Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 211
INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY
Rapid Biodiversity
Survey Report - III
Pleione hookerianum
Department of Forest, Environment and Wildlife Management
Government of Sikkim
2018
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 1
Rheum acuminatum
Published by:
Sikkim Biodiversity Conservation and Forest Management Project (SBFP)
Department of Forests, Environment and Wildlife Management,
Government of Sikkim,
Deorali, Gangtok - 737102, Sikkim, India
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage or retrieval system,
without permission in writing from the Department of Forest, Environment and Wildlife Management, Government
of Sikkim, Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Project Director,
Sikkim Biodiversity Conservation and Forest Management Project, Department of Forests, Environment and Wildlife
Management, Government of Sikkim.
Citation: Sabita Dahal, Sanjyoti Subba, Nimesh Chamling, Anjana Pradhan, Suraj Subba, Dorjee Chewang Bhutia,
Sanchi Subba, Meena Tamang, Sumitra Nepal (2018). Rapid Biodiversity Survey Report - III. Sikkim Biodiversity
Conservation and Forest Management Project (SBFP), FEWMD. Government of Sikkim, Deorali, Gangtok, East
Sikkim.
2 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 3
T. W. Lepcha
Foreword
I am delighted to present the Inventory of biodiversity – RBS III published
under Sikkim Biodiversity Conservation and Forest Management Project
(SBFP).
This publication is a compilation of scientiic datas, which are very
handy and immensely useful to the students, researchers, policy planners,
tourists and civil society. It is evident that these series of publications
on biodiversity of Sikkim are of great service to the forest managers in
formulating management plans of PAs/working plan/eco-tourism activities.
I wish the Sikkim Biodiversity Conservation and Forest Management
Project (SBFP) team all success in its eforts to publish the series on
biodiversity of Sikkim.
(T. W. Lepcha)
Minister for Forests Environment & Wildlife Management Department/Mines,
Minerals & Geology,Science and Technology Department,
Government of Sikkim.
4 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
Dr. homas Chandy
Preface
Biodiversity Conservation is one of the major component under JICA
assisted Sikkim Biodiversity Conservation and Forest Management Project
(SBFP) and inventorization of biodiversity is the main activity undertaken
to collect the baseline data on biodiversity for betterment of conservation
initiatives, policy decisions, future reference and monitoring.
So far, two publications Rapid Biodiversity Survey Report I & II have been
published which portrays the biodiversity found in most of the Protected
Areas in Sikkim.
The present compilation is one of the series in biodiversity publication
based on Rapid Biodiversity Survey studies done in few of the Protected
Areas and Reserve Forests. We are happy that these scientiic databases are
being utilized for better management of forest & wildlife in Sikkim. We
are also hopeful that a strong linkage can be built between these scientiic
studies, management practices and livelihood of the people.
(Dr. homas Chandy) IFS,
Principal Chief Conservator of Forest-cum Principal Secretary,
Sikkim Conservation and Forest Management Project,
Forest Environment & Wildlife Management Department.
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 5
Foreword
I am immensely pleased to present the Inventory of biodiversity-RBS III
published under Sikkim Biodiversity Conservation and Forest Management
Project (SBFP).
Biodiversity Conservation is one of the core activity of SBFP, JICA and
sincere eforts have been made to inventorise the biodiversity of diferent
forest areas including Protected Areas to showcase the richness of our State.
This publication is one of the series of Rapid Biodiversity Survey Report
and is being referred by the forest managers for writing management plans
as well. We hope this series of publication would be a great asset to the
whole society in days to come.
C. S. Rao, IFS
APCCF-cum-Project Director
Sikkim Biodiversity Conservation and Forest Management Project
Department of Forests, Environment and Wildlife Management Project
Government of Sikkim
6 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
Acknowledgement
This book titled “Inventory of Biodiversity Rapid Biodiversity SurveyReport III” is the compilation of study reports of Rapid Biodiversity Survey
works done in various Protected Areas and a Reserved Forest and is one of
the series in Rapid Biodiversity Survey publications. We are hopeful that this
compilation will be useful for Forest Managers, Researchers, Students and
Policy makers as well.
On behalf of Sikkim Biodiversity Conservation and Forest Management
Project, Department of Forests, Environment and Wildlife Management,
Government of Sikkim, I would like to acknowledge the signiicant
contribution of the following institutions and individuals.
Firstly, we are thankful to Japanese International Co-operation Agency for
their support and providing necessary guidance.
We are grateful to Government of Sikkim for their support and encouragement
in publishing such scientiic reports.
Heartful thanks to our GIS and Survey team of SBFP for their inputs and
support and dedication in ieldworks.
We would also like to extend our humble and sincere gratitude to Dr. Thomas
Chandy, Pr. Secretary-cum- PCCF, FEWMD and Shri C.S. Rao, CCFcum- Project Director, SBFP, FEWMD for their continuous guidance and
encouragement in our endeavor.
Udai Gurung, IFS
Additional Project Director - II
Sikkim Biodiversity Conservation & Forest Management Project
Department of Forests, Environment & Wildlife Management
Government of Sikkim
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 7
8 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
CONTENT
PAGE NO.
1. Introduction
10
2. Rapid Biodiversity Survey of Kitam Bird Sanctuary
14
3. Rapid Biodiversity Survey of Tendong Reserve Forest
33
4. Rapid Biodiversity Survey of Barsey Rhododendron Sanctuary
50
5. Rapid Biodiversity Survey of Thangu - Lashar Valley
89
PUBLICATIONS UNDER SBFP
114
1. Analysis of Vegetation in a Representative Temperate Plant Community in
Lachung Range of the Sikkim Himalaya
115
2. A versatile medicinal plant species Paris polyphylla- at Lachung forest,
Sikkim-conservation initiatives
122
3. Sikkim Himalayan Rhododendrons
127
4. Pleione of Sikkim Himalayas
136
5. Occurrence Record of Rhododendron hypenanthum (Ericaceae) in
Eastern Alpines of Sikkim, India.
139
6. Analysis of vegetation of temperate forest at Sang-Tinjure area of
FambongLho Wildlife Sanctuary in Sikkim, India
140
7. Quantitative analysis of vegetation patterns and plant species diversity in
diferent forest types at Yuksam – Dzongri – Gochela sampling path in
Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve, West Sikkim, India
154
8. Barsey Rhododendron Sanctuary rich biological diversity in West Sikkim, India
171
9. Rapid Biodiversity Survey of Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, Sikkim, India.
179
10. Medicinal plants genetic resources of Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, East Sikkim
191
11. Re-discovery of Aconitum novoluridum from Sikkim Himalaya, India.
203
12. Floristic study of sub alpine – alpine Himalaya of East Sikkim.
206
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 9
Introduction
Plant communities are the foundation for terrestrial plants and animals habitat supporting large species
composition and their physiognomy (Gates, 1993). These plant communities together form a vegetation
type of a certain area exhibiting a unique system having its own structural, functional and spatial features
that deine the habitat type selected by plants and animals. Quantitative assessment and analysis of
community structure are important for the precise evaluation of biodiversity and a necessary context for
planning and interpreting long-term ecological research. The quantitative analysis/study of vegetation is
called “Phytosociology” and its aim is to describe the vegetation, explain or predict its pattern and classify
it in a meaningful way. This term was suggested by Paczoski in 1896 (Gehu, 2011). A Phytosociological
study is a prerequisite for understanding the structure and function of any forest tract.
Field studies of vegetation began in the early 19th century with the work of Alexander von Humbolt
(1805) in plant geography that dealt with the study of spatial distribution of taxa and their evolutionary
relationships and has become a novel of the natural sciences (Causton, 1988; Randall, 1978). In recent
years, the baseline value of vegetation is becoming so important that standardized classiication of
ecological communities using vegetation has been recognized as an essential tool for identiication,
monitoring and conservation of ecosystems (Grossman et al. 1988).
Rapid Biodiversity Assessment approach is a tool developed by Conservation International for
systematic biodiversity data collection and has been well accepted throughout the world. It is a medium
of quickly collecting information on the loral and faunal species present in a given area and provides
key information that can be used to manage and protect species of conservation concern and overall
biodiversity. Under Biodiversity Conservation Component of SBFP (Sikkim Biodiversity Conservation
and Forest Management Project), Rapid Biodiversity Survey is being carried out in diferent protected
areas, bufer zones and reserve forests of Sikkim with the aim:
1) To develop baseline information on key biological elements in forest, alpine, freshwater and agro
ecosystems for monitoring and evaluation of the impacts of forest and biodiversity management,
2) To identify critical areas that require immediate protection. As the forest and biodiversity information
base synthesizes information from both the biophysical and social sciences, it should be accurate and
complete.
Under this subcomponent, rapid biodiversity surveys, which would display the ecosystems throughout
the state, will be conducted. The survey will be carried out using both the coarse ilter and ine ilter
approaches.
10 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
Sikkim is being an integral part of eastern Himalaya with an area of 7096sq. km under Himalayan
(2) Bio-geographic zone and Central Himalaya (2c) biotic province. Its altitude varies from 225m in
the south to 6100m in the north and north-east and 8598m in the north-west and constitutes a diverse
habitat for both lora and fauna. India is one of the twelve mega diversity centers of the world. Sikkim
state harbour over 4500 species of lowering plants, 410 pteridophytes (Kholia, 2014), over 16 species
of conifers, 39 species of Rhododendrons (Dahal et al., 2017), Bamboos over 20 species, medicinal
plants 490 species (Sharma & 30 species, Mammals over 144 species, Birds 550 species, ishes over 48
species, butterlies over 600 species. An account of the rich biodiversity of the state has been provided
by Hooker JD (1872-1897), Stapf .O (1905), V (2001), Gammie GA (1893), Polunin. O and Stainton. A
(1984), Lucksom S.Z. (2007), Sharma TP & Sharma S (2010), Hooker JD (1849), Arrawatia and Tambe
(2011), Ali. S (1989), Kholia (2010), Kholia (2014), Das (2009), Maiti and Maiti (2007), S (2015-16),
Pradhan & Badola (2008), Pradhan KC (2008), Pradhan UC and Lachungpa ST (1990), Pradhan BK et
al (2013), Pradhan BK et al (2015), Dahal S (2015-16), Dahal S, Sharma TP and Borthakur SK (2017),
Sabita Dahal et al (2017) in the form of lora, orchids, medicinal plants, Rhododendrons, ferns and ferns
allies, avifauna, mushrooms etc. In order to protect such a rich bio-resources of the state, 46.93% of the
total geographical area of Sikkim has been brought the Protected Area Network (PAN) within the four
broadly classiied vegetation zones viz.; Tropical, Temperate, Sub alpine and Alpine regions. Recently
during 2015, Sikkim Biodiversity Conservation and Forest Management Project under the Department
of Forests, Environment and Wildlife Management, Government of Sikkim have come out with the
Rapid Biodiversity Survey Report – I and Rapid Biodiversity Survey Report – II after conducting Rapid
Biodiversity Survey along various sampling paths in Fambong Lho Wildlife Sanctuary (East Sikkim),
Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve (West Sikkim & North Sikkim), Maenam Wildlife Sanctuary
(South Sikkim), Shingba Rhododendron Sanctuary (North Sikkim) etc.
The book Inventory of Biodiversity Rapid Biodiversity Survey Report – III is one of the series in
RBS publilications and is sequel to Rapid Biodiversity Survey Report – I and Rapid Biodiversity Report
– II. These reports are an attempt to assess the present phytosociological status of Kitam Bird Sanctuary
and Tendong Reserve Forest in South Sikkim, Barsey Rhododendron Sanctuary in West Sikkim and
Thangu – Lashar Valley (Lachen RF) in North Sikkim. This book also contains the compilation of various
publications including research papers and articles under Sikkim Biodiversity Conservation and Forest
Management Project (SBFP).
METHODOLOGY
Inventory of the biodiversity was done using Rapid Biodiversity Survey techniques. Prior to ield work,
literatures were scrutinised to have a general idea about the biodiversity of the area (Polunin and Stainton,
1984; Stainton, 1988; Hooker, 1871-1897; Sharma and Sharma, 2010; Dahal S. 2015-16; Arrawatia &
Tambe, 2011; Lachungpa et al., 2007; Kholia, 2010 & 2014; Das 2009; etc.) including web references
such as (www.eloras.org; www.lowersoindia.net etc.). The checklist of the species (both lora and
fauna) was prepared and was taken to the ield to conirm their presence in the study area. During the
ield work, general listing of all the species occurring in the area (both lora and fauna) were made to have
fair knowledge on the biodiversity of the area.
In the ield, the quantitative as well as qualitative data on loral biodiversity was recorded using a Standard
Quadrat Sampling method, wherein, a random plot of 10m x 10m were established which was followed
by laying of plot after every 0.5 to 0.6 km approximate distance. Within the plot, all the tree species were
listed and the individual tree width CBH> 30 cm (1.37 m above the ground) was measured. Within the
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 11
10m
5m
1m
10m
5m
1m
Sampling Plot Design For Vegetation Survey
mother plot, a quadrat of 5m x 5m was laid in the centre to record the number of saplings present; the
same quadrat was used to record the percent cover of the shrub species. 5 number of 1m x 1m quadrat
were laid; 2 at the alternate corners of the 5m x 5m quadrat and 1 at the centre for recording the percent
cover of the herb species; the same quadrat was used to record the number of seedlings. General listing of
all the species (lora) encountered along the sampling plots as well as outside were also done to have fair
idea on the species availability in the area. Parameters such as coordinates and altitude of each sample
plots were recorded using hand held GPS; slope aspect and slope angle of each plots were also recorded.
In case of trees, recorded data were analyzed for density, frequency, abundance, basal area etc. Importance
value index (IVI) was determined as the sum of percentage density and percentage basal area. Species
diversity for each plot was determined with the Shannon and Wiener information function, which reads
as H’=-Ʃ(ni/N) log2 ni/N, where ‘ni’ represents total number of individuals of particular species, and ‘N’
represents total number of individuals of all species. Species richness was calculated using Margalef’s
index as I=(S-1)/ln(N), where ‘S’=the number of species in the sample and ‘N’=the total number of
individuals in the sample. Species evenness was determined by Shannon index of evenness as, E=H/
Ln(S) where ‘H’=Shannon’ Index of diversity and ‘S’=number of species in the sample. Concentration
of dominance was measured by Simpson’s Index, which reads as, D=Ʃ(ni/N)2 where, ‘ni’represents total
number of individuals of particular species and ‘N’ represents total number of individuals of all species.
In case of shrubs and herbs, populations were calculated in terms of Average Percent Cover.
12 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
1. Frequency (F) =
2. Density (D) =
3. Abundance (A) =
Total no. of quadrates in which species occurred
× 100
Total no. of quadrates studied
Total no. of individual in all the quadrates × 100
Total no. of quadrates studied
Total no. of individual of a species
× 100
Total no. of quadrates in which the species occurred
4. Basal cover = Pi*r2 (where, “Pi” is a constant value = 3.14 and “r” is the radius)
5. Relative frequency (RF) = Frequency of a species × 100
Frequency of all species
6. Relative density (RD) =
No. of individual of a species × 100
Total no. of individual of all species
7. Relative dominance (RDo) =
Total basal cover of individual species × 100
Total basal cover of all species
8. Importance value index (IVI) = Relative density (RD) + Relative frequency (RF) + Relative dominance
(RDo)
9. Species diversity for each plot was determined by the Shannon – Weiner diversity index as:
S
H’ = -Σ ((ni/N) log2 ni/N)
Where, i = 1; ‘ni’ represents total number of individuals of particular species and ‘N’ represents total
number of individuals of all species.
10. Species richness is the number of species per unit area and is determined using
Margalef’s index as:
I = (S-1)/ln(N)
Where, ‘S’ represents the number of species in the sample and ‘N’ represents
the total number of individuals in the sample.
To record the faunal element occur in the area, trail sampling (walking
through the trail) and sign surveys (records of digging sign, foraging
sign, hoof mark, etc.) were made. During the survey, direct
evidences like call sound and indirect evidences like feather,
pellets, scats, droppings etc. were recorded. Photo capture was
also done, depending upon the feasibility.
Classiication scheme of Forest Survey of India (FSI) were
followed to analyse forest density on the basis of canopy cover
which are deined herewith:
Very Dense Forest
Canopy density of 70% and above
Mod Dense Forest
Canopy density between 40% and 70%
Open forest
Canopy density between 10% and 40%
Scrub
Forest land with poor tree growth, mainly small or
stunted trees having canopy density less than 10%
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 13
Rapid Biodiversity Survey of
Kitam Bird Sanctuary, South Sikkim
Sabita Dahal, Dorjee Chewang Bhutia, Sumitra Nepal, Sanchi Subba
STUDY AREA
A ield trip for conducting Rapid Biodiversity Survey to Kitam Bird Sanctuary, South Sikkim were carried
out during March 2016, sample plots of which are represented by Figure 1. Kitam Birds Sanctuary is the
only bird’s sanctuary in Sikkim and was declared in 2006 vide notiication number 37/FEWMD dated
17th June 2006 under the provision of Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. The sanctuary is one of the much
promoted eco-tourism potential zone with respect to its ecological, loral, faunal, and natural signiicance
and hence, a need for the protection, propagation and development of wildlife and its environment. The
area of the sanctuary is 6.0 square kilometers and is located in the tropical eco-region at an altitudinal
range of 320-875m from the mean sea level. An area upto 25m from the boundary of Sanctuary has been
extended and notiied as an eco-sensitive zone, in which, lies two villages namely Upper Kitam and
Lower Kitam and in the southern part up to the outer bank of the river Rangeet. The eco sensitive zone
of the sanctuary lies between 27˚5’53” N to 27˚7’15”N latitude and 88˚21’7” E to 88˚21’51” E longitude
bordering with West Bengal by Great Rangeet River. The slope angle of the sampled sites ranged between
mild (10 degree) to 40 degree and was faced towards E, N and NE aspect (Annexure I). The area is prone
to the forest ire which is a continuous phenomenon especially during the month of March – April. This
has caused severe damages to the biodiversity of the area.
The forest types of the sanctuary were represented by Sub-Tropical Mixed Broad Leaved Forests with a
unique association of Shorea robusta (Sal) and Pinus roxburghii (Chir Pine). Ground is highly covered with
saplings and seedlings of Phoenix sylvestris. The other plant species available in the area are Terminalia
chebula, Terminalia bellirica, Castanopsis sp., Engelhardtia sp., Tectona grandis, Woodfordia fruiticosa,
Bauhinia vahlii, Anthocephalus cadamba, Oroxylum indicum, Eugenia kurzii, Asparagus racemosus,
Piper sp. etc.
The sanctuary harbours common mammals such as Panther pardus (Common Leopard), Paguma larvata
(Himalayan Palm Civet), Sus scrofa (Wild Boar), Hystrix brachyuran (Crestless Porcupine), Manis
pentadactyla (Chinese pangolin) etc. The Indian Rock Python is common among the Reptiles. The Avi
fauna includes Peafowl, Black Crested bulbul, Common Green Magpie, Common Myna, Common
Pigeon, Red-Vented Bulbull etc. and the common butterlies and moths includes Golden Sapphire, Indian
Tortoise Shell, Cabbage White, and Common Grass Yellow etc.
14 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
Figure 1. Map showing the sample plots along Kitam Bird Sanctuary, South Sikkim
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 15
SBFP survey team laying plots and recording data at Kitam Bird Sanctuary
OUTCOMES OF THE SURVEY
FLORA
During the survey, a total of 15 plots were laid covering 0.15 ha area (Annexure I), from which 32 tree,
7 small tree/ shrubs, and 6 herb species were recorded and are marked with (*) in Annexure II. A general
checklist of 110 species of the area (including the areas outside of the plots) were prepared of which, trees
represented the highest number of species (58 species belonging to 51 genus and 33 family) followed
by small tree/large shrub represented by 14 species belonging to 14 genus and 7 family; 22 species
of herbs represented by 17 genus and 9 family and 15 species including epiphytes, climbers and ferns
(belonging to 13 genera and 8 families) and 1 bamboo species were recorded. (Table 1). Family wise
analysis revealed that belonging to the tree category Moraceae was the dominant family with 5 species,
followed by Meliaceae, Fabaceae and Euphorbiaceae with 4 species and Lythraceae, Combretaceae and
Verbenaceae with 3 species (Figure 2), while in the case of small trees or shrubs Asteraceae with 4
species appeared as the dominant family (Figure 3). Further, for the herbs, Poaceae family appeared as
dominant with 13 species (Figure 4).
The forest being the tropical-sub tropical type, Shorea robusta was the most predominating tree species in
the area followed by Pinus roxburghii, Schima wallichii and Toxicodendron wallichii. Other tree species
encountered within the sampling plots were Ailanthes integrifolia, Aphanamixis polystachya, Bombax
ceiba , Bischoia javanica, Bridelia retusa, Chukrasia tabularis, Dubanga grandilora, Ficus semicordata,
16 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
Firmiana colorata , Garuga pinnata, Gmelina arborea, Grewia optiva, Largerstroemia parvilora, Litsea
monopeltata, Malatus philippensis, Neonauclea purpurea, Phoenix sylvestris, Phyllanthus emblica,
Stercolia villosa, Syzygium cumini, Syzygium kurzii, Taxodium sp. , Tectona grandis, Terminalia belerica,
Terminalia chebula , Terminalia crenata, Tetrameles nudilora and Toona ciliata.
In the case of tree species, cumulatively for adult, sapling and seedling, Shorea robusta was present in
14 of the 15 plots and Pinus Roxburghii was recorded from 8 plots, Schima wallichii and Toxicodendron
wallichii was recorded from 7 plots, which shows that the regeneration status of the forest is comparatively
good. Since, Shorea robusta was the most dominant tree species in the area, it had the highest cumulative
adult stem density (686.67 ±1.07 ind/ha; Rel. Den.: 45.37, IVI: 105.62) as well as the total basal cover
(TBC: 3397.28 m2/ha; Rel. Dom.: 39.35%) followed by Pinus Roxburghii with cumulative adult stem
density (180.00 ±0.94 ind/ha; Rel. Den.: 11.89, IVI: 43.41) as well as the total basal cover (TBC: 1690.17
m2/ha; Rel. Dom.: 19.58%), and Schima wallichii with cumulative adult stem density (126.67 ±0.63
ind/ha; Rel. Den.: 8.37, IVI: 27.57) as well as the total basal cover (TBC: 755.21 m2/ha; Rel. Dom.:
8.75%). On the other hand, the lowest adult stem density was recorded for Terminalia chebula, Terminalia
belerica, Stercolia villosa, Largerstroemia parvilora, Bridelia retusa, Garuga pinnata etc. (Table 2,
Figure 5).
In the case of saplings, the highest density was recorded for Phonix sylvestris (986.67 ± 2.14 ind/ha)
followed by Shorea robusta (453.33 ± 2.58 ind/ha) Figure 6, Table 2. Similarly, the highest seedling
density was recorded for Phoenix sylvestris (34000.00 ± 166.48ind/ha) followed by Shorea robusta
(18666.66 ± 206.93 ind/ha) Figure 6, Table 2.
In terms of frequency of occurrence of adult trees, Shorea robusta was the most frequently occurring
species with Rel. Freq.: 20.90%), followed by Pinus roxburghii with Rel. Freq.: 11.64 %. Other species
had comparatively low frequency of occurrence (Figure 7). The sampled area was comparatively rich in
terms of tree species richness (I = 25.82) and recorded comparatively high species diversity (H’ = 1.71)
(Table 3).
Figure 2: Family-wise distribution of tree species
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 17
Table 1: Distribution of Floral species in Kitam Bird Sanctuary, South Sikkim
Habit
Species
Genus
Family
Trees
58
51
33
Shrubs / small trees
14
14
7
Herbs
22
17
9
Climber/ Epiphytes/ Ferns
15
13
8
Bamboo
1
1
1
Total
110
96
58
Figure 3: Family-wise distribution of shrub species
Figure 4: Family-wise distribution of herbs, climbers, epiphytes & ferns
18 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
Table 2: Availability and distribution of tree species in Kitam Bird Sanctuary, South Sikkim
Adult
Sapling
Species
Density (Ind/ha) ± SE
TBC (m2/ha)
Ailanthes integrifolia
33.33 ±1.29
49.46
0.750
26.67 ±1.03
45.19
20.00 ± 0.77
A/F ratio
Seedling
Density (Ind/ha) ± SE Density (Ind/ha) ± SE
IVI
4.27
-------
------
0.600
3.77
240.00 ± 2.32
------
48.37
0.450
3.37
-------
------
13.33 ± 0.52
293.13
0.300
5.77
-------
------
6.67 ± 0.26
64.23
0.150
2.67
26.67 ± 0.26
666.00 ± 25.82
Chukrasia tabularis
13.33 ±0.52
110.40
0.300
3.65
-------
2000.00 ± 77.46
Dubanga grandilora
20.00 ±0.77
67.88
0.450
3.60
-------
------
Ficus semicordata
-----
----
-----
2.07
------
2666.66 ± 103.28
Firmiana colorata
6.67 ± 0.26
17.44
0.150
2.13
-------
------
Garuga pinnata
6.67 ± 0.26
31.68
0.150
2.30
-------
------
13.33 ±0.52
73.51
0.300
3.22
-------
------
-------
------
-------
12.48
-------
666.66 ± 25.82
Largerstroemia parvilora
6.67 ± 0.46
257.39
0.066
12.03
53.33 ± 0.52
------
Litsea monopeltata
-----
----
----
12.35
-----
1333.33 ± 51.64
-----
-----
------
2.03
266.67 ± 2.58
2000.00 ± 23.90
13.33 ±103.51.64
139.50
0.300
3.99
-------
------
46.67 ± 0.88
16.20
0.263
6.26
986.67 ± 2.14
34000.00 ± 166.48
6.67 ± 0.26
8.07
0.150
2.02
-------
------
Aphanamixis polystachya
Bischoia javanica
Bombax ceiba
Bridelia retusa
Gmelina arborea
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 19
Grewia optiva
Malatus philippensis
Neonauclea purpurea
Phoenix sylvestris
Phyllanthus emblica
20 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
180.0 ±0.94
1690.17
0.063
43.41
53.33 ± 0.52
5333.33 ± 89.62
126.6 ± 60.63
755.21
0.058
27.27
-------
------
686.67 ±1.07
3397.28
0.079
105.62
453.33 ± 2.58
18666.66 ± 206.93
6.67 ±0.26
64.23
0.150
2.67
-------
------
Syzygium cumini
13.33 ±0.52
9.30
0.300
2.48
106.67 ± 0.50
3333.33 ±30.86
Syzygium kurzii
------
-----
-----
3.95
160.00 ± 0.50
3333.33 ± 47.14
6.67 ± 0.26
12.23
0.150
2.07
-------
------
80.00 ± 1.07
276.13
0.113
14.46
-------
1333.33 ± 51.64
6.67 ±0.26
29.86
0.150
2.28
-------
------
6.67 ± 0.26
4.16
0.150
1.98
-------
666.66 ±25.82
53.33 ± 0.65
356.13
0.133
12.12
53.33 ± 0.52
------
20.00 ±0.77
629.64
0.450
10.10
-------
------
-----
-----
-----
2.12
------
1333.33 ± 51.64
53.33 ± 0.24
186.80
0.024
16.13
-------
------
Pinus Roxburghii
Schima wallichii
Shorea Robusta
Stercolia villosa
Taxodium sp.
Tectona grandis
Terminalia belerica
Terminalia chebula
Terminalia crenata
Tetrameles nudilora
Toona ciliata
Toxicodendron wallichii
SE: Standard Error, TBC: Total Basal Cover, A/F Ratio: Abundance to Frequency Ratio, IVI: Importance Value Index
Table 3: Species diversity and distribution in Kitam Bird Sanctuary, South Sikkim.
Parameters
Trees
Saplings
Seedlings
Diversity Index (H)
1.71
-1.77
-0.98
Concentration of Dominance (D)
0.03
---
---
Species richness index (I)
25.82
2.77
2.81
Species evenness index (E)
0.07
-0.77
-0.37
Figure 5: Individual plant density /ha of Adult trees in the sampling site
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 21
Figure 6: Individual Plant Density of Saplings and Seedlings
Figure 7: Frequency of occurrence of adult trees in the sampling site
22 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
On the basis of diameter class, the girth of the trees species falling in diameter class 20-29cm had the
highest density, followed by above 100 cm, 30-39cm, 10-19cm, 40-49cm, 80-89cm, 70-79cm and 9099cm (Figure 8); the availability of the trees species in the forest, starting from the diameter class from 10
cm upto above 100 cm shows that the status of the forest is comparatively stable. Likewise, the diameter
class distribution for some dominant tree species in the area has been represented by Figure 10.
Figure 8: DBH class of the tree species of Kitam Bird Sanctuary
The small tree/ shrub recorded from the sample plots are Ageratina adenophora, Clerodendron sp., Lantana
camara, Thysanolaena latifolia, Acer sp., Woodfordia fruiticosa and one unidentiied species, Maitalu
Kanra (Nepali). Of the 7 species recorded, Lantana camara had the highest frequency of occurrence
(20.00%) followed by Woodfordia fruiticosa and Thysanolaena latifolia (13.33% each) [Figure 10];
Ageratina adenophora, Clerodendron sp. And Maitalu kanra (N) had the lowest frequency of occurrences
(6.67% each). With respect to percent cover, Lantana camara was dominant with average percent cover
/25 m2 of 32 %, followed by Woodfordia fruiticosa, Clerodendron sp., and Ageratina adenophora having
average percent cover /25 m2 of 20% [Figure 10]. In the case of herbaceous species, a total of 7
species were recorded from 15 plots, of which, Eragrostis sp. had the highest frequency of occurrences
(67%). Other species such as Poa sp., Hedychium sp., Setaria palmifolia, Jasminum sp and Neyraudia
arundinaceae had low frequency of occurrences. With regard to average density in terms of percent cover,
Eragrostis sp. (average percent cover /m2: 29%) was dominant over other species, comparatively (Figure
11). The number of species per plot for trees, small trees / shrubs and herbs ranged between 2 and 8, 0 and
2, 0 and 3 respectively; shrubs and herbs were not available in most of the plots (Figure 12.).
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 23
24 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 25
Figure 9: Class wise availability ( DBH class) of individual tree species in the sampling site, at Kitam Birds Sanctuary.
Figure 10: Status of shrubs / small trees in the sampling plot
Figure 11: Status of Herbs in the sampling plot
Figure 12: Species availability in diferent sampling plots
26 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
FAUNA
During the trail sampling, existence of faunal species including 6 mammalian species, 26 bird species and
some butterly species was conirmed through direct sighting and indirect evidences.
List of Faunal Species Recorded From Kitam Bird Sanctuary, South Sikkim
Sl.
Common Name
Scientiic Name
No.
Family
1 Barking Deer
Muntiacus muntjak
Cervidae
2 Chinese Pangolian
Manis pentadactyla
Manidae
3 Common Leopard
Panther pardus
Felidae
4 Himalayan palm Civet
Paguma larvata
Viverridae
5 Porcupine
Hystrix sp.
Erethizontidae
6 Wild Boar
Sus scrofa
Suidae
7 Ashy Drongo
Dicrurus leucophaeus
Dicruridae
8 Black-crested Bulbul
Pycnonotus laviventris
Pycnonotidae
9 Blue-throated Barbet
Megalaima asiatica
Megalaimidae
10 Blue Whistling Thrush
Myophonus caeruleus
Muscicapidae
11 Common Myna
Acridotheres tristis
Sturnidae
12 Common Pigeon
Columba livia
Columbidae
13 Common Tailorbird
Orthotomus sutorius
Cisticolidae
14 Common Green Magpie
Cissa chinensis
Corvidae
15 Crimson Sunbird
Aethopyga spiraja
Nectariniidae
16 Greater Yellownape
Chrysophlegma lavinucha
Picidae
17 Green Backed tit
Parus monticulus
Paridae
18 Green-billed Malkoha
Rhopodytes tristis
Cuculidae
19 Green tailed sunbird
Aethopyga nipalensis
Nectariniidae
20 House Crow
Corvus splendens
Corvidae
21 House Sparrow
Passer domesticus
Passeridae
22 Grey-headed canary-lycatcher
Culicicapa ceylonensis
Stenostiridae
AVI-FAUNAL SPECIES
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 27
23 Indian Peafowl
Pavo cristatus
Phasianidae
24 Kalij Pheasant
Lophura leucomelanos
Phasinidae
25 Orange-Headed thrush
Zoothera citrine
Turdidae
26 Oriental white eye
Zosterops palpebrosus
Zosteropidae
27 Red Junglefowl
Gallus gallus
Phasianidae
28 Red-vented bulbul
Pycnonotus cafer
Pycnonotidae
29 Scarlet Minivet
Pericrocotus speciosus
Campephagidae
30 Velvet-fronted Nuthatch
Sitta frontalis
Certhiidae
31 White capped Redstart
Chaimarrornis leucocephalus
Muscicapidae
32 Grey-capped Pygmy Woodpecker
Dendrocopos canicapillus
Picidae
34 Dark Evening Brown
Melanitis phedima
Nymphalidae
35 Common Tinsel
Catapaecilma major
Lycaenidae
36 Dark Pierrot
Tarucus ananda
Lycaenidae
37 Common Jester
Symbrenthia sp.
Nymphalidae
38 Common Grass Yellow
Eurema hecabe
Pieridae
39 Dark Judy
Abisara fylla
Riodinidae
40 Common Map
Cyrestis sp.
Nymphalidae
41 Indian Tortiseshell
Aglais caschmirensis
Nymphalidae
42 Chocolate Pansy
Junonia iphita
Nymphalidae
43 Common Nawab
Polyura athamas
Nymphalidae
BUTTERFLIES SPECIES
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We are deeply grateful to Hon’ble Minister of Forests,Environment and Wildlife Management
Department, Shri Tshering Wangdi Lepcha, PS - cum - PCCF - cum - CPD Dr. Thomas Chandy, IFS,
APCCF-cum-Project Director, Project Director (SBFP) Shri. C.S. Rao, IFS, Additional Project DirectorI Shri Karma Legshey, IFS, Additional Project Director- II Shri. Udai Gurung and Divisional Forest
Oicer, Biodiversity Conservation Ms. Dechen Lachungpa, SFS, of Forests, Environment & Wild Life
Management Department, Government of Sikkim for providing an opportunity for conducting present
survey with the constant support and encouragement. We are also thankful to Dr. Dinesh Agarwal, Scientist
In-charge, Botanical Survey of India, Sikkim Circle for providing library and herbarium facilities. We
sincerely thank Dr.Tika Prasad Sharma, Secretary (Himalayan Science Society) and Dr. Bharat Kumar
Pradhan, Scientiic Associate (Sikkim Biodiversity Board) for their precious guidance and help in plant
identiication and data analysis. Field stafs of Kitam Bird Sanctuary are highly acknowledged for their
precious help in the ield.
28 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
Annexure I: Field characteristics of the sampling plots along Kitam Birds Sanctuary, South Sikkim.
GPS
Slope
Slope
Altitude
Site
Canopy cover (%)
Forest Type
(degree) Aspect
(M)
code
Lat
Long
Sub-Tropical Broad
60, Moderately
KBS 01
385
27010’6992
88034’93”
35
E
Leaved Forest
dense
60, Moderately
Sub-Tropical Broad
KBS 02
410
27010’6955
88035’08”
30
E
dense
Leaved Forest
KBS 03
KBS 04
KBS 05
KBS 06
KBS 07
KBS 08
KBS 09
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 29
KBS 10
Sub-Tropical Broad
Leaved Forest
Sub-Tropical Broad
Leaved Forest
Sub-Tropical Broad
Leaved Forest
Sub-Tropical Broad
Leaved Forest
Sub-Tropical Broad
Leaved Forest
Sub-Tropical Broad
Leaved Forest
Sub-Tropical Broad
Leaved Forest
Sub-Tropical Broad
Leaved Forest
Dominate
Taxa
Trees
Trees
487
27010’5827
88035’47”
20
E
60, Moderately
dense
Trees
560
27010’73”
88035’67”
10
E
80, Very dense
Trees
571
27010’73”
88035’41”
30
E
70, very dense
Trees
559
27011’06”
88035’09”
20
N
80, very dense
Trees
586
27011’30”
88034’92”
30
N
60, moderately
dense
Trees
632
27011’23”
88035’15”
30
N
70, very dense
Trees
0
0
689
27 11’56”
88 34’82”
30
NE
781
27011’81”
88035’35”
10
E
60, moderately
dense
60, moderately
dense
Disturbances
Trees
Trees
KBS 11
Sub-Tropical Broad
Leaved Forest
741
27011’43”
88035’46”
20
E
70, very dense
Trees
KBS 12
Sub-Tropical Broad
Leaved Forest
693
27011’44”
88035’62”
30
E
70, very dense
Trees
KBS 13
Sub-Tropical Broad
Leaved Forest
615
27010’99”
88035’44”
35
NE
70, very dense
Trees
KBS 14
Sub-Tropical Broad
Leaved Forest
333
27010’27”
88035’28”
40
NE
60, moderately
dense
Trees
KBS 15
Sub-Tropical Broad
Leaved Forest
305
27010’47”
88034’89”
40
NE
50, moderately
dense
Trees
Forest Fire
prone area
Annexure II: Floral Species Recorded Along Kitam Bird Sanctuary in South Sikkim
Sl.
Botanical Name
Local name
Family
No.
TREES
1 Actinodaphne obovata (Nees) Blume
Runchay
Lauraceae
2 *Ailanthes integrifolia Lam.
Gokul
Simaroubaceae
3 Alangium chinense (Lour.) Harms
Singarey
Alangiaceae
4 Alangium begoniaefolium (Roxb.) Baill
Akhanay
Alangiaceae
5 Albezia chinensis (Osbeck) Merr.
Rato siris
Fabaceae
6 Albezia procera (Roxb.) Benth.
Seto siris
Fabaceae
7 Alstonia scolaris (L.) R.Br.
Chattiwan
Apocynaceae
8 *Aphanamixis polystachya (Wall.) Parker.
Lasunay
Meliaceae
9 Artocarpus lacucha Hamilton
Badahar
Moraceae
10 Bauhinia purpurea L.
Taaki
Caesalpiniaceae
11 Bauhinia veriagata L.
Koiralo
Caesalpiniaceae
12 *Bischoia javanica Blume
Kaijal
Bischoiaceae
13 Boehmeria rugulosa
Daar
Urticaceae
14 *Bombax ceiba L.
Simal
Bombacaceae
15 *Bridelia retusa (L.)Spreng
Gayo
Euphorbiaceae
16 Callicarpa arborea Roxb.
Guenlo
Verbenaceae
17 Cassia istula L.
Rajvriksha
Caesaiaceae
18 Celtis timorensis Span.
Khari
Ulmaceae
19 *Chukrasia tabularis A.Juss.
Chukrasay
Meliaceae
20 Delonix regia (Hook.) Raf.
Golmaar
Fabaceae
21 Citrus maxima (Burman) Merrill
Foksay
Rutaceae
22 Diploknema butyracea (Roxb.) H.J.Lam
Chiuri
Sapotaceae
23 *Dubanga Grandilora (Roxburgh ex Candolle) Walpers, Repert. Lampatey
Lythraceae
24 Erythrina stricta Roxb.
Faledo
Fabaceae
25 Ficus auriculata Lour.
Nevaro
Moraceae
26 Ficus benjamina L.
Sami
Moraceae
27 Firmiana colorata R.Br.
Phirpheray
Sterculiaceae
28 *Ficus semicordata Buch.-Ham.ex Sm.
Khasrey khaniu Moraceae
29 *Garuga pinnata Roxb.
Dabdabey
Burseraceae
30 *Gmelina arborea Roxb.
Khamari
Verbenaceae
31 *Grewia optiva J.R.Drumm.ex Burret
Syal Phusray Malvaceae
32 *Largerstroemia parvilora Roxb.
Budo Dhayero Lythraceae
33 Largerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers.
Jarul
Lythraceae
34 *Litsea monopeltata (Roxb.) Persoon
Kutmero
Lauraceae
35 Macaranga denticulata (Blume) Muell.
Malato
Euphorbiaceae
36 *Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Mull.Arg.
Sinduray
Euphorbiaceae
37 Melia azedarach L.
Bakaino
Meliaceae
38 Morus australis Poir.
Kimbu
Moraceae
39 *Neonauclea purpurea (Roxb.) Merr.
Kadam
Rubiaceae
40 Oroxylum indicum (L.) Vent.
Totala
Bignoniaceae
41 Pandanus furcatus Roxb.
Tarika
Pandanaceae
42 *Phyllanthus emblica L.
Aamla
Euphorbiaceae
30 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
Altitudinal
Range (m)
300-1400
450-700
240-2000
450-2000
450-1500
400-1200
300-1000
600-1800
300-1500
300-1500
300-1800
400-1500
300-700
300-1200
400-1500
400-1500
Upto 1400
300-600
300-1200
200-1500
300-1800
700-1500
Upto 1000
300-1600
300-1500
400-1200
300-900
600-1500
300-1200
200-1000
Upto 1800
200-900
300-900
300-1500
400-1000
300-1600
300-1600
350-2000
300-750
300-1500
200-1500
300-1500
43 *Pinus Roxburghii Sarg.
44 *Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Roxb.
45 *Schima wallichii (DC.) Korth
46 *Shorea Robusta Gaertn.
47 *Stercolia villosa Roxb.
48 *Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels
49 *Syzygium kurzii (Duthie)N.P.Balakr.
50 *Taxodium sp.
51 *Tectona grandis L.f.
52 *Terminalia belerica (Gaertn.)Roxb.
53 *Terminalia chebula Retz.
54 *Terminalia crenata (Gaertn.)Roxb.
55 *Tetrameles nudilora R.Br.
56 *Toona ciliata Roem.
57 *Toxicodendron wallichii (Hook.f.)Kuntze
58 Ziziphus jujuba Mill.
SHRUBS
1 Abrus precatorious
2 *Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.) King & Robinson
3 Ageratum conyzoides L.
4 Atemisia indica Willd.
5 Bidens pilosa Linn
6 Boehmeria macrophylla D.
7 Cheilocostus speciosus (J. Konig) C. Specht.
8 Clerodendrum sp.
9 Colebrookea oppositifolia Smith.
10 *Lantana camara Linn.
11 Leucoceptrum sp.
12 Rubus difusus Sm.
13 Solanum turvum Swartz.
14 Vitex nigundo L.
15 Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz.
16 *
17 *
HERBS
1 Agave Americana L.
2 Alternenthera sessilis (L.) R.Br.ex DC.
3 Arundinaria sp.
4 Capillipedium sp.
5 Eragrostis sp
6 Eragrostis sp
7 *Eragrostis sp.
8 Eragrostis sp.
9 Gonostegia hirta (Blume ex Hassk.) Miq.
10 *Hedychium sp.
Chirpine
Thakkal
Chilauney
Sakhua / Sal
Odal
Jamuna
Amboke
Tarpin
Saigun/ Teak
Barro
Harro
Pakha saaj
Maina
Tooni
Valayo
Bayer
Pinaceae
Arecaceae
Theaceae
Dipterocarpaceae
Malvaceae
Myrtaceae
Myrtaceae
Taxodiaceae
Verbenaceae
Combretaceae
Combretaceae
Combretaceae
Tetramelaceae
Meliaceae
Anacardiaceae
Rhamnaceae
300-1200
150-700
Planted
100-600
300-1200
400-1500
250-1000
200-900
300-1700
500-2000
300-900
Kali Jhar
Elamey
Titepati
Kuro
Kamley
Betlauri
Lamiaceae
Dhusrey
Banmara
Bhimsen pati
Aiselu
Jangali Behi
Simali
Dhayero
Maitalu Kanra
Phirphiray
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Urticaceae
Costaceae
300-2000
200-2000
300-2400
300-2400
Upto 1860
300-1800
Lamiaceae
Verbenaceae
Lamiaceae
Rosaceae
Solanaceae
Verbenaceae
Lythraceae
200-1700
300-1700
Hattibar
Bhringi jhaar
Musey kharuki
Thulo kharuki
Chaptey banso
Ghodey banso
Banso
Jangali banso
Chiplay
Sara
Agavaceae
Amaranthaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Urticaceae
Zingiberaceae
400-2500
300-1200
400-1800
100-1500
300-1500
300-1500
359-1200
350-1500
500-2600m
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 31
11 Imperata cylindrica
12 Ischaemum rugosum Salisb
13 *Jasminum sp.
14 Mikania micrantha Kuntha
15 Mimosa pudica L.
16 *Neyraudia arundinaceae (L.)
17 Phlogacanthus pubinervius T.Anderson
18 *Poa sp
19 *Setaria palmifolia (J.Koenig) Stapf
20 *Thysanolaena latifolia (Roxb.ex Hornem.) Honda
21
ClIMBER/ EpIpHyTES/ BAMBooS/ FERNS
1 Acacia pinnata (L.)Willd.
2 Asparagus racemosus Willd.
3 Bauhinia vahlii Wight & Arn.
4 Dendrocalamus hamiltonii Nees & Arn.ex Munro
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Dioscorea pentaphylla L.
Dioscorea sp.
Ficus sarmentosa Buch.
Mikania micrantha Kuntha
Mucuna imbricate DC.
Neprolepis auriculata (L.) Trimen
Piper boehmeriaefolium (Miq.) DC.
Piper sp.
Smilax sp.
Spatholobus parvilorus (DC.) Kuntze
Siru
Babyo
Buhari jhar
Ghungring
Titay
Phurkay
Dhoti sara
Amliso
Gahatay jhar
Arari
Kurilo
Bhorlo
Choya bans
Poaceae
Poaceae
Oleaceae
Asteraceae
Mimosaceae
Poaceae
Acanthaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
300-1800m
300-1800
Fabaceae
Liliaceae
Caesalpiniaceae
Poaceae
200-1200m
200-1500m
200-1500m
700-4000m
Bantarul
Dioscoreaceae
Dioscoreaceae
Duday lahara Moraceae
Asteraceae
Kauso
Fabaceae
Pani amala
Nephrolepidaceae
Jungali pan
Piperaceae
Chabo/ Pan
Piperaceae
Kukurdainey
Liliaceae
Debre lahara
Fabaceae
Pareyandrey
Darmay Kanra
Note: (*) represents the species recorded inside the sample plots.
Crimson Sunbird
32 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
Indian Peafowl
300-2400m
100-1800m
300-1500
300-1500
200-2000m
200-1700m
300-1800m
500-2500m
300-1700m
Upto 1000
300-2000
500-2200m
200-2000m
Rapid Biodiversity Survey of
Tendong Reserve Forest, South Sikkim
Nimesh Chamling, Anjana Pradhan, Suraj Subba, Dorjee Chewang Bhutia and Meena Tamang
View of the trekking trail of Tendong Reserve Forest
STUDY AREA
Tendong Reserve Forest, located in South District under South Territorial Division of Namchi, is a
famous tourist destination known for its serene environment and the breathtaking panoramic views of
the Eastern Himalayas. The name “Tendong” is derived from the Lepcha dialect which means “the land
of the horn”. Legend has it that when a massive lood occurred in the area, the ancestors of Rongkup
Rumkups (Lepchas) took refuge on this hill as a horn miraculously arose to rescue the people. Prayers
were ofered to the Itbu Rum (creator) by the Lepchas and oferings of fermented millet were made.
The lood subsided when KohomFo (a hill partridge) appeared and had a few grains of the ofering.
The Lepchas believed that this was the sign of acceptance. Keeping in mind the historical and religious
signiicance of this place and event, the Government of Sikkim declared in 1997 that the 8th of August will
be a state holiday to commemorate the day of the TendongLho Rum Faat.
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 33
The current survey was carried out along the trekking route of Tendong Reserve Forest starting from
Damthang to the hill top where the monastery is located. Distance to the hill top is 6km from Damthang
Bazar and the trek route goes through lush and thick green vegetation rich in lora and fauna representing
a moist temperate broad-leaved forest. The altitude of the surveyed path ranged from 2156m to 2626m
asl lying between 27°15’0’’N – 27°09’0’’N latitude and 88°27’0’’E – 88°24’0’’E longitude (Figure 13).
The slope angle of the surveyed area ranged from 10° to 60° and aspect facing towards NE, SE and
NW. Recognized for its sacredness, Tendong RF is a famous tourist destination known for its serene
environment and the breathtaking panoramic views of the Eastern Himalayas. The Reserve Forest is
in South District under South Territorial Division of Namchi. The ield visit was done from 14th to 15th
November 2016. Random sampling was done using a standard quadrat method by laying 10 plots of 10m
x 10m at every 70 – 100m distance depending upon the site feasibility. The unidentiied specimens were
photographed and/or collected and identiied later by consulting plant taxonomists, herbaria and literature
(Table 4).
Figure 13: Rapid Biodiversity Survey plots along the sampling path of Tendong Reserve Forest
34 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
Table 4: Site characteristics of the sampling plots along Tendong Reserve Forest, South Sikkim
GPS coordinates
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 35
Site Code
Forest Type
Altitude
(m)
TH 01
Moist-Temperate
Broad-Leaved
2630
TH 02
Moist-Temperate
Broad-Leaved
2594
27°12’28.9”
88°24’30.0”
NE
Mild
30, open forest
TH 03
Moist-Temperate
Broad-Leaved
2514
27°12’34.8”
88°24’29.9”
SE
30
45, moderately
dense
TH 04
Moist-Temperate
Broad-Leaved
2445
27°12’41.7”
88°24’28.8”
NE
25
65, moderately
dense
TH 05
Moist-Temperate
Broad-Leaved
2363
27°12’51.8”
88°24’26.2”
NE
30
60, moderately
dense
TH 06
Moist-Temperate
Broad-Leaved
2313
27°13’01.1”
88°24’17.7”
E
15
55, moderately
dense
TH 07
Moist-Temperate
Broad-Leaved
2265
27°13’09.2”
88°24’11.6”
SW
30
40, moderately
dense
TH 08
Moist-Temperate
Broad-Leaved
2227
27°13’04.0”
88°24’12.0”
NE
Mild
65, moderately
dense
TH 09
Moist-Temperate
Broad-Leaved
2172
27°13’20.0”
88°24’02.2”
NE
15
40, moderately
dense
TH 10
Moist-Temperate
Broad-Leaved
2156
27°13’40.5”
88°23’46.0”
NW
40
70, very dense
latitude (N)
longitude (E)
27°12’21.5”
88°24’27.1”
Slope
Aspect
Slope
Angle (°)
Canopy Cover
(%)
N
15
20, open forest
Anthropogenic
disturbance
Fuelwood/
Fodder
NOTE: N, North; NE, North-East; SE, South-East; E, East; SW, South-West; NW, North-West
Grazing
Felling of trees
Moist-Temperate Broad-Leaved Forest of Tendong RF
CBH measurement
Laying of plot and recording data
36 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
Team brieing
RESULT
Tendong Reserve Forest, as per the survey, is a moist dense temperate forest with a total of 91 loral
species recorded, including the area outside the plots, under 85 genera belonging to 63 family members.
Herbs represented the highest number of species (32 species) belonging to 20 families with 30 genera.
Trees represented the second highest number of species (26 species) belonging to 17 families with 23
genera. Shrubs represented with 14 species belonging to 13 genera and 9 families. Fern and fern-allies
were represented by 10 species belonging to 10 genera and 9 families. Climbers and epiphytes were 8 in
number (8 genera and 7 families); and only 1 bamboo species was recorded in the entire area (Table 5
& 6).
Table 5: Distribution of loral species along Tendong Reserve Forest sampling path
Habit
Species
Genus
Tree
26
23
Shrub
14
13
Herb
32
30
Fern and fern-allies
10
10
Climbers and epiphytes
8
8
Bamboo
1
1
Total
91
85
Family
17
9
20
9
7
1
63
Table 6: General checklist of loral species recorded along Tendong Reserve Forest sampling path
Sl.
Scientiic Name
Local Name
Family
No.
TREES
1 Abies densa Grif.
Gobre Salla
Pinaceae
2 Acer cappadocicum Gled.
Kapasey
Sapindaceae
3 Castanopsis hystrix Hook. f. & Thomson ex A. DC.
Patley Katus
Fagaceae
4 Castanopsis tribuloides (Sm.) A.DC.
Musrey Katus
Fagaceae
5 Cedrela febrifuga Blume
Tooni
Meliaceae
6 Cinnamomum verum J.Presl
Sinkoli
Lauraceae
7 Cryptomeria japonica (Thunb. ex L.f.) D.Don
Dhuppi
Taxodiaceae
8 Elaeocarpus lanceifolius Roxb.
Bhadrasey
Elaeocarpaceae
9 Engelhardtia spicata Blume.
Mauwa
Juglandaceae
10 Eurya acuminata DC.
Jhinginey
Pentaphylacaceae
11 Exbucklandia populnea (R.Br. ex Grif.) R.W.Br.
Pipli
Hamamelidaceae
12 Leucosceptrum canum Sm.
Ghurpis
Lamiaceae
13 Lithocarpus pachyphyllus (Kurz) Rehder
Bantey
Fagaceae
14 Lyonia ovalifolia (Wall.) Drude
Angeri
Ericaceae
15 Macaranga pustulata King ex Hook.f.
Malato
Euphorbiaceae
16 Machilus edulis King ex Hook.f.
Lapche kawla/Pomsee
Lauraceae
17 Prunus cerasoides Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don
Payew
Rosaceae
18 Pterospermum acerifolium (L.) Willd.
Hattipaila
Malvaceae
19 Quercus lamellosa Sm.
Bajranth
Fagaceae
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 37
20 Rhododendron arboreum Sm.
21 Rhododendron hodgsonii Hook. f.
22 Symplocos glomerata King ex C.B. Clarke
23 Symplocos lucida (Thunb.) Siebold & Zucc.
24 Tetradium febrifuga
25 Tsuga dumosa (D.Don) Eichler
26 Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.
SHRUB
1 Ardisia macrocarpa Wall.
2 Azelea sp.
Lali Gurans
Gurans
Kholmey
Kharaney
Khanakpa
Thengra Salla
Boke timmur
Ericaceae
Ericaceae
Symplocaceae
Symplocaceae
Rutaceae
Pinaceae
Rutaceae
Damai Phal
Primulaceae
Ericaceae
3 Cestrum elegans (Brongn. ex Neumann) Schltdl.
Solanaceae
4 Cotoneaster sp.
Rosaceae
5 Daphne cannabina Lour. ex. Wall.
Kalo algeri
6 Dichroa febrifuga Lour.
Bhaasak/Ganhaaune Paat/
Aseru
Algeri / Lokti
Chutro
Chulesi
7 Edgeworthia gardnerii Meissn.
8 Mahonia napaulensis DC.
9 Osbeckia stellata Buch.-Ham. ex Ker Gawl.
10 Pyracantha sp.
11 Rubus ellipticus Sm.
12 Rubus splendidissimus H. Hara
13 Solanum viarum Dunal
14 Viburnum erubescens Wall.
HERBS
1 Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.) R.M.King & H.Rob.
2 Anaphalis contorta (D.Don) Hook.f.
3 Arisaema speciosum (Wall.) Mart
4 Artemesia vulgaris Linn.
5 Astilbe rivularis Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don
6 Begonia tessaricarpa C.B.Clarke
7 Bidens pilosa L.
8 Calceolaria bilatata
9 Campanula pallida Wall.
10 Carex sp.
11 Cautleya sp.
12 Centella asiatica (L.) Urb.
13 Clinopodium umbrosum (M.Bieb.) Kuntze
14 Elatostema platyphyllum Wedd.
15 Eragrostis sp.
16 Fragaria nubicola (Lindl. ex Hook.f.) Lacaita
17 Girardinia diversifolia (Link) Friis
38 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
Aiselu
Phusre aiselu
Junglee bey
Asare
Kalijhar
Buki Phool
Sapko Makai
Titepati
Buro Okhati
Magar kajey
Kuro
Lady’s purse
Gaanobuti/Nepali bikh
Harkatto
Golpatta
Gagleto
Banso
Bhui Aiselo
Bhangrey Sisnu
Thymelaeaceae
Hydrangeaceae
Thymelaeaceae
Berberidaceae
Melastomataceae
Rosaceae
Rosaceae
Rosaceae
Solanaceae
Adoxaceae
Compositae
Compositae
Araceae
Asteraceae
Saxifragaceae
Begoniaceae
Compositae
Calcolariaceae
Campanulaceae
Cyperaceae
Zingiberaceae
Apiaceae
Lamiaceae
Urticaceae
Poaceae
Rosaceae
Urticaceae
18 Gynura cusimbua (D.Don) S.Moore
19 Hedychium gardnerianum Sheppard ex Ker Gawl.
20 Hedychium spicatum Sm.
Saro
Saro
Compositae
Zingiberaceae
Zingiberaceae
21 Hemiphragma heterophyllum Wall.
Lalgeri
Plantaginaceae
22
23
24
25
26
27
Patley sisnu
Amilo Jhar
Ratneulo
Chipley Jhar
Thotney
Balsaminaceae
Urticaceae
Oxalidaceae
Polygonaceae
Urticaceae
Polygonaceae
28 Polygonum runcinatum Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don
Ratnaulo
Polygonaceae
29 Rubia manjith Roxb. ex Fleming
Majhito
Rubiaceae
30 Rubus calycinus Wall. ex D.Don
Bhalu Aisilo
Rosaceae
Impatiens stenantha Hook.f.
Laportea bulbifera (Siebold & Zucc.) Wedd.
Oxalis corniculata L.
Persicaria capitata (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) H.Gross
Pilea umbrosa Blume
Polygonum molle D. Don
31 Sarcopyramis napalensis Wall.
32 Trifolium repens L.
Melastomataceae
Dhungri jhar/Teen patey
Leguminosae
1 Cissus elongata Roxb.
Charcharey lahara
Vitaceae
2 Crawfurdia speciosa C.B.Clarke
Blue bell lower
Gentianaceae
3 Piper boehmeriifolium (Miq.) Wall. ex C. DC.
Jungle Paan
Piperaceae
EPIPHYTES AND CLIMBERS
4 Pleione praecox (Sm.) D.Don
Orchidaceae
5 Rhaphidophora decursiva (Roxb.) Schott
Kanchirna
Araceae
6 Tetrastigma serrulatum (Roxb.) Planch.
Charcharey lahara
Vitaceae
7 Trichosanthes lepiniana (Naudin) Cogn.
Indreni
Cucurbitaceae
8 Usnea sp.
Parmeliaceae
FERNS AND FERN-ALLIES
1 Cyathea chinensis Copel.
Ruhk uniu, Tree Fern
Cyatheaceae
2 Diplazium himalayense Panigrahi
Danthey ningro
Athyriaceae
3 Dryopteris redactopinnata S.K. Basu & Panigrahi
Unew
Dryopteridaceae
4 Gleichenia longissima Blume
Kalamey Unew
Gleicheniaceae
5 Lycopodium japonicum Thunb.
Nagbelli
Lycopodiaceae
6 Nephrolepis cordifolia (L.) C. Presl
Pani Amala
Nephrolepidaceae
7 Peranema cyatheoides D. Don
Dryopteridaceae
8 Pteridium revolutum (Blume) Nakai
Sottarey uniu, Pere ningro Dennstaedtiaceae
9 Pteris wallichiana J. Agardh
Chatey Uniu
Pteridaceae
Sindure
Selaginellaceae
Maling
Poaceae
10 Selaginella sp.
BAMBOO
1 Yushania maling (Gamble) R.B.Majumdar & Karthik.
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 39
A total of 44 plant families containing 66 species of plants represented the loral diversity from the survey
site. Family-wise analysis revealed that the maximum species recorded was from the family Rosaceae
with 7 species which was followed by Urticaceae, Compositae, Ericaceae, Fagaceae (4 species each),
Polygonaceae and Zingiberaceae (3 species each). In case of herbs, Urticaceae represented the dominant
family with 4 species viz. Laportea bulbifera, Pilea umbrosa, Girardiania diversifolia and Elatostema
platyphyllum followed by 3 species each in Polygonaceae viz. Persicaria capitata, Polygonum molle,
Polygonum runcinatum and Zingiberaceae viz. Hedychium spicatum, Hedychium gardnerianum, Cautleya
sp. were dominant in herb (Figure 14).
