CLIMATIC AND FLOWERING PHENOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS OF WESTERN HIMALAYAN FLORA OF MUZAFFARABAD DISTRICT, AZAD JAMMU AND KASHMIR, PAKISTAN

Dr. Arshad Mahmood Khan

Anthropogenic climate change is influencing many aspects of biodiversity hotspot of the western Himalaya. Muzaffarabad district as part of western Himalayan is a strongly seasonal area, thus studies on interrelationship of timing of phenological periodic events and climatic seasonality is of obvious significance. A first ever detailedeco-taxonomical field survey of the whole district was conducted to explore floral diversity, plant habit associated with microhabitats. Timing of flowering response of species within the different months was also recorded during two consective years (2014-16) and flowering phonological data was stored as binary data matrix. The influence of studied climatic variables on the flowering phenological response was tested through canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). A total of 748 vascular plants (740 species, 3 sub-species, 5 varieties) belonged to 490 genera and 120 plant families were recorded including 77 species as new to the study area. The leading plant family was Compositae (69 spp., 9.22%), followed by Poaceae (57 spp., 7.62%), Leguminosae (54 spp., 7.22%), Lamiaceae (42 spp., 5.61%) and Rosaceae (29 spp., 3.88%); while the leading genus was Euphorbia (10 spp.), followed by Cyperus, Ficus, Geranium and Prunus (7spp. each). With respect to life forms, perennial herbs were the most dominant (297 spp., 39.71%), followed by annual herbs (188 spp., 25.13%). With reference to diversity of microhabitats, coniferous forest was leading in terms of floristic diversity having 243 species (32.10% of total flora), followed by drier slopes, home gardens (158 spp., 20.87% each), arable land (143 spp., 18.89%) and waste places (122 spp., 16.12%).The majority of plant species found in flowering stage during July and August months (473 spp., 62.48% and 458 spp., 60.5% respectively),while the least ones during January (51 spp., 6.73%) and December (55 spp., 7.26%). Results of CCA showed that total variations in the response data were 1.742 and 71.8% were explained by the explanatory variables. Based on conditional (net) term effects, mean monthly minimum temperature was detected as the most important and significant [pseudo-F 4.3; p(adj) 0.005] towards explaining the variations in the flowering response data. It was followed by wind speed [pseudo-F 2.9; p(adj) 0.0225] and relative humidity [pseudo-F 2; p(adj) 0.04625] variable. Intrestingly, July and August months not only receive maximum rainfall but also majority of species flowered in these months, but CCA results confirmed that rainfall is not important predictor with respect to species flowering response event in the area. It was concluded that the flora of the study area was more influenced by the climatic factors like temperature, wind speed and relative humidity. This Himalayan region is fragile and rapid temperature rise could lead to catastrophies like wiping out of endemic and endangered species, earlier snowmelts and resultant ealier blooming causing invasive species spread, upwards timber-line shift and rapid changes in vegetation composition. This baseline study information could be used to deal these issues and need to have effective regional collaboration of scientific community and policy makers is recommended.

Pak. J. Bot., 50(3): 1093-1112, 2018. CLIMATIC AND FLOWERING PHENOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS OF WESTERN HIMALAYAN FLORA OF MUZAFFARABAD DISTRICT, AZAD JAMMU AND KASHMIR, PAKISTAN ARSHAD MAHMOOD KHAN1, RAHMATULLAH QURESHI1.*, MUHAMMAD ARSHAD1 AND S. N. MIRZA2 1 Department of Botany, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan Department of Forestry and Range Management, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan * Corresponding author’s email: rahmatullahq@uaar.edu.pk 2 Abstract Anthropogenic climate change is influencing many aspects of biodiversity hotspot of the western Himalaya. Muzaffarabad district as part of western Himalayan is a strongly seasonal area, thus studies on interrelationship of timing of phenological periodic events and climatic seasonality is of obvious significance. A first ever detailedeco-taxonomical field survey of the whole district was conducted to explore floral diversity, plant habit associated with microhabitats. Timing of flowering response of species within the different months was also recorded during two consective years (2014-16) and flowering phonological data was stored as binary data matrix. The influence of studied climatic variables on the flowering phenological response was tested through canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). A total of 748 vascular plants (740 species, 3 sub-species, 5 varieties) belonged to 490 genera and 120 plant families were recorded including 77 species as new to the study area. The leading plant family was Compositae (69 spp., 9.22%), followed by Poaceae (57 spp., 7.62%), Leguminosae (54 spp., 7.22%), Lamiaceae (42 spp., 5.61%) and Rosaceae (29 spp., 3.88%); while the leading genus was Euphorbia (10 spp.), followed by Cyperus, Ficus, Geranium and Prunus (7spp. each). With respect to life forms, perennial herbs were the most dominant (297 spp., 39.71%), followed by annual herbs (188 spp., 25.13%). With reference to diversity of microhabitats, coniferous forest was leading in terms of floristic diversity having 243 species (32.10% of total flora), followed by drier slopes, home gardens (158 spp., 20.87% each), arable land (143 spp., 18.89%) and waste places (122 spp., 16.12%).The majority of plant species found in flowering stage during July and August months (473 spp., 62.48% and 458 spp., 60.5% respectively),while the least ones during January (51 spp., 6.73%) and December (55 spp., 7.26%). Results of CCA showed that total variations in the response data were 1.742 and 71.8% were explained by the explanatory variables. Based on conditional (net) term effects, mean monthly minimum temperature was detected as the most important and significant [pseudo-F 4.3; p(adj) 0.005] towards explaining the variations in the flowering response data. It was followed by wind speed [pseudo-F 2.9; p(adj) 0.0225] and relative humidity [pseudo-F 2; p(adj) 0.04625] variable. Intrestingly, July and August months not only receive maximum rainfall but also majority of species flowered in these months, but CCA results confirmed that rainfall is not important predictor with respect to species flowering response event in the area. It was concluded that the flora of the study area was more influenced by the climatic factors like temperature, wind speed and relative humidity. This Himalayan region is fragile and rapid temperature rise could lead to catastrophies like wiping out of endemic and endangered species, earlier snowmelts and resultant ealier blooming causing invasive species spread, upwards timber-line shift and rapid changes in vegetation composition. This baseline study information could be used to deal these issues and need to have effective regional collaboration of scientific community and policy makers is recommended. Key words: Phytodiversity, Phenology, Climate change, CCA, Muzaffarabad AJ&K, Western Himalaya. Introduction Phenology can be described as the study of periodic timing of various life events in organisms, their causes as function of seasonal and climatic variations (Lieth, 1974). Phenology word is derived from Greek word “phainomai” meaning to appear or come into view (Vashistha et al., 2009). Plant phenological variations in response to climate are the most responsive and easily observable factors (Badeck et al., 2004). The interrelationship of phenological events and climate can reveal the potential impacts of upcoming climate changes (Yadav & Yadav, 2008). These events are related to periodic edaphic and weather changes (Rathcke & Lacey, 1985; Schwartz, 2003). Phenological studies prove useful to evaluate the pattern of climate and reproductive cyclic changes of the plant species. Initiation of flowering event is of prime significance for reproductive success of plant species. This event varied from species-species due to difference in requirement of inductive photo-thermoperiod (Vashistha et al., 2009). The time to flower is a pivotal event for plant species because its further linked with some important events like pollination chances, arrival of insects as pollinator (themselves seasonal), timing of seed ripening and dispersal, andfruit set (Santandreu & Lloret, 1999). This event also influence insects and other animals for which pollen, nectar and seeds are important resources (Visser & Holleman, 2001). Similarly earlier flowering is also related to earlier activity in other processes like leaf expansion, root growth and nutrient uptake etc. All these process and activities are important for niche differentiation among coexisting species (Veresoglou & Fitter, 1984; McKane et al., 1990). These changes in flowering dates will alter competitive interactions amongst the species and therefore could disrupt ecosystem structure. Holway and Ward (1965) reported that different phenological events at high altitude areas are mainly controlled by temperature variations. Similarly the influence of tempaerature and moisture on these events has been studied by various workers (Walter, 1973; Dewald & Steiner, 1986). Temperature is an important factor for many plant developmental processes (viz. temperature dependent chemical reaction rates, enzyme kinetics, denaturation of enzymes, formation of ice crystals, membranes fludity etc.) whereas higher temperatures usually hasten such process and lead to 1094 earlier switching to the next ontogenetic stage (Badeck et al., 2004). Increase in regional and global temperatures are well documented (IPCC, 2001), thus providing sufficient reasons to expect changes in plant phenological events. Photoperiod length and moisture are another important factors that could alter the timing of responses in plants whereas according to Sparks et al., (1997) evidence for impacts of precipitation on plant responces are scarce. Phenomenological and phenological responses of the plants species are actually the product of their genotypic-environment interactions (Vashistha et al., 2009) but according to Huntley (1991), evidence gathered from past