Important Plant Areas of the south
and east Mediterranean region
Priority sites for conservation
Editors: E.A. Radford, G. Catullo and B. de Montmollin
Important Plant Areas of the south
and east Mediterranean region
Priority sites for conservation
Editors: E.A. Radford, G. Catullo and B. de Montmollin
4
SECTION 1
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opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN or other participating organizations, concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or
area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this publication do
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For improved readability the Occupied Palestinian Territories will be referred to in the text as Palestine.
Published by IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Málaga, Spain
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© 2011 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural
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© Bob Gibbons/Natural Image
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Citation
Radford, E.A., Catullo, G. and Montmollin, B. de. (eds.) (2011).
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region:
priority sites for conservation. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Malaga,
Spain. Gland, Switzerland and Malaga, Spain: IUCN. VIII + 108 pp.
Produced by IUCN Centre for Mediterranean Cooperation
Printed by Solprint, Mijas (Málaga), Spain.
Charts, maps and analysis
Gianluca Catullo, Elizabeth A. Radford, Bertrand de Montmollin
Available from
IUCN Centre for Mediterranean Cooperation
C/ Marie Curie 22
29590 Campanillas, Malaga, Spain
Tel: +34 952 028430 - Fax: +34 952 028145
www.iucn.org/publication
ISBN 978-2-8317-1337-3
Plantlife International
www.plantlife.org.uk/publications
Legal deposit:
Suggested Citation for country sections in Section III,
for example Algeria:
Yahi, N. and Benhouhou, S. 2010. Algeria pp 27-30 in: Important Plant
Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region: priority sites for
conservation (eds E. A. Radford, G. Catullo and B. de Montmollin)
This book is printed on ecological paper.
SECTION 1
Edited by
Radford, E.A
Plantlife International, United
Kingdom
Catullo, G.
WWF Mediterranean Programme
Ofice – WWF Italy, Italy
Montmollin, B. de
IUCN, Switzerland
Authors of country sections
S. Rouz
Banque Nationale de Gènes
B. Jaziri
Faculté des Lettres, des Arts et des
Humanités de Manouba
M. Ouali
Faculté des Sciences de Tunis
M. Tarhouni
Institut des Régions Arides de
Médenine
Algeria
Chapter authors: Yahi, N
Morocco
Chapter authors: Taleb, M.S
Fennane, M.
Contributors:
Haut Commissariat aux Eaux
et Forêts et à la Lutte Contre la
Désertiication
Université Mohammed V-Agdal
B. Haddane
Conseiller régional de l’UICN pour
l’Afrique
M. Madbouhi
Secrétariat d’Etat chargé de l’Eau et
de l’Environnement
H. Mesbah
Haut Commissariat aux Eaux
et Forêts et à la Lutte Contre la
Désertiication
M. Ribi
Haut Commissariat aux Eaux
et Forêts et à la Lutte Contre la
Désertiication
Tunisia
Contributors
Université des Sciences et de la
Technologie Houari Boumédiène,
Bab Ezzouar
Benhouhou, S.
Ecole Nationale Supérieure
d’Agronomie, El Harrach
G. de Belair
Université d’Annaba
R. Gharzouli
Université Ferhat Abbas, Sétif
E. Vela
Université de Montpellier II, France
Libya
Chapter authors: El-Rtaib, F.
Alfateh University
Egypt
Chapter authors: Shaltout, K.
Tanta University
Contributors:
Eid E. M
Kafr El-Sheikh University
M. Kassas and
H. Hosni
Cairo University
W. Amer and
M. Fouda
Egyptian Environmental Affairs
Agency
Chapter authors: Ghrabi Gammar, Z.
Institut National Agronomique de
Tunisie
M. Zahran
Mansoura University
Contributors:
A. Daoud-Bouattour
Faculté des Sciences de Tunis
M. El-Demerdash
Mansoura University
S. Ben Saad
Liman
Faculté des Sciences de Tunis
A. Khedr
Mansoura University
I. Ben Haj Jilani
Ecole Supérieure d’Agriculture de
Mateur
A. El-Gazzar
Suez Canal University
H. Ferchichi-Ben
Jamaa
Faculté des Sciences de Tunis
S. D. Muller
Université de Montpellier II, France
L. Rhazi
Université de Rabat, Maroc
H. El-Kady
Tanta University
A. M. Gammar
Faculté des Lettres, des Arts et des
Humanités de Manouba
A. Keshta
Tanta University
E. Véla
Université de Montpellier II, France
A. Chaabane
Institut Sylvo-Pastoral de Tabarka
M. Neffati
Institut des Régions Arides de
Médenine
A. Fayed
Assiut University
S. Heneidy
Assiut University
M. El-Sheikh
Alexandria University
M. Sheded
South Valley University
B. Hatab
Siwa Protectorate
R. Rizk
National Gene Bank
T. Ahmed
Wadi El-Gemal National Park
H. Shabana and
A. Shaltout
Saint Katherine Protectorate
5
Israel
Chapter authors: Shmida, A.
D. Halawani
Scientiic Museum, Al Quds
University
S. Khaseeb
Biology Department, Arab American
University
Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Pollak, G
Kibbutzim College, Tel Aviv
E. Frankenberg
Nature and Parks Authority
N. Levin
Hebrew University of Jerusalem
N. Nisanholz
Hebrew University of Jerusalem
M. Walzcak
Nature and Parks Authority
Shater, Z.
Tishreen University
D. Rotem
Nature and Parks Authority
Al-Mahmoud, F
UNDP project plant expert
M. Zalutsky
Ministry of Environmental Protection
Karzon, S.
University of Hohenheim
Jordan
Sanadiki, N.
Retired: Damascus University
Chapter authors: Al- Eisawi, D.
Hamoudeh, R
National Commission for Agricultural
Scientiic Research
Al-Hasan, A.
Directorate of Agriculture in Idleb,
Ministry of Agriculture
Almasri, A
National Commission for
Biotechnology
Darwich, A. E.
State Ministry for Environmental
Affairs
Contributors:
Syria
Chapter authors: Hmidan, H.
Lebanon
Chapter authors: Yazbek M.
IBSAR, American University of Beirut
Syrian Society for Conservation of
Wild Life
Machaka-Houri N.
IBSAR, American University of Beirut
Al-Zein M.S.
Lebanese American University,
Beirut
Sai S.
Lebanese University
Sinno N.
Biology Dept, AUB
Albania
Talhouk, S.N.T.
LDEM and IBSAR, AUB
Chapter authors: Shuka, L.
Tirana University
Xhulaj, M.
Tirana University
Qirjo, M.
Regional Evironment Center Albania
R. Kapedani
Regional Evironment Center Albania
Occupied Palestinian Territories
Chapter authors: Al Sheikh, B.
Al Quds University
Contributors:
H. Tleeb
Director of Forestry Department,
Ministry of Agriculture
T. Rabi
Director of Forestry Department,
Ministry of Agriculture
Acknowledgements
The preliminary identiication of Important Plant
Areas in the south and east Mediterranean
countries within this project has been supported
by the French Development Agency (AFD) in
their role as a major donor within the Critical
Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF).
Contributors:
IUCN, Plantlife and WWF are also very
grateful for the assistance of Arantxa
Cendoya, Dania Abdul Malak, Carla Danelutti,
Marcos Valderrabano, Annabelle Cuttelod
and Pedro Regato at the IUCN Centre for
Mediterranean Cooperation; Matthew Hall
and Sabina Knees from the Centre for Middle
Eastern Plants at the Royal Botanic Garden
Edinburgh); and Vernon Heywood and Stephen
Jury from the University of Reading in the
realisation of this project.
CONTENTS
Message of support
VII
Executive summary
1
Recommendations
3
Section I: Scene setting
4
Context for the project
5
Important Plant Areas, government responsabillity and key
conservation initiatives
7
Methodology summary
8
Section II: IPAs in the south and east Mediterranean
10
Plant species endemism on IPAs
13
Threats
14
Protection
17
IPAs and key biodiversity areas
18
Section III: Country reports
20
Morocco
22
Algeria
27
Tunisia
31
Libya
36
Egypt
40
Occupied Palestinian Territories
44
Israel
48
Lebanon
53
Jordan
58
Syria
59
Albania
65
Section IV: Restricted range species in the south and east
Mediterranean region
70
Section V: Conclusions and Recommendations
76
Section VI: Appendices
82
1. Important Plant Area and Important Forest Area criteria
82
2. IPAs identiied
86
3. North Africa and Middle East preliminary list of restricted
range species
88
8
SECTION 1
VII
Message of
support
Important Plant Areas
of the south and east
Mediterranean region
The past decade has seen the growing international awareness about
the vital role of biodiversity, supported by the scientiic community,
NGOs and policy makers in both North and South. France has
participated in raising awareness in this matter through international
commitments, particularly since the Rio Summit in 1992.
L’Agence Française de Développement (AFD) has since engaged actively
in sustainable development, especially regarding the careful use of
ecosystem and the conservation of biodiversity at large. Therefore since
1996, AFD has pledged nearly 600 millions Euros for biodiversity related
projects. As one of the six funders of the Critical Ecosystem Partnership
Fund worldwide, and as a long standing supporter of development in the
Mediterranean-Middle East region, AFD was very happy to contribute
to the preparatory scientiic and strategic work for the protection of the
Mediterranean biodiversity hotspot.
Being aware of the lack of uniied data relevant to the distribution and
status of plants in the Mediterranean, essential for the deinition of
conservation priorities, AFD funded the “Identiication of the important
sites and habitats for plants in North Africa, the Middle East and Albania
and their integration, along with Red Lists of the Mediterranean species,
in the Ecosystem Proile of the CEPF”, developed by IUCN in 2009, in
collaboration with Plantlife International and WWF.
The results presented in this publication contributed to the “Ecosystem
Proile for the Mediterranean region” – a strategic document used
to prioritize the allocation of CEPF funds to conservation NGOs in
the region for the period 2011-2015. Furthermore, AFD wishes that
this publication be used to raise the proile of the conservation of the
extraordinary lora of the Mediterranean region and to encourage further
development of botanical knowledge.
Gilles KLEITZ
Biodiversity Programme Ofice. AFD
Lake Mellah,
Algeria
© Samraoui.
10
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Important Plant Areas (IPA) are internationally important sites for
wild plants and fungi, identiied at national level using standard
criteria. Initially developed to address the lack of focus on conserving
plant diversity, IPAs provide a framework to assess the effectiveness
of conservation activities for plants, and target sites for future action.
They support existing conservation programmes such as protected area
networks and the CBD Global Strategy for Plant Conservation.
The Mediterranean is an undisputed global biodiversity hotspot solely
because of her huge plant diversity. Around 10% of the world’s vascular
plants (25,000) are found in the Mediterranean Basin on less than 2% of
the Earth’s surface and half of these species are found nowhere else on
earth. Despite this, precise data on the distribution and status of plants are
frequently insuficient, out of date or absent, particularly in the south and
east of the region. This potentially results in the haphazard application of
conservation action.
This report describes a rapid assessment of Important Plant Areas
in the south and east Mediterranean; a project designed to provide the
‘wild plant perspective’ for the regional investment strategy of the Critical
Ecosystem Partnership Fund. The project partnership of IUCN, Plantlife
International and WWF with botanical teams from Algeria, Egypt, Israel,
Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Palestine, Tunisia, Syria and Albania,
was supported by the French Development Agency.
207 IPAs have been identiied in the project countries bringing the total
IPAs in the region to 888. Threatened and restricted species and habitats
present on these sites have been recorded along with the threats affecting
them. All Mediterranean habitats are represented: forest, maquis, garrigue,
pasture, wetland, coast and the transition to the desert zone. 40% of IPAs
identiied coincide with key biodiversity areas in the region; sites important
for other taxa (mammals, birds, freshwater ish and amphibians).
Middle atlas wheat crop and Consolida spp.
© P. Regato
[Left page]
Holm oaks (Quercus ilex), and Atlantic cedar (Cedrus
atlantica) forest in the Middle Atlas, Morocco
© Michel Gunther / WWF-Canon
1
2
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
75% of IPAs contain locally endemic species found only within one
country; 60% contain very restricted species. ‘Mega endemic sites’
containing over 20 very restricted species can be found in Algeria, Morocco,
Lebanon, Syria and Libya.
Overgrazing of pastoral lands is the most signiicant threat to the IPAs
affecting 67% of sites. Deforestation (largely due to collecting irewood),
tourism development, intensiication of arable farming and unsustainable
collection of plants affect over one third of the IPAs analysed.
The level of oficial protection for IPAs varies across the project
countries from 0 – 80%. Though oficial protection of sites can be a
helpful measure of conservation, evidence of management plans leading
to biodiversity friendly land management is a better measure. Evidence of
management plans for IPAs in the region is minimal.
Lebanese endemic, Cousinia libnotica
on Makmel IPA
© N. Machaka-Houri
A unique product of this project is the irst preliminary list of restricted
range plant species for North Africa and the Middle East, which found
that 1195 species occur within less than 5,000km2 and around 50% of
these occur over less 100km2. Understanding the level of threat to these
species will help target action against biodiversity loss.
IPAs are not an optional extra and neither is their conservation. They
support the livelihoods of many people and provide undervalued services
such as water and lood control, carbon capture, the prevention of
desertiication and a reservoir of genetic species and diversity; all critically
important for the Mediterranean region.
10 recommendations have been developed to help direct the
conservation of wild plants in the Mediterranean. Successful
implementation of these will secure a sustainable future for the environment
and inhabitants of this unique region; failure will condemn both to a poverty
of natural resources and little or no resilience in the face of profound
changes in climate.
Orchis tridentata
Abu Quies IPA. Syria
© F. Al- Mahmoud
RECOMMENDATIONS
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
3
RECOMMENDATIONS
Conservation-focused investment in the south and east Mediterranean should seek to improve capacity across
the whole ‘plant conservation skill set’. This is needed to: secure the basic botanical skills needed to identify plant
species; enable mapping of the distribution and status (quality and integrity) of the lora and vegetation; undertake
appropriate and targeted actions to ensure the conservation and sustainable use of plant species and habitats; and
effectively advocate positive change to environmental policy and its implementation.
IPA conservation
IPA data
REcOGNIsE Important Plant Areas as internationally
signiicant priority sites for conservation in local,
national and regional environmental policies and plans.
‘GROUNd–TRUTh’ the plant species and habitat data
associated with IPAs through ieldwork (starting with
priority IPAs named in this report) and ensure that IPA
plant features are properly mapped.
TARGET Important Plant Areas as priority sites for
conservation action in the Mediterranean region. This
will ensure that direct conservation action on priority
plant sites can begin now, alongside the continued
efforts to improve data.
INcORPORATE IPAs (where appropriate) into
protected area networks.
UPdATE management plans for protected areas
that contain IPAs to take account of new plant data
presented and ensure effective implementation.
Develop and implement management plans for IPAs
where they do not exist (starting with top priority sites).
ENsURE that Environment Impact Assessments are
undertaken on development projects that affect IPAs
and ensure their recommendations are enforced and
monitored.
TARGET IPAs for the implementation of sustainable
forest management and agri-environment scheme and
projects.
ENcOURAGE communities whose livelihoods depend
on plant resources to participate in IPA conservation
planning activities (e.g. medicinal plant collectors,
promoters of nature tourism, hunters, mountain
guides).
INvEsT in the provision of comprehensive and up to
date information on plant and habitats species in the
south and east Mediterranean, building on the work
carried out in this project. This should include:
•
•
•
•
A deinitive list of restricted range, endemic plant
taxa for the Mediterranean with and accurate data
on their distribution, abundance and importance to
the local community.
A regional IUCN Red List is for the Mediterranean
(begin by focusing on restricted range species that
are endemic to the region).
National IUCN Red Lists for vascular plants for all
south and east Mediterranean countries.
A list of Mediterranean habitats and threatened
habitats.
ENAbLE the data associated with IPAs to be stored
electronically (such as on the IPA database) so it can
be updated easily via the web.
4
SECTION 1
SCENE SETTING
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
01
section
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
SCENE SETTING
SECTION 1
SCENE SETTING
.Context for the project
.Important Plant Areas, government responsibility and key conservation initiatives
.Methodology summary
.Criteria used for IPA selection in North Africa and Middle East countries using a
rapid assessment of existing data
context for the project
Important Plant Areas (IPAs) are internationally signiicant sites for plant
diversity – or more simply the best sites for plants. Identiied at national
level, using internationally standardised criteria, they provide a framework
for implementing target 5 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation
of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). IPAs are a vital tool for
conserving wild plants and their habitats in situ, and the plant resources
they contain support the livelihoods of many people. In addition IPAs
provide essential ecosystem services: water sources, lood control, carbon
capture, prevention of desertiication and a reservoir of genetic diversity.
The Mediterranean basin is one of the world’s major centres of plant diversity,
where 10% of the world’s higher plants can be found in an area representing
1.6% of the Earth’s surface (Médail and Quézel 1997). The huge lora of
around 25,000 species has exceptionally high endemicity; approximately
13,000 species are found only within the Mediterranean region, hence its
status as a global biodiversity hotspot. In 1999 Médail and Quézel identiied
10 ‘mini hotspots’ within the Mediterranean basin based on plant endemism
and richness.1 These sites contain between 10 and 20% endemism. The
majority of these are too large scale for focused site based action, but they
represent areas/sub regions of immense importance for conservation.
Despite widespread acknowledgement of the region as a global plant
hotspot, precise data on the distribution and status of plants and habitats
within many Mediterranean countries are frequently insuficient, out of
date or absent. This is particularly true of countries in the south and east
of the Mediterranean basin (North Africa and the Middle East sub regions).
Without baseline data on the patterns of plant diversity it is dificult to
1 Madeira and Canary islands; High Atlas and Middle Atlas (Morocco); Baetic –Rifan complex
(Spain, Morocco, Algeria); Tyrrhenian Islands (Sicily, Sardina and Corsica); Maritime and Ligurian
alps, south and central Greece; Crete; south Anatolia and Cyprus; Syria, Lebanon and Israel,
Mediterranean Cyrenaic (Libya).
Campanula heirosolymthana
A typical Levantine annual
© O. Golan
[Left page]
Typical forest and grassland mosaic
Mbas Deja Leva, Albania
© REC Albania
5
6
SECTION 1
Middle Atlas mountains
© L. Soderstrom
SCENE SETTING
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
monitor the condition of this diversity or to target limited resources in the
areas most in need of conservation with any certainty. An illustration of
this is the poor representation of plants species from the project countries
assessed for the IUCN Global Red List (176 species assessed by 2010),
and few countries have an up-to-date national vascular plant red list or list
of threatened plants. Plants and their habitats are under threat in the region,
as are the livelihoods and ecosystem services that these plant resources
support, but exactly where and by what?
This report begins to answer those questions. It is the result of a 6 month
project, which aimed to bring together existing data on internationally
important sites for plant diversity (Important Plant Areas) in the south and
east Mediterranean. The project was conceived to support the creation of
an Ecosystem Proile for the Mediterranean region by the Critical Ecosystem
Partnership Fund (CEPF). It was important to ensure plant priorities were
included in the Proile document, which outlines biodiversity priorities in the
region and informs a ive year investment strategy for CEPF. This work on
Important Plant Areas therefore provides a basis for conservation work and
future research and on plants in the Mediterranean region.
The project was funded by the French Development Agency (AFD) a major
partner in the CEPF, and carried out in partnership by IUCN, Plantlife
International and WWF with IPA country teams from Algeria, Egypt, Israel,
Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Palestine, Tunisia, Syria and Albania. IPA
teams within the other Mediterranean Balkan countries, Slovenia, Croatia,
Macedonia FYR and Montenegro have already identiied IPAs (Radford and
Odé, 2009; Anderson et al, 2005), as have teams in Turkey (Özhatay et al,
2003) and Italy (Blasi et al 2010 in press). Important Forest Areas have also
been identiied by WWF and partners in some of the project countries with
a strategy for their conservation (Regato, 2001).
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
SCENE SETTING
SECTION 1
Once IPAs are identiied the next phase is to undertake conservation of
these sites, for example by:
• promoting the biological importance of the sites;
• using the information collated to inform site management ensuring
IPAs remain diverse and intact;
• building capacity by strengthening links between individuals and
groups interested in and knowledgeable about these sites;
• advocating policy change at national, regional and global level for the
beneit of plants and their habitats on IPAs (and for the health of the
wider landscape).
• undertaking conservation action at local level with relevant
stakeholders.
Important Plant Areas, government responsibility and key
conservation initiatives
Important Plant Areas are designed to inform existing programmes and
legislation and not to compete with them (IPA is not a legal designation). IPAs
can add value to existing programmes by providing information on plants that
is often lacking when valuable natural sites are prioritised for attention.
Tulipa agenesis
© F. Al- Mahmoud
The conservation of important areas for plant diversity has been embedded
within target 5 of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) Global strategy
for Plant conservation (GsPc), 2002. Target 5 was updated at the CBD
Conference of the Parties in 2010 to: At least 75 per cent of the most important
areas for plant diversity of each ecological region protected, with effective
management in place for conserving plants and their genetic diversity.
This Global Strategy recognises the importance of conserving plant
diversity and contains sixteen targets in total. The Strategy has been
endorsed by the 182 Parties which are signatories to the Convention,
including the governments of all the countries represented in this project.
The Strategy has galvanised botanical and conservation communities at
global, regional and national levels, drawing together plant conservation
projects and contacts to improve plant conservation. Plantlife
International, with IUCN, is recognised as a facilitating organisation for
target 5, and the methodology associated with this project is a useful tool
in helping its implementation.
Important Plant Areas may provide a useful tool for identifying gaps in
existing national protected area programmes due to their international
signiicance for biodiversity. In many countries protected area networks
have grown on an ad hoc basis, often based on large charismatic animals,
without a thorough scientiic investigation of all biodiversity. Inclusion of
IPAs can help improve coverage of important biodiversity within these
networks. IPA criteria in Europe include those required to designate
important sites for biodiversity conservation that make up the Emerald
network and Natura 2000 required actions under the bern convention
and the Ec habitats directive respectively. The criteria for designating
IPAs also overlap with those for the designation of internationally important
wetlands, known as Ramsar sites.
“IPAs can add value to
existing programmes by
providing information
on plants that is often
lacking when valuable
natural sites are
prioritised for attention”
7
8
SECTION 1
SCENE SETTING
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
It is not necessarily appropriate or possible to include all IPAs in protected
area networks. Proper management, not simply the designation of
protection status, is they key to their survival. IPAs can also provide a focus
for agri-environment and sustainable forestry programmes, such as
government support schemes for High Nature Value farmland currently
being developed in some Balkan countries. IPAs are sites that are critically
in need of biodiversity friendly management, ensuring the vital plant
resources they contain are used in a sustainable way.
Methodology summary
Al-Quornet es-Sawda peak
Makmel IPA, Lebanon
© N. Machaka-Hour
In order to ind a workable methodology to identify preliminary important
areas for plant diversity, existing methods that have been used to select
priority sites for conservation in the region were discussed by project
participants. These methodologies were:
• Important Plant Areas (IPAs) used by Plantlife International and
partners
• Important Forest Areas used by WWF and partners and
• Areas deined using the threatened species data of IUCN.
•
Details of Important Plant Area and Important Forest Area criteria governing
these methods are included in appendix 1 on page 82, they overlap
signiicantly.
Ranunculus coronaria
Palestine
© B. Al-Sheik
Country coordinators involved in the project consolidated the criteria into
one set of IPA criteria focusing on those data that they knew were readily
available, to provide the framework for justifying the sites selected. In doing
so they acknowledged that the list of IPAs identiied would be preliminary
but would be the very best sites for plant diversity botanical experts within
their countries were aware of. Coordinators also agreed that efforts should
be made within the project to build regionally focused datasets of threatened
species and habitats. In some cases further work would be necessary to
reine the data to ensure the ‘internationally important’ standard of the sites
could be upheld. In Albania an adaptation of the European IPA criteria was
used (Anderson, 2002) as it was more appropriate to the country situation
and the quality of data available.
The process of developing criteria and bringing together results took place
during two workshops at the IUCN Centre for Mediterranean Cooperation in
Malaga separated by a ive month period of data collation and analysis. A
summary of the criteria used to identify IPAs are included overleaf in
box 01. Vascular plants, bryophytes, lichens, algae and also fungi could all
be considered when selecting IPAs and where data were available. Fungi
are not part of the plant kingdom but have traditionally been included in
IPA selection. Ultimately for sites to internationally signiicant, the presence
of species and habitats that are threatened or restricted in distribution (on
regional and global scale) or sites that are exceptionally species rich (by
habitat) should be prioritised when selecting sites. Comprehensive data
on all these criteria are not yet available, though there is enough to begin
working with and progress will be made as a result of this project.
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
Criteria used for IPA selection in North Africa and Middle East countries
using a rapid assessment of existing data
A. SPECIES: THREATENED AND/OR
ENDEMIC (RESTRICTED RANGE)
For immediate consideration1:
i) Sites containing threatened species
• Presence of nationally
threatened species, on existing
national Red Lists or based on
threatened species known by
experts2
• Presence of threatened
national endemic species, i.e.
restricted to one country
ii) Sites containing endemic species
(not threatened)
• Presence of national endemics
(limited to one country)
• Presence of sub national
endemics (steno-endemics), i.e.
restricted to a very limited area
iii) Sites containing species at the
edge of their geographical range
which contain important genetic
variability from core populations
For consideration following further
regional discussion1 i.e. ‘regional
endemics’.
iv) Species with restricted range
occurring in more than one
country - for example Levant
or Morocco/Algeria. Deined as
<5,000km2 for restricted range
species and <100km2 for site
restricted species3
v) Species occurring in small
isolated populations, even though
their range may be large but the
area of occupancy is small.
B. RICHNESS
i) Sites rich in endemic species
(possible in some countries)
ii) Sites rich in species that provide
‘the best example of a habitat’
that is not degraded.
SECTION 1
Key references
Box 01
Sites can be selected on the basis of
ONE OR MORE of the criteria below.
SCENE SETTING
C. HABITATS
For immediate consideration
i) Sites containing nationally
threatened habitats
• Presence of nationally
threatened habitats (deined by
experts)
•
For consideration following further
regional discussion
ii) Sites containing regionally
threatened habitats developed
through combining and
discussing nationally threatened
habitats lists.
1 The criteria ‘for immediate
consideration’ are those where it
is relatively easy to bring together
the data from existing sources or
with a group of experts. The criteria
needing ‘further regional discussion’
will be based on species and habitat
lists that require further discussion
and validation (at a second regional
workshop) to justify their use in IPA
selection.
2 Nationally threatened species have
been included in the analysis for
the time being because this data
is available for some countries.
Alone the presence of nationally
threatened species or habitat will
not be signiicant enough to give
a site ‘internationally important
status’ but where they exist on
a site with high levels of locally
endemic (restricted range) species
and regionally threatened habitats,
which are internationally signiicant,
the inclusion of such sites in the IPA
inventory is justiiable.
3 As part of this project each country
expert team proposed species that
it this category and included them
in the country reports. These were
brought together in a regional list of
restricted range species. See section
04 on endemism and restricted range
species.
Anderson, S. 2002. Identifying Important
Plant Areas. A site selection manual
for Europe, and a basis for developing
guidelines for other regions of the world.
Plantlife International, London. *
Anderson, S., Kušik, T. and Radford, E.A.
(eds). 2005. Important Plant Areas in
Central and Eastern Europe. Plantlife
International, London.*
Blasi C., Marignani M., Copiz R., Fipaldini
M., Bonacquisti S., Del Vico E., Rosati L.
& Zavattero L. (in press). Important Plant
Areas in Italy: from data to mapping.
Biological Conservation. DOI 10.1016/j.
biocon.2010.08.019
Convention on Biological Diversity, 2002.
The Global Strategy for Plant Conservation UNEP/CBD/COP/V/9
Médail, F. and Quézel, P. 1997. Hotspots
analysis for conservation of plant diversity in the Mediterranean Basin. Annals
of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 84:
112-27
Médail, F. and Quézel, P. 1999. Biodiversity Hotspots in the Mediterranean Basin:
Setting Global Priorities. Conservation
Biology 13, No.6 1510-1513
Özhatay, N., Byield, A.J. & Atay, S. (2003).
Türkiye’nin Önemli Bitki Alanları [Important Plant Areas of Turkey], WWF Turkey,
Istanbul, Turkey.
Plantlife International 2004. Identifying
and Protecting the world’s most Important Plant areas. A guide to implementing
Target 5 of the Global Strategy for Plant
Conservation. Plantlife International.
London.*
Radford, E.A. and Odé, B. eds. 2009. Conserving Important Plant Areas; investing
in the Green Gold of South East Europe.
Plantlife International, Salisbury.*
Regato, P., 2001. The Mediterranean
Forests, a New Conservation Strategy.
WWF-MedPO Ed, Rome.
* Available to download from the Plantlife
International website:
http://www.plantlife.org.uk/international/plantlife-data-zone.html
9
10
SECTION 2
IPAs IN THE SOUTH AND EAST MEDITERRANEAN REGION
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
02
section
Butrinti, IPA
© REC Albania
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
IPAs IN THE SOUTH AND EAST MEDITERRANEAN REGION
SECTION 2
11
IPAS IN ThE SOUTh AND EAST
MEDITERRANEAN REGION
.Important Plant Areas identiied to date in Mediterranean countries
.Plant species endemism on IPAs
.Threats
.Protection
Country
Nº of IPAs
Country
Nº of IPAs
Morocco
19
Syria
33
Algeria
21
Turkey
144
Tunisia
13
Albania
45
Libya
5
Macedonia FYR
42
Egypt
20
Montenegro
21
Israel
15
Croatia
97
Palestine
4
Slovenia
57
Lebanon
20
Italy
320
Jordan
12
TOTAL
888
[Fig. 1] Important Plant Areas identiied to
date in Mediterranean countries
Green dots indicate the 207 IPAs identiied in
current project
[Table. 1] No. of IPAs identiied in
Mediterranean countries to date
Countries in bold were part of the current project
12
SECTION 2
IPAs IN THE SOUTH AND EAST MEDITERRANEAN REGION
Collecting thornbush for ire wood,
Morocco
© M.S. Taleb
“This work represents
the irst attempt to
draw together detailed
country-wide data on
IPA’s. More ieldwork is
needed to update the
data on distribution and
status of species and
habitats”
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
Two hundred and seven priority sites for plants (Important Plant Areas) have
been identiied within the eleven countries in this project, (Morocco, Algeria,
Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, Jordan, Israel, Palestine, Lebanon, Syria and Albania)
and a further twenty six sites have been identiied as potential sites in need
of further research before they can be conirmed as IPAs.
The site inventories developed represent the irst attempt to draw together
detailed country-wide site-based data on Important Plant Areas. Much of
the data available is old, and expert opinion within the countries concerned
has played an important role in site selection. Undoubtedly more work is
needed to provide comprehensive IPA inventories in these project countries
– particularly ieldwork to update the data on distributions and status of
species and habitats. More sites may be identiied in future but these provide
a good basis from which to work, and are justiiable priorities for conservation
action. A full list of all these sites can be found in appendix 2 and in the
country section from page 20. Further detailed descriptions of many of these
sites can be found in country reports at www.plantlife.org.uk.
Across the whole Mediterranean a further 681 IPAs have been identiied (in
Slovenia, Croatia, Montenegro, Macedonia FYR, Turkey and Italy (references
at the end of the section) through previous IPA projects which brings the total
number of Important Plant Areas in the region to 888. The table below shows
the number of sites identiied across the Mediterranean to date.
All Mediterranean habitats are represented within the IPAs identiied through
this project: forest, maquis, garrigue, pasture, wetland, coast and the
transition to the desert zone. The coverage and the type of sites selected vary
between countries. In Algeria IPAs have been selected within all the major
vegetation zones from sea level to 2300m and they are highly loristically
diverse. In Morocco the majority of sites chosen are 2500m above sea
level with associated alpine and sub alpine vegetation, these sites are also
exceptionally rich in endemic species for example Toubkhal National Park in
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
SECTION 2
IPAs IN THE SOUTH AND EAST MEDITERRANEAN REGION
the High Atlas mountains. The focus in Tunisia and Egypt has largely been
on wetland and coastal IPAs, and in Libya IPAs have been selected that
represent the coastal belt, mountains and desert region, with a focus on Al
Jabal Al Akhdar, the largest IPA on the Cyrenaican Peninsula which contains
80% of the Libyan lora and is a region of exceptional plant endemism.
13
“All Mediterranean
habitats are represented
within the IPAs identiied
through this project:
forest, maquis, garrigue,
pasture, wetland, coast
and the transition to the
desert zone”
In Lebanon and Syria a very comprehensive assessment of current data
has resulted in the selection of IPAs located throughout the territories of
these countries; in humid, sub humid, semi arid and arid habitats. Many
of the Syrian sites are mountainous and typically have high local species
endemism. In Israel the IPAs include the best plant sites across the major
Israeli vegetation zones: Mediterranean maquis, the transition zone and
the desert region. The focus in Palestine has been to identify the best
sites within the predominant maquis vegetation, which are most in need of
conservation attention.
Finally in Albania a greater number of smaller sites containing mosaics of
habitats have been selected, notably containing high alpine forests and
grasslands. This is similar to the pattern of IPA selection in other small
highly biodiverse European countries in the Balkans such as Macedonia
FYR and Croatia (Radford and Odé 2009).
Plant species endemism on IPAs
(1)
TOTAL (&%)
of 147 IPAs analysed1
Morocco
Algeria
Tunisia
Libya
Egypt
Israel
Palestine
Lebanon
Syria
Albania
As expected, high levels of plant species endemism is a recurring feature
on IPAs in this region (table 2). 75% of IPAs contain single country endemic
species, found only within one country, for example Cicer atlanticum in
Morocco or Euphorbia postii in Syria; and just over 60% contain a very
restricted species such as Onosma cyrenaica restricted to Al Jabal Al Akdar
in Libya. ‘Mega endemic sites’ containing over 20 steno-endemic (very
restricted range) species can be found in Algeria, Morocco, Lebanon Syria
and Libya. Jabal Al Arab in Syria is one such site.
No. of IPAs containing single
country endemic species
110 (75%)
19
20
6
1
8
4
3
16
25
8
No. of IPAs containing very local
steno-endemic species
104 (71%)
15
21
6
1
3
7
4
12
27
8
No of IPAs containing greater than
20 single country endemic species
or very local steno-endemic species
33 (22%)
16
4
0
1
1
0
0
6
5
0
IPAs analysed: eight of the 45 IPAs in Albania, 1 of the 5 IPAs in Libya, 7 of the 15 IPAs in Israel and all IPAs in remaining countries. Figures for Jordan unavailable.