Figure 14: Family-wise distribution of all species
During the survey, a total of 10 plots were laid covering 0.10ha area, from which 20 trees, 6 shrubs,
21 herb species, 10 fern and fern-allies species, 8 climber/epiphyte species and 1 bamboo species were
recorded. The forest being a moist temperate broad-leaved type, the forest is largely dominated by oak
species of Quercus lamellosa, Castanopsis hystrix, Castanopsis tribuloides, Lithocarpus pachyphyllus,
and other prominent trees of Machilus sp., Symplocos glomerata and Symplocos lucida; other tree species
encountered within the sampling plots were Acer cappadocicum, Elaeocarpus lanceifolius, Cinnamomum
verum, Macaranga pustulata, Machilus edulis and Tsuga dumosa. While the upper part of the forest is
mostly covered by Yushania maling bamboo, the lower part is covered by species of oak providing a
dense canopy cover. At lower elevations, trunks and branches of trees are swarmed with lichens like
Usnea species and mosses providing a habitat for various epiphytic growth. Buttresses at the base of tree
trunks and lianas are the predominant sights in the forest.
Of the 20 large tree species recorded from the reserve forest (cumulatively 10 plots), the adult individuals
of Quercus lamellosa (130±0.68 ind/ha) followed by Machilus edulis (120±0.26 ind/ha) and Symplocos
lucida (110±0.48 ind/ha) recorded the highest density; whereas in terms of total basal cover, Lithocarpus
pachyphyllus (8119918.61m2/ha), Machilus edulis (5451593.59 m2/ha) and Castanopsis hystrix
(4799193.98 m2/ha) had the highest value (Table 7). The highest IVI value was recorded for Lithocarpus
pachyphyllus (46.26) followed by Machilus edulis (45.68), Castanopsis hystrix (26.61), Symplocos lucida
(21.99), Quercus lamellosa (19.80) and Symplocos glomerata (18.59) [Table 7]. The highest frequency
of occurrence was observed for Machilus edulis (60%), Quercus lamellosa (50%) and Symplocos lucida
(50%) [Figure 15].
40 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
Table 7: Availability of tree species in Tendong RF sampling path
Species
Density (ind/ha) ±SE
TBC (m2/ ha)
Frequency (%) A/F ratio
IVI
Acer cappadocicum
50±0.50
235399.05
20
0.13
9.20
Abies densa
30±0.50
124205.92
20
0.08
7.64
Castanopsis hystrix
30±0.50
4799193.98
20
0.08
26.61
Castanopsis tribuloides
30±0.50
471057.85
20
0.08
8.62
Cedrela febrifuga
20±0.00
326764.10
20
0.05
7.01
Cinnamomum verum
30±0.50
594309.37
20
0.08
9.14
Cryptomeria japonica
30±0.50
136001.81
20
0.08
7.23
Elaeocarpus lanceifolius
50±0.33
638476.06
30
0.06
13.16
Eurya acuminata
40±0.33
465891.22
30
0.04
11.43
Exbucklandia populnea
20±0.00
91422.36
20
0.05
6.04
Lithocarpus pachyphyllus
70±0.33
8119918.61
30
0.08
46.26
30+-0.50
125694.51
20
0.08
7.19
30±0.50
157264.78
20
0.08
7.32
120±0.26
5451593.59
60
0.03
45.68
Prunus cerasoides
30±0.50
143367.69
20
0.08
7.26
Quercus lamellosa
130±0.68
415941.28
50
0.05
19.80
Symplocos glomerata
100±1.06
292492.33
40
0.06
18.59
Symplocos lucida
110±0.48
429735.78
50
0.04
21.99
Tetradium febrifuga
40±0.33
1060299.50
30
0.04
13.90
Tsuga dumosa
20±0.00
65636.00
20
0.05
5.93
Lyonia ovalifolia
Macaranga pustulata
Machilus edulis
SE: Standard error; TBC: Total basal cover; A/F Ratio: Abundance to frequency ratio; IVI: Important value index
The highest sapling density in the forest was evidenced for Rhododendron arboreum (90±3.50 ind/
ha) followed by Symplocos lucida (80±0.24 ind/ha), Lithocarpus pachyphyllus (80±0.41 ind/ha) and
Rhododendron hodgsonii (60±2.00 ind/ha); while the lowest sapling density was observed for Elaeocarpus
lanceifolius (30±0.50 ind/ha) and Mahonia napaulensis (30±0.50 ind/ha) [Table 7]. Similarly, the highest
seedling density was found in Castanopsis hystrix (70±0.25 ind/ha); while the lowest was observed in
Acer cappadocicum (40±0.33 ind/ha) [Table 8]. The maximum frequency of occurrence for sapling was
observed for Castanopsis hystrix (50%) and Symplocos lucida (50%) [Figure 16]; whereas, the maximum
seedling frequency was evidenced for Machilus edulis (50%) and Quercus lamellosa (50%) [Figure 17].
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 41
Table 8: Availability of Sapling and Seedling species in Tendong RF sampling path
Sapling
Seedling
Density (ind/ha) ± SE
Density (ind/ha) ± SE
Acer cappadocicum
-
40±0.33
Castanopsis hystrix
60±0.20
70±0.25
Daphne sp.
40±0.33
-
Elaeocarpus lanceifolius
30±0.50
-
Eurya acuminata
Exbucklandia populnea
Lithocarpus pachyphyllus
50±0.33
50±0.25
80±0.41
-
Machilus edulis
40±0.33
60±0.20
Mahonia napaulensis
30±0.50
-
Quercus lamellosa
40±1.00
70±0.24
Rhododendron arboreum
90±3.50
50±0.25
Rhododendron hodgsonii
60±2.00
-
Symplocos glomerata
50±0.33
50±0.67
Symplocos lucida
80±0.24
80±0.41
Tetradium febrifuga
50±0.25
-
Species
SE: Standard error
Figure15: Frequency of tree species (adult individuals) along Tendong RF sampling path
42 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
Figure 16: Frequency of saplings along Tendong sampling path
Figure 17: Frequency of seedling along Tendong RF sampling path
Based on diameter class, the tree was measured under diferent girth class for precise determination of
stand structure with the gradient of 10 cm rise starting from 30 cm at gbh. The intervals started from 20-30
cm and ended at 671-680 cm at gbh. Dominant species as well as a few major tree species of the study site
was measured to understand the community structure. The diameter size classes were as follows:
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 43
20-30=1; 31-40=2; 41-50=3; 51-60=4; 61-70=5; 71-80=6; 81-90=7; 91-100=8; 101-110=9; 111-120=10;
121-130=11; 131-140=12; 141-150=13; 151-160=14; 161-170=15; 171-180=16; 181-190=17; 191-200=18;
201-210=19; 211-220=20; 221-230=21; 231-240=22; 241-250=23; 251-260=24; 261-270=25; 271-280=26;
281-290=27; 291-300=28; 301-310=29; 311-320=30; 321-330=31; 331-340=33; 341-350=34; 351-360=35;
361-370=36; 371-380=37; 381-390=38; 391-400=39; 401-410=40; 411-420=41; 421-430=42; 431-440=43;
441-450=44; 451-460=45; 461-470=46; 471-480=47; 481-490=48; 491-500=49; 501-510=50; 511-520=51;
521-530=52; 531-540=53; 541-550=54; 551-560=55; 561-570=56; 571-580=57; 581-590=58; 591-600=59; 601610=60; 611-620=61; 621-630=62; 631-640=63; 641-650=64; 651-660=65; 661-670=66; 671-680=67
Similarly, based on the diameter class, the individuals falling in E diameter class had the highest density
(20 ind/ha) followed by F (11 ind/ha) [Figure 18]. While the I and N diameter class had the lowest density
(1 ind/ha) [Figure 18].
Figure 18: Class-wise availability of tree species in the sampling site
Among the tree species, Lithocarpus pachyphyllus recorded the highest diameter in the diameter class
67 (1 no. of species), followed by Machilus edulis falling under diameter class 59 (1 no. of species).
While Rhododendron arboreum (2 no. of species) and Machilus edulis (1 no. of species) were recorded
the lowest diameter in diameter class 1 (Figure 18). While, Symplocos glomerata was recorded with
maximum number species in girth class 5 (8 no. of species) followed by Symplocos lucida (4 no. of
species) in girth class 5 and Quercus lamellosa in girth class 3 (3 no. of species) and girth class 5 (3 no. of
species)[Figure 18]. Similarly, diameter class distribution for some of the dominant species in Tendong
Reserve Forest is depicted in Figure 19, which reveals that, for no species, individuals falling in all the
diameter class were recorded from the study sites.
44 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
Figure 19: Diameter class distributions for some of the dominant tree species in Tendong RF
A total of 6 species of shrubs belonging to 5 genera and 5 families were recorded. The highest percent
cover was recorded for Rubus ellipticus Sm. (8.1%) followed by the Viburnum erubescencs (7%) and
Rubus splendidissimus (5.1%) [Figure 20]. While the lowest percentage was recorded for Azelea species
(1.2%) followed by Osbeckia stellata Buch.-Ham. ex Ker Gawl. (1.1%) [Figure 20].
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 45
Figure 20: % cover of shrubs in Tendong RF Sampling path
Similarly, a total of 21 species of herbs with 20 genera and 12 families were recorded. The highest
percentage cover was recorded for Eragrostis species (19%) followed by Laportea bulbifera (Siebold
& Zucc.) Wedd. (14%), Polygonum molle D. Don (9.5%), Pilea umbrosa Blume (9%) and Centella
asiatica (L.) Urb. (7.5%) [Figure 21]; while the lowest percentage was recorded for Fragaria nubicola
(Lindl. ex Hook.f.) Lacaita, Rubia manjith Roxb. ex Fleming, Astilbe rivularis Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don and
Hedychium gardnerianum Sheppard ex Ker Gawl. (0.5%) [Figure 21]. If we go according to the familywise composition, the highest number of taxa was recorded for Urticaceae (4) followed by Asteraceae
(3), Polygonaceae (3) and Zingiberaceae (2) [Figure 21]. Apart from the above species, the commonly
found herbs are represented by Carex sp., Cautleya sp., Elastotema platyphyllum, Persicaria capitata,
Hedychium spicatum, Hedychium gardnerianum, etc.
However, many species of fern and fern-allies such as Gleichenia longissima, Pteridium revolutum,
Cyathea chinensis and Nephrolepis cordifolia cover the forest loor in clusters and some grow as epiphytes
as well. The trees also support epiphytic orchids and climbers of various species like Crawfurdia speciosa,
Piper boehmeriifolium, Pleione praecox and Tetrastigma serrulatum.
Figure 21: % Cover of Herb species in Tendong RF Sampling path
46 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
Figure 22: Family-wise species composition of herb species in Tendong RF
FAUNA
During the trail sampling, a total of 7 species of mammals and 18 bird species were recorded along
Tendong trail (Table 9 & 10). Amongst the mammalian species, Assamese Macaque, Himalayan Serow
have been assessed as near threatened by the IUCN whereas Himalayan black bear as Vulnerable.
Table 9 Mammal species encountered in the trail sampling along Tendong RF transect
Common Name
Zoological Name
Local Name
Evidences1
Barking Deer
Muntiacus muntjak
Mirga
P
Squirrel
Dremomys lokriah
Lottherkey
S
Assamese Macaque
Macaca assamensis
Bandar
C
Serow
Capricornis thar
Thar
P
Wild boar
Sus scrofa
Badel
DS
Yellow Throated Marten
Martes lavigula
Malsapra
Himalayan Black Bear
Ursus thibetanus
Bhalu
DS, FS
IUCN Status2
LC
LC
NT
NT
LC
LC
V
1
C: Call, DS: Digging sign, FS: Foraging sign, P: Pellet, PM: Pug mark, S: Sighting 2LC: Least concern, NT: Near threatened, VU:
Vulnerable
Table 10 Checklist of bird species encountered along Tendong RF transect
Species
Zoological Name
Local Name
Blue Whistling Thrush
Myophonus caeruleus
Kalchura
Common Green Magpie
Cissa chinensis
Dhodey Koiley
Common Myna
Acridotheres tristis
Ruppi
Great Barbet
Megalaima virens
Neol
Green Backed Tit
Parus monticolus
Chi chink Kotey
Green Tailed Sunbird
Aethopyga nipalensis
Balchi
Himalayan Bulbull
Pycnonotus leucogenys
Jureli
House Crow
Corvus splendens
Kag
House Sparrow
Passer domesticus
Bhangera
Kaleej Pheasant
Lophura leucomelanos
Kalij
Evidences1
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
IUCN Status2
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
NA
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 47
Red Tailed Minla
Red Vented Bulbull
Rufous Sibia
Scaly Thrush
Striated Laughingthrush
Velvet Fronted Nuthatch
Verditer Flycatcher
Whiskered Yuhina
Minla ignotincta
Pycnonotus cafer
Malacias capistratus
Zoothera duma
Garrulax striatus
Sitta frontalis
Eumyias thalassinus
Yuhina lavicollis
Jureli
Kolkoley
Sulsuley
Harini
Sano Jureli
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
1
S: Sighting; LC: Least concern; NA: Not assessed
DISCUSSION
Tendong Reserve Forest, located in Tendong hill above Damthang is a famous tourist destination. The top of
the hill goes upto the elevation of 8660 ft which provide serene environment and the breathtaking panoramic
views of the Eastern Himalayas. It can be approached only by trekking which starts from Damthang. The
length of the trek route is around 6 kms which passes through lush green forest, rich in Spectacular Flora
and Fauna.
Historically, this has been a place of solitary for Buddhist monk who spend years in meditation amidst the
silent scenic grandeur. As per the Lepcha folklore Tendong Hill gets its name, meaning “the land of the
horn” and the myths of Lepchas which passed on through generation are that, Tendong saved them from
the great lood, which submerged the entire world. This lore is an amazing resemblance with Noah’s Ark as
Mount Ararat become the savour like Tendong Hill. It is a sacred place. Even today Lepchas pay homage to
Tendong Hill on Lho Rham Faat.
A small monastery and a three storied watch towers are on the top.The massive earthquake of September
2011 has left the tower and monastery with cracks. From this tower we get a magniicent 360° view of the
entire mountain ranges of Sikkim viz. Singalila range in the west and Chola range in the east.
Sikkim harbours 11 oak species viz. Quercus lamellosa Sm., Quercus serrata Murray, Quercus lineata
Blume, Quercus glauca Thunb., Quercus laurina Bonpl., Lithocarpus fenestratus (Roxburgh) Rehder,
Lithocarpus pachyphyllus (Kurtz) Rehder, Castanopsis hystrix Hook. f. & Thomson ex A. DC., Castanopsis
tribuloides (Sm.) A.DC, Castanopsis indica (Roxb. ex Lindl.) A. DC. and Castanopsis lanceifolia (Oerst.)
Hickel & A. Camus. During our ield survey in the Tendong reserve forest, we came across 4 types of oak
species viz. Castanopsis tribuloides, Castanopsis hystrix, Lithocarpus pachyphyllus and Quercus lamellosa
all belonging to Fagaceae family. Quercus lamellosa (130±0.68 ind/ha) had the highest density followed by
the Lithocarpus pachyphyllus (70±0.33 ind/ha), Castanopsis hystrix and Castanopsis tribuloides (30±0.50
ind/ha) each.
0aks are considered keystone species because it plays a critical role in maintaining the structure of an
ecological community and whose impact on the community is greater than would be expected based on its
relative abundance or total biomass. Many species of oaks are under threat of extinction in the wild, largely
due to land use changes, livestock grazing and unsustainable harvesting.
The present study of the forest was dominated by Rosaceae (7 species) followed by Urticaceae (4 species),
Compositae (4 species), Ericaceae (4 species), Fagaceae (4 species), Polygonaceae (3 species) and
Zingiberaceae (3 species) in the entire plots. Rosaceae is major dominant family as compared to other family
in present study. The family included several species belonging to the genus Fragaria, Prunus, Rubus etc.
48 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
The tree density was recorded higher for Quercus lamellosa followed by Machilus edulis, Symplocos
glomerata and Symplocos lucida. Whereas in the seedling category, the higher density was recorded for
Rhododendron arboreum followed by Lithocarpus pachyphyllus, Symplocos lucida, Rhododendron
hodgsonii, Tetradium febrifuga and Symplocos glomerata. In saplings highest was recorded for Symplocos
lucida, Quercus lamellosa, Machilus edulis and Rhododendron arboreum.
Similarly, the higher frequency was recorded for Machilus edulis, Quercus lamellosa, Symplocos lucida
and Symplocos glomerata. While, in the seedling higher frequency was recorded for Quercus lamellosa,
Machilus edulis, Castronopsis hystrix and Rhododendron arboreum. Whereas, the higher frequency in
sapling was recorded in Symplocos lucida, Castronopsis hystrix, Lithocarpus pachyphyllus and Tetradium
febrifuga.
In terms of Important Value Index (IVI) in Tendong Reserve Forest, the dominant tree species were
Lithocarpus pachyphyllus (46.26) followed by Machilus edulis (45.68), Castronopsis hystrix (26.61)
and Symplocos lucida (21.99). According to Subba et al, 2014 the broad-leaved hill forest temperate
region comprises mostly of temperate Oak forest. Similarly in Sikkim Himalayas, the Oak species viz.
Lithocarpus pachyphyllus, Quercus lamellosa, Castronopsis hystrix and Castanopsis tribuloides were
highly dominated in the forest, which has water holding capacity in the ground. This is evident in the present
study area where Lithocarpus pachyphyllus, Quercus lamellosa, Castronopsis hystrix and Castanopsis
tribuloides has been found to be the dominant Oak species. These Oak species are also indicator of faunal
species presence especially; the fruits are eaten by Wild boar, Red Panda and which directly relates to the
growth of predator species like leopard (Subba et al, 2014).
When further analysed with girth classes, the intervals started from 20-30 cm and ended at 671-680 cm at
ghb. The dominant species as well as a few major tree species of the study site was measured to understand
the community structure. Among the Oak species Lithocarpus pachyphyllus and Machilus edulis followed
almost a normal distribution curve with increasing the girth classes suggesting stable population. In case
of Quercus lamellosa, Symplocos glomerata and Symplocos lucida, there is larger proportion of small girth
classes to moderate girth classes than fairly big trees. This study suggested that the population of these trees
is more stable and is capable of regenerating to mature trees under favourable conditions.
The highest percent cover of shrubs/Scrub species were recorded in diminishing order of Viburnum
erubescens, Rubus ellipticus, Rubus splendidissimus, Edgeworthia gardnerii, Azelea sp. and Osbeckia
stellate in the entire sampling plots. Similarly, the highest herb percent cover was recorded as Eragrostis
sp. (19), Laportea bulbifera (14), Polygonum molle (9.5), Pilea umbrosa (9), Centella asiatica (7.5), Carex
sp. (5.5), Girardiania diversifolia (3.8), Anaphalis contorta (3.2), Bidens pilosa (3), Persicaria capitata (2),
Rubus calycinus (2)., etc. Similarly, in the family-wise species composition the maximum family of herbs
species were recorded Urticaceae (4 species), Zingiberaceae, Compositae, Polygonaceae and Rosaceae (2
no. of taxa each) respectively. Highest family Zingiberaceae included several species belonging to the taxa
of Laportea bulbifera, Pilea umbrosa, Girardiania diversifolia and Elatostema platyphyllum (Urticaceae)
and the taxa belonging to Hedychium spicatum and Hedychium gardnerianum (Zingiberaceae). While
the taxa belonging Anaphalis contorta and Ageratina adenophora (Compositae) and the taxa belonging
Persicaria capitata and Polygonum molle (Polygonaceae) and the taxa belonging Fragaria nubicola and
Rubus calycinus (Rosaceae) were recorded. Apart from these plant species, one bamboo species Yushania
maling (locally called as “Maling”) is widely distributed in Tendong Reserve Forest trekking trail. The
bamboo is used to in house construction and for matting. When growing vigorously, the bamboo can be used
for weaving baskets or making fencing, more usually though the growth is smaller and is used for making
brushes and straws.
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 49
Rapid Biodiversity Survey of
Barsey Rhododendron Sanctuary
West Sikkim
Anjana Pradhan, Sanjyoti Subba, Nimesh Chamling and Sumitra Nepal
Survey team at Barsey Rhododendron Sanctuary at Hilley in West Sikkim
INTRODUCTION
Barsey Rhododendron Sanctuary, located in the West District of Sikkim, is nestled in the Singalila
Range sharing its border with Nepal in the west and West Bengal in the south over the Rambong Khola.
Occupying an area of 104km2, the sanctuary is a trans-boundary protected area bounded by 27°14ʹ01ʺ
N latitude and 88°14ʹ26ʺ E longitude towards east, 27°12ʹ47ʺ N latitude and 88°01ʹ05ʺE longitude
towards west, 27°17ʹ21ʺ N latitude and 88°02ʹ31ʺ E longitude towards north, and 27°09ʹ05ʺN latitude
and 88°08ʹ00ʺE longitude towards south. The sanctuary being a rich store house of lora especially the
rhododendrons and fauna, this sanctuary was created and notiied in the year 1998 under the Notiication
No.50/WL/F/95/269/F & WL dated 08.06.96.
The altitudinal gradient of 2200-4100 m above sea level has a diverse topography providing a range
of climate leading to a vast loral and faunal diversity right from the sub-tropical forest to the alpine
meadows. These forests are mainly dominated by species of rhododendron favored by the wet and cold
climate along with varieties of tree and medicinal plant species of economic value. The splendid sight
of rhododendron lowers with a grandiose view of the Mount Kangchendzonga at the back drop and the
region being a home to the state animal, Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens), makes the sanctuary an attractive
paradise for nature lovers.
50 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
The sanctuary is lourished with trees of Rhododendron arboreum, R. barbatum, R. falconeri, R. grande,
R. griithianum and R. hodgsonii and shrubs such as R. campanulatum, R. dalhousieae and R. lepidotum
giving the forest a beautiful look at the time of blooming. Other commonly available tree species are Abies
densa, Acer campbellii, A. caudatum, A. palmatum, A. pectinatum, Lithocarpus pachyphyllus, Maddenia
himalaica, Magnolia campbellii, Prunus sp., Symplocos lucida and Tsuga dumosa. While many epiphytic
species such as orchids, mosses and lichens are seen growing on trees, shrubs such as Berberis insignis,
Daphne cannabina, Gaultheria nummularioides, Gaultheria trichophylla, Piptanthus nepalensis, Rosa
sericea, Rubus sp. and Viburnum erubescens are frequently seen throughout the forest. The forest
loor is covered by various species of herbs such as Arisaema sp., Frageria nubicola, Hemiphragma
heterophyllum, Oxalis sp., Potentila sp., Primula sp., Rubus sp., Swertia sp. and Viola sp. The sanctuary
is also rich in medicinal herbs such as Swertia sp., Paris polyphylla, Oxalis corniculata, Meconopsis
paniculata, Heracleum wallichii and Rumex nepalensis. Thick growth of bamboo such as Bambusa sp.
and Sinarundinaria microphylla is encountered habitually along the trial serving a habitat for Red Panda.
The sanctuary, renowned for harboring varieties of rhododendron, is also known for sheltering a wide
range of faunal species viz., Red Panda, Himalayan Black Bear, Barking Deer, Yellow-throated Marten,
Goral, Common Leopard, Leopard Cat, Marbled Cat, Himalayan Palm Civet, Wild dog, Fox, Wild Boar,
Serow, Monal Pheasant, Kaleej Pheasant, Crestless Porcupine, Rufous-tailed Hare, Flying Squirrel and
Himalayan Mouse Hare. Birds such as Verditer Flycatcher, Large-billed Crow, Plain mountain inch,
Spotted laughing thrush, Grey-backed shrike, Green-tailed sunbird, Green-backed tit and Blood Pheasant.
SURVEY AREA
The Rapid Biodiversity Survey was conducted along the trekking route of Barsey Rhododendron
Sanctuary starting from Hilley to Chewabhanjyang (April-May 2017) covering 40 km approx. distance.
The altitude of the surveyed path ranged from 2737m to 3610m asl lying between 27º11’14.9’’N27º15’0.0’’N latitude and 88º07’11.7’’E -88º01’50.5’’E longitude covering temperate rhododendron
forest, temperate coniferous forest and sub-alpine forest. A total of 33 plots were laid along the transect
(Map).
Map of the Rapid Biodiversity Survey along the Barsey Rhododendron Sanctuary sampling path
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 51
MATERAILS AND METHODS
FLORA: The sampling plot of 10 X 10 m was laid, depending upon the site feasibility. Within the main
plot, all the standing tree species were enumerated and measured (cbh) at 1.37 m from the ground by
using measuring tape. Circumference at breast height (1.37 m) was taken for the determination of tree
basal area. Total basal area is the sum of basal area of all species present in the forest. Basal area (m2 / ha)
was used to determine the relative dominance of a tree species. Within the subplots, 5 m X 5m were laid
for recording the sapling (no. of species & its height) & for shrub the percent cover was recorded. Within
this, 1 m X 1m were laid in 4 corner and 1 point at centre for seedling species were enumerated, the same
plot was used for recording the herb percentage in the area. The location and altitude of the plots were
recorded by calibrating the global positioning system (GPS; Garmin eTrex) and the humus depth was
measured with the help of measuring scale. Plant species were identiied through herbarium record and
lora published (Hooker JD, 1888-1890, Hooker JD 1849, Pradhan & Lachungpa, 1990, Kholia, 2010).
The unidentiied plants species in the ield were photographed, and later identiied by consulting plant
taxonomist), & BSI and web references (www.eloras.org; www.lowersoindia.net & www.loraofchina.
org) and by referring local people too. All the sampling plots were geo-tagged for reference under longterm monitoring.
FAUNA
The presence and relative abundance of most small and large species of animals has been studied using
methods based on indirect evidence, such as animal pits, manure, pellets, feeding signs & tracks. The
birds and butterlies were also recorded along the sampling paths.
Laying of Sampling Plots
Enumeration of Floral Species
52 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
Table 11: Site characteristics of the sampling plots along Barsey Rhododendron Sanctuary path
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 53
Site
Code
Area Name
BRS 1
Hilley
BRS 2
Hilley
BRS 3
Hilley
BRS 4
Hilley
BRS 5
Hilley
BRS 6
Hilley
BRS 7
Barsey
BRS 8
Barsey
BRS 9
Barsey
BRS 10
Barsey
BRS 11
Barsey
BRS 12
Lasuney
BRS 13
Above Lasuney
BRS 14
Below
DeonigaloDhaap
BRS 15
DeonigaloDhaap
Forest Type
Temperate Rhododendron
Mixed Forest
Temperate Rhododendron
Mixed Forest
Temperate Rhododendron
Mixed Forest
Temperate Rhododendron
Mixed Forest
Temperate Rhododendron
Mixed Forest
Temperate Rhododendron
Mixed Forest
Temperate Rhododendron
Mixed Forest
Temperate Rhododendron
Mixed Forest
Temperate Rhododendron
Mixed Forest
Temperate Rhododendron
Mixed Forest
Temperate Rhododendron
Mixed Forest
Temperate Rhododendron
Mixed Forest
Temperate Rhododendron
Mixed Forest
Temperate Rhododendron
Mixed Forest
Temperate Rhododendron
Mixed Forest
GPS Coordinate
Altitude
Slope Slope
Canopy
(m)
Angle
Aspect
Cover
(%)
latitude (N) longitude (E)
Disturbance
2737
27°11ʹ14.9”
88°07ʹ11.7”
70
N
30
Natural
2774
27°11ʹ18.3”
88°07ʹ14.2”
80
NE
20
Natural
2797
27°11ʹ23.5”
88°07ʹ17.7”
80
NE
10
Natural
2842
27°11ʹ56.09”
88°07ʹ14.4”
50
E
20
Natural
2811
27°12ʹ0.6”
88°07ʹ28.6”
60
NW
10
Natural
2865
27°12ʹ32.5”
88°08ʹ2.8”
10
E
25
Natural
2823
27°12ʹ37.2”
88°08ʹ11.3”
10
SE
30
Natural
2797
27°12ʹ44.1”
88°08ʹ38.7”
40
NE
15
Natural
2835
27°13ʹ10.3”
88°07ʹ13.8”
70
NE
20
Natural
2845
27°13ʹ14.5”
88°07ʹ10.7”
25
E
45
Natural
2871
27°13ʹ9.7”
88°07ʹ0.1”
40
NE
10
Natural
2826
27°12ʹ59.7”
88°06ʹ49.5”
40
N
10
Natural
2853
27°13ʹ5.4”
88°06ʹ23.4”
35
E
60
Natural
2808
27°13ʹ47.8”
88°06ʹ2.2”
60
SE
0
Natural
2787
27°13ʹ54.5”
88°05ʹ46.4”
45
E
60
Natural
54 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
BRS 16
Above
DeonigaloDhaap
Temperate Rhododendron
Mixed Forest
2813
27°13ʹ50.2”
88°05ʹ20.6”
10
E
40
BRS 17
Above Duck
Pokhari
Temperate Rhododendron
Mixed Forest
2872
27°14ʹ3.3”
88°04ʹ32.9”
mild
NE
10
BRS 18
Achallay
Temperate Rhododendron
Mixed Forest
2885
27°14ʹ46.5”
88°04ʹ19.6”
mild
NE
0
Anthropogenic
BRS 19
Above Achallay
2885
27°14ʹ43.1”
88°03ʹ50.6”
30
NE
20
Natural
2968
27°14ʹ42.4”
88°03ʹ38.6”
15
NE
20
Natural
2947
27°14ʹ31.6”
88°03ʹ20.6”
10
NE
0
Natural
2877
27°14ʹ54.9”
88°03ʹ15.5”
mild
NE
10
Natural
BRS 20
BRS 21
BRS 22
Thulo Dhaap
Temperate Rhododendron
Mixed Forest
Temperate Rhododendron
Mixed Forest
Temperate Rhododendron
Mixed Forest
Temperate Rhododendron
Mixed Forest
Natural
BRS 23 Above Thulo Dhaap
Temperate Coniferous
3002
27°14ʹ55.6”
88°03ʹ0.5”
40
NE
30
Natural
BRS 24
Temperate Coniferous
3069
27°14ʹ59.3”
88°02ʹ56.7”
30
NE
20
Natural
BRS 25
Temperate Coniferous
3177
27°15ʹ2.3”
88°02ʹ46.3”
mild
NE
20
Natural
BRS 26
Temperate Coniferous
3250
27°15ʹ6.0”
88°02ʹ44.1”
60
NE
35
Natural
Temperate Coniferous
3352
27°15ʹ5.2”
88°02ʹ35.5”
10
NE
0
Natural
BRS 27
Chipchipey
BRS 28
Kalijhar
Sub-Alpine
3412
27°15ʹ3.5”
88°02ʹ14.8”
90
SW
0
Natural
BRS 29
Above Kalijhar
Sub-Alpine
3509
27°14ʹ57.2”
88°01ʹ59.1”
90
NE
0
Natural
BRS 30
BRS 31
Phoktey Dara
Alpine
Temperate Coniferous
3610
3251
27°15ʹ0.0”
27°15ʹ38.5”
88°01ʹ50.5”
88°01ʹ53.9”
mild
60
NE
NE
0
10
Natural
Natural
BRS 32
Before Chewabhanjyang
Temperate Coniferous
3157
27°15ʹ50.0”
88°01ʹ52.2”
45
E
15
Natural
BRS 33
Chewa-bhanjyang
Temperate Coniferous
3119
27°16ʹ5.3”
88°01ʹ52.6”
25
S
10
Natural
Note: N, North; S, South; E, East; NE, North-East; NW, North-West; SW, South-West; SE, South-East.
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
FLORA
A total of 109 loral species belonging to 45 families were recorded during the survey and covering an
area 0.33 ha. Herbs represented the highest 50 number of species belonging to 39 genera in 26 families.
This was followed by shrubs with 26 species belonging to 18 genera in 12 families. Trees characterized
21 species including 1 unidentiied species belonging to 13 genera in 9 families. Whereas, 4 epiphytes
species 3 genera belonging to 2 families, climbers represented 6 species with 5 genera belonging to
5 families were recorded. The highest species was documented from Ericaceae family representing
rhododendron species along with other species such as Gaultheria sp., and Vaccinium species.
The vegetation of the surveyed path from Hilley to Barsey comprises of trees viz., Abies densa, Lithocarpus
pachyphyllus, Symplocos lucida and Tsuga dumosa giving a moderate canopy cover. A rhododendron tree
species of R. arboreum of rosy-red form is seen lourishing along the trail. Rhododendron barbatum
which is categorized as vulnerable in Sikkim is found at large scale at an elevation of 2823m asl just
before reaching Barsey which can also be observed at higher elevation of the sanctuary. A pure stand of
Rhododendron falconeri is found at an elevation of 2865m asl. The forest loor is densely covered with
shrubs and herbs. The commonly occurring shrubs are Polygonum molle, Berberis insignis, Cotonaester
microphyllus, Daphne cannabina, Gaultheria nummuloroides, Ilex sp., Piptanthus nepalensis, Rubus
ellipticus and Viburnum erubescens. While Gaultheria nummuloroides was recorded with herbs such as
Arisaema griithii, Viola sp., Fragaria nubicola, Paris polyphylla, Impatiens sp., Astilbe sp., Hypericum
sp., Lycopdium sp., Primula sp., Rumex nepalensis, Anaphalis sp., Heracleum wallichii, Centella
asiatica, Oxalis corniculata and Elatostema platyphyllum are found covering the forest loor. Epiphytes
and climbers such as Holboellia latifolia, Rubia manjith, Smilax sp. and Vaccinium nummularia and
mosses are commonly seen growing on trees.
Rhododendron arboreum and Rhododendron dalhousiae in full bloom
The lora along the trekking route from Barsey to Sano Dhaap to Thulo Dhaap was dominated by Tsuga
dumosa, Lithocarpus pachyphyllus, Rhododendron arboreum and R. falconeri with shrub species such
as Berberis insignis, Daphne cannabina, Gaultheria nummularioides, Rosa sericea and Viburnum
erubescens which are most prominent at 2835 m asl. Saplings and seedlings of R. barbatum, R. hodgsonii
and Acer species were recorded abundantly. Trees are mostly covered with an epiphyte speices such as
Vaccinium nummularia, and climbers such as Holboellia latifolia and Clematis montana are seen clinging
on them. However, an epiphytic shrub, R. dalhousiae, was spotted along 2810 m asl at latitude 27°13ʹ48.5ʺ
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 55
N and longitude 88°05ʹ17.8ʺ E growing on the common shrub Viburnum erubescens. The commonly
found herbs are Fragaria nubicola, Geranium sp., Hemiphragma heterophyllum, Primula sp., Potentila
sp. and Viola pilosa. A herb named Ligularia sp. (locally called Barsey jhar), is found only along the
Barsey trekking route. Though Arisaema griithii is distributed along this trekking route, Arisaema
nepenthoides and Arisaema speciosum were recorded. The reed-bamboo, Sinarundinaria microphylla, is
largely distributed along 2787 m asl at Sano Dhaap (locally called Deonigalo Dhaap). It is a rare species
recorded only in West district of Sikkim so far.
Sinarundinaria microphylla at Sano Dhaap
Along Thulo Dhaap-Kalijhar trail (2877-3412 m asl), the temperate rhododendron mixed forest is slowly
replaced by temperate coniferous forest dominating with Rhododendron falconeri and R. barbatum.
Another species of rhododendron, R. hodgsonii, is available in the area along with Magnolia campbellii
is in full bloom stage. The shrubs are also replaced by Berberis mucrifolia, Cotonaester microphyllus,
Enkianthus delexus, Gaultheria trichophylla, Piptanthus nepalensis and Viburnum nervosum while
Rosa sericea and Daphne cannabina are the existing shrubs found upto Kalijhar. Even the loor of the
temperate coniferous forest is covered with Gentiana pedicellata, Primula sp., Potentila sp., Fragaria
nubicola, Meconopsis paniculata and Cirsium sp., Arisaema griithii and A. nepenthoides are found
amongst the Arisaema species.
56 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
Rhododendron falconeri habitat along Hilley-Barsey sampling path
Rhododendron barbatum habitat along Hilley-Barsey sampling path
Rhododendron hodgsonii
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 57
However, on reaching Kalijhar, the forest is substituted with an open scrubland with herb vegetation viz.,
Cirsium sp., Frageria nubicola and Potentila sp. Above this zone, the forest is again lourished with R.
arboreum (rosy and pinkish-red form) covering the entire forest; and huge trees of Abies densa were
recorded along Kalijhar. A large portion of ground is largely distributed with scrubs of R. lepidotum in
its vegetative stage on the way upto Kalijhar. Scrubs such as Cotonaester microphyllus, Rosa sericea and
Berberis sp. are widely distributed and herbs of Potentila sp., Cirsium sp. and Anaphalis sp. cover the
loor.
Rhododendron lepidotum along Kalijhar – Phoktey Dara
Phoktey Dara, standing at 3610 m altitude, is a small hillock which is a viewpoint for the Singalila Range
The alpine vegetation such as Berberis sp. and Cirsium sp were recorded. Below this zone is the subalpine zone representing the vegetation of R. barbatum, R. falconeri and Machilus sp. The prevailing
shrubs along this trekking route upto Chewabhanjyang are Berberis sp., Daphne cannabina, Rosa sericea
and Viburnum nervosum while herbs species such as Potentila sp., Meconopsis sp., Frageria nubicola,
Hemiphragma heterophyllum, Viola serpens, V. pilosa and Geranium sp. are commonly found and
recorded.
58 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
Apart from the above-mentioned species, the checklist of the loral diversity recorded along the Barsey
Rhododendron Sanctuary is listed in.
Table 12: Checklist of loral species encountered along the Barsey Rhododendron Sanctuary
Local Name
Family
Altitudinal
ranges (m)
asl
IUCN/
Regional
Status
1 Abies densa Griith. ex Parker Silver Fir
GobreySalla
Pinaceae
2800 – 3700
LC
Acer campbellii Hook. &
2
Thom. ex Hiern
Campbell’s Maple
Kapasay
Aceraceae
1800 – 2700
NA
3 Acer palmatum
Palmate Maple
Kapasay
Aceraceae
2500 – 3000
NA
Acer pectinatum Wall. ex
4
Nicholson
Maple
LekhKapasay
Aceraceae
2300 – 3700
NA
5 Betula utilis Don
Himalayan Birch
Bhojpatra
Betulaceae
2500 – 3800
LC
Thick-leaved Oak
SungureyKatus,
Fagaceae
Bante
1800 – 2700
NA
Sl.
Botanical Name
No.
Common Name
TREES
6
Lithocarpus pachyphyllus
(Kurtz.) Rehder
7 Lyonia ovalifolia
Oval-leaved Lyonia Angeri
Ericaceae
1500 – 3000
NA
Kawlo
Lauraceae
1500 – 2100
NA
Rosaceae
2400 – 3000
NA
Ghogey Champ Magnoliaceae
2400 – 3100
LC
Rani Champ
2100 – 2500
NA
8 Machilus sp.
Maddenia himalaica Hook. f.
9
& Thom.
Magnolia campbellii Hook. f. Campbell’s
10
Magnolia
& Thom.
Magnolia doltsopa (Buch.11
Doltsopa
Ham. ex DC.) Figlar
Magnoliaceae
11 Prunus sp.
Phoktey Dara at 3610 m asl
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 59
12
Rhododendron arboretum (CB Arborescent
Rhododendron
Clarke) Ridley.
LaliGurans
Ericaceae
1700 – 3400
13
Rhododendron barbatum
Wall. ex G. Don
Bristly
Rhododendron
LalChimal
Ericaceae
3000 – 3700
14
Rhododendron falconeri
Hook. f
Dr. Falconer’s
Rhododendron
Korlinga
Ericaceae
2700 – 3000
15 Rhododendron grande Wight
Large Silvery
Rhododendron
PatleKorlinga
Ericaceae
2000 – 3000
IUCN:
NA;
Sikkim:
VUL(5)
IUCN:
NA;
Sikkim:
VUL
IUCN:
NA;
Sikkim:
Threatened
IUCN:
NA;
Sikkim:
Threatened
IUCN:
NA;
Sikkim:
Out of
danger
IUCN:
NA;
Sikkim:
Out of
danger
16
Rhododendron griithianum
Wight
Lord Auckland’s
Rhododendron
SetoChimal
Ericaceae
1800 – 3200
17
Rhododendron hodgsonii
Hook. f.
Hodgson’s
Rhododendron
Khorlinga
Ericaceae
3000 – 4000
18 Sorbus sp.
Lekpasi
Rosaceae
2700 – 5400
NA
19 Symplocos lucida
Kharanay
Symplocaceae
1900 – 2500
NA
Pinaceae
2500 – 3000
LC
Tsuga dumosa (D. Don)
20
Eichler
Himalayan Hemlock TengreSalla
21 Unidentiied
SHRUBS/SCRUBS
Grape-Leaf
Acanthopanax cissifolius
1
(Grif. ex C.B.Clarke) Harms Eleuthero
Polygonum molle (D. Don)
2
Sikkim Knotweed
H. Hara
Dangdinge
Araliaceae
Thotne
Polygonaceae
3 Alstonia sp.
4
Chutro
Berberidaceae
5 Berberis mucrifoliaAhrendt
Box-leaved Barberry
Berberidaceae
Cotoneaster microphyllus
6
Lindley
Rockspray
Cotoneaster
Rosaceae
7 Daphne cannabina Lour.
Indian Paper Plant
Elatostema platyphyllum
Wedd.
9
Enkianthus delexus (Grif.)
C.K. Schneid.
1300 – 3200
NA
NA
Apocynaceae
Berberisi nsignis Hook. F.
&Thoms.
8
2500 – 3600
Himalayan Red
Bells, Himalayan
Enkianthus
60 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
2000 – 3400
2400 – 4000
NA
NA
Baruvaa, Lokta Thymelaeaceae
Sano Gangleto
Urticaceae
RatoAngeri
Ericaceae
700 – 1900
NA
2500 – 3300
NA
10
Gaultheria nummularioides
D.Don
11 Gaultheria trichophylla Royle
Coinwort Snowberry KaaliGedi
Ericaceae
Himalayan
Snowberry
Ericaceae
KaaliGedi
12 Ilex sp.
13 Mahonia napaulensis DC.
14
2100 – 4100
NA
2700 – 4500
NA
1200 – 3000
NA
2100 – 3600
NA
Aquifoliaceae
Nepal Mahonia,
Indian barberry
JamaneMandro Berberidaceae
Piptanthus nepalensis (Hook.)
Evergreen Laburnum
D. Don
Rhododendron campanulatum Bell-lowered
15
Rhododendron
D.Don
Fabaceae
NiloChimal
Ericaceae
16
Rhododendron dalhousiae
Hook. f. & Thom.
Lady Dalhousie’s
Rhododendron
LahareChimal
Ericaceae
17
Rhododendron lepidotum
Wall. ex G. Don
Scaly Rhododendron BhaleSunpate
Ericaceae
18 Ribes sp.
IUCN:
NA;
3000 – 4500
Sikkim:
Threatened
IUCN:
NA;
2000 – 2600 Sikkim:
Out of
danger
IUCN:
NA;
2500 – 5000 Sikkim:
Out of
danger
Grossulariaceae
19 Rosa sericea Lindl.
Silky Rose
BhoteyGulab
Rosaceae
2100 – 4500
NA
20 Rubus ellipticus Sm.
Yellow Himalayan
Raspberry
Ainselu
Rosaceae
1700 – 2300
NA
Nepalese Raspberry BhuiAinselu
Rosaceae
2100 – 3200
NA
22 Rubus niveusThunb.
Mysore Raspberry
Ainselu
Rosaceae
500 – 2800
NA
23 Spiraea sp.
Arching Spirea
Panda, Pans
Rosaceae
3000 – 4200
NA
Rosaceae
2100 – 3600
NA
Asare
Adoxaceae
1500 – 2700
NA
Asare
Adoxaceae
2600 – 3500
NA
21
Rubus nepalensis (Hook.f.)
Kuntze
24 Spiraea bella Sims.
25 Viburnum erubescens Wall.
26 Viburnum nervosum D. Don
HERBS
1 Acanthus sp.
Pretty Spirea,
Himalayan Spirea
Reddish Viburnum
Acanthaceae
2 Ainsliaea aptera DC.
Asteraceae
1200 – 3600
NA
3 Ajuga lobata D. Don
Lamiaceae
1500 – 3300
NA
4 Amorphophallus sp.
A
raceae
1400 – 2700
5 Anaphalis sp.
Asteraceae
Arisaema consanguineum
6
Schott
Araceae
2200 – 2700
NA
7 Arisaema griithii Schott
Araceae
2400 – 3600
NA
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 61
Arisaema nepenthoides
(Wall.) Mart.
Arisaema speciosum (Wall.)
9
Mart.
8
Araceae
2000 – 3300
NA
Araceae
2400 – 2800
NA
500 – 2100
LC
1600 – 4000
NA
10 Arisaema sp.
Araceae
11 Astilbe sp.
Saxifragaceae
12 Carex sp.
Cyperaceae
13 Centella asiatica (L.) Urb.
Apiaceae
14 Cirsium sp.
Asteraceae
15
Clintonia udensis Trautv.
&C.A.Mey.
Liliaceae
16 Conium maculatum L.
Apiaceae
17 Fragaria nubicola Lindl.
Rosaceae
2000 – 3600
NA
Gentiana pedicellata (D. Don)
18
Wall
Gentianaceae
2100 – 3400
NA
19 Gentiana sp.
Gentianaceae
20 Geranium sp.
Geraniaceae
Scrophulariaceae 1800 – 3600
NA
22 Heracleum wallichii DC
Apiaceae
3600 – 4100
NA
23 Hypericum sp.
Hypericaceae
24 Impatiens sp.
Balsaminaceae
25 Juncus sp.
Juncaceae
Urticaceae
1200 – 3200
NA
27 Ligularia sp.
Asteraceae
1200 – 3200
28 Lycopdium sp.
Lycopodiaceae
Meconopsis paniculata (D.
29
Don) Prain
Papaveraceae
21
26
Hemiphragma heterophyllum
Wall.
Lecanthus peduncularis (Wall.
ex Royle) Wedd.
NA
3000 – 4100
NA
30 Meconopsis sp.
Papaveraceae
31 Mimulus nepalensis Benth.
Scrophulariaceae 1200 – 3000
NA
250 – 2450
NA
2000 – 3000
NA
NA
32 Oxalis corniculata L.
Oxalidaceae
33 Oxalis sp.
Oxalidaceae
34 Paris polyphylla Sm.
Melanthiaceae
35 Pedicularis sp.
Orobanchaceae
36
Persicaria capitata (Buch.Ham. ex D.Don) H.Gross
Polygonaceae
600 – 2400
37
Persicaria runcinata (Buch.Ham. ex D. Don) H. Gross
Polygonaceae
1600 – 3800
62 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
38
Potentilla peduncularis D.
Don
Rosaceae
3000 – 4500
NA
39 Primula gracilipesCraib
Primulaceae
3500 – 4000
NA
40 Rumex nepalensisSpreng.
Polygonaceae
1200 – 4300
NA
41 Sambucus sp.
Adoxaceae
42 Streptopus simplex
Liliaceae
2400 – 4000
NA
Gentianaceae
200 – 3000
NA
Gentianaceae
1500 – 2500
NA
45 Taraxacum oicinale
Asteraceae
3350 – 5500
NA
46 Thalictrum foliolosum DC.
Ranunculaceae
1300 – 3400
NA
47 Trillium govanianum Wall. ex
D.Don
Melanthiaceae
2700 – 4000
NA
49 Viola serpens Wall. ex Ging.
Violaceae
1400 – 3500
NA
50 Viola pilosa Blume
Violaceae
1200 – 3000
NA
1720 – 2130
NA
1500 – 2200
CR
2400 – 4000
NA
Mussikane
2130 – 3050
NA
Ransag
500 – 2400
NA
JungeLaharo
2100 – 4100
NA
2400 – 3000
NA
Bagul, Guphala,
Malkati
1500 – 4000
NA
Majitho
700 – 3600
NA
Deonigalo
1800 – 3300
Rare in
Sikkim
Swertia bimaculata
43 (Siebold&Zucc.) Hook. f. &
Thomson ex C.B. Clarke
Swertia chirayita (Roxb.)
44
Buch.-Ham. ex C.B.Clarke
48 Unidentiied
EPIPHYTES
Agapetes serpens (Wight)
1
Sleumer
Gastrochilus calceolaris
2
(Buch.-Ham. ex Sm.) D.Don
Vaccinium nummularia Hook.
3
f &Thoms. ex. C. B. Cl.
Vaccinium retusum (Grif.)
4
Hook. f. ex C. B. Cl.
CLIMBERS
1 Clematis acuminata DC.
2
Clematis Montana Buch.Ham. ex DC.
Himalayan Lantern,
Khursani
Creeping Agapetes
Shoe-shaped
Gastrochilus
Coin Whortleberry
Himalayan
Blueberry
3 Crawfurdia speciosa Wall.
4 Holboellia latifolia Wall.
5
Rubia manjith Roxb. ex
Fleming
6 Smilax sp.
BAMBOO
1 Bambusa sp.
2 Sinarundinaria macrophylla
Note: NA, Not Assessed; CR, Critically Endangered; LC, Least Concern.
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 63
Magnolia campbellii
Rhododendron griithianum
Berberis insignis
Cotoneaster microphyllus
Daphne cannabina
Mahonia nepaulensis (Fruiting)
Piptanthus nepalensis
Rosa sericea
64 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
Spiraea bella
Viburnum nervosum
Ajuga lobata
Ainsliaea aptera
Anaphalis sp.
Arisaema griithii
Arisaema nepenthoides
Arisaema consanguineum
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 65
Arisaema speciosum
Arisaema sp.
Clintonia udensis
Conium maculatum
Gentiana pedicellata
Meconopsis sp.
Mimulus nepalensis
Paris polyphylla
66 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
Swertia chirayata
Trillium govanianum
Amorphophallus sp.
Viola serpens
Agapetes serpens
Vaccinium numaalaria
Holboellia latifolia
Gastrochilus calceolaris
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 67
FAUNA
To record faunal and avi-faunal species, direct and indirect signs were taken into considerations while
walking along the sampling path. Recording of digging signs of wild boar, pellets, scats, calls and feathers
were mostly seen along the trekking trial, and photo capture was done depending upon the feasibility.
Some of the common butterly species were also recorded during the trail sampling.
During the trekking route along the sampling paths, a number of faunal and avi-faunal species were
sighted and some were recorded based on their calls. A total of 34 bird species were recorded belonging to
31 genera and 20 families out of which 10 were sighted from Hilley to Chewabhanjyang trekking route.
Amongst fauna, a Barking Deer (Muntiacus muntjak) belonging to Cervidae family was sighted at Sano
Dhaap. Birds such as Verditer Flycatcher, Large-billed Crow, Plain mountain inch, Spotted laughingthrush,
Grey-backed shrike, Green-tailed sunbird and Green-backed tit were spotted and recorded. The male and
female Blood Pheasant were spotted at 3352m asl in R. hodgsonii forest. Many beautiful avians were
encountered in the sanctuary out of which Indian Common Crow (Euploea core Cramer) was recorded
at around 3000 m asl, Indian Tortoiseshell (Aglais caschmirensis) recorded at around 2800 m asl and
Painted Lady (Vanessa cardui recorded at around 2700 – 2800 m asl) butterlies were sighted (Table 13).
Table 13: Checklist of faunal and avi-faunal species recorded along the Barsey Rhododendron Sanctuary
Evidences
Altitudinal
Sl.
Scientiic Name
Common Name
Local Name Family
(Direct &
Range (m)
No.
indirect)
AVI-FAUNA
1 Aethopyga ignicauda
Fire-tailed Sunbird
Balchey
Nectarinidae
Sighted
1500 – 2700
2 Aethopyga nepalensis
Green-tailed Sunbird
Kalobalchey Nectarinidae
Sighted
1500 – 2000
3 Alcippe sp.
White-throated Fulvetta
Sylviidae
1500 – 2700
4 Arborophila torqueola
Hill Partridge
Peura
Phasinidae
Call
1500 – 2700
5 Blythipicus pyrrhotis
Bay Wood Pecker
Picidae
1500 – 1950
6 Carpodacus rodochroa
Rose Finch
Tuti
Fringillidae
Sighted
1500 – 4500
7 Cinclus cinclus
White-throated Dipper
Cinclidae
1500 – 2300
8 Corvus macrorhyncus
Large-billed Crow
Kaag
Corvidae
Sighted
1500 – 4500
9 Dendrocopos darjellensis Darjeeling Wood Pecker Laachey
Picidae
1500 – 2300
10 Dicrurus macrocerus
Black Drongo
Chibey
Dicaeidae
1500 – 1900
11 Enicurus maculatus
Spotted Forktail
Muscicapidae
1500 – 1330
12 Eumyias thalassinus
Verditer Flycatcher
Hariney
Muscicapidae Sighted
1500 – 4500
13 Garrulax ocellatus
Spotted Laughingthrush Kolkoley
Turdidae
Sighted
1500 – 2700
14 Garrulax striatus
Straited Laughingthrush Kolkoley
Turdidae
1500 – 2300
15 Hierococcyx sparverioides Large Hawk Cuckoo
Cuculidae
1500 – 2300
16 Ithaginis cruentus
Blood Pheasant
Phasinidae
Sighted
1500 – 4500
17 Lanius tephronotus
Grey-backed Shrike
Laniidae
Sighted
18 Leucosticte nemoricola
Plain Mountain Finch
Fringillidae
Sighted
19 Lophura leucomelana
Kalij Pheasant
Kaleej
Phasianidae
1850 – 2700
20 Lophophorus impejanus Himalayan Monal,
Phasianidae
2000 – 4500
21 Malacias capistratus
Rufous Sibia
Leiotrichidae
22 Minnla strigula
Bar-throated Minla
Leiotrichidae
1500 – 2700
23 Motacilla lava
Yellow Wag Tail
Motacillidae
68 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
IUCN
Status
NA
LC
NA
LC
NA
NA
LC
LC
NA
LC
LC
LC
LC
NA
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
NA
24 Myophonus caeruleus
25 Parus monticolus
26 Pericrocotus ethologus
Pomatorhinus
27
superciliaris
Porphyrospiza
28
caerulescens
29 Scolopax rusticola
30 Streptopelia orientalis
31 Tragopan satyra
32 Turdus boulboul
33 Upupa epops
34 Urocissa levirostris
Blue Whishing Thrush
Green-backed Tit
Long-tailed Minivet
Splender Bill Scimeter
Babbler
Kalchura
Fista
Finch
Tuti
Turdidae
Paridae
Campephagidae
1100 – 2700 NA
2400 – 2700 LC
LC
Timaliidae
540 – 2464 NA
Fringillidae
NT
Wood Cock
Oriental Turtle Dove
Dhukur
Satyr Tragopan
Mudal
Grey-winged Black Bird
Common Hoope
Fafarey
Yellow-billed Blue
Magpie
Scolopacidae
Columbidae
Phasinidae
Turdidae
Upupidae
Sighted
NA
LC
2700 – 4000 NT
1800 – 2700 NA
NA
Corvidae
Sighted
1500 – 2000 LC
Red Panda
Himalayan Serow
Himalayan Crestless
Porcupine
Ailuridae
Bovidae
2200 – 4800 EN
300 – 3000 NT
Hystricidae
upto 1500
LC
Leporidae
upto 2700
LC
upto 4500
LC
FAUNA
1 Ailurus fulgens
2 Capricornis thar
Hystrix brachyura
3
Linnaeus
Lepus nigricollis
4
ruicaudatus
5 Martes lavigula
Rufous-tailed Hare
Jarayo
Yellow-throated Marten
Mustelidae
Photo
captured
6 Muntiacus muntjak
Barking Deer
7 Nemorhaedus sp.
Goral
Himalayan Mouse Hare,
Royle’s Pika
Bovidae
Himalayan Palm Civet
Viverridae
Common Leopard
Felidae
upto 5200
VUL
Felidae
Felidae
Suidae
upto 2500
upto 4000
NT
LC
LC
Himalayan Black Bear Bhalu
Bengal Fox, Indian Fox
Flying Squirrel
Ursidae
Canidae
Sciuridae
upto 4300
upto 1500
upto 2300
VUL
LC
1 Aglais caschmirensis
Indian Tortoiseshell
Nymphalidae
Sighted
2 Euploea core Cramer
Indian Common Crow
Nymphalidae
Sighted
3 Vanessa cardui
Painted Lady
Nymphalidae
Sighted
8 Ochotona roylei
9 Paguma larvata
10 Panthera pardus
Mirga
11 Pardofelis marmorata
Marbled Cat
12 Prionailurus bengalensis Leopard Cat
13 Sus scrofa
Wild Boar
14 Ursus thibetanus
15 Vulpes bengalensis
16 Pteromyini sp.
BUTTERFLY
Cervidae
Ochotonidae
LC
2400 – 5200 LC
LC
600 – 5500;
encountered NA
at 2800
encountered
LC
at 3000
encountered
NA
at 2700
Note: LC, Least Concern; VUL, Vulnerable; NT, Near Threatened; NA, Not Assessed.
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 69
Faunal and avi-faunal species recorded along the trekking trail
Barking Deer sighted at Sano Dhaap
Spotted Laughingthrush
Grey-backed Shrike
Plain Mountain Finch
Verditer Flycatcher
Indian Tortoiseshell butterly on the petals of R. falconeri
Blood Pheasant (male and female) spotted at 3352m asl in R. hodgsonii forest
70 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
OBSERVATIONS
Barsey Rhododendron Sanctuary comprises of a lat, hilly and mountainous terrain interspersed with
lakes and winding streams providing a varied forest ranging from sub-tropical to temperate rhododendron
mixed forest to temperate coniferous to alpine meadows, thereby leading to a vast loral and faunal
diversity. The climate is wet and cold which is highly favourable for the growth of various species of
rhododendron.The sanctuary is lourished with rhododendron trees viz., Rhododendron arboreum, R.
barbatum, R. falconeri, R. grande, R. griithianum and R. hodgsonii and some rhododendron shrubs
such as R. campanulatum, R. dalhousiae and R. lepidotum giving the forest a beautiful look at the time
of blooming.
During the survey, we came across two vulnerable rhododendron species of Sikkim i.e. Rhododendron
arboreum and R. barbatum which were found regenerating vibrantly in the area. With an increase in
elevation, R. arboretum having a high medicinal value (in both pinkish-rose and rosy-red forms) are in full
bloom which is largely distributed upto 3400 m asl at Phoktay Dara. A threatened species, Rhododendron
falconeri habitat was observed at an elevation of 2823 m asl which was also observed at higher elevation
from 3177 - 3352 m asl. Where R. grande was observed at lower elevation of the area, R. barbatum
habitat was observed at higher elevation. An epiphytic rhododendron shrub, R. dalhousieae was recorded
along 2810 m asl at latitude 27°13ʹ48.5ʺ N and longitude 88°05ʹ17.8ʺ E growing on the common shrub
Viburnum erubescens. An epiphytic orchid, Gastrochilus calceolaris, which is categorized as Critically
Endangered species by IUCN, was also observed in the trekking route of Barsey Rhododendron Sanctuary.
Other commonly available tree species are Abies densa, Tsuga dumosa, Acer campbellii, A. caudatum,
Lithocarpus pachyphylla, Maddenia himalaica, Magnolia campbellii, Prunus sp. and Symplocos
lucida. While many epiphytic species such as orchids, pteridophytes, mosses and lichens are growing
on trees, shrubs such as Berberis insignis, Daphne cannabina, Gaultheria nummularioides, Gaultheria
trichophylla, Piptanthus nepalensis, Rosa sericea, Rubus sp., Viburnum erubescens and Viburnum
nervosum are frequently observed throughout the forest. The forest loor is covered mostly by various
species of herbs such as Arisaema sp., Frageria nubicola, Hemiphragma heterophyllum, Oxalis sp.,
Potentila sp., Primula sp., Rubus sp., Swertia sp., Viola pilosa and Viola serpens. The sanctuary is also
rich in medicinal herbs such as Swertia sp., Paris polyphylla, Oxalis corniculata, Meconopsis paniculata,
Heracleum wallichii and Rumex nepalensis.
