Szlachetko et al. Bot Stud (2017) 58:8
DOI 10.1186/s40529-017-0164-z
Open Access
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Taxonomy of Cyrtochilum-alliance
(Orchidaceae) in the light of molecular
and morphological data
Dariusz L. Szlachetko1, Marta Kolanowska1,2* , Aleksandra Naczk3, Marcin Górniak3, Magdalena Dudek1,
Piotr Rutkowski1 and Guy Chiron4
Abstract
Background: The generic separateness and speciic composition of the orchid genus Cyrtochilum was discussed for
almost two centuries. Over the years several smaller taxa were segregated from this taxon, but their separateness was
recently questioned based on molecular studies outcomes. The aim of our study was to revise concepts of morphological-based generic delimitation in Cyrtochilum-alliance and to compare it with the results of genetic analysis. We
used phylogenetic framework in combination with phenetical analysis to provide proposal of the generic delimitation within Cyrtochilum-alliance. Two molecular markers, ITS and matK were used to construct phylogenetic tree. A
total of over 5000 herbarium specimens were included in the morphological examination and the phenetical analysis
included 29 generative and vegetative characters.
Results: Comparative morphology of the previously recognized genera: Buesiella, Dasyglossum, Neodryas, Rusbyella, Siederella and Trigonochilum is presented. A new species within the the latter genus is described. Fourteen new
combinations are proposed. The key to the identiication of the genera of the Cyrtochilum-alliance and morphological
characteristics of each genus are provided.
Conclusions: A total of six separated genera are recognized within Cyrtochilum-alliance. The reasons of the incompatibility between morphological diferences observed within studied taxa and phylogenetic tree are argued and
the taxonomic implications of such inconsistency, resulting in fragmentation or lumping of taxonomic units, are
discussed.
Keywords: Cyrtochilum, Monophyly, New combinations, New species, Oncidiinae, Paraphyly, Taxonomy
Background
he genus Cyrtochilum was proposed in 1816 by German
botanist C.S. Kunth along with descriptions of two new
species, Cyrtochilum flexuosum Kunth and Cyrtochilum
undulatum Kunth. Neither was designated as the generitype, which was standard procedure at that time. C.
undulatum was selected as the type species of the genus
by Garay (1974). Since its description, Cyrtochilum has
been incorporated into the widely circumscribed genera Oncidium Sw. or Odontoglossum Kunth. by most
*Correspondence: martakolanowska@wp.pl
1
Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, The University
of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
subsequent taxonomists. he only exception was Kraenzlin (1917), who revitalized the genus a hundred years
after its irst description.
Cyrtochilum once again became lost for over 80 years
till Dalström (2001) reevaluated it and proposed several
new nomenclatural combinations. he generitype determines somewhat the generic delimitation. According to
this, Cyrtochilum should comprise species with lexuose, branching inlorescence, large lowers with broad,
unguiculate sepals and petals, and narrow, slender lips
covered in the basal part by large, massive, composed
callus consisting of keels and digitate segments, and partially connate with a clavate, slender gynostemium, forming a right angle with the lip (Fig. 1).
© The Author(s) 2017. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,
provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license,
and indicate if changes were made.
Szlachetko et al. Bot Stud (2017) 58:8
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Fig. 1 Cyrtochilum volubile. a Gynostemium, side view. b Gynostemium, bottom view. c Anther. d Pollinia, various views. e Tegula and viscidium, various views (Szlachetko & Mytnik-Ejsmont 2009)
On the basis of the sequences of molecular markers
Neubig et al. (2012) proposed another circumscription
of the genus. he authors included here various species,
for example Odontoglossum myanthum Lindl. (generitype of Dasyglossum Königer & Schildh.), Cyrtochilum
flexuosum Kunth (generitype of Trigonochilum Königer & Schildh.), Oncidium aureum Lindl. (generitype of
Siederella Szlach., Mytnik, Górniak & Romowicz), as well
as rspresentatives of Rusbyella, Buesiella, Neodryas and
Odontoglossum. All of them inhabit mainly Ecuadorian
Andes with many species also found in Colombian and
northern Peruvian mountains. Neubig et al. (2012) created a monophyletic but highly heteromorphic unit, what
resulted in the very enigmatic description of the genus
(cf. Pridgeon et al. 2009; Dalström 2010).
he aim of presented study was to evaluate and compare morphological diferences between taxa of Cyrtochilum-complex with the outcomes of molecular studies.
Methods
Morphological study
A total of over 5000 herbarium and liquid preserved
specimens of orchids representing Cyrtochilum s.l. and
related oncidioid genera and deposited in AMES, AMO,
B, BM, C, COL, CUVC, F, FLAS, HUA, JAUM, K, MO,
NY, P, PMA, UGDA, VALLE and W (hiers 2015) were
examined according to the standard procedures (database
of specimens representing Cyrtochilum s.l. and Odontoglossum is provided in Additional ile 1: Appendix S1).
Every studied specimen was photographed and the data
Szlachetko et al. Bot Stud (2017) 58:8
from the labels were taken. Both vegetative and generative
characters of each plant were examined (the shape and
size of the pseudobulbs, leaves, inlorescence architecture,
shape and size of the loral bracts, lower morphology and
gynostemium structure) and compared with existing type
material of the most of distinguished species of the subtribe. he nomenclature of morphological characters follows Dressler (1981) and Szlachetko (1995).
Phenetical analysis
Phenetical studies were employed based on 29 characteristics describing the taxonomically important generative and vegetative structures of Cyrtochilum species
exploited by Neubig et al. (2012). As an outgroup we
selected Odontoglossum epidendroides, a generitype of
the genus Odontoglossum. A complete list of these features, as well as selected sets, is given in Additional ile 2:
Appendix S2. We have used a binary, 0–1, system of coding characteristics, because it is unambiguous and the
most often applied in phenetic analyses. he incorporation of each feature for every Cyrtochilum s.l. species has
resulted in a data matrix containing 1247 characteristics.
To create hierarchic phenograms we used the PAST program (Hammer and Harper Ryan 2001). he so-called
cluster analysis process is a typical method of analysis
used in phenetic research (Stace 1989). We created a distance matrix using the Manhattan measure (Domański
and Kęsy 2005; Pandit and Gupta 2011; Madhulatha
2012), which is an average
measured across
subtraction
the dimensions D = iXij − Xik. We have also used
the “middle links rule unweighted pair-group average”
(UPGMA) as an amalgamation rule. he resulting phenograms were compared with the results of research conducted by Neubig et al. (2012).
Molecular analyses
Taxon sampling
For the molecular analyses 91 specimens representing
genus Cyrtochilum. he outgroup includes one species,
Odontoglossum epidendroides. Sequences of outgroup
taxa and for the most representatives of Cyrtochilum were
downloaded from GenBank (Additional ile 3: Appendix S3). DNA sequences of Cyrtochilum volubile were
obtained in laboratory on the Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation University of Gdansk.
Sequences for both markers (ITS, matK) were deposited
in GenBank. Accession number and information about
collector were place in Additional ile 3: Appendix S3.
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ribosomal RNA genes, respectively the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1, ITS2) and the intervening gene
5.8S. For the sample of Cyrtochilum volubile was ampliied part of the ITS region (ITS1 − 5.8S − ITS2) using
the primers 101F and 102R (Douzery et al. 1999). For
the matK gene, we ampliied fragment of approximately
1400 bp using the primers 19F (5′CGTTCTGACCATATTGCACTATG3′) from Molvary et al. (2000) and
1326R (5′TCTAGCACACGAAAGTCGAAGT3′) from
Cuénoud et al. (2002).
DNA extraction, ampliication and sequencing
DNA was extracted using the Sherlock AX Kit (A&A Biotechnology, Poland) following manufacturer protocol.
For the sample homogenization were used precooled in
−45 °C lysing Matrix A tube and FastPrep instrument
(MP Biomedicals, USA). Pellet of DNA was resuspended
in 50 µl of TE bufer.
Ampliications and sequencing were using Eppendorf
and Biometra TGradient thermal cyclers. PCR reaction for the both markers (ITS, matK) were performed
in a total volume of 25 µl containing 1 µl temple DNA
(~10–100 ng), 0.5 µl of 10 µM of each primers, 12.0 µl
Start Warm 2X PCR Master Mix (A&A Biotechnology,
Poland), water and/or 1.0 µl dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)
to ITS region/0.5 µl 25 mM MgCl2 only to matK marker.