[Table. 2] Plant endemism on IPAs in the Mediterranean project countries
14
SECTION 2
IPAs IN THE SOUTH AND EAST MEDITERRANEAN REGION
Grazing in the cork forest surrounding
Majen Choucha IPA
© Z. Ghrabi- Gammar
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
The next step of analysing species endemism on these IPAs should include
an assessment of the numbers of restricted range species (less than
5000km2 in range) present on each site. This will be possible using the list
of restricted range species created during this project (see section 04) and
will help will further prioritise sites by focusing on those containing species
with limited distributions regardless of whether they are present in one or
more countries. Restricted range species are potentially in greater need
of conservation attention and multi-country restricted range species can
be overlooked in national prioritisation exercises. These restricted range
species could also become priorities for Red List assessment.
Threats
“Agricultural
intensiication through
overgrazing of pastoral
lands is the most
signiicant threat to the
IPAs identiied in this
project, affecting 67% of
the sites analysed”
Agricultural intensiication through overgrazing of pastoral lands is the
most signiicant threat to the IPAs identiied in this project, affecting 67%
of the sites analysed. Deforestation (largely due to collecting irewood),
tourism development, intensiication of arable farming and unsustainable
collection of plants, affects over one third of the IPAs analysed.
Unsustainable collection of medicinal and aromatic plants (supporting
livelihoods) is of great concern in Syria (affecting 91% of Syrian IPAs) and
Palestine.
The threat of over collection may provide a conservation opportunity
in terms of using plant conservation to secure livelihoods and assist
development. Threats posed by climate change are notable for IPAs in
Morocco, Lebanon and Tunisia, Morocco and Lebanon have a high number
of high altitude sites and Tunisia’s sites are predominately isolated wetlands
in all cases increased temperatures resulting from climate warming leave
the plants with nowhere to retreat. No IPAs have no threats recorded.
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
IPAs IN THE SOUTH AND EAST MEDITERRANEAN REGION
Nº of IPAs
Habitat fragmentation
Extraction (minerals)
Natural events (lood, ire, draught)
Development (urbanisation)
Climage change
Unsustainable Plant Exploitation
Agricultural intensiication (arable)
Development (tourism)
Forestry: deforestation (inc. irewood)
Agricultural intensiication (grazing)
The
importance of the threat of overgrazing contrasts with the analysis
100
of
threats
to ‘key biodiversity areas’ in the Mediterranean, that have been
90
identiied
largely
using other taxa (birds, ish, reptiles and amphibians). The
80
primary
threat
to
these key biodiversity areas was identiied as infrastructure
70
and
residential
development
(rather than for tourism per se), followed by
60
increasing
pressure
on
water
resources, agricultural intensiication and land
50
abandonment
(Critical
Ecosystem
Partnership Fund, 2010). This illustrates
40
the
importance
of
considering
all
taxonomic
groups when assessing threats
30
to
biodiversity.
Habitat
loss
and
degradation,
(due to agricultural, urban,
20
tourism,
transportation
and
industrial/commercial
(including mining/energy)
10
development
driven by increasing population and afluence is cited by IUCN
0
as the greatest threat to species in the Mediterranean Basin (Cuttelod et al.
[Fig. 2] Top ten threats affecting 147 IPAs in the project countries
2008).
IPAs analysed: Eight of the 45 IPAs in Albania, 7 of the 15 IPAs in Israel and all IPAs in
remaining countries. Figures for Libya and Jordan unavailable.
Nº of IPAs
Aquaculture / isheries
0
Invasive species (plant)
5
Eutrophication
10
Development (industry)
15
Other
20
Development (infrastructure)
25
Water (extraction / drainage)
30
Burning of vegetation (ires)
35
Construction (dyke, dam, barrier)
40
[Fig. 3] Other threats affecting 147 IPAs in the project countries
IPAs analysed: Eight of the 45 IPAs in Albania, 7 of the 15 IPAs in Israel and all IPAs in
remaining countries. Figures for Libya and Jordan unavailable.
Diplotaxis siettiana
© C. Moreno
SECTION 2
15
SECTION 2
TOTAL
(and %)
of 147 IPAs
analysed1
Tunisia
Egypt (Med)
Egypt (other)
Israel
Palestine
Lebanon
Syria
Albania
Agricultural intensiication (grazing)
99 (67%)
16
14
11
7
4
5
2
7
28
5
Forestry: deforestation (inc. irewood)
68 (46%)
13
5
3
3
3
0
4
7
26
4
Development (tourism)
60 (41%)
8
9
7
2
5
1
0
9
16
3
Agricultural intensiication (arable)
50 (34%)
10
3
3
4
2
5
0
1
22
0
Unsustainable Plant Exploitation
49 (33%)
9
2
1
0
1
0
3
2
30
1
Climate change
42 (29%)
15
4
10
1
1
0
0
10
1
0
Development (urbanisation)
35 (24%)
2
1
1
5
1
6
2
13
4
0
Natural Events (/lood/ire/drought)
35 (24%)
2
18
5
2
5
0
0
0
0
3
Extraction (minerals)
28 (19%)
0
7
1
0
0
0
1
3
15
1
Habitat fragmentation
27 (18%)
10
1
1
1
0
6
4
2
2
0
Burning of vegetation (ires)
26 (18%)
4
0
1
0
0
1
0
3
14
3
Water (extraction/drainage)
26 (18%)
0
2
5
5
1
4
1
3
5
0
Development (infrastructure)
22 (15%)
1
2
1
4
2
0
3
1
8
0
Other
14 (10%)
4
6
0
0
3
0
0
1
0
0
Development (industry)
11 (7%)
1
0
0
4
2
1
0
1
2
0
Eutrophication
9 (6%)
0
2
3
0
2
0
0
0
0
2
Invasive species - plant
8 (5%)
1
2
1
2
1
0
0
1
0
0
Aquaculture/Fisheries
6 (4%)
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
3
0
Construction: dyke/dam/barrier
6 (4%)
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
3
0
Threats Unknown
3 (2%)
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Abandonment/reduction of land management
2 (1%)
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Agricultural intensiication (hort.)
2 (1%)
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
Extraction (peat)
2 (1%)
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
Invasive species - animal
2 (1%)
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
Security/Military
2 (1%)
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
Threat
Intrinsic Species Factors(slow growth, density etc.)
(1)
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
Algeria
IPAs IN THE SOUTH AND EAST MEDITERRANEAN REGION
Morocco
16
1 (<1%)
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
IPAs analysed: eight of the 45 IPAs in Albania, 7 of the 15 IPAs in Israel and all IPAs in remaining countries. Figures for Libya and Jordan unavailable.
[Table. 3] Threats affecting 147 IPAs in the Mediterranean project countries
0
0
0
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
IPAs IN THE SOUTH AND EAST MEDITERRANEAN REGION
Protection
The level of oficial protection for the IPAs identiied varies across the project
countries from 0 – 80%. Protection can be in the form of protected areas
such as National Parks or internationally important wetland (Ramsar) sites
or as natural monuments. In Albania over 80% of the IPAs are protected or
recognised as important sites for nature in some way. Many IPAs in Morocco,
Tunisia and Algeria are also National Parks, in the Middle East countries the
situation is less clear but oficial protection of IPAs is not as comprehensive.
Morocco
Algeria
Tunisia
Libya
Egypt
Israel
Palestine
Lebanon
Syria
Albania
Oficial protection of sites can be helpful but a truer measure of whether a
site is properly managed or not can be measured through evidence of site
based conservation activity, often linked to a recognised management plan.
Evidence of management plans for IPAs is minimal, 6 sites in Egypt, 3 in
Syria and 2 in Lebanon do have active management plans.
IPAs are fully or
partially within
national parks /
protected areas
97
6
8
13
2
12
-
0
11
7
38
Management
plans available
11
?
?
?
?
6
?
?
2
3
?
TOTAL
Figures for Jordan unavailable.
[Table. 4] Protection of IPAs in the Mediterranean project countries
SECTION 2
17
Rural landscape and wetland in a
Ramsar zone of El Kala National Park
Algeria
© Michel Gunther / WWF-Canon
“The level of oficial
protection for the IPAs
identiied varies across
the project countries
from 0 – 80%.
Protection can be in the
form of protected areas
such as National Parks or
internationally important
wetland (Ramsar) sites or
as natural monuments”
18
SECTION 2
IPAs IN THE SOUTH AND EAST MEDITERRANEAN REGION
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
IPAs and Key biodiversity Areas
Eighty two IPAs (40% of the total number IPAs identiied) overlap with
the 327 key biodiversity areas identiied for the same countries within
the Ecosystem Proile for the Mediterranean basin (Critical Ecosystem
Partnerships Fund, 2010) (See igs. 4 and 5). The key biodiversity area
analysis was made largely using taxa other than plants (birds, mammals,
ish, reptiles and amphibians), due to the lack of plant species data
available on the IUCN Global Red List. A further 29 IPAs show partial
overlap with key biodiversity areas. Our IPA analysis employs a slightly
different approach to assessing the importance of sites for plant diversity
by drawing on a wider selection of data and expertise, to compensate for
the lack of data available in a format recognised for key biodiversity area
selection.
The CEPF proile identiied 36 priority key biodiversity areas, 19 of which
overlap with IPAs, but these are not necessarily those IPAs in greatest
need of conservation action from a wild plant perspective. IPA country
teams made their own selection and prioritised up to ive IPAs in terms
of their importance for conservation investment. They made a subjective
assessment of the importance of these sites based on biological
importance, threats affecting the site and the need for action. ‘Priority’ IPAs
selected in this way are shown in table 5, nine overlap with priority Key
biodiversity areas and of these seven are prioritised for investment by CEPF.
Landscape of the Middle Atlas
Morocco
© Michel Gunther / WWF-Canon
“IPA country teams
made their own selection
and prioritised up to
ive IPAs in terms of
their importance for
conservation investment”
[Fig. 4] IPAs and key biodiversity areas in the western Mediterranean
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
IPAs IN THE SOUTH AND EAST MEDITERRANEAN REGION
SECTION 2
Key references
Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund.
2010. Ecosystem Proile Mediterranean
Basin Biodiversity Hotspot. Conservation
International, Washington D.C. (Black and
White report: http://www.cepf.net/where_
we_work/regions/europe_central_asia/
mediterranean/Pages/default.aspx)
Cuttelod, A., García, N., Abdul Malak, D.,
Temple, H. and Katariya, V. 2008. The
Mediterranean: a biodiversity hotspot
under threat. In: J.-C. Vié, C. Hilton-Taylor
and S.N. Stuart (eds). The 2008 Review of
The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
IUCN Gland, Switzerland.
Radford, E.A. and Odé, B. eds. 2009. Conserving Important Plant Areas; investing
in the Green Gold of South East Europe.
Plantlife International, Salisbury.*
[Fig. 5] IPAs and key biodiversity areas in the eastern Mediterranean
(*)
Morocco
Talassemtane National Park. Bou-Naceur and Bou Iblane. Ifrane National
Park*, High Eastern Atlas National Park*, Toubkal National Park*.
Algeria
El Kala 1*, El Kala 2*, Djurdjura*, Babor*, Gouraya.
Tunisia
Garaa Sejenane, Kroumirie (a suite of 11 small IPAs), Majen Choucha,
Oued Ziatine, Toujane.
Libya
Al Jabel Al Akhdar (the whole peninsula – larger than the key
biodiversity area currently selected).*
Egypt
Western Mediterranean Coastal Dunes, Sallum Area, Saint Katherine,
Nabq, Halayeb Triangle.
Israel
Meron, Hula, Hebron Gradient.
Palestine
Faqoua`-Jalaboun Safa, W Elbalat - W Armyah Ein Samya, Wad QanaWad Eshai`r, Yaseed-Ibzeik.
Lebanon
Makmel, Qammouaa-Dinneyh, Jabal Moussa- Nahr Ibrahim.
Syria
Kurd Dag, Salma-Haffeh, Ghab; Anti-Lebanon*, Jabal al Arab.
Albania
Gramozi Mt, Korabi Mt, Tomorrin Mt.
Indicates site is also a priority KBA by CEPF.
[Table. 5] Priority Important Plant Areas for conservation selected by country IPA teams
Regato, P., 2001. The Mediterranean
Forests, a New Conservation Strategy.
WWF-MedPO Ed, Rome.
Other Mediterranean
country IPA accounts
Blasi C., Marignani M., Copiz R. Fipaldini
M., Bonacquisti S., Del Vico E., Rosati L.
& Zavattero L. (in press) Important Plant
Areas in Italy: from data to mapping.
Biological Conservation DOI 10.1016/j.
biocon. 2010.08.019 *
Jogan, N. 2005. IPAs in Slovenia. In Important Plant Areas in Central and Eastern
Europe. (eds. Anderson, S., Kušik, T. and
Radford, E.A.) Plantlife International.*
Melovski, Lj., Matevski, V., Kostadinovski, M., Karadelev, M., Angelova, N., &
Radford, E. A. 2009. Important Plant Areas
in the Republic of Macedonia. (In Macedonian) Special Issues of the Macedonian
Ecological Society, Vol. 9, Skopje.
Nikolić T., Vuković N., Topić J (eds), 2009.
Područja značajna za loru Hrvatske/
Important Plant Areas in Croatia *
Petrovic, D. (ed) 2009. Važna Biljne Staništa – U Crnoj Gori IPA projeket/ Important
Plant Areas in Montenegro
*Available to download from the Plantlife
International website: http://www.plantlife.org.uk/international/plantlife-data-
19
20
SECTION 3
COUNTRY REPORTS & CASE STUDIES : Algeria
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
03
section
[This page]
Cedar of Lebanon (Cedrus libani ), in Maaser forest.
Although protection measures such as the creation
of the Al-Shouf Cedar Nature Reserve have been
undertaken, the Cedar woodlands of Central MountLebanon are threatened by overgrazing, unregulated
tourism, and a high occurrence of forest ires in
forests below the slope. Lebanon
© Michel Gunther / WWF-Canon
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
COUNTRY REPORTS & CASE STUDIES : Algeria
SECTION 3
21
COUNTRY REPORTS
& CASE STUDIES*
.Morocco
.Algeria
.Tunisia
.Libya
.Egypt
.Occupied Palestinian
Territories
.Israel
.Lebanon
.Jordan
.Syria
.Albania
* The order of the countries in the publication
follows a West to East geographical structure
22
SECTION 3
COUNTRY REPORTS & CASE STUDIES : Morocco
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
Morocco
M. S. Taleb and M. Fennane
Univ. Mohammed V-Agdal
(Morocco)
IPA Team
Mohammed Sghir Taleb
National IPA Coordinator (Forestry
Research Centre of the Moroccan High
Commission for Water, Forests and
Desertiication Control)
Mohamed Fennane
(Institut Scientiique)
Brahim haddane
(IUCN Regional Councillor for Africa)
Mustapha Madbouhi
(Secretary of State for Water and the
Environment),
hayat Mesbah
(High Commission for Water, Forests
and Desertiication Control)
Mohamed Ribi
(High Commission for Water, Forests
and Desertiication Control).
[Fig. 6] IPAs of Morocco
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
Jbel Bouhachem
Talassemtane National Park
Al Hoceima National Park
Beni Snassene
Jbel Bou-Naceur
Jbel Bou Iblane
Tazekka National Park
Jbel Tichoukt
Ifrane National Park
Eastern High Atlas National Park
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Jbel Ayachi
Jbel Maâsker
Jbel Krouz
Jbel Mgoun
Tamga and Aqqa Wabzaza
Toubkal National Park
Aghbar
Jbel Kest, Anezi and Jbel Imzi
Maamora
Overview of Moroccan IPAs
Nineteen Important Plant Areas (IPAs) have been identiied from a
preliminary list of 57 potentially eligible sites (15 classed as priority, 27
highly remarkable and 15 important) drawn from Sites of Biological and
Ecological Interest. Most of the IPAs are located in mountain areas (High,
Middle and Saharan Atlas); more than half of them are at elevations above
2,500m and some, like Toubkal and Jbel Mgoun, reach 4,000m. There are
two coastal IPAs: Al Hoceima National Park and Maamora.
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
COUNTRY REPORTS & CASE STUDIES : Morocco
The predominant vegetation in most of the mountain IPAs is forest,
sometimes degraded, with stands of Algerian oak, cork oak, holm oak, pine,
cedar, ir, Tetraclinis and juniper. Above 3,000m, woody vegetation gives
way to formations of thorny cushion-like xerophytes and meadows very rich
in endemics. The rate of endemism is over 80 percent in the summit region
of Toubkal. In the lowlands, Maamora boasts a potentially very extensive
cork oak forest (130,000ha), whereas Al Hoceima National Park is mainly
characterized by a wild, rocky coastline with cliffs rising out of the sea.
Morocco’s IPAs are characterized by particularly high numbers of national
endemics and stenoendemics: there are 16 areas with more than 20 such
species. The richest sites for locally endemic species are Ifrane National
Park (196), Toubkal National Park (164), Jbel Ayachi (75), and Jbel BouNaceur and Jbel Bou Iblane (92). Many of these species are stenoendemics
found only at a single site.
Six IPAs are included within national parks. The others have not yet been
awarded any special protection.
•
•
•
•
Number of IPAs: 19
Number of IPAs containing national endemics: 19
Number of IPAs containing stenoendemics: 15
Number of IPAs containing more than 20 national endemics or
stenoendemics: 16
SECTION 3
23
High mountain cushion shrubs
in Middle atlas
Morocco
© P. Regato
“Morocco’s IPA are
characterized by high
numbers of locally
endemic species - some
found only at a single
site”
COUNTRY REPORTS & CASE STUDIES : Morocco
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
Threats to the IPAs
The main threats to Morocco’s IPAs are water stress, exacerbated
by drought; overgrazing, climate change, deforestation and habitat
fragmentation and isolation.
IPAs
04
02
0
Threats Unknown
06
Other
08
Burning of vegetation (ires)
10
Development (tourism)
12
Unsustainable Plant Exploitation
14
Habitat fragmentation
16
Agricultural intensiication (arable)
18
Forestry deforestation (inc. irewood)
Transhumance in the Eastern High Atlas.
Morocco
© M.S. Taleb
Climage change
SECTION 3
Agricultural intensiication (grazing)
24
[Fig. 7] Top 10 threats to Morocco’s IPAs
Flora, vegetation and conservation
Morocco covers a total area of 710,850km2 in North-West Africa. It lies in
a position between Africa and Europe, which has resulted in considerable
genetic exchange between these regions, these with the great diversity of
biotopes in the country has resulted in high species diversity.
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
COUNTRY REPORTS & CASE STUDIES : Morocco
SECTION 3
25
The four major mountain ranges - the
Rif, the Middle Atlas, the High Atlas and
the Anti-Atlas - form an important part
of the relief of Morocco, occupying 15
percent of its land area.The Moroccan
climate is classed as Mediterranean
and is inluenced by both the
Atlantic and the Sahara. Precipitation
decreases from north to south and
from west to east. It is high in the
mountain massifs, reaching 2,000mm
in the Rif, but less than 150 mm in the
pre-Saharan and Saharan regions.
The main vegetation units consist
essentially of forest and preforest
ecosystems (with stands of argan,
kermes oak, cypress, cedar, holm oak,
cork oak, deciduous oak, Tetraclinis,
Spanish juniper, ir, Phoenician juniper,
carob, wild olive, prickly juniper, pine,
mastic, Retama and Adenocarpus),
steppes (esparto, wormwood and
thorny xerophyte steppes) and
Saharan ecosystems (with acacias
and chamaephytes).
The Moroccan lora is particularly rich,
with approximately 7,000 species in
920 genera and 130 families, these
include an estimated 4,500 species and
subspecies of vascular plants. There
are 951 national endemics (over 20
percent of the vascular plants). Some
500 local endemics (of restricted range)
are shared with Algeria, the Iberian
Peninsula and even Mauritania and the
Canary Islands. The rate of endemism
is particularly high in the High Atlas
and, to a lesser extent, in the Middle
Atlas, the Rif and the Anti-Atlas. This
is because these mountains played
an important role during the Quaternary ice ages in providing refuges for
Holarctic taxa that either survived or evolved after being isolated there.
Morocco has identiied 160 sites of biological and ecological interest. All of
them should soon be classed within the ive categories of legally protected
areas: national park, natural park, natural reserve, biological reserve and
natural site. There are currently 10 national parks.
Atlantic cedar (Cedrus atlantica) forest. Atlantic cedar
is native to the Atlas Mountains of Morocco and
Algeria in northern Africa. Middle Atlas, Morocco
© Michel Gunther / WWF-Canon
26
SECTION 3
COUNTRY REPORTS & CASE STUDIES : Morocco
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
Priority IPAs for conservation measures
Of the nineteen IPAs described in detail for this project the Moroccan IPA
Team has selected the following as priorities for conservation measures:
Talassemtane National Park, Bou-Naceur and Bou-Iblane, Ifrane National
Park, Eastern High Atlas National Park and Toubkal National Park. Three of
them are described below.
Talassemtane National Park
Located in the eastern part of the limestone ridge of the Rif, Talassemtane
National Park covers an area of 58,950 ha and is remarkable for its biodiversity.
The natural heritage of the park, with its rugged scenery typical of the Rif
mountains, is outstanding at Mediterranean level. The bioclimatic zones are
semi-arid, subhumid and humid. The vegetation stages present are thermoMediterranean, meso-Mediterranean, supra-Mediterranean and mountainMediterranean. The principal forest species are Abies pinsapo, Cedrus
atlantica, Quercus ilex, Quercus suber, Pinus halepensis, Pinus nigra, Pinus
pinaster and Tetraclinis articulata. The park’s lora comprises approximately
747 taxa, including 47 that are endemic to Morocco alone, 27 restricted to
the Iberian Peninsula and Morocco, and 9 to Algeria and Morocco. The local
people are engaged in arable and livestock farming and forestry.
Ifrane National Park
Ifrane National Park
The threatened Juniperus thurifera
ecosystem
© M.S. Taleb
Further reading
Leipzig, 1996. Rapport de pays pour la
conférence technique internationale de la
FAO sur les ressources phytogénétiques.
Maroc.
Ministère de l’Aménagement du territoire, de l’Urbanisme, de l’Habitat et de
l’Environnement 2001- Stratégie et Plan
d’Action National sur la Biodiversité Marocaine. Indicateurs de surveillance.
Taleb M.S & Fennane M., 2010. Rapport
national sur les Zones Importantes pour
les Plantes (ZIP) au Maroc.
Mardaga, 1999. Le grand livre de la forêt
marocaine.
Covering an area of 125,000ha, Ifrane National Park is located in the Middle
Atlas. Three vegetation stages succeed one another: meso-Mediterranean
(1,200–1,600m), supra-Mediterranean (1,600–2,000m) and mountainMediterranean (1,600–2,000m). The park is approximately 60 percent
forested, with cedars, oaks, pines and junipers and is home to 1025 species
of vascular plants, 25 percent of which have restricted ranges. Sixty-four
species are endemic to the park itself, and 90 are endemic to northern
Morocco, making this IPA especially important. The park is inhabited by
many communities who use its resources. The lora and vegetation suffer
from pressures of overgrazing and irewood collection.
Eastern high Atlas National Park
The Eastern High Atlas National Park comprises very rugged mountain
massifs covering an area of 49,000ha at elevations ranging from 1,600m to
over 3,000m. The bioclimatic zones are arid, semi-arid and subhumid, with
cold winters. The north-facing slopes of the park are covered with ine, tall
cedar forest, following on from stands of holm oak, Phoenician juniper and
Aleppo pine. At higher elevations, the cedar forest is replaced by stands
of Spanish juniper. Above 3,000m, trees give way to thorny cushion-like
xerophytes. On the southern slopes cedars are absent and the forested area
is small. The vascular lora of the park comprises 300 taxa, 54 of which are
endemic to Morocco. Sheep and goat herding is the predominant occupation
of the local communities, arable farming (in the valleys) and timber extraction
is secondary. These activities are putting the lora and vegetation under
increasing pressure. Repeated droughts are a cause for concern.
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
COUNTRY REPORTS & CASE STUDIES : Algeria
SECTION 3
Algeria
N. Yahi and S. Benhouhou
IPA Team
N. Yahi
National IPA Coordinator
(Université des Sciences et de la
Technologie Houari Boumédiène,
Bab Ezzouar)
S. Benhouhou
(Ecole Nationale Supérieure
d’Agronomie, El Harrach)
G. de Belair
(Université d’Annaba)
R. Gharzouli
(Université Ferhat Abbas, Sétif)
E. Vela
(Université de Montpellier II, France)
[Fig. 8] IPAs of Algeria
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
El Kala 1
El Kala 2
Edough Peninsula
Guerbes
Djebel Ouahch
Belezma National Park
Babor Mountains
Taza National Park
Gouraya National Park
Akfadou Forest
Massif Djurdjura National Park
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Theniet El Had
Chréa National Park
Sahel d’Oran
Mount Chenoua
Ghar Rouban
Cape Ténès
Traras Mountains
Habibas Islands
Aures-Chelia
Mount Zaccar
27
28
SECTION 3
COUNTRY REPORTS & CASE STUDIES : Algeria
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
Overview of Algerian IPAs
Forest and riverine vegetation of Oued El
Maboun in the Guerbes-Sanhadja plain (the
site was designated as a Ramsar Site in 2001
and has been proposed as a Regional Nature
Park). Algeria.
© Michel Gunther / WWF-Canon
Algerian IPAs cover all vegetation stages present in the Mediterranean
part of country and are often marked by a large elevational range, as in the
Aurès Massif (100–2,300m) and Djurdjura (600–2,300m). Several coastal
IPAs (El Kala 1, Edough Peninsula, Taza and Gouraya National Parks,
Sahel d’Oran, Mount Chenoua, Cape Ténès, Trara Mountains et Habibas
Islands) have high plant diversity and are rich in restricted range species,
which are often highly localised (stenoendemic). Forested habitats are well
represented, particularly with cedars (in Belezma, Djurdjura, Theniet El Had
and Chréa National Parks, the Babor Mountains and Aurès Massif) or oaks
(Quercus canariensis, Q. suber and Q. ilex). Several IPAs are rich in wetland
habitats (El Kala 1 & 2, Edough Peninsula, Guerbes/Senhadja Plain, Djebel
Ouahch, and Taza and Chréa National Parks).
The number of restricted range or locally endemic taxa in northern Algeria
is 407. These include 224 endemic to Algeria alone, 124 shared with
Morocco, 58 with Tunisia and one with Sicily. Some IPAs have a lora with a
particularly high proportion of national endemics or stenoendemics, such as
Djurdjura National Park with over 25 sub-national and stenoendemics, and
El Kala 1 & 2 and the Babor Mountains, each with 20.
Twenty-one IPAs have initially been identiied for northern Algeria. Many
other sites may also deserve to be included but require further study,
particularly in the Collo Peninsula, the Tlemcen Mountains, the Arzew
Peninsula, Cape Falcon, Ouarsenis, Sersou, the Alou region and Djebel
Aissa. Sites in the steppe and Saharan zones of the country have not been
described, since they are located beyond the Mediterranean part of Algeria.
Eight IPAs are entirely or partly located inside national parks, while 13
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
COUNTRY REPORTS & CASE STUDIES : Algeria
SECTION 3
29
others enjoy no management or protection measures. The Babor Massif is
in the process of being listed as a natural reserve.
•
•
•
•
Number of IPAs: 21
Number of IPAs containing national endemics: 20
Number of IPAs containing stenoendemics: 21
Number of IPAs containing more than 20 national endemics or
stenoendemics: 4
14
Agricultural intensiication (arable)
16
Agricultural intensiication (grazing)
18
Threats
to the IPAs
Forestry: deforestation (inc. irewood)
Natural disasters (loods, ires, droughts)
IPAs
Climate change (sea level rise)
Other
Mineral extraction
Development (tourism)
The main threats to Algeria’s IPAs are ire, followed by overgrazing, which
12
result in the direct disappearance of species and the erosion of topsoil,
10
making it dificult to restore the vegetation cover. Some sites also suffer
08
from too many visitors or from quarrying. Pollution from domestic efluent is
06
a threat to many wetlands, while some IPAs are affected by deforestation.
04
The lack of security that prevailed in part of Algeria for several decades
02
often prevented management or conservation measures from being
0
implemented and impeded data collection on the ground.
[Fig. 9] The main threats to Algeria’s IPAs
El Kala IPA - rich inlocal endemic species and
Mediterranean threatened habitats
© S. Benhouhou
Flora, vegetation and conservation
With an area of 2,381,741km2, Algeria is the largest country with a
Mediterranean coastline. It is bordered by Tunisia, Libya, Niger, Mali,
Mauritania and Morocco. In the north of the country, the relief consists of
the Tellian and Saharan Atlas, the Aurès Massif, the Tell coastal strip and
the Nememcha Plateau.
Since Algeria is inluenced by the sea, relief and elevation, its climate is
classed as ‘temperate extra-tropical Mediterranean’, characterized by a
long period of summer drought that varies from 3–4 months on the coast
to 5–6 months on the high plains and more than 6 months in the Saharan
Atlas. All Mediterranean bioclimates are represented in the north, from
perhumid (Babor Mountains) to semi-arid (Sahel d’Oran).
The main vegetation units found in northern Algeria are:
• Sclerophyllous forests (holm oak, cork oak, etc.), deciduous forests
(Algerian oak, afares oak, maples) and conifer forests (Aleppo pine,
black pine, maritime pine, thuja, cedar, ir);
• Matorral, which includes evergreen vegetation dominated by mastic,
Cistus, brooms, Calicotome, diss grass, rosemary and Globularia;
• Therophytic, orophytic and chasmophilic meadows, and asphodel
grassland;
• Hygrophilous vegetation represented by riparian forests with Populus
alba, Alnus glutinosa and Fraxinus angustifolia, as well as the
vegetation of marshes, lakes, ponds and lagoons;
Several coastal IPAs
(El Kala 1, Edough
Peninsula, Taza and
Gouraya National Parks,
Sahel d’Oran, Mount
Chenoua, Cape Ténès,
Trara Mountains et
Habibas Islands) have
high plant diversity and
are rich in restricted
range species, which
are often highly localised
(stenoendemic).
30
SECTION 3
COUNTRY REPORTS & CASE STUDIES : Algeria
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
• Halophilous and littoral vegetation, including the vegetation of coastal
dunes, cliffs and coastal scrub.
•
The Algerian lora comprises approximately 4,000 taxa in 131 families and
917 genera. There are 464 national endemics (387 species, 53 subspecies
and 24 varieties).
Priority IPAs for conservation measures
The Algerian IPA Team has prioritised the following IPAs for conservation
measures: El Kala 1, El Kala 2, Djurdjura National Park, Babor Mountains
and Gouraya National Park. Three of them are described below.
El Kala 2
Viola munbunya var. rifane on El Kala 2, a
restricted range species
© S. Benhouhou
The Medjedra mountain forests, which cover the El Kala 2 IPA, are located
in the far north-east of Algeria and continue into Tunisia, where they are
included in the Jbel Ghorra IPA. They range in elevation from 200m to
1,200m. Sandstones and clays are predominant, with a large number of
rocky outcrops and cliffs. Small oueds (rivers) springs and temporary pools
are common in the forested areas. The diversity of exposed surfaces and
elevations gives rise to a very rich lora. Forests are mainly represented by
cork oak and Algerian oak. This IPA is home to 20 national endemics and
stenoendemics. The main threats are ire, overgrazing, deforestation and
over-exploitation of certain species (Quercus canariensis, Quercus suber,
Laurus nobilis).
Gouraya National Park
Serapia stenopetala a site restricted
species (<100km2) in Algeria and Tunisia
© M.S. Taleb
Djebel Yemma Gouraya lies in Gouraya National Park in north-eastern
Algeria. This dolomitic limestone massif occupies approximately half the
park’s area. It stretches from the coast beyond the Oued Tazeboudjt in
the west to the tip of the Cape Bouak peninsula in the east. This IPA is
characterised by a humid climate with mild winters. It is an exceptional site
for the stenoendemic lora of the vertical limestone rock faces overlooking
the sea. The same is true for the southward-facing dolomitic boulder ields,
which contain numerous rare locally endemic species. Djebel Yemma
Gouraya has about ten national and stenoendemics. The main threats are
ire, excessive visitor numbers and quarrying.
djurdjura National Park
Further reading
Yahi, N., Benhouhou, S., de Belair, G.,
Gharzouli, R. and Vela, E. 2010. Proposition de Zones Importantes pour les
Plantes en Algérie. [www.plantlife.org.uk].
Djurdjura National Park comprises a limestone mountain range stretching
50km east–west. It is one of the wettest regions in Algeria, with an average
rainfall of 1,200–1,500mm. The main forest stands are pure cedar (40
percent), cedar–holm oak (30 percent) and pure holm oak (13 percent). The
highest elevations in the area are covered with chasmophilic meadows. Its
lora is rich and diverse, with approximately 1,100 species, including 27
national endemics and stenoendemics, which makes it the richest Algerian
IPA for endemics. The main threats are ire, overgrazing, illegal logging,
quarrying and uncontrolled tourism.
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
COUNTRY REPORTS & CASE STUDIES : Tunisia
SECTION 3
Tunisia
Z. Ghrabi Gammar
IPA Team
[Fig. 10] IPAs of Tunisia
01
02
03
04
05
06a
06b
06c
06d
06e
06f
06g
Garâa Sejenane Majen Chitane Lake
Dar El Orbi Peat Bog
Oued Ziatine 1 +2
Aïn Zana Natural Reserve
Sidi Ali El Mekki
Dat Fatma Natural Reserve (K)
Sources du 18ème (K)
Camp du 18ème (K)
Piste de Legba (K)
Le Merij (K)
Majen Barbit (K)
Majen El Ouez 1 (K)
06h
06i
06j
06k
06l
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
Majen El Mouajène (K)
Sraï el Majen (K)
Majen El Ma (K)
Majen Sghaïer (K)
Majen El Ouez 2 (K)
Majen Choucha
La Galité Archipelago
Zeineb Ghrabi Gammar
National IPA Coordinator (Institut
National Agronomique de Tunisie).
A. Daoud-Bouattour
(Faculté des Sciences de Tunis)
S. Ben Saad Liman
(Faculté des Sciences de Tunis)
I. Ben haj Jilani
(Ecole Supérieure d’Agriculture de
Mateur)
h. Ferchichi-Ben Jamaa
(Faculté des Sciences de Tunis)
S. D. Muller
(Université de Montpellier 2, France)
L. Rhazi
(Université de Rabat, Morocco)
A. M. Gammar
(Faculté des Lettres, des Arts et des
Humanités de Manouba)
E. Véla
(Université de Montpellier 2, France),
A. Chaabane
(Institut Sylvo-Pastoral de Tabarka)
M. Neffati
(Institut des Régions Arides de
Médenine)
S. Rouz
(Banque Nationale de Gènes)
B. Jaziri
( Faculté des Lettres, des Arts et des
Humanités de Manouba)
M. Ouali
(Faculté des Sciences de Tunis) and M.