Another importance of the sanctuary is the availability of a rare bamboo, Sinarundinaria macrophylla,
along 2787 m asl at Sano Dhaap which has been recorded only in West district of Sikkim so far. The
presence of the bamboo in the sanctuary serves as a habitat for Red Panda. The bamboo has a medicinal
property where the smoke of leaves is used during headache and common cold. It is said that this dhaap was
once a huge sacred lake which is now a marshy land making it a habitat for Sinarundinaria macrophylla.
An evident character of the forest is the availability of a vast seedling emergence of many loral species
of Acer campbellii, A. palmatum, A. pectinatum, Lithocarpus pachyphylla, Magnolia campbellii, R.
arboreum, R. barbatum, R. falconeri, R. grande, R. hodgsonii, Symplocos lucida and Tsuga dumosa
which is very high along the sampling path indicating a vibrant regeneration potential.
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 71
Quantitative Analysis of vegetation in
diferent forest types of
Barsey Rhododendron Sanctuary
in West Sikkim, India
Sanjyoti Subba, Sumitra Nepal, Anjana Pradhan, Nimesh Chamling
Photo 1: Overview of Barsey Rhododendron Sanctuary
ABSTRACT
A total of 98 species were recorded of which 34 herb species followed by 26 tree species, 20 shrub/
scrub species, 6 climber, 6 fern and fern-allies, 4 epiphyte and orchid species and 2 bamboo species
were recorded by laying 33 sampling plots in Barsey Rhododendron Sanctuary. Raunkiaer’s life form
assessments revealed the Hemicryptophytes (40.86%) representing the highest, which is ground vegetation
of herbaceous plant species followed by Phanerophytes (34.41%) representing the canopy forming plant.
The highest tree individuals were recorded is Rhododendron falconeri (351.52 Ind/ha) followed by
Rhododendron arboreum var. arboreum (CB Clarke) Ridley (315.15 Ind/ha), and Lithocarpus pachyphyllus
(124.24 Ind/ha). The lowest adult tree individual were recorded from Acer campbellii (6.06 Ind/ha),
Magnolia doltsopa, Prunus sp. Sorbus sp (each having 9.09 Ind/ha) respectively. The highest important
Value index (IVI) value was recorded for Lithocarpus pachyphyllus (58.70) followed by Rhododendron
arboreum var. arboreum (50.17) etc. The lowest IVI value was recorded for Acer campbellii (2.48). In
general, the species diversity (H’) and richness of trees (adult, sapling & seedling) in the site were found
as highest in concentration for the seedlings (H’=2.530) followed by trees H’=2.368 and the saplings
72 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
(H’=1.888) in the area of 0.33 ha. The abundance to frequency ratio revealed all the adult individuals
of tree species showing contagious distribution and not exhibiting any random or regular distribution.
The maximum abundance of the species of tree species were recorded for Rhododendron arboreum var.
arboreum (16), followed by Lithocarpus pachyphyllus & Rhododendron falconeri (15 each species),
respectively. The study suggests that there was rich biodiversity in the diferent forest types in Barsey
Rhododendron Sanctuary need to be conserving for future generation.
KEYWORDS
Barsey Rhododendron Sanctuary; Plant diversity; life-forms; Species richness; distribution patterns
INTRODUCTION
Diferent forest types play signiicant role in preserving the ecosystem especially related to soil, water
and the biota. The appearance of similar biological spectra in diferent regions shows similar climatic
conditions. However, difering in the life form distribution between the normal spectrum and a biological
spectrum would indicate which form of life characterizes the phyto-climate or the vegetation under
study. As because vegetation is also part of ecosystem, ecosystem one can learn about plants before
understanding speciic ecosystem. Monitoring ecosystem health and changes in biodiversity can be
achieved to a signiicant degree by monitoring changes in vegetation (Subba et al. 2017).
A life form of a plant is the sum of its all life processes and evolved directly in response to the environment
(Cain 1950). It is descriptive tool for classifying plant life forms based on the structure and function of
forest by (Raunkiaer 1934). Under the Raunkiaer’s systems, the plant species can be grouped into ive
main classes, viz., Phanerophytes, Chamaephytes, Hemicryptophytes, Cryptophytes and Therophytes.
The Raunkiaer’s life forms spectrum is an indication of phytoclimate of the habitats and micro and
macro-climate and human disturbance of particular area by (Cain & Castro 1959).
Many studies have been done on variety and variability of plant species diversity in diferent forests types
in north- eastern India (Bhuyan et al. 2003; Devi & Yadava 2006; Majumdar & Datta 2015; Upadhaya
et al. 2015) and study of life-form in north east vegetation by (Singh & Gupta, 2015). The plant species
diversity in Sikkim Himalayan Region, by many researches has been done and recorded by (Cowan &
Cowan 1929; Pradhan & Lachungpa 1990; Rai & Rai 1993; Singh & Chauhan 1998; Sanjyoti Subba,
2017) and vegetation studies were done by (Chettri & Sharma 2006; Subba et al. 2015; Subba et al. 2016;
Subba et al. 2017; Subba & Lachungpa 2016; Pradhan & Lachungpa 2015) and life-form spectrum study
by (Subba et al. 2017). The present study on Barsey Rhododendron Sanctuary was carried out with the
objective to quantify and analyze the vegetation pattern and plant species diversity along with distribution
patterns in that area.
STUDY AREA
The Barsey Rhododendron Sanctuary is located in the western district of Sikkim, established in 1998,
occupies an area of 104 km2 sharing its border with Nepal to the west and West Bengal to the south over
the Rambong Khola in the Singalila Range. The altitudinal gradient of 2200–4100 m asl provides a wide
range of topography leading to various forest types, viz., sub-tropical moist deciduous forest (2200–
2400 m), wet temperate forest (2400–2700 m), moist temperate forest (2700–3250 m), sub-alpine forest
(3200–4000 m) and alpine meadows (>4000 m) as mentioned by (Sharma 2001).
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 73
Rapid biodiversity survey was conducted during April-May 2017, along Hilley-Barsey-Sano DhaapThulo Dhaap-Kalijhar-Phoktay Dara-Chitray-Chewabhanjyang-Uttarey trekking route (ca. 40 km) of
BRS in proximity to the Singalila Ridge. From Hilley to Chewabhanjyang, 33 random sampling plots were
laid, covering an area of 0.33 ha. We covered the temperate rhododendron forest, temperate coniferous
forest and sub-alpine zone between 2700-3600 m asl. The sanctuary harbors over dozen of rhododendron
species, pure patches of Lithocarpus pachyphyllus and epiphytes, climbers, ferns and fern-allies, moss
and lichens. BRS is a biologically diverse sanctuary and famous for its rhododendron stand which blooms
usually between April and May. The climate is wet and cold which is highly favorable for the growth
of rhododendrons. July is the wettest month of the year and temperature is not less than 17°C. There is
Hilley enter point of BRS, Hilley gives the best view of sunrise while Barsey gives a splendid view of
Mt. Khangchendzonga, Mt. Pandim and Mt. Sinolchu, etc., which becomes more picturesque between
October and November. The sanctuary is also home to many faunal species, viz., Red Panda, Wild Boar,
Himalayan Black Bear, Barking Deer and Serow, etc. BRS is also notable for habitat of Red Panda
(Ailurus fulgens) which is the State Animal of Sikkim. The dense forests of Lithocarpus pachyphyllus
provides shelter as well as abundant fruits and as such are good indicators of faunal presence and richness.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
From Hilley to Chewabhanjyang, 33 random sampling plots were laid, covering an area of 0.33 ha. We
covered the temperate rhododendron forest, temperate coniferous forest and sub-alpine zone between
2700-3600 m asl. In April-May 2017, random quadrat method was done by laying 33 sampling plots. The
plot of 10 x 10 m was laid, depending upon the site feasibility. Within the main plot, all the standing tree
species were enumerated and measured (cbh) at 1.37 m from the ground. Circumference at breast height
(1.37 m) was taken for the determination of tree basal area. Total basal area is the sum of basal area of all
species present in the forest. Basal area (m2 / ha) was used to determine the relative dominance of a tree
species. Within the subplots, 5 m x 5m were laid for recording the sapling (no. of species & its height) for
shrub the percent cover was recorded. 1 m x 1m quadrat was laid at 4 corners and 1plot at centre point
for seedling species, same plot was used for recording the herb percentage in the area. Plant species were
identiied through herbarium record and lora (Polunin & Stainton 1984; Hooker JD 1872-1897; Hooker
JD 1888-1890; Hooker JD 1849; Pradhan & Lachungpa 1990; Kholia, BS 2010). The unidentiied plants
species in the ield were photographed, and later identiied by consulting plant taxonomist at G.B. Pant
Institute (Sikkim Unit), & BSI and web references (www.eloras.org; www.lowersoindia.net), www.
loraofchina were made and by referring to local people from the nearby villages. All the sampling plots
were geotagged for reference under long-term monitoring and altitude was recorded.
74 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS
The quantitative analysis such as frequency, density, and abundance of the recorded species were
determined as per (Curtis & McIntosh 1950).
1.
Frequency (%) (F) = Total no. of quadrat in which the species occurred x 100
Total no. of quadrat studied
2.
Relative frequency (RF) =
3.
Density (D) = Total no. of individual in all the quadrat x100
Total no. of quadrat studied
4.
Relative Density (RD) =
5.
Abundance (A) =
Total number of individuals of a species x100
Total number of quadrat in which the species occurred
6.
Relative Dominance (RDo) = Total basal cover of individual species x100
Total basal cover of all species
7.
Basal cover = Pi *r2
8.
Importance Value Index (IVI) = RD + RF + RDo
9.
Species Diversity Index:
The Shannon-Weiner diversity index (Shannon & Weiner 1963) is calculated using
the species diversity in a community
S
H’=-”(ni/N)log2 ni/N)
i. i=1
Where, ‘ni’ represents total number of individuals of particular species, and ’N’
represents the total number of individuals of all species
10.
Species Richness
It is simply the number of species per unit area. (Margalef’s index of species richness 1958)
was calculated by using formula.
D= (S-1)/ln(N)
Where, ‘S’ = the number of species in the sample and ‘N’= the total number of
individual in the sample.
11.
Pearson Correlation Coeicient was calculated.
Frequency of a species x100
a. Frequency of all species
Number of Individual of a species x100
Total number of individual of all species
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 75
RESULTS
1. VEGETATION STRUCTURE
The study revealed a total of 98 species were recorded of which 34 herb species followed by 26 tree
species, 20 shrub/scrub species, 6 climber, 6 fern and fern-allies, 4 epiphyte and orchid species and 2
bamboo species were recorded within 33 sampling plots and other remaining shown in (Table 14).
Table 14: Plant Taxa recorded in Barsey Rhododendron Sanctuary, West Sikkim
Habit
Species
Genera
Family
Tree
26
17
10
Shrubs/scrub
20
15
10
Herb
34
30
21
Fern & fern-allies
6
6
5
Epiphytes/orchids
4
4
2
Climber
6
5
5
Bamboo
2
2
1
Total
98
79
54
Unidentiied
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
4
2. LIFE FORM SPECTRUM
Raunkiaer’s life-form assessments revealed 5 spectra represented by Phanerophytes, Chamaephytes,
Geophytes, Hemicrytophytes, and Epiphytes. The missing life-forms in the site were Geophytes,
Aerophytes, Helophytes, Hydrophytes and Therophytes. Highest percent among the life-forms was of the
Hemicryptophytes (40.86%) representing the ground vegetation of herbaceous plant species followed by
Phanerophytes (34.41%) representing the canopy forming plant. Between the ground lora and canopyforming species other life-forms like Chamaeophytes (16.13 %) and Epiphytes (8.60 %) were recorded
(Figure 23).
Figure 23: life form Spectrum of diferent forest types of Barsey Rhododendron Sanctuary
76 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
Diversity of vegetation was found most in case of the ground lora in comparison to trees and shrubs/
scrubs. Trees recorded the highest diversity on a species to family ratio (2:6). Overall species to family
ration was found to be (1.7) for the study site. A total of 54 plant families containing 98 number of plant
species represented the loral face of the study site. For the phanerogamic lora maximum species recorded
for any family was that of Ericaceae (21 species), and this was followed by Rosaceae (11 species), and
Sapindaceae (9 species), Asteraceae (8 species), Papaveraceae (7), Apicaceae (4 species), respectively.
The correlation between the elevation and total number of individuals showed the maximum of 27 of
plant species being recorded at 2811 m elevation at plot 5 followed by 25 plant species at 2865-3069 m
asl at plot 6 and 24 (Figure 24).
Figure 24: Correlation between the elevation and total number of individuals
Site characteristics including the geographic location of sampling plots, species richness, humus depth,
slope angle, etc., in the study area is presented in (Table 15).
Pearson Correlation Coeicient was calculated between the humus depth (cm) and species richness,
where positively signiicant correlation between those and the value of (+1.00) was obtained which is
signiicantly higher.
Table 15: Site Characteristics and Species richness of the sampling plots in the Barsey Rhododendron Sanctuary,
West Sikkim (between lat: 27°11´14.9” & 27°15´38.5 “ and long: 88°07´11.7” & 88°01´53.9”)
Site
Forest Type
code
P1
P2
P3
P4
P5
P6
p7
P8
P9
P10
P11
P12
P13
Temperate broadleaved Forest
Temperate broadleaved Forest
Temperate broadleaved Forest
Temperate broadleaved Forest
Temperate broadleaved Forest
Temperate broadleaved Forest
Temperate broadleaved Forest
Temperate broadleaved Forest
Temperate broadleaved Forest
Temperate broadleaved Forest
Temperate broadleaved Forest
Temperate broadleaved Forest
Temperate broadleaved Forest
Elevation Slope
Slope
(m)
Angle (o) Aspect
2737
2774
2797
2842
2811
2865
2823
2797
2835
2845
2871
2826
2853
70
80
80
50
60
10
10
40
70
25
40
40
35
N
NE
NE
E
N
E
SE
NE
NE
E
NE
N
E
Humus Canopy
Species
depth Cover
Richness
(cm)
(%)
0.5
1.5
1.5
1
1.6
1.5
1
3
1
2
1
1
1
30
20
10
20
10
25
30
15
20
45
10
10
60
32.54
32.62
32.67
32.58
32.70
32.69
32.68
32.65
32.66
32.64
32.57
32.52
32.58
Disturbance
Natural
Natural
Natural
Natural
Natural
Natural
Natural
Natural
Natural
Natural
Natural
Natural
Natural
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 77
P14
P15
P16
p17
P18
P19
P20
P21
P22
P23
P24
P25
P26
p27
P28
P29
P30
P31
P32
P33
Temperate broadleaved Forest
Temperate broadleaved Forest
Temperate broadleaved Forest
Temperate broadleaved Forest
Temperate broadleaved Forest
Temperate broadleaved Forest
Temperate broadleaved Forest
Temperate broadleaved Forest
Temperate broadleaved Forest
Temperate Coniferous Forest
Temperate Coniferous Forest
Temperate Coniferous Forest
Temperate Coniferous Forest
Temperate Coniferous Forest
Sub-Alpine
Sub-Alpine
Alpine
Temperate broadleaved Forest
Temperate broadleaved Forest
Temperate broadleaved Forest
2808
2787
2813
2872
2885
2885
2968
2947
2877
3002
3069
3177
3250
3352
3412
3509
3610
3251
3157
3119
60
45
10
0
0
30
15
10
0
40
30
30
60
10
90
90
0
60
45
25
SE
E
E
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
SW
NE
NE
NE
E
S
1
1
3
0.5
0.2
1
0.5
1
1
0.5
2.0
1.5
1.2
1.3
1.0
1.0
2.0
0.5
0.5
0.3
0
60
40
10
0
20
20
0
10
30
20
20
35
0
0
0
0
10
15
10
32.09
32.58
32.44
32.58
0.00
32.52
32.63
32.38
32.69
32.68
32.69
32.67
32.65
32.65
32.57
32.58
0.00
32.49
32.52
32.52
Natural
Natural
Natural
Natural
Anthropogenic
Natural
Natural
Natural
Natural
Natural
Natural
Natural
Natural
Natural
Natural
Natural
Anthropogenic
Natural
Natural
Natural
3. TREE DENSITY AND FREQUENCY
The tree species were recorded cumulatively, viz., adult, sapling and seedling from 33 sampling plots,
the highest adult individuals were recorded is Rhododendron falconeri (351.52 Ind/ha) followed by
Rhododendron arboreum var. arboreum (CB Clarke) Ridley (315.15 Ind/ha), and Lithocarpus pachyphyllus
(124.24 Ind/ha) Table 16. The lowest adult tree individual were recorded from Acer campbellii (6.06
Ind/ha), Magnolia doltsopa, Prunus sp. Sorbus sp (each having 9.09 Ind/ha) respectively. For the
saplings highest presence was recorded from Rhododendron arboreum (42.4 Ind/ha) followed by
Rhododendron falconeri (36.4 Ind/ha) whereas from the seedling the highest density was recorded
from Rhododendron arboreum (45.5 Ind/ha) followed by Lithocarpus pachyphyllus, Symplocos lucida,
Rhododendron falconeri (30.3 Ind/ha) respectively. Under mature tree the highest relative density for
major tree species were Rhododendron falconeri (26.13) followed by Rhododendron arboreum (23.42)
and Lithocarpus pachyphyllus (9.23), respectively.
4. IMPORTANCE VALUE INDEx
The highest important Value index (IVI) value was recorded for Lithocarpus pachyphyllus (58.70) followed
by Rhododendron arboreum var. arboreum (50.17), Rhododendron falconeri (49.398) and Tsuga dumosa
(28.691) were recorded correspondingly. The lowest IVI value was recorded for Acer campbellii (2.48)
followed by Magnolia doltsopa (2.67) and Prunus sp (2.68) and the other remaining were shown in
Figure 25.
5. SPECIES DIVERSITY & RICHNESS
In general, the species diversity (H’) and richness of trees (adult, sapling & seedling) in the site were
found as highest in concentration for the seedlings (H’=2.530) followed by trees H’=2.368 and the
saplings (H’=1.888) in the area of 0.33 ha. The value of species richness was found to be highest from
tree (adults) followed by seedlings and saplings Figure 26.
78 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
Figure 25: Importance value index of mature tree species in sampling plots.
Figure 26: Species richness of tree species
A general structural data regarding density, species diversity, etc, of the canopy forming trees in the study
site of the major species is depicted in Table 15. The relative density of major species was recorded
higher from Rhododendron falconeri (26.13) and followed by Rhododendron arboreum (23.42) and
Lithocarpus pachyphyllus (9.23) respectively shown in Table 16. The major species which has the highest
frequency of occurrence was recorded for Rhododendron arboreum (15.69) followed by Rhododendron
falconeri and Lithocarpus pachyphyllus (14.71 each having) [Table 16.]. The frequency occurrence
of saplings was highest for Rhododendron arboreum var. arboreum (42.4) followed by Rhododendron
falconeri (36.4) and Lithocarpus pachyphyllus & Symplocos lucida (21.2). However, in seedlings the
frequency of occurrence was recorded highest for Rhododendron arboreum var. cinnamomum (45.5)
followed by Rhododendron falconeri, Lithocarpus pachyphyllus and Symplocos lucida (30.3 each)
the same value. The major species which has the highest frequency of occurrence was recorded for
Lithocarpus pachyphyllus (Rel. Freq. 45.5%), followed by Rhododendron falconeri (Rel. Freq. 45.4%)
and Rhododendron arboreum var. arboreum (39.4%), Magnolia campbellii, Rhododendron arboreum
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 79
var. roseum, Rhododendron barbatum, (each having 18.2 % ). The lowest frequency of occurrence was
recorded for Acer campbellii, Acer palmatum, Betula utilis, Lyonia ovalifolia, Machilus sp., Magnolia
doltsopa, Prunus sp., Sorbus sp., (each having 6.061%) followed by Prunus himalayana, Rhododendron
hodgsonii, Acer pectinatum (each having 9.091 %), etc.(Table 16).
Authors in the Barsey Rhododendron Sanctuary (Left) & Rhododendron falconeri along the path (Right)
Table 16: Structural data on the major species in Barsey Rhododendron Sanctuary, West Sikkim
Plant
Rel.
Rel.
Pi
lnPi pi*lnpi
Species
density
density frequency =ni/N
(Indiv/ha)
Abies densa Grif
51.52
3.83
3.92
0.04 -3.26 -0.12
Acer campbellii Hook.f. & Thomson ex Hiern
6.06
0.45
1.96
0.00 -5.40 -0.02
Acer palmatum Thunb
30.30
2.25
1.96
0.02 -3.79 -0.09
Acer pectinatum Wall. ex G.Nicholson
39.39
2.93
2.94
0.03 -3.53 -0.10
Betula utilis D.Don
21.21
1.58
1.96
0.02 -4.15 -0.07
Lithocarpus pachyphyllus (Kurz) Rehder
124.24
9.23
14.71
0.09 -2.38 -0.22
Lyonia ovalifolia (Wall.) Drude
15.15
1.13
1.96
0.01 -4.49 -0.05
Machilus sp.
12.12
0.90
1.96
0.01 -4.71 -0.04
Prunus himalayana (Hook. f. & Thomson) J. Wen
24.24
1.80
2.94
0.02 -4.02 -0.07
Magnolia campbellii Hook. f. & Thom.
33.33
2.48
5.88
0.02 -3.70 -0.09
H
Magnolia doltsopa (Buch.-Ham. ex DC.) Figlar
9.09
0.68
1.96
0.01 -5.00 -0.03 -2.36
Prunus sp.
Rhododendron arboreum var. cinnamomeum
(Wall. ex G. Don) Lindl.
Rhododendron arboreum Sm.
9.09
0.68
1.96
0.01 -5.00 -0.03
45.45
3.38
2.94
0.03 -3.39 -0.11
315.15
23.42
15.69
0.23 -1.45 -0.34
Rhododendron barbatum Wall. ex G. Don
100.00
7.43
5.88
0.07 -2.60 -0.19
Rhododendron falconeri Hook. F
351.52
26.13
14.71
0.26 -1.34 -0.35
Rhododendron hodgsoni Hook. f.
66.67
4.95
2.94
0.05 -3.00 -0.15
Sorbus sp.
9.09
0.68
1.96
0.01 -5.00 -0.03
Symplocos lucida (Thunb.) Siebold & Zucc
33.33
2.48
4.90
0.02 -3.70 -0.09
Tsuga dumosa (D.Don) Eichler
39.39
2.93
4.90
0.03 -3.53 -0.10
Unidentiied
9.09
0.68
1.96
0.01 -5.00 -0.03
80 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
6. GIRTH CLASS
On the basis of girth class, the tree were measured under diferent girth class was done for
precise determination of stand structure with the gradient of 10 cm rise starting from 30 cm at
gbh. The intervals started from 30-41 cm and ended at 541-550 cm at gbh. Dominant species
as well as a few major tree species of the study site was measured to understand the community
structure. The girth size classes were as follows:
30-40 = 1; 41-50 = 2; 51-60 = 3; 61-70 = 4; 71-80 = 5; 81-90 = 6; 91-100 = 7; 101-110 = 8; 111-120
=9; 121-130 = 10; 131-140 = 11; 141-150 = 12; 151-160 = 13; 161-170 = 14; 171-180 = 15; 181-190
=16; 191-200 = 17; 201-210 = 18; 211-220 = 19; 221-230 = 20; 231-240 = 21; 241-250 = 22; 251-260
=23; 261-270 = 24; 271-280 = 25; 281-290 = 26; 291-300 = 27; 301-310 = 28; 311-320 = 29; 321-330
=30; 331-340 = 31; 341-350=32; 351-360 =33; 361-370 = 34; 371-380 = 35; 381-390 = 36; 391-400
= 37; 401-410 = 38; 411-420 = 39; 421-430 =40; 431-440 = 41; 441-450=42; 451-460 =43; 461-470
= 44; 471-480 = 45; 481-490 =46;491-500 = 47;501-510 = 48; 511-520 = 49; 521-530 =50; 531-540
= 51; 541-550=52.
The girth classes, in case of Lithocarpus pachyphyllus, the maximum no. of species were
recorded in girth classes 3 (6 no. of species), girth classes 42 (4 no. of species), and girth classes
52 (2 no. of species). However, in Rhododendron arboreum var. arboreum, the maximum (15
no. of species) presence in girth classes 5 followed by (12 no. of species) were recorded in girth
classes 3 and (10 no. of species) in girth classes 1 & 6, after along gap, the maximum girth size
was recorded between girth classes 47 & 52 in entire sampling plots (Figure 28.) Similarly, in
Rhododendron arboreum var. roseum the maximum (4 no. of species) were recorded in girth
classes 3 and after a long gap only one individual is recorded in girth classes 34 (Figure 28.)
Abies densa showed girth class 2-9 and there is no mature tree was recorded (Figure 27.)
Figure 27: Girth classes of Abies densa
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 81
Figure 28: Girth Classes of Rhododendron arboreum
7. DISTRIBUTIoN pATTERN
The abundance to frequency ratio revealed all the adult individuals of tree species showing
contagious distribution and not exhibiting any random or regular distribution. The maximum
abundance of the species of tree species were recorded for Rhododendron arboreum var.
arboreum (16), followed by Lithocarpus pachyphyllus & Rhododendron falconeri (15 each
species), Rhododendron barbatum and Magnolia campbellii (6 each), Tsuga dumosa (5), Abies
densa & Symplocos lucida (4), Acer pectinatum, Prunus himalayana, Rhododendron arboreum
var. roseum (3 each), Sorbus sp., Prunus sp., Magnolia doltsopa, Machilus sp., Lyonia ovalifolia,
Betula utilis, Acer plamatum, Acer campbellii (2 each species) , etc were recorded along the
sampling plots.
8. SHRUB COMPONENT
A total of 20 species of shrubs and scrubs belonging to 15 genera and 10 families were recorded
(Figure 29). The highest percent cover was recorded for Viburnum erubescens Wall. (22.03
%) followed by Daphne cannabina Lour. (12.65%), Rosa sericea Lindl. (11.25%), Gaultheria
nummularioides D. Don (9.53%), etc. (Figure 29). The family-wise species composition the
highest number of taxa was recorded for Ericaceae (6) followed by Rosaceae (4), Berberidaceae
and Adoxaceae (2 each having). The other remaining families represented by single number of
taxa in the entire sampling plots (Figure 31). The highest percent cover of shrub was recorded
for Ericaceae (6) followed by Rosaceae (4), Berberidaceae & Adoxaceae (2 each). The remaining
families were represented by single species (Figure 30.)
82 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
Figure 29: Spectrum of taxa for shrub and scrub species in BRS
Figure 30: Family-wise species composition of Shrub/scrub species in BRS
Figure 31: Percent cover of Shrub and scrub species in BRS
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 83
9. HERB COMPONENT
For the herb species, the highest percent cover was recorded for Viola pilosa Blume (9.55%) followed
by Persicaria capitata (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) H.Gross (9.24%), Fragaria nubicola (Lindl. ex Hook.f.)
Lacaita (9.09%) & Ajuga lobata D. Don (8.94%) Figure 33.The lowest percent cover was noted for
Ainsliaea aptera DC (0.15%). Similarly, in family-wise species composition the maximum family of
herbs species were recorded Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Gentianaceae, Rosaceae (3 no. of taxa each) and
Araceae, Polygonaceae, Saxifragaceae, Violaceae (2 no. of taxa each). The other remaining species were
represented in single family Figure 32.
Figure 32: Family-wise species composition of herb species
DISCUSSION
The present study recorded 98 species from a 0.33-ha sampling plots of Barsey Rhododendron Sanctuary
and can be compared with the indings of other trekking route, Yuksam-Dzongri trekking route which have
129 species in 1.8 ha (Subba et al. 2016) and 88 species from 0.064 ha is in Sang-Tinjure in FambongLho
Wildlife Sanctuary by (Subba et al. 2017) is more than that. However, species richness was signiicantly
positive correlation by humus depth. Positive species richness in the forest was probably related to humus
depth indicates the good forest ecosystem. Positive species richness particularly in the area could be
the result of the succession process that tends to increase species diversity in the plant community. The
correlation between the elevation and total number of individuals showed the maximum of 27 of plant
species being recorded at 2811 m elevation at plot 5 followed by 25 plant species at 2865-3069 m asl
at plot 6 and 24. Similarly, in the Lachung Range-Yakchey Area (North Sikkim), the maximum no. of
individuals was recorded in 2900 -3000 m asl by (Subba et al. 2015; Subba & Lachungpa 2016). It is
also predicted that elevation ranges between (2900-3000 m asl) have rich plant diversity as compared to
other elevation in the study area. It is also recommended that these elevation need to conserved for future
84 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
generation.
In general, the species diversity (H’) and richness of trees (adult, sapling and seedling) in the site were
found as highest in concentration for the seedlings (H’=2.530) followed by trees H’=2.368 and the
saplings (H’=1.888) in the area of 0.33 ha. An evident character of the forest is the availability of a
vast seedling emergence of many loral species of Rhododendron arboreum, Lithocarpus pachyphyllus,
Acer campbellii, Acer palmatum, Acer pectinatum, Magnolia campbellii, Rhododendron falconeri, etc.,
indicating a positive regeneration potential. This sanctuary is a rich store house of lora and fauna species.
Figure 33: Percent Cover of herb species along the Barsey Rhododendron Sanctuary
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 85
The present study of forest was dominated by Ericaceae (21 species), and this was followed by Rosaceae
(11 species), and Sapindaceae (9 species), Asteraceae (8 species), Papaveraceae (7), Apicaceae (4 species)
in entire sampling plots. Ericaceae is major dominated family as compared to other family in the present
study. The family included several species belonging to the genus Rhododendron, Gaultheria, Enkianthus,
Vaccinium, etc. It is well known fact that Rhododendron is a very important keystone species and widely
distributed in the temperate forest to alpine zone in Sikkim. Rhododendron species exhibit signiicant
diversity in habit and broad range of distribution from the altitude of 800-6000 m by (Sekari & Srivastava
2010). In Sikkim Himalayan Region, many places were highly dominated by Rhododendron which has
broad range of distribution. Present study observed that R. arboreum (both pinkish-rose and rosy-red forms)
has a broad range of distribution and was observed up to 3400 m asl at Kalijhar top (Phoktay Dara) along
the sampling plots.
Analysis of life forms gives unambiguous picture of the biological spectrum represented of the study area.
The life-form exhibited by trees and shrubs comprised of Phanerophytes only but herbs belongs to four major
life forms viz., Chamaephytes (h), Hemicryptophytes (H), Cryptophytes (Cr) and Therophytes (Th). Thus
the present study showed that, (40.86%) is the highest percent among the life-forms of Hemicryptophytes
which representing the ground vegetation of herbaceous plant species followed by Phanerophytes (34.41%)
representing the canopy forming plant. The interactions between forest upperstory (tree) and understory
(herbs) plants help in predicting the variations in richness and distribution of understory plants via processes
of succession and in forestry by (McKenzie et al. 2000). Herb layer plants perform a signiicant function in
the majority of plant biodiversity in most temperate forests (Von Oheimb & Hardtle 2009). Due to presence
of Rhododendron sp., Acer sp., Lithocarpus sp., there is moderate tree canopy cover and the sunlight easily
penetrated and rich diversity of underground vegetation is secured. Sometimes, the oak species have closed
canopy cover but in the present study there are mixed forest types.
The density and frequency of major tree species contribute to the structure of forests. The tree density
was recorded higher for Rhododendron falconeri followed by Rhododendron arboreum var. arboreum
and Lithocarpus pachyphyllus whereas in the seedling category, the higher density were recorded for
Rhododendron arboreum, Lithocarpus pachyphyllus, Symplocos lucida and Rhododendron falconeri. In
saplings highest was recorded from Rhododendron arboreum & Rhododendron falconeri, etc. Some of the
species had a low frequency suggesting that some of them would be expected in the typical distribution of
species abundance.
Barsey Rhododendron Sanctuary has huge density of Rhododendron arboreum var. arboreum and
Rhododendron arboreum var. roseum i.e., pink rose and red form covering the entire forest making it
look like an ocean of Rhododendron lowers (Subba et al. 2017). Rhododendron arboreum is a wild plant
species possesses high ecological importance and the lower of the species having unique medicinal and
nutritional value by (Negi et al. 2013).Some of the species, viz., Vaccinium sp., orchids, fern and ferns-allies
are epiphytic in nature and were found to favour the Rhododendron arboreum tree. It is a keystone species
of the area. Rhododendron arboreum lowers are highly used for juice and wine preparation in this area and
its lowers have medicinal properties. The lower is used to cure tonsillitis, cough and cold. Common local
belief is that the lower petal is used when ish bones get stuck in throat. The juice of the lower is used in the
treatment of menstrual disorders by (Subba et al. 2017). After fall to the ground and these are used to make
wine and alcoholic beverages. It is in high demand in local market fetching Rs. 300 per bottle of wine and
Rs. 200 per bottle of Raksi (local millet brew) which is considered beneicial for health too.
An overall picture of the ecological status of a species with respect to the community structure can only be
obtained by synthesizing the values of the relative density, relative frequency and relative dominance. In
86 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
terms of IVI value in the diferent forest types, the dominant tree species were for Lithocarpus pachyphyllus
(58.70) followed by Rhododendron arboreum var. arboreum (50.17), Rhododendron falconeri (49.39)
and Tsuga dumosa (28.69), were the dominant species in entire sampling plots. In Sikkim Himalayas, the
oak species (Lithocarpus pachyphyllus) is highly dominated in temperate forest, which has water holding
capacity in the ground. The broad-leaved hill forest in temperate region comprises mostly oak forest (Subba
et al. 2014) in Sikkim. This is evident in the present study area where Lithocarpus pachyphyllus has been
found to be one of the dominant species. It is also indicator of faunal species presence especially; the fruits
are eaten by Wild boar, Red Panda, directly relates to growth of predator species like Leopard (Subba et
al.2014). Barsey Rhododendron Sanctuary is the habitat of Red Panda which is the State animal of Sikkim,
due to the prominent presence of Lithocarpus pachyphyllus whose fruits are eaten by Red Panda (Subba et
al. 2017).
According to (Odum 1971), contiguous distribution is the commonest pattern in nature, random distribution
is found only in very uniform environment and the regular distribution occurs where severe competition
between the individual exists. Under the regular (<0.025), random (0.025 to 0.05) and contiguous (>0.05)
distribution the values indicate that all the adult individuals of tree species exhibits contagious distribution.
No case of random and regular distribution was recorded in the sampled population.
Further analyzed with girth classes, the intervals started from 30-41 cm and ended at 541-550 cm at gbh.
The dominant species as well as a few major tree species of the study site was measured to understand the
community structure. The tree species Lithocarpus pachyphyllus followed almost a normal distribution
curve with increasing the girth classes suggesting a fairly stable population. In case of Rhododendron
arboreum var. arboreum and Rhododendron arboreum var. roseum, there is larger proportion of small girth
classes to moderate girth classes than fairly big trees. This study suggested that the population of these trees
is more stable and is capable of regenerating to mature trees under favourable conditions. Abies densa shows
decreasing girth class 2-9 (i.e. gbh from 51 cm to 120 cm) and there is no mature tree was recorded.
The highest percent cover of shrub and scrub species were recorded in the diminishing order of Viburnum
erubescens, Daphne cannabina, Rosa sericea, Aconogonum molle, Berberis insignis, Berberis mucrifolia,
Cotonaester microphyllus, Viburnum nervosum, Enkianthus delexus, Gaultheria nummularioides,
Gaultheria trichophylla, Gaultheria fragrantissima , Ilex sp., Lonicera sp., Piptanthus nepalensis ,
Rhododendron campanulatum, Rhododendron lepidotum, Rhododendron dalhousieae, Ribes sp., Rosa
sericea., Rubus ellipticus., Rubus nepalensis., unidentiied., etc., in the entire sampling plots. Rhododendron
dalhousieae is epiphytic in nature and was found to favour the common shrub Vibrunum erubescens.
Similary, in FambongLho Wildlife Sanctuary, this species is distributed along 1900–2000 m epiphytic in
nature with the oak species and also reported at Bulbuley Reserve forest, East Sikkim (Subba et al. 2014).
The family-wise species composition the highest number of taxa was recorded for Ericaceae (6) followed
by Rosaceae (4), Berberidaceae and Adoxaceae (2 each). These are the common shrubs and scrubs found in
temperate to temperate coniferous forest in Sikkim.
A study of the population dynamics of herbaceous and the herb component was found as the most
dominant habit group compared to other plant species. The highest herb percent cover was recorded as
Viola pilosa (9.55%) followed by Persicaria capitata (9.24%), Fragaria nubicola (9.09%), Ajuga lobata
(8.94%)., etc. Similarly, in family-wise species composition the maximum family of herbs species were
recorded Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Gentianaceae, and Rosaceae (3 no. of taxa each) respectively (Figure 32.).
Highest family included several species belonging to the taxa of Heracleum wallichii, Centella asiatica,
Heracleum sp. (Apiaceae) and the taxa belongings to Ligularia mortoni, Anaphalis sp., Ainsliaea aptera,
etc, (Asteraceae) and Geranium sp., Swertia bimaculata , Swertia chirayita, (Gentianaceae) and Fragaria
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 87
nubicola, Potentilla peduncularis, Rubus sp., (Rosaceae) were recorded. Additionally, the reed-bamboo
Sinarundinaria macrophylla (locally called “Deonigale”) is widely distributed in Barsey trekking route in
West Sikkim. The bamboo has a medicinal property where the smoke of leaves is used during headache and
common cold. It is said that this study area was once a huge sacred lake which is now a marshy land making
it a habitat for Sinarundinaria macrophylla.
Biodiversity is an essential tool for human survival and for economic and ecosystem functioning and
stability. The present rapid biodiversity assessment found that the temperate rhododendron forest, temperate
coniferous forest which have high plant diversity in Barsey Rhododendron Sanctuary, West Sikkim. There
are two protected areas for the Rhododendrons in Sikkim where Barsey Rhododendron Sanctuary is one
of them with a rich biodiversity and less anthropogenic footprint compared to the Shingba Rhododendron
Sanctuary. It is concluded that the BRS forest community seems categorically rich in the number of trees,
shrub, herbaceous plants compared to the Shingba Rhododendron Sanctuary (Subba et al. 2015). Seedling
emergence is very high under the canopy and also all over the study area. This shows good regeneration
potential for next generation providing a natural balance for the prevailing ecosystem. The species
composition of forest depends on the regeneration of species in the forest. The present study of quantitative
biodiversity data will be useful in forest management and conservation.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Authors are thankful to Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) Assisted Sikkim Biodiversity
Conservation and Forest Management Project (SBFP), of Department of Forest, Environment and Wildlife
Management, Govt. of Sikkim, for providing the necessary facilities and encouragement. We also thank
Dr. Thomas Chandy, IFS (PCCF cum Principal Secretary & Chief Project Director and Mr. C.S. Rao, IFS
(APCCF - cum- Project Director), Mr. Udai Gurung, IFS (Additional Project Director-II), Mrs. Kusum
Gurung, SFS (DFO/BC), Sikkim Biodiversity Conservation and Forest Management Project (SBFP), Govt.
of Sikkim. Lastly, G.B. Pant institute and BSI are acknowledged for the help in identiication of plant.
88 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
Rapid Biodiversity Survey of
Thangu – Lashar Valley, North Sikkim
Team: Sabita Dahal, Sanchi Subba, Meena Tamang
Rheum nobile
STUDY AREA
A ield trip for conducting Rapid Biodiversity Survey to Thangu Valley and Adjacent areas covering a
sampling path from Gay-Gaon – Nanghraylha - upto Yathang within Lachen Reserve Forest in North
Sikkim, were carried out from 6th June to 15th June 2017 by the SBFP survey team. The trip was aimed for
inventory and monitoring of the biodiversity of the area.
The present survey area along Gay-Gaon- Lashar – Yathang sampling path, the forest type of which is
represented by Sub-Alpine Forest to Alpine scrub. The elevation range covered during the survey was
from 3655m [Yathang (Below Thangu)] to 4850m [Nanghray-lha (Lashar valley)], which is represented
by Fig 34. The slope angle of the area ranged between mild (10 degree) to stif (85 degree) slope and was
faced towards E, SE, N, NW, W, NE and SW aspect (Table 17.)
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 89
Forest types of Thangu valley and adjacent areas in Sikkim
Sub-alpine forest, dominated by Abies densa, Betula utilis, Salix sp. (3800m and below)
Alpine Scrub (4000m)
Alpine meadows, above 4500m
90 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
Figure 34: Survey plots along Gay-Gaon – Nanghray-lha –Yathang sampling path, North Sikkim
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 91
92 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
Table 17: Field characteristics of the survey area along Gay-Gaon- lashar – yathang sampling path, North Sikkim
GPS co-ordinates
Site Code
Forest
type
Elevation
(M)
Lat
Long
Slope Angle
(Degree)
Slope
Aspect
Disturbances
Location name
GLY1
Alpine
4455m
27057’ 24”
88034’39”
30
E
NO
Gochuphalay
GLY2
Alpine
4450m
27057’ 20”
88034’41”
45
E
No
Gochuphalay
GLY3
Alpine
4490m
27057’16”
88034’54”
70
E
NO
Gochuphalay
GLY4
Alpine
4545m
27057’17”
88034’48”
80
E
NO
Gochuphalay
GLY5
Alpine
4589m
27057’16”
88034’54”
70
N
NO
Gochung Pakha
GLY6
Alpine
4605m
27057’10”
88034’53”
85
N
NO
Gochung Pakha
Gly7
Alpine
4612m
27057’00”
88034’50”
80
SE
Boulders
Gochung Pakha
GLY8
Alpine
4650m
27056’50”
88034’50”
85
E
Boulders
Gochung Pakha
GLY9
Alpine
4696m
27056’41”
88034’50”
80
N
Boulders
Shenga
GLY10
Alpine
4742m
27056’37”
88034’47”
80
NE
NO
Shenga
GLY11
Alpine
4802m
27056’22”
88034’40”
5
N
NO
Nanghray-lha
0
0
GLY12
Alpine
4805m
27 56’19”
88 34’39”
5
N
NO
Nanghray-lha
GLY13
Alpine
4800m
27056’19”
88034’35”
40
NE
NO
Nanghray-lha
GLY14
Alpine
4762m
27056’13”
88034’44”
40
NE
NO
Sachung
GLY15
Alpine
4721m
27056’09”
88034’48”
40
NE
NO
Sachung
GLY16
Alpine
4673m
27056’00”
88034’50”
70
NE
NO
Sachung
Gly17
Alpine
4647m
27 55’54”
88 34’49”
70
NE
NO
Sachung
GLY18
Alpine
4627m
27055’44”
88034’48”
70
E
NO
Jha-chu
GLY19
Alpine
4600m
27055’40”
88034’48”
20
NE
NO
Dambachay
GLY20
Alpine
4556m
27055’27”
88034’34”
45
NW
NO
Latha
0
0
GLY21
Alpine
4533m
27055’22”
88034’29”
70
NW
NO
Latha
GLY22
Alpine
4515m
27055’20”
88034’20”
80
W
NO
Membarung
GLY23
Alpine
4478m
27055’10”
88034’16”
30
W
Grazing
Bamzay
Grazing
Bamzay
0
0
GLY24
Alpine
4434m
27 54’56”
88 34’04”
30
GLY25
Alpine
4388m
27054’56”
88033’54”
30
E
Grazing
Bamzay
GLY26
Alpine
4375m
27054’48”
88033’54”
70
E
Grazing
Bamzay
Gly27
Alpine
4362m
27054’40”
88033’42”
60
N
Grazing
Bamzay
GLY28
Alpine
4309m
27054’24”
88033’21”
60
NE
Grazing
Bamzay
0
0
GLY29
Alpine
4279m
27 54’19”
88 33’07”
45
S
Grazing
Bamzay
GLY30
Alpine
4234m
27054’12”
88032’50”
45
E
Grazing
Bamzay
GLY31
Alpine
4152m
27054’01”
88032’30”
45
N
Grazing
Bamzay
GLY32
Alpine
4123m
27053’58”
88032’33”
30
N
Road Construction
Thangu
GLY33
Alpine
4055m
27053’55”
88032’28”
30
NE
Road Construction
Thangu
0
0
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 93
GLY34
Alpine
4021m
27 53’54”
88 32’21”
45
NE
Road Construction
Thangu
GLY35
Alpine
3935m
27053’50”
88032’19”
45
NEE
Road Construction
Thangu
GLY36
Alpine
3859m
27053’27”
88032’13”
20
N
NO
Thangu
Gly37
Alpine
3820m
27052’56”
88032’14”
20
SW
NO
Rumchu
GLY38
Alpine
3810m
27052’46”
88032’17”
30
SW
Landslide
Rumchu
0
0
GLY39
Alpine
3801m
27 52’35”
88 32’21”
30
SW
NO
Rumchu
GLY40
Alpine
3756m
27052’20”
88032’36”
30
SW
NO
Kalep
GLY41
Alpine
3654m
27052’05”
88032’39”
30
SW
NO
Kalep
GLY42
Alpine
3655m
27051’50”
88032’50”
30
SW
NO
Yathang
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
FLORA
During the survey, a total of 42 plots were laid covering 0.42 ha area (Table 17; Figure 34), from which 2
tree, 3 small tree/ large shrubs, 15 shrubs / shrublets and 36 herb species were recorded and are marked with
(*) in a general checklist prepared below. A general checklist of 104 species of the area (including the areas
outside of the plots) were prepared of which, herbs represented the highest number of species (79 species)
followed by small trees / shrubs / shrublets (18 species). Trees were very sparse; hence only 3 species were
recorded from the area namely Abies densa, Betula utilis and Acer pectinatum (Table 18 & 19).
Table 18: Checklist of Floral Species Recorded in Thangu Valley and Surrounding Area, North Sikkim
Sl.
Name of Species
Family
Altitudinal range
No.
TREES
1 *Abies densa Grif.
Pinaceae
2450-4000
2 Acer pectinatum wall. ex G.Nicholson
Aceraceae
2300-3800
3 *Betula utilis D.Don
Betulaceae
2500-3800
SMAll TREE / lARGE SHRUBS
1 *Juniperus indica Bert.
Cupressaceae
2600-5100
2 *Lyonia ovalifolia (Wallich) Drude
Ericaceae
300-3400
3 *Salix sp.
Salicaceae
ca. 3900
SHRUBS / SHRUBlETS
1 *Berberis sp.
Berberidaceae
2 *Cassiope fastigiata (Wall.) D.Don
Ericaceae
2800-4500
3 Cassiope selaginoides Hook. & Thoms.
Ericaceae
3000-5000
4 *Cotoneaster microphyllus Wall. ex Lindl.
Rosaceae
2000-5400
5 Gaultheria nummularioides D.Don
Ericaceae
2700-4500
6 Gaultheria trichophylla Royle
Ericaceae
2700-4500
7 *Juniperus squamata Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don
Cupressaceae
2000-4500
8 Leptodermis sp.
Rubiaceae
ca. 4400
9 *Lonicera sp.
Caprifoliaceae
10 *Rhododendron anthopogon D.Don
Ericaceae
3500-4500
11 *Rhododendron campanulatum D.Don subsp aeruginosum Hook.f.
Ericaceae
3000-4400
12 *Rhododendron campanulatum D.Don subsp sp. campanulatum D.Don Ericaceae
Cupressaceae
13 *Rhododendron campylocarpum Hook. f.
Ericaceae
3000-3900
14 *Rhododendron lepidotum Wall. ex G.Don
Ericaceae
2500-5000
15 *Rhododendron nivale Hook.f.
Ericaceae
4500-5500
16 *Rhododendron setosum D.Don
Ericaceae
3500-5500
17 *Ribes himalense Royle ex Decne.
Grossulariaceae
1500-4200
18 *Rosa sericea Lindley
Rosaceae
2100-4500
19 *Salix sikkimensis Andersson
Salicaceae
3700-4500
94 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
HERBS
1 Acanthocalyx nepalensis (D. Don) M. J. Cannon
2 *Acomastylis elata var. elata Wall. ex G.Don
3 *Aconitum spicatum Stapf.
4 *Aletris paucilora (Klotzsch) Hand.-Mazz.
5 *Anaphalis sp.
6 *Androsace selago Hook. f. & Thomson ex Klatt
7 *Aorchis spathulata (Lindl.) Verm.
8 *Arenaria polytrichoides Edgew
9 Bistorta ainis (D.Don) Greene
10 *Caltha scaposa Hook.f. & Thomson
11 Cardamine macrophylla Willd.
12 *Chesneya nubigena (D.Don) Ali
13 *Spongiocarpella nubigena (D.Don)Yakovlev
14 Clematis montana Buch.-Ham. ex de Candolle.
15 *Ephedra gerardiana var. sikkimensis Stapf
16 Eriophyton wallichii Benth.
17 *Ephedra gerardiana Wall. ex Stapf.
18 Euphorbia stracheyi Boissier
19 Eutrema sp.
20 *Fragaria nubicola (Lindl. ex Hook.f.) Lacaita
21 *Fritillaria cirrhosa D.Don
22 Juncus inlexus L.
23 Juncus alpinoarticulatus Chaix
24 Juncus himalensis Klotzsch
25 *Juncus thomsonii Buchenau
26 *Lloydia lavonutans H.Hara
27 Meconopsis horridula J. D. Hooker & Thomson
28 *Meconopsis simplicifolia (D. Don) Walp.
29 Microula sikkimensis (C. B. Clarke)
30 *Mosses
31 Myricaria rosea W.W.Smith
32 Nannoglottis hookeri (C. B. Clarke ex J. D. Hooker)
33 Oxyria digyna (L.) Hill
34 Parnassia nubicola Wall.ex Royle
35 Pedicularis longilora Rudolph
36 Pedicularis megalantha D.Don
37 *Pedicularis oederi Vahl
38 *Persicaria wallichii Greuter & Burdet
39 *Phlomis rotata Benth. ex Hook.f.
40 Pleurospermum hookeri C.B.Clarke
41 *Poa sp.
Morinaceae
Rosaceae
Ranunculaceae
Liliaceae
Asteraceae
Primulaceae
Orchidaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Polygonaceae
Ranunculaceae
Brassicaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Ranunculaceae
Ephedraceae
Lamiaceae
Ephedraceae
Euphorbiaceae
Brassicaceae
Rosaceae
Liliaceae
Juncaceae
Juncaceae
Juncaceae
Juncaceae
Liliaceae
Papaveraceae
Papaveraceae
Boraginaceae
Tamaricaceae
Asteraceae
Polygonaceae
Parnassiaceae
Scrophulariaceae
Scrophulariaceaee
Scrophulariaceae
Polygonaceae
Lamiaceae
Apiaceae
Poaceae
2800-4500
3500-5400
ca. 4000
3000-4300
3600-5000
2300-4300
3500-5300
4000-4900
2800-4300
3000-4200
3600-5300
3600-5200
1000-4000
ca. 4500
2800-4800
2500-5000
3000-4900
1800-3800
3200-4600
1800-3200
ca.3200
2400-4300
2800-5000
3600-4500
3600-5400
3300-5300
3000-4500
2600-4800
3400-4100
2400-5000
3000-4500
2100-5300
2300-4300
2600-5400
2500-3800
3800-6100
2700-5400
-
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 95
42 Podophyllum hexandrum Royle
Berberidaceae
2400-4500
43 *Polygonatum cirrhifolium (Wallich) Royle
Asparagaceae
2000-4000
44 *Potentilla peduncularis D.Don
Rosaceae
3000-4500
45 Potentila arbuscula D.Don
Rosaceae
2500-5500
46 *Potentilla reptans L.
Rosaceae
ca.3800
47 *Primula calderiana Balf. f. & R.E. Cooper
Primulaceae
3800-4700
48 *Primula capitata Hook.
Primulaceae
2800-4300
49 *Primula concinna Watt.
Primulaceae
4000-5000
50 *Primula concinna Watt. (White form)
Primulaceae
4000-5000
51 Primula denticulata Sm.
Primulaceae
1500-4500
52 *Primula dickieana watt
Primulaceae
4000-5000
53 *Primula sikkimensis Hook.
Primulaceae
3200-4500
54 *Ranunculus hirtellus Royle
Ranunculaceae
2800-5500
55 *Ranunculus sp. (Purple lower)
Ranunculaceae
56 Rheum nobile Hook.f. & Thoms.
Polygonaceae
57 Rhodiola sp.
Crassulaceae
3600-4500
ca. 4600
58 Rhodiola. himalensis (D. Don) S. H. Fu
Crassulaceae
3300-4800
59 *Rumax sp.
Polygonaceae
ca. 4000
60 Saxifraga brachypoda D.Don
Saxifragaceae
3600-4800
61 Saxifraga engleriana Harry Smith
Saxifragaceae
4100-4700
62 Saxifraga stenophylla Royle
Saxifragaceae
3600-5000
2700-4400
63 *Senecio raphanifolius Wall. ex DC.
Asteraceae
64 Taraxacum sp.
Asteraceae
65 *Thermopsis barbata Benth.
Fabaceae
2700-4500
66 Triosetum himalayanum Wall.
Caprifoliaceae
1800-4100
67 Urtica hyperborea Jacquem. ex Wedd.
Urticaceae
3000-5200
68 Viola bilora Linn.
Violaceae
2500-4300
ca. 4200
FERN AND FERN ALLIES
1 Araiostigiella hookeri (T. Moore ex Bedd.) Fraser-Jenk
Davalliaceae
2 Athyrium davidii Christ.
Woodsiaceae
Above 3200
3 Deparia subsimilis (Christ.) Fraser-Jenk.
Woodsiaceae
3000 – 3600
4 Dryopteris barbigera (T. Moore ex Hook.) Kunze
Dryopteridaceae
Above 3500
5 Dryopteris sp.
Dryopteridaceae
ca.4000
2700 – 3800
6 Dryopteris xanthomelas (Christ) C. Chr.
Dryopteridaceae
3600 – 4300
7 Lycopodium veithii Christ Nagbeli
Lycopodiaceae
2600 – 4000
8 Osmunda claytoniana L
Osmundaceae
3000 – 4000
9 Pichisermollodes erythrocarpa Mett. ex Kuhn ( Fraser-Jenk)
Polypodiaceae
2600 – 3400
10 Pichisermollodes fraser – jenkinsonii
Polypodiaceae
2600 – 3400
11 Polystichum sp.
Dryopteridaceae
Note: (*) represents the species recorded inside the sample plots.
96 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
ca. 3800
Table 19: Diversity of Floral species in Thangu Valley and surrounding area, North Sikkim.
Habit
Species
Genus
Family
Trees
3
3
3
Small trees / large shrubs
3
3
3
Shrubs/ shrublets
19
11
8
Herbs
79
57
35
104
74
49
Total
Family wise analysis revealed that belonging to the shrubs category Ericaceae was the dominant family,
with 12 species under the genus Rhododendron (7 species), Cassiope (2 species), Gaultheria (2 species)
and Lyonia (1 species); followed by Rosaceae, Salicaceae and Cupressaceae (Figure 35). In case of herbs,
Primulaceae family appeared as dominant with 8 species followed by Polygonaceae, Ranunculaceae and
Rosaceae, each with 5 species (Figure 36)
The number of species per plot for tree, small tree / large shrub, shrub / scrub and herb species ranged
between 0 and 3, 0 and 3, 0 and 6 and 2 and 7 respectively; nonetheless, species were completely absent
from 95.24% (Tree), 78.57% (small tree / large shrub), 9.52% (shrub / shrublets) and 0.00% (herb) of the
total plots (Table 20).
Figure 35: Family-wise distribution of shrub species
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 97
Figure 36: Family wise distribution of herb species
Table 20: Species availability in the diferent sampling site
Small Tree / large Shrub Shrub / Scrub
Number of species
Tree
0
95.24
78.57
9.52
0.00
1
0.00
16.67
23.81
0.00
2
4.76
2.38
28.57
9.52
3
0.00
2.38
11.90
28.57
4
0.00
0.00
16.67
26.19
5
0.00
0.00
4.76
16.67
6
0.00
0.00
4.76
9.52
7
0.00
0.00
0.00
9.52
98 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
Herb
Table 21: Availability and distribution of Tree species along
Gay-Gaon – Nanghray-lha –Yathang sampling path, North Sikkim
Adult
Species
Density (Ind/ha) ± SE
TBC (m2/ha)
A/F ratio
Abies densa
9.52 ±34.24
8.93
0.42
153.45
Betula utilis
9.52 ±30.48
7.78
0.42
146.55
IVI
Table 22: Tree species diversity and distribution along Gay-Gaon – Nanghray-lha –Yathang sampling path,
North Sikkim
Parameters
Trees
Diversity Index (H)
0.690
Concentration of Dominance (D)
0.009
Species richness index (I)
1.510
Species evenness index (E)
-1.000
Out of three species of trees recorded from the area, from the sub-alpine part below Thangu, only Abies
densa and Betula utilis were recorded from the sample plots. Abies densa and Betula utilis was thinly
scattered in the area, hence, only 4 individual of each were recorded from the entire sampling site, from
the lower three plots. The cumulative adult stem density of trees found very low, which was only conined
to the sub-alpine part of the survey area. Adult stem density of Abies densa were 9.52 ±34.24 ind/ha; Rel.
Den.: 50.00%; IVI: 153.45 and of of Betula utilis were 9.52 ±30.48 ind/ha; Rel.Den.: 50%; IVI: 146.55
[Table 21]. The Total Basal Cover (TBC) and Relative Dominance of Abies densa were 8.93m2/ha and
53.44% respectively and that of Betula utilis were 7.78 m2/ha and 46.55%. In the remaining 39 plots in
the alpine area above Thangu (4000m), the trees were completely absent.
In case of trees, the sampled area was not much rich in terms of tree species richness (I = 1.51) and
recorded low species diversity (H = 0.69) [Table 22). The abundance to frequency ratio revealed that, the
adult individuals of both Abies densa and Betula utilis (A/F ratio: 0.42) shows contagious distribution.
Saplings and seedlings of the trees were not recorded from the sample plots.
The small tree/large shrub recorded from the sample plots are Lyonia ovalifolia, Juniperus indica and
Salix sp. Of the 3 small tree / large shrub species present, Salix sp had the highest frequency of occurrence
(9.52%) and Lyonia ovalifolia and Juniperus indica had the lowest frequency of occurrences (4.76%
and 2.38% respectively) [Table 23). In respect to percent cover, Salix sp. was found dominant (average
percent cover: 3.81 %) followed by Juniperus indica and Lyonia ovalifolia.
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 99
Table 23: Availability and distribution of Small Trees / large shrubs along Gay-Gaon – Nanghray-lha –yathang
sampling path, North Sikkim.
Species
Average % Cover
Frequency %
Salix sp.
3.81
9.52
Juniperus indica
0.24
2.38
Lyonia ovalifolia
0.48
4.76
Table 24: Availability and distribution of shrubs and shrublets along Gay-Gaon – Nanghray-lha –Yathang
sampling path, North Sikkim
Sl.
Species
No.
Average % Cover
Frequency %
1 Rhododendron setosum D.Don
7.50
40.48
2 Rhododendron anthopogon D.Don
7.50
35.71
3 Rhododendron campanulatum D.Don subsp aeruginosum Hook.f.
0.95
2.38
4 Berberis sp.
3.69
26.19
5 Cassiope fastigiata (Wall.) D.Don
4.29
23.81
6 Rhododendron lepidotum Wall. ex G.Don
2.62
11.90
7 Juniperus squamata Buchanan-Hamilton ex D. Don
4.64
21.43
8 Lonicera sp.
0.36
4.76
9 Rhododendron nivale Hook.f.
3.81
14.29
10 Rhododendron campanulatum D.Don subsp sp. campanulatum D.Don
0.12
2.38
11 Rosa sericea Lindley
2.74
16.67
12 Rhododendron campylocarpum Hook. f.
0.71
4.76
13 Cotoneaster microphyllus Wall. ex Lindl.
1.07
7.14
14 Ribes himalense Royle ex Decne.
2.50
11.90
15 Salix sikkimensis Andersson
3.45
11.90
100 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
Figure 37: Status of shrubs or shrublets in the sample plots
Of the 15 shrubs or shrublets recorded from the sample plots, Rhododendron setosum, Rhododendron
anthopogon, Berberis sp., and Cassiope fastigiata had wide availability in the area, the frequency of
occurrence was 40.48%, 35.71%, 26.19% and 23.81% respectively. The species such as Cotoneaster
microphyllus, Rhododendron campanulatum subsp campanulatum, Rhododendron nivale, Lonicera sp.,
Rosa sericea, Rhododendron campylocarpum, Ribes himalense, Salix sikkimensis recorded occurring less
frequently in the area. The density in terms of percent cover for the recorded shrubs or shrublets were
comparatively low, which is shown in Table 24 and Figure 37.