Ampliication parameters for nrITS (ITS1 + 5.8S + ITS2)
were: 94 °C, 4 min; 30X (94 °C, 45 s; 52 °C, 45 s; 72 °C,
1 min); 72 °C, 7 min. For the part of matK gene were:
95 °C, 3 min; 33X (94 °C, 45 s; 52 °C, 45 s, 72 °C, 2 min
30 s); 72 °C, 7 min. Wizaed SvGel and PCR Clean Up
System (Promega, US) was used to clean PCR products
following manufacturer protocol. Puriied products of
PCR reaction were cycle-sequenced using Big Dye Terminator v 3.1 Cycle Sequencing Kit (Applied Biosystems,
Icn., ABI, Warrington, Cheshire, UK). Cycle sequencing parameters were: 95 °C, 2 min 40 s; 25X (95 °C,
10 s; 50 °C, 10 s; 60 °C, 4 min). Total volume sequencing reaction of 10 µl containing 1.3 µl of 5X sequencing
bufer, 1 µl of Big Dye terminator, 0.4 µl of 10 µM primer
(1.6/3.2 pmol), 0.5 µl dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 1 µl of
ampliied product (30–90 ng/µl) and water. he sequencing reaction products were then puriied and sequenced
on an ABI 3720 automated capillary DNA sequencer in
the Genomed S. A (Warsaw, Poland). DNA sequences
chromatograms were inspected/edited in FintchTV and
assembled using AutoAssembler (Applied Biosystems,
Inc). Sequences for the Cyrtochilum volubile were deposited in GenBank (see Additional ile 3: Appendix S3).
Molecular markers
Nucleotide sequences from one nuclear (ITS) and one
plastid (matK) genome region were used in the molecular analyses. he ITS region consisted of the 18S and 26S
Data analyses
he consensus sequences, both ITS region and part
of matK gene, were done automatically alignment by
Szlachetko et al. Bot Stud (2017) 58:8
Seaview (Galtier et al. 1996) using algorithm MUSCLE
(Edgar 2004). Analyses were performed separately on
the matrix of each marker separately using PAUP*4.0b10
(Swoford 2002) and MrBayes 3.1.2 (Ronquist and
Huelsenbeck 2003).
Maximum parsimony analysis (MP) used a heuristic
search strategy with tree-bisection-reconnection (TBR)
branch swapping and the MULTREES option in efect,
simple addition and ACCTRAN optimization. Gaps were
treated as a missing value. All characters were unordered
and equally weighted (Fitch 1971). Internal support of
clades was evaluated by character bootstrapping (Felsenstein 1985) using 1000 replicates. For bootstrap support levels, we considered bootstrap percentages (BP) of
50–70% as weak, 71–85% as moderate and >85% as strong
(Kores et al. 2001). We also performed a Bayesian inference (BA). An evolutionary model for each region (ITS,
matK) was calculated with MrModeltest 2.2 (Nylander
2004). For the both data matrix the GTR + I + G model
was selected according to the AIC (Akaike Information
Criterion). For analyses, two simultaneous runs of four
chains each were carried out with the MCMC algorithm,
for 10,000,000 generations, sampling one tree for each
100, until the average standard deviation of split ranges
was smaller than 0.01. After discarding the initial 25%
trees of each chain as the burnin. Majority rule consensus tree was generation for the remaining trees in PAUP
to assess topology and clades posterior probabilities (PP).
Value of PP in Bayesian analysis are not equivalent to BP,
generally are much higher (Erixon et al. 2003).
Results
Morphological analyses
he phenetic similarity of the studied species based on
morphological data is presented in Fig. 2. he irst group
comprises species usually classiied to the genus Dasyglossum along with Neodryas/Buesiella. he species in
this complex are characterized by subsimilar tepals, usually free sepals, an entire or 3-lobed lip, united basally
with the base of the column, and parellal to it. he upper
part of the lip is geniculate and often retrorse. he lip
callus is simple, consisting of a pair of leshy, parallel,
adjoining tori, diverging in front, mostly enclosed by the
thickened lanks of the gynostemium. he gynostemium
is rather short, robust, in the upper half gently upcurved
or straight. he generic borderline between Dasyglossum
and Neodryas/Buesiella mostly concerns the character
of the lip callus, which is large and variously lobed in the
latter.
he next group includes Cyrtochilum species, such
as “C. ioplocon”, “C. ramosissimum”, “C. revolutum”, “C.
angustatum” and “C. pardinum”. All of these species are
characterised by rather narrow, acuminate tepals with
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more or less undulate margins and somewhat twisted apices. Sepals and petals are dissimilar in form. Sepals have
long and narrow claw, and petals—relatively short and
wide. Lip is sessile, basally parallel to the gynostemium,
and then geniculate bent down, the lamina is oblanceolate to oblong obovate in general outline, with acuminate
and twisted apex. Lip calli consist of a pair of rather large
basal wings with additional digitate or clavate projections
below them. Gynostemium is erect, only basally connate
with the lip, cylindrical, without any additional projections at the apex or at the base of the stigma. Floral bracts
are usually shorter than half of pedicellate ovary. hese
species are mingled with Odontoglossum epidendroides
and “C. macasense”. he former species is the type of the
genus. Tepals of Odontoglossum are usually subsimilar,
either set on prominent claw, or subsessile, but in both
situations the claw of sepals and petals are similar. Margins of tepals are smooth, often crispate, and rarely undulate. Lip is basally connate with the gynostemium. In O.
epidendroides the fusion is prominent and can reach oneifth of the total lip length. Basal part of the lip is clawed,
and lamina is more or less perpendicular to it. he shape
of the lamina varies—usually it is oblanceolate to elliptic,
often with crispate margins and long acuminate apex. Lip
calli form a complicated pattern and consist of numerous digitate or lamellar projections, glabrous or ciliate.
he gynostemium is usually somewhat arcuate, and form
with the column an acute angle. It is apically adorned by
various, iliform, digitate or lamellar projections. Floral
bracts are prominently shorter than pedicellate ovary.
“C. macasense” is characterised by subsimilar, shortly
clawed tepals, and sessile lip, which is prominently
3-lobed. he lip calli is compoused of two pairs of leshy
ridges of various lengths. he shorter pair is bilobed.
Gynostemium forms an acute angle with the lip, and is
erect, relatively short and massive, without any prominent appendages.
he “C. midas” group embraces species with small usually dull-coloured lowers, brownish or greenish-brown,
which are usually treated as Trigonochilum. Tepals are
rather dissimilar, sepals are narrower, with narrow claw,
and petals are wider, short-clawed. he lip is triangularcordate, sessile, diverging from the gynostemium at
70°–90° with a simple, torous, sometimes verrucose or
gibbous callus. he lip lamina is centrally convex. he
form and position of the gynostemium versus the lip in
the species of this group is somewhat similar to Cyrtochilum s.str. It is usually elongate, basally much expanded
and connate with the lip, slightly sigmoid or upcurved,
slender, and the tegula has a prominent roof-like projection on the inner surface above the viscidium. We did
not observe this character in any other species of the
Cyrtochilum-clade. Floral bracts are rudimentary, much
Szlachetko et al. Bot Stud (2017) 58:8
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Fig. 2 Phenetic similarity (UPGMA) of Cyrtochilum s.l. species based on morphological data
shorter than pedicellate ovary. Trigonochilum species are
rarely confused with other genera, although the species
boundaries are often not clear.
“C. aurantiacum/caespitosum” is rather an isolated
group, at least as morphology is considered. Both are
easily recognisable by the lip structure which has narrow, lower part, more or less canaliculated, with prominent rather simple calli. he apical part of the lip is
much expanded forming transversely elliptic lamina.
he gynostemium is somewhat similar to that one of
Dasyglossum, i.e. it is erect, narrowly winged, apically
upcurved. What is interesting tegula is narrow, linear 3–4
times longer than viscidium. Both species are included in
the genus Rusbyella. Interestingly, “C. aureum” is linked
to this group, although the gynostemium structure of “C.
aureum” can suggest the ainity of this species to Cyrtochilum s.str. he short gynostemium is clavate, somewhat arcuate, with oblong-obovate projections with
fringed margins. he gynostemium forms an acute angle
with the lip. he lip reminds somewhat “C. loxense”, i.e. it
is clawed, lamina is lat or convex, obscurely 3-lobed or
pentagonal in outline, lip calli is missing to prominent,
and contain of series of small projections in two rows.
Lateral sepals are connate almost to the apex.
he last group contains those species which are
included in the genus Cyrtochilum s.str. he common
character of those species is gynostemium, gently sigmoid, basally prominently connate with the lip, elongated
and slender above. he erect part is clavate and forms a
right angle with the lip. he column part is slightly thickened just above the base, with two wing-like or digitate
projections just below the stigma. Tepals are dissimilar, usually shield-like, obtuse to rounded apically, often
undulate. Sepals have long and narrow claw, and petals—short and wide. At the base of the sepals’ claw winglike appendices can be observed in most of the species.
Szlachetko et al. Bot Stud (2017) 58:8
he lip of Cyrtochilum s.str. is sessile to shortly clawed,
and usually divided into expanded and convex basal part
and usually narrow, ligulate, pendent apical part. he lip
calli is much complicated and usually consist of massive
and variously lobed central part, with various number of
additional projections spread all over the basal part. he
loral bracts are large, leafy, nearly half as long as pedicellate ovary.
“C. villenaorum” is diferent from the species described
above by the subsessile lip which has very large lamina,
unequally 3-lobed, the middle lobe is more or less transversely elliptic in outline, with relatively small and simple calli with the middle lobe being somewhat upcurved.
he gynostemium is devoid of any projections. Regarding
morphology, “C. volubile” is very similar to “C. villenaorum”, but we did not include the former species in our
analysis.