literature indicate that species are more likely to respond by migration rather than by adapting genetically. Himalayas are source of eight largest river in Asia known as‘‘water tower of Asia’’.The rate of temperature rise in the Himalayan region is greater than the global average. Thus Himalayas are rightly considered as one of the most vulnerable regions in the world (Shrestha et al., 2012). The rapid climatic changes are significantly disrupting Himalayan biome in term of losses/alteration to biodiversity, shifts in geographical ranges of species, species extinction, vegetation composition, water resources and glacier melting, agriculture, socioe-conomic and cultural changes in associated ethnic communities (Chaudhary et al., 2011). Ram et al., (1988) reported that central Himalayan plant species are changing their strategies including quick completion of growth cycle to assure species survival due to unfavorable environmental changes. The preparation and communication of plant species lists containing information about species microhabitat, habit and flowering phenology are important for effective species conservation and management plans. These findings serve as easy tools for floristic workers, taxonomists and vegetation scientists since these contain much important preliminary information (Raimondo et al., 2010). Kirschbaum et al., (1996) reported that as compared to crop phenology, the forest species phenolgy were discussed least due to scarcity of published results. Thus, inclusion of species phenological responses and their microhabitats in floristic lists are not only important to predict climate pattern but also enables latter workers to collect their required material from wild for detailed studies (Lechowicz, 2001; Malik, 2005; Gairola et al., 2010; Raimondo et al., 2010). Simultaneously, Khan et al., (2016) suggested that while preparing such manuscripts, the use of updated nomenclature, position or rank and placement of various taxa in hierarchies according to latest information avoid confusions and simultaneously enhance the reliability and reproducibility of such communication. Many floristic checklists from Pakistan (Qureshi et al., 2011a; 2011b; 2014; Ilyas et al., 2013; Shaheen et al., 2014) and one from study area (Dar et al., 2012) has been published but role and contribution of climate towards the plant responses particularly flowering response is missing. Currently, single floristic checklist from Machiara National Park, Muzaffarabad ((Dar et al., 2012) has been published that covers only 8% land area of the Muzaffarabad district (Dar et al., 2014). Neither detailed floristic list nor interrelationship of timimg of flowering event by the local flora and climatic variables like temerature, rainfall, atmospheric humidity and wind speed through multivariate tools was documented. Thus, this first ever study from this western Himalayan region is ARSHAD MAHMOOD KHAN ET AL., planned to answer the following questions. 1. What about the overall diversity of vascular flora and which microhabitats are more diverse? 2. When majority of plant species give flowering response around the year during different seasons and what are the number of their possible groups? 3. Flowering response is related to which climatic variable the most and what is the order of importance of climatic variables in this regard? This study will serve as the first ever baseline study in the region which could be further used to explore and predict various climate impacts and patterns. Materials and Methods The study area: Muzaffarabad district is the capital of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan that lies in the western Himalayan range between latitude 34º03'-34º35'N and longitude 73º23'-73º45'E, and comprised of land area of 1642Km2. The elevation ranges from 582 m a.s.l. in the southern part (viz. Kohala locality) to 3819 m a.s.l. (viz. Makra mountain summit) and 4473 m a.s.l. (viz. Neela Ganja mountain summit) in the northern part of the study area (Fig. 1). It is bounded by the district Hattian Bala on the east, district Neelum on the northeast, Hazara division, KPK on the north and northwest, district Bagh on the south, and Murree hills, Punjab on the southwest. The topography is marked by mountains that stretches from subtropical valleys to typical scenic Himalayan alpine zones. The area is bestowed with natural beauty, having thick forests, fast flowing rivers and winding streams. Main rivers are the Jhelum and the Neelum. The climate is sub-tropical highland type. The mean minimum and maximum extreme temperatures were recorded as 2.6 to 45.2°Ċ in the month of January and June respectively. The average mean annual rainfall varies between 1000-1300 mm, of which approximately 680 mm fall during four months (i.e. May to August). The wind blows from west to east during the day time, while at night it blows from south east to north. The wind velocity is higher during afternoon as compared to early morning. The snow line in winter remains around 1200 m a.s.l. while in summer, it rises to 3300 m a.s.l. (Qasim et al., 2010a; 2010b; Anon., 2015). Plants collection and identification: The detailed floristic surveys were conducted during each month from August 2014 to July 2016. The voucher specimens were collected, pressed, dried and mounted on standard sized herbarium sheets. The same were identified by using available taxonomic literature and online floral databases (Stewart, 1972; Ali & Qaiser, 1995-2009; EFLORAS, 2012a, 2012b, 2014; TROPICOS, 2012). After identification, all the familial and species binomials were copied from theplantlist.org (TPL, 2013) to attain global homogeneity (Khan et al., 2016). The same were deposited in the Department of Botany, Pir Mehr Ali Shah, Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan for future reference and record. Plant species were also categorized on the basis of their growth habit and 16 microhabitats like Arable land, Cliff, Dry slope, Exposed (alpine) slope, Forest, Grassland, Grave yard, Home garden, Marsh, Moist & Shady, Rock crevice, Roadside, Sandy stream/riverside, Scrubland, Waste place and Water course. FLOWERING PHENOLOGY OF WESTERN HIMALAYAN FLORA 1095 Fig. 1. Location map of Muzaffarabad district, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. Flowering phenology and statistical analyses: Complete duration of flowering response of all 748 vascular plant species within different months around the year was recorded during 2014-15 and again confirmed during 2015-16. For this, flowering event in case of angiosperms, strobili development in gymnosperms and sporogenesis (sori development) event in pteridophytes were considered. Finally, binary data matrix (1=flowering, 0=vegetative/absent) of species during the different months was stored as excel spreadsheet. For example, Barleria cristata was found in flowering stage during 4 months, from November to February in the study area, thus value of 1 was allotted to these months for this species and value of zero to all other 8 months. Monthly mean climatic data (minimum temperature, maximum temperature, rainfall, wind speed, relative humidity) of the study area was collected from National Agromet Centre, Pakistan Meteorological Department, H-8/2 Islamabad, Pakistan. From the binary data matrix, number of plant species found in flowering during each month was also calculated like Khan et al., (2015) and named as species flowering response or SFR variable (a response variable) It was correlated with climatic data variables through Pearson correlation. By using library “pvclust” in R statistical package (R-Core-Team, 2015), clustering dendrogram of SFR and climatic variables was also developed by using correlation as distance matrix and ward as linkage method. Similarly cluster analysis of binary data matrix was done by using PC-ORD 5 (McCune & Mefford, 2006) with “Euclidean distance” and “Ward linkage” to seek pattern of months grouping based on similarities of species flowering response. To seek the contribution of climatic variables towards explaining variations in the binary response data, canonical correspondance analysis was performed by using Canoco 5 (Ter Braak & Smilauer, 2012) software. Result and Discussion A total of 748 vascular plant taxa (740 species, 3 subspecies, 5 varieties) belonging to 490 genera and 120 plant families were recorded from the Muzaffarabad district, AJ&K, Pakistan. The proportion of pteridophytes and their allies was, 29 species (3.88%) belonging to 15 genera (3.06%) and 10 plant families (8.33%). Similarly gymnosperms were represented by 12 species (1.60%), 11 genera (2.24%) and 6 plant families (5%) whereas angiosperms contribution was 707 plant taxa (94.51%) with 464 genera (94.69%) and 104 plant families (86.67%). Within angiosperms, the major contributors were dicots with 592 plant taxa (79.14%) that belongs to 384 genera (78.37%) and 87 families (72.5%) whereas monocots were comprised of 115 species (15.37%) belonging to 80 genera (16.32%) and 17 plant families (14.17%). The categorization of all 748 vascular plant taxa on the basis of their habit depicted the dominance of the perennial herbs (297, 39.71%) followed by annual herbs (188, 25.13%), deciduous trees (66, 8.82%), deciduous shrubs (54, 7.22%), evergreen trees (49, 6.55%), evergreen shrubs (39, 5.21%), perennial climbers (27, 3.61%), annual climbers and biennial herbs (14, 1.87% each) (Table 1). ARSHAD MAHMOOD KHAN ET AL., 1096 Table 1. Summary of floral composition of major phytotaxa and species growth habit in the study area. Families Genera Species/taxa Taxa (%) (%) (%) Pteridophytes 10 (8.33%) 15 (3.06%) 29 (3.88%) Gymnosperms 6 (5%) 11 (2.24%) 12 (1.60%) Monocots 17 (14.17%) 80 (16.32%) 115 (15.37%) Dicots 87 (72.5%) 384 (78.37%) 592 (79.14%) Total 120 490 748 Habit Species/taxa %age Annual climbers 14 1.87 Annual herbs 188 25.13 Biennial herbs 14 1.87 Deciduous shrubs 54 7.22 Deciduous trees 66 8.82 Evergreen shrubs 39 5.21 Evergreen trees 49 6.55 Perennial climbers 27 3.61 Perennial herbs 297 39.71 Fig. 2. Leading 10 families and genera in the study area. Fig. 3. Distribution of plant species into various microhabitats in the study area. The leading plant family with maximum number of species in the study area was Compositae (69 species/taxa, 9.22%), followed by Poaceae (57 spp., 7.62%), Leguminosae (54 spp./taxa, 7.22%), Lamiaceae (42 spp., 5.61%), Rosaceae (29 spp., 3.88%), Apiaceae (21 spp., 2.81%), Brassicaceae (20 spp./taxa, 2.67%), Solanaceae (18 spp., 2.41%), Ranunculaceae (17 spp., 2.27%) and Polygonaceae (15 spp., 2.01%). Similarly the leading genus was Euphorbia (10 spp., 1.34%), followed byC yp erus, Ficus, Geranium and Prunus (7 spp., 0.94% each), Citrus, Impatiens, I pomoea, Lactuca and Salvia (6 spp., 0.80% each) as shown in Fig. 2. Plant species micro-habitats: Native peoples of the study area were found interacting more with 176 plant species/taxa (23.53%). These includes crops, fruits, vegetables and ornamental species and grown at agricultural fields, home gardens, public park s and roadside plantations for fulfilling food, aesthetic and ecological purposes like wind breaker and soil binders etc. Similarly, 572 plant species/taxa (76.47%) were recorded aswild species at variety of micro- habitats in the study area. The categorization of 748 plant species into variety of microhabitats in the Muzaffarabad district showed that conifer forest was the most diverse (243 spp., 32.10%), followed by drier slopes and home gardens (158 spp., 20.87% each), arable land including weeds (143 spp., 18.89%), and waste places (122 spp., 16.12%), and thus supporting majority of plant species in the study area. Similarly least species richness was observed within graveyards (17 spp., 2.25%), rock crevices (16 spp., 2.11%) and marshy area (9 spp., 1.19%) microhabitats (Fig. 3). New plant species record to study area: This study not only enhances the plant species count (748 phyto-taxa) as compared to Dar et al., (2012) from the area but also includes 77 new records because it was the first ever detailed botanical exploration that encompssed the whole Muzaffarabad district.These plant species were reported either from adjacent or other areas of Pakistan but not from Muzaffarabad district. For confirmation, we compared our species records with the previous published literature such as Khan et al., (2016), Stewart (1972) and Flora of Pakistan at TROPICOS (2012).To the best of our knowledge, 77 plant species are recorded as new record for the Muzaffarabad district. Of them, 4 pteridophytes, 10 monocotyledonous and 63 dicotyledonous species are determined (Table 2). These in orderly mamner include Athyrium filix-femina, Dryopteris filix-mas, Polystichum yunnanense, Cheilanthes farinosa, Arisaema utile, Agave vivipara, Juncus inflexus, Bothriochloa ischaemum, Capillipedium parviflorum, Cenchrus setiger, Echinochloa colona, Piptatherum aequiglume, Piptatherum munroi, Saccharum arundinaceum, Hygrophila auriculata, Amaranthus graecizans subsp. silvestris, Aegopodium alpestre, Conium maculatum, Eryngium caeruleum, Pentatropis capensis, Vincetoxicum sakesarense, Incarvillea emodi, Alliaria petiolata, Erysimum melicentae, Nasturtium microphyllum, Rorippa palustris, Thlaspi arvense, Turritis glabra, Cerastium glomeratum, Silene coronaria, Euonymus hamiltonianus, Cleome viscosa, Ageratum conyzoides, Anaphalis busua, Arctium lappa, Carpesium cernuum, Echinops niveus, Galinsoga parviflora, Lactuca dolichophylla, Lactuca serriola, Matricaria chamomilla, Melanoseris violifolia, Phagnalon niveum, Pseudognaphalium affine, Senecio nudicaulis, Tridax procumbens, Cuscuta chinensis, Sedum hispanicum, Euphorbia cornigera, Euphorbia heterophylla, Euphorbia hispida, Triadica sebifera, Geranium pusillum, Geranium rectum, Clerodendrum chinense, Elsholtzia stachyodes, FLOWERING PHENOLOGY OF WESTERN HIMALAYAN FLORA 1097 Leonurus cardiaca, Leucas lanata, Salvia aegyptiaca, Scutellaria grossa, Caesalpinia decapetala, Crotalaria albida, Rhynchosia himalensis, Lavatera cachemiriana, Ficus sarmentosa var. nipponica, Nanorrhinum ramosissimum subsp. pakistanicum, Bistorta emodi, Persicaria maculosa, Androsace sempervivoides, Androsace umbellata, Aquilegia fragrans, Prunus cerasoides, Galium asperuloides, Mazus pumilus, Daphne mucronata, Glandularia aristigera and Ampelopsis vitifolia. showed that there were three important groups. Group 1 was comprised of 5 months (October to February) with least flowering response of species and lower mean temperature. Similarly, Group 2 was comprised of 4 months (March to June), and showed intermediate values for both flowering response and air temperature. Group 3 included 3 months (July to September), and showed maximum values for both species flowering response and rainfall varaiable (Fig. 6). Flowering phenology response and its relationship with the climatic data: The results of timing of vascular plant species flowering response during the different months revealed that majority of species responded in the month of July (473 spp., 62.48%) followed by August (458 spp., 60.5%) and June (411 spp., 54.29). Similar results were also reported by Vashistha et al., (2009), in which they found that majority of plant species showed flowering response during July and August months in the north western Himalaya. Similarly, least flowering response was observed during December (55 spp., 7.26%) and January (51 spp., 6.73%); (Fig. 4).Thus, maximum number of plant species blossom during rainy/monsoon season in the study area. This number of plant species found in flowering during each month or SFR variable (n = 12 = months in a year) was correlated with mean monthly values of five climatic variables of the study area. It showed that minimum temperature was significantly positively (r = 0.949, p-value <0.01) related with the species flowering response followed by maximum temperature (r = 0.913, p-value <0.01) and wind speed (r = 0.693, p-value <0.05). Moderate positive correlation (r = 0.558, p-value 0.06) was observed for mean monthly rainfall (mm) data and very weak negative correlation (r = -0.085, p-value0.792) with the relative humidity values of the study area (Table 3). For pictorial view of these correlation results, hierarchical clustering dendrogram was developed. In this dendrogram, the values given in red and green above each cluster represents approximately unbiased (AU %) pvalues and bootstrapped probability (BP %) values respectively. Similarly values below the cluster represents the order of clustering (Fig. 5). Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA): Constrained unimodal ordination (CCA) was performed to seek the contribution of five explanatory variables (climatic variables) towards explaining the variations in the species flowering response data (binary data matrix). Both simple and conditional (net) term effects were tested. Total variations in the response data were 1.742. About, 71.8% variations were explained by explanatory variables whereas adjusted explained variations were 48.3%. Based on simple term effects, mean monthly minimum temperature was detected as most important and significant [pseudo-F 4.3; p(adj) 0.0025] towards explaining the variations in the flowering response data in the study area. It was followed by maximum temperature [pseudo-F 4; p(adj) 0.0025],relative humidity [pseudo-F 2.1; p(adj) 0.05] whereas wind speed [pseudo-F 1.9; p(adj) 0.06125] and rainfall [pseudo-F 0.9; p(adj) 0.474] variables were detected as non-significant. All the p-values were corrected by false discovery rate and adjusted. We know that these climatic variables are also intercorrelated thus to seek the unique contribution (not contributed by the previously entered variable) of each of five climatic variable, conditional (net) term effects were tested. This revealed that wind speed [pseudo-F 2.9; p(adj) 0.0225] variable was the second most important and significant factor followed by relative humidity [pseudo-F 2; p(adj) 0.04625] variable whereas rainfall [pseudo-F 0.8; p(adj) 0.622] variable again proved least important. The entrance of these five climatic variables through forward selection method again detected the same order of importance as conditional term effect results but suggested that first three variables are sufficient enough to retain the CCA modal as constrained. July and August months receive maximum rainfall as well as SFR score, but CCA results confirmed that rainfall is not important predictor with respect to species flowering response in the area. CCA numerical and graphical results are presented in Table 3 and Fig. 7 respectively. RH au bp edge # 0.6 0.8 84 63 4 64 46 3 WS Fig. 4. Timing of flowering response of vascular flora of western Himalayan forest, Muzaffarabad, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakisan. 99 94 1 Tmin Tmax 100 98 2 SFR Rainfall 0.4 0.0 0.2 Height 1.0 1.2 1.4 Classification of months: Binary data matrix was used for clustering of months into groups based on similarity of species sexual reproduction event response in the area. It Fig. 5. Cluster dendrogram with AU/BP% values showing correlation of climatic and species floweringresponse (SFR) variablesfrom the forest of the western Himalaya. 1098 ARSHAD MAHMOOD KHAN ET AL., Table 2. Detailed floristic results of Muzaffarabad district, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. Family # Species name V/No Habit Micro-habitat Pteridophytes and their related species 1. Aspleniaceae 1 Asplenium adiantum-nigrum L. AMK/3861 PH R, F 2 Asplenium dalhousiae Hook. AMK/3620 PH F, R 3 Asplenium trichomanes L. AMK/3963 PH F, R 2. Athyriaceae 4 Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth AMK/3636 PH F, MS 5 Athyrium microphyllum Alston AMK/4284 PH F, MS 3. Blechnaceae 6 Woodwardia unigemmata (Makino) Nakai AMK/3757 PH F 4. Cystopteridaceae 7 Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh. AMK/4351 PH F, MS 5. Dennstaedtiaceae 8 Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn AMK/3813 PH F, MS 6. Dryopteridaceae 9 Cyrtomium falcatum (L. f.) C. Presl AMK/4021 PH F, S, WC 10 Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott AMK/4346 PH F, MS 11 Dryopteris juxtaposita Christ AMK/3881 PH F, S 12 Dryopteris ramosa (C. Hope) C. Chr. AMK/3950 PH F, MS 13 Dryopteris stewartii Fraser-Jenk. AMK/3962 PH F, MS 14 Polystichum discretum (D. Don) J. Sm. AMK/4052 PH F, MS 15 Polystichum piceopaleaceum Tagawa AMK/4282 PH F, MS 16 Polystichum squarrosum (D. Don) Fée AMK/4038 PH F, MS 17 Polystichum yunnanense Christ AMK/4164 PH F, MS 7. Equisetaceae 18 Equisetum arvense L. AMK/3928 PH F, MS, S 19 Equisetum ramosissimum Desf. AMK/3638 PH F, S 8. Pteridaceae 20 Adiantum capillus-veneris L. AMK/3986 PH C, MS 21 Adiantum incisum Forssk. AMK/4222 PH C, R, MS 22 Adiantum venustum D. Don AMK/3696 PH E, F, R 23 Cheilanthes farinosa (Forssk.) Kaulf. AMK/4207 