In the case of herbaceous species, a total of 36 species were recorded from 42 plots, of which, diferent
species of Poa and Anaphalis had the highest frequency of occurrences (38.10% and 33.33% respectively)
followed by Bistorta ainis and Ranunculus hirtellus (23.81% each). Other species such as Androsace
selago (2.38%), Aorchis spathulata (4.76%), Meconopsis simplicifolia (2.38%), Spongiocarpella
nubigena (2.38%), Ephedra gerardiana var. sikkimensis Stapf (4.76%) etc. had low frequency of
occurrences. Other species such as Aconitum spicatum, Aletris paucilora, Arenaria polytrichoides,
Caltha scaposa, Chesneya nubigena, Fragaria nubicola, Juncus thomsonii, Lloydia lavonutans,
Pedicularis oederi, Polygonatum cirrhifolium had an average availability in an area in terms of frequency
of occurrences. Similarly, with regard to average density in terms of percent cover, the species such as
Ranunculus hirtellus, Senecio raphanifolius, Primula concinna, Primula sikkimensis, Potentila reptans,
Potentila peduncularis, Poa sp., Fragaria nubicola, Arenaria polytrichoides, Bistorta ainis, Anaphalis
sp. etc was dominant over other herbs species. The species such as Acomastylis elata var. elata, Aconitum
spicatum, Aletris paucilora, Androsace selago, Aorchis spathulata, Caltha scaposa, Spongiocarpella
nubigena, Ephedra gerardiana var. sikkimensis, Lloydia lavonutans, Meconopsis simplicifolia, Persicaria
wallichii, Polygonatum cirrhifolium, Primula dickieana, Thermopsis barbata etc. have appeared rarely
with very less number of populations in the study area (Table 25, Figure 38).
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 101
Table 25: Availability and distribution of herbs species along Gay-Gaon – Nanghray-lha –Yathang sampling
path, North Sikkim
Sl.
Species
Average % Cover
Frequency %
No.
1 Acomastylis elata var. elata Wall. ex G.Don
0.43
7.14
2 Aconitum spicatum Stapf.
1.07
9.52
3 Aletris paucilora (Klotzsch) Hand.-Mazz.
0.71
9.52
4 Anaphalis sp.
4.52
33.33
5 Androsace selago Hook. f. & Thomson ex Klatt
0.71
2.38
6 Aorchis spathulata (Lindl.) Verm.
0.19
4.76
7 Arenaria polytrichoides Edgew
2.26
14.29
8 Bistorta ainis (D.Don) Greene
2.38
23.81
9 Caltha scaposa Hook.f. & Thomson
1.07
11.90
10 Chesneya nubigena (D.Don) Ali ( Purple)
0.83
7.14
11 Spongiocarpella nubigena (D.Don)Yakovlev
0.12
2.38
12 Ephedra gerardiana var. sikkimensis Stapf
1.19
4.76
13 Ephedra gerardiana Wall. ex Stapf.
1.67
4.76
14 Fragaria nubicola (Lindl. ex Hook.f.) Lacaita
1.31
11.90
15 Fritillaria cirrhosa D.Don
1.31
7.14
16 Juncus thomsonii Buchenau
0.71
9.52
17 Lloydia lavonutans H.Hara
0.83
9.52
18 Meconopsis simplicifolia (D. Don) Walp.
0.12
2.38
19 Mosses
1.67
4.76
20 Pedicularis oederi Vahl
0.95
11.90
21 Persicaria wallichii Greuter & Burdet
0.71
7.14
22 Phlomis rotata Benth. ex Hook.f.
0.95
7.14
102 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
23 Poa sp.
4.17
38.10
24 Polygonatum cirrhifolium (Wallich) Royle
0.73
9.52
25 Potentila peduncularis D.Don
2.38
14.29
26 Potentila reptans L.
2.74
21.43
27 Primula calderiana Balf. f. & R.E. Cooper
1.19
11.90
28 Primula capitata Hook.
0.71
9.52
29 Primula concinna Watt.
2.26
16.67
30 Primula dickieana watt
0.71
11.90
31 Primula sikkimensis Hook.
2.38
9.52
32 Ranunculus hirtellus Royle
2.62
23.81
33 Ranunculus sp (Purple lower)
0.71
7.14
34 Rumax sp.
1.19
4.76
35 Senecio raphanifolius Wall. ex DC.
2.38
14.29
36 Thermopsis barbata Benth.
0.43
9.52
Figure 38: Status of herbs species in the sampling path
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 103
FAUNA
During the survey, the existence of a total of 23 bird species belonging to 3 order and 13 families were
recorded. Similarly existence of a total of 10 mammalian species was recorded through direct and indirect
evidences (Table 26 & 27).
Table 26: Checklist of Avi-fauna of Thangu Valley and surrounding area in North Sikkim
Sl.
Common Name
Scientiic Name
Family
Order
No
Evidence
1 Blood pheasant
Ithaginis cruentus
Phasianidae
Galliformes
PC, DS
2 Satyr tragopan
Tragopan satyra
Phasianidae
Galliformes
PC,
3 Black-faced Laughingthrush
Garrulax ainis
Turdidae
Passerriformes
PC, DS
4 Red-headed Bullinch
Pyrrhula erythrocephala
Fringillidae
Passerriformes
PC
5 Dark breasted Roseinch
Carpodacus nipalensis
Fringillidae
Passerriformes
PC
6 Plain Mountain Finch
Leucosticte nemoricola
Fringillidae
Passerriformes
PC
7 White-capped Redstart
Phoenicurus leucocephalus
Muscicapidae
Passerriformes
PC
8 Fire-tailed Sunbird
Aethopyga ignicauda
Nectariniidae
Passerriformes
PC
9 House Crow
Corvus splendens
Corvidae
Passerriformes
PC, DS
10 House Sparrow
Passer domesticus
Passeridae
Passerriformes
PC, DS
11 Green-backed tit
Parus monticolus
Paridae
Passerriformes
PC
12 Blue Whistling Thrush
Myophonus caeruleus
Muscicapidae
Passerriformes
PC, DS
13 Common Myna
Acridotheres tristis
Sturnidae
Passerriformes
PC, DS
14 Rock Dove
Columba livia
Columbidae
Columbiformes
PC, DS
15 Oriental turtle dove
Streptopelia orientalis
Columbidae
Columbiformes
PC, DS
16 Green Pigeon
Treron
Columbidae
Columbiformes
PC, DS
17 Kalij Pheasant
Lophura leucomelanos
Phasianidae
Galliformes
PC
18 Ashy Throated Warbler
Phylloscopus maculipennis
Sylviidae
Passerriformes
PC
19 Red Billed Chough
Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax
Corvidae
Passerriformes
PC
20 Snow Pigeon
Columba leuconota
Columbidae
Columbiformes
PC
21 Long tailed thrush
Zoothera dixonii
Turdidae
Passerriformes
DS
22 Golden Naped Finch
Pyrrhoplectes epaulette
Fringillidae
Passerriformes
DS
23 Whiskered Yuhina
Yuhina lavicollis
Zosteropidae
Passerriformes
DS
PC: Photo Capture, DS: Direct Sighting
104 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
Table 27: Checklist of mamalian species of Thangu Valley and surrounding areas in North Sikkim
Sl. No. Common Name
Scientiic Name
Family
Evidence1
1 Musk Deer (Kasturi mriga)
Moschus chrysogaster
Moschidae
SI
2 Red fox
Vulpes vulpes
Canidae
S
3 Kiang
Equus kiang
Equidae
SI
4 Tibetan Sand Fox
Vulpes ferrilata
Canidae
DS
5 Himalayan Marmot
Marmota Himalayana
Sciuridae
SI
6 Himalayan Black Bear
Ursus thibetanus
Ursidae
FS
7 Yellow-throated Marten (Malsapra)
Martes lavigula
Mustelidae
SI, S
8 Pika
Ochotona sp.
Ochotonidae
DS
9 Serow (Thar)
Capricornis thar
Bovidae
HM, P
Cuon alpinus
Canidae
SI
10 Wild dog
SI: Secondary Information, DS: Direct Sighting, FS: Foraging sign, HM: Hoof mark, P: Pellet, S: Scat 2 EN: Endangered, LC: Least
concern, VU: Vulnerable, NT: Near threatened
1
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Forest being sub alpine to alpine type, herbs are the most predominant taxa in the area, followed by
shrubs and shrublets. The area constitutes a diverse habitat for both lora and fauna and several globally
threatened species as well as high value medicinal plants such as Aconitum spicatum, Ephedra gerardiana
var sikkimensis, Rheum nobile, Fritillaria cirrhosa, Podophyllum hexandrum, Meconopsis simplicifolia
etc. The lower elevation of the study area, below Thangu valley is occupied mainly with scattered Abies
densa, Salix sp. and the species of Rhododendrons. In addition, the area also provide diverse habitat
for faunal species such as Serow, Musk Deer, Blood Pheasant, Leopard, Lesser Cats and Himalayan
Marmot, Satyr Tragopan, Common Langur, Tibetan Fox, Martens, Weasel and Impeyan Pheasant. A wide
variety of avifauna, which includes Blood Pheasant, Monal Pheasant, Tragopan, Rose inches, Red-billed
Chough, Forktails and Laughing Thrushes also resides in the area. Direct sightings of House Crow, House
Sparrow, Blue Whistling Thrush, Common Myna, Rock Dove, Oriental turtle dove, Kalij Pheasant,
Ashy Throated Warbler, Snow Pigeon, and Red Billed Chough were observed during the present Rapid
Biodiversity Survey.
The area is highly impacted by the natural as well as anthropogenic disturbance which needs immediate
attention. Massive threat to the biodiversity due to grazing pressure by yak, cow and horse observed
very high in the Lashar valley; for which immediate action should be taken. Increase in feral dog
population is emerging as a serious threat to the wildlife; hence the problem of feral dog needs to be
resolved at the earliest. Other existing threats to the biodiversity of the area observed during present
study are construction of roadways, army personnel garrisoned and tourist inlux. The deforestation and
unsustainable extraction of plants specially Abies densa and Rhododendron anthopogon, Juniperus sp.
for irewood and incense respectively by the local inhabitants are the general disturbances resulted in
the building up considerable pressure on the survival of the species. Other major threats are obviously,
the efect of drastic changes in climate. The sudden changes in the environmental parameters including
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 105
strange weather such as unusual rainfall, hailstorm etc. efect the vegetation greatly. In our observation, the
blooming patterns of Rhododendrons of sub alpine and alpine areas have been changed and has observed
the late initiation of lowering in case of some of the species like Rhododendron niveum, R.campanulatum
subsp. aeroginosum, R.nivale, R.lanatum etc.
Major threats to the Biodiversity of Thangu Valley and adjacent
areas at Lachen Reserved Forest, North Sikkim
Natural disturbances: Boulders, Landslides
Anthropogenic: Herds and Grazing
Anthropogenic: Road construction
106 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
Field activities of SBFP survey team at Thangu – Lashar, North Sikkim
Laying of plots and collecting data
Taking GPS co-ordinate at the habitat of
Ephedra gerardiana var sikkimensis
Collection of unidentiied species,
tagging with ield number, for further identiication
Recording informations and taking photographs
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 107
Ephedra gerardiana var sikkimensis
Fritillaria cirrhosa
Ephedra gerardiana
Lilum nanum
Microula sikkimensis
Nannoglotis hookeri
Aorchis spathulata
Arenaria polytrichoides
Rhododendron nivale
108 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
Blue-Fronted Redstart
Large Billed Crow
Bull Finch
White Collared Black Bird
Plain Mountain Finch
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 109
References
Ali S 1989. The birds of Sikkim. Oxford University Press, New Delhi.
Andrea, W., Hutten, K.M., Boetsch, J.R., Acker, S.A., Rochefort, R.M., Bivin, M.M. and Kurth,
L.L. 2009. Forest Vegetation Monitoring Protocol For National Parks In the North Coast and Cascades
Network: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods. 2-A8, 228 p.
Arrawatia ML & Tambe S. 2011. Biodiversity of Sikkim, exploring and conserving a global hotspot.
Information and public Relation Department, Government of Sikkim, Gangtok.
Bharat et al. 2015. Rapid Biodiversity Survey Report –I & II. Sikkim Biodiversity Conservation and
Forest Management Project, Forest, Environment and Wildlife Management Department, Government
of Sikkim.
Bhuyan, p. Khan, Ml, Tripathi, RS, (2003). Tree diversity and population structure in undistributed
and human-impacted stands of tropical wet evergreen forest in Arunachal Pradesh, Eastern Himalayas,
India, Biodiversity and Conservation 12: 1753-1773.
Cain, S.A. & Castro, G.M.de. (1959). Manual of vegetation analysis. Haper & Brothers, N.Y.
Cain, S.A. (1950). Life-forms and phytoclimate Bot Rev. 16:1-32
Causton, D. 1988. An Introduction to Vegetation Analysis: Principles, Practice and Interpretation.
Springer: Netherlands. DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-7981-2.
Cowan & Cowan. (1929). The trees of Northern Bengal including shrubs, woody climbers, bamboos,palms
and tree ferns. International Book Distributors, Dehra Dun.
Curtis, J.T. & McIntosh, R.p. (1950). The interrelations of certain analytic and synthetic phytosociological
characters. Ecology, 31: 438-455.
Dahal S, Sharma Tp and Borthakur SK (2017). Database on Medicinal Plants of Tamze Medicinal
Plants Conservation area (MPCA) of Sikkim Himalaya, India. NeBIO. An International Journal of
Environment and Biodiversity. Vol. 8, No. 1.
Dahal S. 2015-16. Sikkim Himalayan Rhododendrons. Panda. 8(4) 15-27.
Devi. l. S., & yadava, p.S. (2006). Floristic diversity assessment and vegetation analysis of tropical
semi-evergreen forest of Manipur, north east India. Tropical Ecology 47(1): 89-98, 2006 ISSN 0564
-3295.
Gammie GA 1893. Account of a botanical tour in Sikkim during 1892. Chapter CCCXXXVI: Botanical
Exploration of Sikkim-Tibet Frontier. Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information, Royal Gardens Kew, Nos
82-83: 297-315.
Gates, D.M. 1993. Climate Change and Its Biological Consequences. Sinauer Associates, Inc.:
Sunderland, Massachusetts.
110 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
Gehu, J.M. 2011. On the opportunity to celebrate the centenary of modern phytosociology in 2010. Plant
Biosystems. 145: 4 – 8.
Grossman, D.H., Faber-Langendoen, D., Weakley, A.S., Anderson, M., Bourgeron, P., Crawford,
R., Goodin, K., Landaal, S., Metzler, K., Patterson, K.D., Pyne, M., Reid, M. and Sneddon, L. 1988.
International classiication of ecological communities: Terrestrial vegetation of the United States. The
National Vegetation Classiication System: Development, Status, And Applications (Vol. 1). The Nature
Conservancy: Arlignton, VA.
Hooker, J.D. 1849. The Rhododendrons of Sikkim-Himalaya: Being An Account, Botanical and
Geographical, of the Rhododendrons Recently Discovered In the Mountains of Eastern Himalaya. Reeve,
Benham, and Reeve: London.
Hooker, J.D. 1871-1897. Flora of British India. Vol. I-VII. London. Reprinted in 1982 by Bishen Singh
Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun
Hooker, J.D., (1888-1890). The Flora of British India. Vols. I-VII, L. Reeve & Co., London
Kholia BS. 2014. Ferns and fern-allies of Sikkim Part II. Berecah Printing & Stationaries, Gangtok.
Kholia, B.S. (2010). Ferns and Fern Allies of Sikkim: a Pictorial Handbook, Part 1. Sikkim State
Biodiversity Board and Botanical Survey of India
Kumar S and Singh V. 2001. Asteraceae of Sikkim Part II. Beracah Printing Press and Stationaries,
Gangtok.
lucksom SZ. 2007. The Orchids of Sikkim and North East Himalaya. Concepts, Siliguri.
Maiti D and Maiti GG. 2007. The Wild Flowers of Kanchenjunga Biosphere Reserve, Sikkim. Naya
Udyog, Kolkata.
Majumdar, K. & Datta, B.K. (2015). Vegetation types, dominant compositions, woody plant diversity
and stand structure in Trishna Wildlife Sanctuary of Northeast India. Journal of Environmental Biology.
ISSN: 2394-0379. Vol. 36, Pp: 409-418.
Margalef, D. R. (1958). Information theory in Ecology, Year book of the society for general systems
.Gen. Syst. 3: 36 – 71.
McKenzie, D. Halpern, C.B. & Nelson, C.R. (2000). Overstory inluences on herb and shrub
communities in mature forests of western Washington, USA, Can. J. For. Res., Vol. 30, pp. 1655–1666.
Negi, V.S. R.K. Maikhuri, l.S. Rawat, A.C (2013). Bioprospecting of rhododendron arboreum for
Livelihood Enhancement in Central Himalaya, India. Environ. We Int. J. Sci. Tech. 8 (2013) 61-70. ISSN:
0975-7112
odum, E.p. (1971). Fundamental of ecology, 3rd Edn. W.B. Saunders o., Philadelpia, U.S. A. 574p.
Phytosociological characters Ecology. 31: 438 – 455.
polunin, o. and Stainton, A. 1987. Concise Flowers of the Himalayas. Oxford University Press: New
Delhi.
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 111
Pradhan BK and Badola HK. 2008. Ethnomedicinal plants use by Lepcha tribe of Dzongu valley,
bordering Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve, in North Sikkim, India. Journal of Ethnobiology and
Ethnomedicine. 4:22.
Pradhan BK, Dahal S, Nilson J and Lachungpa D. 2015. A note on Rhododendron mekongense – a
new species record from Sikkim Himalaya. Journal of American Rhododendron Society 77: 76 - 80.
Pradhan BK, Poudyal K, Bhadauria SBS, Subba S and Chewang D. 2013. A glimpse of Rhododendrons
in Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve, Sikkim.
Pradhan KC. 2008. Rhododendrons of Sikkim. Botanical Tours & Treks, Sikkim, India.
Pradhan UC and Lachungpa ST. 1990. Sikkim Himalayan Rhododendrons. Primulaceae Books,
Kalimpong, West Bengal.
Rai, T.D. and Rai, L.K. 1993. Trees of Sikkim Himalaya. Indus Publishing House: New Delhi.
Randall, R.E. 1978. Theories and Techniques in Vegetation Analysis. Oxford University Press: Clarendon.
Raunkiaer, C. (1934). The Life-forms of plants and Statistical Geography. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Research, 3: 36-71
Sabita Dahal et al. 2017. Rapid Biodiversity Survey of Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, Sikkim, India.
International Journal of Current Research Vol. 9, Issue, 07, pp.53852-53863.
Schafale, M.P. and Weakley, A.S. 1990. Classiication of the Natural Communities of North Carolina:
Third Approximation. North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, North Carolina Division of Parks and
Recreation.
Sekari,K.C & Srivastava, S.K. (2010). Rhododendrons in Indian Himalayan Region:Diversity and
Conservation. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 2010, 1, 131-137
Shannon, C.E. 7 Wiener, W. (1963). The Mathematical Theory of Communication. Urbana University,
Illinois Press.
Sharma, T. R. (2001). Eco-Development of Barsey Rhododendron Sanctuary (Unpublished). Department
of Forests, Environment and Wildlife, Government of Sikkim.
Singh, K.R. 2009. Quantitative analysis of vegetation and patterns of plant species diversity. Mapping
and Quantitative Assessment of Vegetation of Jiribam Sub-Division, Imphal East District, Manipur, India
using Remote Sensing and GIS.
Singh, p. & Chauhan, A. S. (1997). Plant diversity in Sikkim Himalaya. In: Hajra, P. K. and V. Mudgal.
editors. Plant Diversity Hotspots in India: An Overview. Calcutta, India: BSI. 137–162.
Singh, paramjit & Sanjappa, M. (2011). Flowering Plants of Sikkim- an analysis. In. Biodiversity of
Sikkim.
Singh, R. K. I. & Gupta, A. (2015). Life-form classiication and biological spectrum of Amambilok
Sacred Grove, Andro, Manipur in Northeast India. ISSN: 0973-9467, Pleione 9(2); Pp 356-364.
112 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
Stainton, A. 1988. Flowers of the Himalaya-A Suppliment. Oxford University Press, New Delhi.
Stapf, O.1905. The Aconites of India: A monograph. Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta, 10(2): 115-181.
Subba, S., Lachungpa, D., Subba, S. and Nepal, S. 2015. Analysis of Vegetation in a Representative
Temperate Plant Community in Lachung Range of the Sikkim Himalaya. An International Journal of
Environment and Biodiversity. ISSN 2278-2281. 6(3), 18 – 24.
Subba, S., Subba, S., Bhutia, D.C. and pradhan, B.K. 2017. Analysis of Vegetation of Temperate
Forest at Sang-Tinjure Area of FambongLho Wildlife Sanctuary in Sikkim, India. Pleione. 11(1): 71 – 84.
2017.
Subba, S. J. & lachungpa, D. (2016). A versatile medicinal plant species Paris polyphylla -at Lachung
Forest, Sikkim – conservation initiatives. J. Int. Acad. Res. Multidiscipl.4 (1): 283 – 287.
Subba, S. J. lachungpa, D. Nepal, S. Subba, S. Tamang, M. & Bhutia, D.C. (2016). Quantitative
analysis of vegetation patterns and plant species diversity in diferent forest types at Yuksam – Dzongri –
Gochela sampling path of in Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve, West Sikkim, India. J. Int. Acad. Res.
Multidiscip. 4(9): 203 – 219.
Subba, S.J. lucksom,S. Z. & lachungpa, D. (2014). CONSERVATION OF OAK SPECIES IN
SIKKIM HIMALAYAS. Panda. VOL. 6, ISSUE 4. Pp. 23-27.
Subba, S. J. pradhan, A. Chamling, N. & Nepal, S. (2017). Barsey Rhododendron Sanctuary-Rich
Biological diversity in West Sikkim, India. Panda. 9(4): 44 – 51.
Subba, S. J., lucksom, S. Z. & lachungpa, D. (2014). CONSERVATION OF OAK SPECIES IN
SIKKIM HIMALAYAS. Panda. VOL. 6, ISSUE 4. Pp. 23-27.
Subba, Sanjyoti. (2016). Pleione of Sikkim Himalayas- Conservation Concern. Panda. 9(4):12 – 14.
Subba,S.J. lachungpa, D. Subba, S. & Nepal, S. (2015). Analysis of Vegetation in a Representative
Temperate Plant Community in Lachung Range of the Sikkim Himalaya. An Int. J. Env. Biodiv. 6(3):
18 – 24.
The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, http://www.iucnredlist.org/
The Natural Communities of Virginia Classiication of Ecological Community Groups (Version 2.3),
Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, 2010 Archived.
The Plant List, http://www.theplantlist.org/
Upadhaya, K. pandey, H.N. law, p.S. & Tripathi, R.S. (2003). Tree diversity insacred groves of the
Jaintia hills in Meghalaya, northeast India, Biodiversity and Conservation, 12: 583-597.
Von oheimb, G. & Hardtle, W. (2009). Selection harvest in temperate deciduous forests: Impact on
herb layer richness and composition, Biodiv. Conserv., Vol. 18, pp. 271–287
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 113
Publications Under
Sikkim Biodiversity Conservation
and Forest Management Project
114 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
NeBIO
An international journal of environment and biodiversity
Vol. 6, No. 3, September 2015, 18 - 24
ISSN 2278-2281(Online Version) ☼ www.nebio.info I www.neceer.org.in
Analysis of Vegetation in a Representative Temperate Plant Community in
Lachung Range of the Sikkim Himalaya
Sanjyoti Subba, Dechen Lachungpa, Sanchi Subba and Sumitra Nepal
Department of Forest, Environment and Wildlife Management, Govt. of Sikkim
Email: sanjyoti234@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Quantitative assessment recorded a total of 75 species under 68 genera falling in 49 plant families, and 6
of fern and fern-allies, a moss and lichen. Picea spinulosa showed highest density (214.81 ind/ha), relative
density (38.16 %), and IVI (75.76) followed Tsuga dumosa (81.48 ind/ha). Highest relative frequency of
occurrence was recorded for Picea spinulosa and Tsuga dumosa (Rel. Freq. 21.40 %) followed by
Rhododendron arboreum (11.52 %). For saplings and seedlings the highest score was observed in
Rhododendron arboreum (37.0 % & 22.2 %) followed by Prunus nepalensis (33.3 % at 22.2 %); sapling lowest
from Populus jacquemontiana (3.7 %) and seedlings from Sorbus sp and Magnolia globosa (3.7 % each). The
species diversity (adult, sapling and seedlings) in the site were found to be highest in concentration for
the trees (H’= 2.2914) followed by seedlings (H’= 2.2124) and the saplings (H’=2.1474). The highest IVI
value recorded for Tsuga dumosa effectively makes it the dominant species. Abundance-to-frequency
ratio revealed that random distribution was evinced in Tsuga dumosa and the rest showed contiguous
distribution.
KEYWORDS:
Lachung, Plant community, Sikkim Himalaya, Temperate Forest
Introduction
Plant communities have specific plant species composition
and physiognomy, which largely defines the habitat type
selected not only by the plants but by animals too and other
life forms. Plant communities are recognized as elements of
biodiversity which need to be identified and monitored. In
this case, monitoring ecosystem health and changes in
biodiversity can be achieved to a significant degree by
monitoring changes in plant communities. To an extent,
vegetation is also relatively easy to measure, inventory and
monitor both spatially and temporally, at various scales.
Presently, international standardized classification of
ecological communities using vegetation has been
recognized as an essential tool for identification,
monitoring, and conservation of ecosystems (Grossman et
al. 1998, NatureServe 2003, Jennings et al., 2003).
Sikkim Himalaya shows tremendous biological diversity,
covering just 0.2 % of the geographical area of the country.
The plant diversity of Sikkim is fascinating blend of flora
because of species richness and diverse community
structure. The flowering plants are represented by about
4400 species in the region, belonging to 1371 genera of 197
families. The forest cover in the state is 47.34 % and this
figure is one of the largest in the country.
Different vegetation types are identified for Sikkim
Himalaya which is mainly the product of diverse climatic,
physiographic and pedologic conditions that are found at
different elevations. The present work was undertaken in
the Mixed Coniferous Temperate Forest (2700-3000 m)
with the dominant tree species as Abies densa, Acer
campbellii, Betula utilis, Rhododendron arboreum, Taxus
baccata, Tsuga dumosa, Larix griffithiana, etc., found
mainly at Lachen, Lachung, Yakthang and Zemu in North
Sikkim. The objective of the present study was to find out
the vegetation characteristics of a representative temperate
plant community in Lachung forest range of Sikkim
Himalaya.
Study site
The study site is a representative vegetation of the
temperate forest at Lachung Range in Sikkim Himalaya
lying between 88o44’57” E and 27o42’45” N. The elevation
ranged between 2800-3200 m asl showing aspects of E, N
and NE with the slope angle falling between 5 and 40
degree inclination. A total of 27 plots were taken in an area
of 7 km2 approx. The study area is close to the Shingba
Rhododendron Sanctuary which is the home of
Rhododendron niveum, an endangered plant and an
endemic for the region. The climate is characterized by a
long moist season followed by a dry spell during the
winters. Snow is common and heavy at the site as also
hailstorms and high winds. Small landslips are frequent in
the area with occasional case of avalanches.
Methodology
Random sampling was done using quadrat of 10 m2 laid out
at 27 points covering an area of 0.027 ha. Within these the
tree sampling quadrat of 10 m2 and 5 m2 was taken for
shrub, sapling, and scrub and at the centre 1 m2 for herb
species were laid out. The 1 m2 quadrats were also laid for
seedling sampling. Plant samples were identified through
standard flora and floral references (Hooker 1888-90,
Hooker 1849, Pradhan & Lachungpa 1990, Kholia 2010).
All the sampling plots were geotagged for reference under
long-term monitoring and altitude was recorded.
© 2015. NECEER, Imphal. All rights reserved
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 115
Subba et al » Analysis of Vegetation in Temperate Plant Community in Lachung Range of the Sikkim Himalaya » NeBIO 6(3): 18-24
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
The vegetation data were quantitatively analyzed for
density and frequency following Curtis and McIntosh
(1950) and species diversity index (H’) was derived using
the Shannon-Wiener Index (Shannon & Wiener, 1963).
Importance Value Index was calculated by summing up
relative frequency, relative density and relative dominance
values. The ratio of abundance to frequency for different
species was determined through the distribution patterns of
the species. The ratio indicates regular (<0.025), random
(0.025 to 0.05) and contagious (>0.05) distributions
(Cottam & Curtis, 1956). The adult individuals (diameter
>10 cm) were grouped into different classes on the basis of
diameter as A;10-20, B;20-30, C;30-40, D;40-50, E;50-60,
F;60-70, G;70-80, H;80-90, I;90-100, J; >100 cm.
Results
The study revealed a total of 75 species under 68 genera
falling in 49 plant families, and 6 of fern and fern-allies
were recorded. Herbs represented the highest number of
species (36 species, 31 genera, 22 families and 1
unidentified) followed by small shrub/scrub (14 species, 13
genera, 8 families) and large tree (11 species, 10 genera, 8
families) and other remaining floral species (Table 1).
Figure 1. Biodiversity Survey sites in Lachung Range,
North Sikkim.
Diversity of vegetation was found most in case of the
ground flora in comparison to the shrubs and trees. Small
shrub/scrub recorded the highest diversity on a species-tofamily ratio (1.75). Overall species-to-family ratio was
found to be 1.39 for the study site.
Figure 2. Family-wise species composition
116 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
Subba et al » Analysis of Vegetation in Temperate Plant Community in Lachung Range of the Sikkim Himalaya » NeBIO 6(3): 18-24
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Table 1. Distribution of Floral species recorded in Lachung
Range, North Sikkim
Habit
Large Tree
Small tree &
Large Shrub
Small shrub/scrub
Herb
Fern & fern-allies
Total
Species
Genus Family Unidentified
11
10
8
0
8
14
36
6
75
8
13
31
6
68
6
8
22
5
49
0
0
1
0
1
A total of 40 plant families containing 75 number of plant
species represented the floral face of the study site. For the
phanerogamic flora maximum species recorded for any
family was that of Rosaceae (9 species), and this was
followed by Ericaceae (6 species), and Asteraceae (4
species) (Fig. 2). The families of Liliaceae, Pinaceae,
Polygonaceae, Salicaceae and Scrophulariaceae were
represented by 3 species each. Remaining was showed in
(Fig. 2).
The tree species were recorded cumulatively, viz., adult,
sapling and seedling and the highest adult individuals were
recorded for Picea spinulosa (214.81 ind/ha) followed by
Tsuga dumosa (81.48 ind/ha) and Rhododendron arboreum
(62.96 ind/ha) (Table 2). The minimum adult density was
recorded from Larix griffithiana and Populus
jacquemontiana where both showed 11.11 ind/ha and
relative density of 1.97 each (Table 2).
The highest adult IVI value was recorded for Tsuga
dumosa (105.11) followed by Picea spinulosa (75.76) and
Rhododendron arboreum (23.35), Acer campbellii (20.77),
Cupressus torulosa (19.07) and Prunus nepalensis (17.52)
[Table 2]. For sapling density the highest was recorded for
Rhododendron arboreum (129.63 ind/ha) followed by
Prunus nepalensis (100.00 ind/ha), Betula utilis and Acer
campbellii (each 33.33 ind/ha), Tsuga dumosa and Picea
spinulosa (each 18.52 ind/ha). The lowest sapling density
was recorded from Cupressus torulosa, Acer caudatum,
Sorbus sp. (each 7.41 ind/ha) [Table 2], whereas the highest
seedling density was recorded from Rhododendron
arboreum (59.26 ind/ha) followed by Acer caudatum
(55.56 ind/ha) and Prunus nepalensis (51.85 ind/ha); the
lowest seedling density was recorded from Magnolia
globosa (3.70 ind/ha) (Table 2). The abundance to
frequency ratio revealed all the adult individuals of large
tree species to be contagiously distributed except Tsuga
dumosa which showed the random distribution but none of
the species showed regular distribution (Table 2).
A general structural data regarding density, species
diversity, etc, of the canopy-forming species in the study
site of major species is depicted in Table 3. The relative
density of major species was recorded higher from Picea
spinulosa (38.16) (Table 3). The major species which has
the highest frequency of occurrence was recorded for Picea
spinulosa and Tsuga dumosa (Rel. Freq. 21.40 %) followed
by Rhododendron arboreum (11.52 %) (Table 3). The
frequency occurrence in the saplings and seedlings were
found highest for Rhododendron arboreum (37.0 % & 22.2
%) followed by Prunus nepalensis (33.3 % 22.2 %);
sapling lowest from Populus jacquemontiana (3.7%) and
seedlings from Sorbus sp. and Magnolia globosa (3.7 %
each). In general, the species diversity (H’) and richness of
trees (adult, sapling and seedling) in the site were found as
highest in concentration for the trees (H’= 2.2914) followed
by seedlings (H’= 2.2124) and the saplings at H’=2.1474.
The value of species richness was found in the range of
25.56-26.67 for the entire site. The highest species richness
was observed in Plot 2 at 2931 m followed by Plot 10 at
3000 m asl. The correlation between the humus depth and
total number of species varied much all through the
sampling plots; however, maximum number of species was
recorded at humus depth of 1 cm (Fig. 2).
Highest number of individual species was recorded along
2900 – 3000 m asl elevation range followed by 2800 –
2900 m asl (Fig. 3). Species richness was recorded higher
in Plot 2 at (2931 m asl) followed by Plot 10 at 3000 m,
both of the plots falling under 2900-3000 m asl
distributional range as shown in Figure 3. Out of the 27
sampling plots 6 were found open canopy cover and the
rest showed poor to insignificant canopy cover never
crossing beyond 10 %.
Table 2. Availability and distribution of tree species in Lachung Range sampling path, North Sikkim
Species
Acer campbellii
Acer caudatum
Betula utilis
Cupressus torulosa
Larix griffithiana
Magnolia globosa
Picea spinulosa
Populus jacquemontiana
Prunus nepalensis
Rhododendron arboreum
Sorbus sp
Tsuga dumosa
Density Ind/ha
59.26
18.52
29.63
14.81
11.11
14.81
214.81
11.11
44.44
62.96
0.00
81.48
Adult
A/F ratio
0.120
0.338
0.086
0.068
0.203
0.270
0.093
0.203
0.130
0.094
0.00
0.035
IVI
20.77
8.03
14.05
19.07
5.43
6.03
75.76
5.45
17.52
23.35
0.00
105.11
Sapling
Density Ind/ha
33.33
7.41
33.33
7.41
0.00
0.00
18.52
11.11
100.00
129.63
7.41
18.52
Seedling
Density Ind/ha
29.63
55.56
25.93
0.00
0.00
3.70
37.04
18.52
51.85
59.26
11.11
0.00
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 117
Subba et al » Analysis of Vegetation in Temperate Plant Community in Lachung Range of the Sikkim Himalaya » NeBIO 6(3): 18-24
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Table 3. Structural data on the major species in the Lachung Forest Range, North Sikkim
Species
Rel. Den.
Rel. Freq.
Pi =ni/N
lnPi
Populus jacquemontiana
1.97
3.29
0.019737
-3.93
Rhododendron arboreum
11.18
11.52
0.111842
-2.19
Picea spinulosa
38.16
21.40
0.381579
-0.96
Prunus nepalensis
7.89
8.23
0.078947
-2.54
Betula utilis
5.26
8.23
0.052632
-2.94
Tsuga dumosa
14.47
21.40
0.144737
-1.93
Cupressus torulosa
2.63
6.58
0.026316
-3.64
Acer campbellii
10.53
9.88
0.105263
-2.25
Acer caudatum
3.29
3.29
0.032895
-3.41
Magnolia globosa
2.63
3.29
0.026316
-3.64
Larix griffithiana
1.97
3.29
0.019737
-3.93
Daphniphyllum himalayense
23.08
13.66
0.230769
-1.47
Lyonia ovalifolia
6.99
6.07
0.06993
-2.66
Rhododendron hodgsonii
7.69
7.59
0.076923
-2.56
Sorbus ursina
3.50
4.55
0.034965
-3.35
Salix sp.
3.50
3.04
0.034965
-3.35
Pi*lnPi
-0.0775
-0.2450
-0.3676
-0.2004
-0.1550
-0.2798
-0.0957
-0.2370
-0.1123
-0.0957
-0.0775
-0.3384
-0.1860
-0.1973
-0.1173
-0.1173
H’
1.94
Figure 2. Correlation between humus depth and total number of species.
On the basis of diameter class, the C diameter class had the
highest density (207.4 ind/ha) followed by J diameter class
(88.9 ind/ha) and E diameter class (66.7 ind/ha) (Fig. 4),
whereas, A & B diameter class were completely absent in
study sites. Other remaining was showed in Figure 4. In
respect to percent cover of shrub species, the highest
percent cover was recorded at 20 % for Rosa sericea
followed by Salix sp. at 19 % and Cotoneaster
microphyllus coming at 10 %. The lowest cover presence of
1 % was found in Ilex sikkimensis, Lonicera sp. and
Prinsepia utilis (Fig. 5).
Figure 3. Relation between altitude and the number of
species
118 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
Figure 4. Cumulative class-wise density of tree species in
sampling site.
For the herbs the highest percent cover was recorded for
Arisaema griffithii at 10.74 %, followed by Fragaria
nubicola (8.26 %), Paris polyphylla (6.15 %), Euphorbia
sikkimensis (5.56%), Rumex nepalensis (4.44 %) and
Polygonatum multiflorum (3.89 %), respectively (Fig. 6).
The lowest percent cover were noted for Mazus dentatus
and Pedicularis rhinanthoides (both at 0.19 %) followed by
Potentilla peduncularis, Hypericum elodeoides, Pilea
umbrosa and Oxalis corniculata (all at 0.37 %) and
Hemiphragma heterophyllum (0.56 %) (Fig. 6).
Subba et al » Analysis of Vegetation in Temperate Plant Community in Lachung Range of the Sikkim Himalaya » NeBIO 6(3): 18-24
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Figure 5. Percent cover of shrub & scrub species
and 148 species (Makail et al. 1997). The present study
reveals a floral assemblage of 75 numbers of plants species
in an estimated 3 ha of study. On a localized level this
figure can be considered a fair representation of biological
diversity if we compare it with the total floral constituents
of Sikkim (ca. 4500 species within 7096 km2 land area).
For a cool or upper temperate floristic composition this
figure is appreciably close to what is found in other similar
regions. The dominance of families Ericaceae and
Rosaceae is typical of cool temperate communities that are
found in Sikkim, and this is particularly evident in high
shrub cover in the study site constituting Cotoneaster
microphyllus, Prinsepia utilis, Rosa sericea, Rubus sp.,
Spirea bella (all Rosaceae plants) and Rhododendron
lanatum, Rhododendron arboreum and Rhododendron
lepidotum (Ericaceae). On the other hand the representation
of Asteraceae is rather poor and is unexpected for such a
location. This could be partly due to the site falling at the
lower edge of subalpine zone. The floristic elements start
changing markedly in reaching the next zone, the
subalpine, and the most remarkable change is in the form of
Himalayan Silver Fir (Abies densa) community. This key
subalpine element though quite visible from the study site
did never fall into any of the sampling plots.
The highest IVI value recorded for Tsuga dumosa makes it
the dominant species in the site with the figure (105.11) far
above the other contenders, viz., Picea spinulosa (75.76),
Rhododendron arboreum (23.35), Acer campbellii (20.77),
Cupressus torulosa (19.07) and Prunus nepalensis (17.52).
The visible presence of Tsuga dumosa in the form of large
trees everywhere in the site speaks more than what the IVI
figure denotes. However, a point of note is that most of the
conifers are naturally gregarious and often form large tracts
of forest cover, as in western Sikkim, which incidentally is
not the case found in the present study. Many small isolated
patches of T. dumosa therefore are difficult to explain
unless it was created as a plantation long years back. This
fact is additionally reinforced from the A/F ratio taken to
analyze species distribution. The abundance-to-frequency
ratio revealed all the adult individuals of large tree species
to be contagiously distributed except Tsuga dumosa which
showed the random distribution.
Figure 6. Herb percent cover
Discussion
The number of species present in a forest community has
been variously expressed for different locations and
normally falls between 85 species (Chowdhury et al. 2000)
The value of diversity index in the present study was found
to be falling between 2.1474 – 2.2914. The diversity index
is a highly fluctuating figure and is variously assigned to 23 for temperate forests (Risser & Rice 1971) or between
1.16 and 3.4 for temperate forests (Braun 1950, Monk
1967, Pande et al. 1996, Saxena and Singh 1982, Singhal et
al. 1986). It is assigned to as high as 5.06 and 5.40 for
young and old stand, respectively, by Knight (1975), and
for the forests in India it is taken between 0.83 and 4.1
(Parthasarathy et al. 1992, Singh et al. 1984, Visalakshi
1995). Taking in the Index which is provided by Risser &
Rice, (op. cit.), the diversity index scored in the present
work falls within the estimated boundaries. Community
studies are usually carried out taking in the adult mature
trees along with the saplings and seedlings with the aim to
find out the population structure. In this work the species
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 119
Subba et al » Analysis of Vegetation in Temperate Plant Community in Lachung Range of the Sikkim Himalaya » NeBIO 6(3): 18-24
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
diversity of trees (adult, sapling and seedlings) in the site
were found to be highest in concentration for the trees (H’=
2.2914) followed by seedlings (H’= 2.2124) and the
saplings (H’=2.1474). The figures, however, stand out as
top heavy as opposed to a natural stand which is normally
found to be triangular in disposition with the greatest
number of seedlings at the bottom. This is much easily
observed in any undisturbed stands, for example,
undisturbed and isolated natural forests in the Andaman
Islands (Tripathi et al. 2004), and especially in sacred
groves and sacred forests (Supriya Devi & Yadava 2006)
where number of individuals always progressively increase
from adult mature trees towards seedlings.
In regard to the species richness value for the site it was
found to be in the range of 25.56-26.67 which is high in
view of its temperate life zone. On a gradient of sampling
plots the species richness was recorded highest in Plot 2 at
2931 m asl followed by Plot 10 at 3000 m asl. As is evident
both of these plots are located within a very narrow zone of
less than 100 m and as such shows a critical niche
character. Nevertheless, more work is needed to understand
such situations on how species accommodate themselves
within a small area.
In Table 2 there are some odd cases of missing sapling and
seedlings in the four tree species, viz., Cupressus torulosa,
Larix griffithiana, Magnolia globosa and Tsuga dumosa. In
the case of Sorbus sp. mature trees are absent whereas
saplings and seedlings are reasonably represented in which
case it may be construed that a natural progression is in
force. However, in regard to the four species cited earlier
the mature trees are present but saplings or seedlings or in
one case both the saplings and seedlings absent. The
seedlings of these four species neither come under grazing
nor have these been found to be of any direct use to human.
It may be that the trees might have a broad distributional
range and the present survey only took up a small part of it.
There might also be other reasons which may be connected
to human infringement during the process of community
development. However, the fact remains a little disturbing
and ecological restoration may help the community to grow
and survive as naturally as possible.
Conclusion
The floristic composition of the study site depicts temperate
floral diversity in the Sikkim context despite habitat
disturbances coming in at different levels or unless the
forest communities are severely encroached or selectively
modified. Total plant diversity of 75 number of plant
species within a small area of 0.027 ha is a figure which
can be termed as rich even when the sampling done was at
best not near to 1 percent sampling intensity. There are
several indications that were brought forward by the
present study in regard to conservation which almost every
time has to be tackled along for sustainability of nature and
natural resources. On a general note the community studied
did not show any marked sign of environmental stress
worth concern.
120 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
The present study shows presence of comparatively few
epiphytes even when moisture regime is high suggesting
that the location experiences physiological draught during
the winter months when water turns into snow rendering it
unusable to the plants.
According to Odum (1971), clumped (contiguous)
distribution is the commonest pattern in nature, random
distribution is found only in very uniform environment and
the regular distribution occurs where severe competition
between the individual exists. Under the regular (<0.025),
random (0.025 to 0.05) and contiguous (>0.05) distribution
the values indicate that random distribution was evinced in
Tsuga dumosa and the rest showed contiguous distribution.
No case of regular distribution was recorded in the sampled
population. It may be concluded that the community
studied exhibited high diversity of plant forms, better
ranking on IVI and other associated parameters and a little
uneven stand structure in regard to the tree elements.
Aknowledgements
Authors are thankful to Japan International Cooperation
Agency (JICA) Assisted Sikkim Biodiversity Conservation
and Forest Management Project (SBFP), of Department of
Forest, Environment and Wildlife Management, Govt. of
Sikkim, for providing the necessary facilities and
encouragement.
References
Arrawatia, M.L. and Tambe, S. (eds.) 2011. Biodiversity of
Sikkim – Exploring and Conserving a Global Heritage.
Information and Public Relation Department, Govt. of
Sikkim, Gangtok.
Badola, H.K. and Pradhan, B.K. 2010. Discovery of new
populations of a rare species Rhododendron niveum in
Khangchendzonga National Park, Sikkim. The
Rhododendron. Vol. 50.
Braun, E.L. 1950. The Ecology of the Forest of Eastern
North America, their Development, Composition and
Distribution. Deciduous Forest of Eastern North
America. McGraw Hill, New York-Blakiston.
Chowdhury, M.A.M., Auda, M.K. and Islam, A.S.MT.
2000. Phytodiversity of Dipterocarpus turbinatus
Gaertn. F. (Garjan) undergrowths at Dulahazara garjan
forest, Cos’B Bazar, Bangladesh. Indian Forester, 126:
674-684.
Curtis, J.T. and McIntosh, R.P. 1950. The interrelations of
certain analytic and synthetic phytosociological
characters. Ecology, 31: 438-455.
Cottam, C. andCurtis, J.T. 1956. The use of distance
measures in phytosociological sampling.Ecology, 37(3)
451-460.
Grossman, D.H., Faber-Langendoen, D., Weakley, A.S.,
Anderson, M., Bourgeron, P., Crawford, R., Goodin,
K., Landaal, S., Metzler, K., Patterson, K.D., Pyne, M.,
Reid, M. and Sneddon, L. 1988 International
classification of ecological communities: terrestrial
vegetation of the United States. Vol. 1, The National
Vegetation Classification System: development, status,
Subba et al » Analysis of Vegetation in Temperate Plant Community in Lachung Range of the Sikkim Himalaya » NeBIO 6(3): 18-24
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
and applications. The Nature Conservancy: Arlignton,
VA.
Hooker, J.D. 1849. The Rhododendrons of the Sikkim
Himalaya being an account, botanical and
geographical of the rhododendron recently discussed in
the mountains of eastern Himalaya. L. Reeve & Co.,
London.
Hooker, J.D. 1888-1890. The Flora of British India. Vols.
I-VII, L. Reeve & Co., London.
Jennings, M., Loucks, O., Glenn-Lewin, D., Peet, R.,
Faber-Langendoen, D., Grossman, D., Damman, A.,
Barbour, M., Pfister, R., Walker, M., Talbot, S.,
Walker, J., Hartshorn, G., Waggoner, G., Abrams, M.,
Hill, A., Roberts, D., Tart, D. and Rejmanek, M. 2003
Guidelines for Describing Associations and Alliances
of The US National Vegetation Classification. The
Ecological
Society
of
America
Vegetation
Classification Panel Version 2.0 (March 28, 2003).
Ecological Society of America, US Federal Geographic
Data Committee, NatureServe, and US Geological
Survey.
Kholia, B.S. 2010. Ferns and Fern Allies of Sikkim: a
Pictorial Handbook, Part 1. Sikkim State Biodiversity
Board and Botanical Survey of India.
Knight, D.H. 1975. A phyto-sociological analysis of
species rich tropical forest on Barro-Colorado Island:
Panama. Ecological Monographs, 45: 259-289.
Mekail, O., Lars, S., Greger, H., Olle, Z. and Janolof, H.
1997. Habitat qualities versus long-term continuity as
determinants of biodiversity in boreal old-growth
swamp forests. Biological Conservation, 81: 221-231.
Mishra, B.P., Tripathi, O.P. and Laloo, R.C. 2005.
Community characteristics of a climax subtropical
humid forest of Meghalaya and population structure of
ten important tree species. Tropical Ecology, 46(2):
241-251.
Mera, A.G., Hagen, M.A. and Orellana, J.A.V. 1999
Aerophyte, a new life-form in Raunkiaer’s
classification? Jour. Vegetation Science, 10:65-68.
Monk, C.D. 1967. Tree species diversity in eastern
deciduous forest with particular reference to north
central Florida. American Naturalist 101: 173-187.
NatureServe. 2003. NatureServe Explorer: an online
encyclopedia of life (web application), Version 1.8.
NatureServe,
Arlington,
Virginia.
Available
http://www.natureserve.org/explorer.
Odum, E.P. 1971. Fundamentals of Ecology. WB Saunders
Co., Philadelphia.
Pande, P.K., Negi, J.D.S. and Sharma, S.C. 1996. Plant
species diversity and vegetation analysis in moist
temperate Himalayan forests. Abstracted in First Indian
Ecological Congress, New Delhi. 27-31 Dec., 1996.
Parthasarathy, N., Kinbal, V. and Kumar, L.P. 1992. Plant
species diversity and human impact in the tropical wet
evergreen forests of southern western ghats. IndoFrench Workshop on tropical forest ecosystem: Nov.
1992. Natural Functioning and Anthropogenic Impact.
French Institute, Pondichery.
Pradhan, U.C. and Lachungpa, S.T. 1990 Sikkim
Himalayan Rhododendrons. Primulacae Books,
Kalimpong, India.
Risser, P.G. and Rice, E.L. 1971. Diversity in tree species
in Oklahoma upland forests. Ecology, 52: 876-880.
Saxena, A.K. and Singh, J.S. 1982. A phyto-sociological
analysis of forest communities of a part of Kumaun
Himalaya. Vegetatio, 50: 3-22.
Shannon, C.E. and Wiener, W. 1963. The Mathematical
Theory of Communication. Urbana University, Illinois
Press.
Singh, J.S., Rawat, Y.S. and Chaturvedi, O.P. 1984.
Replacement of Oak forest with pine in the Himalaya
affect the nitrogen cycle. Nature, 311: 54-56.
Singhal, R.M., Rawat, V.R.S., Kumar, P., Sharma, S.D. and
Singh, H.B. 1986. Vegetation analysis of woody
species of some forest of Chakrata Himalaya, India.
Indian Forester, 112: 819-823.
Supriya, D.L. and Yadava, P.S. 2006. Floristic diversity
assessment and vegetation analysis of tropical
semievergreen forest of Manipur, north east India.
Tropical Ecology, 47: 89-98.
Visalakshi, N. 1995. Vegetation analysis of two tropical
dry evergreen forest in southern India. Tropical
Ecology, 36:117-127.
© 2015. NECEER, Imphal. All rights reserved
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 121
122 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 123
124 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 125
126 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
SIKKIM HIMALAYAN
RHODODENDRON
Rhododendron campanulatum subsp aeruginosum (Pink flower form)
Sabita Dahal
S
ikkim, a tiny state of India located in its North
Eastern part forming the part of meeting ground
of Indo-Malayan and Indo-
Sikkim Biodiversity Conservation
and Forest Management Project
Forest, Environment &
Wildlife Management Department
Government of Sikkim
Chinese bio-geographical realms as well as Himalayan
and Peninsular Indian elements, falls under Himalayan
(2) Bio-geographic zone and Central Himalaya (2c)
biotic province. Within an area of 7096 square kilometer
in between 27°5’ - 28° 10’ N latitudes and 88°4’-88°55’
E longitudes, it holds an altitudinal gradient from 225m
Panda | Vol. 8 | Issue 4 | 2015-16
15
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 127
in south to 6100m in north and north-east and 8598m in
north-west. Broadly, the vegetation of Sikkim is
classified into the tropical zone (244-750m), subtropical
zone (750-1500m), temperate zone (1500-3000m), sub
alpine region (3000-4000m), alpine region (4000m and
above) and is endowed with rich diversity of habitat in
which large range of plants including several high value
medicinal plants, other endemic plants and animals and
many more rare and threatened taxa are found.
R.pendulum and R.wightii in association with other high
altitude species such as Primula sikkimensis, Larix
griffithii, Pedicularis elwesii, Abies densa, Viburnum
nervosum, Juniperus recurva etc. In alpine region above
4000m, the vegetation are highly dominated by very
small prostrate shrub-lets of Rhododendron species such
as R.nivale, R.anthopogon, R.lepidotum, R.fulgens,
R.campanulatum subsp aeruginosum and R.setosum in
association with other species such as Primula sp.,
Potentila sp. Saxifraga sp., Aerigeron sp., Sedum sp.
etc.
The genus comprises of almost 1200 species worldwide.
In India 92 species; a total of 109 taxa including, 8 sub
species and 9 varieties of Rhododendrons have been
reported, of which maximum species diversity reported
from Arunachal Pradesh with 75 species (Sastry and
Hajra 2010). Sikkim also has the rich diversity of
Rhododendrons having 38 species; 41 taxa including
sub species and varieties (Annexure 1) and excluding
R.dalhausiae subsp dalhausiae (Darjeeling population)
and including R. argipeplum and R. keysii
(www.eFloras.org; Mao 2010; Sastry and Hajra 2010)
and the recent report of R.mecongense (Pradhan BK,
Dahal S, Nilson J and Lachungpa D. 2015).
Rhododendron mecongense at Shingba
Rhododendron Sanctuary, North Sikkim
Rhododendron is the largest genus in the family
Ericaceae with greatest number of species and was
first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1837 in Genera
Plantarium. Worldwide it has broad range of
distribution and occurs highly in the area extending
along the southern Himalayas east into south-western
China. This region includes parts of Nepal, Bhutan,
North-eastern India, north-eastern Burma, South east
Tibet, Western Szechuan and north western Yunnan.
Many species also occur in the mountain ranges of
Thailand, Vietnam and Malaya. In the Sikkim state of
India, the species of Rhododendrons, which can be
seen in the temperate region upto 3000m altitude are
R.arboreum, R.thomsonii, R.maddenii, R.dalhausiae,
R.falconeri, and R.grande.
In the sub-alpine region i.e., 3000m to 4000m, some
of the shrubby species are found forming large
populations called “Rhododendron thickets” which
comprises of the species such as R.ciliatum, R.fulgens,
R.lepidotum,
R.triflorum,
R.campanulatum,
R.cinnabarinum, R.campylocarpum, R.cinnabarinum,
R.vaccinoides, R.baileyi, R.barbatum, R.sikkimense,
R.niveum, R.hodgsonii, R.glaucophyllum, R.decipiens,
16
128 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
Panda | Vol. 8 | Issue 4 | 2015-16
Fig Ia. Temperate forest dominated by R.falconeri at Pangolakha
Wildlife Sanctuary, East Sikkim
Fig Ib Sub alpine forest at Shingba Rhododendron Sanctuary, North Sikkim
Rhododendron
distribution
areas in Sikkim
The species of Rhododendrons exhibit significant
diversity in habit from dwarf tussocks to robust trees and
occupies variety of habitats such as ridges and cliffs,
marshy areas, forest floors, mountain tops, alpine
meadows and on trees and rocks. In Sikkim, these are
widely distributed along sub-tropical, temperate, subalpine and alpine region along 700-5500m elevation
(Map 1, Annexure 1) however, the maximum number
of Rhododendrons occurs in the altitudes of 3000-4500m
i.e., sub-alpine to alpine zone (Fig Ia, Ib, Ic, Id). These
altitudes are considered as the best suitable sites for
Rhododendrons for conservation and multiplication.
Amongst the Rhododendron species available in Sikkim,
R.maddenii has the lowest elevation range along subtropical to temperate belt i.e., 700m-2000m and R.nivale
occupying the highest elevation range, 4500-5500m. In
the North district of Sikkim, Shingba Rhododendron
Sanctuary up to Yumthang- Yume Samdong area,
Thangu valley and Tholung Kissong are the highly
potential area for various species of Rhododendrons,
where
R.thomsonii,
R.arboreum,
R.lepidotum,
R.hodgsonii,
R.wightii,
R.triflorum,
R.ciliatum,
R.anthopogon,
R.setosum,
R.cinnabarum,
R.campylocarpum, R.baileyi are commonly available.
R.maddenii has their gregarious population along
Chungthang - Tsho Pembo and Upper Dzongu (Badola
and Pradhan 2010b, BKP et al 2014).
Fig Ic Rhododendron potential site at Tamzey, East Sikkim (4000m)
Fig Id Rhododendron scrub at Thangu valley, North Sikkim (4000m)
Panda | Vol. 8 | Issue 4 | 2015-16
17
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 129
Rhododendron nivale at Yumesamdong (4500m), North Sikkim
(Left) Rhododendron campanulatum subsp aeruginosum , purple
flower form; (Right) Rhododendron campanulatum subsp.
campanulatum
Highest altitudinal ranged species namely R.nivale
was observed in Yume-Samdong area, above
Yumthang, the species has also been reported from
Lhonak valley in a Herbarium at Botanical Survey of
India (BSI), Sikkim circle.
Rhododendron sikkimense at Shingba Rhododendron Sanctuary,
North Sikkim
(Left) Rhododendron arboreum subsp arboreum (corolla red);
(Right) Rhododendron arboreum subsp. cinnamomeum var Roseum (corolla pink)
The red and pink flower forms of Rhododendron
arboreum are commonly available in all the four
districts of Sikkim.
Rhododendron sikkimense, which is considered to be a
natural hybrid between R.thomsonii and R.arboreum,
which along with both the parent species were found
at Shingba Rhododendron Sanctuary. Rhododendron
niveum, a state tree of Sikkim has been reported and
witnessed from Yakchey – Shingba Rhododendron
Sanctuary, Temrong and Thijom (Upper Dzongu) in
between 3000-3600m and recently another population
has been observed in Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary at
ca. 3800m, which is the new elevation record for this
species.
18
130 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
Two sub species of Rhododendron campanulatum was
encountered viz. Rhododendron campanulatum subsp
aeruginosum, a pink to purple flowered form, which
found widely distributed in the Yumthang- Yume
Samdong and Lachen valley while Rhododendron
campanulatum subsp. campanulatum with a white
flower form was rarely occur with very few
individuals in Shingba Rhododendron Sanctuary.
In the east, Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary above
3000m up to Tamzey, Gnathang, Kupup, along the
way to Tsomgo upto Baba Mandir has been
observed highly potential area for Rhododendrons
where the species such as R.thomsonii, R.fulgens,
R.campanulatum, R.arboreum are richly occurred;
followed by Pangolakha Wildlife Sanctuary, where
the low altitude preferring species such as
R.falconeri, R.grandii, R.hodgsonii, R.cameliflorum
were highly available.