Morphologically distinct species in Cyrtochilum s.str.
is “C. loxense”. Its tepals are subsimilar, shortly clawed;
lateral sepals are connate in the basal ifth or so. Lip is
straight, clawed, lamina is very unequally 3-lobed, with
both lateral lobes relatively small, and the middle lobe
very large, transversely elliptic with truncate apex. he
calli is rather obscure and consist of series of irregular
small projections near the lip base. he gynostemium is
perpendicular to the lip, somewhat arcuate, basally connate with the lip claw, with short digital projections near
the stigma.
Molecular analyses
Statistcs for the data matrices (ITS, matK) are separated
by “/”. he number of analyzed taxa was 80/65 respectively. he aligned length of the matrix was 779/1303
characters of which 88/70 were parsimony informative. he number of the most parsimonious trees were
>10.000, tree-length was 219/181, consistency index
(CI) = 0.76/0.83 and retention index (RI) = 0.89/0.90.
Consensus trees of Bayesian analysis are presented in
Figs. 3 and 4.
Topology of MP trees and Bayesian trees are similar.
he clades that have low bootstrap support or/and collapse in the strict consensus tree in parsimony analysis often appeared in Bayesian trees with low posterior
probabilities too. One of the most parsimonious trees is
available from the corresponding author. he combined
phylogenetic tree presented by Neubig et al. (2012) is
based on the analyses of ive DNA regions (ITS, trnHpsbA, 5′ycf1, 3′ycf1, matK).
he irst subclade comprises the species of Cyrtochilum s.str. (Fig. 5) and “C. ramosissimum”, and is sister
to the next subclade including two species—“C. angustatum” (Fig. 6) and “C. pardinum”. he last three aforementioned species resemble Odontoglossum typiied by
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Odontoglossum epidendroides Kunth and, in fact, they
have usually been assigned to that genus. It is noteworthy that Odontoglossum epidendroides is embedded in a
separate clade (Fig. 7) and treated by Neubig et al. (2012)
as a member of Oncidium s.l.. All the Odontoglossum-like
species of Cyrtochilum mentioned above share a series of
mutual features with Odontoglossum, i.a. gynostemium
is slender, erect, forms an acute angle with a narrow lip,
and it is fused with it along the midline at the base, creating two basal cavities (Fig. 8). he lip is geniculately bent
near the middle exposing multiple calli consisting of narrow, digitate and/or iliform projections. Sepals and petals are narrow and undulate on margins, and sepals are
prominently clawed.
In our matK tree species constituting this subclade
form two groups A and B with posterior propability
value 53 and 81, respectively. Group B comprises also
C. volubile and C. villenaorum. he ITS tree does not
solve relations between particular groups of species,
although some branches are relatively highly or highly
supported, e.g. Cyrtochilum angustatum–C. pardinum (e) with BS/PP = 62/100. Most other species of
Cyrtochilum s.str. (a) are grouped together with BS/
PP = 55/80.
he subclade “Cyrtochilum myanthum” includes species classiied in Dasyglossum (Fig. 9), the genus established by Königer and Schildhauer (1994) and typiied
with Odontoglossum myanthum Lindl. he key characters of the genus mentioned by the authors are a simple
callus, consisting of a pair of leshy ridges and the lower
half of the lip being parallel with the gynostemium, and
apically part geniculately bent. Additionally, all species possess a massive, erect gynostemium, prominently
winged and lateral sepals being free to the base (Fig. 10).
he gynostemium and channeled lip callus form a kind of
tube accessible to long-beaked pollinators.
he position of “C. edwardii” which is sister to Dasyglossum sublcade is unexpected, as it shares characters
of the genus Trigonochilum rather than Dasyglossum, i.e.
lip callus consisting of 7 massive projections conined to
the central part of lamina, lip being arcuately bent down,
and gynostemium and lip form a right angle. he colour
of the lower, however, is unique for Dasyglossum/Trigonochilum alliance and is deep purple or lilac and lip callus is bright yellow. he gynostemium just below stigma
is adorned with a pair of wing-like projections, not found
in Dasyglossum.
It is interesting to note a position of “C. flexuosum”. he
species is nested in two diferent places in cladogram; the
irst one is polytomic with Dasyglossum and “C. edwardii”, and the other one is embedded in Trigonochilum
subclade. As the species is generitype of Trigonochilum
we discuss it below.
Szlachetko et al. Bot Stud (2017) 58:8
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Fig. 3 Bayesian 50% majority-rule tree for genus Cyrtochilum from ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequences. The numbers below the branches are bootstrap percentages (BP) and posterior probability (PP), bootstrap percentages ≥50% are given for supported clades. The branches length is shown above
Szlachetko et al. Bot Stud (2017) 58:8
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Fig. 4 Majority-rule consensus of 7500 trees obtained in Bayesian analysis of matK gene for genus Cyrtochilum. Values below branches represent
bootstrap support (≥50%) from 1000 replicates and posteriori probabilities (≥50%) (BP/PP). The branches length is shown above
Szlachetko et al. Bot Stud (2017) 58:8
Fig. 5 Cyrtochilum cryptocopis. Photo: Guido Deburghgraeve
Fig. 6 Odontoglossum angustatum. Photo by Guido Deburghgraeve
Fig. 7 Odontoglossum epidendroides. Photo by Guido Deburghgraeve
“C. cf. porrigens” is again polytomic to the subclades
mentioned above, and “C. macasense” is sister to all
aforementioned groups. he irst species is similar in all
respects to Trigonochilum and has more or less triangular-obovate lip with complexed calli, clavate gynostemium basally connate with the lip and then abruptly
Page 9 of 28
upcurved in result forming an obtuse angle with it.he
general lower architecture of C. macasense” reminds
somewhat “C. edwardii”. he gynostemium and the lip
form a right angle, lip callus consists of 4 ridges of various length, of which the shorter pair is bilobed. he colour of the lowers is a mixtre of yellow and brown, likes
in Trigonochilum. he unique character of this species is
prominently 3-lobed lip with much elongate middle lobe.
he matK tree does not solve relation between species
of this subclade—some of them—e.g. Cyrtochilum myanthum, C. viminale, C. gracile, etc.—are grouped together
(C) and highly supported (PP = 91). he others are polytomic, e.g. C. edwardii, C. macasense or C. flexuosum.
All those species form a mutual subclade (b) in the ITS
analysis (PP = 81).
he subclade “Cyrtochilum flexuosum” embraces species assigned to the genus Trigonochilum (Fig. 11). he
genus was described in 1994 by Königer and Schildhauer to encompass Oncidiinae species characterized by
a subtriangular lip diverging from the gynostemium at
70°–90° and a short, stout, clavate gynostemium (Fig. 12)
with distinct swellings below the stigma. he lip callus is a large mass of variously, but shallowly lobed tissue occupying the central part of the lamina. he authors
designated T. flexuosum (Kunth) Königer & Schildh. as a
generitype and presented a list of 22 species transferred
to the newly established taxon from Cyrtochilum Kunth,
Odontoglossum Kunth and Oncidium Sw. In the following years, Königer (1996, 1999, 2000) described some
new species of Trigonochilum and other species were
reassigned to the genus or described by Senghas (2001,
2003). he latter author, however, synonymized all the
species of Dasyglossum Königer under Trigonochilum.
With some additional transfers made by Königer (2008,
2010) and a description of the new species, the genus
currently includes about 60 species with a distribution
from Peru and Bolivia to Colombia and Venezuela. he
border between them is very often very diicult to deine.
Dualistic position of “C. flexuosum” on the Neubig et al.
(2012) phylogenetic tree is probably caused by misidentiication of one of the samples.
he species constituting this subclade are on the
mutual branch (I) in matK tree and has 60/93 BS/PP.
his branch is sister to all other Cyrtochilum-alliances.
he ITS tree analysis gives somewhat diferent pattern of
relation between aforementioned species—this subclade
is divided into two groups c and g, with high bootstrap
support and posterior propability—98/100 and 85/98,
respectively. Relations between these groups are not
solved.
he last subclade of the Cyrtochilum-group is composed of a mixture of species included in various genera,
whose common features are more or less connate lateral
Szlachetko et al. Bot Stud (2017) 58:8
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Fig. 8 Odontoglossum odoratum. a Gynostemium, side view. b Gynostemium, bottom view. c Rostellum, side view. d Anther. e Pollinia, various views
(Szlachetko & Mytnik-Ejsmont 2009).
