Vill.) Schischk. Minuartia montana L. Minuartia picta (Sm.) Bornm. Minuartia recurva (All.) Schinz & Thell. Petrorhagia cretica (L.) P.W.Ball & Heywood Silene austroiranica Rech.f., Aellen & Esfand. Silene chlorifolia Sm. Silene conoidea L. Silene odontopetala Fenzl Silene pseudaucheriana Melzh. Stellaria pallida (Dumort.) Crép. Telephium imperati L. Vaccaria grandiflora Jaub. & Spach Velezia rigida L. Chenopodiaceae Atriplex tatarica L. Chenopodium album L. Chenopodium botrys L. Chenopodium foliosum Asch. Chenopodium vulvaria L. Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad. Noaea mucronata Asch. & Schweinf. Spinacia oleracea L. Cistaceae Helianthemum ledifolium (L.) Mill. Convolvulaceae Calystegia sepium (L.) R. Br. Convolvulus arvensis L. Convolvulus betonicifolius Mill. Convolvulus chondrilloides Boiss. Convolvulus reticulatus Choisy Convolvulus stachydifolius Crassulaceae Crassula alata (Viv.) A.Berger Rosularia elymaitica A.Berger Rosularia globulariifolia (Fenzl) A. Berger Rosularia sempervivoides (Fisch. ex M.Bieb.) Boriss. Sedum callichroum Boiss. Umbilicus intermedius Boiss. Umbilicus tropaeolifolius Boiss. Cucurbitaceae Bryonia multiflora Boiss. & Heldr. Cuscuta babylonica Aucher ex Choisy Cuscuta campestris Yunck. CT IT LF Note He Es, Med, IT Th ES, Med, IT Th ES, IT Th ES, Med, IT Th Med, IT He R ES, Med, IT Th IT, SS Th Med, IT Med, IT IT IT ES, IT He Th Ch Ch Th IT IT He Th ES, Med, IT ES, Med, IT Plur Med, IT IT Med, IT Plur Med, IT, SS Th Th Th Th Th Th Th Ch Cult IT R E R R R Th R Th E, N Cosm Cosm Med, IT IT Cr Th Cr He IT IT IT, SS IT Med, IT He He Th He He Med, IT He Med, IT Med, IT IT IT Th Cr Cr He R IT Th R IT Th R E R R E R E Table 2. Continuation. Species name CT Cuscuta kotschyana Boiss. IT Cuscuta monogyna Vahl Cosm Dipsacaceae Cephalaria dichaetophora Boiss. IT Cephalaria setosa Boiss. & Med, IT Hohen. Cephalaria syriaca Schrad. Med, IT Pterocephalus brevis Coult. Med, IT Pterocephalus canus Coult. ex IT DC. Pterocephalus plumosus Coult. IT Pterocephalus szovitsii Boiss. Med, IT Scabiosa leucactis Patzak ES, Med, IT Scabiosa olivieri Coult. IT Elatinaceae Bergia aquatica Roxb. Cosm Euphorbiaceae Chrozophora hierosolymitana Med, IT Spreng. Euphorbia craspedia Boiss. IT Euphorbia densa Schrenk IT Euphorbia denticulata Lam. IT Euphorbia eriophora Boiss. IT Euphorbia helioscopia L. IT Euphorbia orientalis L. IT Euphorbia petiolata Banks & IT Sol. Euphorbia phymatosperma IT Boiss. Euphorbia sororia Schrenk IT Euphorbia turcomanica Boiss. IT Fabaceae Alhagi persarum Boiss. & Buhse IT (Leguminosae) Astragalus anacardius Bunge IT Astragalus baba-alliar Parsa IT IT Astragalus babakhanloui Maassoumi & Podlech Astragalus bodeanus Fisch. IT Astragalus campylorhynchus IT Fisch. & C.A.Mey. Astragalus ebenoides BOISS. IT Astragalus ecbatanus Bunge IT IT Astragalus galbineus Maassoumi Astragalus gaubae Bornm. IT Astragalus gossypinus Fisch. IT Astragalus hamosus L. Plur Astragalus ibicinus Boiss. & IT Hausskn. Astragalus leonardii Maassoumi IT Astragalus ophiocarpus Boiss. ES, Med, IT Astragalus ovinus Boiss. IT Astragalus ptychophyllus Boiss. IT Astragalus rhodosemius Boiss. ES, IT & Hausskn. Astragalus veiskaramii Zarre, IT Podlech & Sabaii Coronilla scorpioides (L.) Koch Med, IT LF Note Th E Th Th Th Th Th He R Th Ch Th Th Cr N, R Th Th Th Ch Th Th Cr Th E R Th Th Th He R Ch E, R Ph E Ch E Ch Th E Ch He Ch E E E Ch Ch Th Ch E Ch Th Ch Ch Ch E E E Ch E, N Th Phytol. Balcan. 23(1) • Sofia • 2017 Table 2. Continuation. Species name Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Hippocrepis bisiliqua Forssk Hymenocarpos circinnata Savi Lathyrus aphaca L. Lathyrus inconspicuus L. Lathyrus pseudocicera Pamp. Lathyrus sativus L. Lens culinaris Medik. Lens orientalis Popow Medicago constricta Durieu Medicago coronata (L.)Bartal. Medicago lupulina L. Medicago minima (L.) L. ex Bartal. Medicago orbicularis (L.)Bartal. 