Few species, namely R.dalhausiae var tashii,
R.arboreum was observed in Fambong-Lho Wildlife
Sanctuary and Bulbulay Reserved Forest in east, and in
Panda | Vol. 8 | Issue 4 | 2015-16
Rhododendron baileyi at Yakshay, North Sikkim
Rhododendron setosum at Yumesamdong, North Sikkim
Rhododendron thomsonii at Shingba Rhododendron Sanctuary,
North Sikkim
Rhododendron wightii at Shingba Rhododendron Sanctuary,
North Sikkim
and around Mangan, Chungthang to Lachung in north
Sikkim. In the west, Barsey Rhododendron Sanctuary,
Bakhim-Tshoka-Dzongri, Thangsing – Samiti Lake and
in the south, Maenam Wildlife Sanctuary, Tendong
Reserve Forest, Ravangla, Damthang, Ralong, where
species such as R.lanatum, R.arboreum, R.dalhausiae
subsp tashii, R.falconeri, R.hodgsonii, R.griffithianum,
R.barbatum and other several species of Rhododendrons
are widely distributed.
habitat. Rhododendrons provide food source for wide
range of animals; with the immense flowers, it sustains a
community of insects, birds, butterflies, which are the
frequent pollinators. Hence, Rhododendrons can be
considered as the keystone element in context of upper
temperate and the alpine region of Sikkim Himalayas;
same has been mentioned in Singh et al. 2009.
SIGNIFICANCE
In the Himalayan region, Rhododendrons are the only
group of plants that has continuum in maintaining eco
tone and biological sustenance and can be considered as
an ecosystem engineer, as these have direct impact on
soil and moisture regime, affects the environment by soil
formation, soil binding, prevent soil erosion and allows
regeneration of vegetation (Leach, 1961) and also affects
climate by affecting the hydrological balance. In the
Himalayan ecosystem Rhododendrons are one of the
pioneer groups of plants; the dominating habitat of
which plays a unique and crucial role for specific faunal
communities by providing them a unique
Panda | Vol. 8 | Issue 4 | 2015-16
Rhododendrons are incredible taxa forming an
important component of the temperate and the alpine
ecosystem that can be seen from early succession
stage to the late succession stage with tremendous
diversity and high variation. It forms the potential
component for the nature based tourism. Tourists are
becoming more sensitive to environmentally degraded
conditions, and the sustainable tourism is the demand
of present day world.
Nature based tourism is one of the rapidly growing
sector of income which is directly dependent on the
natural resources including scenery, topography,
vegetation and wildlife etc. and has proved to be a
powerful incentive for conservation of nature and
culture in many parts of the world. The economy and
19
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 131
the livelihood of people of Sikkim is highly dependent
on tourism, and the state government is now actively
promoting tourism to areas that are the best examples i.e.
protected areas where there is richness of biological and
cultural elements and is highly focusing on nature based
tourism or eco-friendly tourism through Forest
Environment and Wildlife Management Department, and
has formed an ecotourism policy for Sikkim to make
Sikkim as an ultimate and unique ecotourism destination
and to promote conservation of nature and the resources.
Several eco-treks have been declared by the Government
of Sikkim in all four districts of Sikkim, for example,
Tholung – Kishong trek, Yumthang-Yume Samdong
trek, Lachen-Yabuk-Green Lake trek (North); GolitarChuli-Luing trek, Saang-Tinjurey trek, Rate Chu trek
(East); Yambong trek, Khecheopalri trek, UttareySingelila trek, Okherey/ Barsey to Uttarey trek, Hee
Bermiok (Panda Gate-Uttarey trek (West); Kitam trek,
Melli trek, Lingee-Sokpay Bhaley Dunga trek (South)
which familiarize with the
Rhododendron niveum is the state tree of Sikkim and
Rhododendron arboreum is the national flower of Nepal.
Rhododendrons are used by the local people in the
Himalayas in several ways. Rhododendron arboreum’s
nectar is brewed to make wine and is effective in
diarrhoea and dysentery. Its corolla is administered in
case if fishbone is stuck in the gullet. Snuff made from
the bark of the tree is excellent cold reliever. Young
leaves can be processed into paste and applied on the
forehead to reduce headaches. It has been reported that
the plant is of anti-inflammatory and hepato-protective
functions against related diseases, which is probably
due to its anti-oxidant efficacy due to presence of
flavonoids, saponins and phenolic compounds. In
Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh the aromatic twigs and
leaves of R.anthopogon, R.setosum, R.lepidotum are
used as incense. In Nepal, Rhdodendron
campanulatum is used as snuff and is effective in case
of cold and hermicrania. Also the species is used in
curing chronic rheumatism, syphilis. The dried twigs
and wood are used by Nepalese against phthisis and
chronic fever. Rhododendron setosum is used in
making aromatic oil, perfumery and cosmetics,
R.cinnabarinum is used in making flavouring agents,
jam etc. and in Sikkim, and dried corolla of the species
is liked by local inhabitants which taste delicacy. In
north Sikkim, the extract from R.thomsonii is used as
natural insecticides, while it is reported toxic to human
beings (rajeshkoirala. wordpress.com).
Habitat of Rhododendron niveum at Shingba
Rhododendron Sanctuary, North Sikkim
20
132 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
Panda | Vol. 8 | Issue 4 | 2015-16
Rhododendron niveum, a state tree of Sikkim
at Shingba Rhododendron Sanctuary, North Sikkim
DISTURBANCE AND THREAT ANALYSIS
According to Botanic Gardens Conservation
International (BGCI) 2011, a quarter of the world’s
Rhododendrons are threatened with extinction in the
wild. The Rhododendrons Red List, published jointly
by Botanic Gardens Conservation International
(BGCI), Fauna & Flora International (FFI) and Royal
Botanic Garden Edinburgh, in June 2011 identifies
317 Rhododendrons as being in danger of extinction
(Endangered or Critically Endangered), and hence
urgent attention is required; habitat protection and
restoration should be reviewed and mechanism put in
place for local people to be involved in.
Sikkim is practicing several bio-diversity conservation
efforts. It has an enormous traditional knowledge on bioresources and their conservation practices. The state
harbor 30.77% of its geographical area under Protected
Area Network (one national park and seven wildlife
sanctuaries) which includes two Rhododendron
sanctuaries viz. Barsey Rhododendron Sanctuary in west
district and Shingba Rhododendron Sanctuary in the
north district for the in situ conservation of Sikkim’s
Rhododendrons. Rhododendrons are the important
component of biodiversity which, if disturbed, can
degrade the habitats that threatened other associated
biodiversity in maintaining eco-tone and biological
sustenance in the particular zone. It has a characteristic
slow growth rate, due to which their survival in the wild
is threatened. One major reason for the global decline of
rhododendron population is habitat loss
Panda | Vol. 8 | Issue 4 | 2015-16
and fragmentation. Other existing threats are due to
natural as well as an anthropogenic pressure. Increase
in human population with demand on land for
farming, construction of roadways, army personnel
garrisoned, the tourist influx at alpine locations,
avalanche, landslides, flash flood etc. are highly
observed during present study. The deforestation and
unsustainable extraction for firewood and incense by
the local inhabitants are the general disturbances
resulted in the building up considerable pressure on
the survival of Rhododendron species in the nature.
Other major threats for the sub alpine and alpine
Rhododendrons globally are the effect of drastic
changes in climate. The sudden changes in the
environmental parameters including strange weather
such as unusual rainfall, hailstorm etc. effects the
vegetation greatly. In our observation, the blooming
patterns of Rhododendrons of sub alpine and alpine
areas have been changed and has observe the late
initiation of flowering in case of some of the species
like R.niveum, R.campanulatum, R.nivale etc.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Through the entire survey in all the four districts of
Sikkim it has been found that Rhododendrons have
fragmented distribution throughout the state, highly
concentrated in the temperate and lower alpine belt,
which are highly prone to natural disturbance than
anthropogenic pressure. Some of the species such as
Rhododendron sikkimense, R.niveum, R.mecongense,
R.cammeliflorum, R. decipiens and R. edgeworthii
have observed very few or hardly in one or two sites
and are seen growing in highly disturbed habitat. The
occurrence of R.keysii, R.argipeplum, R.leptocarpum
in Sikkim has been mentioned in Flora of China
(www.eflora.org) and Sastry & Hajra, 2010 but are
not witnessed during our survey. Hence, more
research and immediate conservation measures are
suggested with the following recommendations.
1. More field exploration in unexplored areas to check
the availability of species and their population in
Sikkim.
2. Repeated observations and monitoring in the
Rhododendron potential sites.
3. Research on the entire phonological progression
including effects of climate change, nutrient
dynamics, reproductive mechanism etc.
4. As high altitude areas are the places of major
tourist destinations and their effects on
Rhododendrons and other vegetation is high,
which should be checked somehow.
21
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 133
5. The growth rate of Rhododendrons is very slow; hence grazing should be checked as grazing may
suppress the seeds germination and growth of seedlings and saplings.
6. More nursery management and restoration of the species of rare, vulnerable and endangered
Rhododendrons in the natural areas by checking their habitat suitability.
7. In case of high altitude species of Rhododendrons, the success rate of nursery is very low, for
them, the nursery management can be practiced in their natural habitation zone.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am grateful to Shri. Tshering Wangdi Lepcha, the Honourable Minister, Forest, Environment & Wildlife
Management, Mines & Minerals and Geology, Science
& Technology and Climate Change Department for his constant support and encouragement. A
special thanks to Shri Thomas Chandy, Principal Secretary cum PCCF and Shri C.S.Rao, CCF cum
Project Director, SBFP for constant guidance and support. Big thanks to Ms. Dechen Lachungpa,
Divisional Forest Officer, SBFP/ BC for her constant support and encouragement. Special thanks to
Dr Bharat Kumar Pradhan, Scientific Associate (Sikkim Biodiversity Board) for his precious guidance
and help in the field and Ms. Hemlata Rai for preparing a map.
REFERENCES
Badola, H.K. and Pradhan, B.K. 2009. Singba Rhododendron Sanctuary in Sikkim, an explorer’s
paradise. The Rhododendron 49: 24–30.
Badola, H.K. and Pradhan, B.K. 2010a. Discovery of new populations of a rare species
Rhododendron niveum in Khangchendzonga National Park, Sikkim. The Rhododendron 50: 40–49.
Badola, H.K. and Pradhan, B.K. 2010b. Population exploration of Rhododendron maddenii in
Sikkim, bordering Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve – questioning rarity and endangerment.
NeBio 1(1)
BKP et al 2014. Population discovery and new elevation record for Rhododendron maddenii from Dzongu
valley, Sikkim Himalaya (India). The Rhododendron - Vol. 54.
BKP et al 2015. Rapid Biodiversity Survey Report
– II. Sikkim Biodiversity Conservation and Forest Management Project (SBFP), FEWMD,
Government of Sikkim.
134 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
Irving E, Hebda R.1993. Concerning the origin and distribution of Rhododendrons. Journal of
American Rhododendron society 47(3): 139.
Maity, D. & Maity, G.G. 2007. The Wild Flowers of Kanchenjunga Biosphere Reserve, Sikkim.
Naya Udyog, Kolkata, India.
Mao, A. (2010): The Genus of Rhododendrons in
Northeast India: Botanics Orientalis-Journal of Plant
Science. 7: 26-34. http://www.cdbtu.edu.np/botanica-orientalis
Pradhan BK, Dahal S, Nilson J and Lachungpa D (2015). A note on Rhododendron mekongense –
a new species record from Sikkim Himalaya. Journal of American Rhododendron Society 77: 76 - 80.
Pradhan, U.C and Lachungpa, S.T. (1990): SikkimHimalayan Rhododendrons, Primulaceae Books,
Kalimpong, West Bengal.
Sastri, A.R.K & Hajra, P.K. 2010. Rhododendrons in India. BS Publications, Hyderabad.
Singh et al. 2009. Conservation of Rhododendrons in Sikkim Himalaya. An Overview. World
Journal of Agricultural Science 5(3): 284-296.
Singh, K.K. Rai, L.K. and Gurung, B. (2009). Conservation of Rhododendrons in Sikkim
Himalaya: An overview. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences 5(3): 284-296.
Singh, P. and Chauhan, A.S. (1998). An overview of plant diversity of Sikkim, in Sikkim:
Perspective for planning and Developing, S.C. Rai, R.C. Sundriyal and E. Sharma (Eds.). Bishen
Singh and Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Dun.
Tambe, S. Bhutia, N.T. & Arrawatia, M.L. (2005). People’s opinion on the Impacts of “Ban on
Grazing” in Barsey Rhododendron Sanctuary, Sikkim, India. The Mountain Institute.1-22.
Tiwari, O.N. and Chauhan, U. K.
(2006).
Rhododendron conservation in Sikkim Himalaya.
Current Science, Vol.90, No. 4.
Panda | Vol. 8 | Issue 4 | 2015-16
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 135
Pleione of Sikkim Himalayas
Conservation Concern
INTRODUCTION
Orchidaceae is the largest family of flowering plants
is distributed globally in China, Eastern Himalayas,
Nepal, Bhutan, India, Laos, Myanmar, Vietnam, E.
Tibet and Thailand. In the Indian sub-continent,
Orchidaceae the species which is estimated to be
around 1220 of which the maximum 620 species are
recorded from Arunachal Pradesh followed by Sikkim
Himalayan Region having 523 species (Sudhizong
Lucksom 2011). Sikkim is beautiful state of the Indian
Union; an area of 7096 sq.km and vast variation in
height over very short distances ranging from about
tropical to alpine meadows.
sanjyotisubba234@gmail.com
Survey Expert, Sikkim Biodiversity Conservation and Forest Management Project (SBFP)
Forest, Environment & Wildlife Management Department
*
12
136 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
Panda | Vol. 8 | Issue 4 | 2015-16
The epiphytic orchids were by and large represented
by large genera such as Bulbophyllum, Coelogynae,
Dendrobium, Eria and Oberonia mentioned by (Mehra
& Vij, 1974; Hajra, 1996). The genus Pleione species
was established by David Don in the year 1825,
under the genus Coelogyne. It is primarily epiphytic
in habit, although it grows often found as lithophytes.
Four species of Pleiones are found in Sikkim
Himalayas, viz., Pleione maculata (Lindl.) & Paxton,
Rollisson, Pleione praecox, (Sm.) D. Don, Pleione
hookeriana (Lindl.) and Pleione humilis (Sm.) D.
Don.
Worldwide Pleione maculata (Lindl.) is distributed in
China, Assam India, Eastern Himalaya, Nepal, Laos,
Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam spread over 130400 m above sea level and is found in tropical forest
mentioned by Naresh Swami.
(indiabiodiversity.org/biodiv/content/documents/
document.../880.pdf)
Pleione humilis distributed in the Himalayas of Nepal,
Sikkim, and Burma & eastern Tibet (www.eflora.org)
grows on mosses or the smooth trunks of rhododendron
trees along 1800-2600 m asl.
Pleione praecox (Sm.) D. Don is distributed in China,
India, Eastern Himalayas, Nepal, Laos, Myanmar,
Vietnam and Thailand between 1400-2200m above
sea level on mossy tree trunks and branches, often on
rocky slopes.
Globally, Pleione hookeriana is distributed in Bhutan,
NE India, Myanmar and Nepal growing in mossy
rocks and cliffs mostly at the margin of woodlands
up to 3500 m asl. During Rapid Biodiversity Survey
in May 2014, SBFP Survey Team discovered that
Pleione hookeriana is abundantly found in temperate
coniferous forest in Lachung at Yakchey Area
(88o45’05 “E, 27o43’19” N) is distributed between
2900-3000 m asl. It was found growing in coniferous
tree (Tsuga dumosa) on the tree trunks and also over
mossy rocks and cliffs situated at the margin of
thickets.
Interestingly, Pleione hookeriana, (Lindl) B.S.
Williams., holds for the highest growing epiphytic
species of Sikkim Himalayan Region also found in
Zema III, Lachen, Ravangla and Maenam Wildlife Photo: Habitat on the tree trunk and on the rocky slopes Sanctuary,
mentioned by Naresh Swami.
Panda | Vol. 8 | Issue 4 | 2015-16
13
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 137
MORPHOLOGY
Pleione hookeriana (Lindley) is epiphytic / lithophytes to
10 cm growing in height. The pseudobulb is greenish
purple, ovate to conical base is sometimes linked to a
slender rhizome and 1-leaved. The leaves are ellipticallanceolate or suboblong shape and are in papery structure.
These develop after the flowering is over. Inflorescence is
erect, peduncle with several membranous sheaths below
middle; floral bract suboblong, apex obtuse. Flower is
solitary, small, sepals and petals are pale purplish-red to
nearly white, lip is white with a yellow center and purple or
yellowish brown spot. The dorsal sepal is nearly suboblong
or oblanceolate. Flowering periods occurs between MayJuly
CONSERVATION INITIATIVES
Biodiversity conservation is an important issue in the
world. Conservation initiatives of the orchid started
for the preservation of the natural forest in wild. The
conservation of epiphytic plants plays an important
role for the forest ecology and preserving the diversity
of epiphytes makes evergreen forest and healthy
ecosystem. If the management and conservation
initiatives are not taken in time, it ought to be
extinction of the natural habitat. Hence, the species
should be conserved in time for future generations.
The state has been remarkable step in protecting the
network’s Sanctuary and National Park which has the
rich biodiversity hotspot. In Sikkim the areas already
declared as conservation zone for orchids, the Orchid
Conservation Centre (for slipper orchids) Tinkitam,
South Sikkim. This article suggested that the Pleione
hookeriana is abundantly distributed in Lachung;
Yakchey area should be preserved and conserved
which hold the highest growing epiphytic species in
Sikkim Himalayas Region. The Lachung forest is near
to Shingba Rhododendron Sanctuary which has
several rare species of flora including Rhododendron
niveum, Primula sp. many wild orchids like Pleione
hookeriana and other rhododendrons species too,
many wild animals, many varieties of birds and
butterflies and the area is rich biodiversity hotspot.
AKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Author is greatly thankful to JICA assisted Sikkim
Biodiversity Conservation and Forest Management
Project (SBFP), of Department of Forest, Environment
and Wildlife Management, Govt. of Sikkim for
providing the necessary facilities and encouragement.
Special thanks to Dechen Lachungpa (Divisional Forest
Officer) for her encouragement and support.
14
138 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
REFERENCES
1. Sudhizong Lucksom 2011. THE ORCHID
DIVERSITY IN SIKKIM AND EFFECT OF
CHANGE OF ENVIRONMENT ON THE
DISTRIBUTION OF NATIVE ORCHIDS IN
SIKKIM HIMALAYA, INDIA. Biodiversity of
Sikkim, Exploring and conserving a Global
Hotspot. ISBN: 978-81-920437-0-9. Pp. 127-148.
2. Hajra Pk, 1996. Flora of Sikkim. Botanical Survey
of India, Calcutta, India.
3. Mehra PN, Vij SP, 1974. Some observation on the
ecological adaptations and distribution pattern of
the east Himalayan orchids, American Orchid
Society Bulletin 43:301-315.
4. Subba, SJ. Lachungpa, D. Subba, S. and Nepal, S.
2015. Analysis of Vegetation in a Representative
Temperate Plant Community in Lachung Range of
the Sikkim Himalaya. An international journal of
environment and biodiversity. Vol.6. no.3.
Page.18-24. ISSN 2278-2281
Panda | Vol. 8 | Issue 4 | 2015-16
Occurrence Record of
Rhododendron
hypenanthum (Ericaceae)
in Eastern Alpines of
Sikkim, India.
Sabita Dahal
Sikkim Biodiversity Conservation & Forest Management Project,
FEWMD, sabitadahal26feb@gmail.com
Rhododendron hypenanthum photographed in Tamze valley ca. 4000m
Rhododendron is the largest genus in the family
Ericaceae with greatest number of species. In Sikkim,
the species of Rhododendrons are distributed from
temperate region (1800m) up to the Trans- Himalaya
(5500m). The genus comprises of almost 1200 species
worldwide. In India 92 species; a total of 109 taxa
including, 8 sub species and 9 varieties of
Rhododendrons have been reported, of which
maximum species diversity reported from Arunachal
Pradesh with 75 species (Sastry and Hajra 2010).
Sikkim also has its rich diversity with 38 species; 41
taxa including sub species and varieties (Dahal, S.
2016) including recent report of Rhododendron
mecongense (Pradhan BK, Dahal S, Nilson J and
Lachungpa D. 2015). Present article is an occurrence
report of Rhododendron hypenanthum from
Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, Tamze valley and
surrounding areas of the Eastern Himalaya of Sikkim,
resulting in addition of one species to the existing list
of 38 species of Sikkim Himalayan Rhododendrons.
Rhododendron hypenanthum is commonly known as
Yellow Dwarf Rhododendron. The taxon was treated as
a subspecies or variety of Rhododendron anthopogon
(Synonym: Rhododendron anthopogon D.Don subsp
hypenanthum or Rhododendron anthopogon var.
hypenanthum (I.B.Balfour) H.Hara. It is closely related
to pinkish or white flowered Rhododendron anthopogon
D.Don (Dwarf Rhododendron). It is an evergreen,
aromatic shrub, up to 40 cm tall. The branches are rough
and scaly; branch-lets are generally short. Leaves are
elliptic-oblong, 1-3 cm long, dorsal surface rough,
wrinkled, ventral densely covered with dark reddish
brown scales. Leaf petioles are 3-7 mm long. Leaf blades
are elliptic or oblong-elliptic or obovate elliptic, base
rounded or broadly cuneate, apex obtuse
PANDA | VOL. 9 | ISSUE 4 | 2016-17
or rounded. Flowers are borne in terminal clusters of
5-10. Bracts are ovate, margin ciliate. Flowers are
yellow, tube cylindrical, lobes orbicular, spreading
outside. Capsule is ovoid, 4-6 mm long.
The species is commonly occurring in the Rhododendron
thickets, scrub, and open alpine slopes from 3500-4500m
in Bhutan, Northern India, Nepal and Sikkim. In Sikkim,
the species are flourishing well in Kyongnosla Alpine
Sanctuary, Tamze valley and surrounding areas in the
eastern part from sub-alpine to alpine areas with good
number of populations. As a medicinal plant, its stems,
leaves and flowers are used in Tibetan Herbalism. They
are antitussive, febrifuge, tonic, diaphoretic and digestive
and are used in treatment of inflammations, lung
disorder, and general weakening of the body, also treat
lack of appetite, cough and various skin diseases
(Source: Karna, N. & Carthy, G.Mc. 2008.).
Acknowledgements
I am thankful to Forest, Environment & Wildlife
Management Department, Government of Sikkim for
providing field facilities through Sikkim Biodiversity
Conservation & Forest Management Project (SBFP).
For Further Readings:
Dahal S. 2015-16. Sikkim Himalayan Rhododendrons.
Panda. 8(4) 15-27.
Pradhan BK, Dahal S, Nilson J and Lachungpa, D
(2015). A note on Rhododendron mekongense – a new
species record from Sikkim Himalaya. Journal of American
Rhododendron Society 77: 76 - 80.
Sastri, A.R.K & Hajra, P.K. 2010. Rhododendrons
in India. BS Publications, Hyderabad.
Karna, N. & Carthy, G.Mc. 2008. Green Jobs
Primer: Trees, Plants and Grasses of Nepal. Local
Economic Development and Green Jobs, Nepal.
21
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 139
Pleione 11(1): 71 - 84. 2017.
© East Himalayan Society for Spermatophyte Taxonomy
ISSN: 0973-9467
Analysis of vegetation of temperate forest at Sang-Tinjure area of
FambongLho Wildlife Sanctuary in Sikkim, India
Sanjyoti Subba1,3, Suraj Subba1, Dorjee Chewang Bhutia1
and Bharat Kr. Pradhan2
1
Sikkim Biodiversity Conservation and Forest Management Project
2
State Biodiversity Board
Department of Forest, Environment and Wildlife Management, Deorali 737102, Sikkim, India
3
Correspondence author, e-mail: sanjyoti234@gmail.com
[Received 01.06.2017; Revised 14.06,2017; Accepted 17.06.2017; Published 30.06.2017]
Abstract
A total of 88 plants species were recorded of which 33 tree species, 30 herbs and 12 shrubsscrub, 10 climbers and 1 epiphyte were recorded in a total of 16 sampling plots. Raunkiaer’s life
form assessments revealed the Phanerophytes (44.7) representing the highest, which is canopy
forming plant species followed by Hemicryptophytes (16.0) representing the ground vegetation
of herbs species. The tree species of which the highest adult individual were recorded from
Castanopsis tribuloides (Sm.) A.DC. (387.50 Ind/ha) followed by Leucosceptrum canum Sm.
(212.50 Ind/ha). IVI of adult (tree) was recorded highest for Castanopsis tribuloides (Sm.)
A.DC. (62.7) followed by Quercus lamellosa Sm. (22.6), Symplocos lucida (Thunb.) Siebold &
Zucc. (20.9) and Symplocos glomerata King ex C.B.Clarke (13.2), respectively. The abundance
to frequency ratio revealed all the adult individuals of tree to be contagious distributed except
Acer caudatum Wall.,and Cinnamomum impressinervium Meisn. which showed the random
distribution but none of the species showed regular distribution. The species diversity (H) and
richness of trees (adult, sapling and seedlings) in the site were found as highest in concentration
for the tree (H = 3.17) followed by seedling (H=2.68) and sapling (H = 2.60) in the area of 0.064
ha. Several girth classes were measured.
Key words: Plant life form, Species diversity, Species richness, temperate forest, vegetation
analysis
INTRODUCTION
The vegetation throughout the world is normally formed by one or more plant communities,
exhibiting a homogenous stand or more often a heterogeneous assemblage. In nature, it is
found that each plant community is a unique system having its own characteristics in terms
of structural, functional and spatial features. Normally any type of vegetation should constitute
some specific plant species composition and physiognomy, which largely defines the habitat
type which again select the plants of definite life-forms by (Smith 1913). Raunkiaer’s systems
of life-form classification there are five major classes viz., Phanerophytes, Chamaephytes,
Hemicryptophytes, Cryptophytes and Therophytes by Raunkiaer’s 1934). Plants can be
grouped in life-form classes based on their similarities in structure and function of forest
(Mueller-Dombois & Ellenberg 1974) and also study of vegetation description (Cain 1950).
Understanding the life-forms is a primary objective and basic requirement for most of
the plant ecological works to understand the community dynamics, its functional aspects,
succession, vegetation continuum and many more. Usually vegetation is relatively easy to
140 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
72
FambongLho Wildlife Sanctuary vegetation analysis
measure and monitor both in space and time, and also at various magnitudes. Different
vegetation tracts are the actual pool of biodiversity which differs from place to place and
each one showcasing its unique identity. In fact, biodiversity itself in its true form is the face
of the vegetation. As vegetation also represents an ecosystem, or a part of the ecosystem, it
helps to know about it, before trying to understand any specific ecosystem. Monitoring
ecosystem health and changes in biodiversity can be achieved to a significant degree by
monitoring changes in vegetation. In recent years the baseline value of vegetation is becoming
so important that standardized classification of ecological communities using vegetation has
been recognized as an essential tool for identification, monitoring, and conservation of
ecosystems (Grossman et al.1988; NatureServe 2003). This very important thought is
entrenched in the present work and many similar works currently in progress by Subba et al.
(2015, Subba et al. 2016) in the region with underlying idea of long-term monitoring of
vegetation changes in Sikkim forests.
Sikkim Himalaya which constitutes a part of the Eastern Himalayan ensemble (others
being Arunachal Himalaya, Bhutan Himalaya and Darjeeling Himalaya) follows altogether
similar characteristics in biotic richness with the other three regions for which it is recognized
under world biodiversity hotspots. The Eastern Himalaya is also referred as the Cradle for
Flowering Plants (Takhtajan 1969) and the region houses largest number of endemic and
schedule I species than anywhere else in the country (MacKinnon & MacKinnon 1986).
The Sikkim state is endowed with rich floral and faunal species diversity in (http://
www.sikkimforest.gov.in). In this sense the plant diversity of Sikkim is considered as a rich
biodiversity because of the species richness and diverse plant community. Present study,
therefore, is a small step towards understanding a plant community on ecological footing of
a protected area in Sikkim.
The objective of the present paper is to describe the vegetation structure, plant species
composition and diversity from 16 plots in the Sang-Tinjure area in FambongLho Wildlife
Sanctuary in Sikkim.
STUDY AREA
The survey was conducted in the Sang-Tinjure area of FambongLho Wildlife Sanctuary
(FWS) in East Sikkim. FWS is covering an area of 51.76 sq km and the altitude ranges
between 1200 and 2624 m asl. The highest point of this sanctuary, Tinjure, can be reached
from more than one point. This sanctuary is described as very rich in biodiversity by (Pradhan
& Lachungpa 2015), which is natural, virgin and to a large part still remains undisturbed.
However, at certain patches the forest department has made plantations of fast growing
Cryptomeria japonica for timber purpose. The elevation of the study site ranges between
1600 m and 2300 m asl lying between 27o16’20.7 – 27o17’50.62 N latitudes and 880 30’04.4’
– 88031’31.4 E longitudes on the northeastern part of the sanctuary. Over 50 mammalian
species and 280 bird species have been reported from the sanctuary and its surrounding
areas (Pradhan & Lachungpa 2015).
METHODOLOGY
In April 2013, random samplings of the study site were done through the laying of 16 nested
quadrate plots. The largest quadrate of 20 X 20 m was laid at every 50 – 90 meter distances
depending upon the site feasibility, covering total area of 0.064 ha. Within these the tree
sampling quadrat of 20 X 20 m and four 5 X 5 m quadrates were laid for shrub, tree-saplings
and scrub and at the centre, and five 1 X 1 m for herb and seedlings were laid out (Das &
Lahiri 1997). Plant samples were identified using standard floras (Hooker 1888-97; Hooker
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 141
Sanjyoti Subba et al.
73
1849; Pradhan & Lachungpa 1990; Kholia 2010). The shrubs/scrub was calculated by percent
cover of species. The unidentified plants were photographed and later identified by consulting
plant taxonomists and web references (www.efloras.org; www.flowersofindia.net &
www.floraofchina) were made and also consulting with the local communities of the nearby
villages. For the updated nomenclature of plants http://www.theplantlist.org was consulted.
All the sampling plots were geotagged for references for long-term monitoring and altitude
of each plot was recorded (Table 1).
Quantitative Analysis
The quantitative analysis such as frequency, density, and abundance of the recorded species
were determined as per (Curtis & McIntosh 1950).
1. Frequency (%) (F) =
Total no. of quadrates in which the species occurred
X 100
Total no. of quadrates studied
2. Relative Frequency (RF) =
3. Density (D) =
Frequency of a species
X 100
Frequency of all species
Total no. of individual in all the quadrates
X 100
Total no. of quadrates studied
4. Relative Density (RD) =
5. Abundance (A) =
Number of individual of a species
X 100
Total number of individuals of all species
Total number of individuals of a species
Total number of quadrates in which the species occurred X 100
6. Relative Dominance (RDo) =
Total basal cover of individual species
X 100
Total basal cover of all species
7. Basal cover = Pi *r2
8. Importance Value Index (IVI) = RD + RF + RDo
9. Species Diversity Index:
The Shannon-Weiner diversity index (Shannon & Weiner 1963) is calculated using
the species diversity in a community
S
H’=-”(ni/N)log2 ni/N)
i=1
Where, ‘ni’ represents total number of individuals of particular species, and ’N’
represents the total number of individuals of all species.
10. Species Richness
It is simply the number of species per unit area. (Margalef’s index of species richness 1958) was calculated by using formula.
D= (S-1)/ln(N)
Where, ‘S’ = the number of species in the sample and ‘N’= the total number of
individual in the sample.
142 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
74
FambongLho Wildlife Sanctuary vegetation analysis
RESULTS
Vegetation Life-form Spectrum
From the study site, a total of 88 plant species were recorded from the selected 16 sampling
plots. Out of these 33 are trees, 30 herbs, 12 shrubs, 10 climbers and 1epiphytes. Raunkiaer’s
life-form assessments revealed in the 5 spectra were represented by Phanerophytes,
Chamaephytes, Hemicrytophytes, Geophytes and Epiphytes. The missing life-forms in the
site were Aerophytes, Helophytes, Hydrophytes and Therophytes. Highest percent among
the life-forms was of the Phanerophytes (44.7%) representing the canopy forming plant
species followed by Hemicryptophytes (16.0 %) representing the ground vegetation of
herbaceous species. Between the ground flora and canopy-forming species other life-forms
like Chamaeophytes (13.8 %), Epiphytes (11.7 %) and Geophytes (2.1 %) were recorded
(Figure 1).
Fig. 1: Plant Life-form spectrum of temperate forest at Sang-Tinjure in East Sikkim.
Fig. 2: Correlation between the altitude and total number of individuals
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 143
Sanjyoti Subba et al.
75
The correlation between the altitude and total number of individuals showed the
maximum of 51 of plant species being recorded in plot no. 5 at 1939 m altitude followed by
plot no. 15 with 47 plant species at 2213 m and plot no. 16 with 45 plant species at 2258 m
altitude (Figure 2).
Site characteristics including the geographic location of sampling plots, species richness,
humus depth, slope angle, etc. in the study area has been presented in Table 1.
Table 1: Site Characteristics & Species richness of the sampling plots in the Sang-Tinjure in
FambongLho Wildlife Sanctuary, East Sikkim (between latitude 27°16’20.7"- 17’50.62"&
longitude 88°30’04.4" - 31’31.4")
Site
code
P1
P2
P3
P4
P5
P6
P7
P8
P9
P10
P11
P12
P13
P14
P15
P16
Altitude
(m)
1686
1762
1816
1895
1939
1995
2028
2051
2105
2194
2245
2242
2228
2253
2213
2258
Slope
angle (o)
30
20
15
35
20
35
40
25
15
15
20
20
35
30
35
40
Slope Humus
Aspect depth (cm)
E
1
E
1
E
1
E
1
E
2
E
1
SE
1
SE
0.5
N
1
W
1
W
1
E
0.5
NW
0.5
NW
1
SW
2
N
1
Species
Disturbance
Richness
15.65
Fodder, fuel wood collection
15.71
Fuel wood collection
15.66
Cut stumps
15.70
Cut stumps
15.74
Fuel wood collection
15.71
Fodder collection
15.69
Fodder collection
15.67
Fuel wood collection
15.60
Grazing
15.71
Cut stumps
15.65
Cut stumps
15.65
Cut stumps
15.67
Cut stumps
15.71
Cut stumps
15.72
Fodder, fuel wood collection
15.71
Nil
Tree Density and Frequency
The tree species were recorded cumulatively viz., adult, sapling and seedling from 16
plots, the highest adult individuals were recorded is Castanopsis tribuloides (387.50 Ind/
ha) followed by Leucosceptrum canum (212.50 Ind/ha), Symplocos lucida (187.50 Ind/
ha) and Rhododendron arboreum (143.75 Ind/ha) The lowest adult tree individual were
recorded from Glochidion acuminatum (18.8 Ind/ha) and Rhododendron grande (18.75
Ind/ha) respectively. For the saplings highest presence was recorded from Symplocos
lucida (637.50 Ind/ha) followed by Cryptomeria japonica (281.25 Ind/ha) and
Castanopsis hystrix (206.25 Ind/ha) whereas from seedling the highest individual was
recorded from Castanopsis tribuloides (325.00 Ind/ha) followed by Symplocos lucida
(306.25 Ind/ha) and Symplocos glomerata 231.25 Ind/ha) were recorded as shown in
Table 2. Under mature trees the highest relative density for major tree species were
recorded from Castanopsis tribuloides (14.9) followed by Leucosceptrum canum (8.2),
Symplocos lucida (7.2), whereas highest relative frequency of occurrence was recorded
for Castanopsis tribuloides (10.5) followed by Symplocos lucida (7.5) as shown in
Table 2. The frequency of occurrence in the saplings and seedlings were found highest for
Castanopsis hystrix (RF 10.00 % & 15.91 %) followed by Symplocos lucida (RF 9.0 %
& 10.2 %) and Symplocos glomerata (RF 8.0 %) etc.
144 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
76
FambongLho Wildlife Sanctuary vegetation analysis
Table 2: Structural data on the major tree species of Sang-Tinjure sampling path in
FambongLho Wildlife Sanctuary, East Sikkim
Scientific name [family]; voucher specimen
Density
(plant/ha)
68.8
Relative
density
2.657
Relative
frequency
5.697
Pi
=ni/N
0.027
-3.628
-0.096
Acer oblongum Wall. ex DC. [Sapindaceae]; ST-2
125
4.831
4.069
0.048
-3.03
-0.146
Betula alnoides Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don [Betulaceae];
ST-3
Castanopsis hystrix Hook.f. & Thomson ex A.DC.
[Fagaceae]; ST-4
Castanopsis tribuloides (Sm.) A.DC. [Fagaceae]; ST5
Choerospondias axillaris (Roxb.) B.L.Burtt &
A.W.Hill [Anacardiaceae]; ST-30
Cinnamomum impressinervium Meisn. [Lauraceae];
ST-7
Cryptomeria japonica (Thunb. ex L.f.) D.Don
[Cupressaceae]; ST-8
Elaeocarpus lanceifolius Roxb. [Elaeocarpaceae]; ST9
Engelhardtia spicata Lechen ex Blume
[Juglandaceae]; ST-10
Eurya acuminata DC. [Pentaphylacaceae]; ST-11
37.5
1.449
2.441
0.014
-4.234
-0.061
56.3
2.174
3.255
0.022
-3.829
-0.083
387.5
14.976
10.579
0.15
-1.899
-0.284
31.3
1.208
1.628
0.012
-4.416
-0.053
37.5
1.449
4.069
0.014
-4.234
-0.061
112.5
4.348
1.628
0.043
-3.135
-0.136
37.5
1.449
1.628
0.014
-4.234
-0.061
50
1.932
3.255
0.019
-3.946
-0.076
87.5
3.382
5.697
0.034
-3.387
-0.115
50
1.932
1.628
0.019
-3.946
-0.076
18.8
0.725
1.628
0.007
-4.927
-0.036
Acer caudatum Wall. [Sapindaceae]; ST-1
Exbucklandia populnea (R.Br. ex Griff.) R.W.Br.
[Hamamelidaceae]; ST-12
Glochidion acuminatum Mull.-Arg. [Phyllanthaceae];
ST-13
Leucosceptrum canum Sm. [Lamiaceae]; ST-14
Lithocarpus fenestratus (Roxb.) Rehder [Fagaceae];
ST-15
Lyonia ovalifolia (Wall.) Drude [Ericaceae]; ST-22
lnPi
Pi*lnPi
212.5
8.213
1.628
0.082
-2.5
-0.205
50
1.932
3.255
0.019
-3.946
-0.076
112.5
4.348
1.628
0.043
-3.135
-0.136
Macaranga denticulata (Blume) Mull.-Arg.
[Euphorbiaceae]; ST-16
Machilus sp. [Lauraceae]; ST-17
68.8
2.657
1.628
0.027
-3.628
-0.096
43.8
1.691
3.255
0.017
-4.08
-0.069
Magnolia campbellii Hook.f. & Thomson
[Magnoliaceae]; ST-18
Magnolia doltsopa (Buch.-Ham. ex DC.) Figlar
[Magnoliaceae]; ST-19
Magnolia velutina (DC.) Figlar [Magnoliaceae]; ST20
Nyssa javanica (Blume) Wangerin [Cornaceae]; ST-21
43.8
1.691
1.628
0.017
-4.08
-0.069
37.5
1.449
1.628
0.014
-4.234
-0.061
56.3
2.174
1.628
0.022
-3.829
-0.083
62.5
2.415
3.255
0.024
-3.723
-0.09
50
1.932
4.069
0.019
-3.946
-0.076
Quercus lamellosa Sm. [Fagaceae]; ST-24
137.5
5.314
5.697
0.053
-2.935
-0.156
Rhododendron arboreum Sm. [Ericaceae]; ST-25
143.8
5.556
2.441
0.056
-2.89
-0.161
Rhododendron grande Wight [Ericaceae]; ST-26
18.8
0.725
1.628
0.007
-4.927
-0.036
Rhododendron griffithianum Wight [Ericaceae]; ST-27
31.3
1.208
1.628
0.012
-4.416
-0.053
Rhus chinensis Mill. [Anacardiaceae]; ST-28
37.5
1.449
1.628
0.014
-4.234
-0.061
Prunus napaulensis (Ser.) Steud. [Rosaceae]; ST-23
Schima wallichii Choisy [Theaceae]; ST-29
Symplocos glomerata King ex C.B.Clarke
[Symplocaceae]; ST-31
Symplocos lucida (Thunb.) Siebold & Zucc.
[Symplocaceae]; ST-32
Toona sureni (Blume) Merr. [Meliaceae]; ST-6
37.5
1.449
1.628
0.014
-4.234
-0.061
112.5
4.348
5.697
0.043
-3.135
-0.136
187.5
7.246
7.324
0.072
-2.625
-0.19
43.8
1.691
1.628
0.017
-4.08
-0.069
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 145
Sanjyoti Subba et al.
77
Importance Value Index
Importance Value Index (IVI) of adult trees was recorded highest for Castanopsis tribuloides
(62.7) and is followed by Quercus lamellosa (22.6), Symplocos lucida (20.9) and Symplocos
glomerata (13.2). The lowest adult IVI was recorded for Rhododendron grande (2.9)
followed by Rhus chinensis (3.6), respectively as shown in Figure 3.
Fig. 3: Importance Value Index of the major tree species along Sang-Tinjure sampling plots
Distribution Pattern
The abundance to frequency ratio revealed all the adult individuals of tree species to be
contagious distributed except Acer caudatum and Cinnamomum impressinervium which
showed the random distribution but none of the species showed regular distribution. The
maximum abundance of the species of tree species were recorded for the Castanopsis
tribuloides (13) followed by Symplocos lucida (9), Acer caudatum, Quercus lamellosa,
Symplocos glomerata, Eurya acuminata (7 for each species) were recorded showed in
Table 3.
Species Diversity
The species diversity (H) and richness of trees (adult, sapling and seedlings) in the site were
found as highest in concentration for the tree (H = 3.17) followed by seedling (H = 2.68) and
sapling (H = 2.60) in the area of 0.064 ha. The value of species richness was found in the
range of trees (15.6 – 15.7) and sapling (15.3 – 15.8) and seedling (15.1 – 15.7) for the
entire sampling plots.
146 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
78
FambongLho Wildlife Sanctuary vegetation analysis
Table 3: Composition and Distribution of tree species in 16 sampling plots
Botanical Name
Acer caudatum Wall.
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
+ + -
+ +
Total
presence
+ +
7
Acer oblongum Wall. ex DC.
+ -
-
+ + +
-
+ -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
5
Betula alnoides Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
3
Castanopsis hystrix Hook.f. & Thomson
ex A.DC.
Castanopsis tribuloides (Sm.) A.DC.
+ + + -
-
-
-
-
-
+ -
-
-
-
-
-
4
+ + -
+ -
+
-
+ + + + + + +
+ +
13
Toona sureni (Blume) Merr.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+ +
2
Cinnamomum impressinervium Meisn.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+ + + -
-
-
+ +
5
Cryptomeria japonica (Thunb. ex L.f.)
D.Don
Elaeocarpus lanceifolius Roxb.
-
-
+ + -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+ -
-
-
2
Engelhardtia spicata Lechen ex Blume
+ + + + -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
4
Eurya acuminata DC.
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
+ -
-
+ + -
+
+ +
7
Exbucklandia populnea (R.Br. Ex Griff.)
R.W.Br.
Glochidion acuminatum Mull.-Arg.
-
-
-
+ -
-
+ -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
+
+ -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
Leucosceptrum canum Sm.
-
-
-
-
+ +
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
Lithocarpus fenestratus (Roxb.) Rehder
-
-
-
-
-
-
+ -
-
+ -
-
-
+
+ -
4
Lyonia ovalifolia (Wall.) Drude
-
-
-
-
-
-
+ + -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
Macaranga denticulata (Blume) Mull.Arg.
Machilus sp.
-
-
-
+ + -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+ -
+ -
+
+ -
4
Magnolia campbellii Hook.f. & Thomson
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+ + -
-
-
-
-
2
Magnolia doltsopa (Buch.-Ham. ex DC.)
Figlar
Magnolia velutina (DC.) Figlar
-
+ -
+ -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
+ + -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
Nyssa javanica (Blume) Wangerin
+ + -
+ -
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
4
Prunus napaulensis (Ser.) Steud.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+ + + +
+ -
5
Quercus lamellosa Sm.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+ -
+ + + +
+ +
7
Rhododendron arboreum Sm.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
+ +
3
Rhododendron grande Wight
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
+
2
Rhododendron griffithianum Wight
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+ +
2
Rhus chinensis Mill.
-
-
-
-
+ +
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
Schima wallichii Choisy
+ + -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
Choerospondias axillaris (Roxb.)
B.L.Burtt & A.W.Hill
Symplocos glomerata King ex C.B.Clarke
+ + -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
+ -
-
+ + + +
-
+
7
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
+ -
+ + + + +
+ +
9
Symplocos lucida (Thunb.) Siebold &
Zucc.
TOTAL
Presence in Quadrat
-
+ -
-
-
8 8 4 8 4 11
-
-
-
4 6 3 9 9 7 8 10 12 12
123
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 147
Sanjyoti Subba et al.
79
Girth Class
On the basis of girth class, other than the above additional sampling under different girth
class was done for precise determination of stand structure with the gradient of 10 cm rise
starting from 30 cm at gbh. The intervals started from 30 – 40 cm and ended at 331 – 340 cm
at gbh. Dominant species as well as a few major tree species of the study site was measured
to understand the community structure. The girth size classes were as follows:
30-40 = 1; 41-50 = 2; 51-60 = 3; 61-70 = 4; 71-80 = 5; 81-90 = 6; 91-100 = 7; 101-110 = 8; 111-120 =
9; 121-130 = 10; 131-140 = 11; 141-150 = 12; 151-160 = 13; 161-170 = 14; 171-180 = 15; 181-190 =
16; 191-200 = 17; 201-210 = 18; 211-220 = 19; 221-230 = 20; 231-240 = 21; 241-250 = 22; 251-260 =
23; 261-270 = 24; 271-280 = 25; 281-290 = 26; 291-300 = 27; 301-310 = 28; 311-320 = 29; 321-330 =
30; 331-340 = 31.
Several girth classes were found missing in between and sometimes large gaps emerged
between two girth-classes. It was noteworthy that some of the species started with size
class 30 – 40 cm at gbh but after that different size-classes kept on missing. In case of
Magnolia campbellii a girth class of 41 - 50 and 61 – 70 cm gbh were recorded after that
there is gap between them and 91 – 100 and 101 – 110 cm gbh were recorded but after that
only 241 – 250 cm gbh was found. In case of Choerospondias axillaris the lower girthclasses were entirely missing and only 3 entities were found which were recorded for very
mature trees (girth-classes over 100 cm). Similarly, in case of Leucosceptrum canum 22
individuals were recorded and all were falling within the 30 – 40 cm girth-class in all the
sampling plots. The lowest 3 individual girth-classes were recorded for Glochidion
acuminatum which fell within 51 – 60 and 61 – 70 cm girth-classes. In the entire girthclasses, the 44 maximum individuals were found falling within 30 – 40 cm gbh followed by 35
individual in 81 – 90 cm gbh, 32 individuals in 51 – 60, 61 – 70, and 111 – 120 cm girthclasses. The minimum, i.e., only 1 individual was found falling within 271 – 280 and 370 –
381 cm at gbh.
Fig. 4: Percent cover for shrub and scrub species.
148 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
80
FambongLho Wildlife Sanctuary vegetation analysis
Shrub Component
The highest percent cover of shrub was recorded for Rubus ellipticus (34.8 %) followed by
Dichroa febrifuga (17.4 %), Rosa sp. (9.8 %), Viburnum erubescence (9.2 %), Polygonum
molle (8%), Daphne sp. (7.1 %) respectively. The lowest percent cover was recorded for
unidentified (1 %) followed by Rubus paniculatus and Edgeworthia gardneri (each having
2.7 %) as shown in Figure 4.
Herb Component
A total of 30 species of herbs belonging to 26 genera and 17 families were recorded including
fern and fern-allies viz., Polygonum molle D.Don, Arisaema intermedium Blume, Asplenium
laciniatum D.Don, Boehmeria sp., Carex sp., Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop., Diplazium
dilatatum Blume., Allantodia stoliczkae(Bedd.) Ching., Elatostema platyphyllum Wedd.,
Eragrostis cilianensis (All.) Janch., Ageratina adenophorum Spreng., Girardinia
diversifolia (Link) Friis., Gleichenia longissima Blume., Impatiens stenantha Hook.f.,
Lycopodium japonicumThunb., Monachosoram henryi Christ., Nephrolepis cordifolia
(L.) C.Presl., Pilea stricta (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) Wedd., Pilea umbrosa Blume.,
Plagiogyria pycnophylla (Kunze) Mett., Pouzolzia sanguine (Blume) Merr., Rumex
nepalensis Spreng., Selaginella biformis A.Braun. ex Kuhn., Selaginella chrysocaulos
(Hook. & Grev.) Spring., Selaginella monospora Spring., Smilax aspera L., Urtica dioica
L., Urtica parviflora Roxb., Oreocnide frutescens (Thunb.) Miq., and Viola sikkimensis
W.Becker etc., in entire sampling plots shown in (Figure 5). The family wise species
composition the highest number of taxa was recorded for Urticaceae family (9) followed by
Selaginellaceae (3), other remaining was showed in (Figure 6).
Fig. 5: Spectrum of taxa for herbs (ground cover plants)
DISCUSSION
This study reveals a floral assemblage of 88 species of plants in an estimated 0.064 ha of
study area, which is slightly more as compared to 75 species in 0.027 ha by Subba et al.
(2015) at a higher temperate location. On a small area level this figure can be considered as
a fair representation of biodiversity if it is compared with the total floral constituents of
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 149
Sanjyoti Subba et al.
81
Fig. 6: Family-wise species composition of herbs including ferns & fern-allies.
Sikkim (ca. 4500 species within 7096 km2) by Subba et al. (2015). The life-form study under
Raunkiaer’s system (1934) was made for classifying plant entities within a community and
understanding its adaptive manifestation to certain ecological condition (Mera et al. 1999).
In true sense, the Raunkiaer’s life-form shows the structural diversity of the plants in any
place and is therefore important from the ecological point of view, whereby most of the time
it reveals the change in the forest continuum.
Almost all of the Raunkiaer’s life-forms was found in the study site barring the
Aerophytes, Heliophytes, Hydrophytes and Therophytes. The absence of these life-forms
could be attributed to the absence of permanent water bodies for helophyte and hydrophytes,
and absence of harsh environment for the therophytes. Probably this is due to close canopy.
Incidentally, the absence of fewer epiphytes in the location is rather intriguing even when the
moisture regime is found sufficient to support these life-forms. In regard to the epiphytes it
may be viewed as lack of suitable host trees and prevalent low temperature. Highest percent
among the life-forms was of the Phanerophytes (44.7) representing the canopy forming
plants followed by Hemicryptophytes (16.0) representing the ground vegetation of herbs;
similar was reported at Lachung Range (Subba et al. 2015; Subba & Lachungpa 2016)
where the herb component was found as the most dominant habit-group compared to other
plant species. The highest percent cover of shrub was recorded for Rubus ellipticus (34.8
%) followed by Dichroa febrifuga (17.4 %), Rosa sp. (9.8 %), Viburnum erubescence
(9.2 %), Polygonum molle (8 %), Daphne sp. (7.1 %) respectively. Similarly, Daphne sp.
was reported wide distribution range of habitat along the Barsey Rhododendron Sanctuary
by (Subba et al. 2017). The lowest percent cover was recorded for unidentified (1.1 %)
followed by Rubus paniculatus and Edgeworthia gardnerii (each having 2.7 %). In case
of herbaceous species, maximum family-wise species composition is represented by
Urticaceae (9 spp.), followed by Selaginellaceae (3 spp.) which indicates that fern and fernallies are highly dominant in the study site.
150 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
82
FambongLho Wildlife Sanctuary vegetation analysis
Of Orchidaceae, the Coelogyne flaccida is primarily an epiphyte, is often found growing
here as lithophytes. The presence of epiphytic plants, especially orchids, play important roles
for the forest ecology and preserving the diversity of epiphytes makes evergreen forests healthy
and floristically rich (Subba 2016). The highest IVI value (62.7) recorded for Castanopsis
tribuloides effectively makes it the dominant species in the site which is far above the other
contenders, viz., Quercus lamellosa (22.6), Symplocos lucida (20.9) and Symplocos glomerata
(13.2), etc. The visible presence of Castanopsis tribuloides in the form of large trees throughout
the site speaks more than what Figure IVI portrays (62.65). However, it should be noted that
most oaks are found in temperate forests forming large areas of forest cover in Sikkim. The
Castanopsis tribuloides as the second highest IVI was reported in Kangchendzonga Biosphere
Reserve (Yuksom-Dzongri sampling Path) by (Subba et al. 2016). The abundance-to-frequency
ratio revealed all the adult individuals of large tree species to be contiguously distributed except
Acer caudatum and Cinnamomum impressinervium which showed the random distribution
but none of the species showed regular distribution (Table 3).
Community studies are usually done taking in the tree diversity of the community and
the different state of its growth which are primarily found as seedlings, saplings and mature
trees. This work the species diversity of trees (adult, sapling and seedlings) in the site were
found to be highest in concentration for the trees (H’= 3.17) followed by seedlings (H’=
2.68) and the saplings (H’=2.60). In regard to the species richness value for the site it was
found to be in the range of 15.1 – 15.8 which is high in view of its temperate life zone. On a
gradient of sampling plots the species richness was recorded highest in Plot 5 at 1939 m amsl
followed by Plot 15 at 2213 m amsl. As is evident both of these plots have the maximum
humus depth as compared to other plots. However, humus depth has no influence on the
species richness in the study plots (Table 1). It may point towards the correlation of humus
depth with species richness.
This situation was further analyzed with precise girth-class gradient taken up from 30
– 40 cm and leading up to 331 – 340 cm of gbh which revealed some interesting results. All
of these major tree species from the site do not show curves which are gentle showing
natural continuum of girth-class, but on the contrary severe gaps suggest that it is not normal
or natural possibly due to anthropogenic infringement in the area For Magnolia campbellii
girth classes of 41 – 50 and 61 – 70 cm gbh were recorded after that there is gap between
them and 91 – 100 and 101 – 110 cm gbh were recorded but after that only 241 – 250 cm gbh
was found. In case of Choerospondias axillaris the lower girth-class were entirely missing
and only 3 entities were found which were recorded for very mature trees (girth-class over
100 cm). Similarly for Leucosceptrum canum a sum of 22 individuals were recorded and all
were falling within 30-40 cm girth-class in all the sampling plots. The lowest 3 individual
number of girth-class were recorded in Glochidion acuminatum which is falling within 51
– 60 and 61 – 70 cm girth-classes. In the entire girth-classes, the 44 maximum individual
numbers were found falling within 30 – 40 cm gbh followed by 35 individuals falling in 81 –
90 cm gbh, 32 individual falling in 51 – 60, 61 – 70, 111 – 120 cm girth-classes. The minimum
i.e., only 1 individual were found falling within 271 – 280 and 370 – 381 cm gbh classes. It
may be suggested that the trees may have a wide distribution range which is generally
supported by the site characteristics. However, in every plot there are traces of human
interferences, and mostly the trees of size class 271 – 280 and above which are preferred
for logging purpose are taken away and only a few remains in the study site which made the
size class 271 – 280 and 370 – 381 few in number.
The apparent absence of therophytes shows that the community is under some kind of
environmental stress. The therophytes which thrive on harsh climatic conditions and prosper
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 151
Sanjyoti Subba et al.
83
largely in the hottest and driest region (at 36.36 % presence, Chaudhry et al. 2006) or in desert
environment (at 48 % presence, Wariss et al. 2013) were absent in the site due to obvious
absence of these extreme situations. It may be the case of coldness, continuous canopy blocking
the entry of sunlight to the forest floor and thick litter fall under dhupi forest that contributes to
the unsuitable condition for the therophytes. The therophytes in such situations naturally
outnumber Phanerophytes, Hemicryptophytes and Cryptophytes. It can be concluded that the
studied community has a high diversity of plant forms, a better ranking on IVI and other related
parameters and a somewhat uneven stand structure with respect to the tree elements.
Acknowledgements
Authors are thankful to Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) Assisted Sikkim
Biodiversity Conservation and Forest Management Project (SBFP), of Department of Forest,
Environment and Wildlife Management, Govt. of Sikkim, for providing the necessary facilities
and encouragement. We also thank Dr. Thomas Chandy, IFS (PCCF cum Principal Secretary
& Chief Project Director and Mr. C.S. Rao, IFS (CCF cum Project Director), Mr. Udai
Gurung, IFS (Additional Project Director-II), Mrs. Kusum Gurung, SFS (DFO/BC), Mrs.
Angel O. Chettri, SFS (ACF, Biodiversity Conservation & Adm), Sikkim Biodiversity
Conservation and Forest Management Project (SBFP), Govt. of Sikkim. Also thank to Mrs.
Dechen Lachungpa, SFS (DFO /Wildlife East) for her constant support and encouragement
during this survey period. Thanks to Dr. K. Poudyal for helping in the field and Ms. Sumitra
Nepal, Ms. Sanchi Subba and Ms. Meena Tamang (Survey Assistant) SBFP for helping in
data computation. Lastly, special thanks to Mr. L.K. Rai from GBPIHED, Sikkim unit for his
help in identification of plant specimens as well as for the preparation of this research article.
LITERATURE CITED
Cain, S.A. 1950. Life-forms and phytoclimate Bot Rev. 16:1-32
Chaudhry, M.S.; Sarwar, S. & Majeed, A. 2006. Natural plant communities in view of
response variables and ecological indices from Lalsuhanra Biosphere Reserve, Pakistan.
Pakistan J. Biol. Sci. 9(9): 1628 – 1638.
Curtis, J.T. & McIntosh, R.P. 1950. The interrelations of certain analytic and synthetic
phytosociological characters Ecology. 31: 438 – 455.
Das, A.P. & Lahiri, A.K. 1997. Phytosociological studies of the ground covering flora in
different types of vegetation in Tiger Hill, Darjeeling District, West Bengal (India).
Indian For. 123 (12): 1176 – 1187.
Grossman, D.H.; Langendoen, D.F.; Weakley, A.S.; Anderson, P.M.; Bourgeron, R.;
Crawford, K.; Goodin, S.; Landaal, K.; Metzler, K.D.; Patterson, M.; Pyne, M. Reid
& Sneddon, L. 1988. International classification of ecological communities:
terrestrial vegetation of the United States. Vol. 1, The National Vegetation
Classification System: development, status, and applications. The Nature Conservancy:
Arlignton, VA
Hooker, J.D. 1849. The Rhododendrons of the Sikkim Himalaya being an account,
botanical and geographical of the rhododendron recently discussed in the
mountains of eastern Himalaya L. Reeve & Co., London
Hooker, J.D. 1888 – 1897. The Flora of British India. Vols. I-VII. L. Reeve & Co., London.
http://www.theplantlist.org/
152 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
84
FambongLho Wildlife Sanctuary vegetation analysis
http://www.sikkimforest.gov.in/biodiversity.htm
Kholia, B.S. 2010. Ferns and Fern Allies of Sikkim: a Pictorial Handbook, Part 1. Sikkim
State Biodiversity Board and Botanical Survey of India, Gangtok.
MacKinnon, J. & MacKinnon, K. 1986. Review of the Protected Areas of the Indo-Malayan
Realm IUCN-The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland
Margalef D.R .1958. Information theory in ecology. Gen. Syst. 3: 36 – 71.
Mera, A.G.; Hagen, M.A. & Orellana, J.A.V. 1999. Aerophyte, a new life-form in Raunkiaer’s
classification? J. Veget. Sci. 10: 65 – 68.
Mueller-Dombois, D. & Ellenberg, H. 1974. Aims and methods of vegetation ecology.
John Willey & Sons, New York.
NatureServe, 2003. NatureServe Explorer: an online encyclopedia of life (web application),
Version 1.8. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia. Available http://www.natureserve.org/
explorer
Pradhan, U.C. & Lachungpa, S.T. 1990. Sikkim Himalayan Rhododendrons. Primulaceae
Books, Kalimpong, India
Pradhan, B.K. & Lachungpa, D. 2015. Rapid Biodiversity Survey Report-1: Published by
Sikkim Biodiversity Conservation and Forest Management Project under JICA funding.
Forests, Environment and Wildlife Management Department, Government of Sikkim.
Gangtok.