Tarhouni (Institut des Régions Arides de
Médenine)
Zembra and Zembretta National Park
Specialists consulted on the lora:
Toujane
El Feija Jbel Ghorra
Ichkeul
Jbel Zaghouan
A. Khaldi, A. Smaoui, A. Khouja, A. Sfaihi,
A. Ferchichi, F. Maamouri, M. Boussaid,
M. E. Kchouk, M. L. Khouja, M. Ridha, N.
Boussaidi, R. N’cibi and M. Selmi.
(K): ‘Kroumirie’, a combination of these sites comprising peat bogs, small semi-permanent lakes and temporary pools
31
32
SECTION 3
COUNTRY REPORTS & CASE STUDIES : Tunisia
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
Overview of Tunisian IPAs
Collecting wood on Garâa Sejenane, IPA
© Z. Ghrabi- Gammar
Thirteen Important Plant Areas (IPAs) have been identiied in Tunisia,
while eight other sites are known for their rich lora but require further
investigation. One of these IPAs, No 6, Kroumirie, is made up of a dozen
small independent sites that have been combined because they are all
small-scale wetland habitats; peat bogs, ponds or temporary pools. The
thirteen IPAs are essentially located in the north of the country and most
are characterized by a subhumid to humid Mediterranean climate. Ten of
them have an average elevation below or around 500m, whereas three (Jbel
Zaghouan, Jbel Ghorra, Aïn Zana) are more clearly mountainous.
Wetland environments are well represented as they make up more than half
the IPAs, in the form of permanent lakes (Ichkeul), semi-permanent lakes
(Majen Chitane, Majen Choucha, etc.), temporary pools (Garâa Sejenane,
Majen el Ma, Sraï el Majen, etc.), marshes (Ichkeul), and peat bogs based
on Sphagnum or Osmunda (Kroumirie) or bracken (Dar el Orbi). Although
these sites are not particularly rich in national endemic or stenoendemic
species—a large proportion of the species that occur in them are shared
with neighbouring countries—they do contain most of the nationally or
regionally threatened or rare habitats.
The Tunisian IPAs are also representative of the main forest and coastal
habitat types of Tunisia. The most outstanding forest types are more or less
protected; Algerian oak (Quercus canariensis) and cork oak (Quercus suber)
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
COUNTRY REPORTS & CASE STUDIES : Tunisia
SECTION 3
33
at Aïn Zana and Jbel Ghorra, olive-mastic with carob on Jbel Ichkeul, juniper
(Juniperus phoenicea) at Toujane, and alder (Alnus glutinosa) in the Oued
Ziatine riparian forest. Coastal lora is represented on three IPAs; the La
Galite Archipelago and the Zembra and Zembretta National Park, both rich
in rare species and species endemic to Tunisia or North Africa, and Sidi Ali el
Mekki. All three are particularly rich in endemics (Linaria cossonii, Malcolmia
doumetiana, Limonium gougetianum and L. zembrae, and Silene barrattei).
Six Tunisian IPAs contain national endemic or stenoendemic plant species.
Half of Tunisia’s IPAs lie fully or partly inside protected areas, namely the
three national parks, three Ramsar sites, two biosphere reserves and four
natural reserves.
Of the thirteen IPAs, six contain national endemics and six have species
with restricted ranges, none contain more than twenty national endemics or
stenoendemics.
Threats to the IPAs
The main threat to Tunisia’s IPAs is overgrazing, which affects wet and
marshy areas as much as sites with xerothermophilic vegetation. That is
followed by climate change (causing wetlands to dry out), the pressure of
tourism and leisure activities and ire. Drainage and water extraction are a
speciic threat to wetland IPAs.
Eleocharis uniglumis in threatened
wetland habitat, Tunisia
© S. D. Muller
Forestry: deforestation (inc. irewood)
16
Agricultural intensiication (pasture)
18
Agricultural intensiication (cultivation)
Threats to the IPAs
Natural disasters (loods, ires, droughts)
IPAs
Eutrophication
Water (extraction and drainage)
Development (tourism)
0
Climate change (sea level rise)
The main threats to Algeria’s IPAs are ire, followed by overgrazing, which
14
result in the direct disappearance of species and the erosion of topsoil,
12
making it dificult to restore the vegetation cover. Some sites also suffer
10
from too many visitors or from quarrying. Pollution from domestic efluent is
08
a threat to many wetlands, while some IPAs are affected by deforestation.
06
The lack of security that prevailed in part of Algeria for several decades
04
often prevented management or conservation measures from being
02
implemented and impeded data collection on the ground.
[Fig. 11] The main threats to Tunisia’s IPAs
Flora, vegetation and conservation
Tunisia is located in North Africa at the junction of the two basins that
make up the Mediterranean, between the Mashreq (the Arab East) and the
Maghreb (the Arab West).
The mountain ranges in the north and east of the country are well watered
and form the eastern ends of the Tellian and Saharan Atlas. The arid high
steppes are drained by oueds (wadis), and the semi-arid low steppes end at
a lat coastal strip. The bioclimatic zones follow a rising gradient from south
Half of Tunisia’s IPAs
lie fully or partly inside
protected areas, namely
the three national parks,
three Ramsar sites, two
biosphere reserves and
four natural reserves.
34
SECTION 3
Majen Chitane IPA
Tunisia
© Z. Ghrabi- Gammar
COUNTRY REPORTS & CASE STUDIES : Tunisia
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
to north, from hyper-arid in the Saharan area to humid Mediterranean in
the northern mountains. Forests and matorral cover ive percent of the land
(reduced from twenty percent at the beginning of the 19th century), mainly
in upland areas. They comprise stands of oaks (Quercus canariensis, Q.
ilex, Q. suber, Q. coccifera), olive–mastic (Olea europaea, Pistacia lentiscus),
pines (Pinus halepensis) and Tetraclinis articulata. Steppes of esparto
(Stipa tenacissima), white wormwood (Seriphidium herba-album = Artemisia
herba-alba), Rhanterium suaveolens, or Haloxylon (Haloxylon scoparium, H.
schmittianum) cover approximately 20 percent of the country.
The Tunisian lora contains 2162 species. Of these, 2103 species in 115
families and 742 genera are included in the three-volume Flore de Tunisie
(Cuénod et al., 1954; Pottier-Alapetite, 1979, 1981). The remaining 59
species not mentioned in these volumes are additions by other authors.
The most recent work on the nomenclature of Tunisian lora (Le Floc’h
and Boulos, 2008) has the advantage of mentioning all taxa correctly
or incorrectly attributed to Tunisia. According to the Ministry of the
Environment and Sustainable Development (Ministère de l’Environnement
et du Développement Durable, 2010), the Tunisian lora contains 1798 taxa.
The number of national endemics is relatively low (71 taxa, comprising 53
species, 12 subspecies, 5 varieties and 1 form). There are 99 North African
endemics shared with Algeria and 13 with Libya.
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
COUNTRY REPORTS & CASE STUDIES : Tunisia
SECTION 3
Priority IPAs for conservation measures
The Tunisian IPA Team has prioritized the following IPAs for conservation
measures: Garâa Sejenane, the Kroumirie wetland sites (Sphagnum peat
bogs, small semi-permanent lakes and temporary pools), Majen Choucha,
the Oued Ziatine alder forest and Toujane. Three of them are described
below.
Garâa sejenane
Garâa Sejenane is within the Mogods region of northern Tunisia, at
an average elevation of 100m. The region is characterized by a humid
Mediterranean bioclimate with mild winters and a mean annual precipitation
of 750mm. As recently as the 1950s, Garâa Sejenane was a 15km2 lake
surrounded by a wide belt of quillwort (Isoetes velata), with a club-rush
(Schoenoplectus lacustris) marsh in the middle. Much of the site is now dry
and grazed or cultivated. It consists of a mosaic of marsh, temporary pools
and temporarily looded ields, with a small peat bog habitat at the edge. It
is home to about 25 species that are rare and threatened in Tunisia, as well
as one stenoendemic species found only at this site: Rumex tunetanus. The
main threats to this IPA are drainage, the spread of croplands and pastures,
eutrophication and infrastructure development. The site is not yet covered
by any conservation measures.
Oued Ziatine
Oued Ziatine is a permanent watercourse that runs 36km to the
Mediterranean Sea at Cap Serrat, in northern Tunisia. Its drainage basin
covers 95km2 and receives a mean annual precipitation of 850mm. The
region belongs to the humid Mediterranean bioclimate with warm winters.
The IPA is characterized by an alder (Alnus glutinosa) riparian forest covering
some 10ha, and is rich in species that are rare and protected in Tunisia and/
or endemic to Tunisia and Algeria (Fuirena pubescens, Solenopsis bicolor) or
North Africa (Bellis prostrata). This alder forest is threatened by the spread
of agriculture and grazing, changes in the water regime and climate change.
This site is not subject to any conservation measures.
Sphagnum auriculatum in threatened
wetland habitat, Tunisia
© A. Daoud-Battour
Toujane
The IPA of Toujane is located in the Matmata massif at an elevation
of approximately 600m, not far from the east coast of Tunisia in the
Governorate of Gabès. Its bioclimate is arid Mediterranean and it receives
an average of 200mm of rainfall a year. The vegetation is garrigue
with Phoenician juniper (Juniperus phoenicea). The site boasts two
stenoendemic species (Rosmarinus eriocalyx and Dianthus cintranus subsp.
byzacenus), endemics shared with Algeria or Libya, as well as species
that are rare and threatened in Tunisia. The main threats to the site are
grazing, collecting of esparto (Stipa tenacissima) for handicrafts, medicinal
plants and irewood. Fire and climate change are also a threat to this IPA.
The Toujane site belongs to the state and is protected by the Forestry
Department. It is classed as a sensitive natural area.
Further reading
Z. Ghrabi Gammar, 2010. Proposition de
Zones Importantes pour les Plantes de
Tunisie, May [www.plantlife.org.uk]
35
36
SECTION 3
COUNTRY REPORTS & CASE STUDIES : Libya
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
Libya
F. El-Rtaib (Alfateh University)
With additional information provided by Matthew Hall (Centre for Mediterranean Plants)
IPA Team
F. El-Rtaib
IPA country coordinator
(Alfateh University)
[Fig. 12] IPAs of Libya
01
02
03
04
05
Al Jabel Al Akhdar
Tawuoryhe Sebkha
Jabal Nafusah
Messak Mountain
Jabal Aweinat
IPA summary
Five conirmed IPAs have been identiied in Libya to date: Al Jabal Al
Akhdar, Tawuorgha Sebka, Jabal Nafusah, Jabal Aweinat and Messak
mountain; with a further ive that require study to conirm their status
as internationally signiicant sites for plants (Alheesha, Farwa Island,
Mamarica, Jabal Al Harouj and Benghazi coast). IPAs in Libya are found in
the coastal, mountain and desert habitat types. Al Jabal Al Akhdar IPA (The
Green Mountain) in the Cyrenaica region of north east Libya is the largest
and most signiicant IPA in Libya. The unique physiographic and climatic
conditions which isolate the mountains of Cyrenaican from the rest of Libya,
have resulted in Al Jabal Al Akhdar holding 75 – 80% of the Libyan lora
and a signiicant proportion of Libya’s endemic plant species, despite only
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
COUNTRY REPORTS & CASE STUDIES : Libya
covering 1% of the Libyan territory. This site was the primary focus for the
IPA investigation in this project and is described in detail below.
The other conirmed Libyan IPAs include the hot springs and open
canals of Tawuorgha and the limestone formations of Jabal Nafusah IPA
which stretch 500km from the Tunisian border to the Niggaza area on
the Mediterranean coast. The latter encompasses a recently established
national park Sha afeen. The Environmental General Authority (EGA) is
considering the creation of a protected area at Alaweinat IPA in the south
eastern corner of the country.
Libyan IPAs face a number of threats including development of tourism
infrastructure, overgrazing of livestock, forest cutting for wood and charcoal
and the spread of invasive alien species. Unregulated development
at the coast is a particular threat. Planning processes are erratic and
environmental impact assessments (although required by law) are seldom
completed or adhered to.
• Number of IPAs: 5 (4 in the Mediterranean region)
• Number of IPAs containing >20 single country or very restricted range
species: 1
Sedum cyrenaicum endemic to
Cyrenaica peninsula
© S.Jury
SECTION 3
37
38
SECTION 3
COUNTRY REPORTS & CASE STUDIES : Libya
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
Libya: lora, vegetation and plant conservation
Libya occupies an area of about 1.7 million km2 most of which is desert (the
Sahara). The most important areas for plant diversity are the coastal strip
and mountains of the Mediterranean coastline (1900km).
The original coastal vegetation is dominated by wormwood (Artemisia
campestris) and white broom (Retama raetam), with early spring lowering
annuals such as Senecio gallicus, Hussonia pinnata, Eruca sativa,
Chrysanthemum segetum, Malva sylvestris and Erodium laciniatum, and the
perennial herb Echium angustifolium. These species cover large areas for a
short time after the winter rainfall.
The oases and valleys of the Sahara have sparse vegetation that is low in
diversity and includes date palm trees (Phoenix dactylifera), Tamarix spp.,
white broom (Retama raetam), Ziziphus lotus, European boxthorn (Lycium
europaeum) and Acacia tortilis. Herbaceous plants include Artemisia judaica,
Hyoscyamus muticus and Zilla spinosa, though perennial grasses such
Panicum turgidum, Stipagrostis pungens and S. plumosus predominate.
In total there are approximately 1750 plant species in Libya, 4% of which
are Libyan endemics. Phytogeographically, the lora is predominantly
Mediterranean, with strong links to the Eastern Mediterranean (Palestine to
Greece), more so than with the rest of North Africa; particularly strong are
the links to Crete. Approximately 50% of the Libyan endemics are endemic
to Cyrenaica. Qaiser & El-Gadi (1984), estimate that there are approximately
26 endemic plant species on the coastal belt of Cyrenaica. Two plant
genera, Pachyctenium Maire and Libyella Pamp are endemic to Al Jabal
Al Akhdar, each contain one species; Pachyctenium mirabile and Libyella
cyrenaica.
Al Jabal Al Akhdar IPA (The Green Mountain) – a priority IPA
Thapsia garganica var. sylphium
endemic to the Cyrenaica peninsula
© S.Jury
Jabal Akhdar dominates the Cyrenaica region, located in the north east,
it is a biogeographic ‘island’ with the Mediterranean Sea to the north and
west, Marmarica plateau to the east and the Sahara desert to the south. It
rises from sea level through three levels of escarpments and plains to 882
m. The northern most mountain escarpments (predominantly sandstone)
are frequently dissected with deep wadis and the southern slopes descend
gradually to the Sahara desert. It is relatively wet (600mm), red alluvial terra
rosa soils dominate and therefore is the most important area for agriculture
(fruits, cereals and vegetables) in Libya. 100 - 140 species, sub species or
varieties are endemic to Al Jabal Al Akhdar. The vegetation communities
are (from sea level): coastal plain, coastal escarpment, central plateau and
upper escarpment, upper plateau.
The coastal plain consists of the sandy beaches, salt marshes and rocky
coasts. As in the majority of Mediterranean dune communities Elytrigia
juncea (L.) Nevski subsp. juncea is common, its association on Jabal
Akhdar with Centaurea pumilio L. and Silene succulenta is unusual.
Endemics of the dunes include Helianthemum cyrenaicum, Anthemis
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
COUNTRY REPORTS & CASE STUDIES : Libya
taubertii, Teucrium zanonii and Plantago libyca. The salt marshes are
analogous to others in the Mediterranean with endemic species such as
Frankenia syrtica and Limonium teuchirae.
SECTION 3
Cupressus sempervirens in Wadi Mahboul,
Al Jabal Al Akhdar
© S.Jury
The coastal escarpments are dominated by Juniperus phoenicea scrub/
forest. Endemic species include Cyclamen rohlfsianum, Micromeria
conferta and Stachys rosea. The wadis are poorly known; the vegetation
comprises Juniperus phoenicea scrub/forest on the slopes, with dense
semi-deciduous mixed woodland in the channels dominated by Quercus
coccifera, Pistacia lentiscus, Arbutus pavarii, Ceratonia siliqua, Olea
europaea and Cupressus sempervirens. These wadis are rich in endemic
plant taxa, e.g. Arum cyrenaicum, Erica sicula subsp. cyrenaica, Onosma
cyrenaica and Nepeta cyrenaica.
The central plateau of Al Jabal Al Akdhar is used heavily for agriculture. The
vegetation of this area is a mixture of maquis and a shrubby batha community
in areas of grazing and/or shallow soils. Patches of dense woodland also
occur on the upper escarpment above the central plateau. The tree layer
here is dominated by Cupressus sempervirens, Juniperus phoenicea, Olea
europaea, Quercus coccifera, Ceratonia siliqua and Pinus halapensis. The
upper plateau is also heavily used for agriculture, with only small patches of
Juniperus remaining. Batha forms a major plant community in this area, again
often dominated by Sarcopoterium spinosum, Phlomis loccosa, Pallenis
spinosa and a rich diversity of grasses and ruderal species. The upper plateau
site of Sidi Al Hamri is one of two known locations for Pachyctenium mirabile.
Many areas of Al Jabal Al Akhdar lack botanical data, which greatly hinders
conservation planning. Four areas within Jabal Akhdar were investigated
during the compilation of this report and are described in more detail
within the national report (see references): Ain Estowa, Dabbusia spring,
Morcus Valley and Spring and El Kouf Valley.The principal threats to the
conservation of this IPA are: heavy grazing and inappropriate development
and agricultural activities. There is poor environmental planning &
management, and the coastal zone is being developed without detailed
environmental impact studies. Deforestation is occurring for domestic fuel
and charcoal and there is die-back of Juniperus forest.
“One hundred to one
hundred and forty
species, sub species or
varieties are endemic to
Al Jabal Al Akhdar”
Further reading
El-Rtaib, F. 2010. The Country Report Important Plant Areas in Libya [Black and
white report which can be found at www.
plantlife.org.uk]
39
40
SECTION 3
COUNTRY REPORTS & CASE STUDIES : Egypt
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
Egypt
K. H. Shaltout and E. M. Eid
IPA Team
K.h. Shaltout
IPA country coordinator
(Tanta University)
M. Kassas and h. hosni
(Cairo University)
W. Amer and M. Fouda
(Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency)
M. Zahran, M. El-Demerdash
and A. Khedr
(Mansoura University)
A. El-Gazzar
(Suez Canal University)
A. Fayed
(Assiut University)
S. heneidy and M. El-Sheikh
(Alexandria University)
M. Sheded
(South Valley University),
h. El-Kady and A. Keshta
(Tanta University)
E. Eid
(Kafr El-Sheikh University)
B. hatab
(Siwa Protectorate)
R. Rizk
(National Gene Bank)
T. Ahmed
(Wadi El-Gemal National Park)
h. Shabana and A. Shaltout
(Saint Katherine Protectorate)
[Fig. 13] IPAs of Egypt
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
North Sinai Mountain
Lake Bardawil
Lake Manzala
Lake Burullus
Lake Edku
Lake Mariut
Omayed Biosphere Reserve
Moghra Oasis
Western Mediterranean
Coastal Dunes
Sallum Area
Wadi El-Rayan
Saint Katherine
Nabq
Hurghada
Wadi El-Gemal
Dungul and Dineigil Oases
17
18
19
20
Lake Nasser
Wadi Allaqui
Saluga and Ghazal
Halayeb triangle
COUNTRY REPORTS & CASE STUDIES : Egypt
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
SECTION 3
IPA summary
Twenty IPAs have been identiied in Egypt to date, with six proposed that
require further study to conirm their status as internationally signiicant sites
for plants. Of these, ten are located within the Mediterranean region and ive
of those contain single country endemics or very restricted range species.
The Mediterranean IPAs of Egypt consist of ive coastal lakes or
lagoons, including the only oligotrophic hypersaline lake on the Egyptian
Mediterranean coast and three lakes within the Nile Delta; as well as the
limestone mountains of North Sinai, the coastal ridges and depressions
of Omayed Biosphere Reserve, the Moghra Oasis, the oolitic sands of
the Western Mediterranean coastal dunes and the plateau of Sallum
on the border with Libya. Signiicant species on these sites include
the relict patches of Juniperus phoenica populations in North Sinai,
Egyptian endemics Astragalus camelorum, Bellevallia salah-eidii, Bromus
aegyptiacus, Sinapis allionii, Sonchus macrocarpus (of the coastal lagoons)
and Anthemis microsperma, Atractylis carduus var. marmarica, Pancratium
arabicum and Zygophyllum album var. album (of the coastal dunes).
Wadi vegetation, Saint Katherine IPA
© K. Shaltout
Floristically, the richest IPA in Egypt is the mountainous Saint Katherine
IPA. It contains around 500 vascular plant species and approximately 50%
of Egypt’s endemic plant lora. This huge protected site covers over 5,000
km2 of South Sinai and rises up to 2641 m; it is outside the Mediterranean
region.
• Number of IPAs: 20 (10 in the Mediterranean region)
• Number of IPAs containing single country endemic species: 5 in the
Mediterranean region; 3 elsewhere in Egypt
• Number of IPAs containing very restricted species (stenoendemics): 1
in the Mediterranean; 2 elsewhere in Egypt
• Number of IPAs containing >20 single country or very restricted range
species:1 (not Mediterranean)
Threats to IPAs in Egypt
Hyoscyanus boveanus
© K. Shaltout
Nº IPAS
[Fig. 14] Top ten threats affecting IPAs in Egypt
Mediterranean IPAs
Non Mediterranean IPAs
Water (extraction and drainage)
0
Aquaculture / isheries
01
Habitat fragmentation
02
Development (tourism)
03
Agricultural intensiication (arable)
04
Development (infrastructure)
05
Eutrophication
06
Extraction (minerals)
07
Other
08
Agricultural intensiication (grazing)
09
41
42
SECTION 3
COUNTRY REPORTS & CASE STUDIES : Egypt
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
IPAs in Egypt face numerous threats, particularly from overgrazing, tourism
and infrastructure related development, eutrophication and mineral extraction.
Egypt: lora, vegetation and plant conservation
Egypt is situated in the south east of the Mediterranean Sea; her coast
includes the delta of the River Nile which bifurcates north of Cairo into
two branches that enter the Mediterranean at Rosetta and Damietta
promontories. Egypt’s diverse lora contains over 2300 vascular plant species
and subspecies, and approximately 190 species and subspecies of mosses
and hepatics. This relects the long Mediterranean and Red Sea coasts
combined with Egypt’s position between Africa and Asia. Four loral zones
are recognised: Mediterranean-Sahara regional transition zone, SaharaSindian regional zone, Irano-Turanian regional centre of endemism and Sahel
regional transition zone.
The preliminary red data list for the vascular plants of Egypt classiies
nearly 450 species as threatened on a national level, although these are not
necessarily threatened across the Mediterranean region. There are twenty
seven protected areas across the country, which are ecologically signiicant
sites, twelve of these, or parts of them, are also IPAs.
Three Egyptian IPAs that are priorities for conservation action
Sand dunes Lake Burullus
IPA Egypt
© K. Shaltout
“The preliminary red
data list for the vascular
plants of Egypt classiies
nearly 450 species as
threatened on a national
level, although these
are not necessarily
threatened across the
Mediterranean region”
1. Western Mediterranean coastal dunes IPA / Alkothban Alsahelyya
Situated along the coastline west of Marsa Matrouh (100 km), this IPA
contains snow-white dunes made from coarse, calcareous oolitic sand which
is more than 90% CaCO3 and almost free from salts. Close to the shore, the
dunes are small and active, while inland they are stabilised and vegetated.
This site remains following the destruction of much the coastal dune belt west
of Alexandria over the past twenty years through construction of summer
resorts. A total of 219 species (116 annuals and 103 perennials), belonging
to 151 genera and 44 families have been recorded. Some 30 species have
unique occurrence in these dunes, most are endemic to the Mediterranean;
for example Anthemis microsperma, Atractylis carduus var. marmarica,
Pancratium arabicum, Helianthemum sphaerocalyx, Onopordum alexandrinum,
Plantago crypsoides, Centaurea alexandrinea, Centaurea glomerata,
Asphodelus aestivus, Ajuga iva and Sonchus bulbosus. Mediterranean coastal
dunes are recognised as a threatened habitat across the region.
Threats to the site include overgrazing, collecting and cutting, clearing land
for agriculture, habitat loss, anthropogenic disturbance linked to tourism
and quarrying. Currently there are no conservation activities within the
IPA. As an urgent priority, it is recommended that the best sites within this
stretch of dunes should be located and protected as nature reserves.
2. sallum Area
This IPA extends for about 120 km from Sallum on the EgyptianLibyan frontier to Sidi Barrani on the Mediterranean coast, varying in
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
COUNTRY REPORTS & CASE STUDIES : Egypt
SECTION 3
Fagonia Garden
© Ilf El Kebir
width between 2 and 36 km. The total area is 4374 km2, and ive major
geomorphologic units can be distinguished (from the coast in the north to
the fringes of the Diffa plateau in the south): Sallum plateau, coastal saline
depressions, inland sandy plains, inland rocky plains and shallow wadis.
Agriculture (barley, olive and ig crop and grazing livestock) is the main land
use, mainly by Bedouin. A total of 219 species were recorded in this area.
These include a number of Mediterranean endemics, some of which are
restricted to Egypt and Libya and assessed as rare in Egypt: e.g. Allium
barthianum, Bellevalia sessililora, Carduncellus mareoticus, Carthamus
glaucus and Verbascum letourneuxii.
Nabq IPA Egypt
© K. Shaltout
Major threats include agricultural expansion and intensiication of arable land,
overgrazing and over cutting of shrubby plants. There are no conservation
activities on this site, but it is newly declared as a protected area.
3. saint Katherine IPA
This IPA is also a protected area occupying much of the central part of South
Sinai, its diverse landscapes contain many habitats associated with wadis,
caves, gorges, plains, mountains, hills, waterfalls and oases. The highest
mountains Gebel Saint Katherine (2641m), Gebel Um Shomer (2586m) and
Gebel Mousa (2285m), were formed during the Great African Rift around 24
million years ago which led to the creation of the Red Sea and the Aqaba
Gulf. This mountainous area is bordered to the north by El-Tih calcareous
plateau (540-1620m), the considerable rainfall drains into the Gulf of Suez
and Aqaba through a network of deep gorges and relatively shallow wadis.
The site contains around 500 vascular plant species, 30 of which are
endemic to Egypt (ca 50 % of the endemic species in Egypt) such as
Silene oreosinaica, Veronica kaiseri, Primula boveana and Allium sinaiticum
which are classiied as nationally endangered species. In addition, this area
contains 85 moss taxa (48.8 % of moss taxa recorded in Egypt), including
the endemic Tortula kneuckeri and Grimmia anodon var. sinaitica. It contains
also one hepatic species Riccia cavernosa. Wadi habitats are particularly
under pressure and the site as a whole is threatened by agricultural expansion
(especially downstream of the wadis), tourism development linked to transport
and hotels, overgrazing, over collection of medicinal plants and drought.
St Katherine IPA is among the network of the Egyptian protectorates that
have a management team and a reasonable management facility.
Endemic species, Primula boveana
in Saint Katherine
Egypt
© K. Shaltout
Further reading
Shaltout, K.H. and Eid, E. M. 2010. Important Plant Areas in Egypt with emphasis
on the Mediterranean region. [Black and
white report which can be found at www.
plantlife.org.uk]
43
44
SECTION 3
COUNTRY REPORTS & CASE STUDIES
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
Occupied Palestinian
Territories
B. Al-Sheikh
IPA Team
Banan Al-Sheikh
Country coordinator
(Al Quds University)
The Wildlife Society
husam Tleeb
(Director of Forestry Department,
Ministry of Agriculture)
Thaer Rabi
(Director of Natural Reserves, Ministry
of Agriculture)
Dima halawani
(Scientiic Museum, Al Quds University)
Said Khaseeb
(Biology Department, Arab American
University)
[Fig. 15] IPAs in Palestine
01
02
03
04
05
06
Faqoua`- Jalaboun
Wad Alhrameyah - Wad Elbalat - Um Safa - Beit Illo - Ein Samya
Wad Qana- Wad Eshai`r
Yaseed-Ibzeik
Dead Sea Coast
Khali (Hebron) Gradient
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
Occupied Palestinian Territories
SECTION 3
45
IPA summary
Nine IPAs have been identiied in Palestine; four have been conirmed and
described as internationally important sites the remainder require further
investigation, due to access dificulties and lack of capacity. Three IPAs
contain single country endemics and all sites contain species that have very
restricted distributions but cross adjacent borders for example Iris haynei
in Palestine and Israel. The current distribution of many of these locally
endemic species is not known (see section 04).
The IPAs of Palestine are dominated by maquis (chaparral) vegetation
– both dense and open, with Pistacia palaestina, P. lentiscus, Rhamnus
palaestinus, Quercus calliprinos and Q. boisseri, frequently interspersed
with ancient olive groves. The softer leaved garrigue (phyrgana) with Cistus
incanus, C. salvifolious, Smilax aspera; and many medicinal and aromatic
species such as Origanum syriaca, Saturja thymbra and Teucrium spp. is
found on some IPAs.
Remnants of once dense carob forest (Ceratonia siliqua) occur on some
sites and populations of Pinus halapenis are found on parts of the more
4,5
mountainous sites.
Water (extraction and drainage)
Extraction (minerals)
Agricultural intensiication (hort)
1,5
Development (urbanisation)
2
Development (infrastructure)
3
2,5
Habitat fragmentation
Threats to IPAs in Palestine
Agricultural intensiication (grazing)
3,5
Unsustainable Plant Exploitation
4
Forestry deforestation (inc. irewood)
Nº of IPAs
Iris haynei
© B. Al-Sheihk
The IPAs in Palestine are threatened by cutting, grazing, occasional
1
burning, habitat fragmentation and very high levels of unsustainable harvest
0,5
of medicinal and aromatic plants. Wood cutting is largely domestic and wild
0
plant harvesting is important for supplementing household incomes.
[Fig. 16] Threats affecting IPAs in Palestine
Palestine: lora, vegetation and plant conservation
Palestine is situated in South West Asia in the east of the Mediterranean
basin. The targeted area (5800 square km) has 1600 vascular plant species,
tremendously high plant diversity for such a small area; it has three
biogeographical areas: Mediterranean, Irano-Turanian (semi-desert) and
extreme desert. Many habitats present are associated with the climatic
transition between Mediterranean and extreme desert. The semi-desert belt
(Transition) has higher diversity than other two areas. The preliminary red
list of Palestine is available electronically from the author and contains 298
vascular plant species, some of which are globally threatened.
Three Palestinian IPAs that are priorities for conservation action
1. Faqoua`- Jalaboun IPA
Situated in Jenin in the north eastern part of the West Bank, Faqoua`-
“Since the 1930s carob
forest (Ceratonia siliqua)
and the maquis on the
mountains at the edge of
Marj Ibin Amer has come
under intense pressure
from deforestation and is
very degraded”
46
SECTION 3
COUNTRY REPORTS & CASE STUDIES
Overcollection of medicinal plants
affects many IPAs in Palestine and Syria
© B. Al-Sheihk
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
Jalaboun IPA has a typical Mediterranean climate and is covered largely by
open maquis (chaparral) interspersed with olive groves and ields of wheat
and pasture. The latter are part of the famous and most fertile meadow in
the Middle East, Marj Ibin Amer. The vegetation is dominated by Rhamnus
palaestinus, Quercus calliprinos, Pistacia lentiscus, Calycotome villosa,
Ruta chalapensis, Sarcopoterium spinosa and some Ceratonia siliqua trees,
in addition to other aromatic and medicinal dwarf shrubs for e.g. Salvia
fruticosa, Teucrium divaricatum, Thymbra spicata, Teucrium polium and
Foeniculum vulgari. The most restricted species is Iris haynei which is a site
restricted endemic (with a range of <100km2), it is present both sides of the
Separation Wall in Palestine and Israel. Other Palestinian endemics on this
site include Delphinium ithaburense.
Since the 1930s carob forest (Ceratonia siliqua) and the maquis on the
mountains at the edge of Marj Ibin Amer has come under intense pressure
from deforestation and is very degraded. The destruction has been driven
by demand for fuel, for domestic and commercial use. This situation is
likely to deteriorate as the villages are surrounded to the north and east by
the Separation Wall, which is forcing expansion to the west and south and
increasing pressure at this site.
Raising public awareness is a priority action on this site through publicising
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
Occupied Palestinian Territories
SECTION 3
47
the existence of Iris haynei and its status as a unique species to this area;
possibly undertaking ex situ conservation of this species in local gardens;
educating local collectors of aromatic plants on methods of sustainable
harvesting; implementation of the law to prevent uprooting of certain
species; and inally through decreasing grazing potentially through fencing
certain areas with the cooperation of the local council.
2. Wad Qana-Wad Eshai`r
Wad Qana-Wad Eshai`r IPA is situated in Salit in the West Bank between
500–775m on the mountainous ridge of Palestine. It has a Mediterranean
climate with mean annual rainfall of 676mm. The vegetation is dominated by
maquis (chaparral) with some areas of Pinus halapensis. The most frequent
species are Pistacia palaestina, P. lentiscus, Rhamnus palaestinus, Quercus
calliprinos, Cistus incanus, C. salviifolius, Smilax aspera, Calycatome villosa,
Styrax oficinalis, Lonicera etrusca, Ruta chalapensis, Sarcopotrium spinosa,
Inula viscosa and some shrubs and trees e.g. Quercus boissieri and Ceratonia
siliqua. Other aromatic and medicinal dwarf shrubs include Salvia fruticosa,
Origanum syriaca, Thymbra spicata, Teucrium polium. The area is a reservoir
of medicinal plants for Salit and Nablus cities and contains many species
protected by law such as Ophrys species and Tulipa agenesis. The IPA also
contains olive groves that produce more than 30,000 tones of olive oil in good
years, also well as weak springs with associated wetland species.
Wood cutting, over harvesting of medicinal plants, agricultural expansion
and road construction all threaten this IPA, and there are a number of very
active quarries where white gold is being mined. Wad Qana-Wad Eshai`r
is currently being considered by the Palestinian Authorities as a natural
reserve. Improving the local community awareness of the importance of this
site is also a priority.
Allium qasunense site restricted
endemic species
Palestine
© B. Al-Sheihk
3. Yaseed-Ibzeik IPA
Yaseed-Ibzeik IPA is situated in Nablus in the West Bank the area is typically
Mediterranean and dominated by maquis (both intact and degraded) carob
woodland and garrigue (phrygana). The area has many endemic species like
Ferula orietalis, Iris atrufusca, Iris lortetii, Biarum pyrami, Teucrium montbretii
and Phylitis sagitata; it is also rich in more widespread Mediterranean
endemic species.