109 CT IT Med, IT Med ES, IT Med, IT Med ES, IT Cult Med, IT Med Med, IT IT ES, IT ES, Med, IT, SS Medicago polymorpha L. ES, Med, IT Medicago radiata L. Med, IT Medicago rigidula (L.) All. Med, IT Melilotus indicus (L.)All. IT Onobrychis caput-galli Lam. Med Onobrychis crista-galli (L.)Lam. Med Onobrychis melanotricha Boiss. IT Ononis spinosa L. ES, Med, IT Ononis viscosa L. Med, IT Pisum sativum L. ES, IT Sophora alopecuroides L. IT Trifolium campestre Schreb. IT Trifolium cherleri L. Med, IT Trifolium dasyurum C.Presl Med, IT Trifolium fragiferum L. ES, Med, IT Trifolium grandiflorum Schreb. ES, Med, IT Trifolium hybridum L. ES, Med, IT Trifolium lappaceum L. ES, Med, IT Trifolium leucanthum M.Bieb. Med, IT Trifolium pilulare Boiss. ES, Med, IT Trifolium purpureum Loisel. ES, Med, IT Trifolium repens L. ES, Med, IT Trifolium resupinatum L. ES, Med, IT Trifolium scabrum L. ES, Med, IT Trifolium spumosum L. Med, IT Trifolium stellatum L. Med Trifolium tomentosum L. ES, Med, IT Trifolium vavilovii Eig Med Trigonella crassipes Boiss. IT Trigonella foenum-graecum L. Med, IT Trigonella macroglochin Durieu Med, IT Trigonella monspeliaca L. ES, Med, IT Trigonella persica Boiss. IT Trigonella spruneriana Boiss. IT Trigonella uncinata Banks & Med, IT Sol. Vicia amphicarpa Dorthes ES, Med, IT Vicia ervilia (L.) Willd. Cult LF Note He Th Th Th Th Th R Th Th Th Th R Th Th Th R Th Th Th Th Th Th Th He Cr Th Th Cr Th Th Th Cr Th He Th Th He Th He Th Th Th Th Th Th Th Th Th Th Th Th Th Th Th R R R E R R R R R R R R E Table 2. Continuation. Species name Vicia hybrida L. Vicia kotschyana Boiss. Vicia michauxii Spreng. Vicia narbonensis L. Vicia variabilis Freyn & Sint. ex Freyn Fagaceae Quercus brantii Lindl. Fumariaceae Corydalis rupestris Kotschy Fumaria parviflora Lam. Gentianaceae Gentiana olivieri Griseb. Geraniaceae Biebersteinia multifida DC. Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'Hér. Erodium deserti (Eig.) Eig. Erodium malacoides (L.) L'Hér. Geranium mascatense Boiss. Geranium molle L. Geranium rotundifolium L. Geram tuberosum L. Hypericaceae Hypericum helianthemoides (Spach) Boiss. Hypericum hirtellum (Spach) Boiss. Hypericum scabrum L. Juglandaceae Juglans regia L. Lamiaceae Cyclotrichium leucotrichum (Labiatae) (Stapf) Leblebici Cyclotrichium straussii (Bornm.) Rech.f. Eremostachys laevigata Bunge Eremostachys macrophylla Montbret & Aucher Lallemantia iberica Fisch. & C.A.Mey. Lamium amplexicaule L. Lycopus europaeus L. Marrubium astracanicum Jacq. Mentha longifolia (L.) L. Micromeria myrtifolia Boiss. & Hohen. Nepeta fissa C. A. Mey. Nepeta humilis Benth. Nepeta kotschyi Boiss. Nepeta petraea Benth. Nepeta straussii Hausskn. & Bornm. Phlomis anisodonta Boiss. Phlomis bruguieri Desf. Phlomis caucasica Rech.f. Phlomis kurdica Rech.f. Phlomis lanceolata Boiss. & Hohen. Phlomis olivieri Benth. Salvia bracteata Banks & Sol. Salvia ceratophylla L. Salvia indica L. CT IT IT IT ES, Med, IT IT LF Note Th R Cr E Th Th Cr IT ES, IT ES, Med, IT IT Med, IT ES, Med, IT Med, IT, SS Med, IT IT, SS IT ES, Med, IT ES, Med, IT Cosm Ph Cr Th Cr Th Th Th Th Th Th Th Cr He IT He IT Cult IT He Ph Ch R IT Ch E IT IT He He E R R R ES, Med, IT Th Cosm ES, Med, IT ES, Med Plur IT Th Cr He He Ph IT IT IT IT IT Cr Th Cr Th Th IT IT IT IT IT He He Cr Ch Cr E IT IT IT Med, IT He He He Cr E R R E E E E 110 Veiskarami, G. & Sharifi-Tehrani, M. • Plant species diversity in Central Zagros Table 2. Continuation. Species name Salvia macrosiphon Boiss. Salvia palaestina Benth. Salvia reuteriana Boiss. Salvia sclareopsis Bornm. ex Hedge Salvia syriaca L. Salvia trichoclada Benth. Scutellaria nepetifolia Benth. Scutellaria velenovskyi Rech.f. Sideritis comosa (Rochel ex Benth.) Stankov Sideritis montana L. Stachys ballotiformis Vatke Stachys benthamiana Boiss. Stachys inflata Benth. Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl Stachys melampyroides Hand.Mazz. Stachys persepolitana Boiss. Teucrium orientale L. Teucrium polium L. Thymus eriocalyx (Ronniger) Jalas Vitex pseudonegundo Hand.Mazz. Ziziphora capitata L. Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam. Linaceae Linum mucronatum Bertol. Linum nodiflorum L. Linum strictum L. Lythraceae Ammannia auriculata Willd. Ammannia baccifera L. Ammannia multiflora Roxb. Ammannia verticillata Lam. Lythrum salicaria L. Lythrum silenoides Boiss. & Noë Malvaceae Abutilon theophrasti Medik. Alcea digitata Alef. Hibiscus trionum L. Malva rotundifolia auct. Ry well Malva sylvestris L. cultivated Mimosaceae Prosopis farcta (Banks & Sol.) J.F.Macbr. Moraceae Ficus carica L. Morus alba L. Myrtaceae Myrtus communis L. Onagraceae Epilobium hirsutum L. Epilobium minutiflorum Hausskn. Orobanchaceae Orobanche nana Noë ex Reut. Papaveraceae Hypecoum pendulum L. Papaver argemone L. Papaver glaucum Boiss. & Hausskn. CT IT IT, SS IT IT LF Note He R He He E Cr E Med, IT Med, IT IT Med, IT ES, Med, IT Cr Cr Ch Cr Th ES, Med, IT IT IT ES, IT IT IT Th Ch Ch E He Ch Th E, N E R R It IT Med, IT IT Th He Ch He E IT Ph R Med, IT IT ES, Med, IT ES, Med, IT IT, SS Cosm Plur IT Plur IT Plur IT, SS IT ES, Med, IT Plur IT Th Ch Ch R Th R Th R Cr R Cr R Th R Cr N, R Ch He R Th He Th He Th Med, IT, SS Ph R ES, Med, IT IT IT Plur IT Ph Ph Ph Th Cr ES, Med, IT ES, IT ES, Med, IT IT Par Th Th Th R R R R Table 2. Continuation. Species name CT Papaver hybridum L. ES, IT Papaver rhoeas L. Plur Roemeria refracta DC. ES, IT Pedaliaceae Sesamum indicum L. Cult Plantaginaceae Plantago bellardii All. Med, IT Plantago lanceolata L. Plur Plantago major L. Cosm Plantago psyllium L. ES, IT IT Plumbaginaceae Acantholimon brachystachyum Boiss. ex Bunge IT Acantholimon bromifolium Boiss. ex Bunge IT Acantholimon eschkerense Boiss. & Hausskn. ex Boiss. Plumbago europaea L. IT Podophyllaceae Bongardia chrysogonum Boiss. IT Polygonaceae Polygonum aviculare L. Med, IT Polygonum hydropiper L. Plur Polygonum lapathifolium L. Plur Polygonum persicaria L. Plur Polygonum rottboellioides Jaub. IT & Spach Polygonum setosum Jacq. IT Pteropyrum noeanum Boiss. IT Rheum ribes L. IT Rumex chalepensis Mill. Med, SS Rumex crispus L. Plur Rumex dentatus L. IT Portulacaceae Portulaca oleracea L. IT Primulaceae Anagallis arvensis L. ES, Med, IT Androsace maxima L. ES, Med, IT, SS Dionysia haussknechtii Bornm. IT & Strauss ex Bornm. Lysimachia linum-stellatum L. IT, SS Primula gaubaeana Bornm. IT Ranunculaceae Adonis flammea Jacq. Med, IT Anemone coronaria L. Med, IT Ceratocephala falcata (L.) Pers. ES, Med, IT Consolida ambigua (L.) P.W.Ball Med, IT & Heywood Delphinium lanigerum Boiss. IT Delphinium venulosum Boiss. IT Ficaria kochii (Ledeb.) IT Iranshahr & Rech.f. Nigella nigellastrum (L.) Willk. ES, Med, IT Nigella oxypetala Boiss. Med, IT Nigella sativa L. Med, IT Nigella segetalis M.Bieb. Med, IT Ranunculus arvensis L. Med, IT Ranunculus asiaticus L. Med, IT Ranunculus chius DC. Med, IT Ranunculus marginatus d'Urv. IT, SS Ranunculus millefolius Banks Med, IT & Sol. LF Note Cr R Th Th Th R Th He He Th R Ch E Ch E Ch E He Th Th Cr Cr Th Th R R R R Ph Ph Th Th Th Th Th Th Th R R Ch E Th Cr Th Cr Th Th R E R R Cr E Th N, R Cr Th Th Th Th Th Cr Th Th Cr R R R R Phytol. Balcan. 23(1) • Sofia • 2017 Table 2. Continuation. Species name Ranunculus oxyspermus Willd. Ranunculus pinardi Boiss. Thalictrum sultanabadense Stapf Resedaceae Reseda luteola L. Rhamnaceae Rhamnus cornifolia Boiss. & Hohen. Rhamnus pallasii Fisch. & C.A. Mey. Rosaceae Amygdalus arabica Olivier Amygdalus haussknechtii C.K.Schneid. ex Bornm. Amygdalus lycioides Spach Cerasus brachypetala Boiss. Cerasus mahaleb (L.) Mill. Cerasus microcarpa Boiss. Cotoneaster morulus Pojark. Crataegus meyeri Pojark. Potentilla lignosa D.F.K.Schltdl. Potentilla reptans L. Pyrus syriaca Boiss. Rosa elymaitica Boiss. & Hausskn. ex Boiss. Rosa villosa L. Rubus persicus Boiss. Sanguisorba minor Bertol. Rubiaceae Asperula arvensis L. Asperula fragillima Boiss. & Hausskn. Asperula glomerata (M.Bieb.) Griseb. Callipeltis cucullaris (L.) DC. Cruciata coronata (Sibth. & Sm.) Ehrend. Galium ceratocarpon Boiss. Galium consanguineum Boiss. Galium humifusum M.Bieb. Galium kurdicum Boiss. & Hohen. Galium parisiense L. Galium setaceum Lam. Galium tricornutum Dandy Rubia albicaulis Boiss. Sherardia arvensis L. Rutaceae Haplophyllum perforatum Kar. & Kir. Salicaceae Populus euphratica Oliv. Salix acmophylla Boiss. Salix alba L. Scrophulariaceae Kickxia elatine (L.) Dumort. Linaria chalepensis (L.) Mill. Linaria micrantha (Cav.) Hoffmanns. & Link Lindernia procumbens (Krock.) Philcox 111 CT Med, IT Med, IT IT LF Note Cr Th R He Med, IT IT Cr Ph IT Ph IT IT Ph Ph IT IT IT IT IT IT IT Plur IT IT Ph Ph Ph Ph Ph Ph Ch Cr Ph Ph ES, IT ES ES, Med, IT ES, Med, IT IT Ph Ph He Th Ch IT Ch IT IT Th Ch IT IT ES, Med, IT IT Ch Ch Cr Ch Med IT IT IT, SS Med IT Th Th Th Ch Th He IT Med, IT ES, Med, IT Med Med, IT Med, IT Ph Ph Ph Th Th Th R Plur Th R E E E R R R R E R R Table 2. Continuation. Species name Parentucellia viscosa (L.) Caruel Scrophularia nervosa Benth. Scrophularia syriaca Benth. Scrophularia variegata M.Bieb. Verbascum agrimoniifolium (K.Koch) Hub.