PH F, MS 24 Onychium contiguum C.Hope AMK/4077 PH F, MS 25 Onychium japonicum (Thunb.) Kunze AMK/3792 PH F, MS 26 Pteris cretica L. AMK/4093 PH MS 27 Pteris vittata L. AMK/4130 PH MS 9. Selaginellaceae 28 Selaginella sanguinolenta (L.) Spring AMK/3987 PH MS, E 10. Thelypteridaceae 29 Christella dentata (Forssk.) Brownsey & Jermy AMK/3981 PH F, MS Gymnosperms 11. Araucariaceae 30 *Araucaria columnaris (G. Forst.) Hook. AMK/3785 ET H, RS 12. Cupressaceae 31 *Cupressus sempervirens L. AMK/3871 ET H, RS 32 Juniperus communis L. AMK/3613 ES E 33 *Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco AMK/3944 ET H, RS 13. Cycadaceae 34 *Cycas revoluta Thunb. AMK/3601 ET H, RS 14. Pinaceae 35 Abies pindrow (Royle ex D.Don) Royle AMK/3789 ET F 36 *Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex D.Don) G.Don AMK/3697 ET F, H 37 Picea smithiana (Wall.) Boiss. AMK/4173 ET F 38 Pinus roxburghii Sarg. AMK/3690 ET F 39 Pinus wallichiana A.B.Jacks. AMK/3738 ET F 15. Taxaceae 40 Taxus wallichiana Zucc. AMK/4014 ET F 16. Zamiaceae 41 *Zamia furfuracea L.f. ex Aiton AMK/3840 ES H Angiosperms (Monocots) 17. Amaryllidaceae 42 *Allium cepa L. AMK/4176 BH A, H 43 Allium griffithianum Boiss. AMK/4133 BH SL 44 Allium humile Kunth AMK/3754 BH E 45 Allium jacquemontii Kunth AMK/4262 AH D 46 *Allium sativum L. AMK/3716 AH A, H 47 *Hippeastrum puniceum (Lam.) Voss AMK/3845 PH H 18. Araceae 48 Arisaema flavum (Forssk.) Schott AMK/4202 PH E, F 49 Arisaema jacquemontii Blume AMK/4189 PH F 50 Arisaema tortuosum (Wall.) Schott AMK/4006 PH F 51 Arisaema utile Hook.f. ex Schott AMK/4036 PH F, MS 52 *Caladium bicolor (Aiton) Vent. AMK/4302 PH H 53 *Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott AMK/4060 PH H 54 *Monstera deliciosa Liebm. AMK/4291 PH H 55 Sauromatum venosum (Dryand. ex Aiton) Kunth AMK/4293 PH F 19. Arecaceae 56 *Archontophoenix cunninghamiana (H.Wendl.) H.Wendl. & Drude AMK/4117 ET H 57 *Bismarckia nobilis Hildebr. & H.Wendl. AMK/4101 ET H 58 *Livistona chinensis (Jacq.) R.Br. ex Mart. AMK/3879 ET H 59 *Nannorrhops ritchieana (Griff.) Aitch. AMK/3787 ET H 60 Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Roxb. AMK/3647 ET S, SL Phenology Jun-Aug Jul-Sep May-Aug Jul-Aug Jul-Aug Jul-Sep Jul-Sep Jul-Sep Jul-Sep Jul-Sep Jun-Aug Jun-Sep May-Sep Jul-Sep Jun-Aug Jul-Sep Jun-Aug May-Aug Mar-Aug Jun-Aug Jun-Oct Jun-Aug Jun-Aug Jun-Sep Jun-Sep Jun-Sep Jun-Aug Jun-Sep Jun-Sep Feb-Jun Jan-Mar Apr-May Feb-Apr May-Jul Apr-May Aug-Oct Apr-May Feb-Apr Apr-Jun Sep-Apr Feb-May Apr-Jun Mar-Apr Jun-Jul Mar-Apr Mar-Jun Mar-Oct Jun-Jul Jun-Jul Jun-Jul Jun-Aug Jul-Sep Feb-Apr May-Aug Apr-May Feb-Oct Jun-Sep Feb-Mar Jul-Nov Mar-Apr FLOWERING PHENOLOGY OF WESTERN HIMALAYAN FLORA Family 20. Asparagaceae 21. Cannaceae 22. Colchicaceae 23. Commelinaceae 24. Cyperaceae 25. Iridaceae 26. Juncaceae 27. Liliaceae 28. Melanthiaceae 29. Musaceae 30. Orchidaceae 31. Poaceae # 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 Table 2. (Cont’d.). Species name Agave cantala (Haw.) Roxb. ex Salm-Dyck Agave vivipara L. Asparagus adscendens Roxb. Asparagus filicinus Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don Asparagus racemosus ld. *Chlorophytum comosum (Thunb.) Jacques *Cordyline fruticosa (L.) A.Chev. *Dracaena reflexa Lam. *Yucca aloifolia L. *Canna indica L. Colchicum luteum Baker *Commelina benghalensis L. *Tradescantia pallida (Rose) D.R.Hunt *Tradescantia zebrina Bosse Cyperus difformis L. Cyperus iria L. Cyperus niveus Retz. Cyperus rotundus L. Cyperus serotinus Rottb. Cyperus squarrosus L. Cyperus stoloniferus Retz. Eriophorum comosum (Wall.) Nees Fimbristylis dichotoma (L.) Vahl Scirpoides holoschoenus (L.) Soják *Gladiolus grandiflorus Andrews Iris hookeriana Foster Juncus articulatus L. Juncus bufonius L. Juncus inflexus L. Gagea lutea (L.) Ker Gawl. Tulipa clusiana DC. Trillium govanianum Wall. ex D.Don *Musa paradisiaca L. Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D.Don) Soó Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz Herminium monorchis (L.) R.Br. Agrostis canina L. Agrostis stolonifera L. Andropogon gerardii Vitman Apluda mutica L. Aristida adscensionis L. Arundo donax L. Avena fatua L. Avena sativa L. *Bambusa bambos (L.) Voss Bothriochloa ischaemum (L.) Keng Brachiaria reptans (L.) C.A.Gardner & C.E.Hubb. Brachypodium sylvaticum (Huds.) P.Beauv. Bromus japonicus Thunb. Bromus pectinatus Thunb. Capillipedium parviflorum (R.Br.) Stapf Cenchrus biflorus Roxb. Cenchrus ciliaris L. Cenchrus pennisetiformis Steud. Cenchrus setiger Vahl Cymbopogon distans (Nees ex Steud.) W.Watson Cymbopogon jwarancusa (Jones) Schult. Cymbopogon martini (Roxb.) W.Watson Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Dactylis glomerata L. Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd. *Dendrocalamus strictus (Roxb.) Nees Desmostachya bipinnata (L.) Stapf. Dichanthium annulatum (Forsk.) Stapf. 1099 V/No Habit AMK/4318 PH AMK/4246 PH AMK/3948 PH AMK/4226 PH AMK/4320 PH AMK/3811 PH AMK/3618 ES AMK/4048 ES AMK/4027 ES AMK/3686 PH AMK/3706 PH AMK/4308 PH AMK/4196 PH AMK/3759 PH AMK/3775 AH AMK/3895 AH AMK/3932 PH AMK/3670 PH AMK/4102 PH AMK/3999 AH AMK/3971 PH AMK/4170 PH AMK/4065 PH AMK/3749 PH AMK/3644 PH AMK/3617 PH AMK/4303 PH AMK/3866 AH AMK/4252 PH AMK/4200 PH AMK/3954 PH AMK/3965 PH AMK/3815 PH AMK/4272 PH AMK/3835 PH AMK/3911 PH AMK/4156 PH AMK/3773 PH AMK/3847 PH AMK/4188 PH AMK/3893 AH AMK/3810 PH AMK/3862 AH AMK/4090 AH AMK/3953 PH AMK/4348 PH AMK/4193 AH AMK/4105 PH AMK/4313 AH AMK/4104 AH AMK/4349 PH AMK/3968 AH AMK/4191 PH AMK/4127 AH AMK/4250 PH AMK/4338 PH AMK/3786 PH AMK/4148 PH AMK/3734 PH AMK/3641 PH AMK/4079 AH AMK/4260 PH AMK/3858 PH AMK/3984 PH Micro-habitat RS, W RS, W D F F H H H H H F H H A, W S, W S, W, M D W WC A, S A, S D, R S WC H E M, S S, WC M, S F D, R E, F H G, F F F, MS D, G E, F, G, D A, G D, G W, WC A, G A, G A F, D A G F F D, F, G G D, G G, SL G, SL D, G D D, F G, S, W F, E W A D D, G Phenology Jun-Aug Jun-Aug Oct-Nov May-Jul Oct-Dec Jun-Aug Nov-Mar Mar-Jul Jun-Jul Mar-Sep Feb-May Mar-Oct Mar-Sep Jul-Sep Jul-Oct May-Oct Apr-Jun Apr-Oct Jul-Sep Aug-Oct Jul-Nov Jul-Sep Aug-Oct Apr-Jun Jan-Dec Jun-Jul May-Sep May-Jul Jun-Jul Apr-Jun Mar-May Apr-Aug Mar-Aug Jun-Jul Jun-Aug Jun-Aug Jul-Aug Jul-Aug Jul-Aug Aug-Sep Mar-Dec Jun-Nov May-Aug May-Aug May-Aug May-Oct Jun-Oct Jun-Sep Jun-Aug Apr-Aug May-Sep Feb-Oct Feb-Mar Feb-Oct Aug-Feb Aug-Oct Mar-Sep Sep-Nov Jan-Dec Jul-Aug Jul-Oct Nov-Apr Jul-Oct Mar-Nov ARSHAD MAHMOOD KHAN ET AL., 1100 Family # 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 32. Xanthorrhoeaceae 154 33. Zingiberaceae 155 156 Angiosperms (Dicots) 34. Acanthaceae 157 158 159 160 161 162 35. Adoxaceae 163 164 165 36. Aizoaceae 166 167 37. Amaranthaceae 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 38. Anacardiaceae 181 182 183 184 185 186 Table 2. (Cont’d.). Species name Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler Digitaria violascens Link Echinochloa colona (L.) Link Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P.Beauv. Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. Elymus repens (L.) Gould Heteropogon contortus (L.) P.Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult. Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch. Oplismenus compositus (L.) P. Beauv. *Oryza sativa L. Pennisetum orientale Rich. Phalaris minor Retz. Phleum alpinum L. Phragmites karka (Retz.) Trin. ex Steud. Piptatherum aequiglume (Duthie ex Hook.f.) Roshev. Piptatherum munroi (Stapf ex Hook.f.) Mez Poa alpina L. Poa annua L. Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf. Saccharum arundinaceum Retz. Saccharum bengalense Retz. *Saccharum officinarum L. Saccharum spontaneum L. Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult. Setaria viridis (L.) P.Beauv. Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. Themeda anathera (Nees ex Steud.) Hack. *Triticum aestivum L. *Zea mays L. *Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f. *Curcuma longa L. *Zingiber officinale Roscoe V/No Habit AMK/4266 AH AMK/3921 AH AMK/3649 AH AMK/4269 AH AMK/4155 AH AMK/3894 PH AMK/3793 PH AMK/4244 PH AMK/3761 PH AMK/3869 AH AMK/3743 PH AMK/3769 AH AMK/4225 PH AMK/3890 PH AMK/4344 PH AMK/4125 PH AMK/3830 PH AMK/4267 AH AMK/3978 AH AMK/4235 PH AMK/4195 PH AMK/3854 PH AMK/3864 PH AMK/4142 AH AMK/4167 AH AMK/4165 PH AMK/4131 PH AMK/3627 AH AMK/3674 AH AMK/3661 PH AMK/3705 PH AMK/3994 PH Barleria cristata L. Dicliptera bupleuroides Nees Dicliptera chinensis (L.) Juss. Hygrophila auriculata (Schumach.) Heine Justicia adhatoda L. Strobilanthes urticifolia Wall. ex Kuntze *Sambucus nigra L. Sambucus wightiana Wall. ex Wight & Arn. Viburnum grandiflorum Wall. ex DC. *Stigmatocarpum criniflorum (L. f.) L. Bolus Trianthema portulacastrum L. Achyranthes aspera L. Achyranthes bidentata Blume Aerva javanica (Burm.f.) Juss. ex Schult. Alternanthera pungens Kunth Amaranthus graecizans subsp. silvestris (Vill.) Brenan Amaranthus hybridus L. Amaranthus spinosus L. Amaranthus viridis L. *Celosia argentea L. Chenopodium album L. Digera muricata (L.) Mart. Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants *Spinacia oleracea L. Cotinus coggygria Scop. *Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr. *Mangifera indica L. Rhus punjabensis J. L. Stewart ex Brandis *Schinus molle L. Toxicodendron vernicifluum (Stokes) F.A. Barkley AMK/4296 AMK/4128 AMK/3828 AMK/3645 AMK/3715 AMK/4240 AMK/4288 AMK/3731 AMK/3878 AMK/4227 AMK/3742 AMK/3675 AMK/3772 AMK/3849 AMK/4129 AMK/4219 AMK/4185 AMK/3762 AMK/3740 AMK/3943 AMK/4294 AMK/4135 AMK/3795 AMK/4312 AMK/3889 AMK/3717 AMK/3688 AMK/3934 AMK/4300 AMK/4248 DS PH AH PH ES DS DT PH DS AH AH PH AH PH PH AH AH AH AH AH AH AH AH AH DS DT ET DT ET DT Micro-habitat S S A A W G, F D, E, F, G W F A D A E RS, W F RS, W E GY, W W S, W S, W H S, W A, G A, G A, G D, G A A H H H Phenology Jul-Oct Jul-Aug May-Sep Jun-Oct Jun-Aug Jun-Aug Jun-Oct Apr-Jun Aug-Sep Mar-Sep Apr-Oct Mar-May Jun-Oct Apr-Nov Jun-Aug Jul-Aug Jun-Sep Apr-Sep Mar-Jul Jul-Oct Oct-Jan Dec-May Jul-Sep Jun-Oct Jun-Sep May-Sep Jun-Oct Dec-Apr Jul-Sep Jan-Apr Jul-Aug Sep-Oct D GY, RS, W RS, W F, MS, WC D, SL F H E F H A GY, S, W F, RS D, G W A A A A, W H D, S, GY A W, S A D H H F H F Nov-Feb Jun-Oct Aug-Nov Aug-Mar Jul-Oct Jun-Oct May-Jun Jun-Aug Mar-Jun Jun-Sep May-Oct Jul-Oct Jun-Sep Aug-Oct Aug-Oct Jun-Sep Jul-Oct May-Sep Mar-Oct Jul-Aug Jun-Oct Jul-Sep Apr-Oct Apr-Jun Apr-May Mar-Apr Mar-Apr May-Jun Feb-Mar May-Jun FLOWERING PHENOLOGY OF WESTERN HIMALAYAN FLORA Family 39. Apiaceae 40. Apocynaceae 41. Araliaceae 42. Balsaminaceae 43. Berberidaceae 44. Betulaceae 45. Bignoniaceae 46. Boraginaceae 47. Brassicaceae # 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 Table 2. (Cont’d.). Species name Aegopodium alpestre Ledeb. *Anethum graveolens L. Angelica cyclocarpa (C.Norman) M.Hiroe Angelica glauca Edgew. Bupleurum falcatum L. Bupleurum longicaule Wall. ex DC. Bupleurum rotundifolium L. *Carum carvi L. Chaerophyllum villosum Wall. ex DC. Conium maculatum L. *Coriandrum sativum L. *Cuminum cyminum L. *Daucus carota L. Eryngium caeruleum M.Bieb. *Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Heracleum candicans Wall. ex DC. Pimpinella diversifolia DC. Scaligeria indica H.Wolff Scandix pecten-veneris L. Torilis leptophylla (L.) Rchb.f. *Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague *Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. Calotropis procera (Aiton) Dryand. Carissa spinarum L. *Cascabela thevetia (L.) Lippold *Catharanthus roseus (L.) G.Don Nerium oleander L. Pentatropis capensis (L. f.) Bullock Periploca aphylla Decne. *Plumeria rubra L. *Vinca major L. Vincetoxicum hirundinaria Medik. Vincetoxicum sakesarense Ali & Khatoon Hedera nepalensis K.Koch Impatiens bicolor Royle Impatiens brachycentra Kar. & Kir. Impatiens edgeworthii Hook.f. Impatiens glandulifera Royle Impatiens scabrida DC. Impatiens sulcata Wall. Berberis vulgaris L. Berberis lycium Royle Sinopodophyllum hexandrum (Royle) T.S.Ying Alnus nitida (Spach) Endl. Betula utilis D.Don *Campsis radicans (L.) Seem. *Dolichandra unguis-cati (L.) L.G.Lohmann Incarvillea emodi (Royle ex Lindl.) Chatterjee *Jacaranda mimosifolia D.Don *Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth Buglossoides arvensis (L.) I.M.Johnst. Cynoglossum lanceolatum Forssk. Cynoglossum wallichii G.Don Cynoglossum wallichii var. glochidiatum (Wall. ex Benth.) Kazmi Onosma hispida var. kashmirica (I.M. Johnst.) I.M. Johnst. Onosma thomsonii Clarke Trichodesma indicum (L.) Lehm. Alliaria petiolata (M.Bieb.) Cavara & Grande *Brassica oleracea L. *Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L. *Brassica oleracea var. capitata L. *Brassica rapa subsp. campestris (L.) A.R.Clapham 1101 V/No Habit AMK/4342 PH AMK/3736 AH AMK/4031 PH AMK/4228 PH AMK/4044 PH AMK/3947 PH AMK/3875 AH AMK/4254 BH AMK/4121 AH AMK/4056 AH AMK/3995 AH AMK/3969 AH AMK/3726 BH AMK/4040 PH AMK/4297 PH AMK/4054 PH AMK/3855 PH AMK/3949 PH AMK/4334 AH AMK/3637 AH AMK/3782 AH AMK/4205 ET AMK/4001 ES AMK/4330 DS AMK/4184 ET AMK/3842 ES AMK/3684 ES AMK/3929 PC AMK/3908 ES AMK/4175 DT AMK/4325 PH AMK/3631 DS AMK/3741 DS AMK/4329 PC AMK/4315 AH AMK/4086 AH AMK/3701 AH AMK/3767 AH AMK/4159 AH AMK/4122 AH AMK/4332 DS AMK/3966 DS AMK/3974 PH AMK/3885 DT AMK/3605 DT AMK/3914 PC AMK/4347 PC AMK/4327 PH AMK/3832 DT AMK/3615 ES AMK/4070 AH AMK/3816 AH AMK/4136 AH AMK/3912 AH AMK/3724 PH AMK/3960 PH AMK/3655 PH AMK/4124 AH AMK/3693 PH AMK/3913 AH AMK/3952 PH AMK/3732 AH Micro-habitat D, F H E, F F D E, F E, F H F, G, RS F, WC A, H H A, H S A, H D, F F, E F A, W W H H D, SL D, SL H H D, S F D H H D E, F F MS F F RS, WC F F D, F F, G F RS, WC E, F H H D, RS H H A W, S F F D, F D, F D GY, W A, H A, H A, H A, H Phenology Jun-Aug May-Aug Jul-Sep Jun-Aug Jun-Oct Jul-Sep Jul-Sep May-Jul Jul-Aug Jun-Aug Feb-Jun Feb-Apr Mar-Jun May-Jul May-Jun May-Jul May-Sep Jun-Aug Mar-May Feb-May May-Aug Dec-May Jan-Dec Apr-Jun Jan-Dec Jan-Dec Apr-Sep Sep-Nov Mar-May May-Sep Dec-Mar May-Jul Jul-Sep Oct-Apr Jul-Aug Jul-Aug Jul-Sep Jul-Aug Jul-Aug Jul-Aug Apr-Jun May-Jul Apr-May Aug-Oct May-Jun May-Jul Apr-Aug Mar-Apr Apr-May Jan-Dec Mar-Apr Jun-Aug Jun-Sep Jun-Sep May-Jul Apr-May Aug-Oct Mar-Jun Mar-Jun Jun-Sep Jun-Sep Feb-Apr ARSHAD MAHMOOD KHAN ET AL., 1102 Family 48. Buxaceae 49. Cactaceae 50. Campanulaceae 51. Cannabaceae 52. Caprifoliaceae 53. Caricaceae 54. Caryophyllaceae 55. Celastraceae 56. Cleomaceae 57. Combretaceae 58. Compositae # 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 Table 2. (Cont’d.). Species name *Brassica rapa subsp. rapa L. Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. Cardamine impatiens L. *Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav. Erysimum melicentae Dunn Lepidium didymum L. Lepidium pinnatifidum Ledeb. Lepidium sativum L. Nasturtium microphyllum (Boenn. ex Rchb.) Rchb. Nasturtium officinale R.Br. *Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus (L.) Domin Rorippa palustris (L.) Besser Sisymbrium irio L. Thlaspi arvense L. Turritis glabra L. Sarcococca pruniformis Lindl. Opuntia dillenii (Ker Gawl.) Haw. Campanula pallida Wall. Codonopsis clematidea (Schrenk) C.B.Clarke Cannabis sativa L. Celtis australis subsp. caucasica (Willd.) C.C.Towns. Dipsacus inermis Wall. Morina coulteriana Royle Valeriana jatamansi Jones *Carica papaya L. Arenaria serpyllifolia L. Cerastium cerastoides (L.) Britton Cerastium fontanum Baumg. Cerastium glomeratum Thuill. Gypsophila cerastoides D.Don Silene coronaria (Desr.) Clairv. ex Rchb. Silene indica var. cashmeriana (Royle) Y.J. Nasir Spergula arvensis L. Stellaria media (L.) Vill. Euonymus hamiltonianus Wall. Gymnosporia royleana Wall. ex M.A.Lawson Parnassia nubicola Wall. ex Royle Cleome viscosa L. *Combretum indicum (L.) DeFilipps *Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight & Arn. *Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. *Terminalia chebula Retz. Achillea millefolium L. Ageratum conyzoides (L.) L. Anaphalis busua (Buch.-Ham.) DC. Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth. & Hook.f. Anaphalis nepalensis (Spreng.) Hand.-Mazz. Anaphalis triplinervis (Sims) Sims ex C.B.Clarke Arctium lappa L. Artemisia roxburghiana Wall. ex Besser Artemisia scoparia Waldst. and Kit. Aster albescens (DC.) Wall. ex Hand.-Mazz. Aster himalaicus C.B.Clarke Bidens pilosa L. Calendula arvensis M.Bieb. Carpesium cernuum L. Carthamus oxyacantha M.Bieb. Centaurea iberica Trevir. ex Spreng. *Chamaemelum nobile (L.) All. *Chrysanthemum indicum L. Cichorium intybus L. Cirsium arvense (Linn.) Scop. Cirsium falconeri (Hook.f.) Petr. V/No Habit AMK/3801 AH AMK/3927 AH AMK/4258 AH AMK/4149 AH AMK/4057 PH AMK/3642 AH AMK/4190 AH AMK/4281 AH AMK/4290 PH AMK/4158 PH AMK/4299 BH AMK/3939 AH AMK/4069 AH AMK/3846 AH AMK/4081 BH AMK/3677 ES AMK/3695 ES AMK/4286 AH AMK/3823 PH AMK/4251 AH AMK/4336 DT AMK/3991 PH AMK/4216 PH AMK/3924 PH AMK/4259 DT AMK/4206 AH AMK/4212 PH AMK/4340 PH AMK/4199 AH AMK/3917 PH AMK/4074 PH AMK/3868 PH AMK/4099 AH AMK/4064 PH AMK/3808 DT AMK/4298 DS AMK/4075 PH AMK/4350 AH AMK/3692 PC AMK/3900 DT AMK/3915 DT AMK/3629 DT AMK/3733 PH AMK/4323 AH AMK/4357 BH AMK/4137 PH AMK/3628 PH AMK/3722 PH AMK/4024 BH AMK/4287 PH AMK/3820 AH AMK/3898 DS AMK/3860 PH AMK/4055 AH AMK/4020 AH AMK/4261 PH AMK/3799 AH AMK/3936 AH AMK/3836 PH AMK/3988 PH AMK/4119 PH AMK/3942 PH AMK/3852 PH Micro-habitat A, H A, S, W W, WC A F, RS W G, W A, E M, WC M, WC A F W D, S D F D, W F F GY, RS, W SL E, F E, F F H E F A, F A, F E, F D, F E S A, RS F D, SL F, MS D, G H H H, SL H E D, W F E, F, G E E, F, G A, RS F, G, RS, W D, S, W F, S, W E, F GY, RS, W A, W D, F A S H H A, D W E, F Phenology Jun-Sep May-Jul May-Jul Feb-Apr Jun-Aug Mar-Jun Apr-Jun Apr-Jun Apr-Jul Apr-Jul Mar-May May-Jul Mar-May Apr-Jul Jun-Aug Sep-Mar May-Nov Jul-Oct Jun-Aug Jul-Sep Mar-May Aug-Sep Jun-Jul Mar-May Jan-Dec Jul-Sep Jul-Aug Apr-Jun Apr-Jul Apr-Jul Jul-Sep Jun-Jul Mar-Apr Apr-Aug Apr-Jun Sep-Jan Aug-Sep Jun-Aug Mar-Sep Apr-May Mar-Apr Apr-Jun Jul-Sep Jan-Dec Aug-Oct Jul-Sep Jun-Sep Jul-Oct Jun-Sep Aug-Oct Jul-Sep Jun-Sep Jul-Aug Jul-Sep May-Sep Jun-Sep Mar-Jun Jun-Aug Jun-Jul Aug-Nov Apr-Jul Aug-Oct Jun-Oct FLOWERING PHENOLOGY OF WESTERN HIMALAYAN FLORA Family 59. Convolvulaceae 60. Coriariaceae 61. Crassulaceae # 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 Table 2. (Cont’d.). Species name Echinops niveus Wall. ex Wall. Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. Erigeron bonariensis L. Erigeron canadensis L. Erigeron multiradiatus (Lindl. ex DC.) Benth. & Hook.f. Galinsoga parviflora Cav. *Gazania rigens (L.) Gaertn. Gerbera gossypina (Royle) Beauverd *Helianthus annuus L. Himalaiella heteromalla (D. Don) Raab-Straube Inula orientalis Lam. Inula royleana DC. Jurinea dolomiaea Boiss. Lactuca dissecta D.Don Lactuca dolichophylla Kitam. *Lactuca sativa L. Lactuca serriola L. Launaea procumbens (Roxb.) Ram. and Rajagopal Launaea secunda (C.B.Clarke) Hook.f. Leontopodium himalayanum DC. Leontopodium nivale subsp. alpinum (Cass.) Greuter Matricaria chamomilla L. Melanoseris brunoniana (Wall. ex DC.) N.Kilian & Ze H.Wang Melanoseris violifolia (Decne.) N.Kilian Myriactis nepalensis Less. Parthenium hysterophorus L. Phagnalon niveum Edgew. Pseudognaphalium affine (D.Don) Anderb. Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipsch. Senecio chrysanthemoides DC. Senecio graciliflorus (Wall.) DC. Senecio nudicaulis Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don Sigesbeckia orientalis L. Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. Solidago virga-aurea L. Sonchus arvensis L. Sonchus asper (L.) Hill Sonchus oleraceus (L.) L. *Tagetes erecta L. Tagetes minuta L. T. officiverum Tragopogon dubius Scop. Tridax procumbens (L.) L. Tussilago farfara L. Xanthium strumarium L. Youngia japonica (L.) DC. *Zinnia elegans L. Convolvulus arvensis L. Cuscuta chinensis Lam. Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. *Ipomoea cairica (L.) Sweet Ipomoea carnea Jacq. Ipomoea eriocarpa R. Br. Ipomoea nil (L.) Roth Ipomoea pes-tigridis L. Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth Coriaria nepalensis Wall. *Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken. Rosularia adenotricha (Wall. ex Edgew.) C.