The area is subjected to heavy grazing, cutting for home use,
overharvesting of medicinal plants – some formerly proliic local populations
are nearly extinct – and shifting from traditional (extensive) to modern
(intensive) agricultural practices with increased used of herbicides and
chemical fertilisers with a subsequent reduction in farmland biodiversity.
In addition overpumping of ground water has dried out the springs and
destroyed their plant communities.
Increasing public awareness of the importance of the site and its species is
crucial for its conservation. In addition to implementing laws which prevent
uprooting of species, teaching sustainable harvesting techniques for
Further reading
Al-Sheikh, B. 2010. The Country Report Important Plant Areas in Palestine [Black
and white report which can be found at
www.plantlife.org.uk]
48
SECTION 3
COUNTRY REPORTS & CASE STUDIES : Israel
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
Israel
A. Shmida and G. Pollak
IPA Team
IPA Country coordinators:
Prof. Avi Shmida
(Hebrew University of Jerusalem)
Dr. Eliezer Frankenberg
(Nature and Parks Authority)
Collaborators:
Dr. Noam Levin hebrew and Mr.
Noam Nisanholz
(Hebrew University of Jerusalem)
Dr. Gad Pollak
(Kibbutzim College, Tel Aviv)
Dr. Margareta Walzcak and Mr. Dotan
Rotem
(Nature and Parks Authority), Mr.
Menahem Zalutsky
(Ministry of Environmental Protection)
[Fig. 17] IPAs in Israel
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
Meiron
Hula
Mount Carmel
Affula
Poleg
Dead Sea Coast
Hebron Gradient
Lahav
Nizana Sands
10
11
12
13
14
15
Har Negev
Hatzeva
Sedom
Eilat Mountains
Acre
Netofa
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
COUNTRY REPORTS & CASE STUDIES : Israel
IPA summary
Fifteen IPAs have been identiied in Israel; seven have a high priority for
conservation. These sites encompasses the following habitats: Mediterranean
maquis (chaparral); Mediterranean-desert transition (for e.g. Hebron IPA);
desert shrubland (Har HaNegev); extreme desert oasis (Dead Sea coast);
coastal plain (Poleg), including the unique vegetation associated with the
sandy habitats on Hamra soil (red sandy loam) and kurkar (calcareous
sandstone); sand dunes; coastal seasonal pools; wadi beds; wetlands and
swamp (Hula); springs and riparian vegeation and coastal salt marshes (Acre).
Signiicant species include the Israeli endemics Allium negense, Bufonia
ramonensis and Ferula daniniias well as numerous regional endemic species
such as Iris atrofusca, I. vartanii, Mosheovia galilae and Rheum palaestinum.
SECTION 3
[Fig.18] Hotspots of Israel’s red list plants
compared with the 15 IPAs
(Levin et al unpublished)
• Number of IPAs: 15
• Number of the seven priority IPAs containing single country endemic
species: 4
• Number of the seven priority IPAs containing very restricted species
(steno-endemics): 7
Threats to IPAs in Israel
Habitat fragmentation and urbanisation are the greatest threats to IPAs in
Israel.
Nº of IPAs
09
Security / Military
0
Development (tourism)
01
Development (industry)
02
Burning of vegetation (ires)
03
Water (extraction and drainage)
04
Agricultural intensiication (grazing)
05
Habitat fragmentation
06
Development (urbanisation)
07
Agricultural intensiication (arable)
Nº of national Red List species
08
[Fig. 19] Threats affecting the seven priority IPAs in Israel
Israel: lora, vegetation and plant conservation
Israel is a small country (20,770 sq km) and about 70% desert nevertheless
it is very rich in plant diversity. The lora of Israel comprises 2272 different
wild species from 128 families and 775 genera. 414 of these species are
threatened (critically endangered, endangered and vulnerable) on a national
level and 56 are national endemics. While the number of the Red Plants
of Israel is high compared with homologous countries, the number of
endemic species is much lower.
The richness of the lora is due to Israel’s geographical position between
Africa and Asia, where three phytogeographical regions intersect: the
Red Species Ratio
(Nº of red list species/ total richness)
49
50
SECTION 3
COUNTRY REPORTS & CASE STUDIES : Israel
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
Mediterranean, the Irano-Turanian and the Saharo-Arabian. At this
crossroads a wide range of habitats, altitudes and climates are present,
where temperate species coexist alongside species from tropical, desert
and xero-alpine climates. Steep geomorphological and ecological gradients
rise from the sea, range over lush green arboreal mountains and descend to
extreme desert around the Dead Sea, the lowest region on earth.
47.8% of the wild plants in the Mediterranean and desert regions are
annuals that occupy small niches and are known for their fast speciation
rate. Israel’s lora relects these characteristics. The long co-evolution of
the local lora with human culture in the Fertile Crescent yields a rich and
diverse annual and antipastoral lora well adapted to the disturbed habitats
associated with human civilization.
Campanula heirosolymthana
a typical Levantine annual
© O .Golan
As Israel’s borders cut across the three phytogeographical regions, there is a
relatively low rate of national endemism in the lora with only 44 strict endemic
plant species and 12 more “near-national endemics” (whose distribution
extends just a few kilometres over the border into adjacent states).
Three IPAs in Israel that are priorities for conservation action
1. Meron IPA
“Israel is a small country
(20,770sq km) and about
70% desert nevertheless
it is very rich in plant
diversity. The lora of
Israel comprises 2272
different wild species
from 128 families and
775 genera”
Meron IPA is located in the Har Meron and Wadi Dishon region in the
mountain area of Galilee in north Israel. Har Meron is the most humid area
in Israel, with 800-1000 mm annual rainfall, and over 800m snow falls
one to three times each winter. The vegetation is Mediterranean maquis
(chapparal) dominated by Quercus calliprinos and Pistacia palaestina and
at the higher elevations also by Quercus boissieri. This is the richest mesic
maquis region, 76 species of trees and shrubs are found in Israel only in
this northern region. Wadi Dishon sub region is located at the rain shadow
of Mt. Meron, where there is a steep gradient from humid Mediterranean to
Mediterranean-desert transition vegetation. The vegetation changes from
dense maquis to open woodland dominated by Quercus ithaburensis and
Pistacia atlantica, accompanied by many steppe herbaceous species. Iris
lortetii is endemic to that region and threatened.
Meron contains sixty seven nationally threatened species, 12 Israeli
endemics such as Iris lortetii and Vicia hulensis and 47 species with
restricted distributions in the eastern Mediterranean e.g. Campanula
sidoniensis, Iris bismarckiana, Mosheovia galilaea, Orchis israelitica and
Sedum palaestinum. A number of species reach their southern extension
on Meron IPA for e.g. Prunus ursine, Arabis alpina and Juniperus oxycedrus.
Inland the land use is mostly agricultural and in transition from traditional
cultivation to intensive methods. Here natural vegetation occurs in
abandoned ields, in margins of cultivated areas and in planted groves
where many threatened and endemic plants are represented (e.g Mosheovia
galilaea, Teucrium spinosum and Potentilla reptans).
Meron IPA is threatened by overgrazing cattle; habitat fragmentation
through reclamation of land for grazing and military roads; new settlements
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
COUNTRY REPORTS & CASE STUDIES : Israel
and expanding old villages; over pumping ground water in wadies and
springs; ires due to military activity and agricultural expansion. Most of the
area is included in the Har Meron Nature reserve which is protected, though
some over grazing occurs.
SECTION 3
51
Meron IPA
© A. Shmida
2. hula valley
The Hula valley is located in north-east Israel in the northern part of the
Dead-Sea rift. The climate is typically Mediterranean with 400-650 mm
rainfall between October and May. The vegetation is dominated by OakPistacia woodland (Quercus ithaburensis and Pistacia atlantica) on the dry
habitats and wetlands in the lower areas. Most of the natural vegetation has
been destroyed by modern agriculture in the last 60 years but few small
nature reserves have been established. The Hula swamp was once the
largest wetland habitat in the Levant until it was drained in 1965. Signiicant
wetland habitat was destroyed and ive wetland plant species became
extinct from Israel, including Berula erecta, Marsilea minuta and Nymphaea
alba. Rich water plant lora, including wetland species at their most
southern extent, can be found in the marginal springs which drain to the
Hula Lake, this remains under severe threat. The Hula reserve is the most
northerly site for tropical Cyperus papyrus.
Hula Valley contains three Israeli endemics and numerous east
Mediterranean restricted range species, as well as 69 nationally
threatened species. The important habitats are highly fragmented and
threatened by water extraction, grazing, agricultural activities and
urban development. Only a few small reserves remain which could be
included under a protection mechanism by the Ministry of Agriculture. A
management plan is badly needed for this IPA.
“In Meron natural
vegetation occurs in
abandoned ields, in
margins of cultivated
areas and in planted
groves where many
threatened and endemic
plants are represented”
52
SECTION 3
COUNTRY REPORTS & CASE STUDIES : Israel
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
Maquis habitat on Meron IPA
© A. Shmida
Hebron gradient
Annual poppies and olives
Transition zone
© Oz Golan
“The Hula swamp was
once the largest wetland
habitat in the Levant until
it was drained in 1965”
Further reading
Shmida, A. and Pollak, G. 2010. Israel IPA
general report [Black and white report
available on Plantlife website www.
plantlife.org.uk]
3. hebron Gradient IPA
This site straddles the border between Israel and the West Bank of
Palestine in the south. The Hebron – Eon Gedi Gradient is the most well
preserved transition between the Mediterranean and desert vegetation in
the Middle East. The gradient runs west to east in the rain-shadow of the
Judean-Samarian ridge where altitude drops from 1010m-420m in the east
Judean desert, and the rainfall from 450 mm to 76mm.
Three vegetation belts typical of the Levant are found: open Mediterranean
maquis (chaparral), Mediterranean transition and Hot Desert Oasis - where
springs of freshwater are found within extreme hot and arid environments.
Sudanese (xero-tropical) species are found in these oases e.g. Capparis
deciduas, Maerua crassifolia, Grewia villosa and Cordia sinensis. The
Hebron ridge hosts many Mediterranean plants within degraded and grazed
Querqus calliprinus maquis including a rich annual lora. South along the
ridge species endemic to transitional mountains of the Levant are found.
Fifteen Israeli endemics species occur in Hebron IPA as well as numerous
species with restricted range in eastern countries e.g. Iris atrofusca, I.
vartanii, Petrorhagia arabica and Suaeda palaestina.
The site is threatened by sheep grazing which has changed the composition
of the lora, increasing spiny plants and reducing overall diversity. Habitat
fragmentation, agricultural expansion, urban development, tourism and
water exploitation along the Dead Sea coast are also causing concern. This
site is not protected and is in need of a management plan.
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
COUNTRY REPORTS & CASE STUDIES : Lebanon
SECTION 3
Lebanon
Yazbek M., Machaka-Houri N., Al-Zein M.S., Sai S.
Sinno N. and Talhouk, S.N.T.
IPA Team
Mariana Yazbek
Nisrine Machaka-houri
(IBSAR, American University of Beirut
(AUB))
Mohammad S. Al-Zein
(Department of Natural Sciences,
School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese
American University, Beirut)
Samir Sai
(Lebanese University, Faculty of
Sciences II, Dept. of Life and Earth
Sciences)
Nada Sinno
(Biology Dept, AUB)
Salma Talhouk
(LDEM and IBSAR, AUB)
[Fig. 20] IPAs of Lebanon
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
Mount Makmel
Hermel Plain
Aarsal
Aammiq
Mount Hermon
Menjez
Qammouaa-Dinnyeh- Jurd Hermel
Palm Islands
Bcharreh-Ehden
Ras Chekka
Tannourine
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Jbail Coast
Wadi Jannah
Keserwan
Sannine - Knaisseh
Chouf
Nahr Ed-Damour
Beirut – Jiyyeh Coast
Tyre - Naqoura
Rihane
53
54
SECTION 3
COUNTRY REPORTS & CASE STUDIES : Lebanon
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
IPA summary
Cedar of Lebanon (Cedrus libani), in
Maaser forest. Although protection
measures such as the creation of the AlShouf Cedar Nature Reserve have been
undertaken, the Cedar woodlands of
Central Mount-Lebanon are threatened
by overgrazing, unregulated tourism,
and a high occurrence of forest ires in
forests below the slope.
Lebanon
© Michel Gunther / WWF-Canon
In the current study the Lebanese team worked in bilateral cooperation with
IUCN, Plantlife and WWF to deine twenty IPAs in Lebanon using published
literature and consultations with national experts. The IPAs of Lebanon
are distributed throughout the country and are representative of its major
ecosystems and habitats. Although as expected, the majority of the IPA sites
lie on the western slopes of the Mount Lebanon range and include Qornet
Es-Sawda (the highest peak in the country at 3088m). IPAs are also found on
the Eastern Mediterranean shore, the Anti-Lebanon mountain range, the semi
arid areas of the Bekaa valley and the marshes of West Bekaa.
Endemic and/or threatened species are found in almost every designated
IPA, most of them contain more than 10 nationally endemic species
and some sites are exceptionally rich in endemics: Bcharreh-Ehden (50
species), Chouf (32), Makmel (25) and Keserwan (25).
They include threatened endemics represented in a single IPA: Vicia
canescens Labill (in Mount Makmel IPA), Chaerophyllum aurantiacum Post
(Tannourine IPA), Centaurea mouterdii Wagenitz. (Rihane) and Tulipa lownei
Baker (Chouf) or within more than one IPA for example: Matthiola crassifolia
Boiss. et Gaill., Melissa inodora Boiss., Viola libanotica Bornm. and Iris
sofarana Foster. In addition to endemics, the designated IPAs include
some species that are at the edge of their distribution range such as Abies
cilicica (Antoine & Kotschy) Carr found in Bcharreh-Ehden IPA and Ostrya
COUNTRY REPORTS & CASE STUDIES : Lebanon
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
SECTION 3
carpinifolia Scop. in Jabal Moussa (Wadi Jannah IPA). Although all identiied
IPAs contain species with trans-boundary distributions, many contain (very
local) steno-endemics (see section IV on restricted range species).
Qammouaa-Dinnyeh-Jurd Hermel, Palm Islands, Bcharreh-Ehden,
Tannourine and Tyre-Naqoura IPAs include entire nature reserves or parts
thereof. Aamiq, Palm Islands, Ras Chekka and Tyre Naquora include
Ramsar sites. Qadisha valley is a natural heritage site, Wadi Jannah, Chouf
and Rihane are bioreserves and Qammouaa-Dinnyeh- Jurd Hermel is under
consideration for some kind of protection.
• Number of IPAs: 20
• Number of IPAs containing single country endemic species: 16
• Number of IPAs containing very restricted species (stenoendemics)
within Lebanon: 12
Silene makmeliana
Restricted to small areas of
Lebanon and Syria
© N. Machaka-Houri
Threats to IPAs in Lebanon
Almost every type of habitat in Lebanon is threatened; urban expansion
is invading every mountain, coast, plain, and valley. Examples of IPAs
facing anthropomorphic threats include the coast (Beirut–Jiyyeh Coast
and Tyre-Naqoura), dry plains (Hermel Plain), wetlands (Aammiq), riparian
ecosystems (Wadi Jannah and Nahr Ed-Damour), as well as mountains
and valleys in most of the IPAs of Mount Lebanon. The expansion and
intensiication of agriculture, deforestation and climate change (are also
frequent threats to IPAs (Fig. 21).
Nº of IPAs
Wadi Nahr Ibrahim
Lebanon
© N. Machaka-Houri
Unsustainable Plant Exploitation
0
Habitat fragmentation
02
Water (extraction and drainage)
04
Extraction (minerals)
06
Burning of vegetation (ires)
08
Forestry deforestation (inc. irewood)
10
Development (tourism)
12
Development (urbanisation)
14
Climate change (sea level rise)
16
Agricultural intensiication (grazing)
18
[Fig. 21] Top ten threats affecting IPAs in Lebanon
Lebanon: lora, vegetation and plant conservation
Lebanon hosts a rich variety of wildlife including many rare and endemic
plant species, due to variation in topography, habitats and climate. Around
2,790 species of vascular plants comprise the Lebanese lora, including
approximately 92 national endemic species. Two loristic ensembles are
recognised in the country; Mediterranean and Presteppic Mediterranean,
they are represented in almost all of their vegetation levels.
“Almost every type
of habitat in Lebanon
is threatened; urban
expansion is invading
every mountain, coast,
plain, and valley”
55
56
SECTION 3
COUNTRY REPORTS & CASE STUDIES : Lebanon
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
The Mediterranean ensemble includes diverse vegetation series, such as the:
Arbutus andrachne
El Chouf, Lebanon
© Pedro Regato
• Thermomediterranean serie of Ceratonia siliqua and Pistacia lentiscus
• Thermo- and Eu-mediterranean series of Pinus brutia and Cupressus
sempervirens
• Thermo-, Eu- and Supra-mediterranean series of Pinus pinea, Quercus
calliprinos and Q. infectoria,
• Eu-mediterranean series of Ostrya carpinifolia, Fraxinus ornus and Q.
cerris
• Mountainous series of Cedrus libani and Abies cilicica and Q.
cedrorum and Q. brantii ssp. look
• Mountainous and Oro-mediterranean series of Juniperus excelsa
The Presteppic Mediterraneranean ensemble includes:
• Presteppic mediterranean and supra-mediterranean series of Q.
calliprinos and
• Presteppic mountainous and oro-mediterranean series of J. excelsa.
“Efforts to produce
inventories for
elaborating management
of sites remain hindered
by the absence of
baseline data”
Lebanon has been designating protected areas since the 1930s. These
currently include nature reserves (8 sites), natural sites protected by
decision of the Minister of Environment (Forests and Landscape, 8 sites;
River and streams, 8 sites), Hima and forests declared by the Minister of
Agriculture (17), tourism sites declared by the Ministry of Tourism (14),
natural sites & monuments declared by decrees (8), and sites of natural
and/or ecological importance in need of protection.
To manage its biodiversity, Lebanon, a signatory of the Convention on
Biological Diversity (CBD), has devised management teams consisting of a
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
COUNTRY REPORTS & CASE STUDIES : Lebanon
SECTION 3
consortium of private and public groups including local non-governmental
organisations (NGOs) and municipalities. The management teams have
subsequently contracted national and international scientists to produce
species inventories in order to elaborate management approaches.
These efforts remain hindered by the absence of baseline data identifying
ecosystems, habitats, assemblages and populations, as well as the
absence of species maps and a formal threat status for species (provided
for example by a red-listing process).
Three Lebanese IPAs that are priorities for conservation action
Makmel
Forest in Qammamine villlage
Devil’s valley, Lebanon
© N. Machaka-Houri
This IPA comprises a chain of high mountain peaks in the North of Lebanon
covered with snow for long periods, sometimes more than six months.
Al-Qournet es-Sawda, the highest peak along the Eastern Mediterranean
coast is within this site. The vegetation is predominantly oromediterranean
and the area is very rich in plant species (ca. 200 recorded). It is home to
47 species restricted to the Eastern Mediterranean, 6 endemic to Lebanon,
Syria and Turkey, 36 to Lebanon and Syria and 25 to Lebanon.
Qammouaa- dinnyeh
Qammouaa- Dinnyeh IPA is situated mostly in the Akkar district in North
Lebanon and contains the largest continuous stands of natural forests in
Lebanon. A huge diversity of forest types occur at this site: Calabrian pines,
mixed cedar, ir and juniper, mixed ir and cedar, pure ir, evergreen oak and
relic turkey oak stands. The area covers four vegetation series: the Eu-,
Supra-, Mountainous and Oro-Mediterranean and it is characterised by a
wide variety of landscapes: valleys, forests, rivers, gorges, rocky cliffs and
mountains. 320 species plant species have been recorded: 82 species are
restricted to the Eastern Mediterranean, 6 are endemic to Lebanon, Syria
and Palestine, 17 to Lebanon and Syria, 9 to Lebanon, Syria and Turkey, 10
to Lebanon and 2 threatened species according to experts’ opinion.
Remnant Cedrus libani forest under
Al-Quornet es-Sawda peak
Makmel IPA
© N. Machaka-Houri
Jabal Moussa- Nahr Ibrahim
Situated on the western slopes of Mount Lebanon, in the central part of
the country, this IPA extends along the southern banks of Nahr Ibrahim
(Ibrahim River). The site has been continuously inhabited for more than
a thousand years and contains Roman inscriptions, deserted houses
and wells. The importance of this IPA resides not only in its species and
ecosystem diversity (deciduous oak-pine woodlands, mixed evergreendeciduous woodlands and garrique) but it is also the southernmost limit of
Ostrya carpinifolia in the Eastern Mediterranean. The core area of the Jabal
Moussa Biosphere, one of Lebanon’s globally recognised Important Bird
Areas (IBA) is included and it is one of Lebanon’s sites for old growth trees.
The IPA is very rich in plant species (216 species) and is home to 61 species
restricted to the Eastern Mediterranean, 8 endemic to Lebanon, Syria and
Palestine, 2 endemic to Lebanon and Syria, 8 to Lebanon, Syria and Turkey,
13 to Lebanon and 10 threatened species according to experts’ opinion.
Further reading
Yazbek M., Machaka-Houri N., Al-Zein
M.S., Sai S., Sinno N. and Talhouk S.
2010. Important Plant Areas of Lebanon.
ISBAR (AUB)/IUCN
[Black and white report which can be
found at www.plantlife.org.uk]
57
58
SECTION 3
COUNTRY REPORTS & CASE STUDIES : Jordan
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
Jordan
Dawud al- Eisawi
[Fig. 22] IPAs in Jordan
01
02
03
04
05
06
Wadi Rum
Dana Nature Reserve
Karack
Salt
Alouk
Um Queis
07
08
09
10
11
12
Lava Safawai
Burqu’
Ajlum
Bayer
Azraq
Mujib
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
COUNTRY REPORTS & CASE STUDIES : Syria
SECTION 3
Syria
H. Hmidan, Z. Shater, F. Al-Mahmoud, S. Karzon, N. Sanadiki,
R. Hamoudeh, A. Al-Hasan, A. Almasri and A. E. Darwich
IPA Team
IPA country coordinator:
hayan hmidan
Conservation Oficer, Syrian Society for
Conservation of Wild Life (SSCW)
Dr. Zuheir Shater
(Tishreen University)
Fadi Al-Mahmoud
(UNDP project plant expert)
Sulaiman Karzon
(University of Hohenheim)
Nayef Sanadiki
(former assistant botanist, Damascus
University)
[Fig. 23] IPAs in Syria
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Karatchok-Tigris
Kurd Dag
Jabal Abdul Aziz
Jabal Al Wastani
Hass-Jabbul
Jisr al shogur
Fronloq-Kasab
Umm Al Tuyur-Bassit
Salma-Haffeh
Slenfeh-Jaubet et Berghal
Ghab
Jabal Bishri
Abu Qbeis
Kanfo
Mayadin
Massiaf-Qadmous
Al Bil As
Jabal al Sha ir
Jabal Abu Rujmain
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
Daher al Qseir
Al Kabeer al Jonubi
Akkoum
Anti-Lebanon
Qalamoun
Qassioun
Rakhleh - Wadi al Qarn
Utaiba - Hijane
Hermon
North Golan
Es Safa
Lajat
Jabal Al Arab
Yarmuk Valley
Reham hamoudeh
(National Commission for Agricultural
Scientiic Research)
Amin Al-hasan
(Directorate of Agriculture in Idleb,
Ministry of Agriculture)
Aroub Almasri
(National Commission for
Biotechnology)
Dr. Akram Eissa Darwich
(State Ministry for Environmental
Affairs)
59
60
SECTION 3
COUNTRY REPORTS & CASE STUDIES : Syria
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
IPA summary
Thirty three IPAs have been identiied in Syria, plus a further ten sites that
require fundamental botanical research before they can be conirmed
as IPAs. These IPAs are located throughout the country within each of
the nationally recognised Mediterranean bioclimatic divisions: humid,
sub-humid, semi arid, arid and Saharan. A large number of sites are
mountainous, located within the parallel coastal and the eastern mountain
ranges as well as in the isolated mountains of the interior. They include
the endemic plant centres of the Northern Levant such as Kurd Dag IPA
(endemics include Onosma cinerea, Cicer bijugum and various Astragalus
spp.); centres of endemism in Antioch and Amanus; sites capturing EuroSiberian plant species at their southern limit (for e.g. Smilax excelsa, Iberis
sempervirens and I. taurica on Frolonq-Kasub IPA); and the best examples
of Cedrus libani and Abies cilicica forests (Slenfeh-Jaubet al Berghl), which
are threatened across the whole Mediterranean.
Anti-Lebanon IPA has exceptional
local endemism
© H. Hmidan
The level of local endemism is exceptionally high in Syria (as across the
whole of the Levant). Restricted range endemic species can be found
in nearly every IPA, mega diverse hotspots for restricted range species
include in Qassiun and Anti Lebanon IPAs, the extraordinary diversity of
the latter is in part due to the presence of sub alpine and alpine habitats
which are absent elsewhere in the country (restricted range species on Anti
Lebanon include Iris antilibanotica, Thymus alfredae, Silene schlumbergeri,
Alyssum subspinosum, Astragalus antilibani, Ferulago frigida). The isolated
mountains of the interior are dominated by Syrian steppe vegetation and
also harbour many local endemics, one of the richest sites being Jabal
Abu Rujmain IPA which lies between the arid and Saharo-mediterannan
bioclimatic zone and contains over 20 restricted range (and country
endemic species) e.g. Iris postii-mout, Onobrychis pinnata, Ajuga
rechingeri).
Threatened wetlands are also represented in the Syrian IPA inventory - in
the shallow saline lake of Hass Jabbul IPA, the riparian sites of Mayadin
(the Euphrates) and Al Kabir al Jonubi (coastal river), and remnant swamp
vegetation at Ghab and Utaib-Hijaneh. In the south of Syria IPAs such as
Es Safa contain the northern limits of the Saharo-Arabian lora (Kickxia
aegyptica and Rheum palaestinum) and Jabal al Arab – with its vast
diversity and local endemism due its unique position at the junction of the
sub-humid and semi-arid Mediterranean bioclimatic zones.
Seven of the IPAs in Syria are partially or totally protected, including one
Ramsar site (internationally important wetland), and three have some form
of management plan active on part or all of the site.
•
•
•
•
Number of IPAs: 33
Number of IPAs containing single country endemic species: 25
Number of IPAs containing very restricted species (steno-endemics): 27
Number of IPAs containing >20 single country or very restricted range
species: 5
COUNTRY REPORTS & CASE STUDIES : Syria
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
Threats to IPAs in syria
The most frequent threat to IPAs in Syria is the unsustainable collection of
herbs and medicinal plants (affecting 91% of sites) this is closely followed
by the threat from overgrazing. Deforestation (speciically gathering leaves
and branches for fodder and wood for fuel) is another major cause for
concern, which is exacerbated by burning on 14 IPAs. Tourism development
and extraction of minerals are concerns on 50% of Syrian IPAs.
Nº of IPAs
[Fig. 24] Top ten threats affecting IPAs in Syria
Development (urbanisation)
0
Water (extraction and drainage)
02
Development (infrastructure)
04
Burning of vegetation (ires)
06
Extraction (minerals)
08
Development (tourism)
10
Agricultural intensiication (arable)
12
Forestry: deforestation (inc. irewood)
14
Unsustainable Plant Exploitation
16
Agricultural intensiication (grazing)
18
Pistacia atlantica
open woodland, Syria
© H. Hmidan
SECTION 3
61
62
SECTION 3
COUNTRY REPORTS & CASE STUDIES : Syria
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
syria: lora, vegetation and plant conservation
Syria is located at the eastern end of the Mediterranean Basin and forms
an integral part of the Levant countries. Syrian territory includes 183km of
Mediterranean sea coast, plains, mountain ranges, plateaus and semideserts. Over 60% of the country is a plateau between 200-600m and
mountains between 600 and 2000m form the remainder. The climate is
Mediterranean with precipitation in the cool seasons of the year, summers
are hot and dry. Altitude, latitude, orographic shadow effects and distance
from the Mediterranean are the main factors that affect the climate;
precipitation tends to decrease from west to east and from north to south.
Sideritis nuarsariensis
© F. Al- Mahmoud
“Altitude, latitude,
orographic shadow
effects and distance
from the Mediterranean
are the main factors
that affect the climate;
precipitation tends to
decrease from west to
east and from north to
south”
Five Mediterranean bioclimatic zones are recognised: humid, sub-humid,
semi arid, arid and Saharan, deined by gradually decreasing rainfall. In
the humid Mediterranean the vegetation is evergreen forest covering in the
coastal mountains and some high peaks of the eastern mountain chain.
At lower elevations this is dominated by Quercus infectoria, Quercus
calliprinos, Pinus brutia, Pistacia lentiscus, Fraxinus ornus and at higher
elevations by Quercus infectoria, Abies cilicica, Cedrus libani, Juniperus and
Picea. Sub-alpine forest (Juniperus excelsa) and meadows are found over
2000m. The main vegetation type in the sub-humid Mediterranean zone is
degraded oak forest (Quercus calliprinos, Quercus ithaburiensis, Pistacia
palaestina) found on the coastal plains, the mid to high altitudes of the
Eastern mountains, Golan Heights, and the highest peaks of Jabal al-Arab.
Open degraded steppic woodlands (Pistacia atlantica, Crataegus sp.,
Amygdalus sp.) with grasses and legumes are found in the semi-arid zone
on the eastern slopes of the Eastern mountain chain and the adjacent
plains of Aleppo, Hama, Homs and the fringes of the Fertile Crescent
(high peaks of the inner mountains and the Upper Jezira area). The arid
zone comprises the western and the northern limits of the eastern plateau
including Jezira plains, grasses and shrubs dominate (Astragalus, Salsola,
and Artemisia). The Saharan zone is in the east and the southeast where
perennial formations of dwarf shrubs are found (including species of
Achillea, Anabasis and Haloxylon).
The Syrian lora includes 3077 species belonging to 133 families and 919
genera, the majority of which are Mediterranean or Irano-Tauranian. Syria
has approximately 243 endemic species however historically, the Syrian
and Lebanese loras have been treated together in which case there are
330 endemic species to both countries; around 8% of the joint lora. The
genera Iris, Astragalus, Centaurea and Allium have the largest percentage
endemism in Syria.
Three syrian IPAs that are priorities for conservation action
The national expert team identiied the following IPAs as priorities for
conservation action: Kurd Dag, Salma Haffeh, Ghab, Anti Lebanon and
Jabal al Arab – three of these are described in detail below.
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
COUNTRY REPORTS & CASE STUDIES : Syria
1. Kurd dag IPA
Kurd Dag is an elevated calcareous mountain massif which occupies the
north-western corner of Syria and is an important example of the well
preserved vegetation associated with the Eastern mountain chain. It forms
the southern continuation of Taurus Mountains parallel to the Amanus
Mountains in Turkey, running 50 km from the north-east to the south-west,
its highest point is Kutchuk Darmik at 1230m. Sub-humid to semi-arid
Mediterranean bioclimatic conditions prevail over the site. Botanically it is
a centre of endemism for the Northern Levant due to the large numbers of
species restricted to South Turkey/North Syria for example Vaccaria linilora,
Ranunculus millefolius, Astragalus antabicus, Astragalus darmikii, Vicia
qatmnesis, Psoralea jaubertiana.
The site is threatened by agricultural expansion, overgrazing of livestock,
wood collection for fuel, collection of herbs and medicinal plants and
burning of weeds in the adjacent agricultural lands. There are also concerns
about extraction of minerals and construction of dams on this site. The site
has no legal protection and no management plan.
2. Anti Lebanon IPA
Juniperus on Anti-Lebanon IPA
© H. Hmidan
This mountain range on the Syrian-Lebanese border is the most important
centre of endemism for Syria and the only Syrian IPA to possess sub alpine
and alpine habitats. The majority of the site is above 2000m and forms a
large extended area of high uplands, unique to the Levant countries. The
maximum height is 2616m at Tala’at Musa peak. The numerous mountain
peaks, steep slopes, vertical cliffs and deep valleys provide diverse plant
habitats. Precipitation is modest due to the rain shadow effect of the
Lebanese mountains and the whole area is located within the semi-arid
Mediterranean bioclimatic zones. Low temperatures and long period of
snow and frost allow the survival of sub-alpine and alpine vegetation, this
isolation promotes speciation that has resulted in large numbers of narrow
endemics.
Thirty eight species on this site are restricted to the Anti Lebanon IPA
e.g. Phagnolon linifolium, Helichrysum pygmaeum, Thymus alfredae and
Ferulago frigida over 50 additional species recorded here are restricted to
speciic mountain ranges in Syria and/or Syria and Lebanon.
Numerous threats affect this very large IPA: agricultural expansion,
overgrazing, wood gathering for fuel, over collection of medicinal plants,
burning of weeds, mineral extraction and development for tourism,
transport and urbanisation. A protected area covers about 60% of the IPA.
3. Jabal al Arab IPA
Jabal al Arab (also known as Jabal Druze or Jabal Hauran) is the second
most important site for endemism in Syria and a unique site for basalt
habitats. The site consists of a convex volcanic massif extending over
southern Syria, the highest point on this plateau is Tall Ghineh at 1803 m
Orchis tridentata
Abu Quies IPA
Syria
© F. Al- Mahmoud
SECTION 3
63
64
SECTION 3
COUNTRY REPORTS & CASE STUDIES : Syria
Jabal Al Arab IPA
Centre of endemism for Syria
© H. Hmidan
Further reading
Hmidan, H., Shater, Z., Al-Mahmoud, F.
Karzon, S. Sanadiki, N. Hamoudeh, R.,
Al-Hasan, A., Almasri, A. and Darwich A.E.
2010. Syria country report on the identiication of Important Plant Areas (IPAs) in
Syria (Rapid assessment). Syrian Society
for Conservation of WildLife (SSCW)
[Black and white report which can be
found at www.plantlife.org.uk]
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
in the core of the IPA. No permanent water courses are present but many
valleys (wadis) drain the mountain, these are deep and short on the eastern
slopes and longer and shallower in the west. A few permanent and seasonal
lakes and pools can be found within the IPA. Jabal al Arab is exposed to
Mediterranean winds through the Golan-Galilee gap and so the sub-humid
and the semi-arid Mediterranean zones meet on this mountain, accounting
for the remarkably diverse and unique lora. Gagea procera, Allium
drusorum and Iris auranitica are among the species unique to this range.
Over 20 restricted range species can be found here as well as a number of
species whose southern or northern limit fall within the IPA. Nationally (but
not regionally) threatened habitats are pools, basaltic rocks, Quercus look
and Pistacia atlantica open woodlands.
The threats to this site are many and mirror those of the Anti Lebanon IPA,
only 2% of the site is protected and there is no management plan.