-Mor. Verbascum pseudodigitalis Nabelek Verbascum sinuatum L. Veronica anagallis-aquatica L. Veronica arvensis L. Veronica persica Poir. Veronica polita Fr. Solanaceae Datura stramonium L. Hyoscyamus reticulatus L. Physalis divaricata D. Don Solanum melongena L. Solanum nigrum L. Solanum persicum Willd. ex Roem. & Schult. Solanum tuberosum L. Tamaricaceae Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb. Thymelaeaceae Daphne mucronata Royle Thymelaea passerina (L.) Coss. & Germ. Ulmaceae Celtis tournefortii Lam. Ulmus carpinifolia Gled. Urticaceae Parietaria judaica L. Valerianaceae Valeriana sisymbriifolia Vahl Valerianella coronata (L.) DC. Valerianella dactylophylla Boiss. & Hohen. Valerianella pumila DC. Valerianella vesicaria (L.) Moench Verbenaceae Verbena officinalis L. Violaceae Viola modesta Fenzl Vitaceae Ampelopsis vitifolia (Boiss.) Planch. Zygophyllaceae Peganum harmala L. Tribulus terrestris L. Pteridophyta Pteropsida Adiantaceae Adiantum capillus-veneris L. Aspleniaceae Ceterach officinarum DC. Sinopteridaceae Cheilanthes persica (Bory) Mett ex Kuhn Sphenopsida Equisetaceae Equisetum ramosissimum Desf. CT Med, IT IT IT Med, IT ES, Med, IT LF Note Th R Cr E* Ch R Ch He IT He E* IT Cosm Cosm IT Med, IT IT IT IT Cult Cosm IT He He Th Th Th Th He Th Th Th Ph Cult Plur IT ES, IT Cr Ph Ph Th Med Med ES, Med, IT IT ES, IT Med, IT Ph Ph He He Th Th R R ES, Med, IT Th ES, IT Th R Plur IT IT He Th Ph R R R R R R ES, Med, IT He ES, Med, IT Th Cosm Cr Med, IT, SS Cr Cosm Cr ES, IT R R He ES: EuroSiberian, M: Mediterranean, IT: IranoTuranian, SS: SaharoSindian, Ph: phanerophyte, He: hemicriptophyte, Th: therophyte, Ge: geophyte, Ch: chamaephyte, Cr: cryptophyte, E: endemic to flora of Iran, E*: endemic to Iraq and Iran, N: new report from the region (refer to text), R: record for the study region. Veiskarami, G. & Sharifi-Tehrani, M. • Plant species diversity in Central Zagros 112 Table 3. Statistics of the K – means clustering of species occurrence data. Isim: internal similarity, Esim: external similarity measures of defined groups (k=2 to k=6). Membership of each local flora in each cluster is presented. K Cluster 2 0 N 7 Members* Isim Isdev Esim ESdev 103, 251, 176, 0.344 0.077 0.170 0.076 226, 190, 188, 257 1 12 139, 153, 244, 0.284 0.046 0.170 0.050 53, 224, 184, 242, 156, 166, 117, 19, 17 3 0 4 166, 117, 19, 0.429 0.049 0.160 0.062 17 1 7 103, 251, 176, 0.344 0.077 0.170 0.076 226, 190, 188, 257 2 8 139, 153, 244, 0.346 0.033 0.187 0.041 53, 224, 184, 242, 156 4 0 2 103, 251 0.555 0.000 0.130 0.092 1 5 176, 226, 190, 0.462 0.057 0.185 0.070 188, 257 2 4 166, 117, 19, 0.429 0.049 0.160 0.062 17 3 8 139, 153, 244, 0.346 0.033 0.187 0.041 53, 224, 184, 242, 156 5 0 2 103, 251 0.555 0.000 0.130 0.092 1 3 184, 242, 156 0.524 0.033 0.207 0.047 2 5 176, 226, 190, 0.462 0.057 0.185 0.070 188, 257 3 4 166, 117, 19, 0.429 0.049 0.160 0.062 17 4 5 139, 153, 244, 0.426 0.029 0.190 0.041 53, 224 6 0 1 17 1.000 0.000 0.095 0.000 1 2 103, 251 0.555 0.000 0.130 0.092 2 3 166, 117, 19 0.547 0.036 0.184 0.042 3 3 184, 242, 156 0.524 0.033 0.207 0.047 4 5 176, 226, 190, 0.462 0.057 0.185 0.070 188, 257 5 5 139, 153, 244, 0.426 0.029 0.190 0.041 53, 224 *members of each cluster are numbered according to IDs in Table 1. Most generic-rich families are presented in Fig. 3B, E. The largest genera were Trifolium (17 spp.), Astragalus (16 spp.), Euphorbia (10 spp.) and Salvia (9 spp.) (Fig. 3D). Determination of Raunkiaer life-forms for each species revealed that 44 % of the species (309 spp.) were therophytes, 31 % (215 spp.) cryptophytes, 10 % (72 spp.) hemicryptophytes, 10 % (69 spp.) chamaephytes, and 5 % (32 species) phanerophytes (Fig. 5A). Three hundred and eight species (44 %) were native to the Irano-Turanian region (monoregional), 205 species (29 %) were pluriregional, 160 species (23 %) were shared elements between IT and the neighboring floristic regions (Euro-Siberian, Mediterranean, or Saharo-Sindian), and 28 species (4 %) were elements of the neighboring regions penetrant into IT region (Fig. 4). Seventy-seven out of 307 IT elements (11 % of total species) were endemics (including those species denoted whith E* in Table 2 and growing both in Iraq and Iran) (Fig. 5B). The higher percentage of therophytes and hemicryptophytes among other life forms could be attributed to adaptation of plants to the Mediterranean climate conditions (Zohary, 1973), and also could be related to the intensive grazing in Zagros. Thorny and Results and discussion Flora of Mt. Sefidkouh: the richest flora in the Central Zagros Region The flora of Mt. Sefidkouh comprises 42 (35 dicots and 7 monocots) families, 389 genera and 698 species. Asteraceae (80 species, 11.4 %), Fabaceae and Poaceae (74 species, 10.6 % each), Brassicaceae (52 species, 7.4 %) and Lamiaceae (45 species, 6.4 %) were the most species-rich families in this area (Fig. 3A, C). Fig. 3. Important families and genera in the flora of Mt. Sefidkouh. A: number and percentage of species in each family. B: Number of genera in each family. C: Top ten species-rich families. D: Top ten species-rich genera. E: Top ten genus-rich families. Aste: Asteraceae, Faba: Fabaceae, Poac: Poaceae, Bras: Brassicaceae, Lami: Lamiaceae, Apia: Apiaceae, Cary: Caryophyllaceae, Lili: Liliaceae, Bora: Boraginaceae, Ranu: Ranunculaceae, Cype: Cyperaceae, Rosa: Rosaceae, Scro: Scrophulariaceae, Rubi: Rubiaceae, Euph: Euphorbiaceae. Phytol. Balcan. 23(1) • Sofia • 2017 113 Fig. 4. Chorotypes. ES: EuroSiberian, M: Mediterranean, IT: IranoTuranian, SS: SaharoSindian. spiny forms like Astragalus spp., and poisonous species like Euphorbia spp. can better survive grazing and, hence, are among the most abundant and diverse taxa in this region. Non-indigenous plant species constitute up to 33.5 % of the flora, indicating floristic affinities between the neighboring regions. Flora of the region Twenty-four inventories from adjacent local floras in the Central Zagros Region (Table 1), covering 257 642 ha and circumscribed into a polygon of 3 763 600 ha, with elevation ranging from 1000 m to 3700 m (except for the flora of Dalab, Ilam; ID242, with minimum elevation of 320 m), were cumulated into a single dataset and compared with the floristic inventory of Mt. Sefidkouh (Table 2). Results have revealed that there are 518 shared species between the flora of Sefidkouh and 24 adjacent local floras. In Mt. Sefidkouh, 180 species were new records for the entire region (denoted by letter ‘R’ in column ‘Note’ of Table 2). The total number of species present in the overall region consisting of 25 local floras is 1772, with the flora of Mt. Sefidkouh as the most species-rich flora. The floras of Nozhian Waterfall (420 spp), Kian (403 spp), Beiranshahr (294 spp), Alvand (286 spp), and Zalian (262 spp) are the next five most species-rich floras (Table 1). The overall region consisting of 25 local floras comprises 96 families and 531 genera. The average species-tofamily, species-to-genera and genera-to-family ratios are 18.46, 3.33 and 5.53, respectively, and are comparable to our earlier study in Mt. Jahanbin area in the Fig. 5. A: Life forms, Ph: phanerophytes, He: hemicryptophytes, Th: therophytes, Ge: geophytes, Ch: chamaephytes, Cr: cryptophytes. B: endemics. southern part of the Central Zagros Region. Similar data were obtained in the study of Mt. Jahabin area and the adjacent local floras. A low average speciesto-genus ratio in both studies is an indication that Zagros Region had been a refugium during the latest glaciation maximum (Mashkour & al. 2009; Rajaei & al. 2013), in which not all species of many genera and families had survived after colonization to the Central Zagros during the Late Quaternary climatic oscillations. Existence of potential refugial areas in the Southwestern Zagros Mountains (with the center of Dena), and also in the Kope-Dagh and the Southern Caucasus was suggested also on the basis of the genetic study of hind-casting species distribution models of moths and their host plants by Rajaei and coworkers (2013). The species richness of the genera Astragalus, Euphorbia, Centaurea, Trifolium, Allium, Cousinia, and