Raunkiaer, C. 1934. The Life-forms of plants and Statistical Geography. Clarendon Press,
Oxford.
Shannon, C.E. & Wiener, W. 1963. The Mathematical Theory of Communication. Illinois
University, Press, Urbana.
Smith, W.G. 1913. Raunkiaer’s “Life –forms” and Statistical methods. J. Ecol. 1 (1): 16 26. doi: 10.2307/2255456.
Subba, S.J. & Lachungpa, D. 2016. A versatile medicinal plant species Paris polyphylla at Lachung Forest, Sikkim – conservation initiatives. J. Int. Acad. Res. Multidiscipl.
4 (1): 283 – 287.
Subba, S.J.; Lachungpa, D.; Subba, S. & Nepal, S. 2015. Analysis of Vegetation in a
Representative Temperate Plant Community in Lachung Range of the Sikkim Himalaya.
An Int. J. Env. Biodiv. 6(3): 18 – 24.
Subba, S.J.; Lachungpa, D.; Nepal, S.; Subba, S.; Tamang, M. & Bhutia, D.C. 2016. Quantitative
analysis of vegetation patterns and plant species diversity in different forest types at
Yuksam – Dzongri – Gochela sampling path of in Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve,
West Sikkim, India. J. Int. Acad. Res. Multidiscip. 4(9): 203 – 219.
Subba, S.J.; Pradhan, A.; Chamling, N. & Nepal, S. 2017. Barsey Rhododendron SanctuaryRich Biological diversity in West Sikkim, India. Panda. 9(4): 44 – 51.
Subba, Sanjyoti. 2016. Pleione of Sikkim Himalayas- Conservation Concern. Panda. 9(4):
12 – 14.
Takhtajan, A. 1969. Flowering Plants: Origin and Dispersal. Oliver & Boyd Ltd., Edinburg
(English translation by C. Jeffery).
Wariss, H.M.; Mukhtar, M.; Anjum, Shazia; Bhatti, G.R.; Pirzada, S.A. & Alam, K. 2013.
Floristic Composition of the Plants of the Cholistan Desert Pakistan. Am. J. Pl. Sci.
4(12A): 8
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 153
JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC RESEARCH FOR MULTIDISCIPLINARY
Impact Factor 3.114, ISSN: 2320-5083, Volume 4, Issue 9, October 2016
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF VEGETATION PATTERNS AND PLANT
SPECIES DIVERSITY IN DIFFERENT FOREST TYPES AT YUKSAM – DZONGRI
– GOCHELA SAMPLING PATH IN KHANGCHENDZONGA BIOSPHERE
RESERVE, WEST SIKKIM, INDIA
SANJYOTI SUBBA1, Survey Expert
DECHEN LACHUNGPA2, Divisional Forest Officer
SUMITRA NEPAL3, Survey Assistant
SANCHI SUBBA4, Survey Assistant
MEENA TAMANG5, Survey Assistant
DORJEE CHEWANG BHUTIA6, Survey Assistant
1,2,3,4,5,6
Sikkim Biodiversity Conservation and Forest Management Project, FEWMD, Gangtok, India
Abstract
Quantitative assessment of plant species recorded a total of 129 species belonging to
81 genera and 61 families in three forest types along Yuksam-Dzongri-Goechela sampling
path. Herbaceous flora were maximum (48 species, 28 genera, 22 family) followed by trees
(45 species, 29 genera, 21 family), shrub-scrub (26 species, 14 genera, 9 family), 6 epiphytes
and 2 species each of bamboo, one each from mosses and lichens respectively. The highest
frequency of occurrence was recorded from Plot 1; (29 species). High frequency of
occurrence was recorded for tree of Abies densa (42.2) followed by Rhododendron hodgsonii
(31.1) and
Betula utilis, Acer campbellii, Prunus nepalensis, Castanopsis tribuloides,
Magnolia campbellii, Rhododendron falconeri (15.6 each)
respectively. The seedling
frequency for Rhododendron hodgsonii (10.6) was highest followed by Abies densa (9.86),
Castanopsis tribuloides & Rhododendron barbatum (5.31 each.). The saplings frequency was
highest for Abies densa (9.10) followed by Rhododendron hodgsonii (8.34) and Acer
campbellii (6.83). The highest density was recorded for Rhododendron hodgsonii (915.6)
followed by Rhododendron barbatum (540.0), Abies densa (535.6) and Rhododendron
falconeri (424.4), respectively. The maximum seedling density was encountered for
Rhododendron hodgsonii (404.4) followed by sapling of Rhododendron falconeri (373.3) and
adult of Rhododendron hodgsonii (295.6) were recorded. The highest Importance Value
Index (IVI) of Abies densa effectively makes it the dominant species. Abundance –tofrequency ratio revealed woody life form had contagious distribution along the YuksamDzongri-Goechela sampling path.
Keywords: Yuksam-Dzongri-Goechela, Sikkim Himalaya, Quantitative analysis, forest
types, plant diversity
154 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC RESEARCH FOR MULTIDISCIPLINARY
Impact Factor 3.114, ISSN: 2320-5083, Volume 4, Issue 9, October 2016
Introduction
PHOTO 1: Rhododendron hodgsonii along trekking route
The forest is a fundamental ecological resource preserving biodiversity and
maintaining the ecological diversity in the region. The Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve
(KBR) in Sikkim is an important conservation area with high ecological, biological diversity,
and also contributes to natural and cultural significance in the Indian Himalayan region. The
distribution of plant species in the beautiful landscape ranges from the tropical to alpine
meadows.
Based on topography and elevation, the habitat of KBR can be broadly
categorized into wet temperate broad leaved forests, temperate conifer forest, sub-alpine
forest, alpine scrubs and alpine meadows. These extreme topographic variations of the
landscape provide diversity in the microclimatic conditions and habitat types, enriching the
landscape as a biodiversity repository in the Himalayas (Chettri et al., 2008).The inventory of
tree species that provides information on plant species diversity will represent an important
tool to enhance our ability to maintain the biodiversity conservation and forest management
purposes. Many workers have been studied in tree species diversity in northeast India by
Nath et al., (2005), Das & Das, (2005); Kumar et al., (2006) and Devi and Das, (2012). In
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 155
JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC RESEARCH FOR MULTIDISCIPLINARY
Impact Factor 3.114, ISSN: 2320-5083, Volume 4, Issue 9, October 2016
Sikkim, several workers have been studied in tree species by Rai & Rai, 1993, Singh &
Chauhan 1998, Cowan & Cowan 1929). Quantitative evaluation and analysis of the
community structure are important for accurate assessment of biodiversity. The enumeration
and quantification of individual species have been determined. Trees are the most important
structural and functional basis of forest ecosystems and can serve as robust indicators of
change and stress at the landscape scale. Tree diversity varies greatly from place to place,
mainly due to variations in geography, habitat and disturbance in different forests. Human
disturbance patterns also affect the structure and composition of forest ecosystem. Therefore,
long-term study of tree population dynamics is crucial for our understanding of the
vulnerability of the forest ecosystem.
The present work was conducted in wet temperate broad-leaved forest, temperate conifer
forest, sub-alpine forest, alpine scrubs and alpine meadows. The altitude of these habitat
ranges between 1800-4200 m asl. The dominant woody species along Yuksam-DzongriGoechela trekking route consists of Acer campbellii, Beilschmiedia sp, Exbucklandia
populnea,
Castanopsis
tribuloides,
Cinnamonum
impressinervium,
Elaeocarpus
lanceaefolius, Engelhardtia spicata, Garuga floribunda, Juglans regia, Machilus edulis,
Michelia cathcartii, Michelia doltsopa, Michelia velutina, Nyssa sessiliflora, Lithocarpus
fenestrata, Quercus lamellosa, and Rhododendron arboretum.
PHOTO 2: Rhododendron barbatum along trekking route
The vegetation at tree line above Tshoka village is represented by different
shrubs species viz., Rhododendron lanatum, Rhododendron wightii and Rosa sericea.
Krummholz vegetation in the rocky alpine habitat is dominated by Rhododendron
anthopogon, R. lepidotum, R. setosum, and J. recurva, and herbaceous flora includes
156 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC RESEARCH FOR MULTIDISCIPLINARY
Impact Factor 3.114, ISSN: 2320-5083, Volume 4, Issue 9, October 2016
Anaphalis spp., Bistorta affinis, Rheum acuminatum, Aconitum spp., Primula spp., Potentilla
peduncularis, Juncus sp., and many more. At around 4200 m altitude, the thickets of R.
anthopogon, R. lepidotum, R. nivale, R. setosum, J. indica, J. recurva are common. The
common associates of Rhododendron scrub in the alpine habitat consist of Cassiope
fastigata, Gaultheria pyroloides, etc. The altitude beyond 4200 m remains completely snowcovered throughout the year.
Many studies have been conducted on plant species diversity in different forest
types of Sikkim Himalayan Region (Pradhan & Lachungpa 1990, Rai & Rai 1993, Singh &
Chauhan 1998, Dash & Singh, 2002, Cowan & Cowan 1929, Subba et al., 2015, Subba &
Lachungpa, 2016) and in north- eastern India (Bhuyan et al., 2003). However, the analysis of
vegetation patterns and plant species diversity in different forest types along Yuksam –
Dzongri – Gochela trekking route is lacking. Therefore, the present study was carried out
with the objective to quantify and analyze the vegetation pattern and plant species
distribution.
STUDY AREA
Rapid biodiversity survey was conducted during April-May 2013, along Yuksam–
Dzongri–Goechela trekking route, covering a distance ca. 40 km long transect in KBR. The
elevation of the study sites ranges between 1800 – 4200 m asl, lying between latitude 27°23’
– 27°28’ N and longitude 088°o13’ - 088°10’E. Vegetation is characterized by different forest
types from wet temperate mixed forest, to sub-alpine ecosystem. The KBR is endowed with
rich biodiversity and is the highest biosphere reserve in the country covering 41.31%.
KBR also provides refuge to rare animals like Snow leopard, Blue sheep, Goral, Red Panda,
Himalayan Thar, Serow; and avifauna such as, Blood pheasant, Himalayan Monal, Kalij
Pheasant; Yellow billed-blue Magpie, etc.
METHODOLOGY
In April-May 2013, random sampling was done by laying 45 sampling plots. The plot
of 20 X 20 m was laid in 45 plots at every 100 footstep distance, depending upon the site
feasibility, covering a total area of 1.8 ha. Within the main plot, all the standing tree species
were enumerated & measured (cbh) at 1.37 m from the ground. Within the subplots, 5 m X 5
m were laid (4 in the corner & 1 at centre) for recording the sapling & shrub. 1 m X 1m were
laid for seedling species were enumerated, in the same plot was used for recording the
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 157
JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC RESEARCH FOR MULTIDISCIPLINARY
Impact Factor 3.114, ISSN: 2320-5083, Volume 4, Issue 9, October 2016
percent cover of herb species in the area. Plant species were identified through herbarium
record and flora (Hooker JD, 1888-1890, Hooker JD 1849, Pradhan & Lachungpa, 1990,
Kholia, 2010). The unidentified plants species in the field were photographed, and later
identified by consulting plant taxonomy experts from GBPIHED (Sikkim Unit), & BSI and
web references (www.efloras.org; www.flowersofindia.net), www.floraofchina were made
and by referring to local people from the nearby villages. All the sampling plots were
geotagged for reference under long-term monitoring and altitude was recorded.
The frequency, density, dominance and IVI were calculated following method given by
Curtis and McIntosh (1950). The ratio of abundance to frequency for different life form was
determined to get the picture of distribution patterns of the plant species in the study sites.
The ratio indicates regular (<0.025), random (0.025 to 0.05) and contagious (>0.05)
distributions (Curtis & Cottam 1956). All the statistical analysis were carried out with the
support of Software Microsoft Office Excel 2007.
Frequency
Frequency indicates the degree of dispersion of individual species in an area and it expresses
percentage of occurrence.
Frequency (%) = Number of quadrat in which the species occurred X 100
Total number of quadrat studied
Density
Density expressed as the numerical strength of a species, calculated as number of individuals
per hectare
Density =Total number of individuals of the species
Total number of quadrat studied
Basal Cover
It is computed using girth of the tree (CBH) at 1.37 m above ground level and it determines
dominance of the community.
Relative basal Area = Total basal area of a species X 100
Total basal area of all species
Importance Value Index (IVI)
The importance value index (IVI) for the tree species was determined as the sum of the
relative density, relative frequency and relative dominance (Curtis, 1959).
IVI= Relative dominance + Relative Density + Relative Frequency.
158 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC RESEARCH FOR MULTIDISCIPLINARY
Impact Factor 3.114, ISSN: 2320-5083, Volume 4, Issue 9, October 2016
Distribution Pattern
The ratio of abundance to frequency for different species was determined to get the picture
distribution patterns different life form. The ratio indicates regular (<0.025), random (0.025
to 0.05) and contagious (>0.05) distributions (Cottam & Curtis, 1956).
Distribution pattern (%) = Abundance of each species
Frequency of each species
Species Diversity Index
The Shannon-Weiner diversity index (Shannon and Weiner, 1963) is calculated using the
species diversity in a community
S
H’=-∑ (ni/N)log2 ni/N)
i=1
Where, ‘ni’ represents total number of individuals of particular species, and ‘N’ represents
total number of individuals of all species.
Species Richness
It is simply the number of species per unit area. Margalef’s index of species richness (1958)
was calculated by using formula.
I=(S-1)/ln(N)
Where, ‘S’= the number of species in the sample and ‘N’= the total number of individuals in
the sample.
RESULTS
Vegetation Structure
A total of 129 species belonging to 81 genera and 61 families were recorded from 45
transects in different forest types viz., wet temperate broad leaved forests, temperate conifer
forest, sub-alpine forest, alpine scrubs and alpine meadows of Yuksam-Dzongri-Goechela
sampling path. Herbaceous species were recorded maximum (48 species, 28 genera, 22
family) followed by tree (45 species, 29 genera, 21 family) and shrub-scrub (26 species, 14
genera, 9 family), six epiphytes, and two species from bamboo, one each from mosses and
lichens respectively.
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 159
JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC RESEARCH FOR MULTIDISCIPLINARY
Impact Factor 3.114, ISSN: 2320-5083, Volume 4, Issue 9, October 2016
Figure 1: Family-wise species composition of Yuksam-Dzongri-Goechela sampling plot
A total of 61 families of containing 129 species represented the floral face of the study site.
Maximum numbers of families were recorded from Ericaceae (35) followed by Fagaceae
(11), Rosaceae (10), Betulaceae (9), Pinaceae & Aceraceae having (7 each family),
Asteraceae (6), Above [Figure 1].
Diversity of plant species
TREE
Plant species diversity and regeneration pattern for sapling and seedlings were studied in
different forest types. The percentage of high frequency from Plot 1; (29 species, 1867 m),
followed by plot 3 (27 species, 1976 m) and plot 4 (24 species, 2023 m). The percentage of
low frequency of occurrence was recorded from Plot 16-18, 23-25,27, 31,41 and Plot 43 – 44
with four species each respectively [Figure 2].
Figure 2: Altitudinal gradients and frequency (%) of tree species distribution at YuksamDzongri- Goechela sampling plot in West Sikkim
160 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
209
JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC RESEARCH FOR MULTIDISCIPLINARY
Impact Factor 3.114, ISSN: 2320-5083, Volume 4, Issue 9, October 2016
High frequency of occurrence was recorded for tree of Abies densa (42.2) followed by
Rhododendron hodgsonii (31.1) and
Betula utilis, Acer campbellii, Prunus nepalensis,
Castanopsis tribuloides, Magnolia campbellii, Rhododendron falconeri (15.6 each)
respectively.
The seedling frequency for Rhododendron hodgsonii (10.6) was highest followed by Abies
densa (9.86), Castanopsis tribuloides & Rhododendron barbatum (5.31 each.). The saplings
frequency was highest for Abies densa (9.10) followed by Rhododendron hodgsonii (8.34)
and Acer campbellii (6.83).
In general, diversity pattern for seedlings was maximum (H’=2.82) followed by sapling
(H’=2.81) and adult (H’=2.79). The value of species richness was found to be 44.09 - 44.00
on the entire site. [Table 1]
Table 1: Structural data on the major species in the Yuksam-Dzongri – Gochela sampling
path of Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve, West Sikkim
Sl.
No
Species
Relativ
e
density
Relative
Pi
frequency
=ni/N
lnPi
Pi*lnPi
H
1. Acer campbellii Hook. & Thom.
4.82
4.97
0.0482
-3.03
-0.1462
2. Prunus nepalensis (Ser) Stendel
4.11
4.97
0.0411
-3.19
-0.1311
3. Castanopsis tribuloides (Smith)
7.32
4.97
0.0732
-2.61
-0.1914
4. Alnus nepalensis D. Don.
0.71
1.42
0.0071
-4.94
-0.0353
5. Betula alnoides Don.
1.96
3.55
0.0196
-3.93
-0.0772
6. Rhus insignis Hook. f.
0.54
1.42
0.0054
-5.23
-0.0280
7. Juglans regia Linn.
0.54
1.42
0.0054
-5.23
-0.0280
8. Cedrela febrifuga Blume
0.54
1.42
0.0054
-5.23
-0.0280
9. Macaranga pustulata King.
0.54
1.42
0.0054
-5.23
-0.0280
10. Acer caudatum Wallich.
2.68
3.55
0.0268
-3.62
-0.0970
11. Rhododendron arboreum var. roseum
6.25
4.26
0.0625
-2.77
-0.1733
12. Quercus glauca Thunb
1.07
2.84
0.0107
-4.54
-0.0486
13. Cinnamomum impressinervium Meisn.
0.54
1.42
0.0054
-5.23
-0.0280
14. Castanopsis hystrix Hook & Thom. ex
1.61
1.42
0.0161
-4.13
-0.0664
15 Quercus lamellosa Smith
2.50
2.84
0.0250
-3.69
-0.0922
2.79
16. Magnolia campbellii Hook.f. &
9.46
4.97
0.0946
-2.36
-0.2231
17. Exbucklandia populnea R.Br. Ex
Thom.
0.36
1.42
0.0036
-5.63
-0.0201
18. Machilus edulis King ex Hook. f.
0.71
2.13
0.0071
-4.94
-0.0353
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 161
JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC RESEARCH FOR MULTIDISCIPLINARY
Impact Factor 3.114, ISSN: 2320-5083, Volume 4, Issue 9, October 2016
19. Saurauia napaulensis DC
0.36
1.42
0.0036
-5.63
-0.0201
20. Pieris ovalifolia D Don.
1.07
2.13
0.0107
-4.54
-0.0486
21. Daphniphyllum himalayense (Benth.)
0.54
1.42
0.0054
-5.23
-0.0280
-0.0772
22. Acer stachyophyllum Heirn.
1.96
1.42
0.0196
-3.93
23. Elaeocarpus lanceaefolius Roxb.
0.36
1.42
0.0036
-5.63
-0.0201
24. Rhododendron falconeri Hook. f.
4.11
4.97
0.0411
-3.19
-0.1311
25. Tsuga dumosa (D.Don) Eichler
1.07
2.84
0.0107
-4.54
-0.0486
26. Abies densa Griffith. ex Parker
17.68
13.49
0.1768
-1.73
-0.3063
27. Rhododendron hodgsonii Hook. f.
17.32
9.94
0.1732
-1.75
-0.3037
28. Betula utilis D. Don
4.46
4.97
0.0446
-3.11
-0.1388
29. Rhododendron lanatum Hook. f.
3.39
1.42
0.0339
-3.38
-0.1148
30. Rhododendron wightii Hook. f.
0.54
1.42
0.0054
-5.23
-0.0280
Density
The highest density was recorded for Rhododendron hodgsonii (915.6) followed by
Rhododendron barbatum (540.0), Abies densa (535.6) and Rhododendron falconeri (424.4),
respectively shown in [Figure 3]. The maximum seedling density was encountered for
Rhododendron hodgsonii (404.4) followed by sapling of Rhododendron falconeri (373.3) and
adult of Rhododendron hodgsonii (295.6) were recorded.
PHOTO 3: Temperate Coniferous Forest
162 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC RESEARCH FOR MULTIDISCIPLINARY
Impact Factor 3.114, ISSN: 2320-5083, Volume 4, Issue 9, October 2016
Some of the Rhododendron species found in Yuksam-Dzongri-Goechela trekking route in
West Sikkim
PHOTO 4: Floret of Rhododendron hodgsonii & Rhododendron griffithianum
PHOTO 5: Floret of Rhododendron falconeri & Rhododendron cinnabarinum
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 163
JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC RESEARCH FOR MULTIDISCIPLINARY
Impact Factor 3.114, ISSN: 2320-5083, Volume 4, Issue 9, October 2016
Figure 3: Plant density (ind/ha) along the sampling path
164 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC RESEARCH FOR MULTIDISCIPLINARY
Impact Factor 3.114, ISSN: 2320-5083, Volume 4, Issue 9, October 2016
Importance Value index
The IVI values ranged 1.78 - 57.72 in different forest types in 45 sampling plots. The
dominant species was recorded from Abies densa (57.72) followed by Castanopsis
tribuloides (30.49), Magnolia campbellii (28.78) Rhododendron arboreum (16.39) and Acer
campbellii (15.40) and Quercus lamellosa (15.03). The lowest IVI was recorded for Saurauia
napaulensis (1.78) and Exbucklandia populnea (1.79) [(Table 2)].
Table 2: Availability and distribution pattern of different life form in Yuksam-Dzongri
Gochela sampling paths, West Sikkim
Name of the Species
Adult
IVI
Sapling
Seedling
Relative
Relative
Relative
Relative
density
frequency
density
frequency
Acer campbellii Hook. & Thom. Ex Hiern
15.40
7.86
6.83
2.50
2.28
Abies densa Griffith. ex Parker
57.72
5.44
9.10
9.58
9.86
Acer caudatum Wallich.
7.32
0.00
0.00
1.09
2.28
Acer stachyophyllum Heirn.
3.38
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Alangium begoniaefolium (Roxb.) Baill
1.82
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Alnus nepalensis D. Don.
2.25
1.01
1.52
0.33
1.52
Betula alnoides Buch. Ham. ex D. Don
5.72
1.51
2.28
0.33
1.52
Betula utilis D. Don
10.74
1.81
3.79
2.29
4.55
Castanopsis hystrix Hook & Thom.
6.89
4.13
6.83
0.33
1.52
Castanopsis tribuloides (Smith) A. DC
30.49
0.00
0.00
2.83
5.31
Cedrela febrifuga Blume
2.08
0.20
1.52
0.00
0.00
Cinnamomum impressinervium Meisn.
2.02
0.00
0.00
0.33
1.52
Daphniphyllum himalayense (Benth.) Mull.
1.98
0.30
1.52
0.00
0.00
Elaeocarpus lanceaefolius Roxb.
2.10
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Exbucklandia populnea R.Br. Ex Griff
1.79
0.30
1.52
0.00
0.00
Ficus nemoralis Wall
0.00
0.20
1.52
0.54
1.52
Juglans regia Linn
2.01
0.50
1.52
0.33
1.52
Macaranga pustulata King.
2.03
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Machilus edulis King ex Hook. f.
3.15
0.00
0.00
0.54
1.52
Magnolia campbellii Hook.f. & Thom.
28.78
3.23
3.79
3.70
3.79
Pentapanax leschenaultii Seem
2.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Pieris ovalifolia D Don.
3.39
0.60
1.52
0.44
1.52
Prunus nepalensis (Ser) Stendel
13.93
4.03
3.03
6.53
4.55
Quercus glauca Thunb
5.24
0.40
1.52
0.22
1.52
Quercus lamellosa Smith
15.03
3.02
3.79
3.92
3.79
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 165
JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC RESEARCH FOR MULTIDISCIPLINARY
Impact Factor 3.114, ISSN: 2320-5083, Volume 4, Issue 9, October 2016
Rhododendron arboreum var. roseum Linn
16.39
2.42
3.79
5.88
3.79
Rhododendron barbatum Hook. f.
0.00
13.51
6.83
11.86
5.31
Rhododendron camplocarpum Hook. f.
0.00
2.42
3.79
3.05
3.79
Rhododendron falconeri Hook. f.
9.97
16.94
6.07
0.00
0.00
Rhododendron hodgsonii Hook. f.
30.03
13.41
8.34
19.80
10.62
Rhododendron lanatum Hook. f.
5.31
0.81
1.52
0.98
1.52
Rhododendron thomsonii Hook. f.
0.00
2.52
2.28
1.09
1.52
Rhododendron wightii Hook. f.
2.04
1.71
1.52
0.76
1.52
Rhus insignis Hook.f.
2.14
0.50
1.52
0.00
0.00
Rosa sp
0.00
0.50
1.52
0.00
0.00
Saurauia napaulensis DC
1.78
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Symplocos glomerata King
0.00
2.62
3.03
1.09
3.03
Symplocos theifolia D. Don
0.00
4.13
3.79
0.33
1.52
Tsuga dumosa (D. Don) Eichler
5.56
2.72
3.03
3.81
1.52
Distribution patterns & Humus depth
Distribution patterns of plant species in different forest types were studied. In general,
contagious distribution is common in the study sites. Correlation between the humus depths
and the number of individual species were also studied to ascertain the regeneration pattern of
seedlings and sapling and maximum number of species was recorded at 1.5 cm humus depth
in entire sampling path.
SHRUB DIVERSITY
The common shrub/scrub encountered were Polygonum molle, Anaphalis sp., Artemisia
vulgaris, Berberis insignis, Daphne cannabina, Edgeworthia gardeneri, Mahonia
sikkimensis, Rosa sericea, Rubus ellipticus, Rubus lineatus, Vaccinium nummularia ,
Viburnum cordifolium, Gaultheria sp., and Cassiope fastigata. Among the shrub species
maximum diversity was encountered in family Ericaceae (13) followed by Rosaceae (4) and
Berberidaceae (2) [Figure 5].
166 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC RESEARCH FOR MULTIDISCIPLINARY
Impact Factor 3.114, ISSN: 2320-5083, Volume 4, Issue 9, October 2016
Figure 5: Family-wise species composition of shrub
HERB DIVERSITY
Herbaceous flora were dominant in family Asteraceae (6) followed by (5) Cyperaceae,
Araceae, and Urticaceae [Figure 6]. The common herbs were Arisaema sp., Bidens pilosa,
Commelina benghalensis, Cyanodon dactylon, Elatostema sp., Eupatorium adenophorum,
Gnaphalium sp., Hydrocotyle javanica, Juncus sp., Oxalis corniculata, Persicaria sp, Pilea
sp., Pouzolzia sp., Swertia bimaculata, Swertia chirayita. The ground surface is covered with
the diverse fern species and rocky surfaces are fully covered by mosses (sphagnum
squarrosum). The lichen Usnea sikkimensis can be seen hanging from branches of Abies
densa and some of Rhododendron trees.
Figure 6: Family-wise species composition of herb & fern& fern-allies
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 167
JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC RESEARCH FOR MULTIDISCIPLINARY
Impact Factor 3.114, ISSN: 2320-5083, Volume 4, Issue 9, October 2016
DISCUSSION
The contribution of plant species richness from the study sites to the total floral
diversity of KBR is considerable. The present account of 129 species belonging 61 families
along the Yuksam-Dzongri-Goechela trekking routes and Khera et al., (2001) reported 92
species different forest types. KBR is home to at least 140 endemic plant species spread over
41 families mention by Sharma et al. (2001). The species diversity and richness patterns of
three different forest types were largely influenced by elevation. A downhill trend in species
richness with altitude has previously been reported by several workers (Yoda 1967; Grytnes
et al, 2002). A study area within the KBR is characterized by complex topography, which
includes variation of slope, angle and aspect. The tree communities from temperate broadleaved forest and temperate coniferous forest are characterized by high diversity of species
richness as compared to alpine region. The diversity of tree species decreased with increased
in elevation. It is clear that the forests in KBR are strongly influenced by elevation. Present
study reported the maximum numbers of families from Ericaceae (35) followed by Fagaceae
(11) and Rosaceae (10). This substantiates the similar studies made by earlier researchers in
the region (Subba et al., 2015). This may be due to high diversity of Rhododendron species
(20) in the region and contribution from associate species from family Ericaceae, viz.,
Gaultheria, Cassiope, Pieris and Vaccinium. In Sikkim, the most dominant families of
flowering plants are Asteraceae (36%) as reported by (Singh & Sanjappa, 2011) & Subba et
al., 2015). In present study, the maximum herbaceous species was recorded from Asteraceae
(6) followed by (5) of Cyperaceae. The maximum shrub species diversity was reported from
family Ericaceae (13) followed by Rosaceae (4) and Berberidaceae.
The higher frequency of tree was recorded within 1867 - 1976 m in temperate broad-leaved
forest. There was total absent of adult tree species along 3930-4058 m in the alpine zone due
to unfavorable climatic condition. Tree species viz., Abies densa, Rhododendron hodgsonii,
Acer campbellii, Prunus nepalensis, Castanopsis tribuloides, Magnolia campbellii,
Rhododendron falconeri, Betula utilis and Rhododendron arboreum var. roseum were
recorded in the lower elevation zone.
Seedlings are the major structural and functional basis of temperate forest and can serve as
robust indicator of regeneration practices which can balance forest (Philip et al., 1994). In the
study sites, highest species diversity was recorded from seedlings followed by sapling and
adult tree. This indicates that three forest types along trekking corridors might be under the
influence of disturbance factors.
168 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC RESEARCH FOR MULTIDISCIPLINARY
Impact Factor 3.114, ISSN: 2320-5083, Volume 4, Issue 9, October 2016
Contagious distribution pattern is common in the study sites. Tree species including seedlings
and sapling showed contagious distribution pattern. This may be due to mountainous
topography of the region. Contagious distribution is also influenced by local habitat,
seasonality and reproductive behaviour. Odum (1971) also stated that random distribution is
found in uniform environment and regular distribution occurs where competition between
individuals are high.
The dominant species encountered in the study sites include Abies densa (57.72)
followed by Castanopsis tribuloides (30.49), Magnolia campbellii (28.78), Rhododendron
arboreum (16.39), and Acer campbellii (15.40) & Quercus lamellosa (15.03) in their
descending order of IVI. The IVI potrays the phyto-siociological structure of a species in the
community. The IVI also provide great help in giving the overall picture of the ecological
significance of a species in the particular ecosystem. The highest IVI value of A. densa
indicates that most of the available resources are used by this dominant species and residual
resources are being trapped by the other associated competing species. The present rapid
biodiversity assessment found that the temperate coniferous forest and broad-leaved forest
have high plant diversity than the Alpine zone of Yuksam-Dzongri-Gochela sampling paths
in West Sikkim. However, it warrants that rapid survey needs to be conducted on a seasonal
basis to get the overall picture of alpha diversity of the species in the study sites.
AKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Authors are grateful to JICA assisted Sikkim Biodiversity Conservation and Forest
Management
Project (SBFP), of Department of Forest, Environment and Wildlife
Management, Govt. of Sikkim for providing the necessary facilities and encouragement. We
also like to thank Dr. Thomas Chandy, IFS (PCCF cum Principal Secretary & Chief Project
Director and Mr. C.S. Rao, IFS (CCF cum Project Director), Mr. Udai Gurung, IFS
(Additional Project Director –II), Sikkim Biodiversity Conservation and Forest Management
Project (SBFP), Govt. of Sikkim. Thanks to each and every one of the SBFP (Biodiversity
Conservation Survey Team) Dr. Bharat K. Pradhan, Mr. Suraj Subba, Ms Sabita Dahal for
consistent support in the field. Lastly, special thanks to Dr. Arun Chettri (Assistant Professor
of Sikkim University), Botany Department, providing help for the preparation of this research
paper.
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 169
JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC RESEARCH FOR MULTIDISCIPLINARY
Impact Factor 3.114, ISSN: 2320-5083, Volume 4, Issue 9, October 2016
REFERENCES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
Bhuyan, P. Khan, ML, Tripathi, RS, 2003. Tree diversity and population structure in undistributed and
human-impacted stands of tropical wet evergreen forest in Arunachal Pradesh, Eastern Himalayas,
India, Biodiversity and Conservation 12: 1753-1773.
Chettri , N, Shakya, B, Sharma, E, 2008. Biodiversity conservation in the Kangchenjunga landscape.
Kathmandu, Nepal: ICIMOD.
Cottam, C. & Curtis, J. T. 1956. The use of distance measures in phytosciological sampling. Ecology,
37 (3) 451-460
Cowan and Cowan. 1929. The trees of Northern Bengal including shrubs, woody climbers, bamboos,
palms and tree ferns. International Book Distributors, Dehra Dun.
Curtis JT & RP McIntosh 1950. The interrelations of certain analytic and synthetic phytosociological
characters. Ecology. 31: 438-455
Grytnes, J.A, and O.R, Vetaas. 2002. Species richness and altitude: A comparison between null models
and interpolated plant species richness along the Himalayan altitudinal gradient, Nepal. American
Naturalist 159: 294-304.
Hooker JD 1849. The Rhododendrons of the Sikkim Himalaya being an account, botanical and
geographical of the rhododendron recently discussed in the mountains of eastern Himalaya. L. Reeve
& Co., London
Hooker JD, 1872-1897 (eds). Flora British India. Volume I-VII. Clowes & Co. London.
Hooker JD, 1888-1890. The Flora of British India. Vols. I-VII, L. Reeve & Co., London
http://www.efloras.org
Khera, N., A. Kumar, J. Ram & A. Tewari . 2001. Plant biodiversity assessment in relation to
disturbances in mid elevation forest of Central Himalaya, India. Tropical Ecology. 42:83-95
Kholia BS 2010. Ferns and Fern Allies of Sikkim: a Pictorial Handbook, Part 1. Sikkim State
Biodiversity Board and Botanical Survey of India
Margalef, D. R. 1958. Information theory in Ecology, Year book of the society for general systems
research, 3: 36-71
McDonald, Philip M.; Abbott, Celeste S. 1994. Seed fall, regeneration, and seedling development in
groupselection openings. Res. Paper PSW-RP-220. Albany, CA: Pacific Southwest Research Station,
Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture; 13 p.
Odum, E.P. 1971. Fundamental of ecology, 3rd Edn. W.B. Saunders o., Philadelpia, U.S. A. 574p.
Polunin O and Stainton A .1984. Flowers of the Himalaya. Oxford University Press. New Delhi.
Pradhan UC & ST Lachungpa, 1990. Sikkim Himalayan Rhododendrons. Primulacae Books,
Kalimpong, India
Rai TD and Rai LK. 1994. Trees of Sikkim Himalaya. Indus Publishing House, New Delhi.
Shannon, C. E. and Wiener, W. 1963. The Mathematical Theory of Communication. Urbana
University, Illionis Press.
Shannon, C. E. and wiener, W. 1963. The Mathematical Theory of Communication. Urbana University,
IIinois Press.
Sharma E, Chettri N, Oli K. Mountain biodiversity conservation and management: A paradigm shift in
policies and practices in the Hindu Kush-Himalayas. Ecological Research
Sharma, S., L.M.S, Palni and P.S. Roy. 2001. Analysis of fragmentation and anthropogenic
disturbances in the Himalayan forests: Use of Remote Sensing and GIS.
Singh, Paramjit and M. Sanjappa. 2011. Flowering Plants of Sikkim- an analysis. In. Biodiversity of
Sikkim.
Subba, SJ & Lachungpa, D. 2016. AVERSATILE MEDICINAL PLANT SPECIES PARIS
POLYPHYLLA - AT LACHUNG FOREST, SIKKIM –CONSERVATION INITIAVES. JOURNAL
OF INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC RESEARCH FOR MULTIDISCIPLANARY. Impact Factor
2.417. ISSN: 2320-5083, Vol. 4, Issue 1. Page 283-287.
Subba, SJ. Lachungpa, D. Subba, S. and Nepal, S. 2015. Analysis of Vegetation in a Representative
Temperate Plant Community in Lachung Range of the Sikkim Himalaya. An international journal of
environment and biodiversity. Vol.6. no.3. Page.18-24. ISSN 2278-2281.
Uma Shanker, 2001. A case of high tree diversity in Sal (Shorea robusta) dominant lowland forest of
eastern Himalaya: Floristic composition, regeneration and conservation. Current Science 81: 776-786
Yoda, K. 1967. A preliminary survey of the forest vegetation of eastern Nepal. II. General description,
structure and floristic composition of sample plots chosen from different vegetation zones. Journal of
the College of Arts and Sciences, (Chiba University National Science Series) 5:99-140.
170 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
Barsey Rhododendron Sanctuary
Rich Biological Diversity in West Sikkim, India
arsey Rhododendron Sanctuary located in the West
District of Sikkim, established in 1998, occupies
an area of 104 km2 sharing its border with Nepal in
the west and West Bengal in the south over the Rambong
Khola in the Singalila Range (Photo 1). The altitudinal
gradient of 2200–4100 m asl provides a wide range of
topography leading to various forest types viz., sub-tropical
moist deciduous forest (2200–2400 m), wet temperate forest
(2400–2700 m), moist temperate forest (2700–3250 m), subalpine forest (3200–4000 m) and alpine meadows (>4000 m)
as mentioned by Sharma (2001). The sanctuary harbours over
dozen of rhododendron species, pure patches of Lithocarpus
pachyphylla and many epiphytes, climbers, ferns and fernallies, moss and lichens. Barsey Rhododendron Sanctuary
is a biologically diverse sanctuary and famous for its
rhododendron stand which blooms usually between April and
May. The climate is wet and cold which is highly favorable
for the growth of rhododendrons. July is the wettest month
of the year and temperature is not less than 17°C. According
to the In-charge of BRS, Mr. Samden Sherpa, Hilley gives
the best view of sunrise while Barsey gives a splendid
B
Sanjyoti Subba*, Anjana Pradhan,
Nimesh Chamling and Sumitra Nepal
JICA-Assisted Sikkim Biodiversity
Conservation and Forest Management
Project (SBFP), Department of Forest,
Environment and Wildlife Management,
Government of Sikkim, Gangtok
*Corresponding Author
sanjyotisubba234@gmail.com
44
PANDA | VOL. 9 | ISSUE 4 | 2016-17
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 171
Photo 1: Entry point of Barsey Rhododendron Sanctuary
view of Mt. Kanchendzonga, Mt. Pandim
and Mt. Sinolchu, etc., which becomes
more picturesque between October and
November. The sanctuary is also home to
many faunal species, viz., Red panda, Wild
Boar, Himalayan Black Bear, Barking Deer,
Serow, etc. Barsey is famous for “Red
panda” (Ailurus fulgens) which is the State
Animal of Sikkim. The dense forests of
Lithocarpus pachyphylla provides shelter as
well as abundant fruits and as such are good
indicators of faunal presence and richness
(Photo 2 & 3).
Photo 2 & 3: Spoted Laughing Thrush and Verditer Flycatcher
RAPID BIODIVERSITY SURVEY
Rapid biodiversity survey was conducted
along
Hilley–Barsey–Sano
Dhaap–
ThuloDhaap– Kalijhar–Phoktay Dara–Chitray–
Chewabhanjyang–Uttarey trekking route (ca. 40
km) in proximity to the Singalila Ridge. From
Hilley to Chewabhanjyang, 33 random sampling
plots were laid. We covered the temperate
rhododendron forest, temperate coniferous forest
and sub-alpine zone between 2700 m and 3600
m asl.This Sanctuary can be reached from three
separate points, viz., Hilley, Dentam and Soreng
and this work commenced from Hilley which is
the main entry point for Barsey Rhododendron
Sanctuary. Barsey is only four and a half km
distance from this point. Hilley is a beautiful
place with a variety of rhododendron and a
magniicent mountain view. Early morning, we
can efortlessly see the mesmerizing beauty of
sun rising along with colorful birds singing in
the background (Photo 4).
PANDA | VOL. 9 | ISSUE 4 | 2016-17
172 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
Photo 4: Sun rise view from Hilley, West Sikkim
45
Map: Rapid Biodiversity Survey sites along Barsey Rhododendron Sanctuary sampling path
Additionally, avifauna were encountered,
viz., Spotted Laughing Thrush, Himalayan
Large-Billed Crow, and many other birds
were seen during the survey, and the calls
of birds were identiied and recorded by
the local guide. The vegetation from
Hilley to Barsey is a trail of rhododendron
diversity lowering along with many
other medicinal plant species like Paris
polyphylla, reed-bamboo, oaks and
Primula species. The pure patches of
Lithocarpus pachyphylla species were
inventoried with Rhododendron arboreum
(pinkish-rose and rosy-red forms). The
rhododendron species available between
Hilley and Barsey are Rhododendron
arboreumvar. arboreum, R. griithianum,
R. falconeri and R. grandealong 2700–
2800 m asl. Amongst these, R. arboreum
(both pinkish-rose and rosy-red forms)
has a broad range of distribution and was
observed up to 3400 m asl at Kalijhar top
(Phoktay Dara) along the trail (Photo
5). Worldwide, this R. arboreum is also
distributed along 1500–3800 m asl from
Pakistan to SE Tibet in the Himalayas
(www.eFloras.org).
46
Photo 5: Rhododendron arboreum in lowers at Kalijhar top (3400 m asl)
It is also an indicator of keystone species which is widely
distributed from temperate forest to temperate coniferous forest
along with many tree species viz., Lithocarpus pachyphylla,
Betula utilis, Magnolia campbellii, Acer sp., R. falconeri, etc.
The common shrubs which were inventoried during the entire
sampling plots were Viburnum erubescens, Daphne cannabina, Rosa
sericea, Berberis sp., etc.
PANDA | VOL. 9 | ISSUE 4 | 2016-17
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 173
(Photo 9). In Sikkim, this bamboo is found only in
Barsey Rhododendron Sanctuary at DeonigaleDhap.
It has high medicinal property where the smoke of
leaves is used during headache and common cold as
workedout by National Bamboo Mission, H&CCDD,
Govt. of Sikkim.
Photo 6: Rhododendron arboreum loret at 3600 m asl
R. arboreum has high medicinal properties. The lower
is used to cure tonsillitis, cough and cold. Common
local belief is that the lower petal is used when ish
bones get stuck in throat. After blooming, the petals
fall in the ground and these are used to make wine and
alcoholic beverages. It is in high demand in local market
fetching Rs. 300 per bottle of wine and Rs. 200 per
bottle of Raksi (local millet brew) which is considered
beneicial for health too. The juice of the lower is used
in the treatment of menstrual disorders (Photo 6).
Barsey is not only famous for rhododendron but also
for nature lovers owing to its rich biological diversity,
beautiful view of landscape and for birds and butterlies
too. As per the forest record, most of the visitors
especially the local people usually trek up to Barsey
and only 5% international tourists visit the area up
to Singalila Ridge. At Barsey, we found the prized
rhododendron species, viz., Rhododendron barbatum
(Vulnerable status under IUCN) and pure stand of
Rhododendron falconeri (Photo 7 & 8).
Rhododendron arboreum, R. barbatum and R. falconeri
are widely distributed along the sampling path. Next
morning, we started our trek from Barsey to Sano
Dhaap which is approximately 12 km stretch. On the
way, we laid random sampling plots and inventorised
the plant species enjoying the beautiful rhododendron
lowers, beautiful landscape and the virgin undisturbed
forest.The prominent rhododendron species available
between Barsey and Sano Dhaap are Rhododendron
falconeri and R. arboreum along with Lithocarpus
pachyphylla, Symplocos theifolia, Magnolia campbellii
with shrub species like Vibrunum erubescens, Daphne
cannabina and Ilex sp. which are most prominent at
2835 m asl. Sano Dhaap or Deonigale Dhaap is famous
for the reed-bamboo which is called as Sinarundinaria
macrophylla (locally called “Deonigale”) and widely
distributed in Barsey trekking route in West Sikkim
PANDA | VOL. 9 | ISSUE 4 | 2016-17
174 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
Photo 7 & 8: Rhododendron barbatum and Rhododendron falconeri
Photo 9: Deonigale bamboo at Sano-Dhaap
47
Sinarundinaria macrophylla is densely tufted, shrubby
bamboo, culm-sheaths deciduous, 10-11 cm long,
leaves 5-10 cm long, leaf sheaths 4 cm long striate,
ending above into narrow ciliate callus. The barking
deer was sighted at the Sano-Dhaap area which is the
habitat of Sinuarundina macrophylla.
Next morning above Sano Dhaap–ThuloDhaap, the
irst epiphytic rhododendron species were recorded
along 2810 m asl, latitude 27°13’48.5” & Longitude
88°05’17.8”. This was Rhododendron dalhousieae
coming up on the common shrub Vibrunum erubescens
and also on Magnolia campbellii, Acer sp., and
Rhododendron falconeri. Similarly, in FambongLho
Wildlife Sanctuary, this species is distributed along
1900–2000 m attached to the oak species and also
reported at Bulbuley Reserve forest, East Sikkim.
On reaching the higher elevation, Magnolia campbellii
and
Rhododendron
falconeri,
Rhododendron
arboreumis widely distributed with Acer pectinatum
and Acer palmatum. The seedling emergences of many
species are very high as compared to other sanctuary.
That means regeneration process in the forest is much
higher for future plant communities and for healthy
forest ecosystem. Magnolia campbellii was found in
full bloom. Patches of Gaultheria nummularioides
are commonly encountered which densely covers the
ground surface along the trekking route. Vaccinium
species is epiphytic in nature and was found to favour
the R. arboreum tree. With increase in elevation, R.
arboreum is seen in two colors of petals blooming i.e.,
pink rose and red form covering the entire forest making
it look like ocean of rhododendron lowers (Photo 11).
Next morning, our destination was to reach Kalijhar
from Thulo-Dhaap, on reaching elevation at 3000
m asl, temperate broadleaved forest plant species is
replaced by temperate coniferous tree species, viz.,
Abiesdensa, Magnolia campbellii,Betula sp. The most
pure habitat of Rhododendron barbatum, R. arboreum,
R. hodgsoniiwere recorded along with other tree species
such as Lithocarpus pachyphylla, Tsuga dumosa, Acer
campbellii.
Most of the tourists, especially tourists from abroad
take this route to reach the Singalila Range. On the way
from Sano-Dhaap, there is diferent trek route that leads
to Singalila range via Phalut&Sandakphu and another
one is from Kalijhar via Chewabhanjang-Uttarey. The
Singalila range which contains the Singalila National
park is situated on the western side of the BRS and acts
as the international border for Nepal and India (West
Bengal; Photo 10).
Photo 10: Overview of Singalila Range along the trail
48
Photo 11: View of lowering Rhododendron arboreum along the
sampling path
The scrub species, viz., Gaultheria nummularioides
is widely distributed along the entire path and herbs
along with Fragaria nubicola, Voila sp., Hemiphragma
heterophyllum, Sambucus sp., Rubus sp., Primula sp.,
etc. Rhododendron hodgsonii which was in full bloom
was most widely distributed between 3000 m and 3400
m asl with scrub like Berberis sp., Rhododendron
lepidotum was found in its vegetative stage, most
common shrubs Viburnum erubescens and Daphne
cannabina were also in full bloom.
Many beautiful avians can be encountered on the way to
Kalijhar. In Rhododendron hodgsonii forest, we spotted
the state bird of Sikkim, the Blood Pheasant, both male
and female, at 3352 m asl(Photo 12 & 13). This area
has a dense presence of R. hodgsonii as well as Abies
densa, Viburnum erubescens, Daphne cannabina, Rosa
sericea, Spiraea bella, etc.
PANDA | VOL. 9 | ISSUE 4 | 2016-17
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 175
Photo 12: Sighing of Blood Pheasant (male) at 3352 m asl
At the point of Kalijhar, we came across the tree line.
Within rhododendron variety, the two species i.e.,
Rhododendron hodgsonii& Rhododendron lepidotum
were found in patches. Some of the rhododendron
species is in vegetative stage and was diicult to
identify. Scrubs of Berberis species were distributed in
the entire area and also the herb, Cirsium sp. was found
in plenty.
Above Kalijhar, there is a small hillock, the Phokteydara,
which is the viewpoint for Singalila Range. Phoktey
Dara is a rocky and windy place and Cirsium species
was also recorded from here. Chewabhanjang is the end
point and there is an international border between India
and Nepal. Somewhat similar vegetation was recorded
in and around the Chewabhanjang surrounding (Table
1).
Photo 13: Sighing of Blood Pheasant (female) at 3352 m asl.
Photo 14: Rhododendron hodgsonii along the sampling path
PANDA | VOL. 9 | ISSUE 4 | 2016-17
176 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
49
Table 1: Checklist of Tree species encountered in Barsey Rhododendron Sanctuary
Local name
Alitudinal
Distribuion
(m asl)
SN
Botanical name
Family
IUCN/
Regional
Status
1
Abies densa Griith. ex Parker
Gobreysalla
Pinaceae
2800- 3700
LC
2
Acer campbellii Hook. & Thom. ex Hiern
Kapasay
Aceraceae
1800-2700
NA
3
Acer palmatum
Kapasay
Aceraceae
2500- 3000
NA
4
Acer pecinatum Wall. ex Nicholson
Lekhkapasay
Aceraceae
2300-3700
NA
5
Betula uilis Don
Bhojpatra
Betulaceae
2500-3800
LC
6
Lithocarpus pachyphylla (Kurtz.) Rehder
Sungureykatus
Fagaceae
1800-2700
NA
7
Machilus sp.
Kawlo
Lauraceae
1500-2100
NA
8
Maddenia himalaica Hook. f. & Thom.
Rosaceae
2400-3000
NA
9
Magnolia campbellii Hook. f. & Thom.
Ghogey champ
Magnoliaceae
2400-3100
LC
10
Rhododendron arboreum (CB Clarke) Ridley.
Laligurans
Ericaceae
1800-3600
NA
11
Rhododendron barbatum Wall. ex G. Don
Lal chimal
Ericaceae
3000-3700
Vulnerable
12
Rhododendron dalhousieae Hook. f. & Thom.
LahareChimal
Ericaceae
1500-2500
NA
13
Rhododendron falconeri Hook. f
Khorlinga
Ericaceae
2700-3000
NA
14
Rhododendron grande Wight
Patleykhorlinga
Ericaceae
2000-3000
NA
15
Rhododendron griithianum Wight
SetoChimal
Ericaceae
1800-3200
NA
16
Rhododendron hodgsoni Hook. f
Khorlinga
Ericaceae
3000-4000
NA
17
Sorbus sp.
Lekpasi
Rosaceae
2700-5400
NA
18
Symplocos theifolia
Kharanay
Symplocaceae
1900-2500
NA
19
Tsuga dumosa (D. Don) Eichler
Tengresalla
Pinaceae
2500-3000
LC
NA -Not Assessed, LC -Least Concern
IMPORTANCE OF BARSEY RHODODENDRON
SANCTUARY
Barsey Rhododendron Sanctuary is in-situ conservation
of genetic resources in natural population is the process
of protecting the endangered plant and animal species
in its natural habitat. According to our observation,
we could suggest ive important aspects of Barsey
Rhododendron Sanctuary:
1. Over a dozen of rhododendron species (with
one under Vulnerable status of IUCN, i.e.,
Rhododendron barbatum) found in this area.
2. State Animal Red Panda Habitat.
3. State Bird Blood Pheasant Habitat.
4. Reed-bamboo Deonigale (Sinuarundinaria
macrophylla) Habitat.
CONCLUSION
There are two protected areas for the rhododendrons
in Sikkim where Barsey is one of them which has
rich biodiversity and less anthropogenic footprint as
compared to the Shingba Rhododendron Sanctuary.
The BRS forest community appears to be categorically
rich in number of tree and shrub species compared
to the Shingba Rhododendron Sanctuary. Seedling
emergence is very high under the canopy and also all
over the trail. This shows good regeneration potential
for next generation providing a natural balance for
the prevailing ecosystem. The species composition of
forest depends on the regeneration of species in the
forest. There are several indications presented by the
present study in terms of conservation that must be
addressed almost every time for the sustainability of
nature and natural resources and the irst concern is the
anthropogenic disturbances.
5. Best trekking route for Singalila Range.
50
PANDA | VOL. 9 | ISSUE 4 | 2016-17
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 177
AKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Authors are grateful to JICA-assisted Sikkim
Biodiversity Conservation and Forest Management
Project (SBFP) of Department of Forest, Environment
and Wildlife Management, Govt. of Sikkim for
providing the necessary facilities and encouragement.
We would also like to thank Dr. Thomas Chandy,
IFS PCCF-cum-Principal Secretary & Chief Project
Director and Mr. C. S. Rao, IFS CCF cum Project
Director, Mr. Udai Gurung, IFS Additional Project
Director-II, Mrs. Kusum Gurung, SFS DFO (BC), Ms.
Angel O. Chettri, SFS ACF(BC). Thanks to survey
team (Biodiversity Conservation), Sikkim Biodiversity
Conservation and Forest Management Project.
References
Sharma, T. R. (2001). Eco-Development of Barsey
Rhododendron Sanctuary (Unpublished). Department
of Forests, Environment and Wildlife, Government of
Sikkim.
Mt. Everest at the background
as viewed from Kalijhar (Phoktay Dara),
near Chiwabhanjang, Barsey Rhododendron
Sanctuary, West Sikkim
Photo: Rajen Pradhan
PANDA | VOL. 9 | ISSUE 4 | 2016-17
178 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
51
z
Available online at http://www.journalcra.com
http://www.journal
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL
OF CURRENT RESEARCH
International Journal of Current Research
Vol. 9, Issue, 07, pp.53852-53863, July, 2017
ISSN: 0975-833X
RESEARCH ARTICLE
RAPID BIODIVERSITY SURVEY OF KYONGNOSLA ALPINE SANCTUARY, SIKKIM, INDIA
*Sabita
Sabita Dahal, Nimesh Chamling, Anjana Pradhan, Suraj Subba, Meena Tamang
and Dorjee Chewang Bhutia
Sikkim Biodiversity Conservation and Forest Management Project, Forests, Environment and Wildlife
Management Department, Forest Secretariat Building, Deorali,
Deorali Gangtok-737101,
737101, Sikkim, India
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Article History:
Rapid Biodiversity Survey of Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary (3000 - 4200m) records an occurrence of
151 floral species, of which, population assessment of 71 species was done. There were only three
area of the sanctuary,
ary, namely Abies densa, Acer pectinatum
trees species recorded from the sub-alpine
sub
and Betula utilis out of which Acer pectinatum and Betula utilis were found rare in the area. Some
high valued and globally threatened medicinal plants of the Himalayas including seven species of
A.novoluridum, A.palmatum, A.disectum,
Aconitums were recorded namely Aconitum violaceum, A.novoluridum
A.ferox,
A.ferox A.spicatum and A.laciniatum, of which A.novoluridum, A.violaceum and A.laciniatum were
re-discovered
discovered after more than a century after the monographic work of Stapf during 1905 oon Aconites
of India, which was based on the collections made by earlier worker (Hooker, 1854). Some other
scrophularia, Gymnadenia orchidis,
threatened medicinal plants species such as Neopicrorhiza scrophularia
Fritillaria cirrhosa,, Sassurea gossipiphora, Sassurea obvallata, Rheum nobile, Allium prattii,
Sinopodophyllum hexandrum, polygonatum singalilense, Valeriana jatamansii, V.hardwickii,
number of
Veratrilla baillonii, Gentiana elwesii, etc. were recorded from the area with very less numb
population, for which immediate conservation measures are recommended. Apart from floral species,
n inventory of faunal species was done which records an occurrence of 9 mammalian species and 20
an
bird species through direct and indirect evidences.
Received 13th April, 2017
Received in revised form
09th May, 2017
Accepted 27th June, 2017
Published online 26th July, 2017
Key words:
Biodiversity,
Subalpine-alpine,
Inventory,
Population assessment.
Copyright©2017, Sabita Dahal et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution
Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use,
distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Citation: Sabita Dahal, Nimesh Chamling, Anjana Pradhan et al. 2017. “Rapid
Rapid biodiversity survey of Kyongnosla alpine sanctuary, Sikkim, India
India”,
International Journal of Current Research, 9, (07), 53852-53863.
53852
INTRODUCTION
India is known for rich repository of plant wealth having more
than 17,500 wild plant species and of these over 4,000 species
have medicinal values (Ayensu, 1996). Sikkim being an
integral part of eastern Himalaya with an area of 7096km2 falls
under Himalayan (2) Bio-geographic
geographic zone and Central
Himalaya (2c) biotic province. Its altitude varies from 225m in
the south to 6100m in the north and north-east
east and 8598m in
the north-west and constitutes a diverse habitat for both flora
and fauna. India is one of the twelve mega diversity centers of
North
the world. Himalayan region of India, especially the NorthEastern part including Sikkim state have been the repository of
medicinal plants in conventional use since
ince long directly or
indirectly in the modern medicine system, hence plays an
imperative role in the cultural and economic expansion of the
). Sikkim state harbour over 4500
region (www.nmpb.nic.in).
2014),
species of flowering plants, 410 pteridophytes (Kholia, 20
*Corresponding author: Sabita Dahal,
Sikkim Biodiversity Conservation and Forest Management Project,
Forests, Environment and Wildlife Management Department, Forest
Secretariat Building, Deorali, Gangtok-737101,
737101, Sikkim, India
India.
over 16 species of conifers, 39 species of Rhododendrons
(Dahal et al., 2017), Bamboos over 20 species, medicinal
plants 490 species (Sharma & Sharma, 2010), Primulas over
30 species, Mammals over 144 species, Birds 550 species,
fishes over 48 species, butterflies over 600 species. An account
of the rich biodiversity of the state has been provided by
Hooker JD (1872-1897),
1897), Stapf .O (1905), Kumar S and Singh
V (2001), Gammie GA (1893), Polunin. O and Stainton. A
(1984), Lucksom S.Z. (2007), Sharma & Sharma (2010),
Hooker JD (1849), Arrawatia and Tambe (2011), Ali. S
(1989), Kholia (2010), Kholia (2014), Das (2009), Maiti and
Maiti (2007), S (2015-16), Pradhan & Badola (2008), Pradhan
KC (2008), Pradhan UC and Lachungpa ST (1990), Pradhan
al. (2015), Dahal (2015-16) in
BK et al (2013), Pradhan BK et al
the form of flora, orchids, medicinal plants, Rhododendrons,
mushrooms etc. In order to
ferns and ferns allies, avifauna, mushr
protect such a rich bio-resources
resources of the state, 46.93% of the
total geographical area of Sikkim has been brought under the
Protected Area Network (PAN) within the four broadly
classified vegetation zones viz.; Tropical, Temperate, Sub
Subalpine and Alpine regions. Recently during 2015, Forest,
Environment and Wildlife Management, Government of
Sikkim have come out with the Rapid Biodiversity Survey
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 179
53853
Sabita Dahal et al. Rapid biodiversity survey of Kyongnosla alpine sanctuary, Sikkim, India
Report – I and Rapid Biodiversity Survey Report –II after
conducting Rapid Biodiversity Survey
vey along various sampling
paths in Fambong Lho Wildlife Sanctuary (East Sikkim),
Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve (West Sikkim & North
Sikkim), Maenam Wildlife Sanctuary (South Sikkim), Shingba
Rhododendron Sanctuary (North Sikkim) etc. Of the seven
protected
tected areas of Sikkim, Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary is the
one having rich diversity of sub-alpine
alpine to alpine biological
wealth, but has remain unexplored till date. Rapid Biodiversity
Assessment approach is a tool developed by Conservation
International forr Systematic biodiversity data collection and
has been well accepted throughout the world. It is a medium of
quickly collecting information on the floral and faunal species
present in a given area and provides key information that can
be used to manage and protect species of conservation concern
and overall biodiversity. Under Biodiversity Conservation
Component of SBFP (Sikkim Biodiversity Conservation and
Forest Management Project), Rapid Biodiversity Survey is
being carried out in different protected areas,
as, buffer zones and
reserve forests of Sikkim to develop baseline information on
key biological elements in the forest for long term monitoring
and evaluation of the impacts of changes in the forest, and
biodiversity management and to identify critical ar
areas that
require immediate protection and bring the data set so
produced under the Geo Spatial platform. As ssub - alpine and
alpine forests are considered to be potentially prone to the
adverse effects of climate change, present study also provide
importantt baseline information for future evaluation of the
alpine and alpine forest
impact of climate change on sub-alpine
communities.