Szlachetko et al. Bot Stud (2017) 58:8
Fig. 9 Dasyglossum myanthum. Photo: Guido Deburghgraeve
Page 11 of 28
sepals, stout gynostemium, usually parallel to the lower
part of the lip, and bent in the geniculate manner above
base. “C. aurantiacum” and “C. caespitosum” are easily distinguishable from all other Cyrtochilum species
by their lip structure, i.e. a narrow, canaliculated claw
occupied by an oblong callus, expanded apically in transversely elliptic lamina. he gynostemium is straight and
apically relexed. hese species have been classiied in
the genus Rusbyella (Fig. 13). “C. rhodoneurum” difers
from the aforementioned species in its oblong-ligulate
lip with a prominent central callus. It has been assigned
to the genus Neodryas (Figs. 14, 15). “C. ornatum”, usually included in the genus Buesiella, are distinguished
from the above species by their digitate projections near
Fig. 10 Dasyglossum myanthum. a Gynostemium, bottom view. b Gynostemium, side view. c Anther. d Pollinia, various views. e Tegula and viscidium, various views (Szlachetko & Mytnik-Ejsmont 2009)
Szlachetko et al. Bot Stud (2017) 58:8
Fig. 11 Trigonochilum meirax. Photo: Guido Deburghgraeve
the receptive surface and a hastate lip. “C. aureum” was
the only species of the genus Siederella characterized
by a narrowly clawed lip with greatly expanded lamina
(Fig. 16), a rather obscure central callus and digitate
projections near the stigma (Fig. 17). he gynostemium
forms an angle of ca 30° with the lip (Fig. 18). In both
analysed trees based on ITS (d) and matK (1) aforementioned species are grouped together with high PP value—
94 and 97, respectively. In this case bootstrap suppor is
low (64 and <50).
he last species in the group is “C. loxense” (Figs. 19,
20), which in habit, type of inlorescence and clawed
tepals is reminiscent of Cyrtochilum s.str. Even though
its gynostemium is perpendicular to the lip, the labellum
is unique in the genus—it is short-clawed, 3-lobed with
the middle lobe being the largest, transversely elliptic
and concave. he lip callus is relatively small and conined to the basal part of the lip. In matK tree C. loxense
is attached to C. caespitosum-alliance (1), and in the ITS
tree this species is connected with C. alboroseum and C.
weirii (f ). In the irst case value of posterior propabilty is
high (97) and in the second—only 62. he matK shows
that C. loxense is only distantly related with C. villeanorum and C. volubile, with which it is very similar morphologically. he relations between these species are not
solved in out ITS analysis.
Discussion
Until recently, it appeared that DNA fragment sequencing would enable the reconstruction of the phylogeny
of organisms with a high degree of accuracy. Almost all
data obtained from any sources other than genetic material began to be discarded. Numerous articles presenting
a completely new approach to the taxonomy of plants
and other organisms were published (e.g. Chase et al.
2000; Asmussen et al. 2006; Friesen et al. 2006; Lefébure
et al. 2006). In many cases, the new classiications overturned those proposed earlier. Interestingly, one can note
Page 12 of 28
a disagreement between molecular based systems and
morphological ones. Usually, priority was given to those
based on the results of DNA fragment analyses, even
though relatively often it was diicult or even impossible to interpret the topology of the tree in terms of its
morphology. Yet, no systems based on limited datasets
relect the evolution of the whole organisms; rather, they
focus just on the evolutionary modiications of the data
in question. Using phylogenetic data to study speciation
requires that potential limitations be kept in mind. he
approach assumes that we have an accurate and complete
understanding of the evolutionary relationships within
a clade. Solid phylogenetic methods and markers are
needed to reconstruct the phylogeny, which is often dificult, especially among recently diverged taxa.
he utility of nuclear gene sequences in intraspeciic
phylogenetic analyses appears to be limited by increased
coalescence time as compared to chloroplast genes. In
addition, the potential for reticulate evolution among
nuclear alleles due to recombination is likely to further
limit their utility for phylogenetic studies (Bermingham
and Moritz 1998). When using organellar genes in combination with nuclear genes, several factors contribute
towards an increase in the genetic structure encountered
within plant species. For phylogenetic purposes, it would
be desirable to consider multiple gene trees based on
chloroplast and nuclear genomes, because independently
derived gene trees may not be congruent (Schaal et al.
1998). However, Doyle (1997) notes that when the history of the organellar genome is diferent from that of the
nuclear genome (e.g. in lineage sorting or introgression)
every comparison sequence in these genomes will give
a false phylogenetic pattern for those taxa, and this can
confound phylogenetic reconstruction. Plant molecular
phylogenetic studies at species levels are generally limited by the availability of sequences with levels of resolution suitable for the construction of well-supported trees
(Doyle et al. 1996).
Deining Cyrtochilum s.l. Neubig et al. (2012) stated
that “vegetatively Cyrtochilum are distinguished by dull
pseudobulbs that are round or ovoid in cross section
with two to four apical leaves and two to six leaf-bearing
sheaths and relatively thick roots, in contrast Oncidium
spp. have glossy, ancipitous (two-edged) pseudobulbs and
thin roots”. Unfortunately, characters mentioned by Neubig et al. (2012) do not warrant proper identiication of
Cyrtochilum, since the features selected by the authors as
disciminative can be found also in other Oncidiinae, for
example in Brassia s.l.
A problem has emerged as to how to explain the similarity between molecular marker sequences in morphologically diferent species, such as Cyrtochilum s.str. and
“Cyrtochilum ramosissimum” or “C. angustatum”, which
Szlachetko et al. Bot Stud (2017) 58:8
Page 13 of 28
Fig. 12 Trigonochilum meirax. a Gynostemium, bottom view. b Gynostemium, side view. c Anther. d Pollinia, various views. e Tegula and viscidium
(Szlachetko & Mytnik-Ejsmont 2009)
Szlachetko et al. Bot Stud (2017) 58:8
Fig. 13 Rusbyella aurantiaca. Photo: Guido Deburghgraeve
Fig. 14 Neodryas rhodoneura. Photo: Eric Hunt
Fig. 15 Neodryas schildhaueri. Photo: Guido Deburghgraeve
together form a common phylogenetic branch. Neubig et al. (2012) stated that great variability in the lower
architecture in Oncidiinae probably relect a shift in
Page 14 of 28
pollinators. On the other hand, morphological similarity between phylogenetically distantly related taxa can be
explained by homoplasy. It cannot be excluded, however,
that the explanation is much more complicated.
here are at least some phenomena which can usher
generate a disturbance to the topology of the phylogenetic tree. Ancestral hybridization, polyploidization and
hybrid speciation are signiicant evolutionary forces in
the Orchidaceae. Numerous examples of hybrids are
noted in this group of plants. Interspeciic hybrids occur
in Orchidaceae, but they are typically sporadic and local
(e.g. Cozzolino and Aceto 1994; Cozzolino et al. 1998).
On the other hand, some putative orchid hybrids are
more widespread and stabilized (e.g. Hedrén 1996, 2001;
Arft and Ranker 1998; Bullini et al. 2001). Most polyploid
species have formed recurrently from genetically-distinct diploid progenitors, representing a potentially great
gene pool for the derivative polyploid. Relatively recent
hybrid-derived species disclose some degree of morphological intermediacy between putative parents or a
similarity to one of the parents. Furthermore, such deviation from intermediacy may be expected in a stablilized
hybrid that has been under various selective pressures
(Goldman et al. 2004).
A genomic investigation has demonstrated that polyploidization and hybridization are highly efective evolutionary mechanisms for introducing new plant species,
promoting their persistence, and ultimately increasing
the diversity of plant species (Cook et al. 1998; Ramsey
and Schemske 1998; Soltis and Soltis 1999; Otto and Witton 2000; Wendel 2000; Hewitt 2001). While hybridization can be a threat to species integrity, it can also be a
source of new variation and a source of new species,
especially through polyploidy (Grant 1981).
he stability of the polyploid genome depends on nonrandom genetic changes, including chromosome and
genome gains and losses of loci. his genomic reorganization seems to proceed quickly (Rieseberg et al. 1996;
Rieseberg 1997; Buerkle and Rieseberg 2008), for example, after 10–60 generations in the case of Helianthus
anomalus (Ungerer et al. 1998).
Hybrid speciation appears to be facilitated by several
additional factors, for example, availability of a suitable
ecological niche or development of appropriate itness
(Rieseberg 1997; Mallet 2007). To be evolutionarily successful, even fertile and stable hybrids must be reproductively isolated from the parental species either by
chromosomal sterility factors, or evolution of reproductive
barriers, or divergence into a new ecological niche (Grant
1981; Rieseberg 1997, 2001; Wu 2001; Paun et al. 2009).
In the case of species of hybrid origin, we expect the
conlict of the topology between nuclear and plastid genes. Below we explain the mechanisms leading to
Szlachetko et al. Bot Stud (2017) 58:8
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Fig. 16 Siederella aurea. a, b Lip, c, d lateral sepals, e gynostemium. Drawn by N. Olędrzyńska. Scale bar 5 mm
Fig. 17 Siederella aurea. Photo: Guido Deburghgraeve
these conlicts. Consider a situation of conlict between
molecular and morphological data. here are two possibilities of such cases. he irst concerns the situation
where two related taxa difer morphologically due to
the divergent evolution resulting as adaptation to diferent habitats and/or pollinators. he second case explains
this phenomenon by referring to the convergence that
results from adaptation to a common pollinators. But
there is a third solution to the conlict—reticulate evolution. To make its detection should be compared to a tree
topologies based on plastid and nuclear sequences. he
phylogenetic analyses conducted by Neubig et al. (2012)
used a nuclear marker: ITS1-5.8S-ITS2, which is part
of a family of genes coding for ribosomal DNA (rDNA).