Silene is higher than in other genera. This is not specific to this region as we have observed similar high richness values for same genera in our earlier studies (Dehghani 2015; Dehghani & al. 2016; Jalali 2016; Jalali & al. 2016) in the southern parts of Central Zagros. The top ten richest families in terms of the number of species are: Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Poaceae, Brassicaceae, Lamiaceae, Apiaceae, Caryo- 114 Veiskarami, G. & Sharifi-Tehrani, M. • Plant species diversity in Central Zagros phyllaceae, Liliaceae, Boraginaceae and Rosaceae. The top ten richest genera are: Astragalus (89 spp), Euphorbia (30 spp), Centaurea (27 spp), Trifolium (26 spp), Allium (24 spp), Cousinia (22 sp), Silene (21 spp), Onosma (20 spp), Salvia (19 spp), and Polygonum (19 spp). New reports for the region One hundred and eighty species in the Mt. Sefidkouh flora, marked with letter ‘R’in column ‘Note’ of Table 2, were not previously reported from the overall region comprising 24 local floras, and are reported as new records. Notably, these include Schoenoplectus bucharicus (Cyperaceae) – an Iranian endemic and rare helophyte growing along rivers and paddy fields; Semenovia tragioides (Apiaceae) – an endemic hemicryptophyte growing in mountainous areas; Carlina kurdica (Asteraceae) – an endemic hemicryptophyte growing in mountain steppes and foothills and collected for the first time from Iran after the first record; and Astragalus anacardius and A. veiskaramii (Fabaceae) – chamaephyte endemics growing in sand hills, the latter being a new species recently described from Iran (Sabaii & al. 2007). Other interesting recorded species (for this region) are Bergia aquatica (Elatinaceae) and Ammannia verticillata (Lamiaceae) – pluriregional/cosmopolitan helophytes growing as weeds in paddy fields; and Delphinium venulosum (Ranunculaceae) – an IranoTuranian therophyte growing in sandy hills. Search for species distributions in our database containg datasets of more than 200 Iranian local floras published since 1989 (Sharifi-Tehrani & Rahiminejad-Ranjbar 2013) has shown that Schoenoplectus bucharicus was reported (after the initial record) just once from Langeroud (Hyrcanian Province, North Iran) collected by Ghahreman and coworkers (Ghahreman & al. 2004). The addition of this endemic and rare species to our collections during 1999–2000 from the Central Zagros Region is an indication of its anthropophilic distribution from the paddy fields in North Iran. Alisma lanceolatum (Alismataceae), a helophytic plant with pluriregional distribution is also identified from the paddy fields and shallow waters in the Sefidkouh Mountain Area. This species was reported frequently from the Hyrcanian region of Iran, but was also reported from the flora of Ghadamgah spring-stream in the Fars Province (Southern Zagros). These occasional reports from different parts of the Zagros Mountain Chain denote the existence of rare species in these regions which should be subjected to more extensive and careful floristic studies. A relatively high number of endemic and rare plant species in Mt. Sefidkouh among the other local floras in this region has shown that the flora of Central Zagros merits more attention, both for identification of all plant species and for its conservation. Multivariate analysis Central Zagros of Iran, which comprises delightful oak forests of the Mediterranean type, is very important ecologically, although poorly investigated as compared to the local floras in the Alborz Mountain Chain in North Iran. These forests are adjacent to the Khuzestan Plain through the western foothills of Zagros in Khuzestan Province, SW Iran (Akhani 2004). Dangerous chemical and weapon remains of the war in W Zagros foothills and plains have restricted the efficient floristic investigations in the past decades. In this study, eight local floras from Kermanshah (5 floras) and Ilam (3 floras) provinces (Table 1) are added to the data matrix of 11 floras in Lorestan Province. Relationships and floristic connections between these floras at the western and eastern foothills of the Central Zagros Region have been investigated. The primary data matrix consisted of 25 