Study Area
The current field survey was carried out along Nakchok – 17th
mile Sampling path in Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary in the
Eastern Himalaya of Sikkim (Figure 1) during the month of
August 2016. The area of the sanctuary is 31 km2 and is
located between 3000 meters to 4200 meters. The forest types
of the sanctuary were represented
epresented by sub alpine – alpine type
(Plate 1). In the east, the boundary of the sanctuary extend
chu ridge upto Natso; in the west, it runs along
along the Rong-chu
the Kyongnosla ridge towards north ending near Kyongnosla
police check post at J.N.Road; in the north, it runs from Natso
peak along the bridge upto Kyongnosla ridge and in the south
the sanctuary runs along the J.N.Road starting from 5th mile
check post extending upto Rangchu ridge. The slope angle of
the area ranged between mild (5 degree) to sstiff (50 degree)
and was faced towards E, N, NW and NE aspect ((Annexure I).
The sanctuary is one of the wildlife protected areas of Sikkim
which was first notified as the Kyongnosla Alpine Wildlife
Sanctuary by the Government of India vide Notification No.
45/WL/83/625 dated 29.08.84; extended vide 45/WL
45/WL/F/92/
1585/F & WL dated 05.12.1992. This sanctuary belongs to the
geographical zone 2C (Central Himalaya) as recognized by
bio-geographical
Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun. The area
a
around the
sanctuary is notified as the Eco-Sensitive
Sensitive Zone by the Central
Government with the purpose of protecting and conserving the
biodiversity of the sanctuary and its environment. The extent
of this zone varies from 25 m to 200 m from the boundary of
y 27°22'5" N latitude and
the Sanctuary. It is bounded by
88°41'54" E longitude towards east; 27°23'41" N latitude and
88°42'48" E longitude towards west; 27°25'13" N latitude and
88°43'49" E longitude towards north; and 27°22'36" N latitude
and 88°43'50" E longitude towards south. The sanctuary
constitutes a diverse habitat for both flora and fauna and is an
180 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
abode to the wide range of topographical landscape harbors
species, high value and the rare
some rare, endangered species
medicinal plants, and the lower elevation is occupied with tall
Junipers, Rhododendron thickets with scattered Abies densa
and somewhere with bamboo thickets. The major significance
of this sanctuary is the number of scheduled animals it harbors
[specified in Schedule I of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972]
en maximum protection in the National level as
which are given
well as having the main inhabitant in the form of Red Panda
and different species of Gallinaceous Birds and Pheasants.
Methodology
Inventory and monitoring of the biodiversity of Kyongnosla
Alpine Sanctuary were done using Rapid Biodiversity Survey
Techniques (RBST). Prior to field work, literatures were
scrutinised to have a general idea about the biodiversity of the
area (Polunin and Stainton, 1984; Stainton, 1988; Hooker,
1871-1897;
1897; Sharma and Sharma, 201
2010; Dahal S. 2015-16;
Arrawatia & Tambe, 2011; Lachungpa et al., 2007; Kholia,
2010 & 2014; Das 2009; etc.) including web references such
as (www.efloras.org; www.flowersofindia.net etc.). The
checklist of the species (both flora and fauna) was prepared
andd was taken to the field to confirm their presence in the
study area. During the field work, general listing of all the
species occurring in the area (both flora and fauna) were made
to have fair knowledge on the biodiversity of the area.
In the field, the quantitative as well as qualitative data on floral
biodiversity was recorded using a Standard Quadrat Sampling
method, wherein, a random plot of 10m x 10m were
established which was followed by lying of plot after every 0.5
to 0.6 km approximate
oximate distance. Within the plot, all the tree
species were listed and the individual tree width CBH> 30 cm
(1.3 m above the ground) was measured. Within the mother
plot, a quadrat of 5m x 5m was laid in the centre to record the
number of saplings present;; the same quadrat was used to
record the percent cover of the shrub species. 5 number of 1m
x 1m quadrat were laid; 2 at the alternate corners of the 5m x
5m quadrat and 1 at the centre for recording the percent cover
of the herb species; the same quadrat was used to record the
number of seedlings.
53854
International Journal of Current Research, Vol. 9, Issue, 07, pp.53852-53863, July, 2017
General listing of all the species (flora) encountered along the
sampling plots as well as outside were also done to have fair
idea on the species availability in the area. Parameters such as
coordinates and altitude of each sample plots were recorded
using hand held GPS; slope aspect and slope angle of each
plots were also recorded.
In case of trees, recorded data were analyzed for density,
frequency, abundance, basal area etc. Importance value index
(IVI) was determined as the sum of percentage density and
percentage basal area. Species diversity for each plot was
determined with the Shannon and Wiener information
function, which reads as H’=-Ʃ(ni/N) log2 ni/N, where ‘ni’
represents total number of individuals of particular species,
and ‘N’ represents total number of individuals of all species.
Species richness was calculated using Margalef’s index as
I=(S-1)/ln(N), where ‘S’=the number of species in the sample
and ‘N’=the total number of individuals in the sample. Species
evenness was determined by Shannon index of evenness as,
E=H/Ln(S) where ‘H’=Shannon’ Index of diversity and
‘S’=number of species in the sample. Concentration of
dominance was measured by Simpson’s Index, which reads as,
D=Ʃ(ni/N)2 where, ‘ni’represents total number of individuals
of particular species and ‘N’ represents total number of
individuals of all species. In case of shrubs and herbs,
populations were calculated in terms of Average Percent
Cover.
of trees recorded from the area, from sub-alpine part of the
sanctuary, only Abies densa and Betula utilis were recorded
from the sample plots. Abies densa was thinly scattered in the
area, hence, only 11 individual recorded from the entire
sampling site; present only in 4 plots (plot 7, plot 11, plot 12,
plot 13) of the 21 plots. Its cumulative adult stem density
found comparatively low (52.38 ±58.35ind/ha; Rel. Den.:
78.57%; IVI: 237.64). In case of Betula utilis, only 3
individual were recorded, which was only from the lower subalpine belt, and was recorded from 2 plots (Plot 19 & plot 21).
In the remaining plots, the trees were completely absent. The
cumulative adult stem density of Betula utilis were 14.29
±33.81 ind/ha; Rel.Den.: 100%; IVI: 207.58 [Table 2] as well
as the total basal cover (TBC: 9.22m2/ha; Rel. Dom.: 7.58%).
Table 1. Diversity of Floral species in Kyongnosla Alpine
Sanctuary, East Sikkim
Habit
Trees
Small trees / large shrubs
Shrubs/ shrublets
Herbs (Climber/ Epiphytes/ Bamboos/ Ferns)
Total
Genus
3
5
7
75
84
Family
3
4
5
34
42
Table 2. Availability and distribution of Tree species in
Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, East Sikkim
Species
To record the faunal element occur in the area, trail sampling
(walking through the trail) and sign surveys (records of
digging sign, foraging sign, hoof mark, etc.) were made.
During the survey, direct evidences like call sound and indirect
evidences like feather, pellets, scats, droppings etc. were
recorded. Photo capture was also done, depending upon the
feasibility.
Abies densa Griff.
Betula utilis.D.Don
Density
(Ind/ha) ± SE
52.38 ±58.35
14.29 ±33.81
Adult
TBC
(m2/ha)
112.33
9.22
A/F
ratio
0.14
0.16
IVI
237.6496
55.0885
Table 3. Species diversity and distribution in Kyongnosla Alpine
Sanctuary, East Sikkim
Parameters
Diversity Index (H)
Concentration of Dominance (D)
Species richness index (I)
Species evenness index (E)
RESULTS
Flora
During the survey, a total of 21 plots were laid covering 0.21
ha area (Annexure I; Figure 1), from which 2 tree, 6 small tree/
large shrubs, 13 shrubs / shrublets and 107 herb species were
recorded and are marked with (*) in Annexure II. A general
checklist of 151 species of the area (including the areas outside
of the plots) were prepared of which, herbs represented the
highest number of species (127 species) followed by small
trees / shrubs / shrublets (23 species). Trees were very sparse;
hence only 3 species were recorded from the area namely
Abies densa, Betula utilis and Acer pectinatum (Table 1).
Family wise analysis revealed that belonging to the herb
category Asteraceae was the dominant family, followed by
Polygonaceae, Geraniaceae, Scrophularaceae, Rosaceae
(Graph 1), while in the case of small trees /shrubs/shrublets,
Ericaceae appeared as the dominant family
followed by
Berberadaceae, Salicaceae, Cupressaceae and Grossulariaceae.
Distribution of number of species along the altitudinal gradient
shows no any significant relation; however the highest number
of species (13 nos) were recorded in the altitude of 3601m
(Graph 2). The number of species per plot for tree, small tree /
large shrub, shrub / scrub and herb species ranged between 0
and1, 0 and 2, 0 and 4 and 2 and 10 respectively; nonetheless,
species were completely absent from 71.43% (Tree), 42.46%
(small tree / large shrub), 23.81% (shrub / scrublets) and
0.00% (herb) of the total plots (Graph 3). Out of three species
Species
3
6
18
129
130
Trees
0.52
0.01
1.62
-0.75
Table 4. Availability and distribution of large shrubs or Small
Trees in Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, East Sikkim
Species
Salix sikkimensis
Juniperus sp. (Tall Juniper)
Rhododendron hodgsonii
Rhododendron thomsonii
Lyonia ovalifolia
Average % Cover / 25 m2
0.48
7.14
2.86
9.05
1.19
Frequency %
4.76
33.33
4.76
28.57
4.76
Table 5. Availability and distribution of shrubs and shrublets in
Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, East Sikkim
Sl.No
Species
1
Rhododendron lanatum Hook.f.
2
Rhododendron campanulatum D.Don
subsp aeruginosum (Hook.f.)
Rhododendron anthopogon D.Don
Rhododendron setosum D.Don
Cassiope fastigiata (Wall.) D.Don
Berberis insignis Hook.f.& Thomson
Berberis angulosa Wall.ex Hook.f. &
Thomson
Rhododendron hypenanthum Balf.f.
Juniperus coxii A.B.Jackson
Juniperus recurva Buch.-Ham.ex
D.Don
Rosa sericea Lindl.
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
10
Average %
Cover / 5 m2
0.48
Frequency
%
4.76
0.95
14.29
2.62
0.71
1.19
0.24
3.81
19.05
9.52
14.29
4.76
19.05
2.14
2.38
0.48
9.52
14.29
4.76
5.24
42.86
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 181
53855
Sabita Dahal et al. Rapid biodiversity survey of Kyongnosla alpine sanctuary, Sikkim, India
Table 6. Availability and distribution of herbs in Kyongnosla
Alpine Sanctuary, East Sikkim
Sl.
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
Species
Aconitum palmatum D.Don
Aconitum novoluridum Munz.
Aconitum violaceum Jacquem.ex Stapf
Aconitum disectum D.Don
Aconitum laciniatum (Bruhl) Stapf.
Anaphalis contorta D.Don
Anaphalis triplinervis (Sims) Cl.
Arisaema jacquemontii Bl.
Bergenia purpurascens (Hook. & Thoms.)
Engler
Bistorta affinis (D.Don) Greene
Cerastium sp
Dracocephalum heterophyllum Edgeworth
ex Benth.
Codonopsis foetans Hook. & Thoms.
Codonopsia clematidea (Schrenk) Cl.
Clematis napaulensis DC
Ferns
Fragaria nubicola Lindley ex Lacaita
Gentiana elwesii Cl.
Geranium wallichianum Don ex. Sw.
Acomastylis elata var. elata Wall. ex G. Don
Impatiens racemosa DC.
Impatiens urticifolia Wall.
Iris clarkei Baker ex Hook.f.
Juncus alpinoarticulatus Chaix.
Juncus himalensis Klotzsch.
Juncus thomsonii Buchenau
Lagotis crassifolia Prain
Ligularia fischeri (Ledeb.) Turcz.
Lobelia sp.
Nardostachys jatamansi (D.Don) DC.A.
Pedicularis oederi Vahl
Pedicularis longiflora Rudolph.
Pedicularis siphonantha D.Don
Pedicularis trichoglossa Hook.
Pleurospermum hookeri Cl.
Persicaria wallichii Greuter & Burdet
Polygonum vaccinifolium Wall. ex Meisner
Ponerorchis chusua D.Don
Potentila arbuscula D.Don
Potentila cuneata Wall. ex Lehm.
Potentila peduncularis D.Don
Rheum acuminatum Hook.f.& Thoms .ex
Hook.
Rhodiola cretinii (Raymond-Hamet)
Veratrilla bailonii Franchet
Sedum roseum (L.) Scop.
Saxifraga brachypoda D.Don
Sassurea nepalensis Sprengel
Sassurea obvallata (DC.) Edgew.
Selenium wallichianum (DC.) Raizada &
Senecio graciliflorus DC.
Senecio raphanifolius Wall.ex DC.
Soroseris hookeriana (Cl.) Stebbins
Thalictrum reniforme Wallich
Valeriana hardwickii Wall.
%
cover
0.48
0.71
0.24
0.48
0.95
%
frequency
4.76
4.76
4.76
9.52
14.29
0.95
1.19
0.71
0.71
9.52
19.05
14.29
9.52
0.71
0.48
0.95
9.52
9.52
9.52
0.71
1.43
0.48
6.19
0.71
0.48
0.71
1.67
1.43
0.48
11.19
1.76
2.14
1.19
1.43
1.90
0.95
0.24
0.48
0.24
2.38
0.24
0.24
3.33
1.90
0.48
0.71
0.71
0.71
1.43
9.52
19.05
9.52
33.33
9.52
4.76
9.52
23.81
9.52
9.52
33.33
19.05
28.57
19.05
4.76
14.29
9.52
4.76
4.76
4.76
23.81
4.76
4.76
28.57
19.05
4.76
4.76
9.52
9.52
4.76
0.71
1.19
0.24
0.95
0.24
1.90
0.48
0.48
3.10
0.24
0.71
0.71
9.52
9.52
4.76
4.76
4.76
4.76
9.52
4.76
14.29
4.76
9.52
14.29
In terms of frequency of occurrence, Abies densa were
recorded occurring more frequently than Betula utilis i.e., Rel.
Freq. of Abies densa is 66.67% and of Betula utilis is 26.07%.
In case of trees, the sampled area was not much rich in terms
of tree species richness (I = 1.62) and recorded low species
diversity (H = 0.52) [Table 3). The abundance to frequency
ratio revealed that, the adult individuals of Abies densa (A/F
ratio: 0.14) and of Betula utilis (A/F ratio: 0.16) shows
contagious distribution. Saplings and seedlings of the trees
were not recorded from the sampling plots.
The small tree/large shrub recorded from the sample plots are
Lyonia ovalifolia, R. hodgsonii, R. thomsonii, Juniperus sp.
182 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
and Salix sikkimensis. Of the 5 small tree / large shrub species
present, Juniperus sp. (Tall Juniper) had the highest frequency
of occurrence (33.33%) followed by Rhododendron thomsonii
(28.57 %) and the species like Salix sikkimensis, Lyonia
ovalifolia, Rhododendron hodgsonii had the lowest frequency
of occurrences (3.13% each) [Table 4, Graph 4]; In respect to
percent cover, Rhododendron thomsonii was dominant
(average percent cover /25 m2: 9.05 % followed by Juniperus
sp. (7.14%), Rhododendron hodgsonii (2.86%), and Lyonia
ovalifolia (1.19%). Salix sikkimensis (0.48%) had very low
average percent cover. Of the 10 shrubs or shrublets recorded
from the sample plots, Rosa sericea had wide availability in
the area and was recorded from 42.86% of the sampled area.
The density in terms of percent cover for the recorded shrubs
or shrublets were comparatively low i.e. 5.28% (Rosa sericea),
3.81% (Berberis angulosa), 2.62% (Rhododendron
anthopogon) 2.14% (Rhododendron hypenanthum), 1.19%
(Cassiope fastigiata) to 0.48% (Juniperus recurva and
Rhododendron lanatum) [Table 5, Graph 5]. In the case of
herbaceous species, a total of 54 species were recorded from
21 plots, of which, Iris clarkei and the different species of
ferns had the highest frequency of occurrences (33.33%)
followed by Juncus himalensis, pedicularis siphonantha and
Persicaria wallichii (28.57%). Other species such as Soroseris
hookerana, Senecio gracilifolium, Sassurea obvallata,
Sassurea nepalensis, Ponerorchis chusua, Potentila arbuscula,
Rheum acuminatum, Pleurospermum hookeri, Pedicularis
trichoglossa, Nardostachys jatamansi, Lagotis crassifolia,
Gentiana elwesii etc. had low frequency of occurrences upto
4.76%. With regard to average density in terms of percent
cover, Iris clarkei (average percent cover /m2: 11.19%) was
dominant over other herbs species; however, species such as
Aconitum
palmatum,
A.laciniatum,
A.disectum,
A.novoluridum, A.violaceum, Gentiana elwesii, Anaphalis
contorta,
Dracocephalum
heterophyllum,
Clematis
napaulensis, Codonopsis foetans, Nardostachys jatamansi,
Pedicularis oederi, Pedicularis longiflora, Pedicularis
trichoglossa, Pleurospermum hookeri, Ponerorchis chusua,
Sassurea
nepalensis,
Sassurea
obvallata,
Senecio
gracilifolium, Soroseris hookerana, Valeriana hardwickii etc.
(average percent cover /m2 ranging from 0.24% to 0.95%)
(Table 6) appeared rarely with very less number of populations
in the study area.
Fauna
During the survey, the existence of a total of 20 bird species
belonging to 3 order and 11 families were recorded (Table 7).
Similarly existence of total number of 9 mammalian species
was witnessed through direct and indirect evidences (Table 8).
The maximum numbers of scats encountered in the area gives
an evidence of the existence of good number of population of
red fox and yellow-throated marten.
DISCUSSION
Till today, Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary remain unexplored
which, during the present study, found to be rich in terms of
the diversity of the species. Wide range of habitat diversity the
sanctuary harbour, in the form of several rare, endangered
species along with high value medicinal plants, tall Junipers,
scattered Abies densa and thickets of Rhododendrons. The
lower elevation is occupied mainly with bushy bamboo
thickets and junipers.
53856
International Journal of Current Research, Vol. 9, Issue, 07, pp.53852-53863, July, 2017
Graph 1. Family-wise distribution of herb species
Graph 2. Altitudinal distribution of species in the sampling site
Graph 3. Species availability in the different sampling site
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 183
53857
Sabita Dahal et al. Rapid biodiversity survey of Kyongnosla alpine sanctuary, Sikkim, India
Graph 4. Status of large shrubs or small trees in the sampling site
Graph 5. Status of Shrubs or shrublets in the sampling site
Table 7. Checklist of Avi-fauna in Kyongnosla Alpine Wildlife Sanctuary
Sl. No
Common Name
1.
Blood pheasant
2.
Satyr tragopan
3.
Black-faced Laughingthrush
4.
Red-headed Bullfinch
5.
Dark breasted Rosefinch
6.
Plain Mountain Finch
7.
White-capped Redstart
8.
Fire-tailed Sunbird
9.
House Crow
10.
House Sparrow
11.
Green-backed tit
12.
Blue Whistling Thrush
13.
Common Myna
14.
Rock Dove
15.
Oriental turtle dove
16.
Green Pigeon
17.
Kalij Pheasant
18.
Ashy Throated Warbler
19.
Red Billed Chough
20.
Snow Pigeon
PC: Photo Capture, DS: Direct Sighting
Scientific Name
Ithaginis cruentus
Tragopan satyra
Garrulax affinis
Pyrrhula erythrocephala
Carpodacus nipalensis
Leucosticte nemoricola
Phoenicurus leucocephalus
Aethopyga ignicauda
Corvus splendens
Passer domesticus
Parus monticolus
Myophonus caeruleus
Acridotheres tristis
Columba livia
Streptopelia orientalis
Treron
Lophura leucomelanos
Phylloscopus maculipennis
Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax
Columba leuconota
Family
Phasianidae
Phasianidae
Turdidae
Fringillidae
Fringillidae
Fringillidae
Muscicapidae
Nectariniidae
Corvidae
Passeridae
Paridae
Muscicapidae
Sturnidae
Columbidae
Columbidae
Columbidae
Phasianidae
Sylviidae
Corvidae
Columbidae
Order
Galliformes
Galliformes
Passerriformes
Passerriformes
Passerriformes
Passerriformes
Passerriformes
Passerriformes
Passerriformes
Passerriformes
Passerriformes
Passerriformes
Passerriformes
Columbiformes
Columbiformes
Columbiformes
Galliformes
Passerriformes
Passerriformes
Columbiformes
Evidence
PC, DS
PC,
PC, DS
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC, DS
PC, DS
PC
PC, DS
PC, DS
PC, DS
PC, DS
PC, DS
PC
PC
PC
PC
Table 8. Checklist of other faunal species of Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary
Sl. No.
Common Name
Scientific Name
1.
Musk Deer (Kasturi mriga)
Moschus chrysogaster
2.
Barking deer (Mriga)
Muntiacus muntjak
3.
Bear (Bhalu)
Ursus thibetanus
4.
Red panda (Pude kudo)
Ailurus fulgens
5.
Red fox
Vulpes vulpes
6.
Yellow-throated Marten (Malsapra)
Martes flavigula
7.
Pika
Ochotona sp.
8.
Goral
Naemorhedus goral
9.
Serow (Thar)
Capricornis thar
10.
Wild dog (Dhole)
Cuon alpinus
1
SI: Secondary Information, DS: Direct Sighting HM: Hoof mark, P: Pellet, S: Scat
2
EN: Endangered, LC: Least concern, VU: Vulnerable, NT: Near threatened
184 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
Family
Moschidae
Cervidae
Ursidae
Ailuridae
Canidae
Mustelidae
Ochotonidae
Bovidae
Bovidae
Canidae
Evidence1
SI
P
SI
SI
S
SI, S
DS
SI
HM, P
SI
IUCN Status2
EN
LC
VU
EN
LC
LC
LC
NT
NT
EN
53858
International Journal of Current Research, Vol. 9, Issue, 07, pp.53852-53863, July, 2017
Forest being sub alpine to alpine type, herbs are the most
predominant taxa in the area, followed by shrubs and shrublets.
Commonly available herbaceous species in the sanctuary are
Bergenia purpurescens, Bistorta amplexicauli, Rheum
acuminatum, Nardostachys jatamansi, Sassurea nepalensis,
Potentila arbuscula, P.peduncularis, Pedicularis siphonantha,
Rhododendron hodgsonii, R.thomsonii, R.campanulatum,
R.lanatum, Juniperus recurva, J.coxii,
Codonopsis
clematidea, Clematis napaulensis, Arisaema jacquemontii,
Acomastylis elata var elata, Iris clarkei, Ligularia fischeri,
Juncus
himalensis,
Juncus
thomsonii,
Juncus
alpinoarticulatus,
Persicaria
wallichii,
Polygonum
vaccinifolium, Senecio raphanifolium, Valeriana hardwickii,
etc. which are abundantly flourishing in the area. Several
species of rare and high value medicinal herbs were also
recorded from the area during the present survey such as
Aconitum ferox, A.disectum, A.novoluridum, A.violaceum,
A.palmatum, Gentiana elwesii, Neopicrorhiza scrophularia,
Sassurea
obvallata,
Lagotis
crassifolia,
Bergenia
purpurascens, Valeriana jatamansi, V.hardwickii, Codonopsis
foetans, Polygonatum cirrhifolium, Polygonatum verticillatum,
Panax bipinnatifidus etc. Small trees or the large shrubs
available in the area are Rhododendron hodgsonii,
Rhododendron thomsonii, Juniperus sp., Salix sikkimensis,
Lyonia ovalifolia etc. The commonly available shrubs and/ or
shrublets were Rhododendron campanulatum subsp
aeruginosum,
Rhododendron
campanulatum
subsp
campanulatum, Rhododendron lanatum, Rhododendron
anthopogon, Rhododendron hypenanthum, Rhododendron
ciliatum, Berberis angulosa, Berberis insignis, Cassiope
fastigiata,
Gaultheria
trichophylla,
Gaultheria
nummularioides etc. Some species such as Aconitum, the taxa
of the highly potential medicinal plant of the Himalayas but
not much attention paid by the taxonomist so far have been rediscovered from the area after more than a century after the
monographic work of Stapf, O. during 1905 with seven species
namely Aconitum laciniatum, Aconitum novoluridum,
Aconitum bisma, Aconitum disectum, Aconitum ferox,
Aconitum violaceum and Aconitum spicatum with
comparatively good number of population except few such as
A.novoluridum and A.violaceum, which were observed very
rare in the area. Aconitum laciniatum was re-discovered from
Tamzey valley and surrounding areas (Dahal et al. 2017),
which is very near to the present study area. This species was
reported earlier from the subalpine and alpine Himalayas of
Sikkim and adjoining Tibet (Stape, 1905). During the present
study, Aconitum novoluridum and A.violaceum were
rediscovered after the monographic work of Stape, 1905, along
with the other aconitum species including A.laciniatum. The
present collection of these species after more than a century
reveals rarity of this species in its natural habitat. High altitude
Gentians (Gentianaceae) such as Gentiana elwesii, G.algida,
G.prolata, G.sikkimensis, G.stylophora, Swertia hookeri,
Veratrilla baillonii and Halenia elliptica were recorded from
the area. A population of Veratrilla baillonii, a Tibetan
medicinal herb, discovered from the area (ca. 4100m), which
was recently discovered for the first time from Sikkim
Himalaya from Tamze valley by one of the author (Dahal et al.
2017) during the course of the floristic study of MPCAs of
Sikkim. Till date the species was reported only from the
western Himalaya. Gentiana elwesii, a rare medicinal herb
witnessed in the area during the present study; on scrutiny of
literature, its record of occurrence found only in Lachung to
Yumthang in North Sikkim (Hooker, 1885) and in Tamze
valley in East Sikkim (Dahal et al. 2017). Species of Sassurea
viz. Sassurea gossipiphora, S.obvallata, S. scandens &, S.
nepalensis were recorded of which S.obvallata and
S.gossipiphora are the highly threatened medicinal herbs of the
Himalayas which are also found occurring in upper part of
Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, and in Tamze valley. However,
some herbs including high value medicinal herbs such as
Neopicrorhiza scrophularia, Gymnadenia orchidis, Fritillaria
sp., Sassurea gossipiphora, Sassurea obvallata, Rheum nobile,
Allium prattii, Sinopodophyllum hexandrum, polygonatum
singalilense, Valeriana jatamansii, V.hardwickii etc. were
recorded very rare in the area. The occurrence of very few
individual of Betula utilis and Acer pectinatum (which is only
from the area outside the sample plots) reveals rarity of this
species in the area.
Other than floral species, the sanctuary also provides diverse
habitat for faunal species such as Serow, Musk Deer, Goral,
Himalayan Black Bear, Blood Pheasant, Leopard, Lesser Cats
and Himalayan Marmot. In addition, the sanctuary is also
home to Satyr Tragopan, Common Langur, Tibetan Fox,
Martens Weasel and Impeyan Pheasant. A wide variety of
avifauna, which includes Blood Pheasant, Monal Pheasant,
Tragopan, Rose finches, Red-billed Chough, Forktails and
Laughing Thrushes also resides in the area. Direct sightings of
House Crow, House Sparrow, Blue Whistling Thrush,
Common Myna, Rock Dove, Oriental turtle dove, Green
Pigeon, Kalij Pheasant, Ashy Throated Warbler, Snow Pigeon,
and Red Billed Chough were achieved during the present
Rapid Biodiversity Survey. Checklist of other faunal species
such as Musk Deer, Barking deer, Bear, Red panda, Red fox,
Yellow-throated Marten, Pika, Goral, Serow and Wild dog
were prepared through secondary information, direct sightings,
hoof marks, pallets, scats etc.
Conclusion
From the conservation point of view the present study has
remarkable relevance in preservation of subalpine and alpine
gene bank of Sikkim in the form of protected area, as present
survey witnessed an occurrence of more then 151 floral
species, including some globally rare and threatened species
(both medicinal and otherwise) such as species of Aconitum,
Gentiana elwesii, Veratrilla bailonii, Rheum nobile,
Nardostachys
jatamansi,
Neopicrorhiza
scrophularia,
Gymnadenia orchidis, Sassurea obvallata, S.gossipiphora etc.
Since the area is far away from the human habitation, the
anthropogenic pressure is still not marked and hence
biodiversity of the area still remain intact to some extent.
However, some of the species were recorded very rare in the
area which may be due to some natural factors; hence proper
management is needed to maintain the gene bank of these
species in their natural habitat. Natural disturbances including
the impact of climate change needs to be studied well, which
will be useful for the policy makers and forest managers in
framing effective strategies in managing and conserving the
species and their natural habitat. The better conservation of
biological resources can be done by ex-situ conservation
through tissue culture, and in case of medicinal plants,
awareness should be done among the growers on establishment
of herbal nurseries, developing cultivation technologies and
commercial cultivation of rare and high value species.
Acknowledgement
Authors are thankful to Forest, Environment & Wildlife
Management Department, Government of Sikkim for
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 185
53859
Sabita Dahal et al. Rapid biodiversity survey of Kyongnosla alpine sanctuary, Sikkim, India
providing field facilities through Sikkim Biodiversity
Conservation & Forest Management Project (SBFP). Constant
support and encouragement provided by officers and staffs of
SBFP, and officers and field staffs of Wildlife Division,
FEWMD are highly acknowledged. Authors are grateful to
Hon’ble Minister Shri Tshering Wangdi Lepcha and PS-cum –
PCCF Dr. Thomas Chandy for the constant support. The
precious guidance provided by Prof. S.K.Borthakur, Gauhati
University is highly acknowledged. Authors are thankful to the
scientist-in-charge of Botanical Survey of India, Sikkim Circle
Dr.Dinesh Agrawal, for providing library and herbaria
facilities. We sincerely thank Dr. Tika Prasad Sharma,
Consultant (SMPB) and Dr. Bharat Kumar Pradhan, Scientific
Associate of Sikkim Biodiversity Board for their precious
guidance especially in species identification and data analysis.
Big thanks to Ms. Hemlata Rai, GIS Engineer (SBFP) for
preparing a GIS map. Special thanks to Mr. Jeewan Kumar
Rai, Chaukidar of Kyongnosla Herbal Garden for his precious
help during the field work and the office staff of BSI, Sikkim
circle Shri. Subash Pradhan and Shri. Ratan Giri for their
various help.
REFERENCES
Ali S 1989. The birds of Sikkim. Oxford University Press,
New Delhi.
Arrawatia ML & Tambe S. 2011. Biodiversity of Sikkim,
exploring and conserving a global hotspot. Information and
public Relation Department, Government of Sikkim,
Gangtok.
Bharat et al. 2015. Rapid Biodiversity Survey Report – II.
Sikkim Biodiversity Conservation and Forest Management
Project, Forest, Environment and Wildlife Management
Department, Government of Sikkim.
Dahal S. 2015-16. Sikkim Himalayan Rhododendrons. Panda.
8(4) 15-27.
Dahal.S, Sharma TP and Borthakur SK. 2017. Database on
Medicinal Plants of Tamze Medicinal Plants Conservation
area (MPCA) of Sikkim Himalaya, India. NeBIO. An
International Journal of Environment and Biodiversity.
Vol. 8, No. 1, March 2017, xx-xx.
Gammie GA 1893. Account of a botanical tour in Sikkim
during 1892. Chapter CCCXXXVI: Botanical Exploration
of Sikkim-Tibet Frontier. Bulletin of Miscellaneous
Information, Royal Gardens Kew, Nos 82-83: 297-315.
Hooker JD. 1849. The Rhododendrons of Sikkim Himalaya.
L.Reeve & Co., London.
Hooker, J.D. 1871-1897. Flora of British India. Vol. I-VII.
London. Reprinted in 1982 by Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal
Singh, Dehradun
Kholia BS. 2014. Ferns and fern-allies of Sikkim Part II.
Berecah Printing & Stationaries, Gangtok.
Kholia, B.S. 2010. Ferns and fern-allies of Sikkim Part I.
Berecah Printing & Stationaries, Gangtok.
Kumar S and Singh V. 2001. Asteraceae of Sikkim Part II.
Beracah Printing Press and Stationaries, Gangtok.
Lucksom SZ. 2007. The Orchids of Sikkim and North East
Himalaya. Concepts, Siliguri.
Maiti D and Maiti GG. 2007. The Wild Flowers of
Kanchenjunga Biosphere Reserve, Sikkim. Naya Udyog,
Kolkata.
Polunin,O. & Stainton, A. 1984. Flowers of the Himalaya.
Oxford University Press. Delhi.
Pradhan BK and Badola HK. 2008. Ethnomedicinal plants use
by Lepcha tribe of Dzongu valley, bordering
Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve, in North Sikkim,
India. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 4:22.
Pradhan BK, Dahal S, Nilson J and Lachungpa D. 2015. A
note on Rhododendron mekongense – a new species record
from Sikkim Himalaya. Journal of American
Rhododendron Society 77: 76 - 80.
Pradhan BK, Poudyal K, Bhadauria SBS, Subba S and
Chewang D. 2013. A glimpse of Rhododendrons in
Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve, Sikkim. The
Rhododendrons 53: 11-20.
Pradhan KC. 2008. Rhododendrons of Sikkim. Botanical
Tours & Treks, Sikkim, India.
Pradhan UC and Lachungpa ST. 1990. Sikkim Himalayan
Rhododendrons. Primulaceae Books, Kalimpong, West
Bengal.
Sharma T.P. and Sharma Sabita. 2010. Medicinal Plants of
Sikkim. Bermiok, West Sikkim.
Stainton, A. 1988. Flowers of the Himalaya-A Suppliment.
Oxford University Press, New Delhi.
Stapf, O.1905. The Aconites of India: A monograph. Ann. Roy.
Bot. Gard. Calcutta, 10(2): 115-181.
Annexure I. Site characteristics of the sampling plots along Nakchok -17th Mile at Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, East Sikkim.
(KAS= Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary)
Plots code
KAS 1
KAS 2
KAS 3
KAS 4
KAS 5
KAS 6
KAS 7
KAS 8
KAS 9
KAS 10
KAS 11
KAS 12
KAS 13
KAS 14
KAS 15
KAS 16
KAS 17
KAS 18
KAS 19
KAS20
KAS21
Forest Type
Alpine Forest
Alpine Forest
Alpine Forest
Alpine Forest
Alpine Forest
Sub-Alpine Forest
Sub-Alpine Forest
Sub-Alpine Forest
Sub-Alpine Forest
Sub-Alpine Forest
Sub-Alpine Forest
Sub-Alpine Forest
Sub-Alpine Forest
Sub-Alpine Forest
Sub-Alpine Forest
Sub-Alpine Forest
Sub-Alpine Forest
Sub-Alpine Forest
Sub-Alpine Forest
Sub-Alpine Forest
Sub-Alpine Forest
Altitude (M)
4146
4097
4123
4069
4005
3970
3920
3891
3821
3757
3792
3781
3761
3713
3718
3669
3607
3601
3538
3489
3412
186 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
GPS
Lat
27°23'49.7"
27°23'48.5"
27°23'49.7"
27°23'45.4"
27°23'48.2"
27°23'37.8"
27°23'39.7"
27°23'42.4"
27°23'40.5"
27°23'33.8"
27°23'27.9"
27°23'02.4"
27°23'25.9"
27°23'27.3"
27°23'22.4"
27°23'18.1"
27°23'12.9"
27°23'03.5"
27°22'05.9"
27°22'54.8"
27°22'45.1"
Long
88°46'25.1"
88°46'014"
88°46'04.8"
88°46'02.6"
88°45'47.8"
88°45'02.3"
88°45'13.2"
88°45'07.2"
88°45'02.5"
88°44'58.8"
88°44'53.2"
88°44'43.2"
88°44'35.7"
88°44'33.1"
88°44'27.6"
88°44'18.1"
88°44'06.1"
88°43'59.2"
88°43'54.3"
88°43'50.8"
88°43'46.2"
Slope (degree)
Slope Aspect
Disturbances
15
30
40
20
15
10
10
30
40
30
40
30
35
20
45
30
5
40
45
50
10
E
E
E
E
N
NW
NW
N
N
NE
NE
E
E
E
N
NW
E
E
E
E
E
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
53860
International Journal of Current Research, Vol. 9, Issue, 07, pp.53852-53863, July, 2017
Annexure – II: Floral species recorded in Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary and surrounding areas in East Sikkim
S.No.
1
2
3
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
Botanical name
TREE
*Abies densa Griff.
Acer pectinatum wall.ex G.Nicholson
*Betula utilis D.don
SMALL TREES / LARGE SHRUBS
*Juniperus sp.
*Lyonia ovalifolia (Wallich) Drude
*Rhododendron hodgsonii Hook.f.
*Rhododendron thomsonii Hook.f.
*Salix sikkimensis Andersson
SHRUBS / SHRUBLETS
*Berberis angulosa Wall.
*Berberis insignis Hook.f.& Thomson
*Cassiope fastigiata (Wallich) D.Don
Cassiope selaginoides Hook. & Thoms.
Gaultheria nummularioides D.Don
Gaultheria trichophylla Royle
*Juniperus coxii A.B.Jackson
*Juniperus recurva Buch-Ham ex D.Don
*Rhododendron anthopogon D.Don
Rhododendron barbatum Wall. ex G.Don
*Rhododendron campanulatum D.Don subsp sp.campanulatum D.Don
Rhododendron campanulatum D.Don subsp aeruginosum Hook.f.
*Rhododendron hypenanthum Balf.f.
*Rhododendron lanatum Hook.f.
*Rhododendron setosum D.Don
Rhododendron lepidotum Wall. ex G.Don
Ribes griffithii Hook.f.& Thomson
Ribes himalense Royle ex Decne.
*Rosa sericea Lindley
HERBS
*Acomastylis elata var. elata Wall. ex G. Don
Aconitum disectum D.Don
Aconitum ferox Wall.ex Ser.
*Aconitum laciniatum (Bruhl) Stapf
Aconitum novoluridum Munz.
Aconitum palmatum D.Don
Aconitum violaceum Jacquem.ex Stapf
Aletris pauciflora (Klotzsch) Hand.- Mazz.
Allium prattii C.H.Wright
Allium wallichii Kunth
*Anaphalis contorta D.Don
*Anaphalis triplinervis (Sims) C.B.Clarke
Arisaema erubescens (Wall.) Schott
Arisaema griffithii Schott
*Arisaema jacquemontii Schott
Artemisia sp
Astilbe rivularis Buch.-Ham. Ex D.Don
Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Sternb.
*Bergenia purpurascens (Hook. & Thomson) Engler
*Bistorta affinis (D.Don) Greene
Bistorta amplexicaulii (D.Don) Greene
Calceolaria tripartita Ruiz & Pav.
*Cerastium sp
*Clematis napaulensis DC.
*Codonopsis clematidea (Schrenk) Cl.
*Codonopsis foetens Hook. & Thoms.
Corydalis elegans Wallich ex Hooker
Cynanthus inflatus Hook.f.& Thoms.
Cynoglossum zeylanicum (Vahl) Thunb. ex Lehm
Cynotis vaga (Loureiro) Schultes
*Dracocephalum heterophyllum Edgeworth ex Bentham
Dubyaea hispida Candolle
Epilobium wallichianum Haussknecht
Erigeron multiradiatus (Lindl.ex DC.) Benth.ex Cl.
Euphorbia wallichii Hook.f.
*Fragaria nubicola Lindley ex Lacaita
Fritillaria cirrhosa D. Don
Galinsoga parviflora Cavanilles
Galium sp
Gentiana algida Pallas
*Gentiana elwesii C.B.Clarke
Gentiana prolata I.B.Balfour
Gentiana sikkimensis C.B.Clarke
Gentiana stylophora C.B.Clarke
*Geranium wallichianum Don ex. Sw.
Gymnadenia orchidis Lindl.
Family
Altitudinal range (m)
Pinaceae
Aceraceae
Betulaceae
2450-4000
2300-3800
2500-3800
Cupressaceae
Ericaceae
Ericaceae
Ericaceae
Saicaceae
300-3400
3000-4000
2900-4000
3700-4500
Berberidaceae
Berberidaceae
Ericaceae
Ericaceae
Ericaceae
Ericaceae
Cupressaceae
Cupressaceae
Ericaceae
Ericaceae
Ericaceae
Ericaceae
Ericaceae
Ericaceae
Ericaceae
Ericaceae
Grossulariaceae
Grossulariaceae
Rosaceae
3400-4500
2000-4000
2800-4500
3000-5000
2700-4500
2700-4500
Rosaceae
Ranunculaceae
Ranunculaceae
Ranunculaceae
Ranunculaceae
Ranunculaceae
Ranunculaceae
Liliaceae
Amaryllidaceae
Amaryllidaceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Araceae
Araceae
Araceae
Asteraceae
Saxifragaceae
Saxifragaceae
Saxifragaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Scrophulariaceae
Asteraceae
Ranunculaceae
Campanulaceae
Campanulaceae
Papaveraceae
Campanulaceae
Boraginaceae
Commelinaceae
Lamiaceae
Asteraceae
Onagraceae
Asteraceae
Euphorbiaceae
Rosaceae
Liliaceae
Asteraceae
Rubiaceae
Gentianaceae
Gentianaceae
Gentinaceae
Gentianaceae
Gentinaceae
Geraniaceae
Orchidaceae
2500-4600
3500-4500
300-3700
3300-4000
4000-4500
3500-4500
3000-4000
3500-5500
2500-5000
2600-4200
1500-4200
2100-4500
3500-5400
3300-4800
2100-3600
3200-4000
3800-4500
3000-5000
3600-4800
3000-4300
2400-4300
2800-4300
2200-3800
1800-3300
2300-3000
2400-3200
2400-3000
1800-3300
1800-4300
2700-4800
4000-4900
2100-4800
1800-3200
ca.3000
2000-4000
3900-4600
3800-5000
1900-4900
1200-4100
Upto 3300
1100-5000
2700-4500
1800-4100
2300-4600
1800-4500
1800-3800
3200-4600
850-3900
1200-5200
ca.4097
3400-4500
ca.3900
3000-4400
2900-4000
2800-4200
Continue………….
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 187
53861
Sabita Dahal et al. Rapid biodiversity survey of Kyongnosla alpine sanctuary, Sikkim, India
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
99.
100.
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
111.
112.
113.
114.
115.
116.
117.
118.
119.
120.
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
Halenia elliptica D.Don
Impatiens bicornuta Wall.
*Impatiens racemosa Candolle
Impatiens radiata Hook.
*Impatiens urticifolia Wallich
*Iris clarkei Baker ex Hook.f.
Juncus inflexus L.
*Juncus alpinoarticulatus Chaix
*Juncus himalensis Klotzsch
*Juncus thomsonii Buchenau
Jurinea dolomiaeia – Bioss Boiss
*Lagotis crassifolia Prain
Ligularia amplexicaulis DC
Ligularia fischeri (Ledebour) Turczaninow
Lilium nanum Klotzsch & Garcke
*Lobelia sp
Maharanga emodi (Wallich) A de Candolle
Meconopsis horridula Hook.f.& Thoms.
Meconopsis paniculata (D.Don) Prain
Meconopsis simplicifolia (D.Don) Walpers
Myricaria rosea W.W.Smith
*Nardostachys jatamansii (D.Don) Candolle
Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora (Pennell
Nepeta floccosa Benth.
Oxyria digyna (L.) Hill
Parnassia nubicola Wall.ex Royle
*Pedicularis longiflora Rudolph
Pedicularis megalantha D.Don
*Pedicularis oederi Vahl.
*Pedicularis siphonantha D.Don
*Pedicularis trichoglosa Hook.
*Persicaria wallichii Greuter & Burdet
*Pleurospermum hookeri C.B.Clarke
Polygonatum cathcartii Baker
Polygonatum cirrhifolium (Wallich) Royle
Polygonatum singalilense H.Hara
Polygonatum verticellatum (L.) All.
*Polygonum vaccinifolium Wall. ex Meisner
*Ponerorchis chusua D.Don
*Potentila arbuscula D.Don
*Potentila cuneata Wallich ex Lehm.
*Potentila peduncularis D.Don
Primula capitata Hook.
Primula primulina (Spreng.)H.Hara
Primula reticulata Wallich
Primula sikkimensis Hook.f.
*Rheum acuminatum Hook.f.& Thoms.ex Hook.
Rheum nobile Hook.f. & Thoms.
*Rhodiola cretinii (Raymond-Hamet)
*Rhodiola. himalensis (D. Don) S. H. Fu
Sassurea gossipiphora D.Don
*Sassurea nepalensis Sprengel
*Sassurea obvallata (DC.) Edgew.
Sassurea simpsoniana (Field & Gard.) Lipschitz
Satyrium nepalense D.Don
*Saxifraga brachypoda D.Don
Saxifraga engleriana Harry Smith
Saxifraga stenophylla Royle
Scutellaria discolor Colebr.
*Sedum roseum (L.) Scop.
*Selenium wallichianum (DC.) Raizada & H.O.Saxena
*Senecio graciliflorus DC.
*Senecio raphanifolius Wall.ex DC.
Senecio scandens Buch.Ham. ex D. Don
Silene nigrescens L.
Sinopodophyllum hexandrum (Royle) T.S.Ying
*Soroseris hookeriana (C.B. Clarke) Stebbins
Stellaria sp.
Swertia hookeri C.B.Clarke
Tanacetum sp.
Taraxacum officinale Weber
Thalictrum cultratum Wallich
Thalictrum foliolosum DC.
*Thalictrum reniforme Wallich
Thamnocalamus sp.
Torenia sp.
*Valeriana hardwickii Wallich
Valeriana jatamansii Jones
*Veratrilla bailonii Franchet
188 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
Gentianaceae
Balsaminaceae
Balsaminaceae
Balsaminaceae
Balsaminaceae
Iridaceae
Juncaceae
Juncaceae
Juncaceae
Juncaceae
Asteraceae
Scrophulariaceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Liliaceae
Campanulaceae
Boraginaceae
Papaveraceae
Papaveraceae
Papaveraceae
Tamaricaceae
Valerianaceae
Scrophulariaceae
Lamiaceae
Polygonaceae
Parnassiaceae
Scrophulariaceae
Scrophulariaceaee
Scrophulariaceae
Scrophulariaceae
Scrophulariaceae
Polygonaceae
Apiaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Asparagaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Orchidaceae
Rosaceae
Rosaceae
Rosaceae
Primulaceae
Primulaceae
Primulaceae
Primulaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Crassulaceae
Crassulaceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Orchidaceae
Saxifragaceae
Saxifragaceae
Saxifragaceae
Lamiaceae
Crassulaceae
Umbelliferae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Caryophyllaceae
Lardizabalaceae
Asteraceae
Caryophyllaceae
Gentianaceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Ranunculaceae
Ranunculaceae
Ranunculaceae
Poaceae
Scrophulariaceae
Dipsacaceae
Dipsacaceae
Gentianaceae
700 -4100
2500-3100
1200-3400
2100-3500
2700-3800
3000-4000
1800-3200
ca.3200
2400-4300
2800-5000
3200-4000
3900-5000
300-4300
ca.3100
3300-4300
1800-3300
3500-5500
3000-4400
3300-5300
2600-4800
2500-5000
3600-4400
2700-4400
2400-5000
3000-4500
2100-5300
2300-4300
2600-5400
3000-4600
3500-5000
2500-3500
2700-5400
2500-3500
1500-3800
ca.3800
1500-3700
300-4200
500-4500
2500-5500
2400-5500
3000-4500
2800-4300
3600-4500
3300-4800
3300-4400
3600-4300
3600-4500
3700-4400
2800-4500
4300-5600
3200-4900
3600-4500
4000-5200
1500-4000
3600-4800
4000-5000
3600-5000
ca.3100
ca.3800
2700-4000
2400-4000
2700-4400
1800-3600
300-4800
2400-4500
4300-5500
3600-4300
3800-5000
2400-4200
1500-3500
2800-3500
1500-4000
1500-3600
3200-4600
53862
International Journal of Current Research, Vol. 9, Issue, 07, pp.53852-53863, July, 2017
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 189
53863
Sabita Dahal et al. Rapid biodiversity survey of Kyongnosla alpine sanctuary, Sikkim, India
Rheum nobile Hook.f. & Thoms.
Sassurea obvallata (DC.) Edgew.
*******
190 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
z
Available online at http://www.journalcra.com
http://www.journal
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL
OF CURRENT RESEARCH
International Journal of Current Research
Vol. 9, Issue, 08, pp.56277-56288, August, 2017
ISSN: 0975-833X
RESEARCH ARTICLE
MEDICINAL PLANTS GENETIC RESOURCES OF KYONGNOSLA ALPINE SANCTUARY, SIKKIM, INDIA
*,1Sabita
Dahal and 2Borthakur, S. K.
1Sikkim
Biodiversity Conservation and Forest Management Project Forests, Environment and Wildlife
Management Department Forest Secretariat Building, Deorali,
Deorali, 737101, East Sikkim, India
2Department of Botany, Gauhati University,
Uni
Guwahati-781014,
781014, Assam
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Article History:
Medicinal Plants Genetic Resources of Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary and adjacent areas were studied
during the year 2016-17,
2016 17, which records an occurrence of 120 species of medicinal plants, of which
herbs represent the highest number of species (103 species) followed by shrubs / shrublets (16
species). Trees were sparse in the area and only two tree species of medicinal value viz., Abies densa
and Betula utilis were recorded. Enumeration of species includes scientific names along with common
name(s), local name(s),
name(s), family, part (s) used, uses and system(s) of medicine where they are used. 79
species were found to be used in Tibetan System of Medicine, 48 species in Traditional Nepali
Medicine and 13 species in Lepcha Traditional Medicine and 8 species were foun
found to be used by local
Folk healers. Some of the globally rare and threatened alpine medicinal plants such as Sassurea
gossipiphora, Gentiana elwesii, Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora, Veratrilla bailonii, Nardostachys
jatamansii etc. were recorded during the present study. Aconitum, the highly potential and globally
threatened taxa of medicinal plant of the Himalayas, of which six species were recorded during the
present study. From the conservation point of view Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary has remarkable
relevance
levance in preservation of subalpine and alpine gene bank of Sikkim in the form of protected area.
For better conservation and management of rare and threatened medicinal plants in their natural
ended to keep untouched in terms of
habitat, the sanctuary and the surrounding area can be recommended
tourism and any kind of construction works. The better management of the rare and threatened species
conservation through tissue culture.
especially of sub
sub-alpine and alpine areas can be done by ex-situ conse
Received 22nd May, 2017
Received in revised form
04th June, 2017
Accepted 28th July, 2017
Published online 31st August, 2017
Key words:
Alpine medicinal plants,
Traditional medicine system,
Rarity.
Copyright©2017, Sabita Dahal and Borthakur. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Att
Attribution License, which permits
unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Citation: Sabita Dahal and Borthakur, S. K. 2017. “Medicinal
Medicinal plants genetic resources of kyongnosla alpine sanctuary, Sikkim, India
India”, International
Journal of Current Research, 9, (08), 56277-56288.
INTRODUCTION
The state of Sikkim is located on the Eastern Himalaya in
between 27°5’ - 28° 10’ N latitudes and 88°4’-88°55’
88°4’
E
longitudes covering an area of 7096sq. It falls under
geographic zone and Central Himalaya (2c)
Himalayan (2) Bio-geographic
de varies from 225m in the south to
biotic province. Its altitude
east and 8598m in the north6100m in the north and north-east
north
west. The state is a rich repository of biological diversity
harbouring tropical, subtropical, temperate, sub alpine and
Sikk
comprise of
alpine vegetations. The population of Sikkim
Lepcha, Bhutia and Nepali communities. The Nepalese are
numerically dominant community and comprises of a number
of groups and tribes such as Chettri, Bahun,
Bah
Rai, Manger,
Limboo, Tamang,, etc. Bhutias are the next numerically larger
community in the state which are people of Tibetan origin and
mainly settled in the northern region. The people of Sikkim
have great faith in the traditional system of medicine. A large
*Corresponding author: Sabita Dahal,
Sikkim Biodiversity Conservation and Forest Management Project Forests,
Environment and Wildlife Management Department Forest Secretariat
Building, Deorali, 737101, East Sikkim, India.
section of the population in rural areas still relies on native
systems of medicine for their healthcare m
management. The
native system of healing is practiced by the Amchi, Lama and
Pow in the Bhutia community. Amchi, a Tibetan herbal
practitioner and Lama, a Buddhist priest, practices ritual
therapies which are highly respected and accepted by the
Bhutia community.
unity. Baidhay are the Nepali traditional herbal
practitioners. In the western part of Sikkim majority of the
people believes in magico-ritual
ritual therapies practiced by Dhami
or Jhakri, a traditional folk healers of Nepali community. The
Lepcha traditional practitioners
actitioners are known as Bungthing. The
Lepchas are animistic and are mainly settled in the Dzongu
valley in North Sikkim. Similarly, traditional ethno
ethno-veterinary
practices are also in vogue in the rural areas of the state for the
treatment of various ailments
ents of their live stocks such as bone
fracture, poisonous bites, retention of placenta, fever of cattle,
dog bites of cattle, diarrhoea, etc. (Sharma et al., 2012). India
is known for rich repository of plant wealth having more than
17,500 wild plant species
cies and of these over 4,000 species have
medicinal values (Ayensu 1996). Himalayan region of India,
especially the North eastern part including Sikkim state have
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 191
56278
Sabita Dahal and Borthakur, Medicinal plants genetic resources of kyongnosla alpine sanctuary, Sikkim, India
been the source of traditional medicine in conventional use
since long directly or indirectly in the modern medicine
system, hence plays an imperative role in the cultural and
economic expansion of the region (www.nmpb.nic.in). Sikkim
being an integral part of eastern Himalaya is known as one of
the mega hot spot zones of country and has more than 490
species of medicinal and aromatic plants (Sharma and Sharma,
2010). Despite being the store house of medicinal and aromatic
plants and the related traditional knowledge, their
documentation especially in the sub-alpine and alpine regions
is yet to be accomplished properly. Hence, present work was
initiated as an attempt to document the medicinal plants of
Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary along with their uses in different
traditional systems of medicine in Sikkim.
Study Area
Sikkim has always been an attraction for the local, national as
well as the international visitors due to its uniqueness in terms
of landscape like snow covered mountains ending to cold
deserts. There lies a famous Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary,
Barsey Rhododendron Sanctuary, Shingba Rhododendron
Sanctuary, Kitam Birds Sanctuary, beautiful valleys of
Yumthang - Yumey Samdong, Tamzey, Tsomgo – Nathula,
several high altitude lakes viz., Gurudongmar, Tsho Lhamu,
Johr Pokhari, Hans pokhari, Gyam Tshona Lake, (the only
high altitude brackish water lake) and others. The state of
Sikkim have always been an explorers paradise since many
centuries and have been visited by the famous explorers like
Sir J.D. Hooker (1847-49), G. Gammie (1892), J.C. White
(1887 - 1908) and others, the account of which is beautifully
described in Himalayan Journal, Account of Botanical Tour in
Sikkim during 1892. Present study area Kyongnosla Alpine
Sanctuary, is located in the Eastern Himalaya of Sikkim in
between 27°22' N – 27°24' N latitude and 88°44' E – 88°45' E
longitude (Figure 1). The area of the sanctuary is 31 km2 with
sub-alpine – alpine forests (Figure 2a, 2b) and the altitude
ranges from 2900 m to 4400 m. The area around the sanctuary
is, however, notified as the Eco-Sensitive Zone by the Central
Government with the purpose of protection and conservation
of biodiversity of the sanctuary and its environment. The
extent of this zone varies from 25 m to 200 m from the
boundary of the Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary. The EcoSensitive Zone is bounded by 27°22'5" N latitude and
88°41'54" E longitude towards east, 27°23'41" N latitude and
88°42'48" E longitude towards west, 27°25'13" N latitude and
88°43'49" E longitude towards north and 27°22'36" N latitude
and 88°43'50" E longitude towards south. The significance of
this sanctuary is that it harbours a good number of scheduled
animals (specified in Schedule I of the Wildlife Protection Act,
1972) which includes Red Panda and different species of
Gallinaceous Birds and Pheasants. The wide range of habitat
diversity of the sanctuary harbours several rare, endangered
species along with high value medicinal plants viz., Aconitum
violaceum, A. novoluridum, A. disectum, A.bisma,
Neopicrorhiza scrophulariflora, Nardostachys jatamansii,
Valeriana jatamansii, V. hardwickii, V. grandiflora, Panax bipinnatifidus, Sassurea gossipiphora, S. obvallata, Rheum
acuminatum, R. novile, Gentiana elwesii, several species of
Junipers, Rhododendrons, etc. The lower elevation is occupied
by bushy bamboo thickets and junipers.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Field works were undertaken in the Sanctuary during the
month of August 2016 with the aim to develop a database on
192 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
the medicinal plants of the area along with their traditional
medicinal uses. Prior to field work, literatures were scrutinised
to have a general idea about the vegetation of the area (Polunin
and Stainton, 1984; Stainton, 1988; Hooker, 1871-1897;
Sharma and Sharma, 2010, Sabita Dahal et al. 2017, Dahal S,
Sharma TP & Borthakur SK, 2017 etc.) including web
references such as (www.efloras.org; www.flowersofindia.net
etc.). The checklist of the species (both medicinal and
otherwise) was prepared and was taken to the field to confirm
their presence in the study area. During the field work, all the
species occurring in the area (both medicinal and otherwise)
were recorded to have fair knowledge on the vegetation of the
area. Important medicinal plants were collected and made into
herbarium specimens following standard herbarium techniques
(Jain and Rao, 1977) and were deposited in the herbaria at
Botanical Survey of India, Sikkim Circle (BSHC) for future
references. Specimens collected were identified with the help
of literature (Polunin and Stainton, 1984; Stainton, 1988;
Hooker, 1871-1897; Sharma and Sharma, 2010, etc.) and by
consulting herbarium specimens deposited in BSHC and web
references (www.efloras.org; www.flowersofindia.net etc..
Information on traditional usage, parts used, local names, etc.
were recorded with the help of the local herbal practitioners in
the field, which were further authenticated through cross
verifications and personal observations.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
An enumeration of 120 medicinal plants occurring in the area
is provided here with their scientific names along with
common names, local names, families, altitudinal range,
part(s) used and uses (Table 1). Herbs represent the highest
number of species (103 species) followed by shrubs/shrublets
(16 species). Trees were sparse in the area and only two tree
viz., Abies densa and Betula utilis of medicinal value were
recorded from the area. The forest being sub-alpine and alpine
type, herbs were predominating in the area and the species
include Rheum nobile, R. acuminatum, Sassurea obvallata, S.
nepalensis, S. gossypiphora, Juncus thomsonii, Potentila
arbuscula, P. peduncularis, Geum elatum, Tanacetum
coccineum, Iris clerki, Gentiana sps., Geranium polyanthes,
Impatiens sps . During the present study, the sanctuary has
been found to be a rich repository of potential and rare
medicinal shrubs and herbs including 6 species of Aconitum
namely A. novoluridum, A.violaceum, A.bisma, A. ferox,
A.laciniatum and A.disectum (Plate 1). Despite being the
highly potential medicinal plant of the Himalayas, no much
attention has been paid by the taxonomist so far to study the
taxon Aconitum occurring in the area. There are six species
with gregarious growth and comparatively good number of
populations except A.novoluridum was recorded from the area.
However, among all the Aconites A.novoluridum is very rare
in the area. There are no authentic literatures on the Aconites
of the area except the publication of Stape (1905). In case of
Polygonatum, 3 species were recorded from the area viz.
P.verticellatum, P. Singalilense, and P. Cirrhifolium. High
altitude Gentians (Gentianaceae) such as Gentiana elwesii,
G.algida, G.prolata, G.sikkimensis, G.stylophora, Swertia
hookeri, Veratrilla baillonii and Halenia elliptica occur in the
sanctuary. Of all the Gentians viz., Gentiana elwesii is a
threatened medicinal and recorded for the first time from the
area during the study. Since its record of occurrence in
Lachung to Yumthang in North Sikkim in 1885 there is no
record of its occurrence from any other areas of Sikkim
(Hooker 1885).