Szlachetko et al. Bot Stud (2017) 58:8
Fig. 18 Siederella aurea. a Gynostemium, bottom view. b Gynostemium, side view. c Anther. d Pollinia, various views (Szlachetko &
Mytnik-Ejsmont 2009)
In higher plant rDNA is organized into arrays at one or
more chromosomal locations (Rogers and Bendich 1987;
Hillis and Dixon 1991). Each array contains hundreds
to thousands of identical to near-identical repeats. he
repeats having become homogenized by evolutionary
Page 16 of 28
forces like unequal crossing-over (Seperack et al. 1988)
or gene conversion (Enea and Corredor 1991; Hillis
et al. 1991) that are referred to as concerted evolution
(Zimmer et al. 1980; Arnheim et al. 1980). Wendel et al.
(1995) observed complete or nearly complete interlocus concerted evolution of the ITS region in diploid and
polyploidy Gossypium species. Moreover, they observed
this phenomenon in other components of rDNA repeat.
hese authors also observed, that concerted evolution
has occurred bidirectionally in analysed species. One of
the ive polyploid hybrids (Gossypium mustelinum) had
rDNA repeat from female parent (receiver of the pollen)
and remaining polyploids (G. tomentosum, G. hirsutum,
G. darwini, G. raimondii) has become homogenized to a
male parent (donor of the pollen) rDNA repeat. In such
case, ITS sequences from the allopolyploid species occur
on both branches of phylogenetic tree, each close to the
one of the parental species. In case of maternally inherited plastid DNA, which occurs in most angiosperms,
both rDNA lineage has the same plastid DNA lineage. So
we can detect species of hybrid origin only with one of
this case. he use of nuclear ITS sequences in phylogenetic analyses for the species of hybrid origin may lead
to an underestimation of the phylogeny. Due to the frequent occurrence of hybridization in plants, especially in
orchids seems to be a reasonable use of the other nuclear
markers in order to properly assess the phylogenetic relationship between the analysed taxa. Low-copy nuclear
genes, which are less liable to concerted evolution, can
potentially serve as a very useful marker for reconstructing allopolyploidization (Small et al. 1998).
here is another question about the potential hybridization between the Cyrtochilum and Odontoglossum species. Orchids are especially prone to hybridization, partly
due to the frequent weakness or even absence of postzygotic barriers to gene exchange. Instead, many orchids
rely heavily on pre-zygotic barriers, notably pollinator
preference (e.g. Tremblay et al. 2005; Schiestl and Cozzolino 2008). Orchids, in general, are adapted to various
forms of zoogamy and their lowers are accommodated to
pollination by various factors, which is one of the reasons
for the high degree of variability in the lower, androecium and gynoecium structures. Unfortunately, there are
only a few reports concerning this phenomenon in Cyrtochilum and Odontoglossum. Van der Pijl and Dodson
(1966) noted Bombus hortulanum and Centris bees pollinating Cyrtochilum macranthum. Van der Cingel (2001)
assumed that the bright-lowered, high-elevation “C.
retusum” might be hummingbird-pollinated. he lowers of Odontoglossum s.str. have also been observed to be
pollinated by Bombus hortulanum (van der Pijl and Dodson 1966) trying to ind reward in the cavity formed by
the basal part of the lip and gynostemium. he presence
Szlachetko et al. Bot Stud (2017) 58:8
Page 17 of 28
Fig. 19 Oncidium loxense. a Lip, b lateral sepals, c lip. Drawn by N. Olędrzyńska. Scale bar a, b = 10 mm, c = 5 mm
of a hairy lip in some Odontoglossum species might suggest pollination conducted by certain callus-collecting
insects. In other words, there is a distinct possibility
that the species of both Cyrtochilum and Odontoglossum coul share the same or similar pollination agents,
which enable gene low between plants representing different genera. We have assumed that Odontoglossum-like
Cyrtochilum, i.a. “C. angustatum”, “C. pardinum”, “C.
ramosissimum”, could be of hybrid origin or, at least,
demonstrate a stronger inluence of genetic materials
from Odontoglossum. It is noteworthy that in 2004 Shaw
registered an artiicial hybrid between Odontoglossum
and Cyrtochilum named × Cyrtoglossum (Fig. 21). he
hybrid is characterized by clawed tepals (with petals
Szlachetko et al. Bot Stud (2017) 58:8
Fig. 20 Oncidium loxense. Photo: Eric Hunt
claws short and wide), and slightly sigmoid gynostemium
with winged projections on both sides of stigma. Interestingly, the form of the lip, i.e. oblong obtriangular, with
exposed callus reminds Cyrtochilum macranthos.
he evolution of sister species is not always combined
with parallel evolutionary shifts in pollination syndromes
(Cozzolino and Widmer 2005). As a consequence, these
closely related species, usually growing in sympatry and
having overlapping lowering periods and non-speciic
pollination are exposed to ample opportunities for interspeciic hybridization (van der Cingel 2001; Jersáková
et al. 2006).
It is worthy to mention that the paper published by
Stegemann et al. (2012) concerning horizontal gene
Fig. 21 Cyrtoglossum lowers. Photos provided by Ecuagenera
Page 18 of 28
transfer (HGT), which sheds new light on an incongruity between molecular datasets of various origin. he
authors discovered that chloroplast genomes can be readily transferred between relatively closely related species
by natural grafting, thus also providing a possible explanation for why chloroplast sequences frequently provide
trees that disagree with canonical phylogeny and/or trees
constructed with nuclear markers.
It is also possible that portions of genomes can be
transferred between even very distantly related lineages
via, for example, viral vectors (Won and Renner 2003;
Bergthorsson et al. 2004). his process was noticed as
a possible cause of erroneous tree topologies by Tyteca
and Klein (2008). On the other hand, Tsai et al. (2010)
obtained heterogeneous plastid DNA within individuals of two Phalaenopsis species—P. lowii and P. gibbosa.
he short DNA fragments in both the trnL intron and the
atpB-rbcL intergenic spacer also had indels based on the
sequence alignment. One explanation for the diferent
copies of plastid DNA within an individual is the fact that
the short form of the plastid DNA might be maintained
in the nuclear or mitochondrial genome through horizontal gene transfer (Ellis 1982; Cheung and Scott 1989;
Aylife and Timmis 1992; Aylife et al. 1998). Horizontal
transfer can occur in large fragments coming from the
organellar genome into the nuclear genome (Yuan et al.
2002; Huang et al. 2005).
Taking into consideration the aforementioned reports,
both HGT as well as hybridization might be responsible
Szlachetko et al. Bot Stud (2017) 58:8
for the topology of phylogenetic trees and the puzzling
position of some species. Reconstruction of evolutionary history in genera strongly afected by reticulation and
polyploidization is deinitely not an easy task. Importantly, Cyrtochilum and Odontoglossum species inhabit
similar geographical regions and plant communities, i.e.
Andean humid montane and premontane forests, often
growing together, which facilitates gene/genome transfer.
he Andes are a well-known centre of biodiversity, where
the process of speciation can take place freely as a result
of various geographic conditions (cf. Bates et al. 2008;
Richter et al. 2009), and ecological factors. Of course, it
could be one of many other explanations for the observed
topology of the Cyrtochilum phylogenetic tree.
Intraspeciic gene evolution cannot always be represented by a bifurcating tree model. Linder and Rieseberg
(2004) and Vriesendorp and Bakker (2005) have pointed to
the fact that the evolutionary history of many plant groups
does not follow divergent evolutionary patterns, and hardly
can be unravelled in a tree-building procedure. Rather, it is
like a network, which displays a number of reticulate evolutionary events. he family Orchidaceae is not an exception, and poliploidy and hybridization are events, which
often result in a reticulated pattern of evolution.
he incompatibility of gene trees does not necessarily
constitute evidence for reticulate evolution, as gene phylogenies may conlict with other processes: the gene trees
may not be historically accurate due to model misspeciication or inappropriate methodology, or due to sampling
efects (i.e. insuicient sites to compensate for site saturation or short interior edges); alternatively, the gene phylogenies may be historically correct but difer from the
species tree due to the population-genetic efect known
as lineage sorting (Maddison 1997; Sang and Zhong 2000;
Rosenberg 2002).
To most taxonomists, classiication depends on characteristics and we have assumed that to cladists the features are no longer important. A classiication should
be able to recognize distinctive characteristics which
have evolved in a group and if we cannot do that it is in
consequence impossible to relect evolution (Brummitt
2006). Brummitt’s point of view is shared by many other
authors (see 150 scientists who signed a letter by Nordal
and Stedje 2005), who state that the traditional classiication is the optimal tool for cataloguing biodiversity and
requires the recognition of paraphyletic taxa.
he dilemma with which every taxonomist has to
struggle is fragmentation or lumping of taxonomic units.
Both of them can generate various problems. he efect
of the fragmentation of taxa is the creation of numerous smaller, but morphologically well-deined genera,
whereas integration produces fewer taxa, well-established
Page 19 of 28
genetically, but poorly circumscribed morphologically.
he borders between taxonomic units are rather a matter of taxonomic philosophy than scientiic objectivity.