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
COUNTRY REPORTS & CASE STUDIES : Albania
SECTION 3
Albania
Lulëzim Shuka, Murat Xhulaj and Mihallaq Qirjo
IPA Team
Rezart Kapedani and Mihallaq Qirjo
Assoc. Prof. PhD
(Regional Environment Center Albania)
Lulëzim Shuka
Assoc. Prof. PhD
Murat Xhulaj
Prof. PhD (Tirana University, Faculty
of Natural Sciences, Department of
Biology)
[Fig. 25] IPAs in Albania
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
Grykëderdhja e Bunës - Velipojës
Skoda Lake and Buna River
Lugina e Cemit
Alpet Veriore Shqiptare
Pashtrik - Morinë
Gjallicë - Koritnik
Korabi
Rrajcë - Shebenik - Jabllanicë
Liqeni i Ohrit
Mali i Thatë
Liqenet e Prespës
Gramoz - Shelegur
Lugina e Vjosës - Çarshovë
Zhej - Nemërçkë
Kepi i Stillos
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
Kolsh - Mali i Runës
Bjeshka e Oroshit
Kunorat e Lurës
Zall - Gjoçaj
Liqeni i Zi
Grykëderdhja e Drinit - Ceka - Vain
Qafë Shtamë
Mali me Gropa - Bizë - Martanesh
Krujë _Tujan
Parku i Dajtit
Kepi i Rodonit - Pylli i Ishmit
Holtë - Bulçar
Shpat - Polis
Guri i Topit - Valamarë
Tomorri
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
Lugina e Gjergjevicës
Drenovë - Nikolicë
Parku i Divjakës
Këneta e Roskovecit
Vjosës (Vlorë)
Karaburuni - Mali i Çikës
Kanioni i Gjipesë
Bredhi i Hotovës
Porto Palermo
Kardhiq
Rrëzomë
Borsh - Lukovë
Bistricë - Muzinë
Ksamil
Liqeni i Butrintit
65
66
SECTION 3
COUNTRY REPORTS & CASE STUDIES : Albania
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
IPA summary
Gramozi IPA
Ten European threatened habitats
are found here, including four priority
habitats threatened throughout the
Mediterranean.
© REC Albania
Forty ive IPAs have been identiied in Albania covering an area of 384,824
hectares and including 15 transboundary sites; 4 with Montenegro, 2 with
Kosovo, 5 with Macedonia FYR and 4 with Greece. These IPAs contain a
huge variety of habitats; forests, maquis, grassland and wetland and are
located throughout the country, in the mountain ranges in the north, south
and east as well as along the coast in the west and around the lakes in the
east. One hundred and thirty three European threatened habitats (from the
EU Habitat Directive and the Bern Convention annexes) are found in Albania
and have been used alongside threatened species to identify Albania IPAs
under criterion C.
One hundred ninety six red listed species can be found on these 45 IPA,
these are not all ‘threatened’ but are frequently ‘rare’ on a nationally or
global scale. Many are also Albanian and/or Balkan endemic species.
Globally threatened species such as Wulfenia baldacci and Ligusticum
albanicum are two endemics that are restricted to the Northern Albanian
Alps. Two regionally threatened mosses are also restricted to a single site
in Albania: Buxbaumia viridis (to Northern Albanian Alps IPA) and Mannia
triandra (to Karaburun - Mali i Çikës IPA). The regionally threatened aquatic
fern Salvia natans is found on Roskoveci swamp and the threatened
vascular plant Marsilea quadifolia is found in Shkodra Lake and Fritillaria
messanensis subsp. gracilis in Gjallicë-Koritnik.
Albanian IPAs are subject to various levels of protection some sites have
more than one type of designation.
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
COUNTRY REPORTS & CASE STUDIES : Albania
Level of protection
No. of IPAs
Strictly Protected Area
5
National Parks
13
Monuments of Nature
2
Natural Managed Reserve
6
Landscape/Seascape Protected Area
4
Landscape Protected Area
4
Protected Resource Area
2
Ramsar Wetland Site
2
No protected status
7
Seven IPAs have no protected area status and for others there are no
clear management plans to provide information on how to safeguard the
biodiversity present, special attention should be given to these sites.
• No. of IPAs: 45
• No. of IPAs from 10 selected sites with single country endemic species: 8
• No. of IPAs from 10 selected sites with very restricted species (stenoendemics): 8
Threats to IPAs in Albania
The main threats to IPAs in Albania are overgrazing, illegal deforestation,
burning of vegetation, tourism development and recreational habitat
fragmentation and eutrophication (enrichment).
SECTION 3
67
Pashtrik IPA
© REC Albania
“Seven IPAs have no
protected area status and
for others there are no
clear management plans
to provide information
on how to safeguard the
biodiversity present”
68
SECTION 3
COUNTRY REPORTS & CASE STUDIES : Albania
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
Nº of IPAs
Unsustainable Plant Exploitation
Extraction (minerals)
Eutrophication
0
Development (tourism)
1
0,5
Burning of vegetation (ires)
2
1,5
Forestry deforestation (inc. irewood)
3
2,5
Agricultural intensiication (grazing)
4
3,5
Natural events (loods, ires, droughts)
5
4,5
[Fig. 26] Threats affecting 10 selected IPAs in Albania
Albania: lora, vegetation and plant conservation
Solanathus albanicus
Albanian endemic species
© REC Albania
Albania is situated in the north east of the Mediterranean basin, covering
28,748km2 including 480km of coastline on the Adriatic and Ionian Seas.
Albania shares borders with Montenegro, Kosovo, Macedonia FYR
and Greece and is an integral part of the Balkan Peninsula; an area of
considerable plant endemism. Mountains cover two thirds of Albania; these
are frequently rugged and dificult to access. Prokletije range in the north is
the southern end of limestone massif of the Dinaric Alps, mountains of the
Serpentine zone (named after the bed rock) extend from Prokletije south to
the Greek border and in the east the Eastern highlands form the border with
Macedonia (including the highest peak in Albania, Mount Korabi – 2754m).
Three important lakes occur on the eastern border with Macedonia and
Greece: Ohrid (the deepest lake in the Balkans, Macro Prespa and Micro
Prespa while Albania shares the biggest lake in the Balkans (Lake Shkodra)
with Montenegro. The coastline also has a high biological diversity with
approximately 100 km2 of wetlands (most of them adjacent to the Adriatic
Sea). The Albania lora contains 3200 species of vascular plants of which 27
are national endemics and 160 endemic to the Balkans. Approximately 30%
of the European lora is present in Albania.
The latest Albanian national plant red list was produced in 2007 (Order
Nr.146, dt. 8.5.2007) and contains 365 plant species, 74 % of which are
threatened on a national level (CR, EN, VU). The country has 53 protected
areas and monuments (June 2010).
Three Albanian IPAs that are priorities for conservation action
1. Gramozi Mountain IPA (Mali i Gramozit)
Gramozi Mountain IPA is located in the south-east of Albania in the north
Pindos Mountains on the border with Greece. The site is dominated by
pasture, with forests with Abies borisii-regis and Fagus sylvatica in the
south east of the site. There are also large communities of endemic black
pine forest (Pinus nigra).
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
COUNTRY REPORTS & CASE STUDIES : Albania
Ten European threatened habitats (forest, grassland and screes) are found
on this IPA including four priority habitats that are threatened throughout the
Mediterranean: semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland on calcareous
substrates, Juniperus communis formations on heaths or calcareous
grasslands, (sub-) Mediterranean pine forests with endemic black pines and
Juniperus oxycedrus woods. Various restricted range species are present
on the site such as Cistus albanicus and Chaerophyllum heldreichii, (which
are threatened and endemic to Albania), and Balkan endemics such as
Crocus cvijicii limited to mountains in south west Macedonia/south east
Albania/north east Greece.
Threats from natural events (disease/ire/drought) have increased over the
last ive years, overgrazing and unsustainable plant exploitation are also
signiicant threats to the integrity of this site. The IPA is not protected and
there is no management plan.
2. Korabi Mountain IPA (Mali i Korabi)
Korabi Mountain IPA is located in north eastern part of Albania and the
mountain crosses the border into Macedonia FYR (where it is also an
IPA). The area has predominately limestone substrates with outcrops of
siliceous rocks at higher elevations. A signiicant part of the site is alpine
pastures where many local endemic species are found; Draba korabensis,
Ranunculus degenii and Ranunculus wettsteinii are only found on Korabi
mountain and Phyteuma pseudorbicularis, Scrophularia bosniaca, Viola
kosaninii and Crocus scardicus are Balkan endemics with very restricted
ranges. Thirteen European threatened habitats are present on this site
(alpine grassland, rocky habitats, river and forests) including the priority
habitats: Endemic forests with Juniperus spp., speciic calcareous or
basophilic grasslands, xeric sand calcareous grasslands and active raised
bogs.
Deforestation is an increasing threat and overgrazing is a severe problem at
this IPA. This site will be proclaimed as a protected area in 2010/11.
3. Tomorri Mountain IPA (Mali i Tomorrit)
Tomorri Mt. is the highest mountain in south-western Albania. The upper
part is pasture, whereas the sub alpine belt is dominated by forest of
Bosnian pine (Pinus heldereichii) and beech (Fagus sylvatica). The site is
also an important point of pilgrimage for the region. Threatened species
Astragalus autranii, Carduus cronicus and Onosma mattirolii are endemic
to this mountain site. Considerable numbers of Balkan endemics species
are also present: Pinus heldereichii, Melampyrum heracleoticum, Fritillaria
graeca, Centaurea graeca, Pedicularis graeca and Sideritis raeseri. Tomorri
hosts twelve European threatened habitats including four priorities: speciic
calcareous or basophilic grasslands, xeric sand calcareous grasslands
and Juniperus communis formations on heaths or calcareous grasslands.
Overgrazing and burning of vegetation are severe at this site the threat from
deforestation is decreasing. This area (4000 ha) was declared a Protected
Area in 1996 in the category of ‘National Park’.
SECTION 3
“Threats from natural
events (disease/ire/
drought) have increased
over the last ive
years, overgrazing and
unsustainable plant
exploitation are also
signiicant threats to
the integrity of Gramozi
Mountain IPA”
Further reading
Dida M., Dragoti N., Kromidha G., Fierza
Gj. 2004. Albanian Natural Areas-National
Parks. (in Albanian)
Ministry of Environment, Forestry and
Water Administration (MEFWA) studies:
• 2006. Study for the increase of the
Protected areas in Albania (in Albanian)
• 2007. Biodiversity Enabling Activity;
370 pp.
• 2007. Albanian national plant red list.
• Various studies for the proclamation of
protectes areas (the Divjakë-Karavasta
ecosystem, the Kruja Mountain-Qafë
Shtama mountainous ecosystem, the
Mali me Gropa-Bizë-Martanesh mountainous ecosystem)
•
Quiro, M. 2010. Important Plant Areas of
Albania. [Black and white report which
can be found at www.plantlife.org.uk]
69
70
SECTION 4
RESTRICTED RANGE SPECIES IN THE SOUTH AND EAST MEDITERRANEAN
04
section
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
SECTION 4
71
RESTRICTED RANGE SPECIES IN ThE
SOUTh AND EAST MEDITERRANEAN
.Describing restricted range or locally endemic species
within this Mediterranean project
.Preliminary restricted range species in North Africa
and the Middle East
There are approximately 13,000 plant species, sub species and varieties
endemic to the whole Mediterranean region, i.e. they are found only within
this region and nowhere else on earth. That around 45% of the region’s
lora is endemic is signiicant in itself, but many of these species and sub
species are restricted to particular sub-regions within the Mediterranean
e.g. the Magreb, Levant or the Balkans or even further restricted to one
small region of <5,000km2 or one ‘site’ of <100km2 – in many cases they
may be known from one or two IPAs. These species can be found within a
single country or have restricted distributions that cross national borders.
Within the south and east Mediterranean those species whose range is
restricted within single countries (single country endemics) are often better
known than those that have restricted distributions across borders; simply
because historically plant species have been investigated on a national
basis. The distributions (and status’) of those species that have restricted
ranges but occur across national borders, are not well known or well
documented, however they are an important component of the diversity
and one that is believed to be very threatened.
A deinitive list of restricted range (local endemic) plant taxa for two of the
Mediterranean sub regions within this project (North Africa and the Middle
East) does not exist, though there is reasonable to very good knowledge
of the distribution of national endemic species within countries. Local
species endemism is an important element of IPA identiication in the region
(especially as the global threat status of most species is unavailable and
national threat assessments are of limited use for regional prioritisation).
This lack of a deinitive regional list of restricted range species was
recognised as an important element needed to inform IPA identiication
work. Country IPA teams therefore started the process of building
distribution lists of these restricted range species (occurring in an area
<5.000km2), alongside the preliminary IPA assessment.
Lebanese endemic, Cousinia libanotica
on Makmel IPA
© N. Machaka-Houri
[left page]
Aerial view of El Feidja National Park, an
important watershed for north Tunisia
and a unique conservation area for rare
species such as the Barbary deer
El Feidja National Park, Tunisia
© Michel Gunther / WWF-Canon
72
SECTION 4
RESTRICTED RANGE SPECIES IN THE SOUTH AND EAST MEDITERRANEAN
Argyrocystitus battandieri, an endemic of
Mediterranen cedar forests
© P. Regato
The process and preliminary results are described below, restricted range
species lists were developed using existing data and expert knowledge.
Assessing the threat status of these species has proved dificult beyond
national level, and forms one of the recommendations for further work
resulting from this project.
describing restricted range or locally endemic species within
this Mediterranean project
The objective for this part of the project was to develop a preliminary list of
restricted range species regardless of whether they were located in a single
country or in multiple countries.
Iris antilibanotica restricted to the
Anti-Lebanon mountains
© F. Al- Mahmoud
Plant taxa1 (henceforth referred to as species) are often referred to as
‘endemic’ to a particular location, i.e. restricted to one place; the smaller
the area they cover the more unique (and potentially the more threatened)
those species are. Species limited to a very small locality are known as
steno-endemic or ‘site restricted’. Historically plant species have often been
described as endemic to a particularly country, e.g. endemic to Albania
or Algeria, i.e. as a ‘single country endemic’. This terminology has limited
use. If the country is small the phrase ‘single country endemic’ may be
signiicant because it may indicate a small distribution for that species,
however if the country is large it may not be signiicant because the
species distribution may also be large. Species of more signiicance may
be ‘multi-country endemics’ that have very limited distributional ranges (for
example a species present in Morocco and Algeria but only within a very
local area on the coast that happens to cross the border). Despite universal
recognition of multi-country endemicity the terminology associated with it is
confusing.
For this project terminologies were adopted to clarify the ranges were
being ascribed to species (see box 2) and also to indicate certain ‘sub’
regions (box 3), this terminology has been used in this (irst attempt) to draw
together a list of restricted range species for these regions.
1 Taxa (plural) taxon (singular) is a general term for a taxonomic group whatever its rank – e.g.
genus, species, sub species, variety. Within the project we have considered plant taxa with the
taxonomic rank of species, sub species and variety, but henceforth ‘species’ is used in place of
‘taxa’ to improve the ease of reading the text.
SECTION 4
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
Box 02
Crassula vaillantii
© G. de Belair
Endemic deinitions used in this project
A species whose distribution is
conined to a given area or location
and nowhere else in the world is
said to be endemic to that area.
‘Endemic’ should never be
used without a complement (ie.
endemic to syria, endemic to
Jabal Akhdar)
sINGLE cOUNTRY ENdEMIc
• Species occurring only in one
country (and nowhere else in
the world)
• Symbol used: scE + country
name (ie SCE/SY = country
endemic to Syria)
MULTIcOUNTRY ENdEMIc
• Species occurring in two
or more usually adjacent
countries (and nowhere else in
the world)
• Symbol used: McE + region
+ country names ( e.g.
MCE/Levant /SY-LB = sub
Mediterranean endemic to
Syria and Lebanon)
REsTRIcTEd RANGE ENdEMIc
• Species occurring in a
restricted area (and nowhere
else in the world) in one
or more usually adjacent
countries
• Extent of occurrence usually <
5’000 km2
• Symbol used: RRE + country
name(s) + sub-national name
(e.g. RRE/MA/Atlas = restricted
range endemic to Atlas
mountain range in Morocco)
sITE REsTRIcTEd ENdEMIc
• Species occuring in only one
site (and nowhere else in the
world). Could occur in two
countries.
• Extent of occurrence usually
<100 km2
• Symbol used: sRE + country
name(s) + local site name
(e.g.) SRE/MA/Toubkal =
restricted range endemic to
Toubkal in Morocco)
sUMMARY
• Multi Country Endemic : McE
/ + region (if appropriate e.g,
Magreb or Levant) + country
names
• Single Country Endemic : scE
/ + country name
• Restricted Range Endemic
: RRE / + country name(s) +
sub-national name (< 5’000
km2)
• Site Restricted Endemic : sRE
/ +country name(s) + local
name (< 100 km2)
“The objective for this
part of the project was
to develop a preliminary
list of restricted range
species regardless
of whether they were
located in a single
country or in multiple
countries”
73
74
SECTION 4
RESTRICTED RANGE SPECIES IN THE SOUTH AND EAST MEDITERRANEAN
Box 03
Geographical entities
Various geographical entities are used in the tables of restricted range species
found in appendix 3 these are explained below
REGION LEvEL 1
NORTh AFRIcA
(sOUTh
MEdITERRANEAN)
Morocco, Algeria,
Tunisia, Libya, Egypt
REGION LEvEL 2
REGION LEvEL 3
Magreb
(Morocco, Algeria,
Tunisia)
Magreb - AlgéroMarocains
(Morocco and Algeria)
Magreb - Tunisoalgériennes
(Algeria and Tunisia)
Libya/Tunisia
Libya/Egypt
Silene makmeliana restricted to small
areas of Lebanon and Syria
© N. Machaka-Houri
EAsT MEdITERRANEAN
Syria, Lebanon, Israel,
Jordan, Palestine,
Egypt- Sinai region,
Turkey*, Cyprus*
dIsJUNcT
Levant/Egypt (Sinai)
Levant (Syria, Lebanon,
Israel, Jordan, Palestine)
Syria/Turkey
Taxa found in two or more
countries that do not
share immediate borders.
* This project has only considered those Turkish or Cypriot species that are also in the
project region – not the whole lora of these countries.
The preix Ibéro is often used to those species that are found on the Iberian
Peninsula (in Spain and/or Portugal as well as in Morocco or Morocco and
Algeria). Species from the Iberian Peninsula present in this region have not
been included in the preliminary restricted range species list developed during
this project.
Preliminary restricted range species in North Africa and the
Middle East.
The list of restricted range species for the south and east Mediterranean can
be found in appendix 3 of this report. The challenges associated with putting
together such a list should not be underestimated and the authors are keen
to stress this is a very preliminary list and there remains considerable work
to be done, not only on understanding the distributions of these species, but
on verifying the taxonomy of the species (and sub species or varieties) – for
example using the Euro + Med plantbase (http://www.emplantbase.org/home.
html). There has been insuficient time to do a comprehensive check of the
taxonomy during this project. The authors view the lists presented as the irst
step in the process of understanding the most restricted range species in the
Mediterranean part of North Africa and Middle East, and hope they will help to
identify those species for which conservation action maybe an urgent priority.
SECTION 4
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
Our results suggest that within North Africa and the Middle East there are
approximately 1195 restricted range plant species (sub species/varieties)
that have a distribution/extent of occurrence of less than 5,000km2 i.e.
endemic to an area of less than 5,000km2 within the region. There are a
further 1195 species that are probably restricted but not enough is known
to make an ‘educated guess’ on the extent of restriction, and at least 58
species (not included in the appendix) that are restricted to Morocco and/or
Algeria and the Iberian Peninsula.
Of the 1113 species nearly 1000 are present in a single country (‘single
country endemics’) for example Abies marrocana (Morocco), Sixalix libyca
(Libya) and Vicia hulensis (Israel). Of the restricted range species 513
(around half) are classed as site restricted, i.e. they have a distribution
of <100km2 and 484 of these are believed to be restricted to a single
country. For example Teucrium heterotrichum present only in the coastal
mountains at Bhamra in Syria and Campanula barborense in Oued el Kebir
canyon, Algeria. Some of the restricted range species have very disjunct
distributions e.g. Fumaria bicolor found in Italy and Algeria and Arum
cyranaicum in Libya and Crete.
REGION
North Africa
East
Mediterranean
Disjunct
SUB REGION
SITE
RESTRICTED
SPECIES
<100km2
RESTRICTED
RANGE
SPECIES
<5,000km2
UNCERTAIN
RANGE BUT
LIKELY TO BE
RESTRICTED
<5,000km2
Magreb
247
383
71
North Africa
various
combinations
-
13
-
Egypt (Sinai)
29
-
-
Egypt and/or Libya
5
7
5
Libya (Jabal
Akhdar)
-
49
-
Levant/Egypt
1
13
9
Levant
226
183
23
Syria/Turkey
4
29
3
1
5
-
[Table. 6] Plant species endemism in sub regions within North Africa and the Middle East
The preliminary list of restricted range species for North Africa and the Middle
East could be used alongside other variables (such as perceived threat to
habitat, resources available) to help to prioritise threat assessments of plant
species in the region. Those species that are restricted to <100km2 may merit
greater prioritisation, especially those that occur across country borders as it
is likely the information available for those species is most limited.
75
“Our results suggest that
within North Africa and
the Middle East there
are approximately 1195
restricted range plant
species (sub species/
varieties) that have a
distribution/extent of
occurrence of less than
5,000km2 i.e. endemic
to an area of less than
5,000km2 within the
region”
76
SECTION 5
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PLANT CONSERVATION IN THE SOUTH AND EAST MEDITERRANEAN
05
section
SECTION 5
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PLANT
CONSERVATION IN ThE SOUTh
AND EAST MEDITERRANEAN
The two hundred and seven Important Plant Areas documented through this
project represent international priorities for biodiversity conservation in the
south and east Mediterranean. This is the irst time such a comprehensive
assessment of important sites for plant diversity, involving botanical experts
from every country as well as regional level experts, has been attempted; it
is a huge step forward for plant conservation. Not only has large amounts of
site speciic information on plant diversity been made more accessible for
those who manage sites; but the project has facilitated the development of
in-country botanical expert teams, and the sharing of data and skills across
the region. The project began as a response to the (almost complete) lack
of easily accessible information on the best sites for plant diversity in North
Africa and the Middle East, which was needed to prepare the Ecosystem
Proile for the Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund. It has delivered far
more than the rapid ‘quick and dirty’ assessment that was anticipated. The
country teams have seized the long over due opportunity raise the proile of
the most critical element of Mediterranean diversity – plants.
Fieldwork on Gerbes IPA.
© S. Benhouhou
None-the-less, all those involved are acutely aware that this project was
largely a desk based study; the sites selected are undeniably important
for plant diversity but there is considerable work to be done across the
region to improve the accuracy of the data. This project has brought
together enough data and information to start developing and implementing
conservation measures on sites, and it is important these conservation
measures start now; but further work on improving the distribution and
threat data for plant species and habitats is needed alongside these.
The species distribution data available are not always detailed or
comprehensive; some species are very poorly known, vegetation and
habitat types are not comprehensively described or mapped across the
region, checklists of sites are not always complete and the global threat
status of the majority of species and habitats is not properly understood.
Many of these IPAs need further investigation in the ield to ‘ground truth’
the information presented and to add further data that will undoubtedly
[left page]
Rural landscape and wetland in a
Ramsar zone of El Kala National Park,
Algeria
©Michel Gunther / WWF-Canon
77
78
SECTION 5
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PLANT CONSERVATION IN THE SOUTH AND EAST MEDITERRANEAN
Quercus cerris spp. pseudocerris
Syria
© A. Almasri
be missing. In many countries additional Important Plant Areas may be
discovered when more comprehensive ield based investigations can be
carried out.
The extent of threats to IPAs in the south and east Mediterranean is
now better understood. Sixty seven percent of IPAs are threatened by
overgrazing and nearly ifty percent by deforestation (largely for fuel). Over
one third of sites are threatened by tourism development, agricultural
intensiication through arable farming and climate change. There is an
urgent need to address the drivers of these threats.
Initiatives for conserving plant diversity are few and poorly supported
across the region. Whilst protected areas (National Parks) are the main
legislative approach to protecting sites, there is little evidence that they
are supported by well structured management regimes or take account of
the plants and vegetation. Current pastoral and forestry activities are not
sustainable on most of these sites and there is a need for better legislation
SECTION 5
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
79
Camel in Tunisia
© Nieves García
to ensure development and modernisation (both crucially important for
improving economies) is not counter productive and destroying natural
resources and irreplaceable plant diversity.
The lora of the south and east Mediterranean is incredibly diverse.
A signiicant part of this diversity is unique to the region, of global
importance to conservation and under great threat from intensive
overgrazing, deforestation, development and climate change. The Important
Plant Areas project has begun the process of highlighting the most
important sites for plant diversity and the issues that must be addressed to
ensure the natural resources contained within these sites are safeguarded
for the future. The next phase of biodiversity conservation work in this
region should use and build on the information presented here. It should
seek to increase the capacity of botanists and conservationists across
the region and begin on-the-ground activities in partnership with local
communities to ensure these sites and the natural resources they contain
are sustained for the future.
“All those involved are
acutely aware that this
project was largely
a desk based study;
the sites selected are
undeniably important for
plant diversity but there
is considerable work
to be done across the
region to improve the
accuracy of the data”
80
SECTION 5
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PLANT CONSERVATION IN THE SOUTH AND EAST MEDITERRANEAN
REcOMMENdATIONs
Speciic recommendations are included below however it is critical that
all conservation-focused investment in the south and east Mediterranean
includes investment in improving capacity across the whole ‘plant
conservation skill set’. This is needed to: secure the basic botanical skills
needed to identify plant species; enable mapping of the distribution
and status (quality and integrity) of the lora and vegetation; undertake
appropriate and targeted actions to ensure the conservation and
sustainable use of plant species and habitats; and effectively advocate
positive change to environmental policy and its implementation.
IPA conservation
1) REcOGNIsE Important Plant Areas as internationally signiicant
priority sites for conservation in local, national and regional
environmental policies and plans.
Plants and their pollinators are crucial to
Mediterranean livelihoods
© Sandra García
2) TARGET Important Plant Areas as priority sites for conservation
action in the Mediterranean region. This will ensure that direct
conservation action on priority plant sites can begin now, alongside
the continued efforts to improve data.
3) INcORPORATE IPAs (where appropriate) into protected area
networks.
4) UPdATE management plans for protected areas that contain IPAs
to take account of new plant data presented and ensure effective
implementation. Develop and implement management plans for
IPAs where they do not exist (starting with top priority sites).
5) ENsURE Environment Impact Assessments are undertaken
on development projects that affect IPAs and ensure their
recommendations are enforced and monitored.
“The extent of threats
to IPAs in the south and
east Mediterranean is
now better understood.
Sixty seven percent of
IPAs are threatened
by overgrazing and
nearly ifty percent by
deforestation (largely for
fuel)”
6) TARGET IPAs for the implementation of sustainable forest
management and agri-environment scheme and projects.
7) ENcOURAGE communities whose livelihoods depend on plant
resources to participate in IPA conservation planning activities (e.g.
medicinal plant collectors, promoters of nature tourism, hunters,
mountain guides).
IPA data
8) ‘GROUNd–TRUTh’ the plant species and habitat data associated
with IPAs through ieldwork (starting with priority IPAs named in this
report) and ensure that IPA plant features are properly mapped.
9) INvEsT in the provision of comprehensive and up to date
information on plant and habitats species in the south and east
SECTION 5
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
Mediterranean, building on the work carried out in this project. This
should include:
a. A deinitive list of restricted range, endemic plant taxa
for the Mediterranean with and accurate data on their
distribution, abundance and importance to the local
community.
b. A regional IUCN Red List is for the Mediterranean (begin by
focusing on restricted range species that are endemic to
the region).
c. National IUCN Red Lists for vascular plants for all south
and east Mediterranean countries.
d. A list of Mediterranean habitats and threatened habitats.
10) ENAbLE the data associated with IPAs to be stored electronically
(such as on the IPA database) so it can be updated easily via the
web.
Mediterranean vegetation
© Carla Danelutti
81
82
SECTION 6
APPENDICES
06
section
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
APPENDICES
.Important Plant Area and Important Forest Area criteria
.IPAs identiied
.North Africa and Middle East preliminary list of restricted
range species
Appendix 1
Important Plant Area and Important Forest Area criteria
IMPORTANT PLANT AREAs
An Important Plant Area is a natural or semi natural site exhibiting
exceptional botanical richness, and/or supporting an outstanding
assemblage of rare, threatened and/or endemic species and/or vegetation
of high botanic value.
In short IPAs are INTERNATIONALLY sIGNIFIcANT sITEs
FOR PLANTs and their habitats
broad criteria
A The site holds signiicant populations of species of global or regional
concern
b The site has exceptionally rich lora in a regional context in relation to
its biogeographic zone
Boats in Tunisia
© Nieves García
c The site is an outstanding example of a habitat or vegetation type of
global or regional importance
sites qualify as IPAs if they satisfy 1, 2 or all 3 criteria
Detailed criteria with thresholds are shown below
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
CRITERION
A (i)
(threatened species)
A (ii)
(threatened species)
DESCRIPTION
Site contains globally threatened
species
Site contains regionally threatened
species
APPENDICES
THRESHOLD
All sites known, though or inferred to
contain 5% or more of the national
population can be selected, or the 51
‘best’ sites, whichever is the most
appropriate.
(In exceptional cases, for example
where there are less than 10 sites
in the entire country or there are
between 5-10 large populations
of a species, up to 10 sites can be
selected)
1
A (iii)
(threatened species)
Site contains national endemic
species with demonstrable threat
not covered by A(i) or A(ii)
A (iv)
(threatened species)
Site contains near endemic/
restricted range species with
demonstrable threat not covered by
A(i) or A(ii)
(Populations must be viable or there
is a hope that they can be returned
to viability through conservation
measures)
C
(threatened habitat or
vegetation type)
Site contains high number of
species within a range of deined
habitat or vegetation type
Site contains threatened habitat or
vegetation type
83
NOTES
Species listed as ‘threatened’* on
IUCN global red lists
Species listed as ‘threatened’* on
regional IUCN red lists or regionally
approved lists
Species listed as national
endemic (on any recognised list or
publication) and ‘threatened’* on
national red lists
Species listed as near endemic/
restricted range (on any recognised
list or publication) and ‘threatened’*
on national red lists
2
Species richness can be based on
a nationally created list of indicator
species developed for each habitat
or vegetation type.
For example characteristic species
and/or endemic species and /or
nationally rare and scarce species
(where the endemic and rare and
scarce species are numerous and/or
are characteristic for the habitat)
Deined habitat or vegetation
type taken from or based upon a
regionally accepted classiication
All sites known, thought or inferred
to contain 5% or more of the
national resource (area) of priority
threatened habitats can be selected,
or a total of 20-60% of the national
resource, whichever is the most
appropriate.
Threatened habitats or vegetation
taken from a regionally recognised
list.
Up to 10% of the national resource
(area) of each habitat or vegetation
type, or 52 best sites; whichever is
the most appropriate.
B
(botanical richness)
SECTION 6
(In exceptional cases, for
example there are between 5 and
10 exceptionally rich sites for a
particular habitat, up to 10 sites can
be selected for each level 2 habitat
type)
* Criterion A, threatened species must be listed as critically Endangered (cR),
Endangered (EN) or vulnerable (vU) using the new IUCN criteria, or Extinct/Endangered
(Ex/E), Endangered (E) or vulnerable (v) using the original IUCN categories
84
SECTION 6
APPENDICES
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
Oficial lists for criterion A
For Ai – Globally threatened
• The IUcN Global Red List including the World
List of threatened trees 1998, and Global Red List
1997
For Aii – Regionally threatened
• IUCN regional lists
• In Europe: the Habitats Directive and Bern
Convention species lists, European Bryophytes
1995 (Global 2001), Fungi species proposed for
the Bern Convention 2001, European Macrolichens
1989
birds); e.g.presence in the area of forests important for
the biological cycles of some species (like stop-over
sites for the migrant birds).
Maturity
Areas with old growth forest formations close to their
highest potential evolutional level: areas with forests
with a high diversity of age classes, regeneration, young
and old trees, dead wood, etc.; areas, for some forest
types, with a high number of old-growth individuals;
areas with forests with especially well developed
shrub and/or herb layer. Presence of animal species
(especially birds) linked to mature forests
Wilderness
Areas including natural forests with scarce or no human
activity or under sustainable management
For Aiii and Aiv - Nationally threatened
• Threatened endemics and near endemics
(restricted range species) from National Red lists
Fragility
Areas including forests with low capacity to stand,
respond and/or recover from the disturbances linked to
the identiied threats.
Important Forest Areas
Forest Areas are scored using the criteria below and
their relative importance is worked out according to the
inal score of each area.
All endemic relic/rare forest types exclusive of the
country must be considered as IFAs. In this case
the whole forest area of each type will be taken into
account.
All forest types which, despite being frequent in the
Mediterranean region or in other loristic regions, are
present in the country only as relics must be considered
IFAs (key role in climate change adaptation).
For the rest of the forest types the consultants should
select the ‘best’ areas, according to the criteria:
Rarity
Areas including endemic rare forest types exclusive of
the country, endemic forest types at a sub-regional level
(i.e. North-African endemic, Middle Eastern endemic,
Balkan endemic), whose distribution is mainly limited to
the country, and relic forest types.
Faunistic/loristic importance
Presence in the area of rare/endemic threatened or relict
ecosystem types, lora and fauna species (especially
Richness
Areas including different forest types, with especially
rich lora and fauna inventories.