datasets (Table 1), and by omitting six outlayers (after preliminary clustering analysis), the final matrix comprised 19 local floras (Table 3). Clustering of these 19 adjacent local floras in the Central Zagros Region (Table 1, 3) into groups of similar entities was performed by k-means clustering of occurrence data (Fig. 6). The results have shown that the 19 local floras could be classified into five groups, since the grouping achieved for k=5 maximized the internal similarity and minimized the external similarity criteria (Table 3). The first division (k=2) separated seven local floras in the center of the region in Lorestan Province; (IDs: 103, 251, 176, 226, 190, 188, 257 in Table 1) from the other 12 local floras. In the second division (k=3), the local floras located in the western part of the region, in Kermanshah Province, (IDs: 166, 117, 19, 17) were separated from the larger group. The best grouping Phytol. Balcan. 23(1) • Sofia • 2017 115 Fig. 6. Mountain visualization of NMDS-K-means clustering of the species occurrence data from Mt. Sefidkouh (this study) and 18 related local floras in the Central Zagros Region of Iran. The best solution was determined as K=5, as the five resulting groups are well separated from each other. For internal and external similarity values and membership of local floras in resultant clusters refer to Table 3. Fig. 7. Multivariate analysis of the presence/absence of species in Mt. Sefidkouh and the adjacent sites (local floras): Cluster analysis by Simple Matching Coefficient in in NTSYS-pc. Abbreviations concordant to Table 1. was finally achieved for k=5. This solution grouped the local floras in southern part of the region, in Kermanshah Provinve, into a single group, while the other groups constituted of the adjacent local floras in Ilam, Hamedan and Lorestan provinces. Two local floras – Beiranshahr (ID 251) and the fruit gardens of Khorramabad (ID 103) – are grouped together, separated from a main group of other local floras in Lorestan Province (Table 3, Fig. 9; right). The results have shown that the analyzed local floras were separated on the basis of their geographical location and their distance in the study region of Cental Zagros. Grouping of the 19 selected local floras in this region was interesting, as different parts of the region were marked according to the floristic contents. Fig. 8. Multivariate analysis of the presence/absence of species in Mt. Sefidkouh and the adjacent sites (local floras): Analysis of the data matrix by a Neighbor Net Clustering Method. Abbreviations concordant to Table 1. Fig. 9. Maps circled. Left: three groups based on PCO results. Middle: four groups based on net clustering. Right: five groups based on K – means clustering. 116 Veiskarami, G. & Sharifi-Tehrani, M. • Plant species diversity in Central Zagros The matrix of species occurence data was also analyzed by ordination (PCO) and net clustering methods. These methods are agglomerative and contrasting to the divisive methods. Results of these analyses (Figs 7, 8) were consistent with those obtained from the k-clustering method. Ordination analysis (PCO, Fig. 7) separated the local floras (datasets) into three main groups and showed a similar grouping pattern with k-clustering. The resultant 3D plot showed that the local floras within Ilam Province could be either grouped with the local floras in Kermanshah Province, or be separated into a distinct group similar to the resultant plot of the net clustering method (Fig. 8). A clustering diagram of the net clustering method revealed that the local floras in this region could be arranged into four main clusters, and with a similar pattern of grouping as in k-clustering. Cluster I (Fig. 8) encompasses five local floras in the central part of the region in Lorestan Province. The flora of Mt. Sefidkouh, which is investigated in this study, falls into this cluster. Cluster II is composed of the local floras in Hamedan Province, along with floras of Zalian (ID 53) and Mishparvar (ID 224). Cluster III consists of two local floras in the Ilam Province (Shelem in ManeshtGhalrang). Local floras located in Kermanshah Province (westwards of the region) and three local floras in Lorestan