In our opinion, reasonable fragmentation of taxa can be
accepted as long as it leads to separation of well-deined
entities. We deal with the latter situation in the case of
Cyrtochilum s.l. We hypothesise that groups of species
forming the particular subclades presented above make
well-matched genera which evolve in various directions
in response to pollinator pressure, which is manifested,
e.g. in various spans between lip and gynostemium and
the type of the lip calli.
Interestingly, molecular taxonomists attempt to
appoint their taxa using morphological characteristics.
Unfortunately, they often create ill-deined units and Cyrtochilum sensu latissimo is an example. Until more data
become available concerning the inluence of horizontal
gene transfer, as well as hybridization and polyploidy on
speciation in the Cyrtochilum alliance, thus enabling the
solution of the problem of incongruity between molecular and morphological datasets, we suggest maintaining a
narrower generic concept.
As stated at the beginning of this chapter, Neubig et al.
(2012) deinition of Cyrtochilum does not warrant the
proper identiication of the genus representatives and
can lead to the confusion. We propose to recognize at the
generic level smaller, monophyletic and morphologically
well-deined taxa, what in our opinion assure stability in
taxonomy of this interesting oncidoid group.
Taxonomic treatment
Key to the genera of Cyrtochilum-complex
1. Gynostemium and the lower part of the lip form
more or less a right angle … 2
1*. Gynostemium parallel with the lower part of the lip
…4
2. Lip unguiculate, lamina more or less transversely
elliptic, callus rather obscure, lateral sepals basally
connate … Siederella
2*. Lip sessile to subsessile, lamina cordate, sagittate
to hastate, callus prominent, lateral sepals free to the
base or almost to the base … 3
3. Lip much smaller than tepals, callus very large, complexed, composed of horns and various digitate projections … Cyrtochilum
3*. Lip as large as tepals, triangular-cordate in outline,
callus large, composed of large mass of tissue divided
into 4 or more lobes … Trigonochilum
4. Lip callus simple, consisting of 2 leshy, parallel,
adjoining torus, diverging in front … Dasyglossum
4*. Lip callus not as above … 5
Szlachetko et al. Bot Stud (2017) 58:8
5. Gynostemium with digitate projections on each
sides of the stigma, lip sessile, callus prominent …
Neodryas
5*. Gynostemium with or without very obscure projections, lip long clawed, callus obscure … Rusbyella
Cyrtochilum Kunth
Nov. Gen. Sp. 1: 279. 1816; Generitype: Cyrtochilum
undulatum Kunth.
Epiphytic or terrestrial plants. Pseudobulbs ovoid,
usually round in cross-section, distributed on elongate
creeping rhizome, sometimes caespitose, but clusters of
pseudobulbs usually distantly remote along the rhizome,
with 2–6 foliaceous bracts. Leaves 2–4 per pseudobulb,
conduplicate, articulate. Inlorescence lexuose, usually
very long, branched, branches with few to many lowers.
Flowers resupinate, showy, white, yellow, pink, brown or
purple. Floral bracts large, leafy. Tepals free, prominently
unguiculate, similar in size and shape or petals much
wider. Lip triangular to ovate rarely hastate to panduriform, apex relexed, callus complex, often digitate, tuberculate or horned. Gynostemium gently sigmoid to erect,
elongated, slender, clavate, usually forms right angles
with lip. Anther subventral, incumbent, operculate, ellipsoid-ovoid. Pollinia 2, oblong ellipsoid, hard, unequally
and deeply cleft, empty inside. Stigma large, elliptic,
deeply concave. Rostellum short. Viscidium single, relatively large, elliptic, very thick, concave in the centre of
the outer surface. Tegula single, very small, transversely
elliptic-obtriangular, obscurely bilobulate at the apex,
thin, lamellate. Rostellum remnant with oblique shallowly concave plate at the apex, canaliculate on the upper
surface (Fig. 1). Capsule triangular.
Taxonomic notes—Species of the genus Cyrtochilum,
as treated here, are easily distinguishable from all other
genera of the clade by having elongated, lexuose inlorescence, large, showy lowers with clawed, large sepals and
petals, a relatively small lip widest at the base, attenuated towards apex, with a composed callus occupying a
large portion of the lip lamina, and gynostemium gently
sigmoid to erect, slender, usually perpendicular to the
lip base, or even delexed. We assume that a group of C.
angustatum-group can be of hybrid origin.
Dasyglossum Königer & Schildh.
Arcula 1: 5 1994; Generitype: Dasyglossum myanthum
(Lindl.) Königer & Schildh. [≡Odontoglossum myanthum Lindl.].
Epiphytic plants. Pseudobulbs approximate, ovoid or
elliptic-oblong, compressed, enveloped at the base by
papery or foliaceous sheaths. 1–3 leaves, coriaceous or
leshy. Inlorescence usually elongated, erect or arching,
Page 20 of 28
few to many lowers, racemose or paniculate. Flowers
small. Floral bracts rudimentary. Sepals free, occasionally basally connate, subequal, spreading. Petals usually
subequal to the dorsal sepal. Lip entire or 3-lobed, at the
base united with the base of the column, lower half of
the lip parallel to the column; callus simple, often consisting of 2 leshy, parallel, adjoining tori, diverging in
front, mostly enclosed by the thickened lanks of the
gynostemium. Gynostemium rather short, in the upper
half gently upcurved or straight, rather robust. Column
part ca. 2.5 times longer than anther, fused with the lip
in the basal half, irmly winged, wings entire on margins, surrounding lip callus. Anther subdorsal to apical,
operculate, ellipsoid, obscurely 2-chambered. Pollinia
2, oblong ellipsoid-ovoid, hard, unequally and deeply
cleft. Stigma oblong to transversely elliptic, slightly concave. Rostellum suberect to pendent, rather short, ovate,
rounded at the apex. Viscidium single, oblong ellipsoid,
very thick, leshy. Tegula single, as long as viscidium,
oblong, thin, lamellate, lat. Rostellum remnant bilobulate at the apex (Fig. 10).
Taxonomic notes—All representatives of the genus are
easily separable from other taxa of the Cyrtochilum alliance by the presence of a short, massive gynostemium,
winged on the ventral surface, and parallel with the lower
part of the lip.
he following new combinations are validated below:
Dasyglossum colobium (Dalström) Szlach., Kolan. &
Chiron, comb. nov.
Basionym: Cyrtochilum colobium Dalström in Dodson
& Luer, Fl. Ecuador, Orchidaceae 87: 51. 2010. Type:
Ecuador. Sucumbíos, cloud forest W of La Bonita. 29
Mar 1992. Dalström & Höijer 1687 (Holotype: SEL).
Dasyglossum ferrugineum (Dalström & D. Trujillo)
Szlach., Kolan. Chiron, comb. nov.
Basionym: Cyrtochilum ferrugineum Dalström & D.
Trujillo in Dodson & Luer, Fl. Ecuador, Orchidaceae
87: 74. 2010. Type: Ecuador. Sine loc. hort. Beckendorf
sub Dalström 2377 (Holotype: SEL).
Dasyglossum fidicularium (Dalström) Szlach., Kolan.
& Chiron, comb. nov.
Basionym: Odontoglossum fidicularium Dalström,
Lindleyana 14(3): 168. 1999. Type: Ecuador. ZamoraChinchipe. Along road between Yanga and Valladolid.
21 Feb 1982. Luer et al. 7134 (Holotype: SEL, Isotype:
K).
Dasyglossum hoeijeri (Dalström) Szlach., Kolan. &
Chiron, comb. nov.
Basionym: Odontoglossum hoeijeri Dalström, Lindleyana 14(3): 171. 1999. Type: Ecuador. Loja. North
of Loja, along road to Saraguro. 8 Feb 1993. Dalström
et al. 1871 (Holotype: SEL, Isotype: K).
Szlachetko et al. Bot Stud (2017) 58:8
Dasyglossum sphinx (Dalström & G.Calat.) Szlach.,
Kolan. & Chiron, comb. nov.
Basionym Cyrtochilum sphinx Dalström & G.Calat.,
in Dodson & Luer, Fl. Ecuador, Orchidaceae 87: 170.
2010. Type: Peru. Cajamarca. Prov. San Ignacio, San
José de Lourdes. Calatayud 746 (Holotype: CUZ).
Dasyglossum verrucosum (Dalström) Szlach., Kolan.
& Chiron, comb. nov.
Basionym: Cyrtochilum verrucosum Dalström in Fl.
Ecuador 87: 183. 2010. Type: Ecuador. Morona-Santiago. Ecuagenera sub Whitten 3219 (Holotype: QCA).
Neodryas Rchb.f.
Bot. Zeit. 10: 835. 1852; Generitype: Neodryas rhodoneura Rchb.f.
Buesiella C.Schweinf., Bot. Mus. Leafl., Harvard Univ.
15: 153. 1952; Generitype: Buesiella pusilla C.Schweinf.
Plants caespitose. Pseudobulbs cylindrical-ovoid,
enclothed basally with 1–3 leafy sheaths, unifoliate.