-A. Jansson Sedum ewersii Ledeb. Sedum hispanicum L. 1103 V/No Habit AMK/4153 PH AMK/3653 AH AMK/4341 AH AMK/3902 AH AMK/3829 AH AMK/4243 PH AMK/4108 AH AMK/3964 AH AMK/4047 PH AMK/4192 AH AMK/3824 AH AMK/3750 PH AMK/3993 PH AMK/4295 PH AMK/3982 AH AMK/4179 AH AMK/4042 AH AMK/3821 AH AMK/3822 PH AMK/3763 PH AMK/4316 PH AMK/3606 PH AMK/4314 AH AMK/3850 PH AMK/4322 PH AMK/3774 PH AMK/3831 AH AMK/4080 PH AMK/4145 BH AMK/3776 PH AMK/3709 PH AMK/4152 PH AMK/4306 PH AMK/4004 AH AMK/4289 AH AMK/4139 PH AMK/4217 AH AMK/4034 AH AMK/4204 AH AMK/3806 AH AMK/3918 AH AMK/4278 PH AMK/4068 BH AMK/4116 AH AMK/4089 PH AMK/3723 AH AMK/4046 AH AMK/3883 AH AMK/3972 AC AMK/4311 PC AMK/3685 PC AMK/4160 PC AMK/3979 DS AMK/4280 AC AMK/4109 AC AMK/4096 AC AMK/3970 AC AMK/4237 ES AMK/3614 PH AMK/3956 PH AMK/3976 PH AMK/4210 PH Micro-habitat E, F M G, W A, W A, GY, RS, W E, F W H D A, H, RS W F, WC E E D, W RS, W H RS, W, WC D, W C, D F E, F A, F MS F F RS, W C, D, R G, W E E E F MS RS, W F, WC F, W A, F, RS, W A, F, RS, W H RS, W E, W C, MS D, RS, W C, F, W W F, G, W H A, RS F, SL F, SL H D, SL, RS A, RS A, RS A, RS A, RS F H R R R Phenology Jun-Aug Jun-Sep Jun-Sep Jun-Nov Jul-Sep May-Sep Jul-Oct Jun-Oct May-Jul Feb-May Jun-Aug Jun-Aug Aug-Oct Aug-Sep Jun-Jul Aug-Sep Feb-Sep Jun-Aug Jun-Oct May-Oct Jul-Oct Jul-Oct Apr-Aug Jul-Aug Jun-Aug Apr-Nov Apr-Oct May-Aug Jun-Aug Jul-Sep Jun-Sep May-Oct Mar-Apr Apr-Sep Feb-Apr Jul-Sep Feb-May May-Oct Mar-Dec Aug-Nov Jun-Sep Mar-Sep Apr-Jun Nov-Mar Mar-May Aug-Oct Feb-Dec Feb-May Jan-Dec Jul-Sep Jul-Sep Jul-Oct Jul-Nov Aug-Oct Jul-Oct Aug-Oct Jul-Sep Mar-Apr Feb-May May-Jul Jun-Sep Mar-Jun ARSHAD MAHMOOD KHAN ET AL., 1104 Family 62. Cucurbitaceae 63. Ebenaceae 64. Elaeagnaceae 65. Euphorbiaceae 66. Fagaceae 67. Gentianaceae 68. Geraniaceae 69. Hamamelidaceae 70. Hypericaceae 71. Juglandaceae 72. Lamiaceae # 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 Table 2. (Cont’d.). Species name *Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai *Cucumis melo L. *Cucumis sativus L. *Cucurbita maxima Duchesne *Cucurbita moschata Duchesne *Cucurbita pepo L. *Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. *Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb. *Luffa cylindrica (L.) M. Roem. *Momordica charantia L. *Praecitrullus fistulosus (Stocks) Pangalo Solena heterophylla Lour. *Diospyros kaki L.f. *Diospyros lotus L. Elaeagnus angustifolia L. Croton bonplandianus Baill. Euphorbia cashmeriana Royle Euphorbia cornigera Boiss. Euphorbia helioscopia L. Euphorbia heterophylla L. Euphorbia hirta L. Euphorbia hispida Boiss. *Euphorbia milii var. splendens (Bojer ex Hook.) Ursch & Leandri Euphorbia prostrata Ait. *Euphorbia royleana Boiss. Euphorbia wallichii Hook.f. Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Müll.Arg. Ricinus communis L. Triadica sebifera (L.) Small Quercus baloot Griff. Quercus floribunda Lindl. ex A.Camus Quercus glauca Thunb. Quercus oblongata D.Don Gentiana argentea (Royle ex D.Don) Royle ex D.Don Gentiana kurroo Royle Swertia chirayita (Roxb.) Buch.-Ham. ex C.B.Clarke Swertia ciliata (D. Don ex G. Don) B.L. Burtt Swertia cordata (Wall. ex G. Don) C.B. Clarke Swertia paniculata Wall. Swertia petiolata D. Don Swertia speciosa Wall. Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'Hér. Geranium himalayense Klotzsch Geranium mascatense Boiss. Geranium nepalense Sweet Geranium pusillum L. Geranium rectum Trautv. Geranium rotundifolium L. Geranium wallichianum D.Don ex Sweet *Pelargonium zonale (L.) L'Hér. ex Aiton Parrotiopsis jacquemontiana (Decne.) Rehder Hypericum oblongifolium Choisy Hypericum perforatum L. *Juglans regia L. Ajuga integrifolia Buch.-Ham. Anisomeles indica (L.) Kuntze Callicarpa macrophylla Vahl Clerodendrum chinense (Osbeck) Mabb. Clinopodium umbrosum (M.Bieb.) Kuntze Clinopodium vulgare L. Colebrookea oppositifolia Sm. Elsholtzia ciliata (Thunb.) Hyl. Elsholtzia fruticosa (D.Don) Rehder V/No Habit AMK/3611 AH AMK/4324 AH AMK/3727 AH AMK/3643 AC AMK/3771 AC AMK/3630 AC AMK/3625 AC AMK/3891 AC AMK/3721 AC AMK/3707 AC AMK/4229 AH AMK/4140 PC AMK/3781 DT AMK/3788 DT AMK/4358 DS AMK/3880 PH AMK/4073 PH AMK/4337 PH AMK/4082 AH AMK/4025 AH AMK/3711 AH AMK/4285 AH AMK/3951 ES AMK/4234 AH AMK/3973 DS AMK/3728 PH AMK/3660 ET AMK/3678 ES AMK/4221 DT AMK/4061 ET AMK/3946 ET AMK/4178 ET AMK/3730 ET AMK/3916 AH AMK/4063 PH AMK/4058 AH AMK/4238 AH AMK/3874 AH AMK/3909 AH AMK/4182 PH AMK/3747 PH AMK/4100 AH AMK/3639 PH AMK/3607 AH AMK/3770 AH AMK/4353 AH AMK/4059 PH AMK/4328 AH AMK/3764 PH AMK/4239 PH AMK/4037 DS AMK/3681 DS AMK/3669 PH AMK/3713 DT AMK/3739 PH AMK/3856 PH AMK/4162 ES AMK/3626 DS AMK/4062 PH AMK/4305 PH AMK/3753 ES AMK/3945 AH AMK/4018 DS Micro-habitat A A A A, H A, H A, H A, H A, H A, H A, H A, H F, G, RS A F D, F G, F F F, G A, W F, S D, W D, W H A, D, W H E, F D, G, SL D, GY S D, SL F F F E, G F F, WC F E, F, G F F F S E G, W F D, G, W F W E, F GY, H F D, F D, G A D S D, RS, W RS, WC D, W D, W D D, F D Phenology Feb-May Apr-Jul Jan-Dec Jun-Oct May-Oct Jun-Sep Mar-May May-Oct Apr-Oct Apr-Jul Mar-Sep May-Aug May-Aug May-Jun May-Jul Apr-Jul May-Sep Apr-Sep Jan-Jul Jan-Dec Jul-Dec Jun-Nov Feb-Nov Jan-Dec May-Aug May-Aug Feb-Apr Feb-Oct May-Oct Apr-May Apr-May Mar-Apr Apr-May Apr-Jun Sep-Nov Jul-Oct Jun-Nov Aug-Oct Jul-Nov Jul-Nov Jun-Nov Mar-Apr Jul-Aug Mar-Apr Apr-Sep Apr-May Jul-Sep Mar-May Jul-Sep Apr-May Mar-May Mar-Aug Jun-Sep Feb-Apr Mar-Dec Apr-Sep Apr-Dec Jun-Aug May-Jul Mar-Jul Jan-Apr Aug-Sep Aug-Oct FLOWERING PHENOLOGY OF WESTERN HIMALAYAN FLORA Family 73. Leguminosae # 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 Table 2. (Cont’d.). Species name Elsholtzia stachyodes (Link) Raizada & H.O.Saxena Isodon rugosus (Wall. ex Benth.) Codd Lamium album L. Leonurus cardiaca L. Leucas cephalotes (Roth) Spreng. Leucas lanata Benth. *Mentha arvensis L. Mentha longifolia (L.) L. Mentha royleana Wall. ex Benth. *Mentha spicata L. Micromeria biflora (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) Benth. Nepeta govaniana (Wall. ex Benth.) Benth. Nepeta laevigata (D.Don) Hand.-Mazz. Nepeta podostachys Benth. *Ocimum basilicum L. Origanum vulgare L. Phlomoides bracteosa (Royle ex Benth.) Kamelin & Makhm. Phlomoides spectabilis (Falc. ex Benth.) Kamelin & Makhm. *Plectranthus scutellarioides (L.) R.Br. Prunella vulgaris L. Pseudocaryopteris bicolor (Roxb. ex Hardw.) P.D. Cantino Rydingia limbata (Benth.) Scheen and Albert Salvia aegyptiaca L. *Salvia coccinea Buc'hoz ex Etl. Salvia hians Royle ex Benth. Salvia moorcroftiana Wall. ex Benth. Salvia plebeia R.Br. Salvia virgata Jacq. Scutellaria grossa Wall. Scutellaria linearis Benth. Stachys floccosa Benth. Thymus linearis Benth. Vitex negundo L. Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd. Acacia modesta Wall. Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile *Albizia julibrissin Durazz. *Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. *Albizia odoratissima (L.f.) Benth. *Albizia procera (Roxb.) Benth. *Arachis hypogaea L. Argyrolobium roseum (Cambess.) Jaub. & Spach Astragalus grahamianus Benth. Astragalus leucocephalus Bunge Astragalus rhizanthus subsp. candolleanus (Benth.) Podlech *Bauhinia variegata L. *Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. Caesalpinia decapetala (Roth) Alston *Cassia fistula L. Crotalaria albida Roth Crotalaria medicaginea Lam. Crotalaria medicaginea var. luxurians (Benth.) Baker Dalbergia sissoo DC. Desmodium elegans DC. Dumasia villosa DC. Indigofera heterantha Brandis Indigofera linifolia (L.f.) Retz. *Lablab purpureus subsp. bengalensis (Jacq.) Verdc. Lathyrus aphaca L. Lespedeza juncea (L.f.) Pers. Lespedeza juncea var. sericea (Thunb.) Lace & Hauech Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit Lotus corniculatus L. 1105 V/No Habit AMK/4345 PH AMK/3702 DS AMK/3983 PH AMK/4354 AH AMK/4010 AH AMK/4333 PH AMK/3812 PH AMK/3737 PH AMK/4035 PH AMK/3957 PH AMK/4026 PH AMK/4141 PH AMK/4091 PH AMK/4051 PH AMK/3665 AH AMK/4276 PH AMK/3748 PH AMK/4012 PH AMK/3807 PH AMK/3658 PH AMK/4180 DS AMK/3744 DS AMK/3938 PH AMK/3933 AH AMK/4208 PH AMK/3766 PH AMK/4211 AH AMK/4118 PH AMK/4268 PH AMK/3798 PH AMK/3834 PH AMK/4279 PH AMK/4022 DS AMK/3756 DS AMK/3853 DT AMK/3833 DT AMK/3819 DT AMK/4157 DT AMK/4231 ET AMK/4232 DT AMK/3719 AH AMK/3608 PH AMK/3612 DS AMK/3752 PH AMK/3616 DS AMK/3640 DT AMK/4033 DT AMK/3837 DS AMK/3718 DT AMK/4301 PH AMK/4201 PH AMK/3746 PH AMK/3841 DT AMK/4132 DS AMK/4126 PC AMK/3680 DS AMK/3602 AH AMK/4245 PC AMK/4292 AC AMK/4087 PH AMK/3800 PH AMK/4174 ES AMK/3877 PH Micro-habitat SL, W D F D, SL F F H F, W F H D F F F H D D, F E, F H MS D, SL D D H, W E D, RS, W S, W F, W F, G D, G D D, E W, WC RS, W D, SL D, SL H H A RS A D, G D, F D C, E H, RS H, RS RS, W H, RS D, F D D A, SL D, F G, F F D A, H A D D G, SL D, E, F Phenology Jul-Oct Mar-Oct Jun-Sep Jul-Sep Jul-Oct Aug-Sep Jul-Sep May-Oct Jul-Oct Jul-Sep Mar-Nov Jul-Sep Jun-Aug Jul-Sep Mar-Oct Jun-Oct Jul-Sep Jul-Sep Apr-Sep Jun-Aug Feb-May Apr-May Mar-May May-Aug Jun-Sep Apr-Jun Mar-Jun Jun-Sep Jul-Sep May-Jul Jun-Sep Jun-Sep Jan-Dec Nov-Mar Mar-May Mar-Aug Jun-Jul Apr-May Apr-Jun Jun-Aug Jun-Aug Apr-Sep Apr-Aug Mar-Jun Jun-Aug Feb-Apr Mar-Apr Mar-Apr Mar-Jun Jun-Aug May-Aug May-Aug Mar-May Jun-Sep Aug-Nov May-Jul Jul-Oct Jul-Sep Feb-Apr Jul-Sep Jul-Oct Jun-Nov Apr-Aug ARSHAD MAHMOOD KHAN ET AL., 1106 Family 74. Linaceae 75. Lythraceae 76. Magnoliaceae 77. Malvaceae 78. Martyniaceae 79. Meliaceae 80. Menispermaceae 81. Moraceae 82. Myrtaceae # 500 501 502 503 504 505 506 507 508 509 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 522 523 524 525 526 527 528 529 530 531 532 533 534 535 536 537 538 539 540 541 542 543 544 545 546 547 548 549 550 551 552 553 554 555 556 557 558 559 560 561 562 Table 2. (Cont’d.). Species name Medicago laciniata (L.) Mill. Medicago lupulina L. Medicago polymorpha L. Medicago sativa L. Melilotus indicus (L.) All. Melilotus officinalis (L.) Pall. Melilotus officinalis subsp. alba (Medik.) H.Ohashi & Tateishi *Parkinsonia aculeata L. *Phaseolus lunatus L. *Pisum sativum L. *Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC. Rhynchosia himalensis Baker Rhynchosia minima (L.) DC. Rhynchosia pseudo-cajan Cambess. Robinia pseudoacacia L. Senna occidentalis (L.) Link *Tamarindus indica L. Trifolium dubium Sibth. Trifolium pratense L. Trifolium repens L. Trifolium resupinatum L. *Trigonella foenum-graecum L. Vicia sativa L. Reinwardtia indica Dumort. *Lagerstroemia indica L. *Lawsonia inermis L. Punica granatum L. Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz *Magnolia grandiflora L. *Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench *Alcea rosea L. *Bombax ceiba L. *Brachychiton populneus (Schott & Endl.) R.Br. *Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. *Hibiscus syriacus L. Lavatera cachemiriana Cambess. Malva neglecta Wallr. Malva parviflora L. Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke *Pterospermum acerifolium (L.) ld. Sida cordata (Burm.f.) Borss.Waalk. Martynia annua L. *Azadirachta indica A.Juss. Cedrela serrata Royle Melia azedarach L. Toona ciliata M. Roem. Cissampelos pareira L. *Tinospora sinensis (Lour.) Merr. Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) L'Her. ex Vent. Ficus auriculata Lour. Ficus benghalensis L. *Ficus carica L. *Ficus elastica Roxb. ex Hornem. Ficus palmata Forssk. *Ficus religiosa L. Ficus sarmentosa var. nipponica (Franch. & Sav.) Corner Morus alba L. Morus nigra L. *Callistemon citrinus (Curtis) Skeels *Callistemon salignus (Sm.) Colv. ex Sweet Corymbia citriodora (Hook.) K.D.Hill & L.A.S.Johnson Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. V/No Habit AMK/3619 AH AMK/4019 AH AMK/3872 AH AMK/4213 PH AMK/4114 AH AMK/3777 AH AMK/4224 AH AMK/4143 DS AMK/3958 PC AMK/3940 AH AMK/4270 ET AMK/4264 DS AMK/3989 PC AMK/4007 PC AMK/3888 DS AMK/4154 DT AMK/3648 ES AMK/3975 ET AMK/3920 AH AMK/3825 PH AMK/3622 PH AMK/4111 AH AMK/4147 AH AMK/4097 AH AMK/4072 DS AMK/3826 DS AMK/3699 ES AMK/4043 DT AMK/3896 DS AMK/4015 ET AMK/4161 AH AMK/4247 AH AMK/4076 DT AMK/3844 ET AMK/4151 ES AMK/3923 DS AMK/4273 PH AMK/4123 AH AMK/4009 AH AMK/3666 AH AMK/3676 ET AMK/3961 PH AMK/4194 AH AMK/3712 ET AMK/4092 DT AMK/3691 DT AMK/3758 DT AMK/3654 PC AMK/3997 PC AMK/4120 DT AMK/3765 ET AMK/3657 ET AMK/4274 DT AMK/3935 ET AMK/4257 DT AMK/3708 ET AMK/3817 PC AMK/3783 DT AMK/3857 DT AMK/3873 ET AMK/3768 ET AMK/4008 ET AMK/4041 ET Micro-habitat A, G, W S, W A, G, W A, G, W A, G, W A, G A, F H, RS A A, H H, RS SL, W RS, W G, W G, W A, D, SL RS, W H G, F A E, G, MS A A A, W F H H D D, G H A GY, H H H H H E, F A, W A D, GY, W H D, G G, W H F A, D, H F D H A D, SL D A, H H D, W H F, MS A A, D, H H H A, D, RS A, D, RS Phenology Mar-Apr Mar-May Mar-May May-Sep Mar-Aug Mar-Aug Mar-Sep Mar-May Mar-Jul Dec-Mar Apr-May Mar-Jun Jul-Aug Feb-Apr May-Jun Mar-Apr Aug-Mar Mar-Jun Aug-Oct May-Sep Apr-Jul Mar-Aug Apr-May Jul-Aug Feb-May Mar-Aug Oct-Nov Apr-Jun Mar-Apr Apr-May Apr-Sep Feb-Aug Dec-Mar Mar-May Jan-Dec Jul-Oct Jun-Aug Mar-Aug Apr-Sep Jun-Sep Dec-Jul Feb-Apr Aug-Nov Apr-May May-Jun Mar-Apr Mar-Apr Mar-Oct Mar-Jun Mar-Aug Aug-Nov Apr-Jul Apr-Dec Mar-Apr May-Sep Mar-Aug May-Sep Mar-May Mar-May Feb-Apr Jun-Sep Jun-Nov May-Jan FLOWERING PHENOLOGY OF WESTERN HIMALAYAN FLORA Family 83. Nyctaginaceae 84. Oleaceae 85. Onagraceae 86. Oxalidaceae 87. Paeoniaceae 88. Papaveraceae 89. Pedaliaceae 90. Phyllanthaceae 91. Phytolaccaceae 92. Plantaginaceae 93. Platanaceae 94. Plumbaginaceae 95. Polygalaceae 96. Polygonaceae 97. Portulacaceae 98. Primulaceae # 563 564 565 566 567 568 569 570 571 572 573 574 575 576 577 578 579 580 581 582 583 584 585 586 587 588 589 590 591 592 593 594 595 596 597 598 599 600 601 602 603 604 605 606 607 608 609 610 611 612 613 614 615 616 617 618 619 620 621 622 623 624 625 Table 2. (Cont’d.). Species name Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm. *Myrtus communis L. *Psidium guajava L. *Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels Boerhavia diffusa L. Boerhavia procumbens Banks ex Roxb. *Bougainvillea glabra Choisy *Mirabilis jalapa L. Jasminum grandiflorum L. Jasminum humile L. *Jasminum mesnyi Hance Jasminum officinale L. *Jasminum sambac (L.) Aiton *Ligustrum lucidum W.T. Aiton Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata (Wall. & G.Don) Cif. Circaea alpina L. Epilobium hirsutum L. Epilobium laxum Royle Oenothera rosea L'Hér. ex Aiton Oxalis acetosella L. Oxalis corniculata L. Paeonia emodi Royle Fumaria indica (Hausskn.) Pugsley Fumaria parviflora Lam. *Sesamum indicum L. *Bischofia javanica Blume Leptopus cordifolius Decne. *Phyllanthus emblica L. Phyllanthus niruri L. Phytolacca latbenia (Moq.) H. Walter *Antirrhinum majus L. Nanorrhinum ramosissimum (Wall.) Betsche subsp. pakistanicum G.R.Sarwar Plantago lanceolata L. Plantago major L. Veronica anagallis-aquatica L. Veronica laxa Benth. Veronica persica Poir. Veronica polita Fr. Wulfeniopsis amherstiana (Benth.) D.Y. Hong *Platanus orientalis L. Plumbago zeylanica L. Polygala abyssinica R.Br. ex Fresen. Bistorta affinis (D.Don) Greene Bistorta emodi (Meisn.) H.Hara Oxyria digyna (L.) Hill Persicaria alpina (All.) H.Gross Persicaria amplexicaulis (D.Don) Ronse Decr. Persicaria maculosa Gray Persicaria nepalensis (Meisn.) Miyabe Polygonum aviculare L. Polygonum patulum M.Bieb. Polygonum plebeium R.Br. Rheum australe D. Don Rheum webbianum Royle Rumex dentatus L. Rumex hastatus D. Don Rumex nepalensis Spreng. Portulaca oleracea L. Anagallis arvensis L. Androsace rotundifolia Hardw. Androsace sempervivoides Jacq. ex Duby Androsace umbellata (Lour.) Merr. 1107 V/No Habit AMK/4112 ET AMK/4277 ET AMK/4088 ES AMK/3603 DT AMK/3992 DT AMK/4187 PH AMK/3632 PH AMK/4078 PC AMK/3698 PH AMK/3922 DS AMK/3651 DS AMK/3797 DS AMK/4011 DS AMK/4241 DS AMK/4150 ES AMK/4016 ET AMK/3985 PH AMK/3802 PH AMK/4067 PH AMK/3624 PH AMK/4115 PH AMK/3667 AH AMK/3899 PH AMK/4233 AH AMK/3790 AH AMK/3990 AH AMK/3635 ET AMK/4066 DS AMK/4215 DT AMK/4053 AH AMK/4168 PH AMK/3633 AH AMK/4146 PH AMK/4309 AMK/3687 AMK/3886 AMK/3610 AMK/3901 AMK/3745 AMK/3623 AMK/3967 AMK/3818 AMK/3919 AMK/3848 AMK/4355 AMK/3905 AMK/4265 AMK/3673 AMK/3794 AMK/4095 AMK/3604 AMK/4039 AMK/4013 AMK/3668 AMK/4255 AMK/4002 AMK/4198 AMK/3672 AMK/3791 AMK/3735 AMK/4197 AMK/4271 AMK/4310 PH PH PH PH AH AH PH DT ES PH PH PH PH PH PH AH AH AH AH AH PH PH AH PH PH AH AH PH PH AH Micro-habitat A, D, RS A, D, RS H H H D, S D, SL H GY, H F, MS D, SL H D, F H H, RS D, SL F, E, M E, F F, E S, W F, MS MS, W F, MS A, W A, W A H F H W F H F Phenology Dec-May Jun-Aug Jul-Aug Jun-Sep Apr-May Jul-Sep Aug-Sep Dec-Mar Aug-Oct Jun-Sep Mar-Jun Feb-Mar May-Jul May-Sep May-Jun Apr-May Jun-Aug Jun-Aug Jun-Sep May-Nov Apr-Jun Feb-Oct May-Jul Mar-Jun Mar-Jun Jun-Sep Apr-May Jul-Oct Mar-May Aug-Sep Jun-Aug Mar-Sep Feb-Apr A, W F M E A, W A, W F, R H, WC D, G E, D, R E C, R E E E, F M F, WC G, W R S E E A, W D F A, MS A, D, W D F F Jul-Sep Aug-Sep Apr-Sep Jul-Sep Mar-May Feb-May May-Aug Apr-May Jul-Sep Mar-Sep Jun-Sep Jul-Sep Mar-Aug Jun-Jul Jun-Sep Jun-Oct Jun-Sep Mar-Sep Mar-Jun May-Aug Jun-Aug Jun-Sep May-Jun Jun-Oct Jun-Sep Jan-Dec Feb-Mar Apr-Aug Jun-Aug Mar-Apr ARSHAD MAHMOOD KHAN ET AL., 1108 Family 99. Proteaceae 100. Putranjivaceae 101. Ranunculaceae 102. Rhamnaceae 103. Rosaceae 104. Rubiaceae 105. Rutaceae # 626 627 628 629 630 631 632 633 634 635 636 637 638 639 640 641 642 643 644 645 646 647 648 649 650 651 652 653 654 655 656 657 658 659 660 661 662 663 664 665 666 667 668 669 670 671 672 673 674 675 676 677 678 679 680 681 682 683 684 685 686 687 688 Table 2. (Cont’d.). Species name Myrsine africana L. Primula denticulata Sm. *Grevillea robusta A.Cunn. ex R.Br. *Putranjiva roxburghii Wall. Aconitum chasmanthum Stapf ex Holmes Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. ex Royle Actaea spicata var. acuminata (Wall. ex Royle) H.Hara Anemone vitifolia Buch.-Ham. ex DC. Aquilegia fragrans Benth. Aquilegia pubiflora Wall. ex Royle Caltha palustris var. alba (Cambess.) Hook.f. & Thomson Clematis gouriana Roxb. ex DC. Clematis grata Wall. *Consolida ajacis (L.) Schur Delphinium denudatum Wall. ex Hook.f. & Thomson Ranunculus arvensis L. Ranunculus laetus Wall. ex Hook. f. & J.W. Thomson Ranunculus muricatus L. Ranunculus repens L. Ranunculus sceleratus L. Thalictrum foliolosum DC. Rhamnus triquetra (Wall.) Brandis Rhamnus virgata Roxb. Ziziphus jujuba Mill. Ziziphus nummularia (Burm.f.) Wight & Arn. Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb. Contoneaster affinis Lind L. Cotoneaster microphyllus Wall. ex Lindl. Cotoneaster nummularius Fisch. & C.A.Mey. Crataegus songarica K. Koch Duchesnea indica (Andrews) Focke *Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. Fragaria nubicola (Lindl. ex Hook.f.) Lindl.ex Lacaita Geum urbanum L. *Malus domestica Borkh. *Malus pumila Mill. Potentilla nepalensis Hook. *Prunus amygdalus Batsch *Prunus armeniaca L. *Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. Prunus cerasoides Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don Prunus cornuta (Wall. ex Royle) Steud. *Prunus domestica L. *Prunus persica (L.) Batsch *Pyrus communis L. Pyrus pashia Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don Rosa brunonii Lindl. *Rosa chinensis Jacq. Rosa macrophylla Lindl. Rubus ellipticus Sm. Rubus niveus Thunb. Sibbaldia procumbens L. Sorbaria tomentosa (Lindl.) Rehder Spiraea canescens D.Don Galium aparine L. Galium asperifolium Wall. Galium asperuloides Edgew. Galium boreale L. Galium elegans Wall. ex Roxb. Himalrandia tetrasperma (Wall. ex Roxb.) T.Yamaz. Rubia cordifolia L. *Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle *Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck V/No Habit AMK/4171 ES AMK/4045 PH AMK/3760 ET AMK/4049 DT AMK/3652 PH AMK/4030 BH AMK/3867 PH AMK/3959 PH AMK/4242 PH AMK/3931 PH AMK/4134 PH AMK/3937 PC AMK/3662 PC AMK/3925 AH AMK/3859 PH AMK/3656 AH AMK/3839 PH AMK/3725 AH AMK/4085 PH AMK/4113 AH AMK/3907 PC AMK/3851 DT AMK/3827 DT AMK/3778 DT AMK/4106 DS AMK/4256 PH AMK/3977 DS AMK/3910 ES AMK/3779 DS AMK/4098 DT AMK/3714 PH AMK/4249 ET AMK/4023 PH AMK/4209 PH AMK/3755 DT AMK/4321 DT AMK/4003 PH AMK/4339 DT AMK/3703 DT AMK/3751 DT AMK/4253 DT AMK/4186 DT AMK/3838 DT AMK/3930 DT AMK/3904 DT AMK/4181 DT AMK/3887 PC AMK/4166 ES AMK/3955 DS AMK/3804 DS AMK/3809 DS AMK/3865 PH AMK/3659 DS AMK/3941 DS AMK/4223 AC AMK/4236 PH AMK/4352 AH AMK/4084 PH AMK/3784 PH AMK/4163 DS AMK/4028 PC AMK/3664 ES AMK/3682 ES Micro-habitat D, SL E, G H H E, F E E, F D, F E F F, WC A, D A, D H F A, W E, F A, W, WC E, F WC F D, F D, F A, D D E, F F D, E D, F D, F MS, WC A, H F F A, H A, H F A, H A, H A, H F F A, H A, H A, H D F H F D, F D E, G F D, F W F, W F D, F, W A, W F D, F H H Phenology Mar-May Mar-Apr Mar-Apr Mar-May Jul-Aug Jul-Aug Jul-Aug Mar-Sep Jul-Aug May-Aug Apr-Jun Aug-Sep Aug-Sep Mar-Apr May-Aug Mar-Apr Jun-Aug Mar-Apr Apr-Aug Mar-Apr Jul-Aug Jul-Aug Apr-Jun Mar-Apr Mar-Jun May-Sep Mar-May May-Jun Mar-Apr Apr-May Jun-Aug Dec-Feb May-Aug May-Aug Apr-May Apr-May Jul-Aug Mar-Apr Feb-Apr Feb-Apr Oct-Nov Apr-Jun Feb-Apr Mar-Apr Mar-Apr Mar-Apr May-Jun Jul-Aug Jun-Jul Mar-Apr May-Jul Jul-Aug Jul-Aug Jul-Aug Mar-Jul Jun-Sep Apr-Aug Jun-Sep Jul-Oct May-Jun Jun-Nov Dec-Feb Aug-Nov FLOWERING PHENOLOGY OF WESTERN HIMALAYAN FLORA 1109 Table 2. (Cont’d.). # Species name V/No Habit Micro-habitat Phenology 689 *Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr. AMK/3903 ET H Mar-Apr 690 *Citrus medica L. AMK/4083 ET H Apr-May 691 *Citrus reticulata Blanco AMK/3694 ET H Feb-Apr 692 *Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck AMK/4000 ET A, H Mar-May 693 *Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng. AMK/3814 ES H Apr-Jun 694 Skimmia laureola Franch. AMK/3720 ES F Apr-Jun 695 Zanthoxylum armatum DC. AMK/4144 DS D Mar-Apr 106. Salicaceae 696 Populus alba L. AMK/4172 DT A, RS May-Jul 697 Populus ciliata Wall. ex Royle AMK/4335 DT A, RS, WC Mar-Apr 698 Salix alba L. AMK/4218 DT F Apr-May 699 Salix tetrasperma Roxb. AMK/4017 DT A, S, WC Oct-Mar 107. Santalaceae 700 Viscum album L. AMK/3803 PC D, F Mar-May 108. Sapindaceae 701 Aesculus indica (Wall. ex Cambess.) Hook. AMK/3892 DS F Apr-May 702 Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq. AMK/3704 ES D Jan-Mar 703 *Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn. AMK/4220 DT A, H, RS May-Jun 109. Saxifragaceae 704 Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Sternb. AMK/3689 PH C, R Mar-May 110. Scrophulariaceae 705 Buddleja asiatica Lour. AMK/4326 ES D, F Feb-Apr 706 Buddleja crispa Benth. AMK/4275 DS D Apr-May 707 Mazus pumilus (Burm.f.) van Steenis AMK/4230 AH F, S Apr-Oct 708 Verbascum thapsus L. AMK/3683 BH D, S Jun-Aug 111. Simaroubaceae 709 Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle AMK/3906 DT A, D Apr-May 112. Solanaceae 710 Atropa acuminata Royle ex Lindl. AMK/3884 PH F Jun-Jul 711 *Capsicum annuum L. AMK/4071 AH A, H Apr-May 712 *Cestrum nocturnum L. AMK/3998 DS H Jun-Sep 713 Datura innoxia Mill. AMK/4183 PH A, D, RS, W May-Oct 714 Datura stramonium L. AMK/3700 AH E, F, W Jun-Aug 715 Hyoscyamus niger L. AMK/3926 BH F Jun-Aug 716 *Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. AMK/3663 AH A, H Jun-Oct 717 *Nicotiana tabacum L. AMK/3882 AH A Jun-Aug 718 *Petunia axillaris (Lam.