Province constitute the forth cluster. The cumulated checklist of Zalian (ID 53) and Mishparvar (ID 224) floras, which are located in Lorestan Province, consists of 382 species with 185 species in common with the cumulated checklist of the other three local floras in cluster II (with 662 species). The cumulated checklist of these two local floras has 207 species in common with the other local floras from Lorestan Province in cluster I. The number of species observed in these two local floras, which are absent from the other local floras in cluster II, is 196 (174 for cluster I). However, the difference between these two local floras (Zalian and Mishparvar) and the local floras in cluster I is much more prominent (856 species in cluster I are absent from these two local floras) than in cluster II (477 species). Therefore, membership of these two local floras in cluster II, along with the local floras from Hamedan Province is acceptable. Membership of the local floras in each group was also overally consisent with the results of the k-clustering method (Table 3) and depicts the geographical structure of the local floras in this region. The nineteen local floras in this region could be assigned to three main groups on the basis of PCO analysis, or to four groups on the basis of the net clustering method, which is consistent with the results of PCO, or five groups based on the k-clustering method which is consistent with the two former analyses. The number of resulting groups (clusters) could be attributed to the mathematical nature of the analyses, such as agglomerative/divisive nature of the methods. All kinds of analyses suggested that the local floras of central Mt. Sefidkouh, Zalian and Mishparvar which were studied by Asri & Mehrnia (2002), Yarahmadi & al. (2009) and Moridi (2015), respectively, have affinities to the adjacent groups of local floras, and may help refining the transitional zones between the major floristic sites in this region. Conclusion Phytogeographical regionalization into kingdoms, regions, provinces, and other phytochoria is central to phytogeography and evolution, and invaluable for conservation plans. Multivariate analysis of phytogeographic and species occurence data may have interesting applications for classification purposes and elucidation of the floristic structure of regions. It is an interesting field attracting many researchers (Kreft & Jetz 2010). Application of multivariate analysis for distribution data has contributed a new quantitative aspect to regionalization and floristic structure in the important Central Zagros Region of Iran. Biogeographical borders between the major groups encompassing 19 local floras in the Central Zagros Region are drawn in this study by means of quantitative analyses at the species-level. Kreft & Jetz (2010) have highlighted the relative usefulness of multivariate methods at different levels of taxonomy. They showed the value of NMDS in identification of transition zones. They also showed that UPGMA had the best performance out of other technics for analysis of such data. Interestingly, Kreft & Jetz (2010) have observed that quantitative regions obtained through multivariate analyses have both similarities and differences in respect to the classic divisions of the world biota. They have showed that Sahara, North Africa, Arabian Peninsula, and parts of the Middle East may be included in the Afro Phytol. Balcan. 23(1) • Sofia • 2017 Tropics. This approach may be also applied for refining/redefining the borders of lower phytochoria. The flora of Mt. Sefidkouh showed that the species richness in this area is higher than in the neighbouring local floras and merits more attention. The flora of this area may be considered for higher levels of conservation, in order to protect its diversity. Overgrazing in the Zagros Mountain Chain has always had a direct impact on the plant species diversity. Changes in species distributions, which could be regarded as a sign of the gradual climatic change, might be studied consistently, while changes in the borders/transition zones of lower phytochoria might be monitored in the furture studies. Acknowledgments. 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