Inlorescence more or less branching, branches with few
to many lowers. Flowers medium-sized, campanulate,
somewhat laterally compressed. Sepals narrower than
petals, both sessile. Lateral sepals variously connate.
Lip sessile, entire, oblong-ovate to ligulate-subcordate,
geniculate near the middle, callus large, variously lobed.
Gynostemium almost erect, stout, parallel to the lip. Column part ca. twice longer than anther, widened in the
middle, wings spread, oblong-elliptic, with digitate projections on each side of the stigma. Pollinia 2, obliquely
obovoid-ellipsoid, slightly dorsiventrally compressed,
hard, unequally and shallowly cleft at the apex. Apical clinandrium forms a narrow collar surrounding the anther
base. Stigma rather large, transversely elliptic, deeply
concave. Rostellum suberect, short, ligulate. Viscidium
single, small, elliptic-ovate, thin. Tegula single, oblongelliptic, thin, lamellate. Rostellum remnant bilobulate at
the middle, slightly concave between acute lobules, canaliculate on the dorsal surface.
Taxonomic notes—We did not identify any morphologically crucial diferences between Neodryas and Buesiella.
herefore, we have combined them together which is
also supported by the results of the analyses of the DNA
markers. he genus is characterised by the presence of a
gynostemium parallel with a sessile lip furnished with a
large callus.
Neodryas fredericae (Dalström) Szlach., Kolan. &
Chiron, comb. nov.
Basionym Cyrtochilum fredericae Dalström, in Dodson
& Luer, Fl. Ecuador, Orchidaceae 87: 86. 2010. Type:
Ecuador. Loja. Cajanuma. Ecuagenera sub Dalström
2478 (Holotype: SEL).
Rusbyella Rolfe ex Rusby
Page 21 of 28
Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 6: 122. 1896; Generitype: Rusbyella caespitosa Rolfe ex Rusby.
Plants caespitose. Pseudobulbs oblong to cylindricalovoid, slightly laterally compressed, enclothed basally
with 1–2 leafy bracts, unifoliate. Inlorescence erect, simple or branching. Flowers medium-sized. Sepals and petals subsimilar, narrow. Lateral sepals variously connate.
Lip clawed, claw narrow, channelled, furnished at the
apex with quadrilobed callus, lamina transversely elliptic
to reniform, abruptly relexed. Gynostemium elongated,
slightly swollen and bent back at the apex, parallel with
the lower part of the lip. Column part ca. 1.5 times longer
than anther, glabrous, with two wing-like projections on
both sides of the stigma. Anther subdorsal, incumbent,
operculate, dorsiventrally compressed, obovoid-ellipsoid.
Connective narrow, thin, forming prominent, apical, rooflike projection in front. Pollinia 2, obliquely obovoid, shallowly cleft at the apex, hard. Apical clinandrium forms
a narrow collar-like structure surrounding the anther
base. Stigma rather small, oblong elliptic, concave. Rostellum suberect, ligulate, rounded at the apex. Viscidium
very small, single, elliptic, thin. Tegula single, linear, thin,
lamellate. Rostellum remnant with oblique, apical plate on
the inner surface surrounded by obscure fovea.
Taxonomic notes—Rusbyella is easily separable from
other genera of the Cyrtochilum alliance by having a lip
with a long, channelled claw, and parallel gynostemium
with an apical part and anther bent back.
Siederella Szlach., Mytnik, Górniak & Romowicz
Biodiv. Res. Cons. 1–2: 5. 2006; Generitype: Siederella
aurea (Lindl.) Szlach., Mytnik, Górniak & Romowicz
[≡Oncidium aureum Lindl.]
Plants caespitose. Pseudobulbs ovoid, somewhat laterally compressed, enclothed basally in some leafy sheaths,
usually unifoliate. Inlorescence erect, loosely severallowered. Flowers rather large, showy; sepals and petals
subsimilar, sessile. Lateral sepals connate almost to the
apex. Lip shortly unguiculate, callus variously developed—almost missing or two parallel ridges, lamina
obovate to pandurate. Gynostemium slightly arched,
elongated, slender, forming a 30° angle with the lip. Column part ca. 3 times longer than anther, basally joined
with the lip, with two projections near the stigma, more
or less inger-like. Anther subventral, incumbent, operculate, ellipsoid-obovoid, obscurely 2-chambered. Connective narrow, indistinctly apically elongate. Pollinia
2, obliquely ellipsoid, hard, unequally and deeply cleft,
empty inside. Caudiculae sticky, amorphous. Apical clinandrium forms a narrow collar-like structure around
the anther base. Stigma large, elliptic, deeply concave.
Szlachetko et al. Bot Stud (2017) 58:8
Rostellum shortly conical-digitate in the middle, ligulate, blunt. Viscidium single, rather large, oblong elliptic,
very thick. Tegula single, small, linear, thin, and lamellate
(Fig. 18).
Taxonomic notes—his genus difers from Rusbyella in
terms of gynostemium and lip morphology. he lip claw
possesses two, parallel elevated calli. he gynostemium
forms an acute angle with the lip, it is terete below the
stigma, and with small, inger-like projections near the
stigma.
Incertae sedis
Oncidium loxense Lindl. is similar to Cyrtochilum Kunth
with which it shares a similar habit, creeping rhizome,
long, lexuose, branching inlorescence, large lowers,
clawed sepals and petals and gynostemium forming a
right angle with the lip. Difers from most species of the
genus by having connate lateral sepals, a large, prominently unguiculate lip, with an obscure callus, transversely elliptic or obreniform, concave lip lamina. he
lip is somewhat similar to C. volubile (Fig. 22) and C.
villenaorum, but despite these species it is prominently
clawed and callus is obscure. Temporarily, we propose to
maintain this species in Siederella.
Siederella loxense (Lindl.) Szlach., Kolan. & Chiron,
comb. nov.
Basionym: Oncidium loxense Lindl., Paxt. Fl. Gard. 2:
128. 1851. Type (Dalström 2010): Ecuador. Hartweg
s.n. (Lectotype: K-L, Isolectotype: W).
Trigonochilum Königer & Schildh.
Arcula 1: 13. 1994; Generitype: Trigonochilum flexuosum (H.B.K.) Königer & Schildh. [≡Cyrtochilum flexuosum H.B.K.].
Epiphytic plants. Pseudobulbs approximate, ovoid or
elliptic-oblong, compressed, enveloped at the base by
papery or foliaceous sheaths. 1–3 leaves, coriaceous or
leshy. Inlorescence from the base of pseudobulb, usually very long, twining, frequently with short, zigzag
branches. Flowers relatively small. Floral bracts small.
Sepals free, subequal, spreading. Petals usually subequal to the dorsal sepal. Lip triangular-cordate in outline, diverging from the gynostemium at 70°–90° with a
simple, torous, sometimes verrucose or gibbous callus.
Gynostemium elongate, slightly sigmoid to erect, rather
slender. Column part 2–4 times longer than anther, with
deltoid tabula infrastigmatica, obscurely winged near the
stigma, glabrous, wings triangular, entire on margins.
Anther subventral, incumbent, operculate, ellipsoidovoid, obscurely 2-chambered. Pollinia 2, oblong obovoid, slightly dorsiventrally lattened, hard, unequally and
deeply cleft. Stigma elliptic, deeply concave. Rostellum
Page 22 of 28
short, conical-digitate in the middle, blunt. Viscidium
single, very small, elliptic, rather thick. Tegula single,
oblong ovate, thin, lamellate, with roof-like projection
above viscidium. Rostellum remnant bilobulate at the
middle (Fig. 12).
Taxonomic notes—Considering the lower structure,
the genus appears to be similar to Cyrtochilum. In both
taxa, the gynostemium is more or less perpendicular to
the lip base, but unlike Cyrtochilum, in Trigonochilum the
petals and sepals are sessile and the lip is wider than the
tepals, lip lamina is triangular-cordate in outline in major
part occupied by a massive callus.
Our course of study on the North Andean orchids
revealed the existence of an undescribed Trigonochilum species from the Colombian Department of Putumayo, as well as the necessity of including into the
genus Peruvian, Ecuadorian and Colombian species of
Cyrtochilum.
Trigonochilum corniculatum (Dalström) Szlach.,
Kolan. & Chiron, comb. nov.
Basionym: Cyrtochilum corniculatum Dalström in Dalström & Perez, Lankesteriana 12(3): 147. 2012. Type:
Colombia. Antioquia. Yarumal, Km 87 along road
Medellín-Yarumal, Llanos de Cuiba [Cuiva]. 12 Sep
1984. Dodson et al. 15264 (Holotype: RPSC, Isotype:
MO).
Trigonochilum midas (Dalström) Szlach., Kolan. &
Chiron, comb. nov.
Basionym: Cyrtochilum midas Dalström, in Dodson
& Luer, Fl. Ecuador, Orchidaceae 87: 136. 2010. Type:
Ecuador. Morona-Santiago. Macas-Guamote. Jan
1989. Hirtz et al. 4061 (Holotype: RPSC).
Note: Orchid collection of RPSC was transferred to MO.