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. AMK/4304 AH H Mar-Apr 719 *Petunia hybrida Vilm. AMK/4307 AH H, RS Mar-Apr 720 Physalis minima L. AMK/3780 AH A, S Jul-Sep 721 Solanum americanum Mill. AMK/3729 AH A, GY, S, W Jan-Dec 722 Solanum dulcamara L. AMK/4331 PC F Jul-Aug 723 *Solanum melongena L. AMK/4094 AH A Jun-Sep 724 Solanum pseudocapsicum L. AMK/4214 PH D May-Aug 725 Solanum surattense Burm. f. AMK/3843 PH S, W Jan-Dec 726 *Solanum tuberosum L. AMK/4110 PH A May-Aug 727 Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal AMK/3805 PH D Jan-Dec 113. Thymelaeaceae 728 Daphne mucronata Royle AMK/3796 ES D Apr-Jun 114. Tropaeolaceae 729 *Tropaeolum majus L. AMK/4029 AH H Jun-Oct 115. Ulmaceae 730 Ulmus wallichiana Planch. AMK/4177 DT F Mar-Apr 116. Urticaceae 731 Debregeasia saeneb (Forssk.) Hepper & J.R.I.Wood AMK/3650 ES WC Mar-Jun 732 Girardinia palmata (Forssk.) Gaudich. AMK/3634 PH F, MS Jul-Aug 733 Pilea umbrosa Blume AMK/4138 PH F, MS Jul-Aug 734 Urtica dioica L. AMK/3621 PH S, W May-Sep 117. Verbenaceae 735 *Citharexylum spinosum L. AMK/4005 DT H Aug-Nov 736 *Duranta erecta L. AMK/3980 ES H Jan-Dec 737 Glandularia aristigera (S.Moore) Tronc. AMK/4343 PH D, GY, W Mar-May 738 Lantana camara L. AMK/3897 ES D, GY, W Jan-Dec 739 Lantana indica Roxb. AMK/4203 ES D, GY, W Jul-Sep 740 Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene AMK/4107 PH S, W Jan-Dec 741 Verbena officinalis L. AMK/3870 PH S, W Jul-Oct 118. Violaceae 742 Viola biflora L. AMK/4317 PH C, E, F May-Aug 743 Viola canescens Wall. AMK/4283 PH D, F, SL Mar-May 744 *Viola odorata L. AMK/3710 PH H, F Apr-May 745 Viola pilosa Blume AMK/3679 PH D, F Apr-Aug 119. Vitaceae 746 Ampelopsis vitifolia (Boiss.) Planch. AMK/4032 PC D, S May-Jul 747 *Vitis vinifera L. AMK/4319 PC A, H May-Jul 120. Zygophyllaceae 748 Tribulus terrestris L. AMK/4103 AH D, S, W Jan-Dec (Legends: *= Agricultural/Ornamental species; AC= Annual climber; AH= Annual herb; BH= Biennial herb; DS= Deciduous shrub; DT= Deciduous tree; ES= Evergreen shrub; ET=Evergreen tree; PC= Perennial climber; PH= Perennial herb; A= Arable land; C= Cliff; D= Dry slope; E= Exposed (alpine) slope; F= Forest; G= Grassland; GY= Grave yard; H= Home garden; M= Marsh; MS= Moist & shady; R= Rock crevice; RS= Roadside; S= Sandy stream/riverside; SL= Scrubland; W= Waste place; WC= Water course) Family ARSHAD MAHMOOD KHAN ET AL., 1110 Table 3. Pearson correlation and contribution ofclimatic variables towards flowering phenologicalresponse at the western Himalayan forest of Muzaffarabad. SFR Rainfall Tmax Tmin RH WS 0.558 1 Rainfall 0.06 0.913** 0.298 1 Tmax 0.000 0.346 0.949** 0.425 0.983** 1 Tmin 0.000 0.169 0.000 -0.085 0.26 -0.195 -0.046 1 RH 0.792 0.414 0.544 0.888 .693* 0.45 0.497 0.502 -0.413 1 WS 0.012 0.142 0.1 0.096 0.182 Canonical correspondence analysis (simple term effects) Variable Explains % Pseudo-F p-value p(adj) Tmin 29.8 4.3 0.001 0.0025 Tmax 28.6 4 0.001 0.0025 RH 17.6 2.1 0.03 0.05 WS 16.2 1.9 0.049 0.06125 Rainfall 8.1 0.9 0.474 0.474 Canonical correspondence analysis (conditional or net term effects) Variable Explains % Pseudo-F p-value p(adj) Tmin 29.8 4.3 0.001 0.005 WS 17.1 2.9 0.009 0.0225 RH 10.5 2 0.037 0.04625 Tmax 10.7 2.4 0.023 0.03833 Rainfall 3.6 0.8 0.622 0.622 Legends: ** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed) and * Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). SFR; Species flowering response, Rainfall; Mean monthly rainfall (mm), Tmax; mean monthly max. Temperature (°C), Tmin; mean monthly min. temperature (°C), RH; Mean monthly relative humidity (%), WS; Mean monthly wind speed (km/hrs.) Fig. 6. Dendrogram with monthly grouping relationship based on flowering phenological response. Fig. 7. CCA biplot showing contribution and relationships of climatic variables with the different months (samples) groups based on species flowering response in the western Himalayan forest. The Himalayas are facing the most far reaching global climate changes outside of the poles. There is predicted temperature increase of 5 to 6°C, rainfall increase of 20 to 30% and rapid melting of permanent snows and glaciers. Himalayan plants respond to these environmental and climate change variables including altitude, precipitation and biogeography, thus these changes threatens rare, endemic and useful Himalayan biodiversity (Salick et al., 2014). The single published floristic checklist (Dar et al., 2012) from Machiara National Park (MNP), Muzaffarabad reported 409 plant species belonging to 225 genera and 103 families. This firstevr study covered the whole district, thus comprised of 748 phyto-taxa including 77 plant species as new record from the study area. With respect to number of plant species found in flowering stage during different months, our results matched with Vashistha et al., (2009), who reported that majority of plant species show flowering response during July and August months in the north FLOWERING PHENOLOGY OF WESTERN HIMALAYAN FLORA western Himalaya (Tungnath), India. Similarly many workers (Holway & Ward, 1965; Walter, 1973; Dewald & Steiner, 1986; Badeck et al., 2004) recognised the importance of temperature towards the plants phenological responses especially in high altitude areas. This study confirm the same and further revealed that minimum temperature is more important than the maximum temperature in the area. Heydel et al., (2015) reported the synchronization of seed release timing and high long distance dispersal by wind amongst the tree species with winged seed.We also found wind speed as second most important factor which might involvled as one of synchronized pollinating agent with species flowering response and helping in long distance pollen spread for anemophilous species in the area. The results of grouping of months based on similarities of their flowering phenological response of vascular plant species considerably resemble with the related study conducted at Kotli district, Azad Jammu and Kashmir (Khan et al., 2015), where they also detected three major groups of months. We observed that three months viz. July, August and September are favored by majority of plant species, thus depicting collection of set of climatic variables with optimum values. It is also widely reported that flowering phenology is more correlated and influenced by 1-2 months before temperatures (Yadav & Yadav, 2008; Tooke & Battey, 2010), thus we can say that May and June as preceeding month’s temperatures were actually providing the required thero-periodic stimulus in this regard. Conclusions and Recommendations Plant phenological events as response factors to climatic variations are well proven today. Based on results, it is concluded that western Himalayan (Muzaffarabad district) forests are endowed with rich biodiversity and support about 13% (area spp./Pakistan spp. or 748/5783*100) of flora of Pakistan instead of only 0.21% (land area in mill. hec. of Muzaffarabad/Pakistan area or 0.16/79.61*100) proportinate land area, calculated as conveyed by Ilyas et al., (2013). This first of its kind, this study concluded that climatic variables like minimum temperature, wind speedand relative humidity are significantly explaining variations in the species flowering response data form the study area.Thus, further quantification of the patterns of these responses as consequences of climatic change by using long time series of satellite-derived measuresare required to be documented immidiately in the study area to save this identified biological hotspot. This Himalayan region is fragile and rapid temperature rise could be lead to catastrophies like wiping out of endemic and endangered species (especially of mountains summits), earlier snow melts and resultant ealier blooming causing invasive species spread, upwards timberline shift and rapid changes in vegetation composition. This baseline study information could be used to delt these issues and need of effective regional collaboration of scientific community and policy makers is recommended. Future detailed studies related to ecological, morphological, reproductive, palynological, pharmacological and physiological aspects of new record species would be fruitful and productive. This will help in their sustainable use, management and conservation related activities in the the study area. The timing of species flowering response recorded in this study conducted at western Himalayan 1111 (Muzaffarabad district) forest can be used as baseline study and comparison with past herbarium records and satellitederived climatic measures will represent another productive prospect to unflod impacts of climatic variations on species phenological responses. Similarly local people perceptions about the climate changes and resultant impacts on phenological responses of wild as well as crop species can also be documented. 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