Relative importance of IFAs
CRITERION
INDEX
Rarity
2.2
Faunistic/loristic importance
1.9
Fragility
1.8
Maturity
1.7
Wilderness
1.2
Richness
1.2
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
APPENDICES
SECTION 6
IFAs including endemic forest types exclusive of the country: score range 8-10
RARITY
IFAs including endemic forest types at a subregional level (i.e. North-African , Middle Eastern, or Balkan endemic):
score range 5-7
IFAs including relic forest stands of wider distributed forest types in other geographical areas: score range 3-4
IFAs not including rare forest types: score range 1-2
FLORISTIC AND
FAUNISTIC
IMPORTANCE (IN
ACCORDANCE
WITH IUCN
CATEGORIES)
IFAs including forests with endangered species: score range 8-10
IFAs including forests with signiicant vulnerable and rare species: score range 5-7
IFAs including forests with signiicant declining, localized and insuficiently known species: score range 3-4
IFAs including only forests with species of no signiicant importance (secure): score range 1-2
50-100% of the IFA include mature forests: score range 7-10
MATURITY
25-50% of the IFA include mature forests: score range 4-6
Less than 25% of the IFA include mature forests: score range 1-3
IFAs including only natural forests, with scarce or no human activities and dificult accessibility: score range 8-10
WILDERNESS
IFAs inc. only natural forests, under sustainable management, far from settlements, accessible by secondary roads:
score range 5-7
IFAs including more than 75% of natural forests, under human intervention, accessible by roads: score range 3-4
IFAs with less than 75% of natural forests: score range 1-2
IFAs including forests with low capacity to face the current threats identiied in the area: score range 7-10
FRAGILITY
IFAs including forests with medium capacity to face the current threats identiied in the area: score range 4-6
IFAs including forests with high capacity to face the current threats identiied in the area: score range 1-3
IFAs including more than 5 forest types, with particularly rich lora and fauna inventories: score 10
IFAs including more than 5 forest types, with no particularly rich lora and fauna inventories: score 9
IFAs including between 2 and 5 forest types, with particularly rich lora and fauna inventories: score range 7-8
RICHNESS
IFAs including between 2 and 5 forest types, with no rich lora and fauna inventories: score range 5-6
IFAs including only 1 forest type, with particularly rich lora and fauna inventories: score range 3-4
IFAs including only 1 forest type with no rich lora and fauna inventories: score range 1-2
85
86
SECTION 6
APPENDICES
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
Appendix 2. List of IPAs identiied
IPAs in Albania
Grykëderdhja e Bunës - Velipojës
Skoda Lake and Buna River
Lugina e Cemit
Alpet Veriore Shqiptare
Pashtrik - Morinë
Gjallicë - Koritnik
Korabi
Rrajcë - Shebenik - Jabllanicë
Liqeni i Ohrit
Mali i Thatë
Liqenet e Prespës
Gramoz - Shelegur
Lugina e Vjosës - Çarshovë
Zhej - Nemërçkë
Kepi i Stillos
Kolsh - Mali i Runës
Bjeshka e Oroshit
Kunorat e Lurës
Zall - Gjoçaj
Liqeni i Zi
Grykëderdhja e Drinit - Ceka - Vain
Qafë Shtamë
Mali me Gropa - Bizë - Martanesh
Krujë _Tujan
Parku i Dajtit
Kepi i Rodonit - Pylli i Ishmit
Holtë - Bulçar
Shpat - Polis
Guri i Topit - Valamarë
Tomorri
Lugina e Gjergjevicës
Drenovë - Nikolicë
Parku i Divjakës
Këneta e Roskovecit
Pishë Poro - Grykëderdhja e Vjosës (Vlorë)
Karaburuni - Mali i Çikës
Kanioni i Gjipesë
Bredhi i Hotovës
Porto Palermo
Kardhiq
Rrëzomë
Borsh - Lukovë
Bistricë - Muzinë
Ksamil
Liqeni i Butrintit
AL01
AL02
AL03
AL04
AL05
AL06
AL07
AL08
AL09
AL10
AL11
AL12
AL13
AL14
AL15
AL16
AL17
AL18
AL19
AL20
AL21
AL22
AL23
AL24
AL25
AL26
AL27
AL28
AL29
AL30
AL31
AL32
AL33
AL34
AL35
AL36
AL37
AL38
AL39
AL40
AL41
AL42
AL43
AL44
AL45
Chaine des Babor
Parc Nazional de Taza
Parc National de Gouraya
Massif forestier de l’Akfadou
Djurdjura National Park
Theniet El Had
Chréa National Park
Sahel d’Oran
Mont Chenoua
Ghar Rouban
Cap Tènés
Mounts Traras
Iles Habibas
Aures-Chelia
Mont Zaccar
DZ07
DZ08
DZ09
DZ10
DZ11
DZ12
DZ13
DZ14
DZ15
DZ16
DZ17
DZ18
DZ19
DZ20
DZ21
IPAs in Egypt
North Sinai Mountain
Lake Bardawi
Lake Manzala
Lake Burullus
Lake Edku
Lake Mariut
Omayed Biosphere Reserve
Moghra Oasis
Western Mediterranean Coastal Dunes
Sallum Area
Wadi El-Rayan
Saint Katherine
Nabq
Hurghada
Wadi El-Gemal
Dungul and Dineigil Oases
Lake Nasser
Wadi Allaqui
Saluga and Ghazal
Halayeb triangle
Wadi Al-Arish
Qattara Depression
El-Qasr
Ras El-Hekma
Quseima
Islands of the Nile Delta
Deltaic Black Sand Dunes
Gebel El-Shayeb
EG01
EG02
EG03
EG04
EG05
EG06
EG07
EG08
EG09
EG10
EG11
EG12
EG13
EG14
EG15
EG16
EG17
EG18
EG19
EG20
EG21
EG22
EG23
EG24
EG25
EG26
EG27
EG28
IPAs in Israel
IPAs in Algeria
El Kala 1
El Kala 2
Edough Peninsula
Guerbes
Djebel Ouahch
Parc National du Belezma
DZ01
DZ02
DZ03
DZ04
DZ05
DZ06
Meiron
Hula
Mount Carmel
Affula
Poleg
Dead Sea Coast
Hebron Gradient
IL01
IL02
IL03
IL04
IL05
IL06
IL07
Lahav
Nizana Sands
Har Negev
Hatzeva
Sedom
Eilat Mountains
Acre
Netofa
IL08
IL09
IL10
IL11
IL12
IL13
IL14
IL15
IPAs in Jordan
Wadi Rum
Dana Nature Reserve
Karack
Salt
Alouk
Um Queis
Lava Safawai
Burqu’
Ajlum
Bayer
Azraq
Mujib
JO01
JO02
JO03
JO04
JO05
JO06
JO07
JO08
JO09
JO10
JO11
JO12
IPAs in Lebanon
Mount Makmel
Hermel Plain
Aarsal
Aammiq
Mount Hermon
Menjez
Qammouaa-Dinnyeh- Jurd Hermel
Palm Islands
Bcharreh-Ehden
Ras Chekka
Tannourine
Jbail Coast
Wadi Jannah
Keserwan
Sannine - Knaisseh
Chouf
Nahr Ed-Damour
Beirut – Jiyyeh Coast
Tyre - Naqoura
Rihane
La Martin Valley
LB01
LB02
LB03
LB04
LB05
LB06
LB07
LB08
LB09
LB10
LB11
LB12
LB13
LB14
LB15
LB16
LB17
LB18
LB19
LB20
LB21
IPAs in Libya
Al Jabel El Akhdar
Tawuoryhe Sebkha
Jabal Nafusah
Messak Mountain
LY01
LY02
LY03
LY04
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
APPENDICES
SECTION 6
87
Ichkeul National Park Area
surrounding Lake Ichkeul
Tunisia
© Michel Gunther / WWF-Canon
Jabal Aweinat
LY05
IPAs in Morocco
Jbel Bouhachem
Parc National de Talassemtane
Parc National d’Al Hoceima
Beni Snassene
Jbel Bou-Naceur
Jbel Bou Iblane
Parc National de Tazekka
Jbel Tichoukt
Parc National d’Ifrane
Parc National du Haut Atlas Oriental
Jbel Ayachi
Jbel Maâsker
Jbel Krouz
Jbel Mgoun
Tamga and Aqqa Wabzaza
Parc National de Toubkal
Aghbar
Jbel Kest, Anezi et Jbel Imzi
Maamora
PS06
IPAs in Syria
MA01
MA02
MA03
MA04
MA05
MA06
MA07
MA08
MA09
MA10
MA11
MA12
MA13
MA14
MA15
MA16
MA17
MA18
MA19
IPAs in the Occupied Palestianian
Territories
Faqoua`- Jalaboun
Wad Alhrameyah - Wad ElbalatUm Safa - Beit Illo - Ein Samya
Wad Qana- Wad Eshai`r
Yaseed-Ibzeik
Dead Sea Coast
Khali (Hebron) Gradient
PS01
PS02
PS03
PS04
PS05
Karatchok-Tigris
Kurd Dag
Jabal Abdul Aziz
Jabal Al Wastani
Hass-Jabbul
Jisr al shogur
Fronloq-Kasab
Umm Al Tuyur-Bassit
Salma-Haffeh
Slenfeh-Jaubet et Berghal
Ghab
Jabal Bishri
Abu Qbeis
Kanfo
Mayadin
Massiaf-Qadmous
Al Bil As
Jabal al Sha ir
Jabal Abu Rujmain
Daher al Qseir
Al Kabeer al Jonubi
Akkoum
Anti-Lebanon
Qalamoun
Qassioun
Rakhleh - Wadi al Qarn
Utaiba - Hijane
Hermon
North Golan
SY01
SY02
SY03
SY04
SY05
SY06
SY07
SY08
SY09
SY10
SY11
SY12
SY13
SY14
SY15
SY16
SY17
SY18
SY19
SY20
SY21
SY22
SY23
SY24
SY25
SY26
SY27
SY28
SY29
Es Safa
Lajat
Jabal Al Arab
Yarmuk Valley
SY30
SY31
SY32
SY33
IPAs in Tunisia
Garâa Sejenane Majen Chitane Lake
Dar El Orbi Peat Bog
Oued Ziatine 1 +2
Aïn Zana Natural Reserve
Sidi Ali El Mekki
Dat Fatma Natural Reserve
Sources du 18ème
Camp du 18ème
Piste de Legba
Le Merij
Majen Barbit
Majen El Ouez 1
Majen El Mouajène
Sraï el Majen
Majen El Ma
Majen Sghaïer
Majen El Ouez 2
Majen Choucha
La Galité Archipelago
Zembra and Zembretta National Park
Toujane
El Feija Jbel Ghorra
Ichkeul
Jbel Zaghouan
TN01
TN02
TN03
TN04
TN05
TN 06A
TN 06B
TN 06C
TN 06D
TN 06E
TN 06F
TN 06G
TN 06H
TN 06 I
TN 06J
TN 06K
TN 06L
TN07
TN08
TN09
TN10
TN11
TN12
TN13
88
SECTION 6
APPENDICES
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
Appendix 3.
North Africa and Middle East preliminary list of restricted range species
Part 1: sITE REsTRIcTEd sPEcIEs: Extent of occurrence <100km2
Site restricted species in North Africa/Magreb
This list was developed rapidly and should be treated
as the irst step in creating a list of restricted range
(locally endemic) species for the project countries. The
taxonomy given is not universally accepted and notes
on species’ ranges are indications only, not absolute.
Around 60 restricted species present in Morocco and/
Species name and authority
(where provided)
COUNTRY
»Abies numidica de Lannoy ex Carrière
DZ
»Achnatherum mesatlasica
»Adenocarpus artemisiifolius
»Adenocarpus boudyi
»Agrostis atlantica
»Alchemilla atlantica
»Alchemilla mairei
»Alyssum simplex ssp. edentulum
»Alyssum speciosum
»Anarrhinum fruticosum ssp. demnatense
»Andryala atlanticola
»Andryala canariensis ssp. antonii
»Andryala integrifolia ssp. cedretorum
»Anthemis gharbensis
»Anthericum lilago ssp. algeriensis
»Anthyllis vulneraria ssp. ifranensis
»Anthyllis vulneraria ssp. matris-iliae
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
»Antirrhinum martenii
»Aphanes maroccana
»Arabis erubescens
»Arabis hirsuta var. mesatlantica
»Arabis verdieri
»Arenaria cerastioides ssp. saxigena
»Arenaria dyris
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
»Aristida tunetana
»Artemisia lahaultii
»Artemisia ifranensis
»Asperula litardierei
»Asphodelus istulosus var. atlanticus
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
»Aster pujosii
»Astragalus depressus ssp. atlantis
»Astragalus depressus ssp. depressus
»Astragalus maireanus
»Astragalus maurus
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
»Astragalus mesatlanticus
»Astragalus tachdirtensis
»Astragalus turolensis ssp. exsul
»Bartisiella rameauana
»Brassica fruticulosa ssp., radicata
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA, DZ
or Algeria and the Iberian Peninsula have not been
included in these lists. Restricted species from Turkey
(and other countries outside this project) have only
been included where they also occur within project
countries; the whole lora of Turkey has not therefore
been considered.
Notes on range
& No. of IPAs
Species name and authority
(where provided)
COUNTRY
Babor mountains
(NE-Algeria)
Jbel Bou Naceur
Jbel Bou Naceur
Parc d’Ifrane
Aghbar
2
Toubkal
Parc d’Ifrane
Parc d’Ifrane
Jbel Mgoun
Toubkal
Toubkal
2
Maamora
Parc Tazekka
Parc d’Ifrane
Jbel Tichoukt
Parc d’Ifrane
Jbel Bouhachem
Parc d’Ifrane
Toubkal
Jbel Bou Naceur
Jbel Mgoun
Parc d’Ifrane
Jbel Ayachi,
Jbel Maasker
Maamora
Jbel Bou Naceur
2
2
Parc Haut
Atlas Oriental
Jbel Bou Naceur
Toubkal
Parc d’Ifrane
Jbel Mgoun
Parc Tazekka,
Parc d’Ifrane
Parc d’Ifrane
Toubkal
Parc d’Ifrane
2
Beni Snassen
»Brassica spinescens Pomel
DZ
»Bromus maroccanus
»Buffonia duvaljouvei
»Buffonia murbeckii
»Bufonia duvaljouvei- ssp. Gottelandii
»Bufonia murbeckii
»Bufonia strohlii
»Bupleurum faurelii
»Bupleurum mesatlanticum
»Bupleurum plantagineum
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
DZ
»Calendula eckerleinii
»Campanula (Podanthum) aurasiaca
MA
DZ
»Campanula atlantis
»Campanula atlantis ssp. schotteri
»Campanula barborense
MA
MA
DZ
»Campanula lilicaulis var. pseudo-radiosa
MA
»Campanula lilicaulis var.genuina
MA
»Campanula guinochetii
MA
»Campanula sauvagei
MA
»Campanula velata ssp. mesatlantica
MA
»Carduncellus cartouxii
MA
»Carduncellus cespitosus
MA, DZ
»Carduus atlantis
»Carduus martinezii
»Carduus nutas ssp. scabrisquamus
»Carex atlasica
»Carex issirostris
»Carum atlanticum
»Carum iminouakense
»Carum jahandiezii
»Carum lacuum
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
»Carum proliferum
»Celsia zaianensis
»Centaurea boissieri ssp. atlantica
»Centaurea litardieri
»Centaurea maireana
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
Notes on range
& No. of IPAs
Habibas islands,
Cap Falcon
(NW-Algeria)
Parc d’l Hoceima
Parc d’Ifrane
2
Parc d’Ifrane
Jbel Mgoun
Jbel Bou Ibane
3
Parc d’Ifrane
Gouraya national
park
Parc d’Ifrane
Djebel Chelia
(NE-Algeria):
Sgag
Jbel Mgoun
Jbel Mgoun
Oued el Kebir
Canyon
Parc d’Ifrane
Parc d’Ifrane
2
Jbel Mgoun
Parc d’Ifrane
Jbel Mgoun
Parc National du
Haut Alas Oriental
2
Parc Tassemtane
1
Toubkal
Toubkal
3
Jbel Mgoun
Parc d’Ifrane
Parc Haut Atlas
Oriental
Toubkal
Parc d’Ifrane
Parc d’Ifrane
3
Parc d’Ifrane
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
Species name and authority
(where provided)
COUNTRY
»Centaurea malinvaldiana
MA, DZ
»Centaurea musimonum
MA, DZ
»Centaurea resupinata ssp. rifana
MA
»Centaurea sempervirens ssp. mauritanica MA
»Centaurea theryi
MA
»Centaurium barrelieroides ssp. bifrons
MA
»Centaurium erythraea ssp. benardii
MA
»Chamaemelum lahaultii
MA
»Cheirolophus sempervirens
MA
»Chrysanthemum holophyllum
MA
»Chrysanthemum reboudianum (Pomel) Q. et S.DZ
»Cicer atlanticum
»Cirsium ducellieri
»Conopodium ssp. Atlantis
»Convolvulus dryadum Maire
MA
MA
MA
MA, DZ
»Convolvulus glaouorum
»Convolvulus vidalii
»Crepis vesicaria ssp. proleptica
»Cytisus grandilorus ssp. barbarus
»Dianthus gaditanus ssp. atrosanguineus
»Digitalis lutea ssp. atlantica
»Digitalis lutea ssp. cedretorum
»Digitalis lutea ssp. transiens var. dyris
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
»Draba oreadum ssp. mariae-aliciae
»Echium humile ssp. nanum
»Elizaldia heterostemon
»Epilobium psilotum
»Erigeron celerieri
»Erinus thiabaudii
»Erodium atlanticum
»Erucastrum littoreum ssp. glabum
»Erucastum varium ssp. mesatlanticum
»Erysimum wilczekianum
»Euphorbia mazicum
»Fagonia malvana
»Festuca humbertii
»Festuca maroccana
»Festuca maroccana ssp. pozzicola
»Festuca sauvagei
»Filago evaciformis
»Fumaria vaillantii ssp. schrammii
var. pugsleyana
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
»Galium noli-tangere
»Galium numidicum Pomel
»Genista numidica ssp. sarotes (Pomel) Batt.
»Genista segonnei
»Geranium cinereum
»Globularia liouvillei
MA
DZ
DZ
MA
MA
MA
Notes on range
& No. of IPAs
Species name and authority
(where provided)
Jbel Krouz
Jbel Krouz
Parc d’Ifrane
Jbel Bouhachem
2
Jbel Bouhachem
Maamora
Jbel Kest ,
Anezi, Imzi
Jbel Bouhachem
Jbel Bouhachem
Chelia, Dj. Bou
Taleb (NE-Algeria)
5
Parc d’Ifrane
Parc Tazekka
Babor mountains
(NE-Algeria) & Rif
(N-Morocco)
Jbel Mgoun
Jbel Bouhachem
Parc d’Ifrane
Parc d’Ifrane
Jbel Tichoukt
Toubkal
Jbel Maasker
Parc Haut
Atlas Oriental
Jbel Ayachi
Jbel Mgoun
Maamora
Toubkal
3
Jbel Mgoun
3
Parc d’Ifrane
Parc d’Ifrane
Parc d’Ifrane
2
Jbel Ayachi
Parc Tazekka
Toubkal
Aghbar
Parc d’Ifrane
Parc d’Ifrane
»Gnaphalium genevoisii
»Guenthera (Eruca) setulosa
Parc Haut
Atlas Oriental
2
Chelia (NE-Algeria)
Zaccar (NW-Algeria)
Jbel Kest , Anezi,Imzi
Aghbar
5
SECTION 6
APPENDICES
COUNTRY
MA
MA, DZ
»Halimium antiatlanticum
»Halimium atlanticum
»Helianthemum pergamaceum ssp. camillei
»Hieracium amplexicaule ssp. Olivicolor
»Hieracium peyrimhofii Maire
MA
MA
MA
MA
DZ
»Hieracium phlomoides ssp. mesatlanticum
»Hieracium solida gineum ssp. Jahandiezii
»Hieracium sonchoides ssp. mairei
»Hieracium viscosum ssp. africanum
»Hieracium viscosum ssp. mguildanum
»Hieracium viscosum ssp. tarchanum
»Hypericum metroi (endém. locale)
»Hypochaeris saldensis
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
DZ
»Iberis sempervirens var. pseudosaxatilis
MA
»Isoetes velata ssp. Intermedia
MA, DZ
»Juncus bufonis ssp. mogadorensis
»Koeleria embergeri
»Kremeriella cordylocarpus
»Lactuca riviersii
»Lavandula atlantica
»Lavandula pedunculata var. atlantica
»Lavatera vidalii
»Lepidium hirtum ssp. atlanticum
»Leucanthemum mesatlanticum
»Leuzea fontqueri
»Limonium boitardii Maire
»Limonium letourneuxii (Batt.) Greuter
& Burdet = “(Coss.) Pons & Quézel”
MA
MA
MA, DZ
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
TN
89
Notes on range
& No. of IPAs
2
Ghar-Rouban area/
orient.Tlemcen mts.
Jbel Kest , Anezi,Imzii
Parc Tazekka
Parc d’Ifrane
Parc d’Ifrane
Aurès (le Mahmel)
(NE-Algeria)
2
Parc d’Ifrane
Parc d’Ifrane
Parc d’Ifrane
Parc d’Ifrane
Parc d’Ifrane
Parc Tazekka
Gouraya national
vpark (NE-Algeria)
Jbel Maasker
Parc d’Ifrane
Algéro.marocains
Aghbar
Jbel Bou Naceur
Beni Snassen
2
Aghbar
Parc d’Ifrane
Jbel Bouhachem
Aghbar
Jbel Bou Naceur
2
NE de la Tunisie
DZ
Cap Ténès
(NW-Algeria)
»Limonium minutilorum “auct. alg.”
[= L. cyrtostachyum (Girard Brullo)]
DZ
»Limonium zembrae Pignatti
»Linaria burceziana Maire
TN
DZ
»Linaria heterophylla ssp. galioides
»Linaria heterophylla ssp. gigantea
»Linum subasperifolium (endém. locale)
»Lotononis tapetiformis
»Marrubium fontianum
»Marrubium litardierei
»Micropyrum mamoraeum
»Minuartia mairei
»Misopates chrysothales
»Misopates font-queri
»Narcissus cantabricus ssp. kesticus
»Narcissus romieuxii ssp. albidus
»Nasturtium microphyllum
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
Cap Ténès
(NW-Algeria)
Données insuf.
Ghar-Rouban
(W-Algeria)
Toubkal
Toubkal
Parc Tazekka
3
Parc Tazekka
Toubkal
Maamora
Jbel Bou Naceur
Parc d’l Hoceima
Tamga
Jbel Kest , Anezi,Imzi
Parc d’Ifrane
Toubkal
90
SECTION 6
APPENDICES
Species name and authority
(where provided)
COUNTRY
»Nepeta barbara
»Odontites maroccanus
»Odontites viscosus ssp. eriopodus
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
MA
MA
MA, DZ
»Odontites vulgaris ssp. mesatlanticus
»Onobrychis pallasii var. ayachica
»Onopordon mesatlanticum
»Orchis patens var atlantica Desf. [= O.
spitzelii ssp. teschneriana B. & H. Baumann]
MA
MA
MA
»Pancratium foetidum var. saldense
DZ
DZ
»Paronychia arabica
MA
»Paronychia capitata ssp. atlantica
MA
»Paronychia velata
MA
»Peucedanum oficinale ssp. vogelianum
MA
»Phagnalon latifolium
MA
»Pistorinia attenuata ssp. mairei
MA
»Pitardia nepetoides
MA
»Plantago rhizoxylon
MA
»Plantago subulata ssp. atlantis
MA
»Polygala munbyana Boiss.
DZ
»Potentilla alchemilloides ssp. atlantica
MA
»Potentilla guilliermondii
MA
»Potentilla guilliermondii ssp. guilliermondii MA
»Prunus avium var. tazekkensis
(endém. locale)
MA
»Ptilostemon pseudo-hispanicus
MA
»Pyrus communis ssp. gharbiana
MA
»Pyrus communis ssp. mamorensis
MA
»Ranunculus gerniifolius ssp. aurasiacus
»var. mesatlanticus
MA
»Ranunculus mgounicus
MA
»Ranunculus spicatus ssp. fontqueri
MA
»Reseda alba ssp. trigyna
MA
»Rhodanthemum briquetii
MA
»Rhodonthemum laouense
MA
»Romulea vaillantii
MA, DZ
»Roripella atlantica
»Rosa mesatlantica
»Rosmarinus eriocalyx Jordan & Fourr.=
R. oficinalis L. var. troglodytorum
»Rumex tunetanus Barr. et Murb.
»Sagina saginoides ssp. nevadensis
»Salvia interrupta ssp. paui
»Salvia taraxacifolia
»Sarcocapnos crassifolia ssp. atlantis
»Saxifraga globulifera var. Integrifolia
»Pons & Quézel
»Saxifraga luizetiana
»Saxifraga maireana
»Saxifraga tricrenata
Notes on range
& No. of IPAs
Species name and authority
(where provided)
Parc Haut
Atlas Oriental
2
Parc d’Ifrane
Algéro.marocains
Parc d’Ifrane
Jbel Ayachi
3
»Scabiosa cartenniana Pons & Quézel
[= Sixalix cartenniana]
»Scleranthus perennis ssp. atlanticus
»Scrophularia eriocalyx
»Scrophularia ramosissima
ssp. macrorrhyncha
»Sedum maurum
»Senecio chalureaui
»Senecio maroccanus
»Serapias stenopetala
(= S. lingua auct. p.p.)
DZ, TN
»Silene barbarea
»Silene dissecta
»Silene guinetii
»Silene heterodonta ssp. platycalyx
»Silene secundilora ssp. macrotheca
»Silene sessionis
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
DZ
»Sonchus fragilis
»Spergularia pycnorrhiza
MA
DZ
»Stachys circinnata ssp. zaiana
»Stachys fontqueri
»Stachys saxicola ssp. maweana
»Taraxacum atlanticum
»Taraxacum atlantis-majoris
»Taraxacum humbertii
»Taraxacum pycnodes
»Teucrium barbarum
»Teucrium gaattefossei
»Teucrium grosii
»Teucrium schoenenbergeri Nabli
»Thymelaea putorioides
»Thymus serpyllum ssp. ayachicus
»Thymus serpyllum var. atlanticum
»Trifolium gibbosum
»Trifolium miegeanum
»Trifolium pratensis var. mesatlanticum
»Vicia glauca var. ayachica
»Vicia onobychioides ssp. alborosea
»Vulpia geniculata ssp. pauana
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
TN
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
Zaccar (Miliana),
(NW-Algeria)
Gouraya national
park (NE-Algeria)
Toubkal
Toubkal
Parc d’Ifrane
Parc d’Ifrane
2
2
Parc d’Ifrane
Jbel Mgoun
Jbel Mgoun
Djebel Chenoua
Jbel Mgoun
2
Jbel Mgoun
Parc Tazekka
Parc Tassemtane
Parc d’Ifrane
Maamora
COUNTRY
Notes on range
& No. of IPAs
DZ
MA
MA
Cap Ténès (NW-Alg).
Toubkal
2
MA
MA
MA
MA
2
Parc Tazekka
Jbel Ayachi
Toubkal
MA
MA
Jbel Ayachi
Jbel Mgoun
3
Parc d’Ifrane
Tamga
Jbel Bouhachem
Parc d’Ifrane
Alg. Marocains.
Toubkal, Aghbar
Parc d’Ifrane
TN
TN
MA
MA
MA
MA
Massif des Matmata
Garâa Sejenane
Toubkal
Jbel Bouhachem
Toubkal
Jbel Mgoun
»Allium crameri Asch. & Boiss.
»Anarrhinum pubescens Fresen.
DZ
MA
MA
MA
Cap Ténès (NW-Alg.)
Jbel Bou Naceur
Toubkal
Parc Tassemtane
»Astragalus fresenii Decne.
EG
»Ballota kaiseri Täckh.
EG
»Bufonia multiceps Decne.
EG
»Colchicum cornigerum (Schweinf. Ex Sickenb.)
El Kala p. & wetlands;
Beni M’tir wetlands
Parc Tazekka
Toubkal
3
Jbel Bou Ibane
Parc d’Ifrane
Gouraya national
park (NE-Algeria)
2
Habibas islands
(NW-Algeria)
Parc Tazekka
Jbel Bouhachem
Toubkal
Parc d’Ifrane
2
3
Toubkal
Aghbar
Jbel Bou Naceur
Parc d’l Hoceima
Est du Jbel Ichkeul
Jbel Mgoun
3
Jbel Tichoukt
2
Parc d’Ifrane
Parc d’Ifrane
2
Parc d’Ifrane
2
Site Restricted Species in North Africa : Magreb + other North
African countries and Libya and/or Egypt
EG
EG
Rare St. Katherine
Endangered
Saint Katherine
End. St. Katherine
End. St. Katherine
End. St. Katherine
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
SECTION 6
APPENDICES
91
Landscape with Stone pine forest (or
Umbrella pine, or European nut pine),
Pinus pinea. With the clearing away of
forests in Lebanon in recent years only
5% of the original forest cover remains.
Although protection measures such
as the creation of the Al-Shouf Cedars
Reserve have been undertaken, the
woodlands of Central Mount-Lebanon are
threatened by overgrazing, unregulated
tourism, and a high occurrence of forest
ires. Lebanon
© Michel Gunther / WWF-Canon
Species name and authority
(where provided)
COUNTRY
»Täckh. & Drar
»Euphorbia obovata Decne.
»Grimmia anodon Bruch & Schimp.
var.sinaitica Renauld & Cardot
»Hyoscyamus boveanus (Dunal)
Asch. & Schweinf
»Lupinus digitatus Forssk
»Micromeria serbaliana Danin & Hedge
»Muscari salah-eidii (Täckh. & Boulos) Hosni
Notes on range
& No. of IPAs
Species name and authority
(where provided)
EG
EG
End. St. Katherine
Rare St. Katherine
»Veronica kaiseri Täckh.
EG
»Vicia sinaica Boulos
EG
EG
Endemic mosses
Saint Katherine
»Sinapis allionii Jacq.
EG
EG
EG
EG
EG
»Najas pectinata (Parl.) Magn.
»Origanum syriacum ssp. sinaicum (Boiss.)
Greuter & Burdet
»Phagnalon nitidum Fresen
»Plantago sinaica (Barn.) Decne.
»Polygala sinaica var. sinaica Botsch.
»Primula boveana Decne. ex Duby
»Pterocephalus arabicus Boiss.
»Rorippa integrifolia Boulos
»Rosa arabica Crép.
»Scorzonera drarii Täckh
EG
EG
EG
EG
EG
EG
EG
EG
EG
EG
»Silene leucophylla Boiss.
»Silene odontopetala Fenzl
»Silene oreosinaica Chowdhuri
»Silene schimperiana Boiss.
»Tortula kneuckeri Broth. & Geh.
EG
EG
EG
EG
EG
Saint Katherine
End. Wadi Allaqi
End. St. Katherine
Probably extinct
Saint Katherine
Saint Katherine
Rare St. Katherine
Rare St. Katherine
Rare St. Katherine
Rare St. Katherine
End. St. Katherine
End. St. Katherine
End. St. Katherine
End. St. Katherine
Probably extinct
Saint Katherine
End. St. Katherine
Saint Katherine
End. St. Katherine
End. St. Katherine
Endemic moss
Saint Katherine
COUNTRY
»Solanum nigrum var. elbaensis Täckh. & Boulo EG
»Sonchus macrocarpus Boulos & C. Jeffrey EG
»Bupleurum nanum Poir.
EG, LY
»Verbascum letourneuxii Asch. & Schweinf. LY, EG
Notes on range
& No. of IPAs
Probably extinct
Saint Katherine
Indeterminate
Saint Katherine
Endangered Lake
Burullus, Lake Mariut
Probably extinct
Halayeb Triangle
Rare Lake Burullus
Omayed
Gabel Akhdar
and Egypt
Site Restricted Species in East Mediterranean/ Levant
»Acantholimon damassanum - Mobayen
»Aethionema oppositifohurn (Lab.) Boiss.
»Aethionema stylosum D.C.
»Agropyron libanoticum Hack.
»Ajuga chasmophila - Davis
»Alchemilla diademata Rothm.
SY
LB
LB
LB
SY
LB
»Alkanna leiocarpa Rech. il.
LB
»Alkanna prasinophylla Rech.il.
LB
Anti-Lebanon
Lower Anti-Lebanon
W. slopes. Mt.Lebanon
1000-1500m
Kesrouan Mtns,
1000-1500m
High Lebanon Mtns
1500-2000m (Afqa
to Berqacha)
92
SECTION 6
APPENDICES
Species name and authority
(where provided)
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
COUNTRY
»Allium chloranthurn Boiss.
var montanum Mout.
LB
»Allium damascenum - Feinbr.
SY
»Allium davisii
PN
»Allium drusorum - Feinbr.
SY
»Allium feinbergii Oppenheimer
LB
»Allium kollmannianum Brullo,Pavone&Salmeri IL
»Allium negevense Kollm.
IL
»Allium opacum - Rech.
SY
»Allium pseudophanerantherum -Rech. il
SY
»Allium qasunense Moutrede.
»Allium rupicolum Boiss ined.
»Allium sannineum Gombault
PN
LB
LB
»Allium tardilorum Kollm. & Shmida
»Alyssum ssp.inosum -Dudley
IL
SY
»Anemone coronaria - L. var. alba Goaty & Pons SY
»Anthemis brachycarpa Eig
IL
»Anthemis didymaea Mouterde
LB
»Arenaria libanotica Ky
LB
»Asperula libanotica Boiss.
»Asphodeline brevicaulis (Bertol.)
ssp.druzorum Zohary
LB
»Astragalus angulosus D.C.
LB
»Astragalus antilibani - Bge
SY
»Astragalus cedreti Boiss
»Astragalus darmikii -Mout
LB
SY
»Astragalus ehdenensis Mout.
LB
»Astragalus eriophylloides - Rech. il.
SY
»Astragalus exiguus - Post
SY
»Astragalus faktorovskyi -Eig.
»Astragalus griseo-sericeus - Eig
SY
SY
»Astragalus kurnet-es-Saudae Eig.
LB
»Astragalus lanatus Labill
LB
»Astragalus lepidanthus Boiss.
»Astragalus louisii -Thiébaut
SY
LB
SY
Notes on range
& No. of IPAs
Species name and authority
(where provided)
W. slopes. Mt.Lebanon
1400-2000m
Golan
Yaseed-Ibzeik
Jabal al Arab
»Astragalus pabotii - Moût.
SY
»Astragalus qatmensis - Thiéb.
SY
»Astragalus selemiensis- Mout
»Astragalus sofarensis Thiébaut
SY
LB
»Astragalus trifoliolatus Boiss
LB
»Atriplex zahlensis Mout.
»Ballota semaanica - Rech. il.
LB
SY
Jabal Wastani &
Jabal Semane
Lower Anti-Lebanon
(Qaryatein)
Faqoua`-Jalaboun
W. slopes. Mt.Lebanon
1400-2000m
Anti-Lebanon
(Maalula)
Qassiun
W. slopes. Mt.Lebanon
1500-2000m
W. slopes. Mt.Lebanon
1500-2000m
Jabal al Arab
(Kafer-Salkhad), 1
W. slopes. Mt.Lebanon
1500-2000m
Anti-Lebanon &
Al Bil’as, 2
Kurd Dag
(Kutchuk Darmik), 1
W. slopes. Mt.Lebanon
1500-2000m
Coastal Mts
(Slenfeh), 1.