Trigonochilum russellianum (Dalström & RuízPérez) Szlach., Kolan. & Chiron, comb. nov.
Basionym: Cyrtochilum russellianum Dalström &
Ruíz-Pérez, Lankesteriana 12(3): 149. 2012. Type:
Peru. Ayacucho. La Mar, Aina, Calicanto. Peruflora sub
Dalström 3415 (Holotype: USM).
Trigonochilum sharoniae (Dalström) Szlach., Kolan.
& Chiron, comb. nov.
Basionym: Cyrtochilum sharoniae Dalström, Selbyana
28(2): 106. 2007. Type: Peru. Sine loc. Peruflora sub
Daltröm 2638 (Holotype: SEL).
Trigonochilum tanii (Dalström) Szlach., Kolan. &
Chiron, comb. nov.
Basionym: Cyrtochilum tanii Dalström in Dodson &
Luer, Fl. Ecuador, Orchidaceae 87: 172. 2010. Type:
Ecuador. Manabí, 11 km east of Manta, summit of Cerro
Monte Cristi. Cult. SEL sub Tan 1361 (Holotype: SEL).
Trigonochilum tricornis (Dalström & Ruíz-Pérez)
Szlach., Kolan. & Chiron, comb. nov.
Szlachetko et al. Bot Stud (2017) 58:8
Page 23 of 28
Fig. 22 Cyrtochilum volubile. a, b Lip, c lateral sepals, d gynostemium. Drawn by N. Olędrzyńska. Scale bar 5 mm
Basionym: Cyrtochilum tricornis Dalström & RuízPérez, Lankesteriana 12(3): 151. 2012. Type: Peru.
Cusco, Quillabamba, Rio Chullapi Reserva. Valenzuela
et al. sub
Dalström et al. 2699 (Holotype: CUZ).
Trigonochilum koenigerii Szlach., Kolan. & Chiron,
sp. nov. (Figs. 23, 24).
he species is similar to T. cimiciferum and T. midas,
but easily separable from both by the lower color,
which is brown or brownish, and complicated lip callus. Additionally, it difers from T. cimiciferum by
oblong elliptic-obovate, acute petals and large subquadrate stigma, from T. midas by acute lip.
Type: COLOMBIA. Dept. Putumayo. Valle de Sibundoy. Vereda San Pablo Bajo en Km 3 lado izquierdo de
la carretera. Cult. R. Medina 325 (Holotype: MEDEL!).
Pseudobulbs about 7 × 4 cm, oblong-cylindrical, apically attenuate, almost rounded in cross section, unifoliate, enclothed basally by 4–6, large, leafy bracts.
Leaves up to 38 × 3.5 cm, linear-oblanceolate to linear-oblong, acute, attenuate towards the base. Inlorescence basal, very long, with short, fractilex, laxly
few-lowered branches. Floral bracts 6–8 mm long,
ovate-elliptic, obtuse. Pedicellate ovary about 28 mm
long, almost straight. Flowers brown or brownish with
Szlachetko et al. Bot Stud (2017) 58:8
Page 24 of 28
Fig. 23 Trigonochilum koenigerii—dissected perianth. a Dorsal sepal, b petal, c lateral sepal, d lip. Drawn by S. Nowak from the holotype
yellow apices of the petals and yellow lip callus. Sepals
free, subequal, spreading. Dorsal sepal about 10 × 5 mm,
concave, unguiculate, elliptic-oblanceolate, subacute.
Lateral sepals 13 × 6 mm, obliquely spathulate, elliptic-oblanceolate, subobtuse, distinctly clawed. Petals
11 × 0.8 mm, oblong elliptic-obovate, acute, sessile. Lip
sessile, 9.7 × 11 mm, entire, convex, widely triangular to
ovate-triangular, acute; disc with a leshy, complicated
callus occupying the basal 2/3 and two subglobose thickenings at the base. Gynostemium elongated, slightly sigmoid, slender, forming a right angle with the lip.
Etymology: Dedicated to Willibald Königer, German
orchidologist who contributed to our knowledge and
understanding of Oncidiinae.
Szlachetko et al. Bot Stud (2017) 58:8
Page 25 of 28
Fig. 24 Trigonochilum koenigerii. a Flower (side view), b gynostemium, c lower (front view), d fragment of the inlorescence. Photos: R. Medina
Table 1 Comparative morphology of Trigonochilum cimiciferum, T. koenigerii, and T. midas
Character
T. cimiciferum
T. koenigerii
T. midas
Pseudobulbs
Rounded-ovoid, 5–8 × 1.5–2.5 mm
Oblong-cylindrical, 7 × 4 cm
Ovoid, 4–10 × 2–3 cm
Leaves
Narrowly ovate, 20–40 × 1.5–3 cm
Linear-oblanceolate to linear-oblong,
38 × 3.5 cm wide
Elongate-obovate, acuminate, up to 65 × 2 cm
Pedicellate
ovary
10–30 mm
About 28 mm
Up to 20 mm
Flower
Brownish-yellow with brown spots,
with yellow lip callus
Brown with yellow lip callus
Almost completely white with whitish to yellow lip
callus
Sepals
Spathulate to rotundate, roundedacute, acute or acuminate
Unguiculate to spathulate, ellipticoblanceolate, subacute or subobtuse
Spathulate, ovate, acuminate
Petals
Subsessile, obovate-elliptic to narrowly obovate or oblanceolate,
acute
Subsessile, oblong elliptic-obovate,
acute
Subsessile, ovate, acuminate
Lip
Ovate, ovate-triangular to ellipticobovate; disc with a leshy callus in
the basal half
Widely triangular to ovate-triangular; Cordate to truncate; callus a central, longitudinal,
disc with a leshy, complicated callus
leshy structure, extending from the base to 2/3 of
in the basal 2/3 and two subglobose
the disc length, terminating in digitate knobs or
thickenings at the base
denticles
Szlachetko et al. Bot Stud (2017) 58:8
Distribution and habitat: So far, the new species is
known exclusively from the Colombian department of
Putumayo. It was found growing in disturbed humid
montane forest at about 2400 m a.s.l. In cultivation, it
lowered in November.
Taxonomic notes: he new species is similar to T.
cimiciferum (Rchb.f. ex Lindl.) Königer from which it differs on the basis of the brown lowers with a yellow lip
callus (vs brownish-yellow lowers with brown spots), a
complicated lip callus and oblong elliptic-obovate, acute
petals. In petal shape, the new species resembles Ecuadorian T. midas from which it is easily separable not only in
terms of the lower color (almost completely white with
a yellow lip callus in T. midas) and acute lip (vs lip apiculate), but also the signiicantly longer ovaries (Table 1).
Incertae sedis
he position of “C. edwardii” and “C. cf. porrigens” in the
phylogenetic tree is in conlict with results of morphological study, what we discuss above. Partial inluence of
Dasyglossum genetic material can not be excluded in both
cases. Because morphological congruence of aforementioned species to other Trigonochilum representatives we
propose to maintain them temporarily in this genus.
Additional iles
Additional ile 1: Appendix S1. Specimens of Cyrtochilum s.l. and Odontoglossum examined during the studies.
Additional ile 2: Appendix S2. List of the features used in the phenetical study.
Additional ile 3: Appendix S3. GenBank accession numbers for
analysed sequences.
Authors’ contributions
DLS: designing research, morphological data collection, data analysis, data
interpretation, writing manuscript. MK: morphological data collection, data
analysis, data interpretation, writing manuscript. AN: molecular analysis,
writing manuscript, data interpretation. MG: molecular analysis, writing manuscript. MD: molecular analysis. PR: phenetical analysis, writing manuscript.
GC: morphological data collection, data interpretation. All authors read and
approved the inal manuscript.
Author details
1
Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, The University
of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland. 2 Department of Biodiversity Research, Global Change Research Institute AS CR, Bělidla 4a., 603
00 Brno, Czech Republic. 3 Department of Molecular Evolution, The University
of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland. 4 Herbiers, Université de
Lyon I, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
Acknowledgements
The lead author wishes to express his gratitude to the owner and staf of
Ecuagenera (Ecuador), Perulora (Peru) and Orquivalle (Colombia) for their
hospitality during ieldwork and access to their rich orchid collections. We
are grateful to Dr. Henrik Pedersen and Dr. Finn N. Rasmussen (Copenhagen
University) for their comments and suggestions. We are also grateful to
Ecuagenera, G. Deburghgraeve, E. Hunt and R. Medina T. for providing photos
of the Cyrtochilum-complex species. We wish to thank Sławomir Nowak for
Page 26 of 28
preparing the illustration of new Trigonochilum species and to Mario Camilo
Barrera G. and Ramiro Medina T. for their cooperation during the studies and
providing information about habitat of the new species.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Funding
The project has been supported by the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher
Education (research Grant No. 8124/B/PO1/2011/40), European Commission’s
Research Infrastructure Action via the SYNTHESYS Project (GB-TAF-2445) and
the Foundation for Polish Science (Fundacja na rzecz Nauki Polskiej, FNP).
Received: 2 June 2016 Accepted: 8 January 2017
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