56279
International Journal of Current Research, Vol. 9, Issue, 08, pp.56277-56288, August, 2017
Table 1. Habit diversity of species recorded in Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, East Sikkim
Habit
Trees
Shrubs / Shrublets
Herbs
Total
Species
2
16
102
120
Genus
2
7
61
70
Family
2
4
32
38
Table 2. A list of medicinal plants including highly potential, rare and threatened species of Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, East Sikkim
Sl.no
Trees
1.
Botanical name
Common / Local names
Family
System of Medicine
Part(s) used
Medicinal uses/ Other uses
Abies densa Griff.
Himalayan Fir
Gobre Salla (N)
Pinaceae
AU, NTM, LTM
Leaves and
leaf juices
2.
*Betula utilis D.Don
Himalayan Birch / Bhoj Patra (N)
Betulaceae
AU, NTM,
LTM
Bark
Leaves astringent, carminative, expectorant, stomachic and tonic. The
leaf juice used in the treatment of asthma, bronchitis, etc. An essential
oil obtained from the leaves is used to treat colds, rheumatism and
nasal congestion.
Useful to treat wounds, skin diseases, ear diseases, ear problems,
epilepsy, hysteria, diarrhea and dysentery. In Ayurveda, the species
have been reported to be useful for Kapha diseases, ear diseases, pitta
and rakta diseases and various psychological disorders.
Shrubs / Shrublets
Berberis angulosa Wall.
1.
Large
Flowered
Barberry / Karay
chutro (N); Kyer Pa
Nag Po (Ti).
Himalayan Heather /
Sunthangni
(N);
Pelawa (B).
Himalayan Heather /
Sunthangni
(N);
Pelawa (B).
Coinwort Snowberry /
Kaaligedi (N)
Himalayan Snowberry
/ Kaaligedi (N)
TMS,
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 193
Berberidaceae
TMS, NTM
Root, flower
fruit
Roots antibacterial, used for cough, cold, fever and dysentery. Cures
conjunctivitis accompanied by pain and redness of the eyes. Treats
irritation of urinary tract, heals sores and skin infection.
Ericaceae
NTM
Leaves
Flowers
Leaf paste is applied to cuts and itches. Flower paste is applied to skin
allergies. It is a herb having potent anti-herpes viral activity.
Ericaceae
NTM
Leaves
Leaf past is applied to cuts and itch. Flowers paste is applied to skin
allergies. It is a herb having potent anti-herpes viral activity.
Ericaceae
NTM
Leaves
Fruits edible. Leaf juice is taken to cure painful urination.
Ericaceae
NTM
Fruit
Presence of important phyto-constituents such as gallic acid, rutin and
quercetin has been reported, which has strong antioxidant properties
and use in foods and medicines to replace synthetic antioxidants. Ripe
fruits edible. Traditionally, the leaves and fruits are used to treat
wounds, cough and cold.
In Tibetan Medicine, Junipers are used to prevent and treat cancer.
Throughout the Himalayan region, Juniper is considered to be a
sacred . In Nepali and Tibetan culture the woods, leaves and twigs are
used as incense because of the beliefs that it can recharge with
energies both indoor and outdoor of households.
In Tibetan Medicine System, Junipers are used to prevent and treat
cancer. Throughout the Himalayan region, Juniper is considered to be
a sacred tree. In Nepali and Tibetan culture the woods, leaves and
twigs are used as incense because of the beliefs that it can recharge
with energies both indoor and outdoor of households.
Tender leaves and buds have antioxidant and antimicrobial properties
and are considered as toxic, Infusion of leaves and buds is used
externally to treat skin diseases. Leaves have insecticidal properties.
Fresh juice of leaves and tender shoots are used externally in
infestation of ticks in dog and calf. (Sharma et al., 2012).
2.
Cassiope fastigiata (Wall.) D.Don
3.
C.selaginoides Hook. & Thoms.
4.
Gaultheria nummularioides D.Don
5.
G.trichophylla Royle.
6.
Juniperus recurva Buch.-Ham. Ex
D.Don
Drooping Juniper
Dhoop (N)
Cupressaceae
TMS, AU,
NTM, LTM
Leaves,
twigs, berries
and wood
7.
J. coxii A.B.Jackson
Syn.,
J. recurva
(A.B.Jackson) Melville
Dhoop (N),
Cupressaceae
TMS, AU,
NTM, LTM
Leaves,
twigs, berries
and wood
8.
Lyonia ovalifolia (Wall.) Drude
Ericaceae
AU, NTM
Tender
leaves
shoots
var.
coxii
Oval
Staggerbush
Angeri (N)
Leaved
and
194 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
56280
Sabita Dahal and Borthakur, Medicinal plants genetic resources of kyongnosla alpine sanctuary, Sikkim, India
9.
Rhododendron anthopogon D.Don
10.
R.campanulatum
D.Don
subsp.
aeruginosum
(Hook.f.),
Syn.
Rhododendron aeruginosum Hook.f.
Rhododendron campanulatum
subsp.campanulatum D.Don
11.
Dwarf Rhododendron
/ Sunpati (N), Palu
(B).
Aeruginose
Rhododendron / Nilo
Patey Chimal (N)
Bell-flowered
Rhododendron
Nilo Chimal (N)
Ericaceae
TMS, NTM
Whole plant
except roots
Infusion of tender leaf is taken to treat cough, cold and fever. Wood,
leaves and twigs used as incense.
Ericaceae
Poisonous plant
Whole plant
All parts of this plant contain poison called grayanotoxin, eating this
plant leads to severe stomachache, liver damage and pneumonia.
Ericaceae
TNM
Stems, leaves
In Nepal, powder of dried stem and leaves is used as snuff to cure
cold and hermicrania. Also used in curing chronic rheumatism and
syphilis. Dried twigs and wood are used by the Nepalese against
phthisis and chronic fever (Rajeshkoirala.worldpress.com)
Antitussive, digestive, febrifuge, diaphoretic and tonic and are used as
appetizer and to treat cough and cold, pulmonary disorders and
various skin diseases. The dried leaves are used as incense.
Used locally as an incense by the Buddhist in monasteries. It is one of
the major ingredients of an Ayurvedic herbal oil “Pinda Thailam, a
cooling massage oil” which is particularly useful for rheumatoid
arthritis.
Used as insecticide, reported toxic to human beings
(Rajeshkoirala.worldpress.com). Alcoholic extraction from the
vegetative parts is used as an effective insecticide in North Sikkim
(Pradhan and Lachungpa, 1990)
Useful in inflammation of throat and muscle tissues, also heals
sexually transmitted infections (Wangchuk et al. 2016). Paste of
tender leaves is applied to wounds. Wood, leaves and twigs are used
as incense.
Root paste is applied to wounds. Decoction of petals is used to wash
the eyes in ophthalmia and used aso an aphrodisiac. It slows down
ageing, increases smoothness, reduces wrinkles on the face and keeps
complexion glowing.
12.
R.hypenanthum Balf. f.
Yellow
Dwarf
Rhododendron
Ericaceae
TMS
Stems, leaves
13.
R.lepidotum Wall.ex G.Don
Scaly Rhododendron /
Bhaley Sunpati (N)
Ericaceae
Folk, AU, TMS
Ariel parts
14.
Rhododendron thomsonii Hook.f.
Ericaceae
Poisonous plant
Leaves,
stems
15.
R.setosum D.Don
Dr.
Thomson’s
Rhododendron
Dr.
Thomson
ko
Gurans (N)
Bristly Rhododendron
/ Jhusey Sunpati (N),
Tsalluo (B)
Ericaceae
TNM, Folk, AU
Whole plant
except roots
16.
Rosa sericea Lindley
Silky Rose
Rosaceae
Folk, TMS, AU
Root
and
Flowers
Aconitum laciniatum (Bruhl) Stapf.
Syn., A.ferox var.laciniata Bruhl
Kalo Bikhma (N)
Herbs
1.
Ranunculaceae
AU, TMS, NTM
Tuberous root
2.
Aconitum violaceum Jacquem.ex Stapf
Dudhia (N)
Ranunculaceae
AU, TMS, NTM
Tuberous root
Efficacious remedy in many fabric diseases, particularly fever of
children resulting from inflammation, such as tonsillitis, laryngitis,
pharyngitis, quinsy ,etc. In Ayurveda, Aconitum is used to increase
pitta (fire, bile), dosha.
In Ayurveda, Aconitum is used to increase pitta (fire, bile), dosha.
3.
Aconitum bisma (Buch.-Ham.) Rapaics
Bikh, Bikhma
Ranunculaceae
AU, TMS, NTM
Tuberous root
In Ayurveda, Aconitum is used to increase pitta (fire, bile), dosha.
4.
Aconitum ferox Wall.ex Ser.
Bikh, Bikhma
Ranunculaceae
AU, TMS, NTM
Tuberous root
In Ayurveda, Aconitum is used to increase pitta (fire, bile), dosha.
5.
Aconitum disectum D.Don
Ranunculaceae
AU, TMS, NTM
Tuberous root
In Ayurveda, Aconitum is used to increase pitta (fire, bile), dosha.
6.
Aconitum novoluridum Munz.
Tchendook (B), Surya Banshi (N)
Ranunculaceae
AU, TMS, NTM
Tuberous root
In Ayurveda, Aconitum is used to increase pitta (fire, bile), dosha.
7.
Few Flowered Colic Root
Nartheciaceae
TMS
Aerial parts
Jangali piaz (N); Gok Pa, Ruk Pa (Ti).
Amaryllidaceae
NTM
Leaves
Himalaya Onion / Banlasun (N)
Eared Leaf Pearly Everlasting / Buki
phul (N)
Woolly Pearly Everlasting / Ta.god
(Ti)
Blushing Cobra Lily / Sanp ko makai
(N)
Amaryllidaceae
Asteraceae
NTM
TMS, NTM
Leaves
Whole plant
Asteraceae
TMS, NTM
Whole plant
Araceae
AU, TMS
Corm
Used to cure lung and liver disorders, respiratory diseases,
pneumonia, bronchitis, cuts and wounds.
Warmed leaf juice is used as body massage to get relieve from body
ache. It is also used as a flavouring agent.
Infusion of leaves is used against vomiting.
Root paste is applied to boil. Plant paste is taken with honey to cure
cough. Essential oil extracted is used medicinally in various ailments.
Treats illnesses caused by compounded poison, anaemia and relieves
swelling.
Used in bone diseases. For its irritant effect applied to skin diseases
with infection and swelling; it damages the bacteria and stimulates
healing.
8.
Aletris pauciflora (Klotzsch) Hand.Mazz.
Allium prattii C.H.Wright
9.
10.
A.wallichii Kunth
Anaphalis contorta D.Don
11.
A.triplinervis (Sims) Cl.
12.
Arisaema erubescens (Wall.) Schott
56281
International Journal of Current Research, Vol. 9, Issue, 08, pp.56277-56288, August, 2017
13.
Arisaema griffithii Schott
Griffith’s Cobra Lily / Sanp ko Makai
(N)
Araceae
AU, TMS
Corm
14.
Arisaema jacquemontii Bl.
Jacquemont’s Cobra Lily / Sanp ko
makai (N)
Araceae
TMS
Corm
Frilly Bergenia, Winter begonia,
Pakhenbed (N)
Purple Bergenia / Lekhko Pakhanbed
(N)
Saxifragaceae
AU, TMS, NTM, LTM
Whole plant
Saxifragaceae
AU, TMS, NTM
Whole plant
15.
Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Sternb.
16.
Bergenia purpurascens
Thoms .) Engler
(Hook.
17.
Bistorta affinis (D.Don) Greene
18.
19.
B.amplexicaulii (D.Don) Greene
Codonopsis foetens Hook. & Thoms.
20.
21.
22.
&
Codonopsia clematidea (Schrenk) Cl.
The Himalayan Bistort / La.gang Men.
Pa (Ti).
Red Bistort
Stinging Bunnet Bellflower / Luptic
(B).
Clematis Bonnet Bellflower
Clematis napaulensis DC.
Anemone clematis
Ceylon Forget Me Not /
Kanike Kuro (N)
White Dragonhead
Boraginaceae
TMS, NTM, AU
Leaves
Lamiaceae
TMS, AU
Himalayan Fleabane
Asteraceae
TMS
Leaves, Young
shoots
Whole plant
25.
Cynoglossum
zeylanicum (Vahl)
Thunb. ex Lehm
Dracocephalum
heterophyllum
Edgeworth ex Benth.
Erigeron multiradiatus (Lindl.ex DC.)
Benth.ex Cl.
Euphorbia wallichii Hook.f.
Wallich Spurge
Euphorbiaceae
TMS, Folk.
Roots
Himalayan Strawberry / Bhui Aiselu
(N)
Yellow Himalayan Fritillary / Kakoli
(N).
23.
24.
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 195
26.
Fragaria nubicola Lindley ex Lacaita
27.
Fritillaria cirrhosa D. Don
28.
29.
30.
Galinsoga parviflora Cavanilles
Galium sp.
Gentiana algida Pallas
Gallant Soldier/ Udasay (N)
31.
32.
Polygonaceae
AU, TMS
Polygonaceae
Campanulaceae
AU, TMS, LMS
AU, TMS
Whole plant
Campanulaceae
AU, TMS,
Whole plant
Ranunculaceae
Folk, AU, TMS, LMS
Leaves, stems
Roots
Rosaceae
TMS, AU
Liliaceae
AU
Leaves, flowers
and fruit
Bulb leaves
Whitish Gentian
Asteraceae
Rubiaceae
Gentianaceae
AU, TMS
NT M
AU, TM
Leaves
Whole plant
Leaves
G. elwesii Cl.
--
Gentianaceae
NTM
G. prolata I.B.Balfour
--
Gentinaceae
NTM
33.
G.sikkimensis Cl.
--
Gentinaceae
NTM
34.
35.
G.stylophora Cl.
Geranium wallichianum Don ex. Sw.
Yellow Gentian Lily
Wallich Geranium / Rakla Mool (N)
Gentinaceae
Geraniaceae
NT M
AU,TMS, NTM
36.
Acomastylis elata var. elata Wall. ex
G. Don
Gymnadenia orchidis Lindl.
High Avens / Belocha (N)
Rosaceae
AU, TMS
Young shoots,
leaves
Young shoots,
leaves
Young shoots,
leaves
Root
Whole
plant
except root
Leaves
Himalayan Fragrant Orchid / Panch
amlay (N)
Orchidaceae
AU, TMS
Tubers
37.
Used in bone diseases. For its irritant effect applied to skin diseases
with infection and swelling; it damages the bacteria and stimulates
healing.
Used in bone diseases. For its irritant effect applied to skin diseases
with infection and swelling; it damages the bacteria and stimulates
healing
Useful in treating urinary troubles, cough and cold, asthma, boils ,
ophthalmia, backache and dissolve kidney stones.
It has antibacterial property. Decoction of rhizome is used against
body and stomach pain. Fresh rhizome is chewed to cure cough and
toothache. Leaf juice is taken orally to dissolve kidney stone. In
Tibetan
medicine, the plant is used for the treatment of
neuropsychiatric disorders. It is a source of drug Bergenin.
Cures hoarseness of voice, pulmonary and intestinal diseases. Also
used in emaciation, senility and pulmonary affections.
Cures hoarseness of voice , pulmonary and intestinal diseases
Decoction is used against constipation and gastritis.
Useful to treat rheumatism. Seed paste is used externally to treat
inflammation of body parts.
Useful in treatment of epilepsy and fever. Stimulate menstrual
discharge and promote lactation.
Leaf paste is applied to cuts and wounds.
Essential oil extracted from the plant posses various pharmacological
properties such as anti-hepatitis, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, etc.
Useful to treat various diseases related to inflammation (Yakugaku
Zasshi, 2008)
Effective in treating skin diseases. Possess considerable anti-cancer
and anti-oxidant potential (Ihsan UI-Haq et al. 2012.)
Unripe fruit is chewed to treat blemishes on the tongue. Leaves juices
are used to treat profuse menstruation.
Dried bulb or decoction of bulb is taken to prevent and cure asthma
and bronchitis. Leaves are eaten to cure stomach pain. The plant is
used as a substitute of Lilium polyphyllum, one from the Astavarga
group in preparation of an Ayurvedic formulations such as Astavarga
churna, Chyavanprash rasayana, etc.
Leaf juice or paste is applied to burn injuries and to wound and cuts.
Treats painful urination.
Leaf paste is applied to cuts and wounds. It is also used in stomach
complaints.
Leaf decoction is taken as tea to reduce high altitude sickness. As
such medicinal uses of this species have not been recorded so far.
Leaf decoction is taken as tea to reduce high altitude sickness. As
such medicinal uses of this species have not been recorded so far.
Leaf decoction is taken as tea to reduce high altitude sickness. As
such medicinal uses of this species have not been recorded so far.
Root paste is applied as a poultice to cure wounds and swellings.
The plant has astringent properties. Decoction of whole plant is taken
against back and joints pain.
Used as an astringent in diarrhoea and dysentery. In Ayurveda, used
as an ingredient in an Anti-Cancer Herbal Formulations.
Astringent, demulcent and highly nutritious. Eaten with honey as an
aphrodisiac and tonic. It is also useful in gastric, liver and urinary
disorders.
196 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
56282
Sabita Dahal and Borthakur, Medicinal plants genetic resources of kyongnosla alpine sanctuary, Sikkim, India
38.
Halenia elliptica D.Don
Spurred Gentian / Tikta (N)
Gentianaceae
AU, TMS
Whole plant
39.
Impatiens urticifolia Wall.
Garden Balsam / Tiuree (N)
Balsaminaceae
AU, TMS
Whole plant
40.
Impatiens racemosa DC.
Yellow
Long-Tailed
Anchirna (N)
Balsaminaceae
TMS, AU
(Vaterinary)
Whole plant
41.
Impatiens radiata Hook.f.
Spreading Rays Balsam
Balsaminaceae
AU, TMS (Vaterinary)
Whole plant
42.
Impatiens bicornuta Wall.
Horned Balsam / Raja Babu (N)
Balsaminaceae
AU, TMS (Vaterinary)
Whole plant
43.
Iris clarkei Baker ex Hook.f.
Clark’s Iris
Iridaceae
AU
44.
Jurinea dolomiaeia
Boiss
Jhari – Dhoop (N)
Asteraceae
Folk, AU, TMS
Roots
45.
Ligularia fischeri (Ledeb.) Turcz.
Fischer’s Ligularia
Asteraceae
AU
Leaves
Shoots, leaves
and roots
Whole plant
Balsam
/
46.
Ligularia amplexicaulis DC.
Stem Clasping Ligularia / Ri. Sho (Ti).
Asteraceae
AU, TMS
47.
Lilium nanum Klotzsch & Garcke
Tiny Lily, Dwarf Lily
Liliaceae
AU, NTM
48.
Maharanga emodi (Wall.) DC. A.
Boraginaceae
AU, TMS, NTM
49.
Meconopsis paniculata (D.Don) Prain
Panicled Yellow Poppy / Gyashur (N)
Papaveraceae
50.
51.
M.simplicifolia (D.Don) Walpers
M.horridula Hook.f.& Thoms,
Common Blue Poppy
Prickly Blue Poppy
Papaveraceae
Papaveraceae
NTM,
TMS
---------TMS,
NTM
Roots, Flowers
and seeds
Flower, leaves,
roots
Whole plant
52.
Myricaria rosea Sm. W. (W.)
Rose False Tamarisk / Jillethi (N)
Tamaricaceae
TMS
53.
Nardostachys
DC.A.
(D.Don)
Spikenard Jatamansi (N.); Pong-phe
(B).
Valerianaceae
AU,TMS, NTM
54.
Neopicrorhiza
scrophulariiflora
Pennell
Nepeta floccosa Benth.
Figwort Picrorhiza / Kutki (N); Lhaietikta (B).
Wolly Catmint
Scrophulariaceae
AU, NTM, TMS, LTM
Rhizome
55.
Lamiaceae
AU
Aerial parts
56.
Oxyria digyna (L.) Hill
Mountain Sorrel / Lug. -Sho (Ti).
Polygonaceae
T MS
57.
Paris polyphylla Sm.
Himalayan Paris / Satua (N)
Melanthiaceae
AU, NTM,
Leaves, flowers
and stems
Whole plant
jatamansii
Leaves
flowers
Roots
rhizomes
and
and
Reported to be of anti-oxidant, anti-amoebic and anti-inflammatory.
Useful in the treatment of liver inflammations, stomach complaints
and fever due to contagious diseases.
Fermented extract of flower is reported to possess marked antibiotic
activity against some pathogenic fungi and bacteria. It is an
astringent, expectorant and diuretic and used in urinary disorders,
diarrhoea, etc.
Stem juice is an antidote to poison ivy. Impatiens contain 2-methoxy1,4-napthoquinone,
an
anti-inflammatory
and
fungicide
napthoquinone which constitutes an active ingredient in some
formulations (Morris et al. 2006.).
Stem juice is an antidote to poison ivy. Some of the species of
Impatiens contain 2-methoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone, an antiinflammatory and fungicide naphthoquinone that which constitutes
an active ingredient in some formulations (Morris & Keilty 2008)
Some of the species of Impatiens contain 2-methoxy-1,4naphthoquinone, an anti-inflammatory and fungicide naphthoquinone
that which constitutes an active ingredient in some formulations
(Morris & Keilty 2008)
Bibenzyl derivatives (methoxy-hydroxy-dihydrostilbenes including
alfoliol, gigantol), is a compound obtained synthetically from it used
against cancer (Aggarwal et al. 2004.)
The plant is used as incense. Roots are stimulant and given in fever
after childbirth. Bruised roots are applied to skin eruptions. Aromatic
oil extracted from the root is useful in arthritic pain.
Leaves are used to treat jaundice, scarlet – fever, rheumatoid arthritis,
and hepatic diseases. Extract of the plant has been reported to be
having number of biological activities, including anti-mutagenic
activities and anti - genotoxic activities and cancer prevention
activities.
Astringent, digestive, emetic and cooling ; used in the treatment of
vomiting due to indigestion.
Antidote against poisonous bites; also heals bone fracture and
injuries.
Cooling, laxative and anthelmintic. Useful in eye diseases, ear
problems, oil from seeds is applied as hair tonic.
Used for the treatment of swelling, diarrhoea, fever and cough.
------------------------Leaf paste is applied to wounds. Infusion of flower is taken in fever,
cough and cold. Plants are used as antidote against poisonous bites
and also to treat lungs and skin diseases.
Used to treat fever, headache, stomachache, uterinary bleeding and
food poisoning. .
Root eaten as tonic. Root oil is well known hair tonic and also applied
over the paralysis and swelling. Rhizome paste is applied to treat
piles. Plant is also used as incense.
Useful in dropsy, fever, anaemia and jaundice. Decoction of rhizome
is taken as an antipyretic.
Anti-oxidant Flavonoids were reported to be extracted from the plant
(Ali et al. 2015.)
Useful in fever, sore throat and smallpox.
Plant is analgesic, antipyretic, antispasmodic, depurative, febrifuge
and narcotic and is useful in treatment of snake bites, boils, ulcers,
cuts and wounds.
56283
International Journal of Current Research, Vol. 9, Issue, 08, pp.56277-56288, August, 2017
58.
Pedicularis megalantha D.Don
59.
Pedicularis oederi Vahl
Orobanchaceae
TMS
Whole plant
Oeders Lousewort / Dhuk-zer (Ti).
Orobanchaceae
TMS
Stems, leaves,
flowers
and
seeds
Whole plant
60.
Pedicularis siphonantha D.Don
Orobanchaceae
TMS
61.
62.
Parnassia nubicola Wall.ex Royle
Pleurospermum hookeri Cl.
Himalayan Bog Star / Mamira (N)
Saxifragaceae
Apiaceae
TMS
TMS
63.
Sinopodophyllum hexandrum (Royle)
T.S.Ying
Himalayan May Apple / Panchpatey
(N), Yomha-si-se (B).
Lardizabalaceae
AU, NTM,TMS,LTM
Roots, rhizomes,
leaves and fruits
64.
Polygonatum cirrhifolium
Royle
P.singalilense H.Hara
P. verticellatum (L.) All.
Coiling Leaf Solomon’s Seal / Meda
(N).
-Whorled Solomon’s Seal / Meda (N).
Asparagaceae
AU, NTM
Rhizome
Asparagaceae
Asparagaceae
AU
AU, NTM
-Rhizomes
65.
66.
(Wall.)
Whole plant
Polygonum vaccinifolium Wall. ex
Meisner
Ponerorchis chusua D.Don
Potentila arbuscula D.Don
P.cuneata Wall. ex Lehm.
P.peduncularis D.Don
Primula capitata Hook.
Rose Carpet Knotweed / Pulunge Jhar
(N).
Chusua Orchis
Conquefoil
Five Finger Cinquefoil
East Himalayan Cinquefoil
Capitata Primrose
Polygonaceae
NT M
Whole plant
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
Orchidaceae
Rosaceae
Rosaceae
Rosaceae
Primulaceae
AU, TMS
TMS
TM S
T MS
TMS, AU
-Ariel parts
Ariel parts
Ariel parts
Flowers
73.
Primula sikkimensis Hook.f.
TMS, AU
Flowers
P. primulina (Sprengel)H.Hara
Sikkim Primrose / Shang. Dril Ser. Po
(Ti)
Hairy Throated Primrose
Primulaceae
74.
Primulaceae
TMS, AU
Flowers
75.
P. reticulata Wall.
Primulaceae
TMS, AU
Flowers
76.
Ornamental Rhubarb / Padamchal (N)
Polygonaceae
TMS, LTM, NTM
Rhizome
77.
Rheum acuminatum Hook.f.& Thoms
.ex Hook.
R.nobile Hook.f. & Thoms.
Polygonaceae
TMS, LTM
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
Rhodiola cretinii Raymond-Hamet
R. himalensis (D. Don) S. H. Fu
Sedum roseum (L.) Scop.
Rumex sp.
Sassurea gossipiphora D.Don
Sikkim Rhubarb /
Padamchal(N), Tchuka (L), Tsu.pa.ka
(B).
Cretin’s Rhodiola
Himalayan Rhodiola
Golden Root
Sho.mang (Ti)
Snowball Plant / Kasturi Kamal
Crassulaceae
Crassulaceae
Crassulaceae
Polygonaceae
Asteraceae
TMS
TMS
Flower,
Rhizome
leaves
TMS
AU, NTM, TMS, LTM
Roots
Inflorescence
83.
84.
S. nepalensis Sprengel
S.obvallata (DC.) Edgew.
Nepal Saw-Wort
Brahma Kamal (N)
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
-AU, NTM, TMS, LTM
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
Satyrium nepalense D.Don
Saxifraga brachypoda D.Don
Saxifraga engleriana Harry Smith
Saxifraga stenophylla Royle
Selenium wallichianum (DC.) Raizada
& H.O.Saxena
Senecio graciliflorus DC.
Nepal Satyrium
Saxifrage
Engler’s Saxifrage
Ladakh Saxifrage
Milk Parsley / Bhut Kesh(N); Soreep
(L).
Graceful Senecio
Orchidaceae
Saxifragaceae
Saxifragaceae
Saxifragaceae
Apiaceae
AU, NTM
--TMS
NTM, AU
-Flower,
rhizome, leaves
Tubers
Asteraceae
AU,
67.
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 197
90.
Used as an antidote and for intestinal disorder in Bhutan (Phurba
Wangchuk et al. 2016)
Heals water retention, constipation and breathlessness. Good for
malnutrition, heals sores and relives severe pain due to serous fluids.
Antidote, anti-diarrheal and febrifuge ,used for stomach disorders
(Phurba Wangchuk et al. 2016)
Antidote against poisonous bites, anti-inflammatory, and cures heart
disorders (Phurba Wangchuk et al. 2016).
Rhizomes and roots are considered purgative, stimulant, hepatic and
blood purifier. Leaf juice is taken to vermifuge. Ripe fruit is eaten as
laxative.
Rhizome used as tonic and carminative. Used against loss of vigour,
pain in the kidneys and hips, accumulation of fluids in bone joints.
-The plant has Tracheorelaxant and anti-inflammatory activities
(H.Khan et al. 2013). Rhizome paste is given to dogs as a health
tonic.
Useful in dysentery and fever
--Useful in, fever, cough and cold
Useful in fever, cough and cold.
Useful in fever, cough and caugh
Flowers of Primula treats vascular diseases and controls fever.
particularly effective against fever and diarrhea in children.
Flowers of Primula treats vascular diseases and controls fever.
particularly effective against fever and diarrhea in children.
Flowers of Primula treats vascular diseases and controls fever.
particularly effective against fever and diarrhea in children.
Flowers of Primula treats vascular diseases and controls fever.
particularly effective against fever and diarrhea in children.
Used against diarrhea and dysentery.
and
Whole plant
Whole plant
Leaves, flowers
It is
It is
It is
It is
Decoction of rhizome is taken against gastritis, piles and dysentery.
Leaf juice is applied to cuts and wounds.
Used in the treatment of lungs diseases
Used in the treatment of lungs diseases
Useful in fever, constipation, relieves swelling and diphtheria.
Decoction taken against body ache, sexual problems and stomach
disorders. It is useful in cuts and wounds.
--Used in arthritis, intestinal ailments, as antiseptic, in cough and cold,
urinary tract problems, cardiac affections, etc.
Used as an energizing tonic (www.flowersofindia.net)
Used to purify blood
Decoction of roots is taken against cough and fever. Leaves are
carminative.
Used to treat Dermatitis and Stomachache by the Mongol tribe (Bhat
T A, Nigam G. & Majar M. 2012). The plant has been reported to be
of Cancer prevention and cure.
198 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
56284
Sabita Dahal and Borthakur, Medicinal plants genetic resources of kyongnosla alpine sanctuary, Sikkim, India
91.
Senecio raphanifolius Wall.ex DC.
Radish leaved Senecio
Asteraceae
--
--
92.
S. scandens Buch.Ham. ex D. Don
Climbing senecio
Asteraceae
TMS, NTM
Whole plant
93.
94.
Silene nigrescens L.
Soroseris hookeriana (Cl.) Stebbins
Hooker’s Soroseris
Caryophyllaceae
Asteraceae
TMS
TMS
Roots
Whole plant
95.
96.
Streptopus simplex D.Don
Swertia hookeri Cl.
Simple Twisted Stalk
Indian Gentian / Lekh Chiraito (N).
Liliaceae
Gentianaceae
AU
AU,NTM, TMS
-Roots
97.
Taraxacum officinale Weber
Common Dandelion / Tukiphool (N).
Asteraceae
TMS
Roots and leaves
98.
Thalictrum cultratum Wall.
Ranunculaceae
AU, TMS, Folk
Whole plant
99.
T.foliolosum DC.
Knife Like Meadow Rue / La. Wa Sad
Ma (Ti).
Leafy Meadow Rue
Ranunculaceae
AU,TMS, Folk
Roots, leaves
100.
Valeriana hardwickii Wall.
Indian Valerian / Nakali Jatamasi (N).
Caprifoliaceae
AU,NTM, LTM
Roots and leaves
101.
V.jatamansii Jones
Valerian / Jatamasi (N) Pong-phe (B).
Caprifoliaceae
AU,NTM, LTM
Rhizomes
102.
Veratrilla baillonii Franchet
Gentianaceae
AU
Most of the Senecio species has been reported to be poisonous
(E.Roeder, H.Wiedenfeld. 2009).
Diuretic, febrifuge, ophthalmic. Used in the treatment of epidemic
influenza, malaria boils and abscesses. It contains an toxic alkaloids
neoplatyphylline.
Used in deafness, nasal blockage and constipation.
Relieves fever due to poisoning, also used in bone fracture (Phurba
Wangchuk et all, 2009.
-Sedative, nervine tonic, febrifuge. Roots used for treating bone
fracture. Decoction of roots taken against fever and body ache.
Roots juice taken against jaundice. Leaf juice useful in gastritis.
Treats infectious diseases, diphtheria and fever. Heals sores, dries
serous fluids and is effective against intestinal fever.
Root paste taken to expel intestinal worms. Useful in treating eye
diseases, indigestion, toothache.
Decoction of roots is taken to cure mental disorder and also used as a
hair tonic. Leaf paste is applied on boils.
Rhizome paste applied to treat gout and also taken against hysteria,
epilepsy and nervous disorders. Used locally as incense in religious
rites.
An ethanol extract has been reported to reduce blood glucose in
animals (Huang et al. 2016.). In Chinese Medicine System, it is used
for treating liver-related disorders. Its antitoxic effect on mice induced
by Aconitum brachyopodum Diels has also been reported (Ge YB et
al. 2015).
TMS: Tibetan Medicinal System, NTM: Nepali Traditional Medicine, LTM: Lepcha Traditional Medicine, AU: Ayurveda
Chart 1. Number of species used in different systems of medicine in Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary
56285
International Journal of Current Research, Vol. 9, Issue, 08, pp.56277-56288, August, 2017
Figure 1. Location map of Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, East Sikkim
Figure 2a. Alpine pasture at Nakchok in Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary with Jhor Pokhari Lake
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 199
56286
Sabita Dahal and Borthakur, Medicinal plants genetic resources of kyongnosla alpine sanctuary, Sikkim, India
Figure 2b. Sub-Alpine Forest dominated by bushy Rhododendrons and Iris and scattered Abies densa
Plate 1. Aconitum species in Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, East Sikkim India
Plate 2. Some important Medicinal Plants of Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary
200 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
56287
International Journal of Current Research, Vol. 9, Issue, 08, pp.56277-56288, August, 2017
The Sanctuary is also a habitat of some high value medicinal
herbs such as Neo-picrorhiza scrophularia, Sassurea
obvallata, S.gossipiphora, Lagotis crassifolia, Bergenia
purpurascens, B.ciliata, Valeriana jatamansi, V. hardwickii,
Codonopsis foetans, C. Clematidea, Panax bipinnatifidus,
Paris polyphylla, Meconopsis horridula, M.simplicifolia,
M.paniculata, Ligularia fischeri, L. Amplexicaulis, Jurinea
dolomiaeia etc. Sassurea gossipiphora and S. obvallata, both
are highly threatened medicinal herbs of the Himalayas are
also found occurring along the banks of rivers and streams in
the area. Occurrences of other two species of Sassurea viz.,
Sassurea nepalensis and S. simpsoniana have also been
recorded from the area. Lagotis crassifolia found growing
abundantly in association with Sassurea obvallata. Rheum
nobile, a threatened Tibetan Medicinal herb inhabit the area
towering all the shrubs and herbs and visible from miles away
across the valley. Rheum acuminatum is the common Rhubarb
available in the region. Other important medicinal herbs in the
area are Rhodiola cretinii, R.himalensis, Sedum roseum,
Potentila arbuscula, P.cuneata, P.peduncularis, Primula
capitata, P.sikkimensis, P.primulina, P.reticulata, Ponerorchis
chusua,
Polygonum
vaccinifolium,
Sinopodophyllum
hexandrum, Pleurospermum hookeri, Parnassia nubicola,
Pedicularis siphonantha, p. Oederi, P. Megalantha, Oxyria
digyna, Nepeta floccosa, Myricaria rosea, Maharanga emodi,
Lilium nanum, Impatiens radiata, I.bicornuta, I. racemosa,
I.urticifolia,
Acomastylis elata, Geranium wallichianum,
Fritillaria cirrhosa, Fragaria nubicola, Euphorbia wallichii,
Erigeron multiradiatus, Dracocephalum heterophyllum,
Cynoglossum zeylanicum, Clematis napaulensis, Bistorta
affinis, Arisaema jacquemontii, A. Griffithii, Arisaema
erubescens, Anaphalis contorta, A.triplinervis, Allium prattii,
A.wallichii etc. Important medicinal shrubs available in the
area are Gaultheria nummularioides, G.trichophylla, Cassiope
fastigiata, C.selaginoides, Berberis insignis, Berberis
angulosa, Juniperus recurva, J.coxii, Rhododendron
anthopogon,
R.campanulatum
subsp
campanulatum,
R.campanulatum subsp aeruginosum, R.hypenanthum,
R.lepidotum, R.thomsonii and Rosa sericea. Some important
medicinal plants of the sanctuary are shown in Plate 2.
Rhododendron hypenanthum, a Tibetan Medicinal shrub has
also been recorded from the area for the first time from the
Sikkim Himalaya, resulting in addition to the previous list of
38 species of Sikkim Himalayan Rhododendrons (Dahal, S.
2015-16).
As far as the uses of the recorded medicinal plants is
concerned 79 species has been recorded to be used in Tibetan
Medicine System,48 species in Traditional Nepali Medicine,
13 species in Lepcha Traditional Medicine and 8 species were
recorded to be used by local healers of the area which are
presented by Chart 1. Most of the listed species (Table 2) have
been used in Ayurvedic system of medicine. Since this is the
first attempt to enumerate the floral diversity of Kyongnosla
Alpine Sanctuary and documentation of medicinal usages of
the species in different healing traditions of different
communities of Sikkim an in depth study is required to have
a complete database of medicinal plants resources of the area.
Conclusion
Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary has been found to be the rich
repository of medicinal plants genetic resources. Traditional
herbal practices are vibrant traditions among all the
communities inhabited in Sikkim. Very few medicinal plants
used by the local healers of the state are scientifically validated
through phyto-chemical and pharmacological studies and
hence their detail ethno-medicinal as well as phyto-chemical
and pharmacological studies are essential. Since the present
study area is away from the human habitations, the
anthropogenic pressures is still not pronounced and for which
biodiversity of the area still remain intact to a considerable
extent. Species such as Juniperus recurva, J.coxii,
Rhododendron
campanulatum,
R.
campanulatum
subsp.aeruginosum,
Rhododendron
hypenanthum,
R.
anthopogon, R. lepidotum, Iris clarkei, Bergenia purpurescens,
Bistorta amplexicaulii, Rheum acuminatum, Nardostachys
jatamansi, Sassurea nepalensis, Juncus spp., etc. are
flourishing well in the area with good number of populations.
However, some high valued and rare medicinal herbs of the
area viz., Aconitum laciniatum, Aconitum novoluridum,
Aconitum bisma, Aconitum disectum, Neopicrorhiza
scrophularia, Gymnadenia orchidis, Fritillaria cirrhosa,
Sassurea gossipiphora, S. obvallata, Rheum nobile, Allium
prattii, Bergenia ciliata, Sinopodophyllum hexandrum, Swertia
hookeri, Lilium nanum, Codonopsis foetans, Gentiana elwesii,
G. algida, G. prolata, G. stylophora, Acomastylis elata,
Meconopsis horridula, Polygonatum cirrhifolium, P.
verticellatum, etc. observed to be very rare in the area, which
may be due to an unauthorized trade of commercially
important species through porous national and international
border along West Bengal, Nepal, China and Bhutan (Source:
traders-collectors survey), and prooting of entire plants,
immature plants, etc.; hence proper management and
conservation strategies is needed to maintain the gene bank of
these precious wealth of the Himalayas along with their natural
habitat. Towards the conservation initiatives of some
threatened species of the Himalayas, such as Nardostachys
jatamansi, Podophyllum hexandrum, Bergenia ciliata,
Valeriana jatamansi, V. Hardwickii, Panax bipinnatifidus,
Paris polyphylla etc. have been given priority for commercial
cultivation by National Medicinal Plants Board through
Sikkim State Medicinal Plants Board, under the Department of
Forest, Environment and Wildlife Management, Government
of Sikkim. The practice of domestication, cultivation and
commercialization of the high value medicinal plants
preferably some rare and threatened species are recommended
for their sustainability, instead of practicing unsustainable
harvesting from the wild. Natural disturbances of habitat
including the effect of climate change needs to be addressed as
well.
Acknowledgement
Authors are grateful to Forest, Environment & Wildlife
Management Department, Government of Sikkim for
providing field facilities through Sikkim Biodiversity
Conservation and Forest Management Project (SBFP). We are
thankful to Dr. Thomas Chandy (Principal Chief Conservator
of Forest cum Principal Secretary & Chief Project Director,
SBFP), Shri C.S Rao (Chief Conservator of Forest cum Project
Director, SBFP), Shri Udai Gurung & Shri Karma Lagsey
(Additional Project Directors, SBFP), Ms. Rajni Bhandari, Ms.
Dechen Lachungpa and Ms. Kusum Gurung (Divisional Forest
Officers, SBFP/ BC) for their constant support and
encouragement. Authors are thankful to the scientist-in-charge
of Botanical Survey of India, Sikkim Circle Dr.Dinesh
Agrawal, for providing library and herbaria facilities.Survey
Team of SBFP namely Mr. Suraj Subba, Mr. Dorjee Chewang,
Ms. Meena Tamang, Mr. Nimesh Chamling and Ms. Anjana
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 201
56288
Sabita Dahal and Borthakur, Medicinal plants genetic resources of kyongnosla alpine sanctuary, Sikkim, India
Pradhan are also acknowledged for their help in the field.
Thanks are also due to Ms. Hemlata Rai, GIS Engineer of
SBFP for preparing a location map of the study area and the
office staff of BSI, Sikkim circle Shri. Subash Pradhan and
Shri. Ratan Giri for their various help.
REFERENCES
Aggarwal et al. 2004. Role of Reveratrol in prevention and
therapy of cancer: preclinical and clinical studies.
Anticancer Res. 24: 2783-2840.
Ali.L, Ali.Samina, Rizvi T.S, Hussain.J. 2015. Antioxidant
Flavonoids from Nepeta floccosa Benth. Records of
Natural Products. 9(4) 567-571.
Ayensu, E.S. 1996. World Medicinal Plant Resources. In
Conservation for Productive Agriculture. ICAR, New
Delhi, India. 11-42.
Bhat T A, Nigam G. & Majar M. 2012. Traditional use of
medicinal plants by Gujjar
and Bakerwal Tribes in Pir
Panjal Range of Southern District, Kashmir, India.
Int.J.Res.Dev.Pharm.L.Sci. Pg.160-166.
Dahal S, Sharma TP & Borthakur SK, 2017. “Database on
medicinal plants of Tamze Medicinal Plants Conservation
Area (MPCA) of Sikkim Himalaya, India”. NeBIO - An
international journal of environment and biodiversity Vol.
8, No. 1, March 2017, 45 – 56.
E.Roeder, H.Wiedenfeld. 2009. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in
medicinal plants of
Mongolia, Nepal and Tibet.
Pharmazie 64, pg 699-716.
Ge YB et al. 2015. Antitoxic effect of Veratrilla baillonii on
the acute toxicity in mice induced by Aconitum
brachypodum, one of the genus Aconitum. Journal of
Ethnopharmacology. PMID 26719282 DOI: 10.1016/j.
jep.12.030.
Hooker J. D. 1885. Flora of British India. 7 vols. Bishen Singh
Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun India.
Hooker, J.D. 1871-1897. Flora of British India. London.
Reprinted in 1982 by Bishen SinghnMahendra Pal Singh,
Dehradun, Vol.I-VII.
Huang et al. 2016. Gentiopicroside and sweroside from
Veratrilla baillonii Franch induce phosphorylation of AKT
and suppress PCK1 expression in hepatoma cells.
Biochemistry and Cell Biology. 94(3):270-278.
Ihsan UI-Haq et al. 2012. Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activities
and Phytochemical Analysis of Euphorbia wallichii Root
Extract and its Fractions. Iranian Journal of
Pharmaceutical Research. 11.1: 241-249.
Khan H. et al. 2013. Studies on tracheorelaxant and antiinflammatory activities of rhizomes of Polygonatum
verticillatum. The official Journal of the International
Society for Complementary Medicine Research (ISCMR).
13-197.
Morris Thomas F.& Michael T.Kaitley.2006. Alternative
Health Practices for Livestock. Blackwell publishing Ltd.
Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK.
Morris,T & Keilty,M. 2008. Alternative Health Practices for
Livestock. Blackwell publishing Ltd. Oxford OX4 2DQ,
UK. Pg.97.
Otto Stape (1905). Aconites of India, A Monograph. Royal
Botanical Garden, Kew.
Phurba Wangchuk et al. 2016. Medicinal Plants of Dagala
region in Bhutan: their diversity, distribution, uses and
economic potential. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 12:28.
Phurba Wangchuk et al. 2016. Medicinal Plants of Dagala
region in Bhutan: their diversity, distribution, uses and
economic potential. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 12:28.
Polunin,O. & Stainton, A. 1984. Flowers of the Himalaya.
Oxford University Press. Delhi.
Pradhan, U.C.and Lachungpa S.T. 1990. Sikkim Himalayan
Rhododendrons. Primulaceae Books, Kalimpong.
Sabita Dahal 2015-16. Sikkim Himalayan Rhododendrons.
Panda. 8(4) 15-27.
Sabita Dahal et al. 2017. “Rapid biodiversity survey of
Kyongnosla alpine sanctuary, Sikkim, India”, International
Journal of Current Research, 9, (07),53852-53863.
Sharma T.P, Dahal Sabita and Borthakur S.K. 2012.
Documentation of Ethno-veterinary practices in Sikkim,
India. Pleione 6 (2): 353-358.
Sharma T.P. and Sharma Sabita. 2010. Medicinal Plants of
Sikkim. Bermiok, West Sikkim.
Stainton, A. 1988. Flowers of the Himalaya-A Suppliment.
Oxford University Press, New Delhi.
Wangchuk, Phurpa Samten and Ugyen. 2009. High Altitude
Medicinal Plants of Bhutan. Pharmaceutical and Research
Unit, Institute of Traditional medicine services, Ministry of
Health, Thimphu, Bhutan.
Yakugaku Zasshi. 2008. Anti-inflammatory activity of the
extracts and fractions from Erigeron multiradiatus through
bioassay-guided procedures. J Ethnopharmacol. 119 (2):
232-7.
*******
202 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
Rheedea
Vol. 27(2)
116–118
2017
ISSN: 0971-2313
https://dx.doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2017.27.2.23
Rediscovery of Aconitum novoluridum (Ranunculaceae)
from Sikkim Himalaya, India
S. Dahal1*, T.P. Sharma2 and S.K. Borthakur3
Forests, Environment and Wildlife Management Department, Forest Secretariat Building, Deorali,
Gangtok – 737101, Sikkim, India.
2
Himalayan Science Society, Gangtok – 737101, Sikkim, India.
3
Department of Botany, Gauhati University, Guwahati – 781014, Assam, India.
*E-mail: sabitadahal26feb@gmail.com
1
Abstract
Aconitum novoluridum Munz, a rare medicinal plant, has been rediscovered after a gap of more than a
century from Tamze valley and upper ridges of Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary of Sikkim Himalaya. Detailed
description and photographs are provided.
Keywords: Aconitum novoluridum, Alpine Slopes, Rediscovery, Sikkim
Introduction
The genus Aconitum L. comprising of c. 250 species
is distributed in the subalpine and alpine regions
of the world (Lane, 2004). In India, the genus is
represented by 27 species (Rau, 1993), of which
11 species are reported to be occurring in Sikkim.
During the course of the loristic study of alpine
Medicinal Plants Conservation Area at Tamzey
valley near Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary in the
Eastern Sikkim Himalaya in June 2015, the authors
have collected an interesting specimen of Aconitum
in vegetative stage with poorly developed root
system. Later, in August 2016 while undertaking
a rapid biodiversity survey as part of Sikkim
Biodiversity Conservation and Forest Management
Project in Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, plant
specimens were collected with lowers along
with well-developed root system. On scrutiny of
literature (Stapf, 1905; Kadota, 1987; Yang, 1990;
Chaudhary & Rao, 1998; Samant et al., 1998;
Wencai et al., 2001) the specimens were identiied
as Aconitum novoluridum Munz. The species
was occurring along the east facing slope at an
elevation of 4069 m. Aconitum novoluridum Munz
was irst collected by J.D. Hooker from the Tankra
Pass and Cho-la in the Eastern Sikkim in 1849
and subsequently described as Aconitum luridum
Hook.f. & Thomson in 1855. Later, Munz (1945),
proposed a new name for this species as Aconitum
novoluridum since the name A. luridum Hook.f. &
Thomson was already preoccupied by A. luridum
Salisb. Lauener (1964), recorded this species from
Nepal based on the collection by Stainton (Stainton
1152) in 1956, from Tamur valley, Kambachen,
Eastern Nepal. There is no representation of this
species in any of the Indian herbaria (CAL, BSD,
DD and BSHC). The present collection of the species
after more than a century from Sikkim reveals the
rarity of this species in its natural habitat in India.
Presently, the occurrence of this species is conined
to Juniper – Rhododendron scrub on alpine slopes
and cliffs of Tamzey Medicinal Plant Conservation
Area and Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary in the
Eastern Himalaya of Sikkim, conserved under the
Protected Area Network. However, an extensive
ield survey is required to ind out the natural
habitats of the species in other parts of Sikkim
Himalaya.
Aconitum novoluridum Munz, Gentes Herbarum
6: 472. 1945; Lauener, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard.
Edinburgh 26: 9. 1964; Grierson in Grierson & D.G.
Long, Fl. Bhutan 1(1): 317. 1984; M.A. Rau in B.D.
Sharma et al., Fl. India 1: 21. 1993; L.Q. Li & Kadota
in Wu et al., Fl. China 6: 160. 2001. A. luridum
Hook.f. & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1: 55. 1855 & Fl. Brit.
India 1: 28. 1872, non Salisb. 1816.
Fig. 1
Root perennial, descending, elongate, cylindric,
ultimately breaking up into separate or anastomosing strands. Stems erect, from a simple or, 2 to
many-headed collar covered with brown, dilated
bases of the old petioles, unbranched, to 80 cm
high, softly hairy to tomentose or sometimes
glabrate towards the base, hairs spreading, rarely
curved and adpressed. Leaves few from the collar
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 203
S. Dahal et al.
117
Fig. 1. Aconitum novoluridum Munz: a. Habit; b. Section of root; c. Root breaking up into an anastromosing strands.
on very long (to 30 cm) petioles which are dilated
at the base; 3–6, rarely more, from the stem, distant,
similar to the basal, but gradually smaller with
narrower divisions and the upper with rapidly
decreasing petioles, basal and lower blades hairy
on both surfaces (especially on veins beneath),
orbicular-cordate or reniform in outline, with a
narrow or more often wide sinus (1–2 cm deep),
2.5–6.5 cm from the sinus to the tip, 5–7, rarely
more, 5-palmati partite to 3/4ths of the length, inner
divisions obovate-cuneate, 1.5–3 cm wide, 3-lobed,
outermost trapezoidal, 2-lobed, lobes sparingly
and acutely inciso-dentate or apiculate-crenate.
Inlorescence racemose, to 40 cm long, narrow,
rather dense, rarely with a few additional branches
from the base, with the same indumentum as the
stem, lowest bracts 3-partite, others lanceolate or
the uppermost sublinear, exceeding the pedicels;
pedicels erect, short, except the lowest (2.5–3.5
cm); bracteoles, if present, small, linear. Sepals
lurid, reddish or brownish red to purple, yellowish
inside, hairy, upper sepal helmet-shaped, broad,
hemi-elliptic in proile in the upper part, 5–7 mm
high, gradually descending into an obtuse beak
of equal or more than equal length; lateral sepals
somewhat obliquely obovate, scarcely clawed, 9–11
× 7–7.5 mm; lower sepals delexed, oblong, 8–9 mm
204 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
long, obtuse. Nectaries hammer-shaped, glabrous;
claw erect, 4–5 mm long; hood at a right angle to
the claw, obliquely oblong, obtuse; lip horizontal
or slightly delexed, shortly 2-lobed. Filaments 6–9
mm long, glabrous, broadly winged up to or beyond
middle; wings abruptly contracted. Carpels 3,
contiguous and oblique to horizontal in the lower,
obliquely oblong, densely hairy, rarely almost
glabrous, shortly contracted into the somewhat
shorter styles. Follicles erect, contiguous, oblong,
subtruncate, 10–12 mm long, glabrescent; seeds
triquetrous, oblong, to 3 mm long, blackish brown;
angles unequally winged, dorsal face transversely
wrinkled, ventral faces smooth.
Flowering & fruiting: August–September.
Habitat: It occurs in Juniper-Rhododendron scrub on
alpine slopes and cliffs. The associated species are
Saussurea obvallata (DC.) Edgew., Rhodiola himalensis
(D. Don) S.H. Fu, Bergenia purpurascens (Hook.f. &
Thomson) Engl., Rhododendron lanatum Hook.f., R.
anthopogon D. Don, R. lepidotum Wall. ex G. Don,
Juniperus coxii A.B. Jacks. and Rheum acuminatum
Hook.f. & Thomson.
Distribution: Bhutan, China (Southeast Xizang),
India (Sikkim) and Nepal, 3800–4500 m.
118
Rediscovery of Aconitum novoluridum (Ranunculaceae) from Sikkim Himalaya
Specimens examined: INDIA, Sikkim: Tamze, June
2015, T.P. Sharma SD 301 (BSHC); Kyongnosla Alpine
Sanctuary, August 2016, S. Dahal SD 370 (BSHC).
Note: The present collection of this species has
remarkable relevance in preservation of alpine
gene bank of Sikkim in the form of Protected Area
since its occurrence is witnessed only in Medicinal
Plants Conservation Area at Tamze valley and
Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, in the Eastern
Himalaya of Sikkim. Since the area is far away
from the human habitation, no anthropogenic
pressure in the habitat has been observed. Natural
disturbances including the impact of climate
change needs to be studied well, which will be
useful for the policy makers and forest managers
in framing effective strategies in managing and
conserving the species.
Acknowledgements
The authors are thankful to Forest, Environment
and Wildlife Management Department, Government of Sikkim, for providing ield facilities
through Sikkim Biodiversity Conservation and
Forest Management Project (SBFP). Sikkim State
Medicinal Plants Board is highly acknowledged
for providing inancial assistance for conducting
survey in the MPCAs of Sikkim. Special thanks
to Ms. Dechen Lachungpa, Divisional Forest
Oficer, SBFP/BC, for her constant support and
encouragement. Thanks are also due to the survey
team members of SBFP namely Mr. Suraj Subba,
Mr. Dorjee Chewang Bhutia, Ms. Meena Tamang,
Ms. Anjana Pradhan and Mr. Nimesh Chamling,
for their assistance in the ield.
west Himalaya (India). Feddes Repert. 109:
527–537.
Kadota, Y. 1987. A Revision of Aconitum subgenus
Aconitum (Ranunculaceae) of East Asia. Sanwa
Shoyaku Co. Ltd., Utsunomiya. pp. 1–65.
Lane, B. 2004. The Encyclopedia of Forensic
Science. Med. Hist. 36: 53–69.
Lauener, L.A. 1964. New species and records
of Aconitum of Nepal. Notes Roy. Bot. Gard.
Edinburgh 26(1): 1–10.
Rau, M.A. 1993. Ranunculaceae. In: Sharma, B.D.,
Balakrishnan, N.P., Rao, R.R. & P.K. Hajra
(eds.), Flora of India. Vol. 1. Botanical Survey of
India, Calcutta. pp. 1–145.
Samant, S.S., Dhar, U. & L.M.S. Palni 1998.
Medicinal Plants of Indian Himalaya: Diversity,
Distribution and Potential values. Gyanodaya
Prakashan, Nainital.
Stapf, O. 1905. The Aconites of India: A monograph.
Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 10(2): 115–181.
Wang, W., Fu, D., Li, L.Q., Bruce, B., Brach, A.R.,
Dutton, B.E., Gilbert, M.G., Kadota, Y.,
Robinson, O.R., Tamura, M., Warnock, M.J.,
Zhu, G. & S.N. Ziman 2001. Ranunculaceae.
In: Wu, Z.Y., Raven, P.H. & D.Y. Hong (eds.),
Flora of China. Vol. 6. Science Press, Beijing, and
Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis.
pp.133–438.
Yang, Q.E. 1990. Taxonomic notes on some species
of Aconitum L. (Ranunculaceae) from Yunnan,
China. Acta Phytotax. Sin. 37: 546–590.
Literature Cited
Chaudhary, L.B. & R.R. Rao 1998. Notes on the
genus Aconitum L. (Ranunculaceae) in north
Received: 17.2.2017
Revised and Accepted: 14.11.2017
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 205
Abstract for poster presentation Published in the SOUVENIR
in the National Seminar on
Understanding Himalayan Phytodiversity in a Changing Climate (9-10 March, 2017,
page: 39-40)
organized by Botanical Survey Of India, Sikkim Himalayan Regional Centre, Gangtok
Ministry of environment, forest & climate change
In collaboration with
East Himalayan Society for Spermatophyte Taxonomy
And
Sikkim University, Gangtok.
FLORISTIC STUDY OF SUB ALPINE – ALPINE HIMALAYA OF EAST SIKKIM
Sabita Dahal
Sikkim Biodiversity Conservation and Forest Management Project
Forests, Environment and Wildlife Management Department
Forest Secretariat Building, Deorali, Gangtok-737101, Sikkim, India.
Email: sabitadahal26feb@gmail.com
Abstract
Floristic studies conducted at Sub-alpine to Alpine Himalaya of East district of
Sikkim in between 3000-4500m including Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, Tamze valley,
Tsomgo – Baba Mandir (and surrounding areas) and sub - alpine to alpine belt of Pangolakha
Wildlife Sanctuary records the occurrence of over 150 species, of which, herbs represented
the highest number of species (118 species) followed by small trees / shrubs / shrublets (29
species). Trees were very less prevalent in the area; hence only 3 trees were recorded i.e.,
Abies densa, Acer pectinata and Betula utilis from the sub-alpine part. Of over 150 species
recorded, 120 species were recorded as medicinal plants. Aconitum, the taxa of the highly
potential medicinal plant of the Himalayas but not much attention paid by the taxonomist so
far have been re-discovered from the area after more than a century after the monographic
work of Stapf, O. during 1905 with seven species namely Aconitum laciniatum, Aconitum
novoluridum, Aconitum bisma, Aconitum disectum, Aconitum ferox, Aconitum violaceum and
206 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
Aconitum spicatum with comparatively good number of population except few such as
A.novoluridum, which were observed very rare in the area. High altitude gentians
(Gentianaceae) such as Gentiana elwesii, G.algida, G.prolata, G.sikkimensis, G.stylophora,
Swertia hookeri, Veratrilla baillonii and Halenia elliptica were recorded from the area.
Species of Sassurea viz. Sassurea gossipiphora, S.obvallata, S. scandens &, S. nepalensis
were recorded of which S.obvallata and S.gossipiphora are the highly threatened medicinal
herbs of the Himalayas which are also found occurring in Tamze valley and in upper part of
Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, also the sanctuary were found to be a rich repository of high
value medicinal plants of the Himalaya. Some high altitude herbs such as Neo-picrorhiza
scrophularia, Lagotis crassifolia, Bergenia purpurascens, B.ciliata, Valeriana jatamansi, V.
hardwickii, Codonopsis foetans, C. Clematidea, Panax bipinnatifidus, Paris polyphylla,
Meconopsis horridula, M.simplicifolia, M.paniculata, Ligularia fischeri, L. Amplexicaulis,
Jurinea dolomiaeia etc. were also recorded from the area. Veratrilla baillonii, and
Rhododendron hypenanthum discovered for the first time from the Sikkim Himalaya during
the present study. Gentiana elwesii a rare medicinal herb reported in 1885 was also rediscovered from the area during the present study. Presently, the record of most of the species
was mainly confined to protected area (Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, Pangolakha Wildlife
Sanctuary, and Tamze (Medicinal Plants Conservation Area) in the Eastern Himalaya of
Sikkim which is conserved under the protected area network. However, an extensive field
survey is required to find out the natural habitats of these species in other parts of Sikkim
Himalaya. Since the present study area is away from the human habitations, the
anthropogenic pressure is still not marked and hence biodiversity of the area still remain
intact to some extent. However, some of the species were observed very rare in the area;
hence proper management is needed to maintain the gene bank of these species in their
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 207
natural habitat. Natural disturbances on the habitat including the effect of climate change
needs to be studied well.
208 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii 209
Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary with full bloom Sassurea obvallata,
a rare medicinal plant of the Himalaya.
210 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
212 Rapid BiodiveRsity suRvey RepoRt-iii
Sabita Dahal