Sum. of Anti-Lebanon
(Tal’at Musa), 1
Low. Anti-Lebanon, 1
Jabal Wastani &
Jabal Az-Zawiyah, 1
High regions of Mt
Lebanon ab. 1500m
100-2000m on Mt
Lebanon and
Mt Hermon
Kurd Dag
(Qatma), 1
COUNTRY
»Bellevalia douini - Pabot et Mouterde
SY
»Biarum pyrami
PN
»Brassica assyriaca -Mt
SY
»Bryonia lasiocarpa - Mouterde
SY
»Bufonia ramonensis Danin
IL
»Calamentha incana
PN
»Carex distans L.
PN
»Carum polyphyllum - Boiss. et Bl.
SY
»Centaurea heterocarpa Boiss. et Gaill. ex Boiss.LB
»Centaurea mouterdei Wagenitz.
LB
»Centaurea reducta - Wagenitz.
»Centaurea simulans - Wagenitz.
SY
SY
»Centaurea trachonitica - Post
»Cephalaria cedrorum Mouterde
SY
LB
»Cephalaria kesruanica Mouterde
LB
»Ceratophyllum demersum
»Chaerophyllum aurantiacum Post
PN
LB
»Cicer bijugum -Rech. il.
»Cicer incisum (WiIld.) K.Maly. var.
»libanoticum (Boiss.) Mout
SY
LB
»Colchicum libanoticum Ehr.
LB
»Consolida incana (E.D. Clarke)Munz
»Convolvulus coelsyriacus Boiss.
PN
PN
»Convolvulus tricolor L.
»Corydalis solida (L.)Swartz
»var. brachyloba Boiss.
»Corynephorus deschampsioides Bornm.
»Cousinia libanotica D.C.
PN
»Crocus aleppicus ssp.”litoral”
»Crocus cancellatus
var. Hermoneus – Herbert
LB
LB
LB
Notes on range
& No. of IPAs
Lower Anti-Lebanon
(Qtayfeh), 1
Kurd Dag
(Qatma), 1
Salamiye-Al Bil’as, 1
W. slopes. Mt.Lebanon
1500-2000m
E. slopes, Béqaa to
Baalbeck, steppic reg.
Jabal Semane &
Kurd Dag, 1
Qassiun, 1
2
Jabal Abdul Aziz, 1
Jabal Al-Arab, 1
2
2
Homs
Sud
W. slopes. Mt.Lebanon
300-1400m
Beqaa, & S. of Rayak.
Homs, 2
Coastal Mt
(Slenfeh), 1.
Lajat, 1
W. slopes. Mt.Lebanon
1500-2000m
W. slopes. Mt.Lebanon
1500-2000m
Wad Esha`ir-Wad Qana
W. slopes. Mt.Lebanon
1500-2000m
Kurd Dag, 1
W. slopes. Mt.Lebanon
1500-2000m
W. slopes. Mt.Lebanon
1500-2000m
2
Wad Esha`irWad Qana
Faqoua`-Jalaboun
W. slopes. Mt.Lebanon
500-2000m
IL
SY, LB
Hermon
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
Species name and authority
(where provided)
COUNTRY
»Crocus damascenus ssp.nov. not yet desc.
»Cyclamen libanoticum Hildebr
»Cytisus cassius -Boiss.
»Cytisus syriacus Boiss. et Bl.
»Daucus aleppicus - Thiéb.
»Delphinum ithaburanse Bioss.
»Dianthus karami Bl
»Dorycnium anatolicum Boiss. var.
libanoticum (Boiss.) Mout.
»Echium pabotii - Mout.
»Erigeron libanoticus Vierh.
IL
LB
SY
LB
SY
PN
LB
»Erophila gilgiana (Muschler) O.E. Scheltz
LB
»Erysimum libanoticum Post
LB
»Erysimum verrucosum Boiss. et Gaill.
»Euphorbia petiolata Banks et Sol.
LB
PN
»Ferula armandii - Moût.
»Ferula hermonis - Boiss.
»Ferula meironensis sp. nov.
»Galium pestalozzae Boiss.
LB
SY
LB
SY
SY, LB
IL
LB
»Galium thiebautii Ehrendorfer
LB
»Geranium libanoticum Schenk
»Gypsophila mollis (Boiss.) Bornm
»Halimiium umbellatum (L.) Spach.,
var. syriacum (Boiss.) Wilk
LB
LB
LB
»Heleochloa acutiglumis Boiss.
LB
»Helianthemum syriacum (Jacq.) Dum.-courset PN
»Helianthemum vesicarium Boiss
»Helichrysum virgineum D.C.
PN
LB
»Hormuzakia negevensis (Danin) Danin & Hilger IL
»Iris antilibanotica - Dinsm.
SY
»Iris auranitica- Dinsmore
SY
»Iris basaltica -Dinsmore
»Iris calcarea- Dinms in sched.
»Iris cedreti Dinsm.
»Iris damascena - Mt
»Iris sofarana Foster f. kasruwana
(Dinsm.) Mout.
SY
SY
LB
SY
LB
»Iris yebrudi -Dinsm.
SY
Notes on range
& No. of IPAs
Mountains of Kesrouan
Bassit, 1
Aleppo
Faqoua`-Jalaboun
Upper Jezira, 1
W. slopes. Mt.Lebanon
1500m
W. slopes. Mt.Lebanon
1000-2000m
W. slopes. Mt.Lebanon
above 1500m
Pente de l’Hermon
Wad Esha`irWad Qana
Jabal Al-Arab, 1
Hermon
W. slopes. Mt.Lebanon
300-2000m
Coast 1500m, Mt
Leb. Béqaa, S Rayak
& Anti Leb.
W. slopes. Mt.Lebanon
800-2000m
Wad Esha`irWad Qana
Yaseed-Ibzeik
Localised 1000
2000m. Mtns of N.
Lebanon.
Anti-Lebanon
(Bloudane), 1
Jabal Al-Arab (KaferMayamas), 1
West Homs, 1
Kurd Dag- Wastani, 2
Qassiun, 1
Kesrouan Mtns
1400-2000m.
Anti-Lebanon
Mts (Yebrud), 1.
SECTION 6
APPENDICES
Species name and authority
(where provided)
COUNTRY
»Kitaibelia balansae - Boiss.
SY
»Lathyrus lentiformis Plitm.
»Leontodon libanoticus Boiss.
IL
LB
»Limodorum abortivum (L.)Sw.
»Linum carnosulurn Boiss.
PN
LB
»Linum chaborasicum -Mout
»Linum toxicum -Boiss.
»Lycochloa avenacea Sam.
»Marrubium hierapolitanum - Moût.
»Marrubium libanoticum Boiss.,
»Matthiola crassifolia Boiss. Et Gaill.
»Melissa inodora Bornm.
»Micromenia nummularifolia Boiss
»Minuartia libanotica
»Myopordon pulchellurn
(Winkler et Barbey) Wagenitz
SY
SY, LB
LB
SY
LB
LB
LB
LB
93
Notes on range
& No. of IPAs
AmanusCoastal Mts, 1.
W. slopes. Mt.Lebanon
1500m
Yaseed-Ibzeik
W. slopes. Mt.Lebanon
above1500m
Jabal Abdul-Aziz, 1
Hermon summit
Aleppo (Manbij)
Littoral coast
coast up to 2000m
W. slopes. Mt.Lebanon
1500-2000m
LB
LB
»Nepeta pabotii - Moût.
SY, LB
»Odontites lutea (L.) Clairv. var. hispidula Boiss LB
»Ononis ornithopodioides L.
»Ononis serrata Forsk
PN
PN
»Origanum bargyli - Moût.
»Origanum ehrenbergii Boiss.
»Origanum ehrenbergii Boiss.
»X Origanum syriacum L.
»Origanum libanoticum Boiss
SY
LB
LB
LB
»Origanum ramonense Danin
»Ornithogalum libanoticum Boiss et Bal
IL
LB
»Ornithogalum nutans sp.nova
»Orobanche palaestina Reuter.
»Orobanche astragali Mout.
IL
PN
LB
»Orobanche hermonis Mouterde
»Orobanche scultzii
»Papaver umbonatun Boiss. Diagn
»Pentapera sicula (Guss.) Klotzsch
var. libanotica C et W
LB
PN
LB
»Phylitis sagitata
»Pilgerochloa blanchei (Boiss.) Eig
»Polygonum senegalense Meissner
»Potentilla geranioides syriaca
»Prangos deserti - Post et Beauv.
»Ptilosteman diacantha (Labill.) Greuter
»Puschkinia scilloides Adams var. libanotica
PN
LB
PN
LB
SY
LB
LB
LB
W. slopes. Mt.Lebanon
above 2000m
Anti-Lebanon, 1
W. slopes. Mt.Lebanon
300-1400m
2
Wad Elbalat,Um
Safa, Beit Illo
Berghal-Slenfeh, 1
coast up to 2000m
coast up to150000m
W. slopes. Mt.Lebanon
300-2000m
W. slopes. Mt.Lebanon
1400-2000m
Israel
Yaseed-Ibzeik
W. slopes. Mt.Lebanon
1800m
Sommet de l’Hermon
Yaseed-Ibzeik
W. slopes. Mt.Lebanon
500-2000m
Yaseed-Ibzeik
Wad Esha`ir-Wad Qana
Bilas-Shair, 2
W. slopes. Mt.Lebanon
1800m
94
SECTION 6
APPENDICES
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
Atlantic cedar (Cedrus atlantica) forest.
Atlantic cedar is native to the Atlas
Mountains of Morocco and Algeria in
northern Africa
Middle Atlas, Morocco
© Michel Gunther / WWF-Canon
Species name and authority
(where provided)
COUNTRY
Notes on range
& No. of IPAs
Species name and authority
(where provided)
»Ranunculus icaria L.
PN
Wad Elbalat,Um
Safa, Beit Illo
»Senecio delbesianus - Arènes
»Senecio exilis Blanche ex Boiss.
SY
LB
»Ranunculus orbiculatus Blanche
»Ranunculus schweinfurthii Boiss
»Rhamnus alaternus L.
»Rhododendron ponticum L.
»var. brachycarpum Boiss.
LB
LB
PN
»Serapias vomeracea Briqu
PN
»Silene conoidea L.
»Silene damascena Boiss. et Gaill.
»Silene physalodes - Boiss.
»Silene reuteriana Boiss
»Silene schlumbergeri -Boiss.
»Spartium junceum L
LB
LB
SY
LB
SY
PN
»Stachys palaestina
»Stachys ehrenbergii boiss
PN
LB
»Stachys hydrophila Boiss.
»Stachys petrokosmos - Rech. il.
»Stellaria cilicica Boiss. et Bal ssp.neglata
»Tanacetum yabrudae »Charpin et Dittrich (Moût)
LB
SY
LB
»Teucrium antilibanoticum - Moût.
SY
»Teucrium coniortodes - Boiss. et Bl.
SY
»Teucrium heterotrichum - Briq. Ex Rech. il.
SY
Yaseed-Ibzeik
Yaseed-Ibzeik
»Teucrium lamiifolium
PN
Qassiun, Palmyra, 1
»Teucrium montbretii
PN
»Romulea nivalis - Boiss et Ky
LB
SY, LB
»Rorippa macrocarpa (Boiss.) Mout
LB
»Rosularia kesrouanensis Mout.
»Rosularia parvifolia - Frod. et Sam.
»Rumex angustifolius Campd ssp.
libanoticus Rech f
»Rumex rothschildianum Aarons.
»Salsola zenobiae - Mout
»Salvia drusica -Moût.
»Salvia nazalena - Hedge et Mouterde
LB
SY
LB
IL
SY
SY
SY
»Saponaria bargyliana - Gombault
»Scandix blepharicarpa O.Cohen
»Scandîx damascena - Bornm.
»Scariola triquetra (Labill.) Sojak
SY
IL
SY
LB
»Scorzonera libanotica Boiss.
»Sedum palaestinum
»Sedum litoreum Guss.
»Sedum louisii -Frôd
LB
PN
PN
SY
COUNTRY
Yaseed-Ibzeik
W. slopes. Mt.Lebanon
800-2000m
Lebanon
Anti-Lebanon, 1
W. slopes. Mt.Lebanon
500-1500m
Hermon, 1
Palmyra, 1
Jabal Al Arab, 1
Lower Anti-Leb.
(Qaryatein), 1
Slenfeh, 1
Qassiun, 1
W. slopes. Mt.Lebanon
0-2000m
SY
Notes on range
& No. of IPAs
Upper Jezira, 1
W. slopes. Mt.Lebanon
above 2000m
Wad Elbalat,
Um Safa, Beit Illo
Golan, 1
Anti-Lebanon, 1
Wad Elbalat,Um
Safa, Beit Illo
Yaseed-Ibzeik
W. slopes. Mt.Lebanon
1500m
coast to 2000m
Amanus (Kassab), 1
Lower Anti-Lebanon
(Yabrud-Maalula), 1
Anti-Lebanon
(Tal’at Musa), 1
Abu-Rujmain
(Jabal Abiad), 1
Coastal Mts
(Bhamra), 1.
Wad Elbalat
Um Safa, Beit Illo
Yaseed-Ibzeik
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
Species name and authority
(where provided)
COUNTRY
»Teucrium montbretii Benth.
»Thesium libanoticum Ehrenb.
LB
LB
»Thymus alfredae - Post
SY
»Trifolium sannineum Mout.
»Trifolium bonnevillei - Moût
LB
SY
»Tulipa lownei Baker
LB
»Tulipa aucheriana Baker ssp westii ssp. Nova LB
»Valerianella antilibanotica - Rech. f.
SY
»Valerianella soyeri - Buchinger in Boiss.
»Veronica caespitosa Boiss. subsb.
leiophyla (Boiss) M.A.Fisher
SY
LB
»Vicia basaltica Plitman
»Vicia canescens Labill.
IL
LB
»Vicia esdraelonensis Warb. & Eig
»Vicia qatmensis -Gomb.
»Viola libanotica Boiss.
IL
SY
LB
»Ziziphora ‘Abd-el-Asisii - Hand.-Mazz.
»Acantholimon antilibanoticum - Moût.
»Anchonium billardieri -D.C.
SY
SY, LB
SY, LB
»Astragalus gaillardotii - Boiss
»Astragalus hirsutissimus - D.C.
»Bellevalia hermonis - mt
»Convolvulus libanoticus - Boiss.
SY, LB
SY, LB
SY, LB
SY, LB
»Gypsophila frankenioides Boiss.
»Var libanotica Boiss.
SY, LB
»Iris lortetii W. Barbey
»Johrenia westii - Post
»Micromeria libanotica - Boiss.
PN, IL
SY, LB
SY, LB
»Minuartia innominata -McNeill
SY, LB
»Minuartia labillardieri - Briquet
SY, LB
»Plantago maris-mortui Eig
»Silene astartes - Blanche
IL,JO,PN
SY, LB
»Silene grisea Boiss.
»Silene oxyodonta Barbey
»Sison exaltatum Boiss.
»Thlaspi brevicaule- Boiss. et Ky
IL,LB,PN
IL,JO,PN
IL,LB,
SY, LB
»
Notes on range
& No. of IPAs
Species name and authority
(where provided)
APPENDICES
COUNTRY
SECTION 6
95
Notes on range
& No. of IPAs
Site Restricted Species in East Mediterranean/ Levant+ Egypt
W. slopes. Mt.Lebanon
1400m
Anti-Lebanon
(Rankouss, Maalula), 1
»Biarum olivieri Blume
EG, PN
Site Restricted Species in East Mediterranean/ Syria+Turkey
Jabal Al-Arab
(Qanawat)
Lajat (Shahba), 2
Anti-Lebanon
(Zabadani), 1
Wadi al Qarn, 1
W. slopes. Mt.Lebanon
above 2000m
W. slopes. Mt.Lebanon
above 2000m
Kurd Dag (Qatma), 1
W. slopes. Mt.Lebanon
1500m
Jabal Abdul Aziz, 1
Anti-Lebanon
Anti-Lebanon
Lebanon Mts.
Hermon
High Levant Mts.
Hermon. Anti-Lebanon
Anti-Lebanon
Lebanon Mts.
Anti-Lebanon
Lebanon Mts.
Upper Orontes valley
Anti-Lebanon
Lebanon Mts.
Anti-Lebanon
Lebanon Mts.
Hermon
Lebanon Mts.
Hermon
Lebanon Mts.
Anti-Lebanon
Lebanon Mts.
»Allium calyptratum - Boiss.
»Allium cassium - Boiss.
SY, TR
SY, TR
»Convolvulus cassius - Sam. ex Rech. il. SY, TR?
»Ferulago amani - Post
SY, TR
»
Amanus
Summets of
Coastal Mts.
Amanus, 1
Kaipok-Dag loc.
Site Restricted Species with disjunct distributions
»Silene bocconei ssp. praecox
DZ, IT, FR
Edough Peninsula,
Sardinia, Corsica
96
SECTION 6
APPENDICES
Species name and authority
(where provided)
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
COUNTRY
Notes on range
& No. of IPAs
Part 2: REsTRIcTEd RANGE sPEcIEs:
Extent of occurrence <5,000km2
Restricted range species in North Africa/Magreb
»Abies maroccana
»Adenocarpus anagyrifolius
»Adenocarpus bacquei
»Aethionema saxatile
»Agropyrum festucoides
»Agryrolobuim zanonii ssp. fallax
»Ammochloa involucrata
»Anabasis prostrata
»Anacyclus atlanticus
»Anacyclus maroccanus
»Anchusa pseudogranatensis
»Andrachne maroccana
»Anthemis chrysantha
»Anthriscus sylvestris ssp. mollis
»Anthyllis barba-jovis L.
»Anthyllis vulneraria ssp. rifana
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA, DZ
MA
MA
MA
MA
DZ
MA, DZ
TN, DZ
MA
»Aquilegia vulgaris ssp. balli
MA
»Arabis coringioides
MA
»Arabis hirsuta ssp. tunetana (Murb.) Maire TN
»Arabis josiae
MA
»Arabis pubescens ssp. decumbens
MA
»Arenaria grandilora ssp. grandilora
MA
»Arenaria mairei
MA
»Arenaria pungens ssp. boissieri
MA
»Argania spinosa
MA
»Argyrocytisus battandieri
MA
»Argyrolobium zanonii ssp. fallax
MA
»Armeria ebracteata
MA, DZ
»Artemisia alba ssp. chitachensis
MA
»Artemisia negrei
MA
»Asphodelus ayardii
MA
»Asphodelus gracilis
MA
»Astragalus ibrahimianus
MA
»Avenula jahandiezii
MA
»Bellis caerulescens
MA
»Bellis prostrata Pomel
TN, DZ
»Borago trabutii
MA
»Brachyapium involucratum
MA
»Brassica fruticulosa ssp., mauritanica MA, DZ
»Brassica repanda ssp. silenifolia
MA
»Bunium alpinum ssp. atlanticum
MA
»Bunium chaberti Batt
DZ
»Bunium crassifolium (Batt.) Batt.
DZ, TN
Parc Tassemtane
4
Parc Haut Atlas
Oriental
Parc d’Ifrane
3
Parc d’Ifrane
Maamora
Beni Snassen, Parc
National d’Al Hoceima
2
Toubkal
Parc d’Ifrane
Tamga
Habibas islands, Cap
Falcon (NW-Algeria)
Parc d’Ifrane
Parc d’Ifrane, Parc
Tazekka
Toubkal
2
Dorsale tunisienne
2
2
3
Jbel Mgoun
2
Jbel Kest ,Anezi,Imzi
2
Jbel Kest ,Anezi,Imzi
Algéro.marocains
2
4
2
Maamora
5
4
8
3
Toubkal
Beni Snassen
2
2
Djurdjura national
park (N-Algeria)
Edough peninsula,
Jbel Korbous
Species name and authority
(where provided)
COUNTRY
»Bunium elatum Batt.
»Bupleurum album
»Bupleurum atlanticum
DZ
MA
MA, DZ
»Bupleurum atlanticum ssp. aiouense
»Bupleurum atlanticum ssp. atlanticum
»Bupleurum benoistii
»Bupleurum dumosum
»Bupleurum laterilorum
»Campanula camptoclada Boiss.
»Campanula mairei
»Campanula saxifragoides
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
IL, LB
MA
MA, DZ
»Campanula velata ssp. velata
MA, DZ
»Carduncellus atractyloides
MA, DZ
»Carduncellus pinnatus ssp. lucens
»Carduncellus pomelianus
MA
MA, DZ
»Carduus ballii.
»Carthamus carthamoides
MA
MA, DZ
»Catananche caespitose Desf.
MA, DZ
»Catananche montana Coss.
MA, DZ
»Centaurea acaulis ssp. Boissieri
MA, DZ
»Centaurea benoistii
»Centaurea gueryi
MA
MA
»Centaurea josiae
»Centaurea nana
MA
MA, DZ
»Centaurea riaeana
MA, DZ
»Centaurea takredensis
»Centaurium erythraea ssp. apertum
MA
MA, DZ
»Centranthus angustifolia ssp. maroccanus MA
»Centranthus lecoqii ssp. maroccanus
MA
»Centranthus nevadensis ssp. battandieri MA, DZ
»Cephalaria mauritanica ssp.
eu-mauritanica Maire
MA, DZ, TN
»Cephalaria mauritanica ssp. maroccana
MA
»Cerastium atlanticum Durieu
MA, DZ, TN
»Ceratocnemum rapistroides
MA
»Chaerophyllum atlanticum
MA
»Chamaemelum scariosum
MA
Notes on range
& No. of IPAs
Bibans + Djebel Dréat
4
Parc National du
Haut Atlas Oriental
Jbel Mgoun
Jbel Kest ,Anezi,Imzi
3
2
3
Israel, Lebanon
3
Parc d’Ifrane Algéro.
marocains
Ghar-Rouban area/
orient. Tlemcen mtns
H.A.Oriental, BouNaceur, Ayachi, Bou
Iblane, Maasker
Toubkal
Parc d’Ifrane Algéro.
marocains
3
Ghar-Rouban area/
orient. Tlemcen mtns
Tlemcen, Bossuet,
Atlas saharien
Djurdjura, Babor,
Constantine, Atlas
saharien
Parc d’Ifrane Algéro.
marocains
2
Parc Haut Atlas
Oriental
3
Parc National
d’Ifrane
Parc d’Ifrane Algéro.
marocains
Jbel Mgoun
Parc d’Ifrane Algéro.
marocains
Toubkal
Jbel Bou Naceur
Ghar-Rouban area/
orient. Tlemcen mtns
Zaccar, Djurdjura,
Akfadou (N-Algeria)
Parc d’Ifrane
maghrébine
Parc d’Ifrane
2
Tamga
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
Species name and authority
(where provided)
»Cirsium chrysacanthum
»Cirsium dyris
»Cistus munbyi
»Convolvulus gharbensis
»Convolvulus mazicum
»Convolvulus pitardii
»Coris monspeliensis var. maroccana
»Coronilla viminalis
»Crepis hookeriana
»Crocus nevadensis
COUNTRY
MA
MA
MA, DZ
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA, DZ
»Crocus nevadensis
MA
»Crocus serotinus ssp. salzmanii
MA
»Cupressus atlantica
MA
»Cyclamen repandum ssp. atlanticum Maire
(= var. baborense)
MA, DZ
»Cynara baetica ssp. maroccana
MA
»Cynoglossum pitardianum
MA
»Cynoglossum watieri
MA
»Cytisopsis ahmedii
MA
»Cytisus arboreus ssp. arboreus
MA, DZ
»Cytisus maurus
MA
»Daucus tenuisectus
MA
»Dianthus rupicola Biv. ssp. hermaeensis
(Coss.) O. Bolòs & Vigo
TN
»Digitalis atlantica
DZ
»Digitalis lutea ssp. transiens
MA
»Draba hederefolia
»Draba hederifolia ssp. hederifolia
»Draba hederifolia ssp. cossoniana
»Draba oreadum
»Draba oreadum ssp. oreadum
»Dracaena draco ssp. ajgal
»Dracocephalum renati
»Echium humile ssp. caespitosum
»Echium velutinum
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
»Echium velutinum ssp. versicolor
»Elymus festucoides
»Elymus marginatum ssp. marginatum
»Epimedium perralderianum
MA
MA
MA
DZ
»Erodium battandierianum Rouy Park
DZ
parkErodium cossoni
»Eruca loncholoma (Pamel) O.E. Schulz
»Erucastrum brevirostre
»Erucastrum elatum
MA
DZ
MA
MA
SECTION 6
APPENDICES
Notes on range
& No. of IPAs
Species name and authority
(where provided)
5
5
Beni Snassen
Maamora
6
2
Jbel Ayachi
2
4
Parc d’Ifrane Algéro.
marocains
Toubkal
Parc d’Ifrane
Aghbar
»Eryngium argyreum
MA
»Eryngium atlanticum
MA
»Eryngium maroccanum
MA
»Eryngium tricuspidatum ssp., mauritanicum MA, DZ
»Eryngium triquetrum ssp. xauense
MA
»Eryngium varrifolium
MA
»Euphorbia mesatlantica
MA
»Euphorbia resinifera
MA
»Euphorbia rimarum
MA
»Evax crocidion
MA, DZ
»Evonymus latifolius var. kabylica
MA, DZ
Babor mountains,
Taza national park
(NE-Algeria)
2
Parc d’Ifrane
3
Jbel Krouz
Beni Snassen
Parc Tazekka
Parc d’Ifrane
Jebel El Haouaria et
Ile de Zembra
Babor moutains,
Taza national park
Parc Haut Atlas
Oriental, Jbel Mgoun
2
Toubkal
4
2
Jbel Mgoun
Jbel Kest ,Anezi,Imzi
4
Toubkal
Parc Haut Atlas
Oriental
Toubkal
2
2
Kefrida, Babors,
Beni-Foughal
(NE-Algeria)
Babor moutains,
Taza national
Toubkal
Chelia, (NE-Algeria)
Parc d’Ifrane
2
COUNTRY
»Fedia pallescens ssp. hirsuta
»Feeria angustifolia
»Festuca atlantica ssp. oxyphylla
»Festuca demnatensis
»Festuca fontqueri
»Festuca mairei
»Festuca rifana
»Filago duriaei
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA, DZ
»Fumaria berberica
»Fumaria macrosepala ssp. obscura
»Fumaria pugsleyana
»Galium acuminatum
»Galium bourgaeanum
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA, DZ
»Galium bourgeanum ssp. maroccanum
MA
»Galium brunnaeum Munby
MA, DZ, TN
»Galium viscosum ssp. rifanum
»Genista numidica ssp. iliramea
MA
DZ
»Genista numidica ssp. numidica
DZ and???
»Genista scorpius
»Genista scorpius ssp. myriantha
»Genista vepres
MA
MA
DZ and???
»Gentiana atlantica
»Gentiana penetii
»Gentiana tornezyana
»Geranium cataractarum ssp. pitardii
»Geranium nanum
»Globularia nainii
»Hedysarum naudinianum Coss
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
DZ
»Hedysarum perralderianum Coss.
DZ
97
Notes on range
& No. of IPAs
Maamora
Maamora
Parc d’Ifrane
Beni Snassen
Parc Tazekka
2
10
2
Parc d’Ifrane
Algéro.marocains
Parc d’Ifrane Algéro.
marocains
4
2
2
Parc d’Ifrane
5
Toubkal
Parc Tassemtane
Algéro-Ibéro
Marocains
Parc d’Ifrane
Parc Tazekka
Toubkal
Ghar-Rouban area
Morocco.
Parc d’Ifrane
Béjaia, Chenoua,
Tlemcen (N-Algeria)
Parc Tassemtane
Djurdjura national
park, Akfadou
(N-Algeria)
Edough peninsula,
Taza national park +
Collo peninsula
2
Tamga
Taza national park,
etc. ? (NE-Algeria)
2
Jbel Mgoun
2
Parc d’Ifrane
4
8
Bibans, Guergour,
Zaccar, Ouarsenis,
Boghar
Djebel Chelia,
Bellezma + djebel
Bou Thaleb
98
SECTION 6
APPENDICES
Species name and authority
(where provided)
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
COUNTRY
»Helichrysum lacteum
MA, DZ
»Heliocauta atlantica
»Heracleum sphondylium
»Herniaria pujosii
MA
MA
MA, DZ
»Hertia maroccana
MA
»Hieracium amplexicaule ssp. atlanticum MA, DZ
»Hieracium ernestii Maire
DZ
»Hieracium faurelianum Maire
DZ
»Hieracium pseudopiosella ssp. subtenuicaule MA
»Hieracium pseudopiosella ssp. tenuicaule
MA
»Hieracium pseudopiosella
ssp. tenuicauliforme
MA
»Hippocrepis liouvillei
MA
»Hippocrepis liouvillei ssp. liouvillei
MA
»Hippocrepis maura
MA
»Hippocrepis neglecta
MA
»Hypochoeris angustifolia
MA
»Hypochoeris leontodoides
MA
»Inula maletii
MA
»Isatis djurdjurae
MA, DZ
»Jasione montana ssp. cornuta
»Jasonia (Chiliadenus) rupestris
MA
MA, DZ
»Juniperus thurifera L. ssp. africana Maire
DZ
»Juniperus thurifera ssp. africana
MA, DZ
»Lactuca virosa
»Lactuca virosa ssp. cornigera
»Laserpitium emilianum
MA
MA
MA
»Lavandula stoechas ssp. atlantica
MA
»Lavandula tenuisecta
MA
»Lens villosa
MA
»Leontodon pitardii
MA
»Leontodon salzmanii
MA
»Leontodon taraxacoides ssp. mesorrhynchus MA
»Leucanthemum mairei
MA
»Leuzea berardioides
MA
»Limonium mouretii
MA
»Linaria amethystea ssp. Broussonetii (Poir.)
Malato-Beliz)
MA
»Linaria cossoni Barrate
TN
»Linaria decipiens Batt.
DZ
»Linaria maroccana
MA
»Linaria multicaulis ssp. pseudosupina
MA
»Linaria scariosa Desf.
TN, DZ
»Linaria tristis
MA
Notes on range
& No. of IPAs
Species name and authority
(where provided)
Parc d’Ifrane Algéro.
marocains
2
Aghbar
Parc d’Ifrane Algéro.
marocains
2
Parc d’Ifrane Algéro.
marocains
Babor mountains
(NE-Algeria)
Djebel Chelia,
Bellezma national
park (NE-Algeria)
Parc d’Ifrane
Parc d’Ifrane
»Linaria tristis ssp. lurida
»Linaria tristis ssp. pectinata
»Linaria ventricosa
»Linaria weilleri
»Lithodora maroccana
»Lotononis maroccana
»Lotus maroccanus
»Luzula atlantica
»Marrubium ayardii
»Marrubium echinatum
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
»Marrubium multibracteatum
»Matthiola scapifera
»Medicago suffruticosa ssp. maroccana
MA
MA
MA
»Mentha gattefossei
»Mentha suaveolens
»Mentha suaveolens ssp. timija
»Mibora maroccana
»Moehringia stellarioides
MA
MA
MA
MA
DZ
»Myosotis atlantica
»Narcissus romieuxii ssp. romieuxii
»Narcissus rupicola ssp. watieri
»Nasturtium africanum ssp. mesatlanticum
»Nepeta atlantica
»Nepeta hispanica ssp. statice
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
»Nepeta stachyoides
»Nivellea nivellei
»Odontites powellii
»Odontites violacea Pomel
MA
MA
MA
DZ
Parc d’Ifrane
Jbel Bou Naceur
Parc d’Ifrane
Maamora
Parc d’Ifrane
3
Jbel Ayachi
Parc d’Ifrane
Djurdjura national
park, Babor mnts.
Parc d’Ifrane
Ghar-Rouban area
orient. Tlemcen mnts.
Aurès (NE-Algeria)
Parc d’Ifrane Algéro.
marocains
Aghbar
Parc d’Ifrane
Parc Haut Atlas
Oriental
Toubkal
2
Parc d’Ifrane
4
Parc d’Ifrane
Parc d’Ifrane
5
5
Parc d’Ifrane
Maamora
NE de la Tunisie
Chelia, (NE-Algeria)
Tamga
Parc d’Ifrane
tuniso-algériennes
Toubkal
COUNTRY
»Oenanthe pimpinelloides ssp. callosa
»Onobrychis cadevalli
»Onobrychis humilis
»Onobrychis humilis ssp. jahandiezii
»Ononis serotina ssp. eu-serotina Maire
»Ononis atlantica
»Ononis maweana var. fontqueri
»Ononis thomsonii
»Onopordum dyris
»Origanum elongatum
»Ormenis scariosa
»Orobanche chrysacanthi
»Orobanche hookeriana
»Orobanche leptantha Pomel
MA
MA
MA
MA
DZ
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA, DZ
»Oropetium africanum
»Paeonia corallina (mascula) ssp. atlantica
MA
DZ
»Papaver atlanticum
MA
Notes on range
& No. of IPAs
3
Parc Tazekka
3
Jbel Kest ,Anezi,Imzi
Jbel Bouhachem
2
3
Toubkal
4
Parc Haut Atlas
Orient., Parc d’Ifrane
5
3
Parc Haut Atlas
Orient., Parc d’Ifrane
2
Toubkal
Aghbar
Maamora
Babor moutains,
Taza national park+
Collo peninsula
4
Parc d’Ifrane
Toubkal
Parc d’Ifrane
3
Jbel Maasker,
Parc d’Ifrane
Aghbar
2
Parc d’Ifrane
Djurdjura national
park, Babor mnts.
Parc Tazekka
Parc d’Ifrane
Toubkal
Parc d’Ifrane
Zaccar, oued Imbert
3
Maamora
Parc d’Ifrane
2
2
4
Toubkal
Toubkal
Monts Trara
(NW-Algeria)
Jbel Kest, Anezi,Imzi
Akfadou forests,
Djurdjura, Babor
mnts., Taza, etc.
Toubkal
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
SECTION 6
APPENDICES
99
Lac des Oiseaux
© Samraoui
Species name and authority
(where provided)
»Pedicularis numidica
COUNTRY
DZ
»Phagnalon atlanticum
MA
»Phagnalon calycnum ssp. caroli paui
MA
»Phagnalon embergeri
MA
»Phagnalon helichrysoides
MA
»Phagnalon helichrysoides ssp. helichrysoides MA
»Phagnalon platyphyllum
MA
»Phlomis bovei ssp. maroccana
MA
»Pinus nigra ssp. mauritanica
MA, DZ
»Pinus pinaster ssp. Hamiltoni
var. maghrebiana
MA, DZ
»Pinus pinaster ssp. hamiltoni var. maghrebianaMA
»Pistorinia attenuata ssp. attenuata
MA
»Pitardia caerulescens
MA
»Platanthera algeriensis
MA
Notes on range
& No. of IPAs
Species name and authority
(where provided)
Taza national park ,
Collo peninsula,
Edough peninsula
Toubkal
Parc Tazekka
3
2
Jbel Mgoun
Toubkal
Parc d’Ifrane
Djurdjura national
park, Rif mountains,
Sierra Nevada ?
»Platycapnos saxicola
»Poa alpina ssp. atlantica
»Polygala balansae
»Polygala boissieri
»Polygonum balansae ssp. Rhizoxylon
»Potentilla maura
»Potentilla tornezyana
»Primula acaulis ssp. atlantica
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA, DZ
»Pterocephalus depressus
»Ptilostemon dyricola
»Ptilostemon rhiphaeus
»Pyrus communis ssp. gharbiana
MA
MA
MA
MA, DZ
»Raffenaldia platycarpa
»Ranunculus aurasiacus
MA
MA, DZ
Parc d’Ifrane Algéro.
marocains
Parc d’Ifrane
Tamga
Jbel Bou Naceur
Toubkal
»Ranunculus calandrinioides
»Ranunculus dyris
»Reseda attenuata
COUNTRY
MA
MA
MA
Notes on range
& No. of IPAs
Toubkal
3
2
Toubkal
Jbel Bou Ibane
Parc Tassemtane
2
Parc d’Ifrane Algéro.
marocains
Toubkal
3
Parc Tassemtane
Parc d’Ifrane Algéro.
marocains
2
Parc d’Ifrane Algéro.
marocains
Parc d’Ifrane
2
Toubkal
100
SECTION 6
APPENDICES
Species name and authority
(where provided)
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
COUNTRY
»Reseda nainii
MA
»Retama dasycarpa
MA
»Rhamnus lycioides ssp. atlantica
MA
»Rhodanthemum catananche
MA
»Rhodanthemum gayanum
MA
»Rhodanthemum gayanum ssp. demnatense MA
»Rhodanthemum maroccanum
MA
»Rhodanthemum pseudo-catananche
MA
»Rhodanthemum redieri
MA
»Rhodonthemum atlanticum
MA
»Romulea battandieri Beguinot
DZ
»Romulea numidica
MA, DZ
»Romulea penzigii Beguinot
»Romulea vaillantii Quézel
»Rorippa hayanica
»Rumex atlanticus
»Rumex ginii
»Sagina saginoides ssp. parvilorum
»Salix atrocinerea ssp. jahandiezii
»Salvia lavandulifolia ssp. mesatlantica
»Sanguisorba minor ssp. maroccana
»Satureja arganietorum
»Satureja atlantica
»Satureja grandilora ssp. baborensis
»Saxifraga numidica Maire
DZ
DZ
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA, DZ
DZ
»Saxifraga pedemontana ssp. demnatensis MA
»Scutellaria orientalis ssp. demnatensis
MA
»Sedum dasyphyllum ssp. oblongifolium
MA
»Sedum jaccardianum
MA
»Sedum jahandiezii
MA
»Sedum melanantherum
MA
»Sedum modestum
MA
»Sedum surculosum
MA
»Sedum tuberosum Coss. & Letourn.
TN, DZ
»Selaginella balansae
»Sempervivum tectorum ssp. atlanticum
»Senecio gallerandianus Coss. et Dur.
MA
MA
DZ
»Seseli libanotis ssp. atlanticum
»Sideritis jahandiezii
»Sideritis oromaroccana
»Sideritis vilosa
»Silene ayachica
»Silene barrattei Murb.
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
TN
»Silene corrugata
»Silene cuatrecasasii
»Silene dyris
MA
MA
MA
Notes on range
& No. of IPAs
Species name and authority
(where provided)
Parc Haut
Atlas Oriental
2
3
2
Toubkal
2
Parc d’Ifrane
Toubkal
4
Jbel Mgoun
Djurdjura nat. park
Parc d’Ifrane Algéro.
marocains
Djurdjura nat. park
Djebel Chélia
Parc d’Ifrane
4
2
Toubkal
Parc d’Ifrane
Parc d’Ifrane
2
Jbel Kest ,Anezi,Imzi
3
Babor mnts. (NE-Alg.)
Rif (N-Morocco)
Babor mountains
(NE-Algeria)
4
5
Toubkal
Jbel Ayachi
Parc d’Ifrane
Toubkal
3
Toubkal
tuniso-algériennes
(Algérois, G de
Kabylie)
Parc d’Ifrane
Toubkal
Djurdjura, Babor,
Aures (NE-Algeria)
3
Parc d’Ifrane
Parc d’Ifrane
Parc d’Ifrane
3
Est de la Tunisie (de
Bizerte à Gafsa)
2
3
3
»Silene ilipetala
»Silene glabrescens
»Silene heterodonta
»Silene heterodonta ssp. rosella
»Silene mekinensis
»Silene mentagensis
»Silene mesatlantica Maire
»Silene pomelii ssp. adusta
»Silene portensis
»Silene reticulata Desf.
COUNTRY
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
TN, DZ
»Silene reverchonii Batt.
DZ
»Silene velutinoides Pomel
DZ
»Silene virescens
»Silene volubilitana
»Sisymbrium maurum
»Sixalix (Scabiosa) cartenniana
MA
MA
MA
DZ
»Sonchus tenerrimus var. amicus
»Faure, Maire & Wilczek
DZ
»Spergularia microsperma ssp. oreophila
»Spergularia pycnorrhiza (Maire) P. Monnier
MA
DZ
»Spergularia tenuifolia Pomel
DZ
»Stachys arenaria ssp. divaricatidens
MA
»Stachys mialhesi De Noe
DZ
»Stachys mouretii
MA
»Stachys saxicola ssp. saxicola
MA
»Stachys saxicola ssp. villosissima
MA
»Stipa nitens
MA
»Teucrium chamaedrys ssp. gracile
MA
»Teucrium collincola
MA
»Teucrium decipiens
MA
»Teucrium joannis
MA
»Teucrium malenconianum
MA
»Teucrium mideltense
MA
»Teucrium musimonum
MA
»Teucrium rotundifolium var. atlanticum
MA
»Thymus atlanticus
MA
»Thymus ciiatus ssp. munbyanus var. comosusMA
»Thymus dreatensis
DZ
»Thymus maroccanus
»Thymus maroccanus ssp. maroccanus
»Thymus satureioides
»Tolpis barbata
»Tolpis barbata ssp. liouvillei
»Trifolium humile
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
Notes on range
& No. of IPAs
Toubkal
Maamora
2
Parc d’Ifrane
2
Parc d’Ifrane
5
Parc d’Ifrane
Parc d’Ifrane
tuniso-algériennes
(Tell algérois, Gde
Kabylie)
Babor mountains
(NE-Algeria)
Monts Tlemcen,GharRouban, Constantine
Tamga
Jbel Bouhachem
2
Cap Ténès
(NW-Algeria)
Habibas islands
(NW-Algeria)
2
Habibas islands +
Ain Franin (NW-Alg.)
Miliana, Relizane,
Tiaret (NW-Algeria)
2
Djebel Chenoua
Parc d’Ifrane
Parc d’Ifrane
Parc d’Ifrane
7
3
Parc d’Ifrane
Parc d’Ifrane
Parc d’Ifrane
Tamga
Parc Haut Atlas Orient.
6
2
4
Parc d’Ifrane
Babor Mtns +
Bibans, Mt Dreat, Mt
Dira,Takoucht Belezma
Aghbar
Parc d’Ifrane
2
Aghbar
Toubkal
5
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
Species name and authority
(where provided)
COUNTRY
»Tripodion kremerianum
MA, DZ
»Tulipa sylvestris
»Urginea fugax var. major
»Vella mairei
»Verbascum calycinum
»Verbascum hookerianum
MA, DZ
MA
MA
MA
MA
»Verbascum lychnitis var. giganteum
MA
»Veronica chartonii
»Viola dyris
»Viola maroccana
»Viola mumbyana var. rifana
»Viola saxifraga
»Viola subatlantica
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
Notes on range
& No. of IPAs
Species name and authority
(where provided)
Parc National
de Tazekka
Algéro.marocains
Maamora
3
Toubkal
Parc Haut Atlas
Oriental
Parc Haut Atlas
Oriental
Jbel Mgoun
2
3
Jbel Bou Naceur
4
Parc d’Ifrane
»Crocus boulosii Greuter
LY
»Cyclamen rohlfsianum Ascher.
LY
»Desmazeria lorentii H. Scholz
LY, TN
»Ebenus armitagei Schweinf. &Taub.
EG, LY
»Erodium tocranum Guitt. Et Le Houerou .
LY
»Euphorbia pseudo-apios Maire & Weiller
LY
»Frankenia syrtica (Maire & Weiller)
Brullo & Furnari
LY
»Helianthemum cyrenaicum (Grosser)
Brullo & Furnari
LY
»Herniaria cyrenaica F. Herm.
LY, EG
»Heteromera philaenorum Maire & Weiller
LY
»Hypericum decaisneanum Coss. & Daveau
LY
»Iloga spicata ssp. elbaensis Chartek
EG
»Lactuca haimanniana E.A.Durand & Barratte LY
»Libyella cyrenaica
(E.A.Durand & Barratte) Pamp.
LY
»Limonium cyrenaicum (Rouy) Brullo
LY
»Limonium subrotundifolium (Bég. & Vacc.) BrulloLY
»Limonium vaccarii Brullo
LY
»Medicago cyrenaea Maire & Weiller
LY
»Muscari stenanthum Freyn .
LY
Restricted range species in North Africa Magreb+ other North
African countries or Egypt and/or Libya
»Anacamptis cyrenaica (E.A.Durand & Barratte)
H.Kretzsmar, Eccarius & H.Dietr.
LY
»Anthemis cyrenaica Coss
LY
»Anthemis kruegeriana Pamp.
LY
»Anthemis microsperma Boiss. & Kotschy
EG
»Anthemis taubertii Durand & Barratte
LY
»Arbutus pavarii Pamp.
LY
»Arbutus pavarii Pamp.
LY, TN
»Arum cyrenaicum Hurby
LY - Crete
»Astragalus camelorum Barbey
EG
»Athmanta della-cella Ascherson et Barbey
»Atractylis carduus
var. marmarica Täckh. &Boulos
LY
EG
»Ballota andreuzziana Pamp
»Bellevalia salah-eidii Täckh. & Boulos
»Bellevalia sessililora (Viv.) Kunth
»Bellevallia Cyrenaica Maire & Weiller )
LY
EG
EG, LY
LY
»Bellevallia sessilora (Viv.) Kunth.
»Biscutella didyma var. elbensis
(Chartek) ElNaggar
»Brassica deserti Danin & Hedge
»Bromus aegyptiacus Tausch
LY, EG
»Bunium fontanesii (Pers.) Maire
»Carthamus mareoticus Delile
»Centaurea alexandrina Delile
»Centaurea cyrenaica Beguinot & Vacc.
»Convolvulus maireanus Pamp.
EG
EG
EG
MA, TN, LY
EG, LY
EG, LY
LY
LY
SECTION 6
APPENDICES
Jabal Akhdar area only
Jabal Akhdar area only
Jabal Akhdar area only
Western Medit coast.
dunes, St Katherine
Jabal Akhdar area only
Jabal Akhdar area only
Libya & Tunisa
Lake Bardawil,
Saint Katherine
Jabal Akhdar area only
Western Medit.
coastal dunes
Jabal Akhdar area only
Lake Bardawil
Sallum Area
Jabal Akhdar area only
Type only 1938
Libya & Egypt
Halayeb Triangle
Saint Katherine
Lake Manzala, Lake
Mariut
du Maroc à la Libye
Lake Mariut,
Omayed, Sallum Area
Rare Omayed, W
Medit. coastal dunes
Jabal Akhdar area only
Jabal Akhdar area only
COUNTRY
»Nepeta cyrenaica Quézel & Zaffran
LY
»Nepeta vivianii (Cosson) Béguinot & Vacc.
LY
»Onopordum cyrenaicum Maire & Weiller
LY
»Onosma cyrenaica E.A.Durand & Barratte
LY
»Orchis taubertiana B.Baumann & H.Baumann LY
»Origanum cyrenaicum Beg. Et Vacc.
(=O. akhdarensis Letswart & Boulos, Amaracus
akhdarensis (Ietsw. & al) Brullo & Furnari,
and Amaracus pampaninii Brullo & Furnari) LY
»Pachyctenium mirabilis Maire & Pamp.
LY
»Pallenis cyrenaica Alavi
LY
»Pancratium arabicum Sickenb.
EG
»Petrohagia cyrenaica (Durand & Barratte)
Ball & Heywood
LY
»Phlomis aurea Decne.
EG
»Picris mauginiana Pam.
LY
»Plantago cyrenaica Durand & Barratte
LY
»Polygala aschersoniana Chodat
LY
»Ranunculus cyclocarpus Pamp.
LY
»Satureja fortii Pam.
LY
»Sedum bracteatum Viv.
LY
»Sedum laconicum Boiss & Heldr
LY
»Silene biappendiculata Rohrb.
LY, EG
»Sixalix libyca (Alavi) Greuter & Burdet
LY
»Stachys rosea (Desf.) Boiss
LY
»Teucrium apollinis Maire & Weiller
»Teucrium barbeyanum Asch. & Taub.
»Teucrium davaeanum Coss.
»Teucrium zanonii Pomel
LY
LY
LY
LY
101
Notes on range
& No. of IPAs
Jabal Akhdar area only
Jabal Akhdar area only
Libya & Tunisa
Rare Omayed
Jabal Akhdar area only
Jabal Akhdar area only
Jabal Akhdar area only
Jabal Akhdar area only
Libya & Egypt.
Jabal Akhdar area only
Jabal Akhdar area only
Halayeb Triangle
Jabal Akhdar area only
Jabal Akhdar area only
Jabal Akhdar area only
Jabal Akhdar area only
Jabal Akhdar area only
Jabal Akhdar area only
Jabal Akhdar area only
Probably endemic &
very rare
Jabal Akhdar area only
Jabal Akhdar area only
Jabal Akhdar area only
Jabal Akhdar area only
Jabal Akhdar area only
Jabal Akhdar area only
Jabal Akhdar area only
Jabal Akhdar area only
W Medit. coast. dunes
Jabal Akhdar area only
Saint Katherine
Jabal Akhdar area only
Jabal Akhdar area only
Jabal Akhdar area only
Jabal Akhdar area only
Jabal Akhdar area only
Jabal Akhdar area only
Jabal Akhdar area only
NE Libya and Egypt
Jabal Akhdar area only
Jabal Akhdar area only
probably endemic
Jabal Akhdar area only
Jabal Akhdar area only
Jabal Akhdar area only
Jabal Akhdar area only
102
SECTION 6
APPENDICES
Species name and authority
(where provided)
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
COUNTRY
»Thesium erythronicum Pamp.
»Umbilicus mirus (Pamp.) Greuter
LY
LY
Notes on range
& No. of IPAs
Species name and authority
(where provided)
COUNTRY
Jabal Akhdar area only
Jabal Akhdar area only
»Bellevalia warburgii Feinbrun
»Berberis libanotica - Ehrenb.
IL
SY, LB
»Biarum auraniticum - Mt
»Centaurea dumulosa - Boiss.
SY, IL
SY, LB
Restricted range species in East Mediterranean
/Levant+ Egypt (Sinai)
»Allium papillare Boiss.
»Allium sinaiticum Boiss.
»Allium tel-avivense Eig
IL, EG (Si)
IL,EG (Si), SA, JO
IL,EG (Si), LB
»Anthemis eliezrae Eig
»Anthemis zoharyana Eig
»Centaurea procurrens Sieb.
ex Spreng.
Israel, Egypt (Sinai)
Israel coast, S.
Lebanon and N.
Sinai (Egypt)
IL, EG (Si)
IL, EG (Si), JO
IL, LB, EG (Si)
»Dianthus sinaicus Boiss.
IL,EG (Si),PN
»Hammada negevensis Iljin & Zohary IL, EG (Si)
»Haplophyllum poorei ssp.negevense
Zoh. Et Danin
IS, LB, EG (Si)IS
»Hypecoum aegyptiacum (Forssk.)
Asch. & Schw.
IL, EG (Si)
»Iloga rueppellii (Fresen.) Danin
IL, JO, EG (Si)
»Iris mariae Barbey
EG (Si) , IL, PN
»Kickxia loribunda (Boiss.)
Täckholm & Boulos
EG, PN
»Acantholimon libanoticum - Boiss.
SY, LB
Israel coast, S.
Lebanon and N.
Sinai (Egypt)
Israel, Egypt (Sinai)
North Sinai
Mountains, Nabq
High Levant Mts.
»
Restricted range species in East Mediterranean/Levant
»Allium asclepiadeum Bornm.
IL
»Allium makmelianum -Post
SY, LB
»Allium phanerantherum- Boiss. et Hkn SY, LB, PN
»Amygdalus agrestis - Boiss.
SY, LB
»Anthemis edumea Eig
JO
»Anthemis lyonnetioides - Boiss.
SY, LB
»Anthemis maris-mortui Eig
IL, PN, JO
»Anthemis samuelssonii - Rech. f.
»Astragalus aaronii (Eig) Zohary
»Astragalus argyrothamnos - Boiss.
»Astragalus azraqensis C. C. Towns.
»Astragalus baalbekensis - Bornm.
»Astragalus bhamrensis - Sirj. et Rech
»Astragalus dictyocarpus - Boiss.
»Astragalus ehrenbergii- Bunge.
»Astragalus emarginatus - Labili.
»Astragalus moabiticus Post
»Astragalus psilodontius - Boiss.
»Astragalus transjordanicus Sam.
»Ballota antilibanotica - Post.
SY, LB
JO
SY, LB
JO
SY, LB
SY, LB
SY, LB
SY, LB
SY, LB
JO
SY, LB
JO
SY, LB
Anti-Lebanon -Leb.
Hermon-Lebanon Mts.
Anti-Lebanon
Anti-Lebanon
Israel, Palestine,
Jordan
Homs
Anti-Lebanon
Anti-Lebanon
Coastal Mts..
High Levant Mts.
Anti-Lebanon
High Levant Mts.
Lower Anti-Lebanon
Anti-Lebanon Mts.
»Colchicum antilibanoticum Gombo
»Colchicum feinbruniae K. Pers.
»Colchicum ramonensis sp.nova
»Colchicum tunicatum Feinbr.
»Colchicum tuviae Feinbr.
»Convolvulus palaestinus Boiss.
»Corrigiola palaestina Chaudh.
»Cousinia pestalozzae -Boiss.
»Crepis robertioides - Boiss.
»Crocus hermoneus ssp. Palaestinus
Feinb.&Shmida
»Crypsis minuartioides (Bornm.) Mez
»Cyperus sharonensis Danin
»Draba vesicaria -Desv.
»Erodium choulletianum
»Erodium subintegrifolium Eig
»Erodium trichomanifolium - L’Hér.
»Ferula daninii Zohary
»Ferula orientalis L.
»Ferula ovina Zohary
»Ferulago frigida - Boiss.
IL,LB,SY,
IL,LB,SY,
IL
IL,JO,
IL
IL,LB,SY,
IL, LB
SY, LB
SY, LB
IL/JO
IL
IL
SY, LB
TN, DZ
IL
SY, LB
IL
IL/PN
IL
SY, LB
»Filago inexpectata Wagenitz
IL,JO,PN
»Galium philistaeum Boiss.
IL
»Genista libanotica - Boiss.
SY, LB
»Hedysarum coelesyriacum - Sam.
SY, LB.
»Helianthemum sphaerocalyx Gauba & Janch. ?
»Heliotropium schweinfurthii - Boiss.
SY, LB
»Iphiona marismortui Feinbrun
IL,JO,PN
»Iris atrofusca Baker
,JO,PN
»Iris edomensis Sealy
JO
»Iris hermona Dinsm.
IS, SY
»Iris jordana- Dinsm.
SY, JO, IL?
»Iris mariae W. Barbey
IL
»Iris petrana Dinsm.
IL, JO
»Kickxia judaica Danin
IL,JO, PN
»Kickxia petrana Danin
JO
»Lamium ehrenbergii - Boiss. et Reut.
SY, LB
»Lobularia arabica (Boiss.) Muschl
EG, PN
»Lycium petraeum Feinbrun
JO
»Onosma caerulescens -Boiss.
SY, LB
»Orchis israelitica Baumann & DafniI
»Origanum dayi Post
»Origanum petraeum Danin
IL, ,LB,
IL
JO
Notes on range
& No. of IPAs
Anti-LebanonLebanon Mts. IL
Hauran (Sanamein)
Anti-Lebanon
Palmerene
Anti-Lebanon
High Levant Mts.
Anti-LebanonLebanon Mts.
Djebel Ouahch area
High Levant Mts.
Israel
Anti-LebanonLebanon Mts.
High Levant Mts.
Anti-Lebanon
Omayed, W Medit.
coastal dunes
Anti-LebanonLebanon Mts.
Jordan valley
High Levant Mts.
Rare Omayed
Anti-LebanonLebanon Mts.
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
Species name and authority
(where provided)
»Ornithogalum fuscescens
»Papaver carmeli Feinbrun
»Papaver libanoticum -Boiss.
»Petrorhagia zoharyana Liston
»Poterium compactum - Boiss.
»Ranunculus myosuroides - Boiss.
COUNTRY
IL, PN, SY?
IL
SY, LB
IL
SY, LB
SY, LB
»Rheum palaestinum Feinbrun
IL,JO,
»Rindera schlumbergeri - Boiss. (Gùrke) SY, LB
»Rubia danaensis Danin
JO
»Salvia eigii Zohary
IL
»Satureja mabateorum Danin & Hedge
JO
»Satureja thymbrifolia Hedge & Feinbrun
IL
»Satureja thymbrifolia Hedge & Feinbrun IL,JO,
»Scorzonera libanotica - Boiss.
SY, LB
»Scrophularia nabataeorum Eig
JO
»Sedum palaestinum Boiss.
IL,LB,PN
»Silene danaensis Danin
JO
»Silene palaestina Boiss.
IL
»Silene palaestina Boiss.
IL,LB,PN
»Silene physalodes Boiss.
IL,LB,
»Sonchus suberosus Zohary
& P.H.Davis
IL,JO,PN
»Stachys paneiana -Moût.
IL, PN, SY
»Stachys zoharyana Eig
IL
»Sternbergia pulchella Boiss.& Bl.
,LB,SY,
»Tanacetum densum - Labili. (Schultz Bip.) SY, LB
»Tanacetum negevensis Shmida
IL
»Teucrium socinianum - Boiss.
SY, LB
»Tracheliopsis antilibanotica - P.H. Davis SY, LB
»Trichodesma boissieri Post
IL,JO,PN
»Trifolium billardieri Spreng.
IL,LB,
»Trifolium farayense - Moût.
SY, LB
»Trifolium israeliticum D. Zohary & Katzn.
IL
»Trifolium modestum - Boiss.
SY, LB
»Trifolium prophetarum Hossain
IL
»Trifolium salmoneum - Moût.
IL, SY
»Trigonella lilacina Boiss
PN,IL, LB
»Tulipa aucheriana - Baker ssp. westîi
SY, LB
»Tulipa lownei - Baker
SY, LB
»Verbascum antilibanoticum - Hub,- Mor. SY, LB
»Verbascum jordanicum Murb.
IL,JO,PN
»Verbascum petrae Davis & Hub.-Mor.
JO
»Vicia hulensis Plitm.
IL
»Ajuga rechingeri - Bilik
SY
»Alcea acaulis
PN
»Alcea degitata
PN
Notes on range
& No. of IPAs
High Levant Mts.
High Levant Mts.
Anti-LebanonLebanon Mts.
SECTION 6
APPENDICES
Species name and authority
(where provided)
COUNTRY
»Alcea leiocarpa - Sam. ex Rech. i.)
SY
»Allium chrysantherum - Boiss. Et Reuter
SY
»Amygdalus korschinskii
PN
»Anchusa tiberiadis - Post
SY, IL?
»Anthemis hebronica Boiss. & Kotschy IL, JO, LB
»Astragalus dorcoceras - Bunge
SY
Anti-Lebanon
»Astragalus duplostrigosus - Post et Beauv. SY
»Astragalus galilaeus - Freyn
et Bornm
SY, IL, PN?
»Astragalus stramineus - Boiss. et Ky
SY
High Levant Mts.
Paleoendemic:
related to a Canary
Sonchus group.
Hermon- AntiLebanon
Anti-Lebanon
Anti-lebanon
Anti-LebanonLebanon Mts.
High Levant Mts.
Golan- Jabal al
Arab, 2
Anti-Lebanon
Anti-Lebanon
Anti-lebanon
Mountains of the
Syrian Steppe
Wad Elbalat,
Um Safa, Beit Illo
Wad Elbalat,Um
»Astragalus tadmorensis - Eig et Sam.
SY
»Atractylis comosa
PN
»Bellevalia palmyrensis - Feinbrun
SY
»Bupleurum brevicaule
PN
»Callitriche sp. nova. (Mout)
SY
»Campanula stellaris Boiss.
IL, LB
»Centaurea longispina - Post
SY
»Cicer pinnatiidum Jaub. Et Spach
PN
»Consolida deserti-syriaci - (Zoh) Munz. SY, JO?
»Consolida gombaultii -(Thiéb) Munz
SY
»Crocus dispathaceus - Bowles
SY
»Draba oxycarpa - Boiss.
SY, LB
»Echinops descendens - Hand.-Mazz.
»Euphorbia antilibanotica - Mout
»Euphorbia caudiculosa - Boiss.
»Euphorbia physocaulos - Moût.
»Euphorbia postii - Boiss.
»Euphorbia promecocarpa - P.H. Davis
»Ferulago auranitica - Post
SY
SY
SY, LB
SY
SY
SY
SY
»Fibigia heterophylla -Rech.
SY
»Gagea procera
SY, PN?, IL?
»Galium judaicum
PN
»Gypsophila mollis - (Boiss) Bornm.
SY, LB
»Gypsophila polygonoides
Willd. Ssp. ansariensis Rech.
»Gypsophila polygonoides
Willd. Ssp. Barradensis boiss.
»Haplophyllum chaborasium- Boiss.
Et Hausskn.
»Helichrysum pygmaeum - Post
»Iberis odorata
»Iris bostrensis- Moût
SY, LB
103
Notes on range
& No. of IPAs
Safa, Beit Illo
Kurd Dag
Upper Jezira
Yaseed-Ibzeik
Aleppo (Jabal
Semane) -Tiberias
Aleppo, Upper
Jezira, 1
Palmyra, Al Bil’as, 4
Yarmuk Valley, 1
Anti-Lebanon
(Zabadani-Maalula), 1
Palmyra, 3
2
Syrian Steppe, 2
Yaseed-Ibzeik
Golan-Jabal Al-Arab, 2
Israel, Lebanon
Anti-Lebanon, 1
Yaseed-Ibzeik
Hauran
Jabal Al-Arab, 2
Aleppo region, 1
Anti-LebanonHermon
Upper Jezira, 2
Anti-Lebanon
Hermon summet
Jabal Al-Arab -Lajat, 2
Ghab, 1
Anti-Lebanon, 1
Jabal Al-Arab
-Hauran, 1
Al Bil’as- Al Sha’ir
Jabal Al-Arab
Yaseed-Ibzeik
Anti-LebanonLebanon Mts, 1
Coastal Mts.
SY
Qassiun- Rakhle, 2
SY
SY
PN
SY
Upper Jezira, 2
Anti-Lebanon, 1
Yaseed-Ibzeik
Hauran, Jabal AlArab, 2
East Hama, 1
Hauran, Jabal AlArab, 2
Coastal Mts, 4.
»Iris fumosa- Bois et Hkn.
»Iris melanosticta -Bornm.
SY
SY
»Iris nusairiensis- Mt
SY
104
SECTION 6
APPENDICES
Species name and authority
(where provided)
Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region. Priority sites for conservation
COUNTRY
»Iris palaestina (Bak.) Boiss
PN
»Isoetes libani.- Musselman
SY, LB
»Lamium adoxifolium - Handel- Mazzetti.
SY
»Lathyrus basalticus- Rech. il.
SY, LB
»Lathyrus pygmaeus - Gombault
SY
»Lathyrus stenolobus - Boiss.
SY
»Lythrum junceum
PN
»Minuartia parvulorum -Mout et Sam.
SY
»Muscari dinsmorei - Rech.
SY
»Onobrychis gaillardotii - Boiss.
»Onosma cassia - Boiss.
»Ophrys holosericea (Burm.f.)Greut.
»Ophrys sintenisii Fleischm. et Bornm
»Phagnalon linifolium - Post
»Phlomis bailanica - Vierh.
»Postia lanuginosa - DC. (Boiss.)
»Postia tnicrocephala - Boiss.
»Prangos hermonis - Boiss.
SY
SY
PN
PN
SY, LB
SY
SY, LB
SY
SY
»Pulicaria laniceps - Bornm.
SY
»Rosularia lineata -Boiss.
SY
»Salsola azaurena - Mout
SY
»Salsola heliaramiae - Mout
SY
»Salsola postii - Eig
SY
»Salvia hierosolymitana
IL, PN, SY
»Suaeda carnosissima -Post
SY
»Teucrium haradjianii - Briq. ex Rech. il.
SY
»Trifolium alsadami - Post
»Trigonella berythea Boiss. et Bl.
»Vicia dionysiensis - Moût
SY, LB
PN
SY
»Vicia hyaeniscyamus -Moût
SY, LB
Notes on range
& No. of IPAs
Yaseed-Ibzeik
Akkar-Homs
Aleppo, 1
west Homs
Palmyra, 1
Bassit, 2
2
Anti- Lebanon, 2
Tell Abiad- Upper
Jezira, 1
Qassiun-Damascus, 1
Amanus (Bassit), 2
2
2
Anti-Lebanon, 1
Coastal Mts, 2.
Qalamun
Lower Anti-Lebanon, 1
Hermon-Jabal alArab, 2
Upper Jezira
Lajat, 1
Bishri- Deirezzor, 2
Palmyra
Palmyra, 1
»Onobrychis aurantiaca - Boiss.
»Psoralea jaubertiana - Fenzl
»Salvia aramiensis - Rech. il.
»Salvia cassia - Sam. ex Rech.
»Silene amana - Boiss.
»Silene cassia - Boiss.
»Silene confertilora - Chowdhuri
»Silene intricata - Post.
»Stachys diversifolia - Boiss.
»Trifolium cassium - Boiss.
»Trifolium dichroanthoides - Rech.
SY, TR
SY, TR
SY, TR
SY, TR
SY, TR
SY, TR
SY, TR
SY, TR
SY, TR
SY, TR
SY, TR?
»Tunica syriaca -Boiss.
»Verbascum scaposum - Boiss.
»Allium bassitense -Thiéb.
SY, TR
SY, TR
SY, TR?
Antakya region
Southern Turkey
Amanus
Amanus
Amanus
Amanus
Amanus
Amanus
Amanus
Amanus
Amanus- Coast. Mts.
(Slenfeh).
Antioch region
Amanus
Bassit
Restricted range species with disjunct populations
»Fumaria bicolor
»Crepis aculeata (DC.) Boiss.
»Allium lehmanni Lojác.
»Bellevalia dubia (Guss.) Rchb.
IT, DZ
East of Bou Ismail
(NW-Algerian coast)
IL,LB,CY,
TN, IT
TN, IT
Hijaneh-Qaryetin, 2
Kurd Dag, Al
Wastani, Jabal
Semane, 2
Jabal Al-Arab
2
Jabal Al-Arab,
Homs, 2
West Homs
Restricted range species in Syria/Turkey
»Alkanna confusa - Sam. ex Rech. il.
»Alyssum cassium -Boiss.
»Alyssum crenulatum - Boiss.
»Anthemis halophila - Boiss. et Bal.
»Asphodelus baytopae E.Tuzlaci(1983)
»Astragalus antiochianus - Post
»Astragalus dipodurus - Bunge
»Astragalus oxyphyllus - Boiss.
»Centaurea arifolia -Boiss.
»Centaurea cassia - Boiss.
»Centaurea ptosimopappa - Hayek
»Cirsium amani - Post
»Euphorbia haussknechtii - Boiss.
»Ferulago cassia - Boiss.
»Johrenia porteri - Post.
SY, TR
SY, TR
SY, TR
SY, TR
SY,TR,
SY, TR
SY, TR
SY, TR
SY, TR
SY, TR
SY, TR
SY, TR
SY, TR
SY, TR
SY, TR
Amanus- Coast. Mts.
Amanus- Coast. Mts.
Amanus
Antioch region
Antioch region
Gaziantep-Kurd Dag
Gaziantep-Kurd Dag
Amanus
Amanus- Coast. Mts.
Amanus
Amanus-Kurd Dag
Upper Jezira
Amanus- Coast. Mts
Amanus
Lake Tonga
Algeria
© Samraoui
106
SECTION 1
IPA TEAM
Egypt
Jordan
Algeria
Occupied Palestinian Territories
Syria
Tunisia
Israel
Albania
Libya
Lebanon
Morocco
Univ. Mohammed V-Agdal
(Morocco)
SECTION 1
Donors
COORDINATORS
107
IUCN, the International Union for Conservation of Nature, helps the world ind pragmatic solutions to our most pressing
environment and development challenges. IUCN is the world’s oldest and largest global environmental organization, with more
than 1,000 government and NGO members and almost 11,000 volunteer experts in some 160 countries. The IUCN Centre for
Mediterranean Cooperation, established in Malaga in 2000, reunites more than 170 IUCN member organizations in the region
around a common programme of work dedicated to inluence, encourage and assist Mediterranean societies to conserve
nature and sensibly use its resources towards human development. The IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) is a sciencebased network of some 7,500 volunteer experts from almost every country of the world, all working together towards achieving
the vision of, “A world that values and conserves present levels of biodiversity.” There is an active specialist group working on
Mediterranean Island Plants.
www.iucn.org
Plantlife International is the organisation speaking up for wild plants. We work hard to protect wild plants on the ground
and to build understanding of the vital role they play in everyone’s lives. Wild plants are essential to life they clean our air
and water, provide food and shelter for our insects, birds and animals and are critical in the ight against climate change.
Plantlife carries out practical conservation work, manages nature reserves, inluences policy and legislation, runs events
and activities that connect people with their local wild plants and works internationally with partners to promote the
conservation of wild plants to the beneit of all.
www.plantlife.org.uk
WWF The World Wide Fund for Nature is one of the world’s leading conservation organisations. WWF’s mission is to stop
the degradation of the planet’s natural environment and to build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature.
The network of the WWF’s Mediterranean ofices has joined forces to launch the Mediterranean Initiative, a conservation
strategy pursuing four major goals: protecting and reversing the loss of outstanding Mediterranean landscapes; securing the
freshwater ecosystems; safeguarding marine ecosystems; ensuring that Mediterranean ecosystems are equipped to adapt
to climate change. Both WWF Mediterranean Programme Ofice (MedPO) and WWF Italy contribute to this Initiative.
www.wwf.org
This publication has been made
possible in part by funding from:
Core support to the IUCN Centre for Mediterranean
Cooperation is provided by: