Conservation Assessment and Management Plan (C.A.M.P.) Workshop Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats REPORT 2001 Authors Participants Editors C. Sathish Kumar, B.V. Shetty, S.S.R. Bennet, T. Ananda Rao, Sanjay Molur and Sally Walker Assisted by A.R. Binu Priya Publishers Wildlife Information Liaison Development Society Zoo Outreach Organisation Organizers Wildlife Information Liaison Development (WILD) Society in collaboration with CBSG, India and Zoo Outreach Organisation (ZOO) Host / Co-organizer Institute for Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Coimbatore Sponsor Paignton Zoological and Botanical Gardens Coimbatore 15-19 May, 2000 ISROSG Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 Contents Authors of the report i Participating institutes ii Sponsors and organizers iii Acknowledgement iv Executive summary 1-4 Report 5-33 Taxon Data Sheets 35-185 References 187-195 Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 Acknowledgements We gratefully thank the following individuals and institutions for the help and support rendered in the conduct of this CAMP workshop. Dr. S.S.R. Bennet, Retd. Head, Division of Biodiversity, Institute for Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding was the CoCoordinator and was an invaluable advisor and guide for the workshop. Shri. K. Subramanian, IFS, Director, IFGTB, for his interest and providing adequate facilities. Shri. Uday Pradhan, Chair, Indian Subcontinent Regional Orchid Specialist Group, who recognised the process as an integral part of the activities of the Specialist Group. Dr. C. Sathish Kumar, Co-chair of the Indian Subcontinent Regional Orchid Specialist Group, for taking an active role in the workshop and making it a big success. Members of the Orchid Special Interest Group of the CBSG, India for their cooperation and valuable inputs throughout the C.A.M.P. process. The Paignton Zoological and Botanical Garden, Devon, UK, for sponsoring this workshop. The Conservation Breeding Specialist Group, SSC, IUCN, for developing this process and training the facilitators Sanjay Molur and Sally Walker in conducting the workshop. Dr. Ulie Seal and his staff at CBSG for all the support they have rendered. The participants at the workshop without whom the report would have no value and the results heavily biased. The enthusiastic non-participants who sent in Biological Information Sheets or sent information after the workshop that were utilized in deriving the assessments. They include: Dr. R. Ansari, Malabar Botanical Garden, Kozhikode Dr. R. Ganesan, Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, Bangalore Mr. K. Jayaram, State Bank of India, Coimbatore Dr. S. Mahammad Khasim, Nagarjuna University, Nagarjuna Nagar Dr. K.M. Matthew, The Rapinat Herbarium, Thiruchirapally Dr. M.S. Muktesh Kumar, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi Dr. S. Paulraj, Tamil Nadu Forest Department, Udhagamandalam Dr. V. Ramasundar, Government Botanic Garden, Udhagamandalam Dr. K. Ravikumar, Foundation for Revitalization of Local Health Traditions, Bangalore Dr. Sasidharan, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi Dr. G.K. Seetharamu, College of Horticulture, Mudigere Dr. W.D. Theuerkauf, Gurukula Botanical Garden, Wayanad The technical and clerical staff of the Wildlife Information and Liaison Development Society and Zoo Outreach Organisation invested much time and energy in the planning, conduct, review and reporting of the CAMP Workshop. This involved much overtime work and a “normal” staff could not have completed the project. We would like to particularly acknowledge them. Smt. Latha G. Ravi Kumar Kum. K. Padma Priya Kum. Binu Arthur Kum. J. Sheela Dr. B.A. Daniel Smt. Geetha Kannan Kum. A. Jyoti Maler Kum. S. Sudha Sri. B. Ravichandran Kum. Sonali Lahiri Smt. Krishnaveni Smt. S. Saroja Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 iv CAMP Workshop on Orchids of the Western Ghats Participating Institutions Botanical Survey of India, TNAU Campus, Coimbatore Centre for Advanced Studies in Botany, University of Madras, Chennai Coimbatore Zoological Park, Anaikatty, Coimbatore College of Forestry, Poonampet, Coorg CROSS WAYS, Kotagiri Road, Coonoor Forest Research and Training Institute, Bangalore Foundation for Revitalization and Local Health Tradition, Anandnagar, Bangalore Goa University, Talegaon, Goa Indo American Hybrid Seeds (India) Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, R.S. Puram, Coimbatore Karnataka Association for Advancement of Science, Central College, Bangalore Kongunadu Arts & Science College, Coimbatore Mangalore University, Department of Applied Botany, Mangalagangotri, Mangalore Manonmanian Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi Nilgiri Wildlife and Environment Association, Udhagamandalam Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology & Natural History, Anaikatty, Coimbatore Survey of Medicinal Plants & Collection Unit, Stone House Hills, Udhagamandalam Tamil Nadu Forest Department, Wildlife Wing, Stuart Hill, Udhagamandalam Tropical Botanic Garden & Research Institute, Thiruvananthapuram University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore Wildlife Information Liaison Development Society, Coimbatore Zoo Outreach Organisation, Coimbatore Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 ii Conservation Assessment and Management Plan (C.A.M.P) Workshop Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats Sponsors, Hosts, Coordinators, Organizers, Collaborators Sponsors This project has been sponsored by the Paignton Zoological and Botanical Gardens, England. Host / Co-Organizer Institute for Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Coimbatore Coordinators / Facilitators / Organizers Wildlife Information Liaison Development Society, Coimbatore Zoo Outreach Organisation/ Conservation Breeding Specialist Group, India, Organiser / Facilitators, Coimbatore Collaborators Indian Subcontinent Regional Orchid Specialist Group, SSC, IUCN CBSG India Orchid Special Interest Group, Coimbatore Special thanks A special thanks to the Conservation Breeding Specialist Group, SSC, IUCN, which developed the C.A.M.P. process and provided advice, training, other technical support from time to time throughout the CAMP Workshop. Appreciation is also due to the Species Survival Commission of the World Conservation Union for developing the IUCN Red List Criteria, a sophisticated yet flexible system, providing a means of assessing the conservation status of all plant and animal groups. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 iii CONSERVATION ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT PLAN WORKSHOP FOR ENDEMIC ORCHIDS OF THE WESTERN GHATS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The biodiversity of Western Ghats is among the richest in the world – one among the 25 hotspots along with Sri Lanka. The flora and fauna also represents some of the most highly threatened forms in the world, as a result of continuing loss of habitat, fragmentation and expanding human population and activities. The status of endemic orchids of the Western Ghats was assessed at a workshop in May 2000 as a combined effort of academics, field biologists and foresters. A Conservation Assessment and Management Plan (CAMP) workshop was held for five days from 15 to 19 May 2000, at the Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Forest Campus, Coimbatore. The workshop was initiated by Dr. T. Ananda Rao, Emeritus Scientist of the Karnataka Centre for Advancement of Science, Bangalore, who also networked orchid specialists before the workshop. The Wildlife Information Liaison Development (WILD) Society, Zoo Outreach Organsiation (ZOO) and the Conservation Breeding Specialist Group, India (CBSG India) organised the workshop, which was sponsored by the Paignton Zoological and Botanical Garden, Paignton, Devon, United Kingdom. The Institute for Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding co-organised and hosted the workshop at their campus. The Conservation Breeding Specialist Group, India facilitated the workshop. The workshop and the process itself was supported by the Indian Subcontinent Regional Orchid Specialist Group (ISROSG) of the SSC, IUCN, by the attendance and active input of its Co-chair Dr. C. Sathish Kumar of the Tropical Botanic Gardens and Research Institute, Palode, Thiruvananthapuram. Totally, 125 endemic orchids of the Western Ghats were assessed at the 5-day workshop of which 98 species were endemic only to the Western Ghats and 27 had their range extending to Eastern Ghats also. A total of 38 orchid specialists, botanists, conservationists and ecologists participated in the workshop. The Conservation Assessment and Management Plan (CAMP) is a workshop process developed by the Conservation Breeding Specialist Group (CBSG) of the Species Survival Commission (SSC)/ The World Conservation Union (IUCN). The CAMP Process brings together a broad spectrum of experts and stakeholders to: (a) evaluate the current status of populations and habitat in the wild; (b) evaluate the current status of populations in captivity; (c) assess degree of threat using IUCN Red List Criteria; (d) make recommendations for intensive management action; and (e) make recommendations for specific conservation-oriented research. CAMP workshop is an ideal methodology for involving national or regional specialists to assess the conservation status of a group of taxa, e.g. orchids, ferns, mammals, birds, algae, etc. Preparation for the CAMP workshop is extensive, involving identifying specialists on the group of taxa to be assessed, identifying the taxa to be assessed, and interacting with the specialists to expand and improve the lists. Descriptive CAMP material and a set of Biological Information Sheets (Appendix I) for species-specific questions are circulated to specialists. The Biological Information Sheet can be copied and filled out before the workshop or posted to the organisers if the specialist cannot attend. At the workshop, participants are divided into small to medium-size groups (6-12 persons) of either taxonomic group specialty or geographical area specialty. The groups are then provided the Taxon Data Sheets (Appendix II) on which they record information from (a) their discussion, (b) the Biological Information Sheets and (c) participating specialists. The Taxon Data Sheet consists of two parts, (a) the taxon information and (b) the management recommendations. All participants at the workshop correct and ratify their discussions and the data compiled in each Taxon Data Sheet during the final plenary session. After the workshop the editors/facilitators undertake a review of the information compiled at the workshop by posting a draft report to all participants for corrections, modification and for details not submitted at the workshop. The taxon assessments were based on the 1994 and 2000 IUCN Red List Criteria developed by the IUCN. The IUCN Red List Criteria have evolved over the last 30 years starting from a subjective perception in Red Data Books to the more sophisticated and objective Red Lists of today. The current categories and criteria ratified by the IUCN Committee in 1994 incorporates principles of population dynamics and conservation biology and is a product of nearly five years of revisions. The 1994 criteria is based on scientific rationale (principles of conservation biology) and has the advantages of being applicable to any taxonomic group, of being comparable across taxa and of transparency in its applicability. The 2000 IUCN Red List Criteria was ratified by the IUCN General Council in October 2000, which is a more developed version of the 1994 Criteria. In the Orchid CAMP workshop, the taxa were assessed using both the versions since information was available. Also, it was tried to test the applicability of the new version, which gave a positive. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 3 The 1994 and 2000 IUCN Red List Criteria were adopted as a tool to assess the endemic orchids of the Western Ghats. The IUCN criteria include categories that determine whether a taxon is threatened, non-threatened, extinct, poorly known or is not to be evaluated, based on the information available for assessment. Assessments at the workshop were made from information gathered from all the participating biologists, from their knowledge in the field, including unpublished information of range extensions, sightings, local threats, habitat changes, impact of changing ecology and other important information that does not normally get published but is available. Sources from literature are also sought in compiling this information, and museum records, if available, are included. After the initial compilation of data in a Taxon Data Sheet, the status is derived using qualifiers (or criteria) for the degrees of threat and the information is ratified after discussion at an open plenary in the workshop. The information in the Taxon Data Sheet is then typed up and a draft sent to all participants for further review, additions or minor modification of information. Of the endemic orchid taxa of the Western Ghats (125 taxa), 106 were assessed meticulously by the participants at the workshop, while the rest were assessed by a team of five individuals including all the editors of this report The decision to do so was widely accepted at the workshop by all the participants since not much information was available with the group. The status derived according to both the 1994 and 2000 Criteria indicated that more than 84.8% of the taxa are threatened in the Western Ghats. Four taxa are Data Deficient and three were Not Evaluated at the workshop. Figure 1a indicates the status of Western Ghats endemic orchids as assessed in the workshop and figure 1b that of the endemic orchids of Western Ghats extending to Eastern Ghats. Number of taxa Figure 1a. Status of Western Ghats endemic orchids according to the 1994 and 2000 IUCN Red List Criteria. 60 40 20 0 EX CR EN VU NT LC DD NE I U C N sta tu s 1 9 9 4 C rit e ria 2 0 0 0 C rit e ria Number of taxa Figure 1b. Status of orchids of Western Ghats extended to Eastern Ghats according to the 1994 and 2000 IUCN Red List Criteria. 15 10 5 0 EX CR EN VU NT LC DD NE IU C N s ta tu s 1 9 9 4 C rite ria 2 0 0 0 C rite ria As evidenced by the assessments, much of which was done with limited information, more studies are required to truly understand the status of the orchids in the wild, a situation that is common in floral and faunal research in South Asia. Even though most of the assessments are made with reasonable data, or inferences, it is clear that direct observations are lacking for many taxa. Monitoring of species is extremely rare, and in many cases only sporadic sightings or accidental observations are the sole indicators of a species’ existence in a habitat. Various recommendations, therefore were suggested as part of the management planning of this exercise, whereby surveys, monitoring, habitat management, genetic studies, taxonomic studies, limiting factor research, limiting factor management, life history studies, captive breeding and other basic research and management recommendations were made. It was also suggested that this exercise be carried out again in 3-5 years to determine the status of Western Ghats orchids after some more information is collected. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 4 CONSERVATION ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT PLAN WORKSHOP FOR ENDEMIC ORCHIDS OF THE WESTERN GHATS REPORT The Western Ghats is one of the well-known wildlife centres in India, for its many protected areas, wild locations and beautiful scenary. The Western Gh ats is also known as one of the richest areas in the world in terms of biodiversity, making it the one-among-25 Hotspots of the world (Mittermeier et al., 1998, 2000) along with Sri Lanka. Amongst the various components the biogeographical area can boast are hig h endemicity, taxonomic uniqueness, possibly yet-to-bediscovered flora and fauna, ca. 1,500 endemic angiosperm taxa (Nayar, 1996), 14 endemic mammals (Molur et al., 1998), ca. 100 endemic amphibia (Molur and Walker, 1998), ca. 100 endemic reptiles (Molur and Walker, 1998), 14 endemic birds (P.O. Nameer, pers. comm.), ca. 100 endemic freshwater fishes (Molur and Walker, 1998), ca. 25 endemic rattans (Renuka, 1992), innumerable invertebrates; the region is also known for its rich diversity of orchids. A total of 118 orchid taxa are found nowhere else in the world except the Western Ghats. The region also is home to about 190 taxa of orchids that occur in other parts of India and the world, making the total count of orchids around 310 in the Western Ghats. The number of endemic orchid taxa listed does not indicate the entire diversity since quite a few unidentified taxa still remain, some of which are in the process of being described. The list of endemic orchids is therefore incomplete. Taxonomic confusion is evident in orchids of the region, which can be seen by the various nomenclature adopted by different authors of Floras of regions. Taxonomic inconsistencies are more pronounced in the subspecies level, with lack of proper surveys and studies adding to the complexity. Though there are quite a few botanists who are familiar with orchids, genuine orchid specialists (taxonomists) are very few, making the task of proper identification a challenging one. However, for the purposes of understanding the status of orchids or any flora or fauna, a first step is required to identify the lacunae in research, methodology, identity, etc. A workshop to do that was organised in mid 2000. A Conservation Assessment and Management Plan workshop was planned in May of 2000 with the objective of assessing the conservation status of every described endemic orchid of the Western Ghats. The Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding (IFGTB), the Conservation Breeding Specialist Group, India, Zoo Outreach Organis ation (ZOO) and Wildlife Information Liaison Development (WILD) Society organised and hosted the five-day workshop at the IFGTB campus, Coimbatore from 15 to 19 May 2000. The workshop was attended by 38 botanists, ecologists and conservationists from southern India, at the end of which 126 species and subspecies (taxa) of endemic orchids were assessed according to the IUCN Red List Criteria of 1994 and 2000. Conservation research and management recommendations were also made taxa -wise after the assessments were completed. The workshop was facilitated and coordinated by the Conservation Breeding Specialist Group, India (CBSG India) and supported financially by the Paignton Zoological and Botanical Garden, Paignton, Devon, United Kingdom. The Indian Subcontinent Regional Orchid Specialist Group (ISROSG), SSC, IUCN, was represented by its Co-chair, Dr. C. Sathish Kumar, a well-known orchid biologist and taxonomist, at the workshop. The workshop was initially suggested by Dr. T. Ananda Rao of the Karnataka Centre for Advancement of Science, Bangalore. He was also instrumental in keeping the interest alive with the networking of orchid specialists he conducted under the auspices of the CBSG India Orchid Special Interest Group. Initial discussions with various potential participants and literature survey indicated the near impossibility of assessing all orchid taxa of the Western Ghats, since the numbers totalled 310. It was decided before the workshop that only endemic taxa would be assessed and the list was drawn up from Sathish Kumar’s list of orchids of the Western Ghats, plus the input from various participants at the workshop itself. In all, 102 endemic taxa were listed before the workshop and 16 more were added at the workshop. This Report represents the work generated at the workshop by orchid specialists, participants who are credited as authors of the Report, and at the end of every Taxon Data Sheet. The Editors of this report have compiled the information gathered at the workshop in a readable form. Mistakes in the report are due to oversight. The results in this report reflect the group process rather than information by any single individual. The Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Process Conservation Assessment and Management Plans (CAMPs) provide strategic guidance for assessing priorities for intensive management, within the context of the broader conservation needs of threatened taxa. The CAMP Workshop was designed and developed by the Conservation Breeding Specialist Group initially to assist zoos to prioritise species for conservation breeding. Over the years, as a result of the careful manner in which the workshops have been planned and conducted, and also modified to reflect evolving scientific methodologies related to requirements of the Convention on Biodiversity, CAMPs have been and are being increasingly used as a means of assisting the regional and national biodiversity planning process and for contributing far greater numbers of species to the Red List of Threatened Animals. Because of the importance of the tasks currently being undertaken with CAMP workshops, it is crucial that the methodology established by CBSG, which is continuously evolving and improving, be rigorously followed. CAMP workshops are intended to reflect the opinions and collect the knowledge of a wide variety of stakeholders while preserving scientific integrity and providing a uniform standard. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 7 The CAMP process brings together a broad spectrum of experts and stakeholders to: a. evaluate the current status of populations and habitats in the wild; b. evaluate the current status of populations in captivity; c. assess degree of threat using IUCN Red List criteria; d. make recommendations for intensive management action; and e. make recommendations for specific conservation-oriented research. The CAMP process workshop is intensive and interactive and facilitates objective and systematic prioritization of research and management actions needed for species conservation, both in situ and ex situ. Workshop participants assess the risks to a group of taxa and formulate recommendations for action using a Taxon Data Sheet. The Taxon Data Sheet serves as a compendium of the data on the status of population and its habitat in the wild as well as recommendations for intensive conservation action. They also provide documentation of reasoning behind recommendations, as well as details of other species-pertinent information. The CAMP process is one of prioritization, assembling 10 to 40 experts (e.g., wildlife managers, biologists, representatives of the academic community or private sector, researchers, government officials and captive managers) to evaluate threat status of all taxa in a broad taxonomic group (e.g., Orchids), geographical region or country (e.g., Western Ghats). Information gathering is focused on the most recent available data, estimates, informed guesses and identification of needed knowledge that allow: 1. assignment to IUCN Category of Threat; 2. broad-based management recommendations; 3. specific conservation-oriented research recommendations useful to generate the knowledge needed to develop more comprehensive management and recovery programs in situ and/or ex situ. The results of the initial CAMP workshops are reviewed: 1. by distribution of a preliminary draft to workshop participants who volunteer to serve as preliminary editors; 2. by distribution to all workshop participants. CAMP workshops are part of a continuing and evolving process of developing conservation and recovery plans for the taxa involved. The CAMP review process allows extraction of information from experts worldwide. Follow-up workshops will be required to consider particular issues in greater depth or on a regional basis or as the populations and habitat undergo the inevitable process of change. Follow-up is necessary to monitor the implementation and effectiveness of the recommendations resulting from the workshop also. The CAMP process is unique in its ability to prioritize intensive management action for species conservation in the wild and in captivity, if required. CAMP documents can be used as guidelines by national and regional wildlife agencies as well as regional captive breeding programs as they develop their own action plans. It is the intent that the CAMP process will ultimately contribute to the wise worldwide use of limited resources for species conservation. The IUCN Red List Criteria The CAMP workshop process employs the IUCN Red List Criteria as a tool in assessing species status in a group. The IUCN Red List Criteria were revised in 1994 and ratified by the IUCN for use in threat categorisation at the global level (IUCN, 1996). The structure of the categories includes extinct, threatened, non-threatened, data deficient and not evaluated divisions; the first three divisions are further split into subcategories (Figure 1). Since 1991, the old Red Data Book categories have undergone successive changes to accommodate general guidelines for across taxonomic groups. To make application of the Criteria more universal, numerical values were attached to the different criteria for threat categories. The 1994 version also includes a purely quantitative criterion, which involves computation of the probability of extinction (such as in a population viability analysis) over a time frame for a taxon. The 1994 version of the Red List threatened categories are derived through a set of 5 criteria based on which the threatened category is assigned. The term “threatened” according to the 1994 IUCN categories means Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable. The 5 criteria for threat categories (IUCN, 1994) are (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) Population reduction Restricted distribution Population restriction and fluctuation Restricted population Probability of extinction For a taxon to be categorised as threatened, it needs to qualify for any one of the above 5 criteria only. Not qualifying for any of the above criteria could mean that a taxon is either not threatened or is data deficient. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 8 With the popularisation of the 1994 IUCN Red List Criteria and its application around the world, a more serious look at the criteria was suggested by various specialists and taxonomic groups. The IUCN formed a Red List Review Committee to suggest changes to the 1994 Criteria and after nearly 2 years of workshops and deliberations, the 2000 IUCN Red List Criteria were drafted, which was finally accepted by the IUCN in Amman, Jordan in October 2000. Since the draft version of the guidelines were available during the Orchid CAMP workshop, it was decided to gather information for the revised criteria. Hence the assessments made at the workshop includes both 1994 and 2000 Red List Criteria. The changes in the 2000 Criteria can be refered in IUCN (2000) but the overall change in the structure of the Categories is shown in figure 2. The changes in the structure of the categories include the upragding of Lower Risk near threatened and least concern to fulfil categories Near Threatened and Least Concern. The subcategory of Lower Risk conservation dependant is removed completely from the new structure. Figure 1. The structure of the 1994 IUCN Categories Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 9 Figure 2. The structure of the 2000 IUCN Categories Results and Discussion The 2000 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species lists 23 orchid taxa from around the world, of which 20 are threatened (6 Critically Endangered, 11 Endangered and 3 Vulnerable). Three taxa are near threatened. The categorisation followed by the IUCN is based on the 1994 Red List Criteria. There is not a single Indian orchid mentioned in the list, even though the most popular of Western Ghats ground orchids, Paphiopedilum druryi, is one of the world’s most threatened orchids. The assessment made at this workshop and the results derived herein will provide the basis for inclusion of more than 80 endemic orchids of the Western Ghats to be categorised as threatened in the next iteration of the IUCN Global Red listing. The information gathered at the workshop made it possible for the orchid taxa to be assessed using the 1994 as well as the 2000 IUCN Red List Criteria, based on which Table 2 is listed. More than 80 taxa were assessed as threatened according to either criteria, with the 1994 listing showing 5 orchids more in a higher threat category than the 2000 listing. This is because 5 orchids were assessed as Vulnerable based on population reduction, which, according to the new 2000 criteria has higher threshold values and therefore do not include these taxa. Table 1a and 1b are a summary of orchids assessed at the workshop. The guidelines for applying IUCN Red List Criteria suggest the importance of data quality and uncertainty regarding information during assessment. The quality of data determines the quality of the assessment. The more research conducted on a species and its habitat, ecology, behaviour, population structure and dynamics, demography, threats etc., the better the assessment. Such studies have not been conducted consistently for many orchid taxa, but the Criteria have been established so as to permit inferences from some information for the species in the wild. The guidelines for applying the IUCN Criteria also support the validity of inference based on habitat, distribution, threats and indirect evidence but warns against making assessments for species that lack any information at all. The assessments for all orchids were made keeping in mind the level of confidence in the available information. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 10 Table 1a. Summary status of endemic orchids of the Western Ghats IUCN Category Extinct (EX) (1994, 2000) Critically Endangered (CR) (1994, 2000) Endangered (EN) (1994, 2000) Vulnerable (VU) (1994, 2000) Lower Risk near threatened (LRnt) (1994) / Near Threatened (NT)(2000) Lower Risk least concern (LRlc) (1994) / Least Concern (LC) (2000) Data Deficient (DD) (1994, 2000) Not Evaluated (NE) (1994, 2000) Orchid assessment according to 1994 Criteria 2000 Criteria 1 1 27 27 46 46 15 14 2 3 4 4 3 3 Table 1b. Summary: Status of endemic orchids of the Western Ghats extending to Eastern Ghats IUCN Category Extinct (EX) (1994, 2000) Critically Endangered (CR) (1994, 2000) Endangered (EN) (1994, 2000) Vulnerable (VU) (1994, 2000) Lower Risk near threatened (LRnt) (1994) / Near Threatened (NT)(2000) Lower Risk least concern (LRlc) (1994) / Least Concern (LC) (2000) Data Deficient (DD) (1994, 2000) Not Evaluated (NE) (1994, 2000) Orchid assessment according to 1994 Criteria 2000 Criteria 12 12 11 7 3 7 1 1 - The above table is a stark indicator of the level of threat faced by the endemic orchids of the Western Ghats. One endemic orchid is already thought to be Extinct. Botanical surveys over the years has not lead to the rediscovery of these taxa and hence the participants of the workshop were very sure of their status as completely extinct in the wild as well as in captivity (unfortunately, the taxa is not in cultivation). The reasons for 80% of the endemic orchids having been assessed as threatened are due to threats acting directly or indirectly on them affecting either the habitat or population. Only a very small proportion of the taxa is “relatively safe”, those that are classified under near threatened and least concern categories. However, the status of seven endemic orchids is not known because not much information is available or the taxa were not assessed at the workshop. The categories Data Deficient (DD) and Not Evaluated (NE) do not mean that the taxa are safe in the wild. In the case of DD, it simply means that there is not enough information to make an assessment, or, in the case of NE, the taxa were not assessed at all in the workshop. The results of near threatened should not be read as “safe”, rather the taxa are facing some threats whose continuation could eventually propell them into the threatened status of either Vulnerable (VU), Endangered (EN) or Critically Endangered (CR). Only one taxon, Eria polystachya is categorised as Least Concern, because of its ability to adjust to the rapidly changing environment. The list of endemic orchids of Western Ghats and their status can be refered from Table 2a. Table 2a. Checklist of endemic Western Ghats Orchids assessed at the workshop Scientific Name 1. Aenhenrya rotundifolia 2. Aerides crispa 3. Aerides maculosa 4. Brachycorythis splendida 5. Brachycorythis wightii 6. Bulbophyllum acutiflorum 7. Bulbophyllum albidum 8. Bulbophyllum aureum 9. Bulbophyllum elegantulum 10. Bulbophyllum fimbriatum 11. Bulbophyllum fuscopurpureum 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 IUCN EN EN VU VU EN EN CR CR CR CR EN EN EN EN EN EN CR CR EN EN EN EN Criteria B1+2c; D B1a+b(iii), 2a+b(iii); D B1+2abcde B2a+b(i,ii,iii,iv,v) B1+2bcde B2a+b(ii,iii,iv,v) B1+2abcde B2a+b(i,ii,iii,iv,v) B1+2ce B1a+b(iii,v), 2a+b(iii,v) B1+2abcde B1a+b(i,ii,iii,iv,v), 2a+b(i,ii,iii,iv,v) B1+2c B2a+b(iii,iv) B1+2c B1a+b(iii), 2a+b(iii, iv) B1+2c B2a+b(iii) B1+2c B2a+b(iii) B1+2bce B1a+b(ii,iii,v), 2a+b(ii,iii,v) Reason Restricted distribution and continuing decline; Very small population Restricted area and continuing decline Restricted area and continuing decline Restricted area and continuing decline Restricted distribution and continuing decline Restricted distribution and continuing decline Restricted area and continuing decline Restricted distribution and continuing decline Restricted area and continuing decline Restricted area and continuing decline Restricted distribution and continuing decline Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 11 Scientific Name 12. Bulbophyllum mysorense 13. Bulbophyllum proudlockii 14. Bulbophyllum silentvalliensis 15. Bulbophyllum tremulum 16. Cheirostylis seidenfadeniana 17. Chiloschista glandulosa 18. Chrysoglosum hallbergii 19. Coelogyne glandulosa var. bournei 20. Coelogyne glandulosa var. glandulosa 21. Coelogyne glandulosa var. sathyanarayanae 22. Coelogyne mossiae 23. Coelogyne nervosa 24. Dendrobium barbatulum 25. Dendrobium diodon ssp. kodayarensis 26. Dendrobium heyneanum 27. Dendrobium jerdonianum 28. Dendrobium ovatum 29. Diplocentrum congestum 30. Disperis neilgherrensis 31. Eria albiflora 32. Eria dalzellii 33. Eria exilis 34. Eria microchilos 35. Eria muscicola var. brevilinguis 36. Eria mysorensis 37. Eria pseudoclavicaulis 38. Eria tiagii 39. Eulophia cullenii 40. Eulophia pratensis 41. Gastrochilus flabelliformis 42. Habenaria barnesii 43. Habenaria cephalotes 44. Habenaria elliptica 45. Habenaria elwesii 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 IUCN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN CR CR EN EN NE NE CR CR EN EN CR CR EN EN EN EN VU VU CR CR EN EN EN EN VU VU EN EN EN EN VU VU LRNT NT VU VU VU VU DD DD EN EN VU VU VU VU CR CR LRnt NT EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN CR CR Criteria B1+2abcde B1a+b(i,ii,iii,iv,v), 2a+b(i,ii,iii,iv,v) B1+2bde B1a+b(ii,iv,v), 2a+b(ii,iv,v) D D B1+2de B1a+b(iv,v), 2a+b(iv,v) B1+2bcd B2a+b(ii,iii,iv) B1+2bcd B2a+b(ii,iii,iv) B1+2c B1a+b(iii), 2a+b(iii) B1+2cd B1a+b(iii,iv), 2a+b(iii,iv) B1+2c B1a+b(iii), 2a+b(iii) B1+2abce B1a+b(i,ii,iii,v), 2a+b(i,ii,iii,v) B1+2abcde B1a+b(i,ii,iii,iv,v), 2a+b(i,ii,iii,iv,v) A2ce; B1+2abcde B2a+b(i,ii,iii,iv,v) B1+2ce; C2b B1a+b(iii,v), 2a+b(iii,v); C2a(ii) B1+2ce B2a+b(iii,v) B1+2bcd B1a+b(ii,iii,iv), B2a+b(ii,iii,iv) B1+2abcde B2a+b(i,ii,iii,iv,v) B1+2bcd B1a+b(ii,iii,iv), B2a+b(ii,iii,iv) B1+2abcde; D B2a+b(I,ii,iii,iv,v); D B1+2abcde B1a+b(i,ii,iii,iv,v), 2a+b(i,ii,iii,iv,v) B1+2abcde; C1+2a B2a+b(i,ii,iii,iv,v); C1 A1c, B1+2bcd. B1a+b(ii,iii,iv), 2a+b(ii,iii,iv) B1+2bcde; D B2a+b(ii,iii,iv,v); D D2 D2 D2 D2 C2a C2a(i) B1+2bce; C2a B2a+b(ii,iii,v); C2a(i) B1+2b B1a+b(ii), 2a+b(ii) B1+2bc B1a+b(ii,iii), 2a+b(ii,iii) B1+2abcde. B2a+b(i,ii,iii,iv,v) B1+2bcd B2a+b(ii,iii,iv) Reason Restricted distribution and continuing decline Restricted distribution and continuing decline Very small population Restricted distribution and continuing decline Restricted area and continuing decline Restricted area and continuing decline Restricted distribution and continuing decline Restricted distribution and continuing decline Restricted distribution and continuing decline Restricted distribution and continuing decline Restricted distribution and continuing decline Population reduction; Restricted area and continuing decline Restricted distribution and continuing decline; Small population and continuing decline Restricted area and continuing decline Restricted distribution and continuing decline Restricted area and continuing decline Restricted distribution and continuing decline Restricted area and continuing decline; Very small population Restricted distribution and continuing decline Restricted area and continuing decline; Small population and continuing decline Population reduction; Restricted distribution and continuing decline Restricted area and continuing decline; Very small population Very restricted distribution Very restricted distribution Small population and continuing decline Restricted area and continuing decline; Small population and continuing decline Restricted distribution and continuing decline Restricted distribution and continuing decline Restricted area and continuing decline Restricted area and continuing decline Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 12 Scientific Name 46. Habenaria flabelliformis 47. Habenaria gibsonii var. foetida 48. Habenaria gibsonii var. foliosa 49. Habenaria gibsonii var. gibsonii 50. Habenaria pallideviridis 51. Habenaria panchganiensis 52. Habenaria periyarensis 53. Habenaria perrottetiana 54. Habenaria polyodon 55. Habenaria richardiana 56. Habenaria travancorica 57. Habenaria suaveolens 58. Hetaeria ovalifolia 59. Ipsea malabarica 60. Kingidium mysorense 61. Kingidium niveum 62. Liparis platyphylla 63. Luisia abrahamii 64. Luisia evangelinae 65. Luisia macrantha 66. Oberonia agastyamalayana 67. Oberonia anamalayana 68. Oberonia balakrishnanii 69. Oberonia brachyphylla 70. Oberonia chandrasekharanii 71. Oberonia josephii 72. Oberonia nayarii 73. Oberonia platycaulon 74. Oberonia sebastiana 75. Oberonia seidenfadeniana 76. Oberonia wightiana var. nilgirensis 77. Oberonia wynaadensis 78. Pachystoma hirsutum 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 IUCN CR CR CR CR VU VU CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR EN EN CR CR EN EN DD DD EN EN VU VU EN EN EN EN EN EN DD DD CR CR 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 EN EN EN EN CR CR EN EN CR CR EN EN 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 CR CR CR CR VU VU EN EN VU VU CR CR NE NE EN EN VU VU Criteria B1+2e; D B1a+b(v), 2a+b(v); D D D A1ce; B1+2ce B2a+b(iii,v) A2cd; C2a; D A3cd; C2a(i); D B1+2c; D B1a+b(iii), 2a+b(iii); D B1+2bcde B2a+b(ii,iii,iv,v) B1+2c; D B1a+b(iii), 2a+b(iii); D B1+2bcde B1a+b(ii,iii,iv,v) B1+2ce; C2 B1a+b(iii,v), 2a+b(iii,v) B1+2abc B1a+b(i,ii,iii), 2a+b(i,ii,iii) B1+2c B1a+b(iii), 2a+b(iii) D2 D2 B1+2b B1a+b(ii), 2a+b(ii) B1+2bcde; C2a B1a+b(ii,iii,iv,v), 2a+b(ii,iii,iv,v); C2a(1) D D B1+2ce; C2a; D B2a+b(iii,v); C2a(i); D B1+2bcde B1a+b(ii,iii,iv,v), 2a+b(ii,iii,iv,v) B1+2bcde B1a+b(ii,iii,iv,v), 2a+b(ii,iii,iv,v) D D B1+2c; D B1a+b(iii), 2a+b(iii); D B1+2c B1a+b(iii), 2a+b(iii) B1+2abcde+3c B1a+b(i,ii,iii,iv,v)+c(iii), 2a+b(i,ii,iii,iv,v)+c(iii) B1+2cd B2a+b(iii,iv) B1+2bc B1a+b(ii,iii), 2a+b(ii,iii) D2 D2 D D D2 D2 B1+2bc B2a+b(ii,iii) D D D2 D2 Reason Restricted distribution and continuing decline; Very small population Very small population Population reduction; Restricted area and continuing decline Population reduction; Small population and continuing decline; Very small population Restricted distribution and continuing decline; Very small population Restricted area and continuing decline Restricted distribution and continuing decline; Very small population Restricted range and continuing decline Restricted distribution and continuing decline; Small population and continuing decline Restricted distribution and continuing decline Restricted distribution and continuing decline Very restricted distribution Restricted distribution and continuing decline Restricted distribution and continuing decline; Small population and continuing decline Very small population Restricted area and continuing decline; Small population and continuing decline; Very small population Restricted distribution and continuing decline Restricted distribution and continuing decline Very small population Restricted distribution and continuing decline; Very small population Restricted distribution and continuing decline Restricted distribution, continuing decline and extreme fluctuation Restricted area and continuing decline Restricted distribution and continuing decline Very restricted distribution Very small population Very restricted distribution Restricted area and continuing decline Very small population Very restricted distribution Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 13 Scientific Name 79. Paphiopedilum druryi 80. Peristylus brachyphyllus 81. Peristylus lancifolius 82. Peristylus stocksii 83. Rhytionanthes nodosum 84. Rhytionanthos rheedei 85. Seidenfadeniella rosea 86. Seidenfia crenulata 87. Seidenfia intermedia 88. Seidenfia stocksii 89. Smithsonia maculata 90. Smithsonia straminea 91. Smithsonia viridiflora 92. Spiranthes sinensis var. wightiana 93. Taeniophyllum scaberulum 94. Thrixspermum musciflorum var. nilagiricum 95. Trias bonaccordensis 96. Trias stocksii 97. Vanda wightii 98. Xenikophyton smeeanum 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 IUCN CR CR DD DD EN EN EN EN EX EX EN EN EN EN CR CR EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN NE NE CR CR CR CR VU VU CR CR VU VU EN EN Criteria B1+2cde+3c B1a+b(iii,iv,v)+c(iii), 2a+b(iii,iv,v)+c(iii) B1+2bc B2a+b(iii) B1+2bcde B2a+b(ii,iii,iv,v) B1+2bcd B1a+b(ii,iii,iv), B2a+b(ii,iii,iv) B1+2c B2a+b(iii) B1+2c; D B2a+b(iii); D B1+2bc B2a+b(ii,iii) B1+2bcd; D B2a+b(ii,iii,iv); D B1+2c B1a+b(iii), 2a+b(iii) B1+2c B1a+b(iii), 2a+b(iii) B1+2c; D B1a+b(iii), 2a+b(iii); D D D D D D2 D2 B1+2bcde B2a+b(ii,iii,iv,v) D2 D2 B1+2bcde B1a+b(ii,iii,iv,v), 2a+b(ii,iii,iv,v) Reason Restricted distribution, continuing decline and extreme fluctuation Restricted area and continuing decline Restricted area and continuing decline Restricted distribution and continuing decline Restricted area and continuing decline Restricted area and continuing decline; Very small population Restricted area and continuing decline Restricted area and continuing decline; Very small population Restricted distribution and continuing decline Restricted distribution and continuing decline Restricted distribution and continuing decline; Very small population Very small population Very small population Very restricted distribution Restricted area and continuing decline Very restricted distribution Restricted distribution and continuing decline Table 2b. Checklist of endemic Western Ghats Orchids extending to Eastern Ghats assessed at the workshop Scientific Name 1. Anoectochilus elatus 2. Cirrhopetalum neilgherrense 3. Dendrobium anamalayanum 4. Dendrobium aqueum 5. Dendrobium microbulbon 6. Dendrobium nanum 7. Dendrobium wightii 8. Eria nana 9. Eria pauciflora 10. Eria polystachya 11. Flickingeria nodosa IUCN 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 EN EN VU VU EN EN VU NT EN Criteria B1+2abcde B1a+b(i,ii,iii,iv,v), 2a+b(i,ii,iii,iv,v) B1+2cd B2a+b(iii,iv) B1+2abce B2a+b(i,ii,iii,v) A1ac+2c B1+2abcde; C2a 2000 EN B2a+b(i,ii,iii,iv,v); C2a(i) 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 EN EN VU VU EN EN LRlc LC LRnt NT VU VU B1+2abcde B2a+b(i,ii,iii,iv,v) B1+2d B1a+b(iv), 2a+b(iv) B1+2bcde B2a+b(ii,iii,iv,v) B1+2bcde B1a+b(ii, iii, iv, v), 2a+b(ii, iii, iv, v) Reason Restricted distribution and continuing decline Restricted area and continuing decline Restricted area and continuing decline Population reduction Restricted area and continuing decline; Small population and continuing decline Restricted area and continuing decline Restricted distribution and continuing decline Restricted area and continuing decline Restricted distribution and continuing decline Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 14 12. Habenaria decipiens 13. Habenaria grandifloriformis 14. Habenaria heyneana 15. Habenaria longicorniculata 16. Habenaria longicornu 17. Habenaria multicaudata 18. Habenaria ovalifolia 19. Habenaria rariflora 20. Liparis biloba 21. Oberonia brunoniana 22. Oberonia proudlockii 23. Oberonia santapaui 24. Oberonia verticillata 25. Robiquetia josephiana 26. Schoenarchis jerdoniana 27. Vanila wightiana 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 EN EN VU VU LRnt NT LRnt NT EN EN VU VU VU NT VU NT EN EN VU NT EN EN VU VU EN EN VU B1+2bce B1a+b(ii,iii,iv), 2a+b(ii,iii,iv) A1ac, B1+2abcde B2a+b(i,ii,iii,iv,v) B1+2bcd; D B2a+b(ii,iii,iv); D A1c+2c; B1+2bcde A2c+3c; B1a+b(ii,iii,iv,v), 2a+b(ii,iii,iv,v) A1c+2c A1ac B1+2bcd B2a+b(ii,iii, iv) A1ac B1+2abcde+3c B2a+b(i,ii,iii,iv,v)+c(iii) C1 C1 B1+2bcd B2a+b(ii,iii,iv) B1+2be; C1 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 VU EN EN EN EN B1a+b(ii,v), 2a+b(ii,v); C1 B1+2bcd B1a+b(ii,iii,iv), B2a+b(ii,iii,iv) B1+2bcd B2a+b(ii,iii,iv) Restricted distribution and continuing decline Population decline; Restricted area and continuing decline Restricted area and continuing decline; Very small population Population reduction; Restricted distribution and continuing decline Population reduction Population reduction Restricted area and continuing decline Population reduction Restricted area, continuing decline and extreme fluctuation Small population and continuing decline Restricted area and continuing decline Restricted distribution and continuing decline; Small population and continuing decline Restricted distribution and continuing decline Restricted area and continuing decline The highly restricted nature of the Western Ghats endemic orchids is a major contributor to the threat status in the wild. According to the 1994 and 2000 Red List Criteria, factors in addition to restricted distribution of a taxon, such as severe fragmentation, limited locations and/or continuing decline in area, extent, quality of habitat, mature individuals, locations and/or extreme fluctuations in the above, can qualify a taxon as threatened. Hence, as seen in figure 3, 65 threatened orchids (74%) qualify for criterion B (for restricted distribution and fluctuation). A few (10 taxa, 11%) are affected by population declines and hence qualify for Criterion A (for population reduction), though the numbers differ with respect to 1994 and 2000 Red List Criteria (table 3). Information through extensive field surveys is available for some orchid taxa for which the number of mature individuals is estimated, making them threatened due to Criterion C (restricted population and fluctuation) (8 taxa, 9%) or Criterion D (restricted population) (21 taxa, 24%). Table 3. Threat assessments of endemic Western Ghats orchids based on (a) 1994 criteria and (b) 2000 criteria. Red list Criteria Western Ghat Endemic to Eastern Endemics and Western Ghats 1994 2000 1994 2000 A (Population reduction) 4 0 6 1 B (Restricted distribution and fluctuation) 70 70 18 18 C (Restricted population and fluctuation) 8 7 3 3 D (Restricted population) 27 28 1 1 The factors resulting in more than 80% of the endemic orchid taxa threatened in the wild are many. The most common of them are loss of habitat, human interference, biotic pressure and many other perceptible or subtle changes. Table 3 lists in brief the threats that affect orchid taxa in the Western Ghats. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 15 Table 4a. Threats to the habitat of orchids in wild Threat to habitat Habitat loss Trampling Human interference Decline of host species Damming Plantation Grazing Habitat fragmentation Road construction Fire Landslide Vandalism # taxa affected 87 22 43 13 5 11 24 26 6 15 11 4 Threat to habitat Harvest for timber Human activities Industrialisation Tourism Drought Forest degradation Developmental activities Tree felling Mining Habitat loss due to exotic animals Habitat loss due to exotic plants Others # taxa affected 5 6 2 15 5 9 6 21 2 2 6 5 Threat to population Reproductive problems Trade of parts Hybridization Interspecific competition Harvest Disease Others # taxa affected 6 3 10 2 6 1 6 Table 4b. Threats to the population of orchids in wild Threat to population Trade for market or medicine Damming Overexploitation Edaphic changes Harvest for medicine Pollution Propagation difficulties # taxa affected 6 7 7 9 4 6 7 The above table (3) shows clearly the number and diversity of threats to which the Western Ghats orchids are exposed. Though quite a few areas in which orchids are recorded fall under protected areas, the level of protection given does not necessarily relate to the protection of the taxa. For example, the threats outlined in the workshop indicate the status of the habitat over many years, which when compared across taxa, clearly shows a decline either in the area of habitat, extent of habitat or quality of habitat. The threats also directly or indirectly affect the population structure. Many studies are conducted in protected areas, where such a situation is prevalent. The status of orchids outside of protected areas can be inferred to be more threatened than those in protected areas, due to unhindered threat factors. Table 4 lists the threats affecting or afflicting orchids in the Western Ghats, either to the habitat or to the population. Habitat loss, a major threat is the most perceptible threat to orchids apart from fragmentation and human interference. Other threats such as those caused by biotic factors (trampling, grazing), by man-made fires and other kinds of human interference (plantations, firewood, minor forest produce collection) can cause either direct harm or change the quality of habitat available for the orchids. Felling of host trees is identified as one of the major threrats. Trade is not a major contributor to the threats orchids face in the wild. Only 7 taxa are in any form of trade, mainly in local trade. Due to the rarity of the taxa and the difficulty in finding them, trade seems to be highly restricted. Table 4a. Threats faced by endmeic orchids of the Western Ghats. Scientific names Threats to Habitat Threats to Population Aenhenrya rotundifolia Aerides crispa Trampling by wild ungulates, elephants Human activities, human interference, damming, vandalism Aerides maculosa Industrialisation, human interference, urbanisation, habitat loss, habitat fragmentation Demographic instability Trade for market or medicine, decline of host species, demographic instability Trade of parts, and overexploitation Brachycorythis splendida Habitat loss, grazing, human interference Eucalyptus plantations, Grazing Harvest for timber Habitat loss Human habitation, habitat loss Human interference, habitat loss Habitat destruction, human interference, habitat loss, harvest for timber, fire Habitat loss, plantations, habitat fragmentation Construction of roads, tourism and human interference, habitat fragmentation, fire, Brachycorythis wightii Bulbophyllum acutiflorum Bulbophyllum albidum Bulbophyllum aureum Bulbophyllum elegantulum Bulbophyllum fimbriatum Bulbophyllum fuscopurpureum Bulbophyllum mysorense Decline of host species Decline of host species Reproductive problems, decline of host species Edaphic changes, harvest for medicine, pollution Reproductive problems, propagation difficulties, decline in the host species Trade IUCN 1994 No EN Local trade of VU flowers IUCN 2000 EN VU Local, domestic, commercial, ornamental trade No EN EN CR CR No No No No No No CR EN EN EN CR EN CR EN EN EN CR EN No EN EN No EN EN Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 16 Scientific names Threats to Habitat Threats to Population Trade Bulbophyllum proudlockii Bulbophyllum silentvalliensis Bulbophyllum tremulum Habitat loss, human interference No change Vandalism, habitat loss, habitat fragmentation, human intereference Tourism activity, habitat loss Human interference, tourism, developmental activities Coffee plantations, habitat loss Unknown Cheirostylis seidenfadeniana Chiloschista glandulosa Chrysoglosum hallbergii Coelogyne glandulosa var. bournei Coelogyne glandulosa var. glandulosa Coelogyne glandulosa var. sathyanarayanae Coelogyne mossiae Coelogyne nervosa Dendrobium barbatulum Dendrobium diodon ssp. kodayarensis Dendrobium heyneanum Dendrobium jerdonianum Dendrobium ovatum No No No IUCN 1994 EN EN EN IUCN 2000 EN EN EN - No No CR EN CR EN - No CR CR Landslides, fire, habitat loss - No EN EN Plantations, habitat loss - No CR CR Plantations, habitat loss, habitat loss due to exotic plants, landslides Edaphic changes, harvest for medicine, trade for market or medicine, overexploitation Demographic instability No EN EN No EN EN Hybridization, harvest, pollution No VU VU Edaphic changes No CR CR Decline of host species No EN EN Harvest, demographic instability, trade of parts No Local, domestic, ornamental trade of flowers, scientific collections No No EN VU EN VU EN EN EN EN Habitat loss, plantations, habitat fragmentation, grazing, fire,drought Habitat loss, vandalism, human interference Decline in host species, habitat loss, habitat fragmentation Habitat loss, habitat loss due to exotic plants Human interference, habitat loss Habitat loss, Diplocentrum congestum Disperis neilgherrensis Habitat loss, human interference Habitat loss, grazing, deforestation, trampling, drought, landslides Edaphic changes, nutritional disorders, pesticides, propagation difficulties Eria albiflora Habitat loss, human interference, habitat fragmentation Landslides, habitat loss Loss of habitat, human interference, habitat fragmentation Habitat loss, human interference Unknown Habitat loss, human interference No change Stable Habitat loss, human interference, grazing, habitat fragmentation, trampling Habitat loss, human interference, habitat fragmentation, trampling, drought Habitat loss, habitat fragmentation, harvest for timber Habitat loss, fire Habitat loss, trampling Road construction, grazing, damming - No VU VU - No No LRNT VU NT VU Unknown No threat None Harvest for medicine, overexploitation No No No No No Local trade VU DD EN VU VU CR VU DD EN VU VU CR - Local trade LRNT NT - No EN EN - No No No EN EN EN EN EN EN Not known CR CR No CR CR Eria dalzellii Eria exilis Eria microchilos Eria muscicola var. brevilinguis Eria mysorensis Eria pseudoclavicaulis Eria tiagii Eulophia cullenii Eulophia pratensis Gastrochilus flabelliformis Habenaria barnesii Habenaria cephalotes Habenaria elliptica Habenaria elwesii Habenaria flabelliformis Habenaria gibsonii var. foetida Habenaria gibsonii var. foliosa Habitat loss, human interference, habitat fragmentation Stable Over exploitation and trade for market or medicine Harvest, Perennating tuberoids are eaten away by wild boars etc - Habitat loss, trampling No CR CR Habitat loss, trampling, habitat No VU NT fragmentation Habenaria gibsonii var. gibsonii Habitat loss, forest fires, grazing, Edaphic changes, overexploitation, Medicinal CR CR human interference, trampling, forest grazing, trade for market or medicine, trade, habitat fragmentationPlan Workshop reproductive propagation Conservation Assessmentfires, and Management Report problems, for endemic orchids ofscientific the Western Ghats 17 2001 Scientific names Habenaria pallideviridis Habenaria panchganiensis Habenaria periyarensis Habenaria perrottetiana Habenaria polyodon Habenaria richardiana Habenaria suaveolens Habenaria travancorica Hetaeria ovalifolia Ipsea malabarica Kingidium mysorense Kingidium niveum Liparis platyphylla Luisia abrahamii Luisia evangelinae Luisia macrantha Oberonia agastyamalayana Oberonia anamalayana Oberonia balakrishnanii Oberonia brachyphylla Oberonia chandrasekharanii Oberonia josephii Oberonia nayarii Oberonia platycaulon Oberonia sebastiana Oberonia seidenfadeniana Oberonia wightiana var. nilgirensis Oberonia wynaadensis Pachystoma hirsutum Paphiopedilum druryi Peristylus brachyphyllus Peristylus lancifolius Peristylus stocksii Rhytionanthes nodosum Rhytionanthos rheedei Seidenfadeniella rosea Seidenfia crenulata Threats to Habitat Threats to Population Trade fires, habitat fragmentation reproductive problems, propagation difficulties Grazing, habitat loss and trampling Interspecific competition Habitat loss Grazing, trampling, tourism, human interference, sustainable utilisation Habitat loss, grazing, trampling Habitat loss, human interference, grazing, trampling Habitat loss, grazing, human interference Tourism, habitat loss Urbanization, human interference, tourism, grazing, trampling Unknown Stable Invasion of trees, habitat loss, habitat fragmentation, fire, landslides, grazing Habitat loss, forest operations Stable Unknown Development, habitat loss, human interference Road construction, traffic, tourism, habitat loss Habitat loss, deforestation, fire Stable Habitat loss Human interference, tourism, developmental activities Habitat loss Human interference, developmental activities Human habitation, habitat loss Human interference, fire Forest degradation, tree felling, habitat loss, habitat fragmentation Stable Habitat loss, human activities No change No change Habitat loss, trampling, habitat fragmentation, drought, fire, landslides Unknown Habitat loss, grazing, trampling, habitat fragmentation Habitat loss, grazing, trampling, habitat Unknown Habitat loss, landslide, flood Habitat loss, developmental projects Human activities, tourism, developmental activities Habitat loss, trampling Human interference, habitat loss Human interference, habitat loss Habitat loss Human interference No change No change IUCN 1994 IUCN 2000 scientific collections No No CR CR CR CR - No No CR EN CR EN - No CR CR - No No CR EN CR EN Unknown None Fruit predation by insects, natural or man-induced threats None Unknown - Not known No No DD VU EN DD VU EN No No No No EN EN DD CR EN EN DD CR - No EN EN Decline of host species, Unknown Decline in host species, - No No No No CR CR EN CR CR CR EN CR Decline of host species - No No EN CR EN CR - No No No CR VU EN CR VU EN None None None Disease, edaphic changes, harvest, overexploitation, trade for market or medicine, reproductive problems, propagation difficulties No No VU CR VU CR EN VU CR EN VU CR Unknown - No No Domestic, commercial, international and ornamental trade, scientific collection, cultivation of hybrids No No DD EN DD EN Pollution Unknown No Local trade Unknown No No Not known EN EX EN EN CR EN EX EN EN CR Seidenfia intermedia No EN Seidenfia stocksii No EN Smithsonia maculata No EN Smithsonia straminea No EN Smithsonia viridiflora No EN Spiranthes sinensis var. wightiana Taeniophyllum scaberulum Unknown No CR Thrixspermum musciflorum var. Unknown No CR nilagiricum Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for endemic orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 EN EN EN EN EN CR CR 18 Scientific names nilagiricum Trias bonaccordensis Trias stocksii Vanda wightii Xenikophyton smeeanum Threats to Habitat Threats to Population Trade IUCN 1994 IUCN 2000 No change Habitat loss, plantation, road construction, human activities, habitat fragmentation, grazing Unknown Habitat loss, coffee plantation, habitat fragmentation Unknown Harvest No No VU CR VU CR Unknown Unknown No VU EN VU EN IUCN 2000 EN Table 4b. Threats faced by endmeic orchids of the Western Ghats extending to Eastern Ghats Scientific names Threats to Habitat Threats to Population Trade Anoectochilus elatus Habitat loss, industrialisation, construction of roads, grazing Habitat loss, human interference, developmental activities Habitat loss, plantations, human interference Habitat loss, timbering, vandalism, coffee plantations, harvest for timber, human interference Habitat loss, tourism, construction of roads, damming Habitat loss, felling of host trees, human interference Landslides Habitat loss, human inteference Habitat loss, habitat loss due to exotic plants Unknown Habitat loss, human interference, habitat fragmentation - No IUCN 1994 EN - No VU VU Demographic instability, decline of host species Decline of host species No EN EN No VU NT - No EN EN - No EN EN Demographic instability No No No VU EN LRLC VU EN LC Unknown Harvest for medicine, harvest for food, trade of parts, trade for market or medicine, over exploitation - No Local trade LRNT VU NT VU Local trade EN EN Edaphic changes, reproductive problems Not in trade VU VU Pollution Not in trade LRNT NT Research collection Not in trade LRNT NT Interspecific competition, reproductive problems Pollution No Not in trade EN VU EN VU Cirrhopetalum neilgherrense Dendrobium anamalayanum Dendrobium aqueum Dendrobium microbulbon Dendrobium nanum Dendrobium wightii Eria nana Eria pauciflora Eria polystachya Flickingeria nodosa Habenaria decipiens Habenaria grandifloriformis Habenaria heyneana Habenaria longicorniculata Habenaria longicornu Habenaria multicaudata Habenaria ovalifolia Habitat loss, habitat fragmentation, trampling, grazing, landslides, tourism, habitat disturbance Deterioration of habitat quality, urbanization, habitat loss, human interference, habitat fragmentation, trampling, grazing,habitat loss due to exotic plants, landslides Habitat loss, broad gauge operations, tourism, trampling, grazing, fire Habitat loss, grazing, habitat loss due to exotic plants, fire, removal as weeds, plantation with exotic species, cultivation Human interference, habitat loss Tourism, grazing, habitat loss, trampling Grazing, mining, habitat loss, tourism, No VU trampling, habitat loss due to exotic animals, iron mining Habenaria rariflora Habitat frragmentation, tourism, human Edaphic changes, pollution, No VU activities, plantations, trampling, habitat demographic instability fragmentation, habitat loss due to exotic animals, fire, habitat loss Liparis biloba Habitat loss, felling of host trees, No EN plantation of wattle, habitat loss due to exotic plants Oberonia brunoniana Habitat loss, denudation of forests, Edaphic changes No VU decrease in the shola forests, grazing, damming, harvest for timber, drought, fire, landslides Oberonia proudlockii Habitation, mining, deforestation, No EN habitat fragmentation Oberonia santapaui Human interference, habitat loss, No VU damming, construction of roads Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for endemic orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 NT NT EN NT EN VU 19 Scientific names Oberonia verticillata Robiquetia josephiana Schoenarchis jerdoniana Vanila wightiana Threats to Habitat damming, construction of roads Human interference, habitat loss, Habitat loss Felling trees, road expansion or other activities, habitat loss Habitat loss, human interference Threats to Population Trade IUCN 1994 IUCN 2000 - No No No EN VU EN EN VU EN - No EN EN Recommendations Status assessments of taxa make meaningful identification of priority areas for research, management and conservation. Management recommendations are made based on the status of the species and the degree of information provided. Recommendations for research, management, conservation breeding and for a species-specific focused analysis such as applying the Population and Habitat Viability Assessment are discussed. Research recommendations include survey, limiting factor research, genetic studies, taxonomic studies, life history studies, population and habitat viability and others. Management recommendations include monitoring, limiting factor management, habitat management, wild population management, captive breeding and others. Since many taxa are relatively unknown, including their biology and population dynamics, recommendations were made for research and management for most orchid taxa (Tables 5 and 6). Table 7 lists the individual recommendations for research and management for the endemic orchids of Western Ghats. Table 5. Research recommendations for Western Ghats endemic orchids (based on 1994 criteria) Category Survey Genetics Taxonomy EX CR EN VU LRnt LRlc DD 2 21 41 24 2 1 5 6 12 8 1 1 - 5 4 4 3 1 Life history studies 1 20 29 15 2 1 1 Limiting factor research 6 4 6 - PHVA Others 1 14 22 14 2 1 1 1 2 - Table 6. Management recommendations for Western Ghats endemic orchids (based on 1994 criteria) Category EX CR EN VU LRnt LRlc DD Cultivation/ breeding 18 30 13 3 1 1 Habitat management 14 11 11 1 - Monitoring 1 26 41 22 4 1 3 Limiting factor management 1 2 1 - Sustainable utilization 2 2 1 - Others 6 2 9 4 - Table 7. Specific research and management recommendations for endemic orchids of the Western Ghats Scientific names Aenhenrya rotundifolia Aerides crispa Research Genetic research, life history studies, PHVA Survey, life history studies, PHVA Aerides maculosa Survey, life history studies, genetic research, taxonomic research Life history studies, PHVA Life history studies, PHVA Brachycorythis splendida Brachycorythis wightii Bulbophyllum acutiflorum Bulbophyllum albidum Bulbophyllum aureum Bulbophyllum elegantulum Bulbophyllum fimbriatum Bulbophyllum fuscopurpureum Genetic research, life history studies, PHVA Survey, taxonomic research, life history studies, PHVA Survey, life history studies, PHVA Life history studies, PHVA pending Survey, life history studies and limiting factor research Survey, PHVA pending Management Cultivation/breeding Habitat management, monitoring, sustainable utilization, cultivation/breeding, public awareness, genome resource banking Monitoring, sustainable utilisation, cultivation/breeding Habitat management, monitoring Habitat management, monitoring, cultivation/breeding Cultivation/breeding Habitat management, monitoring, limiting factor management Monitoring Habitat management, monitoring and cultivation/breeding Habitat management, sustainable utilisation, cultivation/breeding and monitoring Cultivation/breeding Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for endemic orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 20 Scientific names Bulbophyllum mysorense Bulbophyllum proudlockii Bulbophyllum silentvalliensis Bulbophyllum tremulum Cheirostylis seidenfadeniana Chiloschista glandulosa Chrysoglosum hallbergii Coelogyne glandulosa var. bournei Coelogyne glandulosa var. glandulosa Coelogyne glandulosa var. sathyanarayanae Coelogyne mossiae Coelogyne nervosa Dendrobium barbatulum Dendrobium diodon ssp. kodayarensis Dendrobium heyneanum Dendrobium jerdonianum Dendrobium ovatum Diplocentrum congestum Disperis neilgherrensis Eria albiflora Eria dalzellii Eria exilis Eria microchilos Eria muscicola var. brevilinguis Eria mysorensis Eria pseudoclavicaulis Eria tiagii Eulophia cullenii Eulophia pratensis Gastrochilus flabelliformis Habenaria barnesii Habenaria caranjensis Habenaria cephalotes Habenaria elliptica Habenaria elwesii Habenaria flabelliformis Habenaria gibsonii var. foetida Research Life history studies Survey, genetic research, taxonomic research, PHVA pending Life history studies, PHVA pending Survey Life History studies, PHVA Survey Management Not recommended Habitat management, cultivation/breeding Survey, tax onomic research, genetic studies Genetic research Survey Not recommended Cultivation/breeding Monitoring, Cultivation Life history studies, genetic research, PHVA Genetic research, life history studies, PHVA pending Survey, genetic research, life history studies and PHVA Survey, life history studies, PHVA Genetic research, life history studies, PHVA Cultivation/breeding Cultivation/breeding Detailed Survey and pollination biology studies recommended Survey, genetic research, life history studies, PHVA Detailed reproductive biology study recommended Survey, life history studies, limiting factor research, PHVA Survey, life history studies, PHVA Survey, PHVA Survey, limiting factor research and PHVA Survey, genetic research, life history studies, PHVA Survey, life history studies, PHVA Survey and life history studies, Survey Survey Survey, limiting factor research, life history studies, PHVA Not recommended Survey, life history studies, PHVA Survey Survey Survey, life history studies Genetic research, life history studies Survey Life history studies, PHVA pending Survey, genetic research, taxonomic research Habenaria gibsonii var. foliosa Habenaria gibsonii var. gibsonii Survey, Genetic res earch, taxonomic research Habenaria pallideviridis Habenaria panchganiensis Survey, life history studies Survey, genetic research, life history studies, limiting factor research,PHVA pending Survey, limiting factor research, taxonomic research, life history studies Survey, life history studies, PHVA Habenaria periyarensis Habenaria perrottetiana Habenaria polyodon Habenaria richardiana Habenaria suaveolens Habenaria travancorica Hetaeria ovalifolia Survey, genetic research, limiting factor research, life history studies, PHVA Survey, life history studies, genetic research and PHVA pending Survey, limitng factor research, life history studies, PHVA Survey, life history studies Survey Survey, genetic research, life history studies, PHVA pending Monitoring, cultivation/breeding Not recommended Monitoring Monitoring Habitat management, monitoring, cultivation/breeding, genome resource banking Habitat management Habitat management, monitoring, cultivation/breeding Monitoring Habitat management, cultivation Habitat management, monitoring, limiting factor management, cultivation Habitat management, monitoring, genome resource banking and limiting factor management, cultivation Monitoring, habitat management, cultivation Habitat management, monitoring and cultivation Habitat management and monitoring Monitoring Monitoring and cultivation/breeding Monitoring Monitoring Habitat management, cultivation/breeding, sustainable utilisation Not recommended Habitat management and monitoring Monitoring, cultivation/breeding Not recommended Cultivation/breeding and monitoring Genome resource banking, cultivation/breeding Monitoring, cultivation/breeeding Monitoring, cultivation/breeding Habitat management, monitoring and genome resource banking Monitoring, genome resource banking Habitat management, sustainable utilisation, cultivation/breeding, wild population management, public awareness, genome resource banking, monitoring, limiting factor management Monitoring, cultivation/breeding Habitat management, wild population management, monitoring Monitoring, cultivation/breeding Monitoring, habitat management and cultivation/breeding Habitat management, wild population management, monitoring and cultivation/breeding Habitat management and monitoring, cultivation/breeding Monitoring Not recommended Habitat management, monitoring and cultivation/breeding Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for endemic orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 21 Scientific names Ipsea malabarica Kingidium mysorense Research PHVA pending Survey Survey, genetic research, life history studies Kingidium niveum Liparis platyphylla Luisia abrahamii Luisia evangelinae Luisia macrantha Nervilia hispida Oberonia agastyamalayana Oberonia anamalayana Oberonia balakrishnanii Oberonia brachyphylla Life history studies, PHVA Survey Life history studies, PHVA pending Survey Survey, life history studies Survey Survey, taxonomic research Survey Survey , life history studies Survey Oberonia chandrasekharanii Oberonia josephii Oberonia nayarii Oberonia platycaulon Oberonia sebastiana Oberonia seidenfadeniana Oberonia wightiana var. nilgirensis Oberonia wynaadensis Pachystoma hirsutum Paphiopedilum druryi Peristylus brachyphyllus Peristylus lancifolius Peristylus stocksii Rhytionanthes nodosum Rhytionanthos rheedei Seidenfadeniella rosea Seidenfia crenulata Seidenfia intermedia Seidenfia stocksii Smithsonia maculata Smithsonia straminea Smithsonia viridiflora Spiranthes sinensis var. wightiana Taeniophyllum scaberulum Survey Survey, life history studies Survey, life history studies, PHVA Survey Survey, Life history studies, PHVA pending Survey Survey, life history studies, PHVA Survey and life history studies Genetic research, life history studies, PHVA Survey and taxonomic research Survey, limiting factor research Survey Survey, life history studies, PHVA pending Survey Survey, PHVA pending Survey Survey, life history studies Survey Survey Survey Survey Thrixspermum musciflorum var. nilagiricum Trias bonaccordensis Trias stocksii Vanda wightii Xenikophyton smeeanum Survey, Life history studies, limiting factor research, PHVA pending, physiological (photosynthetic) studies Survey Survey, life history studies Taxonomic research, life history studies Survey Life history studies, PHVA Management cultivation/breeding Monitoring Habitat management, monitoring and cultivation/breeding Monitoring, genome resource banking Monitoring Monitoring, cultivation/breeding Monitoring Monitoring, cultivation/breeding, monitoring Not recommended Habitat management and monitoring Monitoring, cultivation/breeding Habitat management and monitoring Habitat management, monitoring and cultivation/breeding Monitoring Habitat management and monitoring Monitoring Monitoring Monitoring, cultivation/breeding Monitoring, cultivation/breeding Monitoring and cultivation/breeding Monitoring, cultivation/breeding Monitoring, Cultivation/breeding Monitoring, cultivation/breeding Monitoring, cultivation/breeding Monitoring Monitoring Monitoring Monitoring and cultivation/breeding Habitat management Monitoring and cultivation/breeding Monitoring Monitoring Monitoring Monitoring Monitoring and cultivation/breeding Monitoring, cultivation/breeding Monitoring, cultivation/breeding Monitoring, cultivation/breeding Not recommended Cultivation/breeding Orchids of Western Ghats extending to Eastern Ghats Anoectochilus elatus Cirrhopetalum neilgherrense Dendrobium anamalayanum Dendrobium aqueum Dendrobium microbulbon Dendrobium nanum Dendrobium wightii Eria nana Eria pauciflora Eria polystachya Flickingeria nodosa Habenaria decipiens Habenaria grandifloriformis Survey, genetic research, life history studies, PHVA Survey, taxonomic research Genetic research, PHVA pending Survey, genetic research, life history studies, PHVA pending Survey Survey, life history studies, PHVA Survey, life history studies, PHVA pending Life history studies and PHVA Survey, genetic research, life history studies, PHVA Genetic research, taxonomic research, life history studies, PHVA Survey, limiting factor research, PHVA Survey Life history studies, limiting factor research, taxonomic research, genetic research Cultivation/breeding Monitoring Cultivation/breeding Monitoring, cultivation/breeding Monitoring Habitat management, monitoring, cultivation/breeding Monitoring Cultivation/breeding Monitoring, cultivation/breeding Monitoring and cultivation/breeding Habitat management, monitoring, sustainable utilisation, cultivation/breeding Monitoring Wild population management and monitoring Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for endemic orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 22 Scientific names Habenaria heyneana Habenaria longicorniculata Habenaria longicornu Habenaria multicaudata Research Survey, life history studies, taxonomic research Taxonomic research Life history studies recommended Survey, genetic research, limiting factor research, PHVA pending Survey, life history studies, limiting factor research, PHVA pending Survey, taxonomic research, life history studies, limiting factor research Survey and limiting factor research Survey, life history studies, PHVA pending Survey, taxonomic research Survey Life history studies recommended Survey Survey Survey Habenaria ovalifolia Habenaria rariflora Liparis biloba Oberonia brunoniana Oberonia proudlockii Oberonia santapaui Oberonia verticillata Robiquetia josephiana Schoenarchis jerdoniana Vanila wightiana Management Monitoring, cultivation/breeding Wild population management, monitoring Monitoring Habitat management, wild population management, genome resource banking, cultivation/breeding Habitat management and monitoring Monitoring and habitat management Habitat management Monitoring Wild population management and monitoring Monitoring, cultivation/breeding Monitoring Monitoring, cultivation/breeding Monitoring Monitoring Cultivation or conservation breeding is one of the most important components of conservation, especially applicable to smaller organisms and those facing a high risk of extinction in the wild. Captive breeding as a conservation tool is particularly apt for smaller angiosperms, pteridophytes, bryophytes, and gymnosperms among others in the plant kingdom. Conservation breeding was recommended for 60 endemic orchids of the Western Ghats in the CAMP workshop. A common criteria was the degree of threat affecting the taxa and the objective for captive breeding such as for conservation, education, research or awareness building. As seen in table 8, conservation breeding was recommended for many taxa for very specific reasons and the level of importance for initiating this programme is also cited. In general, the participants at the workshop agreed that conservation breeding would be encouraged for taxa that were under threat since there is no concerted effort towards conservation breeding for species recovery. Apart from some taxa, which are bred in a few institutes and nurseries, for most of the others that were threatened, conservation breeding was recommended for initiation soon. In some cases, the taxa were recommended to be bred in captivity purely for the purposes of commerical sustainability. However, not much information is available on the techniques to breed many of the species of wild orchids in captivity or under cultivation, although the cultivation of hybrids is a well established commercial tool. Table 8 indicates the level of cultivation recommended and the level of understanding of techniques to breed orchids ex situ. Table 8. Captive breeding recommendation for Western Ghats endemic orchids Cultivation for Stocks at # in Species Scientific name Aenhenrya rotundifolia Research Aerides crispa Brachycorythis splendida Research, education, reintroduction, preservation of live genome, commercial/sustai nability Research, preservation of live genome, commercial/sustai nability - Brachycorythis wightii Research Bulbophyllum acutiflorum Research Aerides maculosa TBGRI, Thiruv ananthapuram and Gurukula Botanical Sanctuary, Wayanad Kaveri Nisargadhama, Kodagu, local green house, Goa Kaveri nisargadhama, kodagu, Karnatak university, Dharwar, Yercaud, Udhagamandalam Cultivated stocks exist at TBGRI, Palode and Gurukula Botanical Sanctuary, Wayanad TBGRI, Thiruvananthapuram and Gurukula Botanical Sanctuary, Wayanad Gurukula Botanical Sanctuary, Wayanad Recommend ation Propagation technique Not recommended Initiate cultivation programme within 3 years Not available with this group of compilers 17 Recommended Initiation of a cultivation programme within 3 years Some propagation technique known for the taxon 42 Recommended Initiate cultivation programme within 3 years Some propagation technique known for the taxon - Not recommended Initiate cultivation programme within 3 years Information not available 5-10 Not recommended Some propagation techniques known for similar taxa - Recommended Ongoing cultivation programme intensified or increased Initiate cultivation programme within cultivat ion - management Some propagation techniques known Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for endemic orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 23 Scientific name Cultivation for Stocks at # in cultivat ion Species management Recommend ation Propagation technique programme within 3 years - techniques known for similar taxa - Information on propagation techniques not available Some propagation techniques known for similar taxa Sanctuary, Wayanad Bulbophyllum albidum Bulbophyllum aureum Not recommended Not recommended Exist at TBGRI, Palode and Gurukula Botanical Sanctuary, Wayanad Do not exist - - Bulbophyllum elegantulum Research - Recommended Initiate cultivation programme within 3 years Bulbophyllum fimbriatum Research, preservation of live genome and reintroduction Reintroduction Department of Botany, Mysore University and Carmel College, Goa 5 at Mysore Not recommended Initiate cultivation programme after 3 years Do not exist - Recommended Bulbophyllum mysorense - 100 Not recommended Bulbophyllum proudlockii Research Cultivated stocks available at Cauvery Nisargadhama in Kushalnagar, Kodagu Do not exist Initiate cultivation programme within 3 years Initiate cultivation programme after 3 years - Not recommended Bulbophyllum silentvalliensis Research TBGRI, Palode and Gurukula Botanical Sanctuary, Wayanad <10 Not recommended Bulbophyllum tremulum - Do not exist - - Initiate cultivation programme within 3 years Ongoing cultivation programmeintensif ied or increased Not recommended Cheirostylis seidenfadeniana Chiloschista glandulosa Chrysoglosum hallbergii Coelogyne glandulosa var. bournei Coelogyne glandulosa var. glandulosa Coelogyne glandulosa var. sathyanarayanae Coelogyne mossiae - Cultivated stocks exist in TBGRI Do not exist - - - - Propagation techniques not known at all - - - - - Commercial/sustai nability Conservation Do not exist - - - - - - - - - Research The National Orchidarium, Yercaud - Recommended Initiate cultivation programme within 3 years Coelogyne nervosa Research Home gardens in Ooty 25 Recommended Dendrobium barbatulum Research Local green house 5 Recommended Dendrobium diodon ssp. kodayarensis - Do not exist - Recommended Dendrobium heyneanum Research No cultivated stocks - Not recommended Initiate cultivation programme within 3 years Initiate cultivation programme within 3 years Initiate cultivation programme within 3 years Initiate cultivation programme within 3 years Dendrobium jerdonianum - - - - Dendrobium ovatum Research Cultivated stocks exist at Gurukula Botanical Sanctuary, Wayanad Cauvery Nisargadhama orchidarium Information on propagation techniques not available Some propagation techniques known for similar taxa Some propagation techniques known for similar taxa Propagation techniques not known at all Some propagation techniques known for taxon or similar taxa - - Recommended Ongoing cultivation programme intensified or increased Bulbophyllum fuscopurpureum Not recommended Propagation techniques not known at all Some propagation techniques known for taxon or similar taxa Propagation techniques not known at all Some propagation techniques known for the taxa Some propagation techniques known for similar taxa Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for endemic orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 24 Scientific name Cultivation for Stocks at Diplocentrum congestum Disperis neilgherrensis Species recovery and preservation of live genome Eria albiflora - Cultivated stocksavailable at TBGRI, Thiruvananthapuram, Gurukula Botanical Sanctuary and home garden of T. Chhabra - Eria dalzellii Research Eria exilis Species recovery and preservation of live genome - Eria microchilos # in cultivat ion 10 Species management Recommend ation Propagation technique Not recommended Initiate cultivation programme within 3 years - - Not recommended Karnatak University, Dharwar and Gurukula Botanical Gardens, Wayanad Cultivated stocks are not availble 20 Not recommended Initiate cultivation programme within 3 years Initiate cultivation programme after 3 years Some propagation techniques known for similar taxa Some propagation techniques known for similar taxa - Recommended Cultivated stocks available at Kaveri Nisargadhama, Kushalnagar - 7 Not recommended Initiate cultivation programme after 3 years Initiate cultivation programme within 3 years Some propagation techniques known for similar taxa Some propagation techniques known for similar taxa - - - - Cultivated stocks are available at Kaveri Nisargadhama and Kudremukh National park orchidarium - not known Not recommended Initiate cultivation programme after 3 years Some propagation techniques known for similar taxa - - - - - - - - - Cultivated stocks are available at TBGRI – Thiruvananthapuram Cultivated stocks are available at TBGRI, Thiruvananthapuram 6 Recommended 10 Not recommended Initiate cultivation programme within 3 years Ongoing cultivation programme intensified or increased Ongoing cultivation programme intensified or increased Ongoing cultivation programme intensified or increased. Initiate cultivation programme after 3 years. Some propagation techniques known for similar taxa Some propagation techniques known for similar taxa Eria muscicola var. brevilinguis Eria mysorensis Not recommended Eria pseudoclavicaulis Eulophia cullenii No cultivated stocks available No cultivated stocks available Research Eulophia pratensis Gastrochilus flabelliformis Not recommended Research and species recovery Habenaria barnesii Research Do not exist - Recommended Habenaria cephalotes Research. Do not exist. - Not recommended. Habenaria elliptica Research. Do not exist. - Recommended. Habenaria elwesii - - - - Habenaria flabelliformis Research, species recovery, reintroduction, preservation of live genome Preservation of live genome Do not exist - Recommended Do not exist - Not recommended Eria tiagii Habenaria gibsonii var. foetida Research Intitiate cultivation programme for species recovery within 3 years Initiate cultivation programme within 3 years Initiate cultivation programme within 3 years Information not available with this group of compilers Information not available with this group of compilers. Some propagation techniques known for taxon or similar taxa. Techniques for cultivation not known at all Some propagation techniques known for taxon or similar taxa Some propagation techniques known for similar taxa Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for endemic orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 25 Scientific name Cultivation for Stocks at # in cultivat ion Species management Recommend ation Propagation technique Habenaria gibsonii var. foliosa - Do not exist - Not recommended. 3 years Initiate cultivation programme within 3 years. Habenaria gibsonii var. gibsonii Research, preservation of live genome and reintroduction - Cultivated stocks are available at Kudremukh National Park orchidarium - - Not recommended Initiate programme within 3 years - Recommended. Habenaria panchganiensis - Do not ex ist - - Initiate programme within 3 years. Initiate cultivation programme within 3 years Habenaria periyarensis - - Recommended Habenaria perrottetiana Research and preservation of live genome Research Do not exist - Not recommended Habenaria polyodon Research Do not exist - Not recommended Habenaria richardiana - - - - Habenaria suaveolens Habenaria travancorica Hetaeria ovalifolia Ipsea malabarica Not recommended Research and commercial/sustai nability Ca. 20 Not recommended Not recommended Kingidium mysorense Commercial/sustai nability Cultivated stocks are available at TBGRI – Thiruvananthapuram, Narayana Gurukula, Wayanad and National Orchidarium, Yercaud Do not exist for similar taxa Some propagation techniques known for taxon or similar taxa Some propagation techniques known for taxon or similar taxa Some propagation techniques known for similar taxa Some propagation techniques known for taxon or similar taxa Some propagation techniques known for similar taxa Propagation techniques not known at all Propagation techniques not known at all Some propagation techniques known for similar taxa. - - Recommended Initiate cultivation programme after 3 years Kingidium niveum Research and commercial/sustai nability Cultivated stocks are available at TBGRI – Thiruvananthapuram 3 Not recommended Liparis platyphylla None in cultivation - - - Luisia abrahamii Research, commercial/sustai nability and preservation of live genome Cultivated stocks are available at TBGRI – Thiruvananthapuram and National Orchidarium, Yercaud Ca. 5 - Cultivated stocks are available at local green house Cultivated stocks exist in department of Botany, Mysore Univesity and local green house, Goa - 2 Not recommended - Recommended Ongoing cultivation programme intensified or increased Not recommended for cultivation There is no coordinated species management programme for this species and one is not recommended Initiate cultivation programme after 3 years Initiate cultivation programme after 3 years - - Habenaria pallideviridis Luisia evangelinae Luisia macrantha Research Oberonia agastyamalayana - Initiate cultivation programme within 3 years Initiate cultivation programme within 3 years Initiate cultivation programme within 3 years Initiate cultivation programme within 3 years. Ongoing cultivation programme intensified or increased Initiate cultivation programme after 3 years Some propagation techniques known for taxon or similar taxa Some propagation techniques known for similar taxa Ongoing cultivation programme intensified or increased Some propagation techniques known for similar taxa Some propagation techniques known for similar taxa Some cultivation techniques known for taxon or similar taxa Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for endemic orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 26 Scientific name Cultivation for Stocks at # in cultivat ion Species management Recommend ation Oberonia anamalayana - - - - Initiate cultivation programme after 3 years Oberonia balakrishnanii Oberonia brachyphylla Not recommended Research - - - Initiate cultivation programme after 3 years Oberonia chandrasekharanii Oberonia josephii Oberonia nayarii Oberonia platycaulon Oberonia sebastiana Not recommended Cultivation/breedin g - Propagation technique taxa Some propagation techniques known for taxon or similar taxa Some propagation techniques known for similar taxa No cultivated stocks available Do not exist 20 Not recommended - - - - - - - - - - Initiate cultivation programme after 3 years Initiate cultivation programme within 3 years Initiate cultivation programme within 3 years Initiate cultivation programme within 3 years Initiate cultivation programme within 3 years Some propagation techniques known for similar taxa Some propagation techniques known for similar taxa Some propagation techniques known for similar taxa Some propagation techniques known for taxon or similar taxa Some propagation techniques known for similar taxa Some propagation techniques known for taxon - Some propagation techniques known for taxon or similar taxa - Oberonia seidenfadeniana - Cultivated stocks exist at Gurukula Botanical Sanctuary, Wayanad Do not exist Oberonia wightiana var. nilgirensis Oberonia wynaadensis - - - - Research Do not exist - Not recommended Pachystoma hirsutum Do not exist - Not recommended Paphiopedilum druryi Research and commercial/sustai nability Research Cultivated stocks are available at TBGRI, Thiruvananthapuram 3 Not recommended Peristylus brachyphyllus - - - - Initiate cultivation programme within 3 years Peristylus lancifolius - Do not exist - Not recommended Peristylus stocksii Research Do not exist - - Initiate cultivation programme after 3 years - Rhytionanthes nodosum Rhytionanthos rheedei - - - - Seidenfadeniella rosea Research and commercial/sustai nability Not known Not recommended Ongoing cultivation programme intensified or increased Propagation techniques not known at all Seidenfia crenulata - - - - - Seidenfia intermedia Research Cultivated stocks exist at TBGRI and Gurukula Botanical Sanctuary, Wayanad Cultivated stocks are available at National Orchidarium Yercaud [BSI] and Gurukula Botanical Sanctuary, Wayanad Cultivated stocks exist at Gurukula Botanical Sanctuary, Wayanad. Do not exist - Not recommended Information not available with this groupof compilers Seidenfia stocksii - Cultivated stocks exist at Gurukula Botanical Sanctuary, Wayanad - - Ongoing cultivation programme intensified or increased - - - - Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for endemic orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 27 Scientific name Cultivation for Smithsonia maculata Smithsonia straminea Smithsonia viridiflora Not recommended Not recommended - Spiranthes sinensis var. wightiana Taeniophyllum scaberulum - Stocks at Sanctuary, Wayanad Cultivated stocks exist at Gurukula Botanical Sanctuary and TBGRI, Palode - # in cultivat ion Species management Recommend ation Propagation technique - - - - - - - - Research, species recovery and preservation of live genome - Do not exist - Not recommended Initiate cultivation programme within 3 years Propagation techniques not known at all Do not exist - Not recommended Initiate cultivation programme within 3 years Trias bonaccordensis Research and reintroduction - - Not recommended - Trias stocksii Research <10 Not recommended - Vanda wightii Xenikophyton smeeanum Not recommended Research National Orchidarium Yercaud, Kaveri Nisargadhama, Kodagu and Carmel College, Goa Do not exist Information on propagation techniques not available with this group of compilers Propagation techniques not known at all - - Recommended Initiate cultivation programme within 3 years Information on propagation techniques not available with this group of compilers Cultivated stocks exist at TBGRI, Palode and Gurukula Botanical Sanctuary, Wayanad - - Not recommended Initiate programme within 3 years - Not recommended Initiate within 3 years Do not exist - Recommended Initiate cultivation programme within 3 years Cultivated stocks are available at local green House. Do not exist 6 Recommended - Not recommended Cultivated stocks available at TBGRI, Thiruvananthapuram and Narayana Gurukulam, Wayanad Cultivated stocks available at TBGRI, Thiruvananthapuram 12 Not recommended 20 Not recommended Cultivated stocks are available at home garden Do not exist 10 Not recommended - Not recommended Initiate cultivation programme within 3 years Initiate programme after 3 years Ongoing cultivation programme intensified or increased Ongoing cultivation programme intensified or increased Initiate cultivation programme within 3 years Initiate cultivation programme within 3 years Some propagation techniques is known for similar taxa Some propagation techniques is known for similar taxa. Some propagation techniques known for taxon or similar taxa. Some propagation techniques known for similar taxa. Some propagation techniques known for similar taxa. Some propagation techniques known for similar taxa. Thrixspermum musciflorum var. nilagiricum Orchids of Western Ghats extending to Eastern Ghats Anoectochilus elatus Research Cirrhopetalum neilgherrense Research Dendrobium anamalayanum Dendrobium aqueum Cultivation is recommended for commercial/sustai nability Research Dendrobium microbulbon - Dendrobium nanum Research Dendrobium wightii Research Eria nana Research Eria pauciflora Research Some propagation techniques known for similar taxa. Some propagation techniques known for similar taxa. Information not available with this group of compilers. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for endemic orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 28 Scientific name Cultivation for Stocks at # in cultivat ion Species management Recommend ation Eria polystachya Research Cultivated stocks are available at Gurukula Botanical Sanctuary - Not recommended Initiate cultivation programme within 3 years Flickingeria nodosa Commercial/sustai nability - Not recommended Initiate cultivation programme after three years Habenaria decipiens Research Culivated stocks of >100 plants exist at TBGRI, Palode, Gurukula Botanical Sanctuary, Wayanad and Kaveri Nisargadhama, Kodagu - - - - Habenaria grandifloriformis - Do not exist - - Habenaria heyneana Research Do not exist - Not recommended Habenaria longicorniculata - - - Not recommended Habenaria longicornu - - - Do not exist - Recommended Initiate cultivation programme within 3 years Habenaria ovalifolia Cultivated stocks exist at Gurukula Botanical Sanctuary, Wayanad Preservation of live genome, commercial/sustai nability - Initiate cultivation programme after 3 years Initiate cultivationprogram me after 3 years. Some propagation techniques known for taxon or similar taxa Initiate cultivation programme after 3 years - Do not exist - Not recommended Habenaria rariflora - Do not exist - Not recommended Initiate cultivation programme after 3 years Initiate cultivation programme within 3 years Liparis biloba - Not known - Initiate cultivation programme after 3 years Oberonia brunoniana - 10 Not recommended - Oberonia proudlockii Research 10 Not recommended - Oberonia santapaui - Cultivated stocks available at National Orchidarium, BSI, Yercaud Cultivated stocks available at Kaveri Nisargadhama Cultivated stocks are available at National Orchidarium, Yercaud Do not exist - Not recommended Initiate cultivation programme within 3 years Oberonia verticillata Robiquetia josephiana None - Do not exist - Not recommended Initiate cultivation programme within 3 years Habenaria multicaudata Propagation technique compilers. Information not available with this group of compilers. Some techniques known for taxon. Some propagation techniques known for taxon or similar taxa. Some propagation techniques known for similar taxa - Some techniques known for the taxon. - Some propagation techniques known fortaxon or similar taxa. Some propagation techniques known for similar taxa Some propagation techniques known for taxon or similar taxa. Some propagation techniques known for similar taxa. Information not available with this group of compilers Some propagation techniques known for similar taxa Information not available with this group of compilers. Information on propagation techniques not available with this group of compilers. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for endemic orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 29 Scientific name Cultivation for Stocks at Schoenarchis jerdoniana - Vanila wightiana - Cultivated stocks exist at TBGRI and Gurukula Botanical Sanctuary, Wayanad Cultivated stocks exist at TBGRI, Palode and Gurukula Botanical Sanctuary, Wayanad # in cultivat ion - Species management Recommend ation Propagation technique - - - - - - - Data quality Data quality is a vital criterion while making any conservation assessment. The type of information available while making an assessment determines quality of data. For example, an assessment based on census over years can give an accurate measure of the status of a taxon with respect to its population trends. Direct observations and general field studies make possible a reasonable assessment of the habitat of a taxon based on which its assessment can be made. Indirect evidence such as from trade and field inferences of a taxon can provide valuable information with respect to its population status in the wild. Literature, herbarium and museum records can provide valuable evidence of a taxon’s past distribution and therefore a comparative assessment of its present status. Finally, hearsay can provide an insight into what may be popular beliefs as to the status of a given taxon. The order of these different valuators in data quality indicates the degree of confidence in the data while making assessments. The most reliable data quality, namely, census and direct observation over the years is available for a very few taxa across different taxo nomic groups, mainly in larger angiosperms, but not for the numerous smaller ones. In this workshop, only 3 orchid taxa were assessed based on census and monitoring information. Many taxa were evaluated using information from general field studies, which indicates fairly high confidence in the assessments. Many taxa known only from their type locations or single studies were assessed based either on indirect information or on literature/herbarium records. The flexibility allowed in applying the IUCN Criteria using inference based on other factors such as comparative habitat status permits such assessments to be considered. Figure 4 indicates the kind of data quality taken into consideration while assessing the endemic orchids of the Western Ghats. Many taxa were evaluated with more than one type of information, for example, with general field studies and literature. No assessment was based only on hearsay/popular belief. Figure 4. Data quality used in assessing endemic orchids of the Western Ghats Literature/ herbarium Census/ monitoring Field studies Informal Indirect sightings information Uncertainty The issue of uncertainty is certainly a main factor while assessing the status of any taxon in the wild. While there may be uncertainties connected with the way in which the IUCN Red List Criteria are interpreted, there is definitely uncertainty in assimilating the information provided by the participants at the workshop. Because of the lack of consistent field work and consistent methodologies, population trends and structure cannot be easily deduced in various areas. Important functions such as density or abundance per square unit is also difficult to standardize given the differences in the methodologies used. The effects of threats acting on a taxon at any one given area may vary considerably in another area making comparisons more difficult. These uncertainties were evident at the orchid workshop. The assessment derived with the consensus of the participants at the workshop included various degrees of uncertainty ranging from 95% confidence to subjective and hypothetical values. Inferences were made in almost all the cases and values such as geographical area of distribution and population numbers were estimated using either a range of opinion or minimum/maximum values depending on the sensitivity of the assessment. A common feature of all assessments was the consensus established in assessing the status of the taxa. Many assessments were based on evidence at areas of study only. In other areas with no study the habitat features and activities were taken into account and the population Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for endemic orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 30 characteristic inferred thereby making the assessment precautionary in some cases. The uncertainties are recorded in every Taxon Data Sheet. Conclusion A total of 106 endemic orchid taxa of the Western Ghats including 97 species, 1 subspecies and 6 varieties were assessed. Eleven endemic orchids (including 2 varieties) were not assessed at the workshop although they are listed in the tables. They were Not Evaluated. The orchids were assessed according to both the 1994 and 2000 IUCN Red List Criteria. They were assessed at the global level since only endemics were chosen for assessment. The distribution of endemic orchids across the 5 states of southern India is indicated in table 9. Table 9. Presence/absence of Western Ghats endemic orchids and orchids extending to Eastern Ghats in five southern Indian states. Scierntific name GU MAH GOA KAR KER TN + + - DAD & NAG + - Aenhenrya rotundifolia (Blatter) Sathish & F. Rasm., 1997 Aerides crispa Lindley 1833 Aerides maculosa Lindley 1845 Brachycorythis splendida Summerh., 1955 Brachycorythis wightii Summerh., 1955 Bulbophyllum acutiflorum A. Rich., 1841 Bulbophyllum albidum (Wight) Hook. f., 1890 Bulbophyllum aureum (Hook. f.) J.J. Smith, 1912 Bulbophyllum elegantulum (Rolfe) J.J. Smith, 1912 Bulbophyllum fimbriatum (Lindley) Reichb. f., 1861 Bulbophyllum fuscopurpureum Wight, 1851 Bulbophyllum mysorense (Rolfe) J.J. Smith, 1912 Bulbophyllum proudlockii (King & Pantl.) J.J. Smith, 1912 Bulbophyllum silentvalliensis Sharma & Srivatsava, 1993 Bulbophyllum tremulum Wight, 1851 Cheirostylis seidenfadeniana Sathish & F. Rasm., 1987 Chiloschista glandulosa Blatter & McCann, 1932 Chrysoglosum hallbergii Blatter, 1928 Coelogyne glandulosa Lindley var. bournei S.J. Das & Jain, 1978 Coelogyne glandulosa Lindley var. glandulosa 1854 Coelogyne glandulosa Lindley var. sathyanarayanae S.J. Das & Jain, 1978 Coelogyne mossiae Rolfe, 1894 Coelogyne nervosa A. Rich., 1841 Dendrobium barbatulum Lindley, 1830 Dendrobium diodon Reichb. f. ssp. kodayarensis Gopalan & A.N. Henry, 1988 Dendrobium heyneanum Lindley, 1830 Dendrobium jerdonianum Wight, 1851 Dendrobium ovatum (L.) Kranzlin, 1910 Diplocentrum congestum Wight, 1851 Disperis neilgherrensis Wight, 1851 Eria albiflora Rolfe, 1893 Eria dalzellii (Hook.) Lindley, 1858 Eria exilis Hook. f., 1890 Eria microchilos (Dalz.) Lindley, 1858 Eria muscicola (Lindley) Lindley var. brevilinguis Joseph & Chandras., 1973 (1976) Eria mysorensis Lindley, 1858 Eria pseudoclavicaulis Blatter, 1928 Eria tiagii Manilal et al., 1984. Eulophia cullenii (Wight) Blume, 1858 Eulophia pratensis Lindley, 1858 Gastrochilus flabelliformis (Blatter & McCann) Saldanha, C.J., 1976 Habenaria barnesii Summerh., ex Fischer, 1936 Habenaria cephalotes Lindey, 1835 Habenaria elliptica Wight, 1851 Habenaria elwesii Hook. f., 1896 Habenaria flabelliformis Summerh. ex Fischer 1936. Habenaria gibsonii Hook. f. var. foetida Blatter & McCann, 1932 + + + - + + - + + + + + + + + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - + - + - + + - + + + + + + + - + - + + + - + + + - + + + + + + + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + - - + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for endemic orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 31 Scierntific name GU MAH GOA KAR KER TN - DAD & NAG - Habenaria gibsonii Hook. f. var. foliosa (A. Rich.) Santapau & Kapadia, 1959 Habenaria gibsonii Hook. f., var. gibsonii 1890 Habenaria pallideviridis Seidenf., 1993 Habenaria panchganiensis Santapau & Kapadia, 1957 Habenaria periyarensis Sasidharan et al., 1998 Habenaria perrottetiana A. Rich., 1841 Habenaria polyodon Hook. f., 1890 Habenaria richardiana Wight, 1851 Habenaria suaveolens Dalz., 1850 Habenaria travancorica Hook. f. 1890. Hetaeria ovalifolia (Wight) Benth., 1883 Ipsea malabarica (Reichb. f.) Hook. f., 1890. Kingidium mysorense (Saldanha, C.J.) Sathish, 1994 Kingidium niveum Sathish, 1994 Liparis platyphylla Ridley, 1886 Luisia abrahamii Vatsala, 1981 Luisia evangelinae Blatter & McCann, 1932 Luisia macrantha Blatter & McCann, 1932 Oberonia agastyamalayana Sathish, 1994 Oberonia anamalayana Joseph, 1963 Oberonia balakrishnanii R. Ansari, 1990 Oberonia brachyphylla Blatter & McCann, 1931 Oberonia chandrasekharanii V.J. Nair et al., 1983 Oberonia josephii Saldanha, C.J., 1974 Oberonia nayarii R. Ansari & Balakr., 1990 Oberonia platycaulon Wight, 1851 Oberonia sebastiana Shetty & Vivek., 1975 (1978) Oberonia seidenfadeniana Joseph & Vajravelu, 1971 (1974) Oberonia wightiana Lindley var. nilgirensis R. Ansari, 1982. Oberonia wynaadensis Sivadasan & R.T. Balakr., 1989 Pachystoma hirsutum (Joseph & Vajravelu) Sathish & Manilal, 1987 Paphiopedilum druryi (Beddome) Stein, 1892 Peristylus brachyphyllus A. Rich., 1841 Peristylus lancifolius A. Rich., 1841 Peristylus stocksii (Hook. f.) Kranzlin, 1898 Rhytionanthes nodosum (Rolfe) Garay et al., 1994 Rhytionanthos rheedei (Manilal & Sathish) Garay et al., 1994 Seidenfadeniella rosea (Wight) Sathish, 1994 Seidenfia crenulata (Ridley) Szlachetko, 1995 Seidenfia intermedia (A.Rich.) Szlach., 1995 Seidenfia stocksii (Hook. f.) Szlach., 1995 Smithsonia maculata (Dalz.) Saldanha, C.J., 1974 Smithsonia straminea Saldanha, C.J., 1974 Smithsonia viridiflora (Dalz.) Saldanha, C.J., 1974 Spiranthes sinensis (Pers.) Ames var. wightiana Lindley Taeniophyllum scaberulum Hook. f., 1890 Thrixspermum musciflorum A.S. Rao & Joseph var. nilagiricum Joseph & Vajravelu,1981 Trias bonaccordensis Sathish, 1989 Trias stocksii Benth. ex Hook. f., 1890 Vanda wightii Reichb. f., 1861 Xenikophyton smeeanum (Reichb. f.) Garay, 1974 + - + + + + - - + + + + + - + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +? + + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - + - - + + + + + + + + + + - - + + + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Orchids of Western Ghats extending to Eastern Ghats Anoectochilus elatus Lindley, 1857 Cirrhopetalum neilgherrense Wight, 1851 Dendrobium anamalayanum Chandrab. et al., 1981 Dendrobium aqueum Lindley, 1843 Dendrobium microbulbon A. Rich., 1841 Dendrobium nanum Hook. f., 1889 Dendrobium wightii Hawkes & Heller, 1962 Eria nana A. Rich., 1841 Eria pauciflora Wight, 1851 Eria polystachya A. Rich., 1841 Flickingeria nodosa (Dalz.) Seidenf., 1980 Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for endemic orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 32 Scierntific name GU Habenaria decipiens Wight, 1844-1845 Habenaria grandifloriformis Blatter & McCann, 1932 Habenaria heyneana Lindley, 1835 Habenaria longicorniculata Graham, 1839 Habenaria longicornu Lindley, 1835 Habenaria multicaudata Sedgw., 1919 Habenaria ovalifolia Wight, 1851 Habenaria rariflora A. Rich., 1841 Liparis biloba Wight, 1851 Oberonia brunoniana Wight, 1851 Oberonia proudlockii King & Pantl., 1897 Oberonia santapaui Kapadia, 1960 Oberonia verticillata Wight, 1851 Robiquetia josephiana Manilal & Sathish, 1984 Schoenorchis jerdoniana (Wight) Garay, 1972 Vanilla wightiana Lindley ex Hook. f., 1890 + - DAD & NAG + - MAH GOA KAR KER TN + + + + + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - Orchids not endemic to the Western Ghats were not assessed at the workshop. However, there were a few orchids whose distribution is not strictly confined to the Western Ghats boundaries defined by scientists. Some predominantly Western Ghats orchid taxa have a portion of their dis tribution occurring in the adjoining areas such as Kolli Hills and Yercaud Hills of Salem, which belong to the Eastern Ghats. Since these hill-chains are close to the Western Ghats and some elements distributed commonly amongst these hills of the Eastern Ghats and the Western Ghats, it was felt that the orchid taxa occurring in the Western Ghats and these hills would be taken as part of the Western Ghats endemics. Table 10 lists the taxa that are found in the Western Ghats and the adjoining Eastern Ghats hills that are considered endemic and assessed at the workshop. The decision to include these under Western Ghats endemics was made unanimously by all the participants at the CAMP workshop. Table 10. Orchids occurring in the adjoining hills of the Eastern Ghats Anoectochilus elatus Lindley, 1857 Cirrhopetalum neilgherrense Wight, 1851 Dendrobium anamalayanum Chandrab. et al., 1981 Dendrobium aqueum Lindley, 1843 Dendrobium microbulbon A. Rich., 1841 Dendrobium nanum Hook. f., 1889 Dendrobium wightii Hawkes & Heller, 1962 Eria nana A. Rich., 1841 Eria pauciflora Wight, 1851 Eria polystachya A. Rich., 1841 Flickingeria nodosa (Dalz.) Seidenf., 1980 Habenaria decipiens Wight, 1844-1845 Habenaria grandifloriformis Blatter & McCann, 1932 Habenaria heyneana Lindley, 1835 Habenaria longicorniculata Graham, 1839 Habenaria longicornu Lindley, 1835 Habenaria multicaudata Sedgw., 1919 Habenaria ovalifolia Wight, 1851 Habenaria rariflora A. Rich., 1841 Liparis biloba Wight, 1851 Oberonia brunoniana Wight, 1851 Oberonia proudlockii King & Pantl., 1897 Oberonia santapaui Kapadia, 1960 Oberonia verticillata Wight, 1851 Robiquetia josephiana Manilal & Sathish, 1984 Schoenorchis jerdoniana (Wight) Garay, 1972 Vanilla wightiana Lindley ex Hook. f., 1890 This exercise is only an initial step to understanding the current status of endemic orchids of the Western Ghats with available information. This is not a final assessment, or verdict but a guideline leading to management options and review. The assessments are based on the best information available at this point of time, and reassessments are encouraged as and when further data becomes available. What is to be understood, however, is that the dangers to the taxa are in plenty, and appropriate actions to mitigate the extinction process are required at the right time. A look at the following figures indicates the urgency with which pro-active conservation actions are required. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for endemic orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 33 ENDANGERED Scientific name (author; date): Synonyms: Aenhenrya rotundifolia (Blatter) Sathish & F. Rasm., 1997 Habit: Habitat: Niche/elevation: Terrestrial herb Evergreen and shola forests. Forest floor, often found in association with Paphiopedilum druryi. 1000-1700 m. Distribution Historical Distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of Occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of Occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/Locations: Habitat status: Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Population Numbers/Generation time/trend: Population trend: Odontochilus rotundifolius Blatter, 1928 Anoectochilus rotundifolius (Blatter) Balakr., 1966 Aenhenrya agastyamalayana Gopalan, 1994 (1993) India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Kerala & Tamil Nadu) High Wavy Mountains [Blatter, 1928]. Tirunelveli, Kattabomman Distrct, Poonkulam, Agastyamala hills, Pandavapura foothills, Ashamba hills north of Tirukurungudi. Trivandrum distruct, south west side of Agstyamala, Idukki district, Periyar Tiger Reserve, Vellimala [Sathish Kumar, 1997]. Tamil Nadu: Agastyamalai in Tirunelveli District, [R. Gopalan, 1988-90]. High Wavy Mountains [C. Sathish Kumar, 1990 onwards]. Kerala: Vellimalai, Periyar Tiger Reserve in Idukki District [C. Sathish Kumar, 1990 onwards]. 100-5,000 10-500 2/3. Fragmented. No continuing decline or extreme fluctuation in the number of locations or subpopulations. All individuals not in one population and one subpopulation does not hold 95% or more of the total population. No change in area of habitat. Quality of habitat decreasing due to trampling by wild ungulates and elephants. Demographic instability may result in population decline in the future. The influence of threats on population structure well understood, reversible and not yet ceased to be threats. Not in trade. Mature individuals in all populations <250. Their numbers not declined in the past and, future decline not expected. Generation time not known. Stable. Population not ex pected to decline in the future. Recent Field Studies: R. Gopalan in Agasthyamalai, 1988-90, floristic survey. M.B. Viswanathan in Agasthyamalai, 1999, MoEF project. C. Sathish Kumar in Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary, 1994-98. N. Sasidharan in Periyar Tiger Reserve. K. Ravikumar in Poonkulam, Agasthyamalai, 1989, ethnobotanical studies. Data quality: Assessment based on field studies and literature/herbarium studies. Qualifier: Area and extent estimated based on known locations. Habitat status, threats, mature individuals and population trends observed over many years of field studies. Status IUCN Red List Criteria (1994): IUCN Red List Criteria (2000): ENDANGERED ENDANGERED Criteria: Criteria: B1+2c; D B1a+b(iii), 2a+b(iii); D CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed Endangered [Nayar & Sastry, 1987] International RDB: Not listed Included in the Negative List of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999. Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, Meghamalai Wildlife Sanctuary, Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary, Periyar Tiger Reserve. Uncertainty Assessed with 95% confidence based on evidence and consensus of the field biologists at the workshop. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Genetic research, life history studies, PHVA. Cultivation/breeding Cultivation recommended for research. Cultivated stocks exist at TBGRI, Thiruvananthapuram and Gurukula Botanical Sanctuary, Wayanad. No coordinated species management programme and one is not recommended. Initiate cultivation programme within 3 years. Information on propagation techniques not available with this group of compilers. Other comments: This is a monotypic genus and is known to have the largest pollinarium in the subtribe Goodyerinae. The species was first collected from High Wavy Mountains by Blatter in May 1917. Kew has specimens collected by Ms. Bowden from Tirukurangudi, Tamil Nadu in 1945. Since it is found in inaccessible areas, the species cannot be collected easily. Sources: Balakrishnan, 1966: 330; Blatter, 1928: 521; Gopalan, 1994: 271; Nayar & Sastry, 1987: 220; Sathish Kumar & Rasmussen, 1997: 81-84. Compilers: A. Durai, P.F. Solomons, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, M. Thapliyal, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, N. Raman, R. Singh, N.C. Rathakrishnan, T. Chhabra, R. Thamilarasi, M.B. Viswanathan. Reviewers: S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, M. Mohanan, S. Rajendran, S. Phatak, J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, C. Sathish Kumar, B. Arthur, B.V. Shetty, T.A. Rao, U. Lakshminarayan, K.G. Selvi. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 37 VULNERABLE Scientific name (author; date): Synonym: Aerides crispa Lindley 1833 Habit: Habitat: Niche/elevation: Epiphytic or lithophytic herb Dry deciduous, moist deciduous and shola forests Branches and rocks. 250-2200m. Distribution Historical Distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of Occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of Occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/Locations: Habitat status: Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Population Numbers/Generation time/trend: Population trend: Aerides lindleyana Wight, 1851 India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Gujarat, Nagerhaveli, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala & Tamil Nadu) Nagerhaveli - Chispana forest [Rao, 1986]. K. Vengurla, Wari country, Khandala, Panchgani, Mahableshwar, Beema Shankar, Koina Nagar, Devavayi, Yellapur, Anmod, Castle Rock, PoutelliDandelli, Sampkhand, Nilgiri, Palni hills [Santapau & Kapadia, 1966]. Silent Valley – Aruvanpara [Manilal, 1988]. Palani downs, about Kodaikanal, Nilgiris, Coonoor [Fyson, 1974]. Konkan to Travancore [Hooker, 1890-1894]. Pykara, Naduvattom, Avalanche [VR]. Coorg [Keshvamurthy & Yoganarasimhan, 1990]. Konkan: near Vingorla, Wari country, Mahableshwar, Kanara-Usheli [Cooke, 1958]. Coimbatore, Madurai, Nilgiri [Henry et al., 1989]. Bellary, Chikmagalur, Chitradurga, Hassan, Mysore, N. Kanara, Shimoga [Sharma et al., 1984]. Silent Valley – Aruvanpara [Sathish Kumar, 1999]. Avalanche, Coonoor, Kodanad, Ouchterlony Valley, Ootacamund, Parkside Reserve Forest, Singara Reserve Forest [Sharma, et al., 1977] Nagerhaveli: Silvassa [R. Ingalhalli, 1998]. Maharashtra: Mahableshwar, Goa [S. Phatak, 1981-82]. Goa [S. Phatak, 1981-82]. Karnataka: Kodagu, Mysore, Hassan, Dakshina Kannada and Uttara Kannada [T.A. Rao, 1996]. Kerala: Silent Valley [C. Sathish Kumar, 1995 onwards]. Tamil Nadu: Naduvattom, Nilgiris [P.S. Udayan, April, 1996]. Lovedale, Pykara, Devala in Nilgiris [P.F. Solomons, 1998-99]. Singara, Nilgiris [Rathakrishnan, 1971]. Pykara, Nilgiris [K. Sivabalakrishnan, 1996]. >20,000 501-2,000 >46/12. Fragmented. Continuing decline but no extreme fluctuation in the number of locations or subpopulations. All individuals not in one population and one subpopulation does not hold 95% or more of the total population. Decrease in area of habitat <20% in the last 10 years and predicted decline <20% in the next 10 years due to felling of trees. Quality of habitat decreasing due to human activities. Human interference, damming, trade for market or medicine, decline of host species, demographic instability and vandalism due to its attractivenes are the threats. The influence of threats on the population structure well understood, reversible and not yet ceased to be threats. Local trade of flowers for ornamental purpose and aesthetic value. Mature individuals in all populations >2500. Numbers declined in the past by >20% and predicted decline >20%. Generation time perennial. Declining >10% in the last 10 years due to trade and habitat loss. Expected decline <10% in the next 10 years. Recent Field Studies: T.A. Rao in Kodagu, 1998, conservation of wild orchids of Kodagu in the Western Ghats. K. Sivabalakrishnan in Nilgiris, 1995-98, development of orchidarium. P.F. Solomons in Nilgiris, 1998-2000, development of orchidarium. P.S. Udayan in Nilgiris, 1992, documentation of shola vegetaion. R. Ingalhalli in Nagerhaveli, Daman, 1997-98, informal sighting. C. Sathish Kumar in Silent Valley, 1995 onwards, floristic survey. Data quality: Assessment based on field studies, informal sighting and literature/herbarium studies. Qualifier: Area and extent estimated based on known locations. Habitat status, threats, mature individuals and population trends observed and inferred. Status IUCN Red List Criteria (1994): IUCN Red List Criteria (2000): V ULNERABLE V ULNERABLE Criteria: Criteria: B1+2abcde B2a+b(i,ii,iii,iv,v) CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed Not listed International RDB: Not listed Included in the Negative List of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999. Bramhagiri Wildlife Sanctuary, Kudremukh National Park, Mukurthi National Park, Silent Valley National Park Uncertainty Assessed with 95% confidence based on evidence and consensus of the field biologists. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Survey, life history studies, PHVA. Habitat management, monitoring, sustainable utilization, cultivation/breeding, public awareness, genome resource banking. Cultivation is recommended for research, education, reintroduction, preservation of live genome, commercial/sustainability. Cultivated stocks exist at Kav eri Nisargadhama, Kodagu, local green house, Goa. Numbers in cultivation 17. There is no coordinated species management programme for this Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 38 species and one is recommended. Initiation of a cultivation programme within 3 years. Some propagation technique known for the taxon. Other comments: Described by Lindley based on a collection. The reported occurrence of this species in Sri Lanka and Burma (Saldanha & Nicolson, 1976) and Orissa (Keshavmurthy & Yoganarasimhan, 1990; Misra, 1980; Rathakrishnan & Chitra, 1984) is due to a misidentification. The endemic status of this species is confirmed by Christenson who revised the genus Aerides. There is altitudinal effect on the size of leaves in Nilgiri subpopulations [P.F. Solomons]. On the verge of extirpation in Khandala and Mahableshwar [Sharma et al., 1984]. Local trade in Kodaikanal [Fyson, 1974]. This species was described based on (Wallich specimen Cat. No. 7319) from Courtallum. Lindley Herbarium contains two more sheets from Herb. J.L. Stocks, one of which has a beautiful sketch by Lindley. Sources: Cooke, 1958: 204; Fyson, 1974: 395; Henry et al., 1989: 3-4; Hooker, 1890-1894: 46; Keshavmurthy & Yoganarasimhan, 1990: 436; Lindley, 1833: 239; Manilal, 1988: 268; Mishra, 1980; V. Ramasundar, 2000, Unpublished Biological Information Sheet; Rao, 1986: 416-417; Rathakrishnan & Chitra, 1984: 1001; Saldanha & Nicolson, 1976: 812; Santapau & Kapadia, 1966: 122-123; Sharma et al., 1977: 138; Sharma et al., 1984: 265; Wight, 1851 5(1): 9.t.1677; Compilers: A. Durai, P.F. Solomons, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, M. Thapliyal, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, N. Raman, R. Singh, N.C. Rathakrishnan, T. Chhabra, R. Thamilarasi, M.B. Viswanathan. Reviewers: S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, M. Mohanan, S. Rajendran, S. Phatak, J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, C. Sathish Kumar, B. Arthur, B.V. Shetty, T.A. Rao. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 39 VULNERABLE Scientific name (author; date): Synonym: Aerides maculosa Lindley 1845 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Monopodial epiphytic herb Moist deciduous forests >1500m. Distribution Historical Distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of Occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of Occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/Locations: Habitat status: Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Population Numbers/Generation time/trend: Population trend: Saccolabium speciosum Wight, 1851 India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala & Tamil Nadu) Kodagu, Uttara Kannada, Hassan, [Rao, 1998]. Gudalur, Kodaikanal, Uttara Kannada [Abraham & Vatsala, 1981]. Silent Valley, Sispara ghat [Manilal, 1988]. Konkan, Badlapur, Karjat, Tansa, Kandala, Lonavala, Panchgani, Mahabaleshwar, Porbandhar, Bhimshankar, Uttara Kannada, Belgaum, Sirsi, Castle Rock [Santapau & Kapadia, 1966]. Belgaum, Bellary, Hassan [Sharma et al., 1984]. Coimbatore [Henry et al., 1989]. Goa – Sangum, Molem [Rao, 1986]. Attapadi – Mukkali forest, Walayar forest [Vajravelu, 1990]. Konkan to Travancore, Rajpootana Mt. [Hooker, 1890-1894]. Coorg [Keshvamurthy & Yoganarasimhan, 1990]. Konkan, Mahableshwar, Panchgani, Belgaum, west face of Cheeta hills [Cooke, 1958]. Agastyamala [Mammen & Mammen, 1974]. Attapadi – Mukkali forest, Walayar forest [Vajravelu, 1990]. Sispara [Sathish Kumar, 1999]. Pykara [Sharma et al., 1977]. Karnataka: Belgaum, Kodagu, Uttara Kannada, Chikmagalur, Biligiri Rangan Hills [S. Phatak, T.A. Rao, R. Ingalhalli]. Tamil Nadu: Kodaikanal [N. Raman, June, 1997]. Agastyamala [C. Sathish Kumar]. 5,001- 20,000 10-500 >50/>20. Fragmented. Continuing decline but no extreme fluctuation in the number of locations or subpopulations. All individuals not in one population and one subpopulation does not hold 90% or more of the total population. Decrease in area of habitat >20% in the last 10-20 years and predicted decline >20% in the next 10-20 years. Quality of habitat decreasing due to industrialisation, urbanisation and human interference. Human interference, trade of parts, habitat loss, habitat fragmentation and overexploitation are the threats. The influence of threats on the population structure well understood, reversible and not yet ceased to be threats. Local, domestic and commercial trade of flowers for ornamental purpose. Mature individuals < 2500. Numbers declined in the past by >40-50%. Predicted decline >20-50%. Generation time 4-5 years. Declining >10% in the last 10 years due to habitat loss, trade and exploitation. Expected decline >20% in the next 10 years. Recent Field Studies: N. Raman in Kodaikanal, June 1997, Mycorhizal association. T.A. Rao in Kodagu, Kudremukh, Uttara Kannada, 1996-98, floristics. S. Phatak in Uttara Kannada, Dharwar, Karwar, Londa, Anmode, 1998, orchids of Anmode. Data quality: Assessment based on field studies, informal sighting and literature/herbarium studies. Qualifier: Area and extent estimated based on known locations. Habitat status, threats, mature individuals and population trends observed over many years of field studies. Status IUCN Red List Criteria (1994): IUCN Red List Criteria (2000): ENDANGERED ENDANGERED Criteria: Criteria: B1+2bcde B2a+b(ii,iii,iv,v) CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed Not listed International RDB: Not listed Included in the Negative List of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999. Bhimashankar Wildlife Sanctuary, Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Wildlife Sanctuary, Silent Valley National Park Uncertainty Assessed with 95% confidence based on evidence and consensus and subjective opinion of field biologists. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Other comments: Survey, life history studies, genetic research, taxonomic research. Monitoring, sustainable utilisation, cultivation/breeding Cultivation recommended for research, preservation of live genome, commercial/sustainability. Cultivated stocks exist at Kaveri Nisargadhama, Kodagu, Karnatak University, Dharwar, Yercaud, Udhagamandalam. Numbers in cultivation 42. No coordinated species management programme and one is recommended. Initiate cultivation programme within 3 years. Some propagation technique known for the taxon. This species was described by Lindley. The reported occurrence of this species in Bihar (Pradhan, 1979; Bose & Bhattacharjee, 1980), Madhya Pradesh (Tiwari & Maheshwari, 1963) and Orissa (Misra, 1980) is due to a misidentification. Christenson who revised the genus Aerides has confirmed the endemic status of this species. It may be used for medicine also (hearsay). Found on the boundaries of the forest as they require dust and pollution for the survival and are common on roadsides and train tracks. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 40 Sources: Abraham & Vatsala, 1981: 444; Bose & Bhattacharjee, 1980; Cooke, 1958: 203; Henry et al., 1989: 4; Hooker, 1890-94; Keshvamurthy & Yoganarasimhan, 1990: 436; Lindley, 1845: t.58; Mammen & Mammen, 1974: 31-36; Manilal, 1988: 268; Misra, 1980; Nayar, 1996: 224; Pradhan, 1979; Rao, 1986: 417; Rao, 1998: 97, 193; Santapau & Kapadia, 1966: 121-122; Saldanha & Nicolson, 1976: 813; Sathish Kumar, 1999: 194; Sharma et al., 1977: 138; Sharma et al., 1984: 265; Tiwari & Maheshwari, 1963; Vajravelu, 1990: 466; Wight, 1851 5(1): 9.t.1674-75. Compilers: A. Durai, P.F. Solomons, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, M. Thapliyal, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, N. Raman, R. Singh, N.C. Rathakrishnan, T. Chhabra, R. Thamilarasi, M.B. Vishwanathan. Reviewers: S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, M. Mohanan, S. Rajendran, S. Phatak, J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, C. Sathish Kumar, B. Arthur, B.V. Shetty, T.A. Rao. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 41 CRITICALLY ENDANGERED Scientific name (author; date): Synonyms: Brachycorythis splendida Summerh., 1955 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Terrestrial herb Montane grasslands > 850 m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/Locations: Habitat status: Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Population Numbers/Generation time/Trends: Population Trends: Platanthera iantha Wight, 1851 Habenaria iantha (Wight) Hook. f., 1890 p.p., excl. syn. India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Karnataka, Kerala & Tamil Nadu) On the way to Anamudi from Nyamakad [Abraham & Vatsala, 1981]. Coimbatore, Kanyakumari, Madurai districts [Henry et al., 1989]. Anamalai, Devikulam, Nilgiris [Nayar, 1996]. Palni Hills, Anamalai, Shembaganur, Kodaikanal - Perumal Malai, Gundar Valley, below Sidcot, Arundina Path, Bear Shola slopes, Lantha Swamp [Seidenfaden, 1999]. Ponmudi [Mohanan & Henry, 1994]. Anaimudi, High Range in Kerala, Umaiyamalai [Shetty & Vivekananthan, 1971]. Idukki, Palghat, Trivandrum, Kerala, Coimbatore, Kanniyakumari, Madurai, Tamil Nadu [Rathakrishnan & Chitra, 1984]. High Range, Kerala [Shetty & Vivekananthan, 1991]. Karnataka: Pushpagiri in Kodagu, Shringeri in Chikkamagalur and Kemmanagundi [T.A. Rao, 1998-99]. 100-5,000 <10 3/3. Fragmented. Continuing decline in the number of locations or subpopulations. All individuals not in one population and it does not hold 90% or more of the total population. Decrease in the habitat <20% in the last 10 years and <20% predicted decline in the next 10 years due to loss of habitat and grazing. Decrease in the quality of the habitat due to grazing. Grazing, human interference and habitat loss resulting in and may result in population decline. The influence of these factors on the habitat and population well understood, not reversible and not ceased to be a threat. Not in trade Number of mature individuals in all populations <250. Decline in their numbers in the past and future decline predicted. Generation time 1 year. Decline in the population <10% in the last 5 years and estimated decline of <10% in the next 10 years. Recent Field Studies: T.A. Rao in Pushpagiri, Shringeri, Kudremukh National Park and Kemmenagundi, 1998-99, floristic survey. K. Ravikumar in High Wavy mountains and Mahendragiri Hills, Tamil Nadu, 1989-94. Data quality: Assessment based on field studies and literature/herbarium studies. Qualifier: Area and extent estimated based on known locations. Habitat status, threats, mature individuals and population trends observed, inferred and projected. Status IUCN Red List Criteria (1994): IUCN Red List Criteria (2000): CRITICALLY ENDANGERED CRITICALLY ENDANGERED CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed Not listed International RDB: Not listed Included in the Negative List of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999. Brahmagiri Wildlife Sanctuary, Kudremukh National Park, Pushpagiri Wildlife Sanctuary. Uncertainty Assessed with 95% confidence based on evidence and on the consensus of the field biologist. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Criteria: Criteria: B1+2abcde B2a+b(i,ii,iii,iv,v) Life history studies, PHVA Habitat management, monitoring Cultivated stocks exist at TBGRI, Palode and Gurukula Botanical Sanctuary, Wayanad. No coordinated species management programme and one is not recommended. Initiate cultivation programme within 3 years. Information on propagation techniques not available. Other comments: Silviculture and grazing lead to habitat loss. Grazing has resulted in soil erosion. Distribution is very restricted and patchy. Sources: Abraham & Vatsala, 1981: 256-258; Henry et al., 1989: 5; Hooker, 1890 6: 164; Mohanan & Henry, 1994: 449; Nayar, 1996: 224; Rao, 1998: 193; Rathakrishnan & Chitra, 1984: 1002; Seidenfaden, 1999: 1210; Shetty & Vivekananthan, 1971: 39; Shetty & Vivekananthan, 1991: 141; Summerhayes, 1955: 240; Wight, 1851. Compilers: T.A. Rao, K. Sivabalakrishnan, P.F. Solomons, P.S. Udayan, M.B. Viswanathan, U. Lakshminarayan Reviewers: A. Durai, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, M. Thapliyal, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, N. Raman, R. Singh, N.C. Rathakrishnan, T. Chhabra, R. Thamilarasi, S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, M. Mohanan, Rajendran, S. Phatak, J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, C. Sathish Kumar, B. Arthur, B.V. Shetty Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 42 CRITICALLY ENDANGERED Scientific name (author; date): Brachycorythis wightii Summerh., 1955 Habit: Habitat: Niche/elevation: Terrestrial tuberous herb. Montane grassland 1500-1800 m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Population Numbers/Generation time/Trends: Trends: India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Kerala) Travancore [Summerhayes, 1955]. Munnar [Sathish Kumar, 1991]. Kerala [Pushpangadan & Sathish Kumar, 1995]. Trivandrum [Rathakrishnan & Chitra, 1984] Kerala: Munnar, Rajamalai, Silent Valley in Munnar, Eravikulam National Park, Idukki District [P. Pushpangadan & C. Sathish Kumar, 1995-1996]. <100 <10 3/3. Fragmented. No continuing decline or extreme fluctuation in the number of locations or subpopulations. All individuals not in one population and one subpopulation does not hold 95% or more of the total population. No change. Predicted decline <20% in the next 10-15 years due to loss of habitat and decrease in the quality of the habitat due to Eucalyptus plantations. Grazing may result in population decline. The influence on the population well understood. Not reversible and not ceased to be a threat. Not in trade Mature individuals in all populations <250. Their numbers not declined in the past and decline in the future not expected. Generation time 1 year. The population size/numbers of the taxon stable. Recent Field Studies: C. Sathish Kumar in Munnar, 1991-95, Rare and threatened Orchids of Kerala. S.D. Biju in Anamudi slopes and Rajamalai, 1995-97, Flora of Eravikulam. Data quality: Assessment based on field studies, census/monitoring and literature/herbarium studies. Qualifier: Habitat status, threats, mature individuals and population trends observed over many years of field studies and census/monitoring. Status IUCN Red List Criteria (1994): IUCN Red List Criteria (2000): CRITICALLY ENDANGERED CRITICALLY ENDANGERED CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed International RDB: Included in the Negative List of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999 Eravikulam National Park Not listed Not listed Uncertainty Assessed with 95% confidence and minimum (population) values field biologists at the workshop. based on evidence and consensus of Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Criteria: Criteria: B1+2ce B1a+b(iii,v), 2a+b(iii,v) Life history studies, PHVA. Habitat management, monitoring, cultivation/breeding. Cultivation recommended for research. Cultivated stocks available at TBGRI, Thiruvananthapuram and Gurukula Botanical Sanctuary, Wayanad. Numbers in culltivation 5-10. No coordinated species management programme for this species and one not recommended. Ongoing cultivation programme intensified or increased. Some propagation techniques known for similar taxa. Other comments: The exact locality from which the species was collected not known, Wight says Travancore. Population fluctuation due to natural causes has been observed. Eucalyptus plantation at the border of Silent Valley (Munnar) where one of the populations is located may result in change in the habitat of the species. Sources: Pushpangadhan & Sathish Kumar, 1995 5: 960; Rathakrishnan & Chitra, 1984: 1003; Sathish Kumar, 1991: 211; Summerhayes, 1955: 242 Compilers: S.S.R. Bennet, J.L. Ellis, M. Mohanan, V.S. Menon, C. SathishKumar, S. Seeni, B.V. Shetty, P.S. Udayan, U. Lakshminarayan Reviewers: A. Durai, P.F. Solomons, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, M. Thapliyal, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, N. Raman, R. Singh, T. Chhabra, R. Thamilarasi, M.B. Vishwanathan, B.A. Daniel, S. Rajendran, S. Phatak, R. Ingalhalli, N.C. Rathakrishnan, B. Arthur, T.A. Rao. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 43 ENDANGERED Scientific name (author; date): Synonym: Bulbophyllum acutiflorum A. Rich., 1841 Habit: Habitat: Niche/elevation: Epiphytic or lithophytic herb Evergreen and shola forests 1500-2000 m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Population Numbers/Generation time/Trends: Trends: Cirrhopetalum acutiflorum (A. Rich.) Hook. f., 1890 India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Kerala & Tamil Nadu) Nilgiris, Udhagamandalam and Conoor [Nayar & Sastry, 1987]. Nilgiris [Mohanan & Balakrishna, 1991; Nayar, 1996]. Nilgiri [Rathakrishnan & Chitra, 1984]. Nilgiris [Kunhikrishnan, 1991] Kerala: Eravikulam National Park [S.D. Biju, 1995-97]. Tamil Nadu: Nilgiri [K. Vivekanandan, 1971]. Nadugani [V.S. Ramachandran, 1999, P.F. Solomons, 1998, 99]. Lovedale [N. Raman, 1998]. Naduvattam [P.F. Solomons, 1999]. 100-5,000 10-500 10-30 / 5-15. Fragmented. Continuing decline but no extreme fluctuation in the number of locations or subpopulations. All individuals not in one population and one subpopulation does not hold 95% or more of the total population. Decrease in the habitat >20% in the last 10-20 years. Predicted decline >20% in the next 10-20 years due to harvest for timber. Decrease in the quality of the habitat due to harvest for timber (host plant). Decline of host species due to harvest for timber resulting in and may result in population decline. influence of threat on the population structure well understood, not reversible and have not ceased. Not in trade The Mature individuals in all populations <2,500. Number of mature individuals declined in the past by 1020% and likely to decline by 10-20 % in the future. Generation time 5-10 years. The population size of the taxon declining at a rate of >20% in the last 10 years and >20% decline predicted in the next 10 years. Recent Field Studies: N. Raman in Lovedale, 1998, systematics. P.F. Solomons in Nadugani, 1998, 99, in Naduvattam, 1998, floristics. V.S. Ramachandran in Nadugani, 1999, systematics. Data quality: Assessment based on field studies, indirect information and literature/herbarium studies. Qualifier: Area and extent estimated based on known locations. Habitat status, threats, mature individuals and population trends inferred from range of opinion. Status IUCN Red List Criteria (1994): IUCN Red List Criteria (2000): ENDANGERED ENDANGERED CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Rare [Nayar & Sastry, 1987] International RDB: Included in the Negative List of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999. Eravikulam National Park, Mukurthi National Park Uncertainty Assessed based on evidence, inference and range of opinion on the consensus of the field biologists. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Criteria: Criteria: B1+2abcde B1a+b(i,ii,iii,iv,v), 2a+b(i,ii,iii,iv,v) Not listed Not listed Genetic research, life history studies, PHVA. Cultivation/breeding. Cultivation is recommended for research. Cultivated stocks available at Gurukula Botanical Sanctuary, Wayanad. There is no coordinated species management programme for this species and one is recommended. Initiate cultivation programme within 3 years. Some propagation techniques known for similar taxa. Other comments: Described by A. Richard (1841) based on G.S. Perrottet’s collection from Nilgiris. The decline in the population was estimated based on the harvest for timber from one location in Nadugani. Sources: Hooker, 1890; Mohanan & Balakrishnan, 1991: 189; Nayar & Sastry, 1987: 228; Nayar, 1996: 224; Rao, 1998: 193; Rathakrishnan & Chitra, 1984: 1003; Richard, 1841 15: 18.t.7; Subbarayalu & Velumurugan, 1999; Kunhikrishnan, 1991: 118 Compilers: A. Durai, P.F. Solomons, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, M. Thapliyal, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, N. Raman, R. Singh, N.C. Rathakrishnan, T. Chhabra, R. Thamilarasi, M.B. Vishwanathan, U. Lakshminarayan, K.G. Selvi. Reviewers: S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, R. Gopalan, M. Mohanan, S. Rajendran, S. Phatak, J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, C. Sathish Kumar, B. Arthur, B.V. Shetty, T.A. Rao. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 44 ENDANGERED Scientific name (author; date): Synonym: Bulbophyllum albidum (Wight) Hook. f., 1890 Habit: Habitat: Niche/elevation: Epiphytic or lithophytic pseudobulbous herb Evergreen forests. On moist rocks and loamy soil with humus. 800-2000 m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: Cirrhopetalum albidum Wight, 1851 India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Kerala & Tamil Nadu) Nilgiri, Tirunelveli [Henry et al., 1989]. Nilgiri [Hooker, 1886-1890]. Nilgiri, Kotagiri, St. Catherine Falls, Tirunelveli, Kannikatti, Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, Agastyamalai Biosphere Reserve [Nayar & Sastry, 1987]. Nilgiri, Tirunelveli [Rathakrishnan & Chitra, 1984, Mohanan & Balakrishnan, 1991] Kerala: Agasthyamala [C. Sathish Kumar, 1993-95] 5,001-20,000 10-500 25/5. Fragmented. Continuing decline but no extreme fluctuation in the number of locations or subpopulations. All individuals not in one population and one subpopulation does not hold 95% or more of the total population. Change in habitat not known. Predicted decline <20% in habitat in the next 10 years. Change in the quality of habitat. Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Habitat loss. Not in trade. Population Numbers/Generation time/Trends: Trends: Unknown Unknown Recent Field Studies: C. Sathish Kumar in Agasthyamala, 1993-95 Data quality: Assessment based on literature/herbarium studies and indirect information only. Qualifier: The habitat status and threats suspected. Status IUCN Red List Criteria (1994): IUCN Red List Criteria (2000): ENDANGERED ENDANGERED CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed Rare [Nayar & Sastry, 1987] International RDB: Not listed Included in the Negative List of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999. Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, Mukurthi National Park, Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary. Uncertainty Assessed based on range of opinion and consensus of field biologists. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Survey, taxonomic research, life history studies, PHVA. Habitat management, monitoring, limiting factor management. Not recommended Criteria: Criteria: B1+2cd B2a+b(iii,iv) Other comments: Originally proposed by Wight based on a collection from St. Catherine Falls, near Kotergherry in Tamil Nadu. Poorly represented in herbaria. Sources: Henry et al., 1989; Hooker, 1890: 757; Mohanan & Balakrishnan, 1991: 197; Nayar & Sastry, 1987: 229; Rathakrishnan & Chitra, 1984: 1003; Wight, 1851 5(1): 7.t.1653 Compilers: T.A. Rao, K.Sivabalakrishnan, P.F. Solomons, P.S. Udayan, M.B. Viswanathan, U. Lakshminarayanan Reviewers: A. Durai, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, M. Thapliyal, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, N. Raman, R. Singh, N.C. Rathakrishnan, T. Chhabra, R. Thamilarasi, S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, M. Mohanan, S. Rajendran, S. Phatak, J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, C. Sathish Kumar, B. Arthur, B.V. Shetty. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 45 ENDANGERED Scientific name (author; date): Synonym: Bulbophyllum aureum (Hook. f.) J.J. Smith, 1912 Habit: Habitat: Niche/elevation: Pseudobulbous epiphytic or lithophytic herb Moist deciduous forests 800-1000 m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: Threats Threats to taxon: Cirrhopetalum aureum Hook. f., 1890 India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Kerala & Tamil Nadu) Wayanad, Muthukuzhivayal [Abraham & Vatsala, 1981; Nayar & Sastry, 1987]. Silent Valley dam site [Manilal, 1988]. Valiaparathode and Sairandri [Sathish Kumar]. Silent Valey [Mohanan & Balakrishnan, 1991]. Calicut, Kerala, Kanniyakumari, Tamil Nadu [Rathakrishnan & Chitra, 1984]. Kerala: Valiaparathode and Sairandri in Silent Valley, 1995, Peppara, 1994-96 [C. Sathish Kumar] 100-5,000 10-500 2. Fragmented. Decrease in the habitat <20% in the last 40 years and decrease in the quality of the habitat due to human habitation. Trade: Habitat loss resulting in and may result in population decline in Wayanad. The influence of threats on the population well understood, are not reversible and have not ceased. Not in trade Population Numbers/Generation time/Trends: Trends: Unknown The population of the taxon declining. Recent Field Studies: C. Sathish Kumar in Silent Valley, 1982-95, Peppara, 1994-96, Orchid flora of Kerala. Data quality: Assessment based on field observation, literature/herbarium studies and indirect information only. Qualifier: The Area and Extent estimated based on literature. Habitat status and threats on subjective opinion. Status IUCN Red List Criteria (1994): IUCN Red List Criteria (2000): ENDANGERED ENDANGERED CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed Rare [Nayar & Sastry, 1987] International RDB: Not listed Included in the Negative List of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999. Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary, Silent Valley National Park Uncertainty Assessment based on 95% confidence and range of opinion. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Criteria: Criteria: B1+2c B1a+b(iii), 2a+b(iii) Survey, life history studies, PHVA. Monitoring. Not recommended. Cultivation stocks exist at TBGRI, Palode and Gurukula Botanical Sanctuary, Wayanad. Other comments: Originally described by Hook. f., based on drawings from Wayanad by Jerdon. It was rediscovered by C. Sathish Kumar from Silent Valley area. Sources: Abraham & Vatsala, 1981: 338; Hooker, 1890 5: 777; Manilal, 1988: 270, 271; Mohanan & Balakrishnan, 1991: 191; Nayar & Sastry, 1987: 231; Rathakrishnan & Chitra, 1984: 1003; Sathish Kumar , 1999: 196; Smith, 1912 8: 22 Compilers: T.A. Rao, K.Sivabalakrishnan, P.F. Solomons, P.S. Udayan, M.B. Viswanathan, U. Lakshminarayan. Reviewers: A. Durai, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, M. Thapliyal, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, N. Raman, R. Singh, N.C. Rathakrishnan, T. Chhabra, S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, M. Mohanan, S. Rajendran, S. Phatak, R. Thamilarasi, J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, C. Sathish Kumar, B. Arthur, B.V. Shetty. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 46 CRITICALLY ENDANGERED Scientific name (author; date): Synonym: Bulbophyllum elegantulum (Rolfe) J.J. Smith, 1912 Habit: Habitat: Niche/elevation: Epiphytic herb Evergreen forests On wet branches. 1200-1820 m Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Population Numbers/Generation time/Trends: Trends: Cirrhopetalum elegantulum Rolfe, 1891 India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Karnataka & Tamil Nadu) Coorg, Nilgiris, Kudini, Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary [Nayar & Sastry, 1987]. Coorg [Mohanan & Balakrishnan, 1991]. Coorg, Kanniyakumari [Rathakrishnan & Chitra, 1984]. Kudini [Sharma et al., 1977] Tamil Nadu: Naduvattom, Nilgiri [K. Sivabalakrishnan, 1996]. 100-5,000 <10 <5 locations. Fragmented. All individuals not in one population and one subpopulations does not hold 95% or more of the total population. No change in the habitat. Predicted decline >20% in the next 5 years due to human interference. Change in the quality of habitat due to felling of host trees. Decline of host species and habitat loss are the main threats. The influence on the population well understood, not reversible and have not ceased. Not in trade Mature individuals in all populations <250. The number of mature individuals declined in the past and is likely to decline by 10-20% in the future. Generation time 2 years. The population size/numbers of the taxon declining at a rate of >10% in the last 3 years and >10% decline predicted in the next 5 years due to habitat loss. Recent Field Studies: K. Sivabalakrishnan in Naduvattom in Nilgiris, 1996, ex situ conservation of orchids of Western Ghats. Data quality: Assessment based on field studies and literature/herbarium studies. Qualifier: The Area and Extent estimated based on known locations. Habitat status, threats, mature individuals and population trends observed over many years of field studies. Status IUCN Red List Criteria (1994): IUCN Red List Criteria (2000): CRITICALLY ENDANGERED CRITICALLY ENDANGERED CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Vulnerable [Nayar & Sastry, 1987] International RDB: Included in the Negative List of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999. Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary Uncertainty Assessed based on evidence, on a range of opinion and on the consensus of field biologists. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Criteria: Criteria: B1+2c B2a+b(iii) Not listed Not listed Life history studies, PHVA pending. Habitat management, monitoring and cultivation/breeding. Cultivation recommended for research. Cultivated stocks not available. No coordinated species management programme for this species and one is recommended. Initiate cultivation programme within 3 years. Information on propagation techniques not available. Other comments: Originally described by Rolfe based on O’ Briens collection from Coorg District was rediscovered by Rao et al., 1976. The species was observed only on three trees [Sivabalakrishnan. K]. Felling of host trees for fuel has caused the decrease in the habitat. It was known only by the type collection from Coorg, until Subba Rao relocated it from Kundini in 1972. This species was collected only once from Nilgiris in 1972, away from the type locality. Sources: Mohanan & Balakrishnan, 1991: 192; Nayar & Sastry, 1987: 232; Rao et al., 1973 (1976) 15(3&4): 275276; Rathakrishnan & Chitra, 1984: 1003; Rolfe, 1891 9: 552; Sharma et al., 1977: 138; Smith, 1912 8: 23; Compilers: T.A. Rao, K.Sivabalakrishnan, P.F. Solomons, P.S. Udayan, M.B. Viswanathan, U. Lakshminarayanan Reviewers: A. Durai, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, R. Singh, T. Chhabra, R. Thamilarasi, S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, M. Thapliyal, M. Mohanan, S. Rajendran, S. Phatak, J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, N. Raman, N.C. Rathakrishnan, C. Sathish Kumar, B. Arthur, B.V. Shetty. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 47 ENDANGERED Scientific name (author; date): Synonym: Bulbophyllum fimbriatum (Lindley) Reichb. f., 1861 Habit: Habitat: Niche/elevation: Epiphytic or lithophytic herb Dry and moist deciduous forests. On tree branches and rocks covered with mosses. 300-1000 m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Population Numbers/Generation time/Trends: Trends: Cirrhopetalum fimbriatum Lindley, 1839 India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala & Tamil Nadu) Uttara Kannada, Kodagu, North and South Wayanad, Thariode forests and on the way to Manantoddy to Koothuparamba [Abraham & Vatsala, 1981]. Upper ghats in Hassan [Saldanha & Nicolson, 1976]. Thariode forests [Ramachandran & Nair, 1988]. Mahabaleshwar, Rotunda Ghat, Pratapgad,Tinai ghat, Anmod, Castle Rock, Astoli-Chandwadi, Astoli, Purandhar [Santapau & Kapadia, 1966]. Konkan, from Bombay southwards [Hooker, 1886-1890]. Jodupala, Meenkolly [Keshvamurthy & Yoganarasimhan, 1990]. Mahabaleshwar, Rotunda Ghat, Koina Valley, Parva Ghat, Supa Ghats of Uttara Kannada [Cooke, 1958]. Konkan to Kanara, Kodagu [Nayar, 1996]. Guganbavada, Patgaon [Sule, 1991]. Maharashtra: Mahabaleshwar [S. Phatak, 1982]. Karnataka: Kodagu, Hassan, Chikmagalur [Krishnasamy]. Shimoga, Dakshina Kannada, B.R. Hills [R. Ingalhalli, 1995-2000]. Tamil Nadu: Naduvattom, Nilgiris [P.F. Solomons, 1998, 99] >20,000 10-500 50/ 10. Fragmented. Continuing decline but no extreme fluctuation in the number of locations or subpopulations. All individuals not in one population and one subpopulation does not hold 95% or more of the total population Decrease in the habitat <20% in the last 10 years due to habitat destruction. Decrease in the quality of the habitat due to change in the vegetation type. Decline of host species, human interference, habitat loss, harvest for timber, fire and reproductive problems resulting in and may result in population decline. The influence on the population is well understood, not reversible and have not ceased. Not in trade. Mature individuals in all populations <2,500. The numbers of mature individuals declined in the past by 10% and likely to decline by 20% in the future. Generation time 3 years. The population size/numbers of the taxon declining at a rate of <10% in the last 10 years. Recent Field Studies: K. Krishnaswamy in Sringeri, Shimoga, B.R. Hills, 1998, 99, studies on Orchidaceae. T.A. Rao in Kodagu, Hassan, Mysore, Chikamagalur, 1995 floristic survey. S. Phatak in Londa, Anmod, 1998, floristic survey. P.F. Solomons, Naduvattam in Nilgiris, 1998-99. Data quality: Assessment based on field studies, informal sightings and literature/herbarium studies. Qualifier: The Area and Extent estimated based on known locations. The habitat status, threats, mature individuals and population trends observed over many years of field studies and sightings. Status IUCN Red List Criteria (1994): IUCN Red List Criteria (2000): ENDANGERED ENDANGERED Criteria: Criteria: B1+2c B2a+b(iii) CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed Not listed International RDB: Not listed Included in the Negative List of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999. Billigiri Rangaswamy Temple Wildlife Sanctuary, Brahmagiri Wildlife Sanctuary, Kudremukh National Park. Uncertainty Assessed with 95% confidence based on evidence and on the consensus of the field biologists. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Survey, life history studies and limiting factor research. Habitat management, sustainable utilisation, cultivation/breeding and monitoring Cultivation is recommended for research, preservation of live genome and reintroduction. Cultivated stocks available at department of Botany, Mysore University and Carmel College, Goa. Numbers in culltivation 5 at Mysore. There is no coordinated species management programme for this species and one is not recommended. Initiate cultivation programme after 3 years. Some propagation techniques known for similar taxa. Other comments: P.F. Solomons has recorded this species for the first time in Nilgiris. This is the first indication of the range extension of this species. Sources: Abraham & Vatsala, 1981: 336-338; Cooke, 1958: 188,189; Hooker, 1886-1890: 774; Keshvamurthy & Yoganarasimhan, 1990: 437; Lindley, 1839: 72; Nayar, 1996: 224; Ramachandran & Nair, 1988: 449; Rao, 1998: 194; Reichenbach, 1861 6: 260; Saldanha & Nicolson, 1976: 815; Santapau & Kapadia, 1966: 198-200; Sharma et al., 1984; Sule, 1991: 82. Compilers: T.A. Rao, B. Arthur, Krishnaswamy, E. Mohan, R. Ingalhalli, S. Rajendran, R. Hegde, S. Phatak. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 48 Reviewers: A. Durai, P.F. Solomons, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, M. Thapliyal, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, N. Raman, R. Singh, N.C. Rathakrishnan, T. Chhabra, R. Thamilarasi, M.B. Vishwanathan, S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, J.L. Ellis, C. Sathish Kumar, B.V. Shetty. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 49 ENDANGERED Scientific name (author; date): Bulbophyllum fuscopurpureum Wight, 1851 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Epiphytic or lithophytic herb Shola and evergreen forests. On small rocks with mosses and Commelina species. 900-1800 m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Population Numbers/Generation time/Trends: Trends: India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Karnataka, Kerala & Tamil Nadu) Coimbatore, Nilgiri [Henry et al., 1989]. Mysore [Sharma et al., 1984] Kaitia falls [Hooker, 1886-1890]. Naduvattom [Sharma et al., 1977]. Nilgiris, Muthukuzhivayal and on the way to Shantanparai from Devikulam [Abraham & Vatsala, 1981]. Mysore, Nilgiris [Nayar, 1996]. Mysore, Idukki, Kanniyakumari, Nilgiri [Rathakrishnan & Chitra, 1984]. Muthukuzhivayal, Devikulam, Naduvattom [Mohanan & Balakrishnan, 1991]. Karnataka: Biligiri Rangan Hills, Honnametti shola - coffee plantation, Attikan [R. Ganesan, 1996-1999]. Kerala: Idukki [Rathakrishnan & Chitra, 1984]. Tamil Nadu: Muthukuzhivayal, Anamalai [R. Gopalan, 1986]. Nilgiris [R. Gopalan, 1996]. Naduvattom, Nilgiris [P.F. Solomons, 1998-2000]. Naduvattom, Ellamalai [Sivabalakrishnan & A. Durai]. 100-5,000 10-500 4/ <10. Fragmented. No continuing decline or extreme fluctuation in the number of locations or subpopulations. All individuals not in one population and one subpopulation does not hold 95% or more of the total population. Decrease in habitat >20% in Ellamalai and Naduvattam. Predicted decline of <20% in the next 10 years all over due to habitat loss and plantations [R. Ganesan, 2000]. No change in the quality of the habitat. Edaphic changes, habitat loss (future), harvest for medicine (present), pollution and habitat fragmentation resulting in and may result in population decline. The influence on the population well understood, not reversible and not ceased to be threats. Not in trade Mature individuals in all populations >2,500. The numbers of mature individuals declined in the past by 10% and likely to decline by 10% in the future. Generation time 3 years. Perennial [R. Ganesan, 2000]. The population size/numbers of the taxon declining at a rate of <10% in the last 5 years (>50% in Naduvattam and Ellamalai). Recent Field Studies: R. Gopalan in Anamalai, Nilgiris, 1996, survey. P.F. Solomons in Naduvattom, 1998, 99, 2000, floristic survey. K. Sivabalakrishnan in Anamalai, 1996, ex situ conservation of orchids of Western Ghats. A. Durai in Nilgiris, June 1995, Naduvattom, establishment of an orchidarium. Data quality: Assessment based on field studies, indirect information and literature/herbarium studies. Qualifier: The Area and Extent of occurrence estimated based on known locations. The threats, mature individuals and population trends observed over many years of field studies Status IUCN Red List Criteria (1994): IUCN Red List Criteria (2000): ENDANGERED ENDANGERED CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed Not listed International RDB: Not listed Included in the Negative List of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999. Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Wildlife Sanctuary, Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve Uncertainty Assessed on a range of opinion based on evidence and on the consensus of the field biologists Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Criteria: Criteria: B1+2bce B1a+b(ii,iii,v), 2a+b(ii,iii,v) Survey, PHVA pending. Cultivation/breeding Cultivation is recommended for reintroduction. Not in cultivation. There is no coordinated species management programme for this species and one is recommended. Initiate cultivation programme within 3 years. Propagation techniques not known at all. Other comments: Proposed by Wight based on collections by Jerdon from Nilgiris. Encroachments into shola forests at Bilirangan Hills can affect the regeneration of primary forest trees. Once the older trees die the orchids may lose their habitat. Other than the plantations shola forests do not have any threat. There may not be any threat which can wipe way the population at Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Wildlife Sanctuary. However, this hill range is cut off from the Nilgiris, which may in the long run isolate the population [R. Ganesan, Biological Information Sheet]. Sources: Abraham & Vatsala, 1981: 334; Henry et al., 1989: 5; Hooker, 1886-1890: 760; ; R. Ganesan, 2000, Unpublished Biological Information Sheet; Mohanan & Balakrishnan, 1991: 192; Nayar, 1996: 224; Rathakrishnan & Chitra, 1984: 1003; Sharma et al., 1977: 138; Sharma et al., 1984: 265; Wight, 1851 5(1): 6.t.1651. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 50 Compilers: A. Durai, P.F. Solomons, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, M. Thapliyal, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, N. Raman, R. Singh, N.C. Rathakrishnan, T. Chhabra, R.R. Thamilarasi, M.B. Viswanathan. Reviewers: S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, M. Mohanan, S. Rajendran, S. Phatak, J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, C. Sathish Kumar, B. Arthur, B.V. Shetty, T.A. Rao. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 51 ENDANGERED Scientific name (author; date): Synonym: Bulbophyllum mysorense (Rolfe) J.J. Smith, 1912 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Creeping pseudobulbous epiphytic herb Moist deciduous forest On rough bark trees. 800-1000 m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Population Numbers/Generation time/Trends: Trends: Cirrhopetalum mysorense Rolfe, 1895 India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Karnataka & Kerala) Hassan - Upper Ghats [Saldanha & Nicolson, 1976]. Hassan, Mysore [Sharma et al., 1984]. Kundalli [Keshvamurthy & Yoganarasimhan, 1990]. Kodagu, Hassan [Rao, 1998; Rathakrishnan & Chitra, 1984]. Karnataka: Coorg [S. Phatak, 1987, 88]. Kodagu [T.A. Rao,1996]. Shimoga [Krishnaswamy, 1998]. Kerala: Periyar Tiger Reserve [N. Sasidharan, 1998]. 100-5,000 10-500 15/3. Fragmented. There is a continuing decline in the number of locations or subpopulations. All individuals are not in one population and one subpopulations does not hold 95% or more of the total population Decrease in the habitat predicted <20% in the next 10 years due construction of roads, tourism and human interference. Decrease in quality due to harvest of host trees. Decline in the host species (harvest for timber), habitat fragmentation, fire, reproductive problems and propagation difficulties are resulting in and may result in population decline. The influence on the population structure is well understood, are not reversible and have not ceased. Not in trade Mature individuals in all populations are >2,500. The number of mature individuals declined in the past by 10% and are likely to decline by 10% in the future. Generation time 3 years. The population size/numbers of the taxon is declining at a rate of <10% in the last 10 years. Predicted decline <10% in the next 10 due to habitat loss. Recent Field Studies: Krishnaswamy in Sringeri, Agumbe Ghat, 1998, studies on orchidaceae. T.A. Rao in Kodagu, 1996-98, floristic survey. Data quality: Assessment based on field studies, and literature/herbarium studies. Qualifier: The Area and Extent estimated based on known locations. The habitat status, threats, mature individuals and population trends observed over many years of field studies. Some threats are suspected. Status IUCN Red List Criteria (1994): IUCN Red List Criteria (2000): ENDANGERED ENDANGERED Criteria: Criteria: B1+2abcde B1a+b(i,ii,iii,iv,v), 2a+b(i,ii,iii,iv,v) CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed Not listed International RDB: Not listed Included in the Negative List of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999. Brahmagiri Wildlife Sanctuary, Kuduremukh National Park, Periyar Tiger Reserve, Rajiv Gandhi National Park Uncertainty Assessed with 95% confidence based on evidence (some precaution) and on the consensus of the field biologists at the workshop Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Life history studies. Not recommended Cultivated stocks available at Cauvery Nisargadhama in Kushalnagar, Kodagu. Numbers in culltivation 100. There is no coordinated species management programme for this species and one is not recommended. Initiate cultivation programme after 3 years. Some propagation techniques known for taxon or similar taxa. Other comments: This species was originally proposed by Rolfe based on O’ Brien’s collections from Mysore. Collection of this species from the wild is only passive or accidental; rarely for ornamental value. Sources: Keshvamurthy & Yoganarasimhan, 1990: 437; Rao, 1998: 105, 194; Rathakrishnan & Chitra, 1984: 1003; Rolfe, 1895 9:34; Saldanha & Nicolson, 1976: 815; Sharma et al., 1984: 265; Smith, 1912 8: 26; Compilers: T.A. Rao, B. Arthur, K. Krishnaswamy, E. Mohan, R. Ingalhalli, S. Rajendran, R. Hegde, S. Phatak Reviewers: A. Durai, P.F. Solomons, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, M. Thapliyal, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, N. Raman, R. Singh, N.C. Rathakrishnan, T. Chhabra, R. Thamilarasi, M.B. Viswanathan, S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, M. Mohanan, B.V. Shetty. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 52 ENDANGERED Scientific name (author; date): Synonym: Bulbophyllum proudlockii (King & Pantl.) J.J. Smith, 1912 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Lithophytic and epiphytic herb Evergreen forests. Moist branches and rocks associated with mosses and Commelina species. 1200-1600m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Population Numbers/Generation time/Trends: Trends: Cirrhopetalum proudlockii King & Pantl., 1897 India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Karnataka & Tamil Nadu) Hassan, Hullahalli, Hebbsali in the upper ghats [Saldanha & Nicolson, 1976]. Chikmagalur, Hassan, Mysore [Sharma et al., 1984]. Nilgiri [Henry et al., 1989]. Thadiandamol [Keshvamurthy & Yoganarasimhan, 1990]. Chickmagalur, Hassan, Mysore, Nilgiri [Rathakrishnana & Chitra, 1984]. Naduvattom, Gudalur [Sharma et al., 1977] Karnataka: Thandiandamol [T.A. Rao, 1984]. Chikkamagalur [Keshavamurthy, 1991]. Tamil Nadu: Naduvattom and Ellamalai in Nilgiri [K. Sivabalakrishnan, 1996]. 100-5,000 10-500 <10/4. Fragmented. Continuing decline but no extreme fluctuation in the number of locations or subpopulations. All individuals not in one population and one subpopulation does not hold 95% or more of the total population. Change in habitat unknown. Predicted decline of <20% in the next 5 years due to habitat loss. No change in the quality of habitat. Human interference and habitat loss may result in population decline. The influence on the population not well understood, not reversible and have not ceased. Not in trade Mature individuals in all populations <2,500. The number of mature individuals likely to decline by >20% in the future. Generation time 2 years. The rate of decline of population size/numbers not known. Predicted decline >20% in the next 10 due to habitat loss. Recent Field Studies: K. Sivabalakrishnan in Naduvattom, Ellamalai, 1996, 97, ex situ conservation of orchids of Western Ghats. Data quality: Assessment based on field studies and literature/herbarium studies. Qualifier: Area and extent estimated based on known locations; habitat status, threats, mature individuals and population trends observed, inferred, suspected and projected. Status IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (1994): IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (2000): ENDANGERED ENDANGERED Criteria: Criteria: B1+2bde B1a+b(ii,iv,v), 2a+b(ii,iv,v) CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed International RDB: Included in the Negative List of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999. Uncertainty Assessed with 95% confidence based on precaution and some evidence, on a range of opinion and the consensus of field biologists. Assessment based on the field study at Nilgiris, with the situation extrapolated for other regions. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Not listed Not listed Survey, genetic research, taxonomic research, PHVA pending. Habitat management, cultivation/breeding. Cultivation recommended for research. Cultivated stocks not available. There is no coordinated species management programme for this species and one is not recommended. Initiate cultivation programme within 3 years. Propagation techniques not known at all. Other comments: Originally proposed by King & Pantling based on specimen collected by R.L. Proudlock from Nilgiris. The causes for habitat loss have not been studied properly. The number of mature individuals was observed to be 300-500 in Nilgiris only. Sources: Henry et al., 1989: 6; Keshvamurthy & Yoganarasimhan, 1990: 438; King & Pantling, 1897: 588; Rathakrishnana & Chitra, 1984: 1003; Saldanha & Nicolson, 1976: 815, 816; Sharma et al., 1977: 139; Sharma et al., 1984: 266; Smith, 1912 8: 27. Compilers: T.A. Rao, K.Sivabalakrishnan, P.F. Solomons, P.S. Udayan, M.B. Viswanathan, U. Lakshminarayan Reviewers: A. Durai, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, M. Thapliyal, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, N. Raman, R. Singh, N.C. Rathakrishnan, T. Chhabra, R. Thamilarasi, S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, M. Mohanan, S. Rajendran, S. Phatak, J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, C. Sathish Kumar, B. Arthur, B.V. Shetty. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 53 ENDANGERED Scientific name (author; date): Bulbophyllum silentvalliensis Sharma & Srivatsava, 1993 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Epiphytic herb Evergreen forests Moss clad branches. 850-950 m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Kerala) Silent Valley [Rao, 1998]. Panthanathode, Sairandri [Sathish Kumar, 1999]. Kerala: Panthanathode and Sairandri in Silent Valley [C. Sathish Kumar, 1982]. <100 <10 2/2. Fragmented. No change in the habitat and its quality. Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Unknown Not in trade Population Numbers/Generation time/Trends: Trends: Mature individuals in all populations <250. Generation time - perennial. Unknown Recent Field Studies: W.D. Theuerkauf in Sairandri, Sept, 1995, germplasm collection studies. Data quality: Assessment based on field studies and literature/herbarium studies. Qualifier: The Area and Extent estimated based on known locations in Silent Valley. Status IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (1994): IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (2000): ENDANGERED ENDANGERED CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed International RDB: Included in the Negative List of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999. Silent Valley National Park. Uncertainty Assessed with 95% confidence based on evidence, on the consensus of the field biologists and on subjective opinion. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Criteria: Criteria: D D Not listed Not listed Life history studies, PHVA pending. Monitoring, cultivation/breeding. Cultivation recommended for research. Cultivated stocks available at TBGRI, Palode and Gurukula Botanical Sanctuary, Wayanad. Numbers in culltivation <10. There is no coordinated species management programme for this species and one is not recommended. Ongoing cultivation programme intensified or increased. Some propagation techniques known for the taxa. Other comments: Data on population trends and threats not available. Sources: Rao, 1998: 194; Sathish Kumar, 1999: 196; Sharma & Srivastava, 1993 68: 209-210; Compilers: S.S.R. Bennet, J.L. Ellis, M. Mohanan, V.S. Menon, C. Sathish Kumar, S. Seeni, B.V. Shetty, P.S. Udayan, U. Lakshminarayan. Reviewers: A. Durai, P.F. Solomons, R. Manickam, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, R. Singh, N.C. Rathakrishnan, T. Chhabra, R. Thamilarasi, M.B. Vishwanathan, B.A. Daniel, R. Gopalan, M. Thapliyal, M. Mohanan, S. Rajendran, S. Phatak, R. Ingalhalli, N. Raman, B. Arthur, T.A. Rao, K.G. Selvi. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 54 ENDANGERED Scientific name (author; date): Bulbophyllum tremulum Wight, 1851 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Epiphytic herb Moist deciduous forest Wet branches on trees. 1000 m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Population Numbers/Generation time/Trend Trends: India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Karnataka, Kerala & Tamil Nadu) Kodagu, Mysore, Nilgiris, Anamalai hills, Wayanad, Western ghats of Kerala, Ponmudi, Mahendragiri, Chengaltheri on the way to Naterikal, Muthukuzhivayal [Abraham & Vatsala, 1981]. Silent Valley Valliyaparathode [Manilal, 1988]. Kannur - Chandanathode, Kakkayangade [Ramachandran & Nair, 1988]. Near Uchangi, Hassan, Kodagu [Rao, 1998]. Ponmudi [Mohanan & Henry, 1994]. Kodagu, Mysore [Saldanha & Nicolson, 1976]. Coimbatore, Nilgiri, Tirunelveli [Henry et al., 1989]. Palghat – lower ghats, Kaikatty forest – Nelliyampathy ghats [Vajravelu, 1990]. Wayanad, Nilgiri hills [Hooker, 1886-1890]. Tadiandamol [Keshvamurthy & Yoganarasimhan, 1990]. Nilgiris [Sharma et al., 1977]. Coorg, Hassan, Idukki, Cannore, Coimbatore, Nilgiri, Tirunelveli [Rathakrishnan & Chitra, 1984]. Valiaparathode [Sathish Kumar, 1999]. Karnataka: Kodagu, Hassan [T.A. Rao, 1996-98]. 100-5,000 10-500 10-20/<10. Fragmented. There is continuing decline in the number of locations or subpopulations. All individuals not in one population and one subpopulation does not hold 95% or more of the total population. Decline in the habitat of the taxon. Predicted decline of <20% in the next 10 years due to vandalism and habitat loss. No change in the quality of the habitat. Habitat loss, habitat fragmentation and human intereference resulting in and may result in population decline. The influence on the population well understood, not reversible and not ceased to be threats. Not in trade Number of mature individuals unknown. Annual herb. Decline in numbers by 10% in the past and likely to continue decline at the same rate in the future. Declining by <10% in last 10 years due to habitat loss and predicted decline <10% in the next 10 years. Recent Field Studies: T.A. Rao in Kodagu, Hassan, 1996-98, conservation of wild orchids of Kodagu in the Western Ghats. C. Sathish Kumar in Silent Valley National Park, 1982-88. Data quality: Assessment based on field studies and literature/herbarium studies. Qualifier: Area and extent estimated based on known locations; habitat status and threats observed, suspected and projected. Status IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (1994): IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (2000): ENDANGERED ENDANGERED CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed International RDB: Included in the Negative List of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999. Silent Valley National Park, Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary Uncertainty Assessed on a range of opinion based on evidence and on the consensus of Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Criteria: Criteria: B1+2de B1a+b(iv,v), 2a+b(iv,v) Not listed Not listed the field biologists. Survey Not recommended Cultivated stocks not available. There is no coordinated species management programme for this species and one is not recommended. Propagation techniques not known at all. Other comments: Proposed by Wight based on his collections from Nilgiris. It also occurs in Idukki, Conoor, Coimbatore, Tirunelveli. There is no need for cultivation/breeding as it is an innocuous orchid. Sources: Abraham & Vatsala, 1981: 331; Henry et al., 1989: 6; Hooker, 1886-1890: 763, 764; Keshvamurthy & Yoganarasimhan, 1990: 438; Manilal, 1988: 271; Mohanan & Henry, 1994: 450; Rao, 1998: 108, 194; Ramachandran & Nair, 1988: 448; Rathakrishnan & Chitra, 1984: 1003; Saldanha & Nicolson, 1976: 816; Sathish Kumar, 1999: 196; Sharma et al., 1977: 138; Sharma et al., 1984: 266; Vajravelu, 1990: 469; Wight, 1851 5(1): 20.t.1749; Compilers: T.A. Rao, K. Sivabalakrishnan, P.F. Solomons, P.S. Udayan, M.B. Viswanathan, U. Lakshminarayan Reviewers: S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, R. Gopalan, M. Thapliyal, M. Mohanan, S. Rajendran, S. Phatak, R. Thamilarasi, J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, N. Raman, N.C. Rathakrishnan, C. Sathish Kumar, B. Arthur, B.V. Shetty. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 55 CRITICALLY ENDANGERED Scientific name (author; date): Cheirostylis seidenfadeniana Sathish & F. Rasm., 1987 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Terrestrial herbs Forest Floor in deep shade 850-950m Distribution Historical Distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of Occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of Occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Kerala) Ponmudi; way to Agasthyamala near Attayar; Chemunji Kerala: Agasthyamala 101-5,000 <10 3/3. Fragmented. There is a continuing decline but no extreme fluctuation in the number of locations or subpopulations. All individuals not in one population and one subpopulation does not hold 95% or more of the total population. Ponmudi (Type locality) changed due to tourism activity, but Agasthyamala and Chemunji populations intact. Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Habitat loss Not in trade Population Numbers/Generation time/trend: Population trend: Mature individuals in all populations <50. Annual. Unknown. Recent Field Studies: C. Sathish Kumar in Agasthyamala, 1995. Data quality: General field studies, informal sightings, indirect information Qualifier: Area and Extent estimated and habitat status observed. Population estimated based on field studies. Status IUCN Red List Criteria (1994): IUCN Red List Criteria (2000): CRITICALLY ENDANGERED CRITICALLY ENDANGERED CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed International RDB: Included in the Negative List of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999. Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary Uncertainty 95% confidence but the assessment is exclusive to the below listed compilers and reviewers. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Criteria: Criteria: B1+2bcd B2a+b(ii,iii,iv) Not listed Not listed Life History studies, PHVA Monitoring Cultivated stocks exist in TBGRI. There is no coordinated species management programme for this species and one is recommended within 3 years. Propagation techniques not known at all. Other comments: Described based on a collection made by Sathish Kumar from Ponmudi in 1983, It is closely related to C. parvifolia Lindl. and C. thailandica Seidenf. Under cultivation, this species frequently produces flowers and fruits and seedlings naturally come up among other orchids. Sources: Sathish Kumar & Rasmussen, 1987: 409 Compilers: C. Sathish Kumar Reviewers: B.V. Shetty, B. Arthur, S. Molur Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 56 ENDANGERED Scientific name (author; date): Chiloschista glandulosa Blatter & McCann, 1932 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Epiphytic herbs. Evergreen forests Riverine. 900-1200m. Distribution Historical Distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Habitat status: India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Karnataka, Kerala & Tamil Nadu) Karnataka [Blatter & McCann, 1932]. Ponmudi [Abraham & Vatsala, 1981]. Uttara Kannada, Kodagu [Rao, 1998]. Karnataka: Bhagamandala [T.A. Rao] Kerala: Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary [C. Sathish Kumar & Ganga Prasad] Tamil Nadu: Muthukuzhivayal >20,000 11-500 5/5. Fragmented. There is a continuing decline but no extreme fluctuation in the number of locations or subpopulations. All individuals not in one population and one subpopulation does not hold 95% or more of the total population. Decrease in quality of habitat. Decline in area. Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Human interference, tourism, developmental activities Not in trade Population Numbers/Generation time/trend: Population trend: Unknown Declining Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of Occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of Occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Recent Field Studies: Rao in Bhagamandala, 1998-2000. C. Sathish Kumar and Ganga Prasad in Athirumala, Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary, 1994-1995. Data quality: Field studies, informal sightings, literature/herbarium studies Qualifier: Area and Extent estimated and habitat status observed. Population estimated based on observation. Status IUCN Red List Criteria (1994): IUCN Red List Criteria (2000): ENDANGERED ENDANGERED CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed International RDB: Included in the Negative List of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999. Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary Uncertainty Assessment based on precaution due to changes expected in habitat. Assessment is exclusive to the below listed compilers and reviewer. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Criteria: Criteria: B1+2bcd B2a+b(ii,iii,iv) Not listed Not listed Survey Monitoring No cultivated stocks available. No recommendations made at the workshop. Other comments: Proposed by Blatter & McCann based on Miss. T.R. Bell’s manuscript notes and specimens from Karwar, Dandulli and Yellapur in North Kanara. Rediscovered from Muthukuzhivayal in Tamil Nadu and Ponmudi in Kerala [Sathish Kuamar, 1991]. Epiphytic on Veronia travancorica in Athirumala [C. Sathish Kumar]. Very difficult to locate. It has a bunch of roots with central stem, no leaves. Roots are green and perform the function of leaves. Species found on branches hanging over the river or water bodies. Ponmudi population critical. Difficult to locate this species in Athirumala since the riverine trees of Veronia travancorica were cut to construct a dormitory for rafters. Sources: Abraham & Vatsala, 1991; Blatter & Mc Cann, 1932; Rao, 1998: 108; Sathish Kumar, 1991: 211. Compilers: C. Sathish Kumar Reviewers: B.V. Shetty, B. Arthur, S. Molur Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 57 CRITICALLY ENDANGERED Scientific name (author; date): Coelogyne glandulosa Lindley var. bournei S.J. Das & Jain, 1978 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Epiphyte or lithophyte Evergreen and deciduous forests. Moss clad side branches and exposed rocks. 500-1500 m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Tamil Nadu) Madurai [Henry et al., 1989]. Poombarai in Palni Hills [Seidenfaden, 1999]. Madurai [Rathakishnan & Chitra, 1984]. None <100 <10 2/2. Fragmented. Decrease in the habitat >50% in the last 20 years. >50% predicted decline in the next 10 years due to coffee plantations. There is decrease in the quality of habitat. Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Habitat loss Not in trade. Population Numbers/Generation time/Trend Trends: Unknown Unknown Recent Field Studies: None Data quality: Assessment based on literature/herbarium studies. Qualifier: The Area and Extent inferred from literature. Status IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (1994): IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (2000): CRITICALLY ENDANGERED CRITICALLY ENDANGERED CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed International RDB: Included in the Negative List of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999. None. Uncertainty Assessed with 95% confidence based on evidence and on the consensus of the field biologists. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Criteria: Criteria: B1+2c B1a+b(iii), 2a+b(iii) Not listed Not listed Survey, taxonomic research, genetic studies Monitoring Cultivated stocks not available. There is no coordinated species management programme for this species and one is recommended to be initiated within 3 years. Propagation techniques not known at all. Other comments: This variety was proposed by Das and Jain based on a collection made by A.G. Bourne from Poombari, Palni Hills. Record of its occurrence elsewhere (e.g. Nilgiris – Mohanan & Balakrishnan, 1991) is erroneous. Sources: Das & Jain, 1978 86(1070); Das & Jain, 1976 (1979) 18(1-4); Henry et al., 1989: 7; Mohanan & Balakrishnan, 1991: 193; Rathakrishnan & Chitra, 1984: 1003; Seidenfaden, 1999: 1234; Compilers: T.A. Rao, K. Sivabalakrishnan, P.F. Solomons, P.S. Udayan, M.B. Viswanathan, U. Lakshminarayan Reviewers: A. Durai, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, M. Thapliyal, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, N. Raman, R. Singh, N.C. Rathakrishnan, T. Chhabra, R. Thamilarasi, S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, M. Mohanan, S. Rajendran, S. Phatak, J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, C. Sathish Kumar, B. Arthur, B.V. Shetty, K.G. Selvi. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 58 ENDANGERED Scientific name (author; date): Coelogyne glandulosa Lindley var. glandulosa 1854 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Terrestria and lithophytic herb Evergreen and deciduous forests Moist areas near river and streams. 2200 m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Population Numbers/Generation time/Trend India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Tamil Nadu) Nilgiri hills [Abraham & Vatsala, 1981]. Kodaikanal, Vilpatty path, Pambai shola, Church Cliff, Kodaikanal Poombarai Road [Seidenfaden, 1999]. Coimbatore, Madurai, Nilgiri [Henry et al., 1989]. Pykara [Mohanan & Balakrishnan, 1991], Kodaikanal, Palni, Pamban stream [Fyson, 1974]. Madurai, Nilgiri [Rathakrishnana & Chitra, 1984]. Tamil Nadu: Mukurthi National Park [P.F. Solomons, 1998–2000]. Bangitappal, Mukurthi National Park [S. Paulraj]. 100-5,000 sq.km. 100-500 sq.km. 4/<10. Fragmented. There is continuing decline in the number of locations or subpopulations. All individuals are not in one population and one subpopulation does not hold 95% or more of the total population. There is no decrease in the habitat but landslides and fire are causes of decline in quality of habitat. Fire, landslide and habitat loss (in the past) resulting and may result in future population decline. The factor influencing the status of the taxon well understood, not reversible and have not ceased. Not in trade Trends: Numbers unknown, there has been no change in the numbers of mature individuals and are not likely to decline in the future. Generation time 1 year. Population size stable and there may be decline in the future if threats continue. Recent Field Studies: P.F. Solomons in Mukurthi National Park, 1998-2000, conservation studies. Data quality: Assessed based on field studies and informal sightings of the population in Mukurthi National Park. Qualifier: Extent and Area estimated; habtitat status and threats observed. Status IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (1994): IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (2000): ENDANGERED ENDANGERED CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed International RDB: Included in the Negative List of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999. Mukurthi National Park Uncertainty Assessed with 95% confidence based on evidence and on the consensus of the field biologists Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Criteria: Criteria: B1+2cd B1a+b(iii,iv), 2a+b(iii,iv) Not listed Not listed Genetic research Monitoring, Cultivation/breeding Commercial/sustainability. Cultivated stocks not available. There is no coordinated species management programme for this species and one is recommended after 3 years. Propagation techniques not known at all. Other comments: Described by Lindley based on Wight’s collection from south India (without precise locality). Record of its occurrence outside Palnis is doubted (C. Sathish Kumar pers. comm.). It was reported in Pykara earlier. The population in Mukurthi National Park was studied to identify the variety. Since Mukurthi National Park is a protected area there is no change in the habitat and hopefully the species will increase, but landslides and fire can be a threat in this area. Barring the human-induced calamities, the population has a good chance of increasing considerably. The propagation programme will be taken up by the wildlife wing of the Tamil Nadu Forest Department and reintroduced in the wild in suitable areas. Sources: Abraham & Vatsala, 1981: 275-277; Fyson, 1974: 391; Henry et al., 1989: 7; Lindley, 1854: 6; Mohanan & Balakrishna, 1991: 193; S. Paulraj, 2000, Unpublished Biological Information Sheet; Rathakrishnana & Chitra, 1984: 1003; Seidenfaden, 1999: 1233-1234. Compilers: A. Durai, P.F. Solomons, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, M. Thapliyal, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, N. Raman, R. Singh, N.C. Rathakrishnan, T. Chhabra, R. Thamilarasi, M.B. Vishwanathan. Reviewers: S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, M. Mohanan, S. Rajendran, S. Phatak, J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, N. Raman, C. Sathish Kumar, B. Arthur, B.V. Shetty, T.A. Rao, K.G. Selvi, U. Lakshminarayan. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 59 CRITICALLY ENDANGERED Scientific name (author; date): Synonym: Coelogyne glandulosa Lindley var. sathyanarayanae S.J. Das & Jain, 1978 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Epiphyte Moist deciduous, evergreen and shola forests. 1000-2000 m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: Threats Threats to taxon: Coelogyne mossiae Rolfe, 1894 India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Tamil Nadu) Madurai [Henry et al., 1989]. Palni hills, Kodaikanal [Seidenfaden, 1999]. None <100 <10 1/1. Decrease in the habitat >20% in the last 10 years. Predicted decline >20% in the next 10 years and decrease in the quality due to plantations of guava and pomegranate. Trade: Habitat loss is resulting in and may result in future population decline. The influence on the population is well understood, not reversible and not ceased to be a threat. Not in trade. Population Numbers/Generation time/Trend Trends: Unknown Unknown Recent Field Studies: None. Data quality: Assessed based on literature/herbarium studies only. Qualifier: Area and extent estimated based on published locations; habitat status known from ecological studies and from developmental activities of the area. Status IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (1994): IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (2000): CRITICALLY ENDANGERED CRITICALLY ENDANGERED CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed International RDB: Included in the Negative List of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999. None Uncertainty Assessed based on a range of opinion, precaution and on the consensus of the field biologists. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Survey Monitoring, Cultivation Conservation Criteria: Criteria: B1+2c B1a+b(iii), 2a+b(iii) Not listed Not listed Other comments: Proposed by Das and Jain based on a lone collection made by Saldanha in 1965 from Kodaikanal. And it was not subsequently recollected from anywhere. Sources: Das & Jain, 1978: 195; Henry et al., 1989: 7; Seidenfaden, 1999: 1235. Compilers: T.A. Rao, K.Sivabalakrishnan, P.F. Solomons, P.S. Udayan, M.B. Viswanathan, U. Lakshminarayan. Reviewers: A. Durai, R. Manickam, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, R. Singh, T. Chhabra, R. Thamilarasi, S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, R. Gopalan, M. Thapliyal, M. Mohanan, Rajendran, S. Phatak, J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, N. Raman, N.C. Rathakrishnan, C. Sathish Kumar, B. Arthur, B.V. Shetty, T.A. Rao, K.G. Selvi. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 60 ENDANGERED Scientific name (author; date): Coelogyne mossiae Rolfe, 1894 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Epiphyte and lithophyte. Evergreen and shola forests, and grasslands Associated with mosses on rocky slopes. 1600-2500 m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Population Numbers/Generation time/Trend Trends: India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Tamil Nadu & Kerala) Nilgiris, Palni Hills, on the way to Nyamakkad, Kodaikanal Hills near Shembaganur [Abraham & Vatsala, 1981]. Madurai, Nilgiri [Henry et al., 1989]. Silent Valley - Walakkad [Manilal, 1988]. Nilgiris [Sharma, et al., 1977; Fyson, 1974]. Palni Hills, Kodaikanal [Seidenfaden, 1999]. Palni Hills, Idukki District [Nayar & Sastry, 1988; Mohanan & Balakrishnan, 1991]. Madurai, Nilgiris [Rathakrishnan & Chitra, 1984]. Munnar [Sathish Kumar, 1991]. High Range [Shetty & Vivekananthan, 1991]. Walakkad [Sathish Kumar, 1999]. Tamil Nadu: Avalanche, Nilgiris, Western Catchment area [T. Chabra, 1997-2000]. Ellamalai, Gudalur [K. Sivabalakrishnan, 1995-99]. Nilgiris [A. Durai]. Kodanadu, Nilgiris [P.S. Udayan, 1992]. Mukurthi National Park, Western Catchment area [P.F. Solomons, 1998]. Bangitappal, Avalanche, Mukurthi National Park, High Range, Kerala, Rajamalley [B.V. Shetty]. Nilgiri Shola, Walakkad, Idukki [M. Mohanan]. 100-5,000 10-500 >10/6. Fragmented. No continuing decline or extreme fluctuation in the number of locations or subpopulations. All individuals not in one population and one subpopulation does not hold 95% or more of the total population There is no change in the habitat of the taxon. Predicted decline of <20% in the next 10 years due to tea plantations, overexploitation for ornamental cultivation [M. Mohanan]. There is change in the quality of the habitat. Edaphic changes, harvest for medicine, habitat loss, habitat loss due to exotic plants, trade for market or medicine and landslides are resulting in and may result in population decline. The influence on the population well understood, not reversible and not ceased to be a threat. Not in trade. Mature individuals in all populations <2,500. The number of mature individuals declined in the past >20% and likely to decline by <20% in the future. Generation time 3 years. The population size/numbers of the taxon declining at a rate of >20% in the last 10 years. Predicted decline <10% in the next 10 due to habitat loss. Recent Field Studies: T. Chabra in western Catchment area, Nilgiris, 1995, conservation. P.F. Solomons in Avalanche, Mukurthi National Park, 1998-2000, field studies. K. Sivabalakrishnan and A. Durai in Ellamalai, 1996. P.S. Udayan in Kodanadu in 1992, field studies. Data quality: Assessment based on field studies and literature/herbarium studies. Qualifier: The Area and Extent estimated based on the known locations. The habitat status, threats, mature individuals and population trends observed and projected. Status IUCN RED LI ST CRITERIA (1994): IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (2000): ENDANGERED ENDANGERED Criteria: Criteria: B1+2abce B1a+b(i,ii,iii,v), 2a+b(i,ii,iii,v) CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Not listed Vulnerable [Nayar & Sastry, 1988] Mukurthi National Park Indian WL. (P) Act: International RDB: Not listed Not listed Uncertainty: Assessed with 95% confidence based on evidence, some precaution and on the consensus of the field biologists. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: by Life history studies, genetic research, PHVA. Cultivation/breeding Cultivation recommended for research. Cultivated stocks available at the National Orchidarium, Yercaud. There is no coordinated species management programme for this species and one is not recommended. Initiate cultivation programme within 3 years. Information on propagation techniques not available. Other comments: Proposed by Lindley based on a collection by Mr. Moss from Nilgiris. Monoculture plantations in Nilgiris should be prevented to retain the present habitat of the species. This species is collected by locals for medicinal purpose. The bulbs are used to treat burn wounds by Kurumbas. Flowers are double the size of Fysons (1974) observations. Sources: Seidenfaden, 1999: 1235; Abraham & Vatsala, 1981: 285; Henry et al., 1989: 7; Manilal, 1988: 273; Nayar & Sastry, 1987: 234; Fyson, 1974: 391; Mohanan & Balakrishnan, 1991: 193; Sharma et al., 1977: 139; Rolfe, 1894: 156; Rathakrishnan & Chitra, 1984: 1003; B.V. Shetty, M. Mohanan (Biological Information Sheets, 2000); Sathish Kumar, 1991: 211; Sathish Kumar, 1999: 198; Shetty & Vivekananthan, 1991: 140. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 61 Compilers: A. Durai, P.F. Solomons, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, M. Thapliyal, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, N. Raman, R. Singh, N.C. Rathakrishnan, T. Chhabra, R. Thamilarasi, M.B. Vishwanathan. Reviewers: S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, R. Gopalan, M. Mohanan, Rajendran, S. Phatak, J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, C. Sathish Kumar, B. Arthur, B.V. Shetty, T.A. Rao, U. Lakshminarayan, K.G. Selvi. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 62 ENDANGERED Scientific name (author; date): Synonym: Coelogyne nervosa Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Lithophyte or epiphyte Montane grasslands 1000-2500m Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Population Numbers/Generation time/Trend: Trends: A. Rich., 1841 Coelogyne corrugata Wight, 1851 India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Karnataka, Kerala & Tamil Nadu) Mysore to Thirunelveli, Nilgiri hills, Munnar, Kiothayar, Muthukuzhivayal and on top of Mahendragiri Peak [Abraham & Vatsala, 1981]. Silent Valley - Poochapara [Manilal, 1988]. Mysore [Sharma et al., 1984]. Coimbatore, Kanyakumari, Madurai, Nilgiris, Tirunelveli [Henry et al., 1989]. Kannur on the way to Brahmagiri [Ramachandran & Nair, 1988]. Kodaikanal, Bear Shola, Palni Hills [Seidenfaden, 1999]. Anaimudi, Mahendragiri [BVS]. Doddabetta, Coonoor [VR]. Kodanad, Kotagiri, Naduvattom, Pykara, Ootacamund [Sharma et al., 1977]. Kodagu [Nayar, 1996]. Kodaikanal, Nilgiri, Coonoor, Palani [Fyson, 1974]. Tadiandamol [Keshvamurthy & Yoganarasimhan, 1990]. High Range [Shetty & Vivekananthan, 1991]. Mysore, Idukki, Trivandrum, Coimbatore, Kanniyakumari, Madurai, Nilgiri, Tirunelveli [Rathakrishnan & Chitra, 1984]. Poochapara [Sathish Kumar, 1999]. Karnataka: Kodagu Kotagiri, Madikeri, Brahmagiri range [T. A. Rao, 1996-98]. Kerala: Silent Valley (1982-1988); Eravikulam National Park, Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary (1993-1997) [Sathish Kumar] Tamil Nadu: Doddabetta, Coonoor [VR]. Bikkapathimund Reserve Forest, Pandiar [T. Chabra]. Mukurthi National Park, Naduvattom [P.F. Solomons]. Anamalais [K. Sivabalakrishnan, A. Durai]. Pykara, Nilgiris [P.S. Udayan, 1996]. 5,001-20,000 10-500 >100/>10. Fragmented. There is continuing decline in the number of locations or subpopulations. All individuals are not in one population and one subpopulation does not hold 95% or more of the total population. Decrease in the habitat <20% in the last 10 years. Predicted decline <20% in the next 10 years due to loss of habitat and plantations. There is decrease in the quality of habitat. Habitat loss, habitat fragmentation, grazing, fire,drought and demographic instability resulting in and may result in population decline. The influence of threats on the population well understood, not reversible and have not ceased to be a threat. Not in trade Mature individuals in all populations >2,500. Continuing decline in mature individuals and predicted decline. Generation time 3 years. The population size/numbers of the taxon declining at a rate of >20% in the last 10 years. Predicted decline >20% in the next 10 years due to habitat loss. The threats influencing the population structure well understood, not reversible and not ceased to be a threat. Recent Field Studies: T. Chabra in Bikkapathimund and Pandiar. P.F.Solomons in Mukurthi National Park, Naduvattom. K. Sivabalakrishnan and A. Durai in Anamalai, 1995, establishment of orchidarium. T.A. Rao in Kodagu, floristic studies. P.S. Udayan in Pykara and Naduvattom, 1992-95, documentation of vegetation. K. Ravikumar in High Wavy mountains, 1989-1994. Sathish Kumar in Eravikulam National Park and Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary, 1993-1997, Orchid species of Kerala and Flora of Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary. Data quality: Assessment based on field studies, and literature/herbarium studies. Qualifier: The Area and Extent estimated based on known locations. The habitat status, threats, mature individuals and population trends observed over many years of field studies and also inferred from a range of opinion. Status IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (1994): IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (2000): ENDANGERED ENDANGERED Criteria: Criteria: B1+2abcde B2a+b(i,ii,iii,iv,v) CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed Not listed International RDB: Not listed Included in the Negative List of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999. Eravikulam National Park, Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, Mukurthi National Park, Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary, Silent Valley National Park Uncertainty: Assessed with 95% confidence based on evidence, range of opinion and on the consensus of the field biologists. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Genetic research, life history studies, PHVA pending. Cultivation/breeding Cultivation recommended for research. Cultivated stocks available at home gardens in Ooty. Numbers in culltivation 25. There is no coordinated species management programme for this species and one is Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 63 not recommended. Initiate cultivation programme within 3 years. Some propagation techniques known for similar taxa. Other comments: It was proposed by A. Richard based on Perrottet’s collection from Nilgiris. Flowers have mild fragrance and are attractive. Selective felling of trees, shade lopping are the main threats in High Wavy Mountains [K. Ravikumar, pers. comm.]. Sources: Abraham & Vatsala, 1981: 285-288; Nayar, 1996: 111; Seidenfaden, 1999: 123; Rao, 1998: 196; Manilal, 1988: 273; Sharma et al., 1984: 266; Henry et al., 1989: 7, 8; Ramachandran & Nair, 1988: 449; Mohanan & Henry, 1994: 451, 452; Fyson, 1974: 390; Hooker, 1886-1890: 835; Keshavmurthy & Yoganarasimhan, 1990: 439; Sharma et al., 1977: 139; Richard, 1841: 15; Wight, 1851 5(1): 5.t.1639; B.V. Shetty, V. Ramachandran, 2000, Unpublished Biological Information Sheet; Shetty & Vivekananthan, 1991: 140; Rathakrishnan & Chitra, 1984: 1003; Sathish Kumar, 1999: 198 Compilers: A. Durai, P.F. Solomons, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, M. Thapliyal, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, N. Raman, R. Singh, N.C. Rathakrishnan, T. Chhabra, R. Thamilarasi, M.B. Vishwanathan. Reviewers: S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, M. Mohanan, Rajendran, S. Phatak, J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, NC. Sathish Kumar, B. Arthur, B.V. Shetty, T.A. Rao, U. Lakshminarayan, K.G. Selvi. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 64 VULNERABLE Scientific name (author; date): Dendrobium barbatulum Lindley, 1830 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Epiphytic or lithopythic herbs Moist and dry deciduous, moist evergreen forests. On tree branches and dry rocks. 500-2000 m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Travancore Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Population Numbers/Generation time/Trade: Trends: India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka & Tamil Nadu) Kodagu, Uttara Kannada, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Silent Valley [Rao, 1998]. Gujarat to Konkan to [Nayar, 1996]. Coimbatore, Kanyakumari, Nilgiri [Henry et al., 1989]. Goa, Colem Ghat area [Rao, 1986]. Dangs, Ahwa, Khandesh, Konkan, Thana, Kanheri caves, Chiplun, Ratnagiri, Western Ghats – Kasara, Igatpuri, Khandala, Mahabaleshwar, Deccan – Purandhar, Dapoli, Bhimashankar, Radhanagari, Kolhapur, Koyna Nagar, Uttara Kannada, Tinai Ghat, Anmod, Castle Rock [Santapau & Kapadia, 1966]. Chickamagalur, Hassan, Mysore, Uttara Kannada, Shimoga [Sharma et al., 1984]. Mukkali Forest, Valiyaparathode [Vajravelu, 1990]. Konkan, Kodagu [Hooker, 1886-1890]. Anakad, Mercara, Talacauvery [Keshvamurthy & Yoganarasimhan, 1990]. Kariashola [Sharma, et al., 1977]. Sairandhri, Poochapara, Aruvanpara [Sathsh Kumar, 1999]. Maharashtra: Devarai, Londa, Haliyal [S. Phatak & R. Ingalhalli, 1980, 98]. Karnataka: Thalakaveri Medicinal Plants Conservation Area, Kodagu, Kemmanagundi, Uttara Kannada [T.A. Rao, 1996-98, 2000]. Tamil Nadu: Valparai, Anamalai, Rottikadai, Cherampadi, Nilgiris, Devala [K. Sivabalakrishnan, 1997, 98]. Rottikadai, Valparai in Anamalai Hills [A. Durai]. 5,001-20,000 501-2,000 32/11. Fragmented. There is continuing decline in the number of locations or subpopulations. All individuals not in one population and one subpopulation does not hold 95% or more of the total population. Decrease in the habitat <20% in the last 10 years. Predicted decline <20% in the next 10 years due to loss of habitat and vandalism. Decrease in the quality of habitat in certain locations. Hybridization, human interference, climate, harvest, habitat loss and pollution resulting in and may result in population decline. The influence on the population well understood, not reversible and not ceased. Not in trade. Mature individuals in all populations >2,500. The numbers of mature individuals declined in the past by 10% and likely to decline by 10% in the future. Generation time - annual / perennial. The population size/numbers of the taxon declining at a rate of >10% in the last 10 years. Predicted decline >20% in the next 10 years due to habitat loss. Recent Field Studies: T.A. Rao in Kodagu, Kemmanagundi and Kudremukh, 1996-2000, ex situ conservation, establishment of orchidarium at Bannerghata, Bangalore. K. Sivabalakrishnan and A. Durai in Cherampadi, Nilgiris, 199598, ex situ conservation. P.F. Solomons in Silent Valley, 1998-99, conservation studies. S. Phatak in Anmode, Londa, 1998-99, orchids of Anmode. A. Durai in Anamalai Hills, June 1995, establishment of orchidarium. Data quality: Assessment based on field studies and literature/herbarium. Qualifier: The Area and Extent estimated based on known locations. The habitat status, threats, mature individuals and population trends observed over many years of field studies and census/monitoring and projected. Status IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (1994): IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (2000): V ULNERABLE V ULNERABLE Criteria: Criteria: A2ce; B1+2abcde B1a+b(i,ii,iii,iv,v), 2a+b(i,ii,iii,iv,v) CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed Not listed International RDB: Not listed Included in the Negative List of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999. Brahmagiri National Park, Kudremukh National Park, Silent Valley National Park, Talakaveri Wildlife Sanctuary, Bhimashankar Wildlife Sanctuary, Radhanagari Wildlife Sanctuary, Koyana Wildlife Sanctuary Uncertainty Assessed with 95% confidence based on evidence and precaution (prediction), with a range of opinion and on the consensus of field biologists. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Other comments: Survey, genetic research, life history studies and PHVA. Habitat management, monitoring, cultivation/breeding, genome resource banking. Cultivation recommended for research. Cultivated stocks available at local green house; Numbers in culltivation 5. There is no coordinated species management programme for this species and one is not recommended. Initiate cultivation programme within 3 years. Some propagation techniques known for similar taxa. Proposed by Lindley based on Heyne’s collection from India (without precise locality). Its distribution in Silent Valley, Kerala (Manilal, 1988) is erroneously reported. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 65 Sources: Rao, 1998: 197; Nayar, 1996: 224; Rao, 1986: 417; Henry et al., 1989: 9; Manilal, 1988: 276; Santapau & Kapadia, 1966: 95,96; Sharma et al., 1984: 267; Saldanha & Nicolson, 1976: 819, 820; Vajravelu, 1990: 473; Hooker, 1886-1890: 719; Sharma et al., 1977: 139; Keshvamurthy & Yoganarasimhan, 1990: 441; Lindley, 1830: 84; Sathish Kumar, 1999: 200 Compilers: T.A. Rao, K. Sivabalakrishnan, P.F. Solomons, P.S. Udayan, M.B. Viswanathan, U. Lakshminaray an Reviewers: A. Durai, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, R. Singh,T. Chhabra, S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, R. Gopalan, M. Thapliyal, M. Mohanan, Rajendran, S. Phatak, J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, N. Raman, N.C. Rathakrishnan, C. Sathish Kumar, B. Arthur, B.V. Shetty, T.A. Rao, K.G. Selvi. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 66 CRITICALLY ENDANGERED Scientific name (author; date): Dendrobium diodon Reichb. f. ssp. kodayarensis Gopalan & A.N. Henry, 1988 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Epiphyte or lithophytic herbs Evergreen forests 1000-1200 m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Population Numbers/Generation time/Trends: Trends: India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Kerala & Tamil Nadu) Muthukuzhivayal [Nayar, 1996] Tamil Nadu: Muthukuzhivayal in Kanyakumari District [R. Gopalan, 1982]. Agastyamala [C. Sathish Kumar, 1993 onwards) <100 sq. km. <10 sq.km. 1/1. All individuals are in one population. There is decline in habitat but trends not known. Predicted decline <20% in the next 10 years due to habitat destruction. There is change in the quality of habitat due to decline in host species. Decline of host species, edaphic changes, habitat loss and habitat fragmentation resulting in and may result in population decline. The influence on the population well understood, not reversible and not ceased to be a threat. Not in trade Mature individuals in all populations <250. The numbers of mature individuals declined in the past 5% and likely to decline by 5% in the future. Generation time 2 years. The population size/numbers of the taxon declining at a rate of <10% in the last 10 years. Predicted decline <10% in the next 10 years due to habitat loss. Recent Field Studies: C. Sathish Kumar in Agastyamala, 1993 onwards. Data quality: Assessed based on indirect information based on habitat and quality, and from literature/herbarium studies. The Area and Extent estimated based on the known location. The habitat status and threats to the habitat observed over years. Mature individuals and population trends inferred and estimated based on habitat information. Status IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (1994): IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (2000): CRITICALLY ENDANGERED CRITICALLY ENDANGERED CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed Not listed International RDB: Not listed Included in the Negative List of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999. Kalakad-Mundanthurai Wildlife Sanctuary, Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary Uncertainty Assessed on consensus with 95% confidence. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Criteria: Criteria: by B1+2ce; C2b B1a+b(iii,v), 2a+b(iii,v); C2a(ii) Survey, life history studies, PHVA. Habitat management Cultivated stocks not available. There is no coordinated species management programme for this species and one is recommended. Initiate cultivation programme within 3 years. Propagation techniques not known at all. Other comments: It is a newly described subspecies. The subspecies is found in the protected area. Further survey is recommended for this taxon. Sources: Gopalan & Henry, 1988 (1989) 12(2): 487; Nayar, 1996: 224 Compilers: A. Durai, P.F. Solomons, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, M. Thapliyal, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, N. Raman, R. Singh, N.C. Rathakrishnan, T. Chhabra, R. Thamilarasi, M.B. Vishwanathan. Reviewers: S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, M. Mohanan, Rajendran, S. Phatak, J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, C. Sathish Kumar, B. Arthur, B.V. Shetty, U. Lakshminarayan, K.G. Selvi, T.A. Rao. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 67 ENDANGERED Scientific name (author; date): Dendrobium heyneanum Lindley, 1830 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Epiphyte Wet evergreen forest On branches of trees bordering the grasslands. 200-1600 m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Population Numbers/Generation time/Trend: Trends: India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Karnataka, Kerala & Tamil Nadu) Nilgiris, Courtallum, Ponmudi, Bonaccord, Muthukuzhivayal, Kathayae and Chengaltheri on the way to Naterikal [Abraham & Vatsala, 1981]. Hassan, Shimoga [Sharma et al., 1984]. Hassan, Vanagur, Mankanahalli in Upper Ghats [Saldanha & Nicolson, 1976]. Silent Valley – Valiyaparathode [Manilal, 1988]. Mysore, Coimbatore, Nilgiri, Tirunelveli [Henry et al., 1989]. Kannur – on the way to Chandanathode, Thirunalli [Ramachandran & Nair, 1988]. Silent Valley [Vajravelu, 1990]. Ghats of Malabar [Hooker, 1886-1890]. Pushpagiri [Keshvamurthy & Yoganarasimhan, 1990]. Sairandhri [Manoharan, 1999]. Nilgiris [Sharma, 1977]. Thadiandamol [Rao, 1998]. Coorg, Hassan, Cannore, Idukki, Palghat, Trivandrum, Coimbatore, Kanniyakumari, Nilgiri, Thirunelveli [Rathakrishnan & Chitra, 1984]. Valiaparathode, Sairandhri [Sathish Kumar, 1999]. Karnataka: Kodagu [Keshavamurthy]. Kerala: Silent Valley [Sathish Kumar 1982-1988]. Tamil Nadu: Naduvattom, Nilgiris, Cherampdi [K. Sivabalakrishnan,1995-98]. Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, Tirunelveli [M.B. Vishwanathan, 1996-2000]. 5,001-20,000 10-500 30/5. Fragmented. All individuals not in one population and one subpopulation does not hold 95% or more of the total population. Decrease in the habitat <20% in the last 4 years. Predicted decline >20% in the next 10 years due to loss of habitat and felling of trees. There is decrease in the quality of habitat. Decline of host species, habitat loss and habitat loss due to exotic plants resulting in and may result in population decline. The influence on the population structure well understood, not reversible and not ceased to be threats. Not in trade The number of mature individuals have declined in the past by 10% and are likely to decline by >20% in the future. Generation time 1 year. Continuing decline observed in areas other than Kodagu and Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, where the population is increasing. Recent Field Studies: K. Sivabalakrishnan in Naduvattom and Cherampadi, 1995-98, ex situ conservation on orchids of Western Ghats. M.B. Vishwanathan and U. Manikandan in Kalakad Mundandurai Tiger Reserve, Tirunelveli, 1996-2000, conservation of orchids. Data quality: Assessed based on field studies, informal sightings and literature/herbarium studies. The Area and Extent estimated based on known locations. The habitat status, threats, mature individuals and population trends observed over many years of field studies and census/monitoring. Qualifier: The Area and Extent estimated based on known locations. The habitat status, threats, mature individuals and population trends observed over many years of field studies and census/monitoring. Status IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (1994): IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (2000): ENDANGERED ENDANGERED CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed Not listed International RDB: Not listed Included in the Negative List of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999. Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, Pushpagiri Wildlife Sanctuary, Silent Valley National Park Uncertainty Assessed with 95% confidence based on evidence and on the consensus of Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Criteria: Criteria: B1+2ce B2a+b(iii,v) the field biologists. Genetic research, life history studies, PHVA. Habitat management, monitoring, cultivation/breeding. Cultivation is recommended for research. No cultivated stocks. There is no coordinated species management programme for this species and one is not recommended. Initiate cultivation programme within 3 years. Some propagation techniques known for taxon or similar taxa. Other comments: Proposed by Lindley based on Heyne’s collection from India (without precise locality). No change in the habitat in Kalakad-Mundandurai Tiger Reserve as it is a protected area. Population numbers are increasing and no future decline is predicted in KMTR [M.B. Vishwanathan]. In Nilgiris, since the host trees are in the private estates, they can be felled anytime [K. Sivabalakrishnan]. Decline in individuals in Nilgiris not known [K. Sivabalakrishnan]. Population numbers are increasing in Kodagu [T.A. Rao]. Sources: Abraham & Vatsala, 1981: 358, 361. Henry et al., 1989: 9; Hooker, 1886-1890: 718; Jain & Mehrotra, 1984: 46; Keshvamurthy & Yoganarasimhan, 1990: 442; Lindley, 1830: 78; Manilal, 1988: 277; Manoharan et al., 1999: 200; Ramachandran & Nair, 1988: 452; Rao, 1998: 198; Rathakrishnan & Chitra, Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 68 1984: 1003; Saldanha & Nicolson, 1976: 820, 821; Sharma et al., 1977: 139; Sharma et al., 1984: 267; Vajravelu,1990: 474; Sathish Kumar, 1999: 200. Compilers: T.A. Rao, K. Sivabalakrishnan, P.F. Solomons, P.S. Udayan, M.B. Viswanathan, U. Lakshminarayan Reviewers: A. Durai, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, R. Singh, T. Chhabra, R. Thamilarasi, S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, R. Gopalan, M. Thapliyal, M. Mohanan, S. Rajendran, S. Phatak, J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, N. Raman, N.C. Rathakrishnan, C. Sathish Kumar, B. Arthur, B.V. Shetty, K.G. Selvi. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 69 ENDANGERED Scientific name (author; date): Synonyms: Dendrobium jerdonianum Wight, 1851 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Epiphytic herb Evergreen forests 1300-1400m Distribution Historical Distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of Occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of Occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: Dendrobium villosum Lindley, 1852 non Wallich, 1830. Dendrobium mutantiflorum Hook. f., 1900 India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Karnataka & Kerala) Kodagu, Hassan [Rao, 1998]. Tellicherry [Hooker, 1900] Karnataka: Kodagu, Hassan [T.A. Rao] Kerala: Pakshipatalum, Wayanad [Sathish Kumar] 101-5,000 11-500 5/5. Fragmented. There is a predicted decline but no extreme fluctuation in the number of locations or subpopulations. All individuals not in one population and one subpopulation does not hold 95% or more of the total population. Declining and predicted to decline in its area of occupancy due to human interference and development. Decline in quality of habitat. Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Habitat loss, human interference. Currently not in trade; plants were exported to England in 1890s. Population Numbers/Generation time/trend: Population trend: Mature individuals <500 in all populations. Perennial epiphytes Decline predicted in the near future. Recent Field Studies: C. Sathish Kumar, T.A. Rao, 1990s in Pakshipatalum, Wayanad; T.A. Rao, 1990s in Kodagu, Karnataka Data quality: General field studies, literature/herbarium studies Qualifier: Area and Extent estimated and habitat status observed. Population estimated based on observation. Status IUCN Red List Criteria (1994): IUCN Red List Criteria (2000): ENDANGERED ENDANGERED CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed International RDB: Included in the Negative List of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999. None Uncertainty Assessment based on precaution due to changes expected in habitat. Assessment is exclusive to the below listed compilers and reviewers. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Criteria: Criteria: B1+2bcd B1a+b(ii,iii,iv), B2a+b(ii,iii,iv) Not listed Not listed Detailed Survey and pollination biology studies recommended Monitoring Cultivated stocks exist at Gurukula Botanical Sanctuary, Wayanad. There is no coordinated species management programme for this species and one is recommended. Initiate cultivation programme within 3 years. Some propagation techniques known for taxon or similar taxa. Other comments: Proposed by Wight based on Jerdon's collection from Coorg. This was mixed up with D. nutantiflorum from Iyamally hills in Tamil Nadu. Reichenbach f. united the two species, while Hook. f. reinstated D. jerdonianum Sources: Hooker, 1900: t.7741; Rao, 1988: 198; Wight, 1851; Lindley, 1852 Compilers: C. Sathish Kumar Reviewers: B.V. Shetty, B. Arthur, S. Molur Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 70 VULNERABLE Scientific name (author; date): Synonyms: Dendrobium ovatum (L.) Kranzlin, 1910 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Epiphyte Deciduous forest Fissured barks of mid elevation trees. 300-1200 m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: From Literature: From Field Studies: Extent of occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Population Numbers/Generation time/Trends: Trends: Epidendrum ovatum L., 1753; Dendrobium chlorops Lindley, 1890; Dendrobium barbatulum Wight, 1851 non Lindley, 1830; Cymbidium ovatum Willd., 1805 India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Nagarhaveli, Goa, Karnataka & Kerala) Ayyapankoil Forest - Nelliampathy Ghats, Palghat [Vajravelu, 1990]. Kodagu [Keshvamurthy & Yoganarasimhan, 1990]. Khuntly Forest, Nagarhaveli [Rao, 1986]. Kolhapur, Nasik, Pune, Raigadh, Rathnagiri, Satara, Sindhudurg, Thane [Lakshminarasimhan, 1996]. Nagarhaveli [R. Ingalhalli, 1996]. Goa: Mollem, Anmode [S. Phatak, 1972-2000]. Karnataka: Thandiandamol, Sampaje, Madikeri, Bhagamandala, Talakaveri, Kundapur [T.A. Rao, 19962000]. Kerala: Bonaccord, Silent Valley, Thiruvalla [Sathish Kumar, 1983, 1986, 1992, 1994]. >20,000 501-2,000 50/25. Fragmented. There is continuing decline but no extreme fluctuation in the number of locations or subpopulations. All individuals not in one population and one subpopulation does not hold 95% or more of the total population. Decrease in the habitat <20% in the last 10 years. Predicted decline <20% in the next 10 years due to loss of habitat and demographic instability. Decrease in the quality of the habitat due to harvest. Harvest, habitat loss and trade of parts are resulting in and may result in population decline. The influence of threats on the population structure well understood, not reversible and not ceased. Local, domestic and ornamental trade of flowers. Scientific collections and trade resulting in a perceived or inferred population decline. Mature individuals in all populations >2,500. The numbers of mature individuals declined in the past by 20% and likely to decline by 20% in the future. Generation time 5-6 years. The population size/numbers of the taxon declining at a rate of <10% in the last 10 years. Predicted decline <10% in the next 10 due to habitat loss. Recent Field Studies: C. Sathish Kumar in Bonaccord, 1994, case study on orchids of Kerala. S. Phatak in Goa, Molem, Anmode, 2000, informal sighting. T.A. Rao in Kodagu, Kundapur 1996-2000, conservation of wild orchids in the Western Ghats. Data quality: Assessed based on field studies, indirect information, informal sightings and studies. Qualifier: Area and extent estimated based on known locations; habitat status, threats, mature individuals and population trends observed or inferred and predicted based on the threats. literature/herbarium Status IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (1994): IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (2000): V ULNERABLE V ULNERABLE CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed Not listed International RDB: Not listed Included in the Negative List of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999. Silent Valley National Park, Mollem Wildlife Sanctuary, Talakaveri Wildlife Sanctuary Uncertainty Assessed with 95% confidence based on evidence, precaution, range of opinion and on the consensus of the field biologists. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Criteria: Criteria: B1+2abcde B2a+b(i,ii,iii,iv,v) Survey, genetic research, life history studies, PHVA. Habitat management, cultivation Cultivation recommended for research. Cultivated stocks available at Cauvery Nisargadhama orchidarium. There is no coordinated species management programme for this species and one is not recommended. Ongoing cultivation programme intensified or increased. Some propagation techniques known for similar taxa. Other comments: Originally described by Linnaeus based on Rheed’s plate in Hortus malabaricus. The flowers are conspicuous and are found in clusters of about 75 flowers. This species is more susceptible to overexploitation as they last longer [one and a half months] and remain fresh. The decline in the population may be due to its scented, long lasting flowers. Medicinal properties of this species is well known [P.S. Udayan]. Sources: Vajravelu, 1990: 474; Kranzlin, 1910: 71; Lindley, 1753; Wight, 1851; Lakshminarasimhan, 1996: 24; Rao, 1986: 418; Keshavmurthy & Yoganarasimhan, 1990: 443; Willdenow, 1805 Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 71 Compilers: J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, N. Raman, N.C. Rathakrishnan, C. Sathish Kumar, B. Arthur. Reviewers: A. Durai, P.F. Solomons, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, M. Thapliyal, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, R. Singh, N.C. Rathakrishnan, T. Chhabra, R. Thamilarasi, M.B. Vishwanathan, S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, M. Mohanan, S. Rajendran, S. Phatak, B.V. Shetty, U. Lakshminarayan, K.G. Selvi, T.A. Rao. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 72 ENDANGERED Scientific name (author; date): Diplocentrum congestum Wight, 1851 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Epiphytic herbs Evergreen forests 750-1100m Distribution Historical Distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Habitat status: India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Karnataka & Kerala) Iyamally [Wight, 1851] Karnataka: Kodagu [T.A. Rao, 1999]. Hassan [Saldanha] Kerala: Kondayangadi, Wayanad [C. Sathish Kumar, 1998] 101-5,000 11-500 5/5. Fragmented. There is a predicted decline but no extreme fluctuation in the number of locations or subpopulations. All individuals not in one population and one subpopulation does not hold 95% or more of the total population. Decrease of habitat quality and predicted decline in habitat. Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Habitat loss, human interference Not in trade Population Numbers/Generation time/trend: Population trend: Mature individuals <500. Unknown Recent Field Studies: C. Sathish Kumar in Kondayangadi, Wayanad, 1990s. T.A. Rao in Kodagu, 1990s. Data quality: General field studies, literature/herbarium studies Qualifier: Area and Extent estimated and habitat status observed. Population estimated based on observation. Status IUCN Red List Criteria (1994): IUCN Red List Criteria (2000): ENDANGERED ENDANGERED CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed International RDB: Included in the Negative List of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999. None Uncertainty Assessment based on precaution due to changes expected in habitat. Assessment is exclusive to the below listed compilers and reviewers. Extent of Occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of Occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Criteria: Criteria: B1+2bcd B1a+b(ii,iii,iv), B2a+b(ii,iii,iv) Not listed Not listed Detailed reproductive biology study, survey Monitoring Cultivated stocks exist at Gurukula Botanical Sanctuary, Wayanad. There is no coordinated species management programme for this species and one is not recommended. Ongoing cultivation programme intensified or increased. Some propagation techniques known for similar taxa Other comments: Described by Wight based on his collection from Iyamally Sources: Rao, 1998: 199; Wight, 1851 5(1): 10.t.1682 Compilers: C. Sathish Kumar Reviewers: B.V. Shetty, B. Arthur, S. Molur Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 73 ENDANGERED Scientific name (author; date): Disperis neilgherrensis Wight, 1851 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Tuberous ground herbs. Evergreen forest, periphery of grassland and adjoining shola forest. Moist humus-rich forest floor, thick shade with marsh. 1000-2200 m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Population Numbers/Generation time/Trend: Trends: India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Karnataka, Kerala & Tamil Nadu) Kummathanthod, Silent Valley [Sathish Kumar, 1999]. Avalanche, Conoor Ghat, Naduvattom, Ootacamund, Ouchterlony Valley, T.R. Bazar, Nilgiris [Sharma et al., 1977]. Koothi, Reserve Forest of Somwarpet and Meenkolly, Kodagu [Keshavmurthy & Yoganarasimhan, 1990]. Kummathanthod [Sathish Kumar, 1990] Kerala: Silent Valley, 1983, 1984; Agastyamala, Eravikulam, 1995-97 [C. Sathish Kumar]. Tamil Nadu: Doddabetta [K. Sivabalakrishnan, 1995]. Glenmorgan [P.S. Udayan, 1992-94]. Avalanche, Mukurthi National Park [P.F. Solomons, 1997-99]. 5,000-20,000 10-500 10/6. Fragmented. There is continuing decline in the number of locations or subpopulations. All individuals not in one population and one subpopulation does not hold 95% or more of the total population. Decrease in the habitat <20% in the last 10 years. Predicted decline <20% in the next 10 years due to loss of habitat, grazing and deforestation. There is decrease in the quality of the habitat due to grazing and deforestation. Edaphic changes, nutritional disorders, grazing, habitat loss, pesticides, poisoning, trampling, drought, landslides and propagation difficulties resulting in and may result in population decline. The influence of threats on the population well understood, not reversible and not ceased to be threats. Not in trade Mature individuals in all populations <250. The number of mature individuals declined in the past by 10% and likely to decline by 10% in the future. Generation time 5-6 years. Declining >10% in last 10 years. Predicted decline <10% in next 10 years. Recent Field Studies: C. Sathish Kumar in Agastyamalai and Eravikulam 1995-97, case study on orchids of Kerala. P.F. Solomons in Avalanche, Mukurthi National Park, 1997, 99, field studies. K. Sivabalakrishnan in Doddabetta, 1995, ex situ conservation of orchids of Western Ghats. P.S. Udayan in Glenmorgan, 199296, documentation of vegetation. T.A. Rao in Sampajee, Kodagu, 1998. K. Ravikumar in High Wavy mountains, 1993 and Bababudan Hills, 1995, field survey Data quality: Assessed based on field studies and literature/herbarium studies. Qualifier: The Area and Extent estimated based on known locations. The habitat status, threats, mature individuals and population trends observed. Status IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (1994): IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (2000): ENDANGERED ENDANGERED CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed Not listed International RDB: Not listed Included in the Negative List of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999. Mukurthi National Park, Silent Valley National Park, Eravikulam National Park Uncertainty Assessed with 95% confidence based on evidence and on the consensus of the field biologists. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Criteria: Criteria: B1+2abcde; D B2a+b(i,ii,iii,iv,v); D Survey, life history studies, limiting factor research, PHVA. Habitat management, monitoring, limiting factor management, cultivation. Cultivation is recommended for species recovery and preservation of live genome. Cultivated stocks available at TBGRI, Thiruvananthapuram, Gurukula Botanical Sanctuary and home garden of T. Chhabra. Numbers in culltivation 10. There is no coordinated species management programme for this species and one is not recommended. Initiate cultivation programme within 3 years. Some propagation techniques known for similar taxa. Other comments: Stable in Mukurthi. Ex situ cultivation should be intensified. Sources: Abraham & Vatsala, 1981: 208, 210; Hooker, 1890-1894: 168, 169; Seidenfaden, 1983: 1569; Seidenfaden, 1999: 1226; Wight, 1851: 5(1).t.1710; Keshavmurthy & Yoganarasimhan, 1990: 443; Sathish Kumar, 1999: 201; Sharma et al., 1977: 139; Sathish Kumar, 1990: 201. Compilers: J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, N. Raman, N.C. Rathakrishnan, C. Sathish Kumar, B. Arthur Reviewers: A. Durai, P.F. Solomons, R. Manickam, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, R. Singh, T. Chhabra, R. Thamilarasi, M.B. Vishwanathan, S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, R. Gopalan, M. Thapliyal, M. Mohanan, S. Rajendran, S. Phatak, B.V. Shetty, U. Lakshminarayan, K.G. Selvi, T.A. Rao. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 74 VULNERABLE Scientific name (author; date): Eria albiflora Rolfe, 1893 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Pseudobulbous epipthytic herb Evergreen forests and sholas 1000-2000 m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Population Numbers/Generation time/Trend: India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Karnataka, Kerala & Tamil Nadu) Sairandri and Karivara, Silent Valley [Sathish, 1999]. Ootacamund and T.R. Bazar, Nilgiris [Sharma et al. 1977]. Silent Valley [Vajravelu, 1990]. Nilgiris, Silent Valley [Mohanan & Balakrishnan, 1991] 5,001-20,000 501-2,000 20/10. Fragmented. There is a continuing decline in the number of locations or subpopulations. All individuals not in one population and one subpopulation does not hold 95% or more of the total population. Decrease in the habitat >20% in the last 10 years due to loss of habitat. There is decrease in the quality of the habitat due to human interference. Habitat loss and habitat fragmentation resulting in and may result in population decline. The influence of threats on the population well understood, not reversible and not ceased Not in trade Trends: Mature individuals in all populations <2,500. The numbers of mature individuals declined in the past by 10% and likely to decline by 10% in the future. Generation time 3 years. The population size/numbers of the taxon declining at a rate of >10% in the last 10 years. Recent Field Studies: None since 1990. Data quality: Assessed based on past field studies, indirect information and literature/herbarium studies. Qualifier: The Area and Extent estimated based on known locations. The habitat status, threats, mature individuals and population trends observed and inferred from a range of opinions. Status IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (1994): IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (2000): V ULNERABLE V ULNERABLE CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed International RDB: Included in the Negative List of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999. Silent Valley National Park Uncertainty Assessed with precaution based on a range of opinion. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Criteria: Criteria: B1+2abcde B1a+b(i,ii,iii,iv,v), 2a+b(i,ii,iii,iv,v) Not listed Not listed Survey, life history studies, PHVA. Habitat management, monitoring, genome resource banking and limiting factor management, cultivation There is no coordinated species management programme for this species and one is not recommended. Initiate cultivation programme within 3 years. Some propagation techniques known for similar taxa. Other comments: Sources: Mohanan & Balakrishnan, 1991: 194; Rolfe, 1893: 170; Sathish Kumar, 1999: 201; Sharma, et al. 1977: 140; Vajravelu, 1990: 477. Compilers: J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, N. Raman, N.C. Rathakrishnan, C. Sathish Kumar, B. Arthur. Reviewers: A. Durai, P.F. Solomons, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, M. Thapliyal, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, R. Singh, T. Chhabra, R. Thamilarasi, M.B. Vishwanathan, S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, M. Mohanan, S. Rajendran, S. Phatak, B.V. Shetty, U. Lakshminarayan, K.G. Selvi, T.A. Rao. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 75 NEAR THREATENED Scientific name (author; date): Synonyms: Eria dalzellii (Hook.) Lindley, 1858 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Herb, epiphyte or lithophyte Evergreen forest, sholas Shady wet tree trunks. 800-2000 m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Population Numbers/Generation time/Trend: Trends: Dendrobium dalzellii Hook., 1852; Eria dalzellii (Hook.) Lindley. var. fimbriata Hook. f., 1890 India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala & Tamil Nadu) Bhagamandala, Kallur Betta, Talacauvery, Koothi Reserve Forests of Somavarpet [Keshavmurthy & Yoganarasimhan, 1990]. Aruvanpara & Sairandhri [Sathish Kumar, 1999]. Kolhapur, Nasik, Pune, Raigad, Ratnagiri, Satara, Sindhudurg, Thane [Lakshminarasimhan, 1996]. Nadugani [Sharma et al., 1977]. Kunthipuzha dam site [Vajravelu, 1990]. Way to Brahmagiri, Chandanathode [Ramachandran & Nair, 1988] Karnataka: Yellapur, Hassan, Konkan [R. Ingalhalli, 1980-85]. Kerala: Silent Valley [Sathish Kumar, 1983, 92] >20,000 >2,000 100/50. Fragmented. There is continuing decline but no extreme fluctuation in the number of locations or subpopulations. All individuals not in one population and one subpopulation does not hold 95% or more of the total population. Decrease in the habitat <20% in the last 10 years and decrease in the quality due to landslides. Habitat loss and landslides resulting in and may result in population decline. The influence on the population well understood, not reversible and not ceased. Not in trade Mature individuals in all populations >2,500. The numbers of mature individuals declined in the past by 10-20% and likely to decline by 10-20% in the future. Generation time 5-6 years. The population size/numbers of the taxon declining at a rate of >10% in the last 10 years. Recent Field Studies: Sathish Kumar in Silent Valley, 1992, case study on orchids of Kerala. K. Ravikumar in High Wavy Mountains, 1986-1992, floristic survey Data quality: Assessment based on field studies, indirect information and literature/herbarium studies. Qualifier: Area and extent estimated based on known locations; habitat status, threats, mature individuals and population trends observed and inferred. Status IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (1994): IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (2000): LOWER RISK NEAR THREATENED NEAR T HREATENED CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed No International RDB: Not listed Included in the Negative List of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999. Silent Valley National Park, Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve Uncertainty Assessed with 95% confidence based on evidence and on the consensus of the field biologists. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Criteria: Criteria: - Survey, PHVA Monitoring, habitat management, cultivation Cultivation recommended for research. Cultivated stocks available at Karnatak University, Dharwar and Gurukula Botanical Gardens, Wayanad. Numbers in culltivation 20. There is no coordinated species management programme for this species and one is not recommended. Initiate cultivation programme after 3 years. Some propagation techniques known for similar taxa. Other comments: Sources: Hooker, 1852 4:292; Hooker, 1886-1890: 789; Keshavmurthy & Yoganarasimhan, 1990: 444; Lakshminarasimhan, 1996: 25; Lindley, 1858: 47; Ramachandran & Nair, 1988: 454; Rao, 1998: 200; Sathish Kumar, 1999: 201; Sharma et al., 1977: 140; Vajravelu, 1990: 477. Compilers: J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, N. Raman, N.C. Rathakrishnan, C. Sathish Kumar, B. Arthur. Reviewers: A. Durai, P.F. Solomons, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, M. Thapliyal, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, R. Singh, T. Chhabra, R. Thamilarasi, M.B. Vishwanathan, S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, M. Mohanan, S. Rajendran, S. Phatak, B.V. Shetty, T.A. Rao, U. Lakshminarayan, K.G. Selvi. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 76 VULNERABLE Scientific name (author; date): Synonyms: Eria exilis Hook. f., 1890 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Epiphytic herbs Evergreen forests Moss clad branches of evergreen vegetation and moist rocks. 850-1000 m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Population Numbers/Generation time/Trend: Eria minima Blatter & McCann, 1931 Porpax chandrasekharanii Bhargavan & C.N. Mohanan, 1982 India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala & Tamil Nadu) Valiaparathode, Silent Valley [Sathish Kumar, 1999]. Satara [Lakshminarasimhan, 1996]. Maharashtra: Konkan [S. Phatak]. Kerala: Valiaparathode, Silent Valley [Sathish Kumar, 1995]. >20,000 501-2,000 200/50. Fragmented. There is continuing decline but no extreme fluctuation in the number of locations or subpopulations. All individuals not in one population and one subpopulation does not hold 95% or more of the total population. Decrease in the habitat <20% in the last 10 years due to loss of habitat. There is decrease in the quality of the habitat due to human interference. Habitat loss and habitat fragmentation resulting in and may result in population decline. The influence of threats on the population structure well understood, not reversible and not ceased. Not in trade Trends: Mature individuals in all populations <2,500. The number of mature individuals declined in the past 10 years by 10% and likely to decline by 10% in the future. Generation time 4-5 years. The population size/numbers of the taxon declining at a rate of <10% in the last 10 years. Recent Field Studies: C. Sathish Kumar in Valiyaparathode, 1995, field studies. Data quality: Assessment based on field studies and literature/herbarium studies. Qualifier: The Area and Extent estimated based on known locations. The habitat status, threats, mature individuals and population trends observed and inferred. Status IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (1994): IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (2000): V ULNERABLE V ULNERABLE CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed International RDB: Included in the Negative List of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999. Silent Valley National Park Uncertainty Assessed with 95% confidence based on evidence, range of opinion and on the consensus of the field biologists. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Criteria: Criteria: B1+2abcde; C1+2a B2a+b(i,ii,iii,iv,v); C1 Not listed Not listed Survey, limiting factor research and PHVA Habitat management, monitoring and cultivation. Cultivation recommended for species recovery and preservation of live genome. Cultivated stocks are not availble. There is no coordinated species management programme for this species and one is recommended. Initiate cultivation programme after 3 years.Some propagation techniques known for similar taxa. Other comments: -- Sources: Bhargav an & Mohanan, 1982; Blatter & McCann, 1931 35: 274; Hooker, 1890: 788; Sathish Kumar, 1999: 201; Lakshminarasimhan, 1996: 25 Compilers: J.L.Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, N. Raman, N.C. Rathakrishnan, C. Sathish Kumar, B. Arthur. Reviewers: A. Durai, P.F. Solomons, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, M. Thapliyal, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, R. Singh, N.C. Rathakrishnan, T. Chhabra, R. Thamilarasi, M.B. Vishwanathan, S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, M. Mohanan, S. Rajendran, S. Phatak, B.V. Shetty, T.A. Rao. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 77 VULNERABLE Scientific name (author; date): Synonym: Eria microchilos (Dalz.) Lindley, 1858 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: From Literature: Epiphyte Evergreen and moist deciduous forest 100-1500 m. India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka & Kerala) Amberem in Pernem, Nagargao in Satari and Molem in Sanguem [Rao, 1986]. Kolhapur, Nasik, Pune, Raigad, Satara, Thane [Lakshminarasimhan, 1996] Goa [S. Phatak, 1999]. [R. Ingalhalli, 2000]. Maharashtra: Mahabaleshwar [S. Phatak, 1980, 1999]. Karnataka: Yellapur [Jorapur, 1960]. Brahmagiri, Thadiandamol, Thalakaveri, Madikeri, Virajpet, Kodagu [T.A. Rao]. Kudremukh [T.A. Rao, 2000] Kerala: Silent Valley [C. Sathish Kumar, 1982] 5,001-20,000 501-2,000 50/10. Fragmented. There is a continuing decline but no extreme fluctuation in the number of locations or subpopulations. All individuals not in one population and one subpopulation does not hold 95% or more of the total population. Decrease in the habitat >20% in the last 10 years. Predicted decline <20% in the next 10 years due to loss of habitat. Decrease in the quality of the habitat due to human interference. From Field Studies: Extent of occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Population Numbers/Generation time/Trend: Trends: Dendrobium microchilos Dalz., 1851 Habitat loss and human inteference resulting in and may result in population decline. The influence of threats on the population structure well understood, not reversible and not ceased. Not in trade Mature individuals in all populations >2,500. The numbers of mature individuals declined in the past by >20% and likely to decline by >20% in the future. Generation time 3 months. The population size/numbers of the taxon declining at a rate of >20% in the last 10 years. Predicted decline <10% in the next 10 due to habitat loss. Recent Field Studies: S. Phatak in Goa, 1998, Floristic survey. R. Ingalhalli in Goa 2000, Hobby. T.A. Rao in Kodagu (199698), Kudremukh (2000), Conservation of wild orchids of Kodagu. Data quality: Assessment based on field studies and literature/herbarium studies. Qualifier: The Area and Extent estimated based on the known locations. The habitat status, threats, mature individuals and population trends observed over many years and inferred. Status IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (1994): IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (2000): V ULNERABLE V ULNERABLE CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed Not listed International RDB: Not listed Included in the Negative List of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999. Brahmagiri Wild life Sanctuary, Talakaveri Wildlife Sanctuary, Silent Valley National Park Uncertainty Assessed with 95% confidence based on evidence and on the consensus of the field biologists. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Criteria: Criteria: A1c, B1+2bcd. B1a+b(ii,iii,iv), 2a+b(ii,iii,iv) Survey, genetic research, life history studies and PHVA. Habitat management and monitoring. Cultivated stocks available at Kaveri Nisargadhama, Kushalnagar. Numbers in culltivation 7. There is no coordinated species management programme for this species and one is not recommended. Initiate cultivation programme within 3 years. Some propagation techniques known for similar taxa. Other comments: Sources: Dalzell, 1851 3: 3-5; Lakshminarasimhan, 1996: 26; Lindley, 1858 3: 47; Rao, 1986: 418; Compilers: J.L. Ellis, R. Gopalan, R. Ingalhalli, N. Raman, N.C. Rathakrishnan, C. Sathish Kumar, S. Phatak, B. Arthur Reviewers: A. Durai, P.F. Solomons, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, M. Thapliyal, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, R. Singh, T. Chhabra, R. Thamilarasi, M.B. Vishwanathan, S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, M. Mohanan, S. Rajendran, B.V. Shetty, T.A. Rao. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 78 DATA DEFICIENT Scientific name (author; date): Eria muscicola (Lindley) Lindley var. brevilinguis Joseph & Chandras., 1973 (1976) Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Epiphytic or lithophytic herb. Evergreen forests Above 1200 m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: From Literature: From Field Studies: Extent of occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Kerala) Agastyamalai [Karunakaran, 1991]. 100-5,000 Unknown Unknown Unknown Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Unknown None Population Numbers/Generation time/Trend: Trends: Unknown Unknown Recent Field Studies: None Data quality: None Qualifier: Status IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (1994): IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (2000): CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: DATA DEFICIENT DATA DEFICIENT Criteria: Criteria: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act Not listed International RDB: Included in the Negative List of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999. Not listed Not listed Uncertainty Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Survey, life history studies, PHVA Monitoring Not recommended. Other comments: It does not occur outside its type locality (Agastyamala) and the reported occurrence in Mysore and in Idukki by Rathakrishnan & Chitra, 1984 is erroneous. Sources: Joseph & Chandrashekar, 1973 (1976) 15: 267-269; Karunakaran, 1991: 326; Rathakrishnan & Chitra, 1984: 1004. Compilers: J.L. Ellis, R. Gopalan, R. Ingalhalli, N. Raman, N.C. Rathakrishnan, C. Sathish Kumar, S. Phatak, B. Arthur Reviewers: A. Durai, P.F. Solomons, R. Manickam, M. Thapliyal, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, N. Raman, R. Singh, T. Chhabra, R. Thamilarasi, M.B. Vishwanathan, S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, M. Mohanan, S. Rajendran, B.V. Shetty, T.A. Rao, U. Lakshminarayan, K.G. Selvi. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 79 ENDANGERED Scientific name (author; date): Synonyms: Eria mysorensis Lindley, 1858 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Epiphyte Moist Deciduous forests 1000-2000 m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Population Numbers/Generation time/Trend Trends: Eria polystachya Wight, 1851 non A. Rich., 1841 Eria pubescens Wight, 1851 non Lindley India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala & Tamil Nadu) Aruvanpara, Silent Valley [Sathish Kumar, 1999]. Koothi Reserve Forest, Somvarpet, Coorg [Keshavmurthy & Yoganarasimhan, 1990]. Naduvattom, Nilgiris [Sharma et al., 1977]. Konkan, Satara [Lakshminarasimhan, 1996] Maharashtra: Mahabaleshwar [S. Phatak, 1979, 83]. Karnataka: Uttara Kannada [S. Phatak, 1979, 83]. Thadiandamol, Sampaji, Brahmagiri, Kodagu, Talakaveri, Bhagamandala, Kudremukh [T.A. Rao, 1996-98, 2000]. Kerala: Aruvanpara in Silent Valley [Sathish Kumar]. 5,001-20,000 10-500 <100/50. Fragmented. There is a continuing decline but no extreme fluctuation in the number of locations or subpopulations. All individuals are not in one population and one subpopulations does not hold 95% or more of the total population. Decrease in the habitat >20% in the last 10 years due to loss of habitat. There is decrease in the quality of the habitat due to human interference. Habitat loss and human interference resulting in and may result in population decline. The influence of threats on the population structure well understood, are not reversible and not ceased. Not in trade. Mature individuals in all populations <250. The numbers of mature individuals declined in the past by 10% and likely to decline by 10% in the future. Number of mature individuals in each subpopulation not known. Generation time 3 years. The population size/numbers of the taxon is declining at a rate of >20% in the last 10 years. Predicted decline <10% in the next 10 years due to habitat loss. Recent Field Studies: T.A. Rao in Kodagu and Uttara Kannada, 1996, 98, Conservation of wild orchids of Kodagu. Data quality: This species is assessed based on field studies and literature/herbarium studies. Qualifier: The Area and Extent are estimated based on the known locations. The habitat status, threats, mature individuals and population trends are observed and inferred. Status IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (1994): IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (2000): ENDANGERED ENDANGERED Criteria: Criteria: B1+2bcde; D B2a+b(ii,iii,iv,v); D CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed Not listed International RDB: Not listed Included in the Negative List of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999. Brahmagiri Widlife Sanctuary, Kudremukh National Park, Silent Valley National Park, Talakaveri Wildlife Sanctuary Uncertainty E. mysorensis is assessed based on a range of opinion, evidence and on the consensus of the field biologists at the workshop. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Survey and life history studies, Monitoring and cultivation/breeding. Cultivation is recommended for research. Cultivated stocks are available at Kaveri Nisargadhama and Kudremukh National park orchidarium. Numbers in culltivation not known. There is no coordinated species management programme for this species and one is not recommended. Initiate cultivation programme after 3 years. Some propagation techniques known for similar taxa. Other comments: Described by Lindley based on Law’s collection from Mysore. Sources: Richard, 1841; Keshavmurthy & Yoganarasimhan, 1990: 445; Lindley, 1858 3: 54; Wight, 1851; Sathish Kumar, 1999: 202; Sharma et al., 1977: 140; Lakshminarasimhan, 1996: 26 Compilers: J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, S. Phatak, B. Arthur. Reviewers: A. Durai, P.F. Solomons, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, M. Thapliyal, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, N. Raman, R. Singh, N.C. Rathakrishnan, T. Chhabra, R. Thamilarasi, M.B. Vishwanathan, S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, M. Mohanan, S. Rajendran, B.V. Shetty, T.A. Rao, U. Lakshminaray an, K.G. Selvi. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 80 VULNERABLE Scientific name (author; date): Eria pseudoclavicaulis Blatter, 1928 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Epiphytic herb Evergreen forests 900-1500m. Distribution Historical Distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of Occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of Occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Kerala & Tamil Nadu) Idukki, Madurai [Rathakrishnan & Chitra, 1984]. Kerala: Munnar, Agastyamala [C. Sathish Kumar, 1995]. Periyar Tiger Reserve [N. Sasidharan, 1997]. 101-5000 11-100 4/4. Fragmented. There is a continuing decline but no extreme fluctuation in the number of locations or subpopulations. All individuals not in one population and one subpopulation does not hold 95% or more of the total population. No change. Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: No threat Not in trade. Population Numbers/Generation time/trend: Population trend: Unknown Unknown Recent Field Studies: C. Sathish Kumar in Munnar, Agastyamala, 1995. N. Sasidharan in Periyar Tiger Reserve, 1997. Data quality: Field studies, informal sightings, literature/herbarium studies Qualifier: Area and Extent estimated and habitat status observed. Status IUCN Red List Criteria (1994): IUCN Red List Criteria (2000): V ULNERABLE V ULNERABLE Criteria: Criteria: D2 D2 CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed Not listed International RDB: Not listed Included in the Negative List of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999. Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary, Periyar Tiger Reserve, Eravikulam National Park, Meghamala Wildlife Sanctuary Uncertainty Assessment based on precaution due to changes expected in habitat. Assessment is exclusive to the below listed compilers and reviewer. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Survey Monitoring No cultivated stocks available. No recommendations made at the workshop. Other comments: Originally described by Blatter based on a collection from High Wavy Mountains. In Agastyamala, this species is often seen growing on Cullenia exarillata as conspicuous clumps with more than 100 individuals in each clump. Sources: Rathakrishnan & Chitra, 1984: 1004; Blatter, 1928 32: 519. Compilers: C. Sathish Kumar Reviewers: B.V. Shetty, B. Arthur, S. Molur Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 81 VULNERABLE Scientific name (author; date): Eria tiagii Manilal et al., 1984. Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Lithophytic herb Montane grassland rocky outcrops 800-1100m. Distribution Historical Distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of Occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of Occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Kerala) Aruvanpara, Silent Valley (Manilal et al., 1984) Kerala: Aruvanpara, Silent Valley [C. Sathish Kumar] <100 <10 1/1. Stable Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: None Not in trade Population Numbers/Generation time/trend: Unknown Population trend: Stable Recent Field Studies: Not collected in recent times. Data quality: Field studies Qualifier: Area and Extent estimated and habitat status observed. Status IUCN Red List Criteria (1994): IUCN Red List Criteria (2000): V ULNERABLE V ULNERABLE CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed International RDB: Included in the Negative List of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999. Silent Valley National Park Uncertainty Assessment based on precaution. Assessment is exclusive to the below listed compilers and reviewer. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Survey Monitoring No cultivated stocks available. No recommendations made at the workshop. Criteria: Criteria: D2 D2 Not listed Not listed Other comments: Proposed by Manilal et al. based on a collection made by Sathish Kumar from Aruvanpara in Silent Valley. Sources: Manilal et al., 1984; Sathish Kumar, 1999: 202 Compilers: C. Sathish Kumar Reviewers: B.V. Shetty, B. Arthur, S. Molur Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 82 CRITICALLY ENDANGERED Scientific name (author; date): Synonym: Eulophia cullenii (Wight) Blume, 1858 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Tuberous ground herb Mid-elevation grasslands Open grasslands. 120-900 m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Population Numbers/Generation time/Trend: Cyrtopera cullenii Wight, 1851 India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Kerala & Tamil Nadu) Trivandrum [Sathish Kumar, 1991]. Madurai [Rathakrishnan & Chitra, 1984] Kerala: Thiruvananthapuram, Bonaccord, Agastyamalai, Palode, TBGRI campus [Sathish Kumar, 19841992]. 5001-20,000 10-500 20/10. Fragmented. There is a continuing decline and extreme fluctuation in the number of locations or subpopulations. All individuals are not in one population and one subpopulations does not hold 95% or more of the total population. Decrease in the habitat <20% in the last 10 years due to loss of habitat. There is decrease in the quality of the habitat due to human interference. Grazing, harvest for medicine, habitat loss, human interference, habitat fragmentation, overexploitation and trampling of parts are resulting in and may result in population decline. The influence of threats on the population structure are well understood, are not reversible and have not ceased to be a threat. The taxon is in local trade. The tuberous roots are used for medicinal purpose. Local trade for tribal and Sidha medicine has resulted in the perceived or inferred population decline. Trends: The number of mature individuals <250. No population contains more than 50 mature individuals. The number of mature individuals declined in the past by 20% and likely to deline by 20% in the future. Generation time 4-6 years. The population size/numbers declining by >10% in the last 10 years. Recent Field Studies: C. Sathish Kumar in Bonacord, 1994, Case study of orchids of Kerala. Data quality: Assessment based on field studies, informal sighting and literature/herbarium studies. Qualifier: The Area and Extent estimated based on known locations. The habitat status, threats, mature individuals and population trends observed over many years of field studies. Status IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (1994): IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (2000): CRITICALLY ENDANGERED CRITICALLY ENDANGERED Criteria: Criteria: C2a. C2a(i) CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed International RDB: Included in the Negative List of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999. Uncertainty Assessed with 95% confidence based on evidence and on the consensus of the field biologists. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Not listed Not listed Survey, limiting factor research, life history studies, PHVA Habitat management, cultivation/breeding, sustainable utilisation Cultivation is recommended for research. Cultivated stocks are available at TBGRI – Thiruvananthapuram. Numbers in culltivation 6. There is no coordinated species management programme for this species and one is recommended. Initiate cultivation programme within 3 years. Some propagation techniques known for similar taxa. Other comments: Originally proposed by Wight based on General Cullen’s collection from Travancore. This species is closely allied to E. flava (Lindl.) Hook.f. Fischer (1928) recognised a variety (minor) based on Van Malderen’s collection from Pulney’s, which is actually a dwarf form. The tubers of this species are very large and are highly medicinal. They are used by the local tribals to treat spider bites. The tubers are also eaten by wild boars. The tubers extend root like structures which resemble the spider, hence the local name (‘Chilanti kizhangu’). The tubers of this species perennate for many years. Its medicinal properties are well known [P.S. Udayan]. Sources: Abraham & Vatsala, 1981: 298,300; Blume, 1858; Henry et al., 1989: 11; Manoharan, 1999: 235, 236; Mohanan & Henry, 1994: 458; Nayar, 1996: 225; Rao, 1998: 202; Seidenfaden, 1999: 1252; Somdeva & Naithani, 1986: 39; Sathish Kumar, 1991: 212; Rathakrishnan & Chitra, 1984: 1004; Wight, 1851 Compilers: J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, N. Raman, N.C. Rathakrishnan, C. Sathish Kumar, B. Arthur. Reviewers: A. Durai, P.F. Solomons, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, M. Thapliyal, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, R. Singh, T. Chhabra, R. Thamilarasi, M.B. Vishwanathan, S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, M. Mohanan, S. Rajendran, S. Phatak, B.V. Shetty, T.A. Rao, U. Lakshminarayan, K.G. Selvi. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 83 NEAR THREATENED Scientific name (author; date): Synonyms: Eulophia pratensis Lindley, 1858 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Terrestrial herb Montane grasslands Open grasslands at high elevations. 1500-2000 m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: 1999]. Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: Threats Threats to taxon: Eulophia ramentacea auct. non Lindley, 1833 Graphorkis pratensis (Lindley) Kuntze India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala & Tamil Nadu) Kodaikanal Downs, Kodaikanal – Palni Ghat Road, Bhoothanachiamman Temple Hill [Seidenfaden, Belgaum, Dharwar, Mysore, Raichur [Sharma et al., 1984]. Madurai [Henry et al., 1989]. Panchmahal, Panchgani, Pune, Pashan – 6 miles west of Pune, Belgaum, Dharwar, Havasbari, Haveri [Santapau & Kapadia, 1966]. Palni, Kodaikanal [Fyson, 1974]. Konkan southwards [Hooker, 1890-1894]. Sholapur district and Belgaum [Chopra et al., 1980]. Konkan, Dharwar, Mysore, Raichur [Ahmedullah & Nayar, 1986]. Kolhapur, Osmanabad, Pune, Raigad and Satore [Sharma et al., 1996] Karnataka: Dharwar [S. Phatak, 1979]. Biligiri Rangaswamy Hills [Mohanan & Balakrishnan, 1991]. Kerala: Periyar Tiger Reserve [Sashidharan]. Tamil Nadu: Palni Hills [Sathish Kumar, 1979-2000]. >20,000 >2,000 100/50. Fragmented. There is a continuing decline but no extreme fluctuation in the number of locations or subpopulations. All individuals not in one population and one subpopulation does not hold 95% or more of the total population. Decrease in the area of habitat in the last 10 years due to loss of habitat. There is decrease in the quality of the habitat due to human interference. Trade: Habitat loss, human interference, habitat fragmentation, trampling and drought resulting in and may result in population decline. The influence of threats on the population structure well understood, not reversible and not ceased. The taxon is in local trade. Population Numbers/Generation time/Trend Trends: Unknown Unknown Recent Field Studies: N. Sashidharan in Periyar Tiger Reserve, 1995-97, Flora of Periyar Tiger Reserve. Data quality: Assessment based on field studies, informal sightings and literature/herbarium studies. Qualifier: The Area and Extent estimated based on known locations. The habitat status and threats observed in some areas and inferred in other areas. Status IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (1994): IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (2000): LOWER RISK NEAR THREATENED NEAR T HREATENED CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed Not listed International RDB: Not listed Included in the Negative List of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999. Periyar Tiger Reserve, Billigiri Rangaswamy Temple Wildlife Sanctuary Uncertainty Assessed with 95% confidence based on evidence and on the consensus of the field biologists and range of opinion. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Criteria: Criteria: --- Survey Monitoring Cultivated stocks do not exist. There is no coordinated species management programme for this species and one is not recommended. Some propagation techniques known for taxon or similar taxa. Other comments: Wight (1851) described E. ramentacea based on a collection from the Pulneys. This name can not be accepted as it wasa already occupied by that of Lindley (1833) – for another plant from north east India and Bhutan. Lindley (1858) proposed E. pratensis based on stock collection from Deccan. Hook. f. found them to be conspecific. This species is found only in Palni Hills and Periyar Tiger Reserve. It is sold as dry tubers. This species has already been assessed in the CBSG CAMP workshop conducted by FRLHT and was given the status Endangered. Its medicinal properties are well known [P.S. Udayan]. Since there is taxonomic confusion with respect to this species and Satish Kumar’s field knowledge of the species distribution is in Palni and Periyar only, the information available is incomplete. The Taxon is therefore Data Deficient. Sources: Fyson, 1974: 392, 393; Henry et al., 1989: 12; Hooker, 1890-1894: 4; Lindley, 1858 3: 25; Rao, 1998: 203; Santapau & Kapadia, 1966: 113-115; Seidenfaden, 1999: 1252; Sharma et al., 1984: 270; Sharma et al., 1996; Wight, 5(1): 8.t.1666. 1851; Compilers: J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, N. Raman, N.C. Rathakrishnan, C. Sathish Kumar, B. Arthur. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 84 Reviewers: A. Durai, P.F. Solomons, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, M. Thapliyal, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, R. Singh, T. Chhabra, R. Thamilarasi, M.B. Vishwanathan, S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, M. Mohanan, S. Rajendran, S. Phatak, B.V. Shetty, T.A. Rao, U. Lakshminarayan, K.G. Selvi. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 85 ENDANGERED Scientific name (author; date): Synonym: Gastrochilus flabelliformis (Blatter & McCann) Saldanha, C.J., 1976 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Epiphyte, monopodial herb. Evergreen forests and deciduous forests Main trunk and side branches. 200-1000 m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Population Numbers/Generation time/Trend: Trends: Saccolabium flabelliforme Blatter & McCann, 1931 India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Karnataka & Kerala) Manthampotti near Mukkali, Silent Valley [Sathish Kumar, 1999]. Ponmudi, Bonaccord, Thenmalai, N. Canara [Abraham& Vatsala, 1981]. N. Canara, Hassan [Sharma et al., 1984]. Hassan, lower Shiradi Ghat, Manthampatti near Mukkali [Manoharan, 1999]. Karnataka: Hassan [Saldanha, 1976]. Kodagu, Brahmagiri range [T.A. Rao, 1996-98]. Kerala: Silent Valley [Sathish Kumar, 1983-1984, 1988]. Madampatti forest, Palghat [Sathish Kumar, 1992, 1996]. 5,001-20,000 10-500 10/5. Fragmented. There is no continuing decline or extreme fluctuation in the number of locations or subpopulations. All individuals are not in one population and one subpopulations does not hold 95% or more of the total population. Decrease in the habitat <20% in the last 10 years due to loss of habitat. Habitat loss, habitat fragmentation and harvest for timber resulting in and may result in population decline. The influence of threats on the population structure are well understood, not reversible and have not ceased. Not in trade Mature individuals in all populations are <250. The number of mature individuals in the biggest subpopulation is not known. The numbers of mature individuals declined in the past by 10% and are likely to decline by 10% in the future. Generation time 5-6 years. The population size/numbers of the taxon is declining at a rate of >10% in the last 10 years. Recent Field Studies: C. Sathish Kumar in Madampatti forest, Palghat, 1992, 1996, Case study on orchids of Kerala. T.A. Rao Kodagu, Brahmagiri range, 1996-1998. C. Sathish Kumar in Kemmenagundi, 2001. Data quality: Assessment based on field studies, informal sightings and literature/herbarium studies. Qualifier: The Area and Extent estimated based on known locations. The habitat status, threats, mature individuals and population trends observed and inferred. Status IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (1994): IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (2000): ENDANGERED ENDANGERED CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed International RDB: Included in the Negative List of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999. Brahmagiri Wildlife Sanctuary, Silent Valley National Park Uncertainty G. flabelliformis is assessed based on evidence and on the consensus of the field biologists at the workshop. It was also on a range of opinion. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Criteria: Criteria: B1+2bce; C2a B2a+b(ii,iii,v); C2a(i) Not listed Not listed Survey, life history studies and PHVA. Habitat management and monitoring. Cultivation is recommended for research and species recovery. Cultivated stocks are available at TBGRI, Thiruvananthapuram. Numbers in culltivation 10. There is no coordinated species management programme for this species and one is not recommended. Ongoing cultivation programme intensified or increased. Some propagation techniques known for similar taxa. Other comments: Originally described by Blatter & McCann based on a collection from South Canara. Sources: Nayar, 1996: 225; Abraham & Vatsala, 1981: 469; Rao, 1998: 204; Saldanha & Nicolson, 1976: 830; Sharma et al., 1984: 276; Manoharan, 1999: 203; Jain & Mehrotra, 1984: 65; Blatter & McCann 1931 33: 722; Saldanha, C.J., 1976: 830; Blatter & McCann, 1931 35: 722 t.1; Sathish Kumar, 1999: 203. Compilers: J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, N. Raman, N.C. Rathakrishnan, C. Sathish Kumar, B. Arthur. Reviewers: A. Durai, P.F. Solomons, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, M. Thapliyal, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, R. Singh, T. Chhabra, R. Thamilarasi, M.B. Vishwanathan, S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, M. Mohanan, S. Rajendran, S. Phatak, B.V. Shetty, T.A. Rao, U. Lakshminarayan, K.G. Selvi. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 86 ENDANGERED Scientific name (author; date): Habenaria barnesii Summerh., ex Fischer, 1936 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Tuberous ground herb Grasslands 2100m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: Threats Threats to taxon: India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Kerala & Tamil Nadu) Mudimund, Nilgiris, High Range, Devikulam to Panniar [Mohanan & Balakrishnan, 1991]. One locality from Devicolam to Panniar [Abraham & Vatsala, 1981]. Travancore, Nilgiris [Nayar, 1996]. Nilgiris [Henry et al., 1989]. Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, Idukki District [Nayar & Sastry, 1987]. High Range [Shetty & Vivekananthan, 1991]. Idukki, Nilgiri [Rathakrishnan & Chitra, 1984]. Tamil Nadu: Mukurthi National Park [P.F. Solomons] 100-5,000 10-500 2-3/3. Fragmented. All individuals are not in one population and one subpopulations does not hold 95% or more of the total population Decrease in area of habitat <20% in the last 10 years. <20% predicted decline in the next 10 years due to loss of habitat. Decrease in quality of habitat due to fire. Trade: Habitat loss and fire are resulting in and may result in population decline. The influence of threats on the population is well understood, are not reversible and have not ceased. Not in trade Population Numbers/Generation time/Trend: Trends: Generation time annual. Unknown Recent Field Studies: P.F. Solomons in Mukurthi National Park, 1999, Field studies. C. Sathish Kumar in Rajamala, 1995. Data quality: Assessed based on field sightings and literature/herbarium studies. Qualifier: The Area and Extent estimated based on known locations. The habitat status, threats, mature individuals and population trends inferred from literature. Status IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (1994): IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (2000): ENDANGERED ENDANGERED CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Rare (Nayar & Sastry, 1987) International RDB: Included in the Negative List of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999. Mukurthi National Park, Eravikulam National Park. Uncertainty Assessed based on precaution on the consensus of the field biologists at the workshop. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Criteria: Criteria: B1+2bc. B1a+b(ii,iii), 2a+b(ii,iii) Not listed Not listed Survey Monitoring, cultivation/breeding Cultivation is recommended for research. Cultivated stocks are not available. There is no coordinated species management programme for this species and one is recommended. Ongoing cultivation programme intensified or increased. Information on propagation techniques not available with this group of compilers. Other comments: No change observed in Mukurthi National Park, as it is a protected area. Described by Fischer based on Barne’s collections from Nilgiris and Namakad Gap in Kerala. Sources: Abraham & Vatsala, 1981: 236; Henry et al., 1989: 13; Jain & Mehrotra, 1984: 69; Mohanan & Balakrishna, 1991: 194; Nayar, 1996: 225; Nayar & Sastry 1987: 256; Rao, 1998: 205; Somdeva & Naithani, 1986: 40; Summerh., 1936: 1887; Shetty & Vivekananthan, 1991: 141; Rathakrishnan & Chitra, 1984: 1004. Compilers: J.L. Ellis, R. Gopalan, R. Ingalhalli, N. Raman, N.C. Rathakrishnan, C. Sathish Kumar, S. Phatak, B. Arthur Reviewers: A. Durai, P.F. Solomons, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, M. Thapliyal, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, R. Singh, T. Chhabra, R. Thamilarasi, M.B. Vishwanathan, S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, M. Mohanan, S. Rajendran, B.V. Shetty, T.A. Rao, U. Lakshminarayan, K.G. Selvi. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 87 ENDANGERED Scientific name (author; date): Synonym: Habenaria cephalotes Lindey, 1835 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Terrestrial herb Grasslands 1800-2500m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: H. trichosantha auct. non. Lindley, 1835: A. Rich., 1841 Habitat status: India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Kerala & Tamil Nadu) Idukki, Thirunelveli, Nilgiri, Palghat, Thiruvananthapuram [Mohanan & Balakrishnan, 1991]. Nilgiris [Nayar, 1996, Henry et al., 1989]. Aruvanpara in Silent Valley [Manilal, 1988]. Nilgiri, Travancore hills [Hooker, 1890-1894]. Doddabetta, Naduvattom, Ooty, Pykara [Sharma et al., 1977]. Nilgiris, Naduvattom, Pykara range, Mukurthi dam [Abraham & Vatsala, 1981]. Nilgiris, Travancore [Mohanan & Balakrishnan, 1991]. Idukki, Trivandrum, Nilgiri, Tirunelveli [Rathakrishnan & Chitra, 1984]. Aruvanpara [Sathish Kumar, 1999] Kerala: Silent Valley [Sathish Kumar]. Tamil Nadu: Mukurthi National Park [P.F. Solomons] 100-5,000 10-500 >20/7. Fragmented. All individuals are not in one population and one subpopulation does not hold 95% or more of the total population. Decrease in area of the habitat and habitat quality. Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Habitat loss and trampling. The factors influencing the status of the taxon is well understood. Not in trade Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Population Numbers/Generation time/Trend: Trends: Mature individuals in all populations are <250. Number of mature individuals in the largest subpopulation is not known. The numbers of mature individuals have declined in the past. Generation time one year. Unknown. Recent Field Studies: P.F. Solomons in Mukurthi National Park, 1997-99, Field studies. Data quality: Assessed based on field studies and literature/herbarium studies. Qualifier: The Area and Extent estimated based on known locations. Threats observed. Mature individuals inferred from literature. Status IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (1994): IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (2000): ENDANGERED ENDANGERED CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed International RDB: Included in the Negative List of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999. Mukurthi National Park, Silent Valley National Park Uncertainty Assessed based on a range of opinion. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Criteria: Criteria: B1+2bc. B1a+b(ii,iii), 2a+b(ii,iii) Not listed Not listed Survey and life history studies. Cultivation/breeding and monitoring Cultivation is recommended for research. Cultivated stocks are not available. There is no coordinated species management programme for this species and one is not recommended. Ongoing cultivation programme intensified or increased. Information on propagation techniques not available with this group of compilers. Other comments: Proposed by Lindley based on Wight’s collection from the Nilgiris. This species was found to occur intermingled with Satyrium nepalense [Abraham and Vatsala]. No change obsesrved in Mukurti National Park, as it is a protected area. In Nilgiri, Naduvattom and Pykara the habitat is under threat. Sources: Richard 1841: 73; Henry et al., 1989: 13; Hooker, 1890-1894: 139; Lindley 1835: 322; Manilal, 1988: 285; Manoharan, 1999: 203; Mohanan & Balakrishnan, 1991: 194; Nayar, 1996: 225; Rao, 1998: 205; Rathakrishnan & Chitra, 1984: 1004; Sathish Kumar, 1999: 203; Sharma et al., 1977: 140. Compilers: J.L. Ellis, R. Gopalan, R. Ingalhalli, N. Raman, N.C. Rathakrishnan, C. Sathish Kumar, S. Phatak, B. Arthur Reviewers: A. Durai, P.F. Solomons, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, M. Thapliyal, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, R. Singh, T. Chhabra, R. Thamilarasi, M.B. Vishwanathan, S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, M. Mohanan, S. Rajendran, S. Phatak., B.V. Shetty, T.A. Rao, U. Lakshminarayan, K.G. Selvi. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 88 ENDANGERED Scientific name (author; date): Habenaria elliptica Wight, 1851 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Terrestrial herb Open grassy slopes Above 1500 m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Population Numbers/Generation time/Trend Trends: India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Kerala & Tamil Nadu) Palni hills, on the way to Anamudi from Nyamakad, Vattivara hills [Abraham & Vatsala, 1981]. Madurai, Nilgiri, Tirunelveli [Henry et al., 1989]. Sispara [Manilal, 1988]. Palni, Kodaikanal, Nilgiris, Conoor [Fyson, 1974]. Palni Hills [Hooker, 1890-1894]. Ootacamund [Sharma et al., 1977]. Kodaikanal, Bruce Valley, Kodaikanal Pillar Rocks, Palni hills, Kodaikanal - Berijam road, Fire tower, Shola of Mahilkundram, Peak north of Perumal peak, Gundar - Vembadi Path [Seidenfaden, 1999]. Mysore to Nilgiris and Palni Hills [Nayar, 1996]. Sispara [Sathish Kumar, 1999]. Mysore, Idukki, Madurai, Nilgiri [Rathakrishnana & Chitra, 1984]. Palni [Kunhikrishnan, 1991] Kerala: Silent Valley [C. Sathish Kumar, 1995]. Tamil Nadu: Kodaikanal [N. Raman, June 1997]. 5,001-20,000 10-500 10–20/5–10. Fragmented. There is a continuing decline but no extreme fluctuation in the number of locations or subpopulations. All individuals are not in one population and one subpopulations does not hold 95% or more of the total population. Decrease in the habitat >20% in the last 10-20 years. >20% predicted decline in the next 10-20 years and decrease in the quality of habitat due to road construction, overexploitation and grazing. Damming, grazing, over exploitation and trade for market or medicine are resulting in and may result in population decline. The influence of threats on the population structure is well understood, are not reversible and have not ceased. Not in trade. Mature individuals in all populations are <2,500. The number of mature individuals declined in the Protected Areasby 20-30% and is likely to decline by 20-30% in the future. Generation time is 1 year. The population size/numbers of the taxon is declining at a rate of >30% in the last 10 years. Predicted decline >30% in the next 10years due to habitat loss. Recent Field Studies: N. Raman in Kodaikanal, June 1997, Systematics. Sathish Kumar in Silent Valley, 1995. Data quality: Assessed based on field studies, informal sightings and literature/herbarium studies. Qualifier: The Area and Extent estimated based on known locations. The habitat status, threats and mature individuals estimated. Population trend inferred from indirect information. Status IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (1994): IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (2000): ENDANGERED ENDANGERED CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed International RDB: Included in the Negative list of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999 Silent Valley National Park Uncertainty Assessed based on evidence and consensus of the field biologists at the workshop. It was also on range of opinion and subjective opinion. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Criteria: Criteria: B1+2abcde. B2a+b(i,ii,iii,iv,v) Not listed Not listed Genetic research, life history studies. Genome resource banking, cultivation/breeding Cultivation is recommended for research. Cultivated stocks are not available. There is no coordinated species management programme for this species and one is recommended. Initiate cultivation programme after 3 years. Some propagation techniques known for taxon or similar taxa. Other comments: Described by Wight based on a collection from Pulney Hills. Very characteristic species with sepals scurfy pubescent on the adaxial surfaces. The record of its occurrence outside Kerala and Tamil Nadu i.e., in Mysore (Nayar, 1996, Sharma et al., 1984) seems incorrect. Most of the plants have been destroyed due to grazing. This species is grazed by animals before it matures. Sources: Abraham & Vatsala, 1981: 233; Fyson, 1974: 402 - 403; Henry et al., 1989: 14; Hooker, 1890-1894: 147; Jain & Mehrotra, 1984: 71; Manilal, 1988: 286; Manoharan, 1999: 204; Nayar, 1996: 225; Rao, 1998: 206; 270; Sathish Kumar, 1999: 204; Seidenfaden, 1999: 1221, 1222; Sharma et al., 1984; Wight, 1851 5(1): 13.t.1706; Sharma et al., 1977: 141; Rathakrishnan & Chitra, 1984: 1004; Kunhikrishnan, 1991: 119. Compilers: A. Durai, P.F. Solomons, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, M. Thapliyal, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, N. Raman, R. Singh, N.C. Rathakrishnan, T. Chhabra, R. Thamilarasi, M.B. Vishwanathan. Reviewers: S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, M. Mohanan, Rajendran, S. Phatak, J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, N. Raman, N.C. Rathakrishnan, C. Sathish Kumar, B. Arthur, B.V. Shetty, T.A. Rao, U. Lakshminarayan, K.G. Selvi. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 89 CRITICALLY ENDANGERED Scientific name (author; date): Habenaria elwesii Hook. f., 1896 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Tuberous terrestrial herb Evergreen forest. >850m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Population Numbers/Generation time/Trend Trends: India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Karnataka, Kerala & Tamil Nadu) Devale [Sharma, et al., 1977, Mohanan & Balakrishnan, 1991]. Hassan, Nilgiri [Rathakrishnana & Chitra, 1984]. Karnataka: Hassan [S. Phatak]. Silent Valley [C. Sathish Kumar, 1982]. 100-5,000 <10 2/2. Fragmented. There is a continuing decline and no extreme fluctuation in the number of locations or subpopulations. Decrease in the habitat >80% in the last 20 years. Habitat loss, harvest, human interference and habitat fragmentation are resulting in and may result in population decline. The influence of threatson the population structure is well understood, are not reversible and have not ceased to be a threat. Not known Unknown The Devala population is extirpated due to construction of human refugee camps in the primary evergreen habitat. The population is declining more than 50% overall, but is not known. Recent Field Studies: None Data quality: Assessed based on field observation, indirect information and literature/herbarium studies. Qualifier: The Area and Extent estimated based on known locations. The habitat status observed over many years. Some threats inferred from literature. Status IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (1994): IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (2000): CRITICALLY ENDANGERED CRITICALLY ENDANGERED Criteria: Criteria: B1+2bcd B2a+b(ii,iii,iv) CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed International RDB: Included in the Negative list of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999 Uncertainty Assessed with 95% confidence based on the consensus of field biologists. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Not listed Not listed Survey Monitoring, cultivation/breeeding Intitiate cultivation programme for species recovery within 3 years. Techniques for cultivation not known at all. Other comments: This species was described by Hook. f. based on Proudlock’s collections from the Nilgiris. Sri Lankan refugees have been accomodated in this area. The land is being alloted free of cost and has been converted into tea plantation [Rajan]. The area needs to be surveyed. Before 40 years Devala was one of the thick evergreen forest, it is now completely denuded for habitation and plantation. Sources: Hooker, 1896: t.7478; Mohanan & Balakrishnan, 1991: 195; Sharma, et al., 1977: 141; Rathakrishnan & Chitra, 1984: 1004. Compilers: T.A. Rao, K. Sivabalakrishnan, P.F. Solomons, P.S. Udayan, M.B. Viswanathan, U. Lakshminarayan. Reviewers: A. Durai, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, M. Thapliyal, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, N. Raman, R. Singh, N.C. Rathakrishnan, T. Chhabra, R. Thamilarasi, S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, M. Mohanan, S. Rajendran, S. Phatak, J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, C. Sathish Kumar, B. Arthur, B.V. Shetty, K.G. Selvi. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 90 CRITICALLY ENDANGERED Scientific name (author; date): Habenaria flabelliformis Summerh. ex Fischer 1936. Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Terrestrial tuberous herb Montane grasslands 2400-2475m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Kerala) Anaimudi slopes [Fischer, 1936; Shetty & Vivekananthan, 1991]. Idukki [Rathakrishnan & Chitra, 1984]. Tamil Nadu: Anaimudi slopes [S.D. Biju, TBGRI, 1995] <100 <10 1/1. All individuals are in one population. There is no change in the habitat of the taxon. Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Population Numbers/Generation time/Trend Perennating tuberoids are eaten away by wild boars etc. This may result in population decline. The influence on the population structure is not well understood. Not in trade Trends: Mature individuals in all populations are <50. The numbers of mature individuals have declined in the past. Generation time - perennial. Only seven individuals located. Population trends unknown. Recent Field Studies: S.D. Biju in Anaimudi slopes, 1995-97, Floristic studies in Eravikulam National Park. Data quality: General field studies, informal field sightings, literature/herbarium Qualifier: The Area and Extent estimated based on known locations. The habitat status and threats observed. Status IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (1994): IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (2000): CRITICALLY ENDANGERED CRITICALLY ENDANGERED CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed International RDB: Included in the Negative list of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999 Eravikulam National Park. Uncertainty Assessed with 95% confidence based on the consensus of field biologists. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Criteria: Criteria: B1+2e; D B1a+b(v), 2a+b(v); D Not listed Not listed Life history studies, PHVA pending Monitoring, cultivation/breeding Cultivation is recommended for research, species recovery, reintroduction, preservation of live genome. Cultivated stocks are not available. There is no coordinated species management programme for this species and one is recommended. Initiate cultivation programme within 3 years. Some propagation techniques known for taxon or similar taxa. Other comments: Described by Fischer based on a collection by Edward Barnes from the slopes of Anamudi. Only seven individuals were found by S.D. Biju during his field studies. Both conventional and non conventional propagation techniques should be taken up. Sources: Fischer, 1936; Rathakrishnan & Chitra, 1984: 1004; Shetty & Vivekananthan, 1991: 148; Summerhayes, 1936: 1887. Compilers: S.S.R. Bennet, J.L. Ellis, M. Mohanan, V. Sarojini Menon, C. Sathish Kumar, S. Seeni, B.V. Shetty, P.S. Udayan, U. Lakshminarayan. Reviewers: A. Durai, P.F. Solomons, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, M. Thapliyal, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, N. Raman, R. Singh, N.C. Rathakrishnan, T. Chhabra, R. Thamilarasi, M.B. Vishwanathan, R. Ingalhalli, B. Arthur, T.A. Rao, K.G. Selvi. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 91 CRITICALLY ENDANGERED Scientific name (author; date): Synonym: Habenaria gibsonii Hook. f. var. foetida Blatter & McCann, 1932 Habit: Habitat: Niche/elevation: Terrestrial herb Semi evergreen to evergreen forests. Wet under growth. 120-2600m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Population Numbers/Generation time/Trend Habenaria foliosa A. Rich var. foetida (Blatter & McCann) Bennet, 1984 India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Maharashtra & Karnataka) Mahabaleshwar, Londa [S. Phatak, 1979]. Kudremukh National Park [T.A. Rao, 2000] >20,000 <500 3/3. Fragmented. All individuals are not in one population and one subpopulations does not hold 95% or more of the total population. Decrease in habitat in the last 10 years due to loss of habitat. Decrease in the quality of habitat due to habitat loss. Habitat loss and trampling resulting in and may result in population decline. The influence of threats on the population structure well understood, not reversible and have not ceased. Not in trade. Trends: Mature individuals <50. The number of mature individuals declined in the past by >20% and likely to decline in the future by >20%. Generation time annual. Population size/numbers declining at a rate of >20% in the last 10 years. Recent Field Studies: T.A. Rao in Kudremukh National Park, 2000 Data quality: Assessed based on informal sightings and literature/herbarium studies. Qualifier: Extent estimated based on known locations. Habitat status, threats, mature individuals and population trends inferred. Status IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (1994): IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (2000): CRITICALLY ENDANGERED CRITICALLY ENDANGERED CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed International RDB: Included in the Negative list of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999 Kudremukh National Park Uncertainty Assessed subjectively based on precaution. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Criteria: Criteria: D D Not listed Not listed Survey, genetic research, taxonomic research. Habitat management, monitoring and genome resource banking. Cultivation recommended for preservation of live genome. Cultivated stocks not available. No coordinated species management programme for this species and one not recommended. Initiate cultivation programme within 3 years. Some propagation techniques known for similar taxa. Other comments: This variety was described by Blatter & McCann (1932) based on Hallberg’s collection made on June 1917 from Monkey Hill in Khandala. Sources: Bennet 1984 5: 452; Blatter & McCann, 1932 36: 16 Compilers: S. Phatak, B. Arthur Reviewers: B.V. Shetty, C. Sathish Kumar, S. Molur Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 92 VULNERABLE Scientific name (author; date): Synony ms: Habenaria gibsonii Hook. f. var. foliosa (A. Rich.) Santapau & Kapadia, 1959 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Terrestrial herb Semi evergreen to evergreen forests Wet under growth. 2600m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Population Numbers/Generation time/Trend Habenaria foliosa A. Rich., 1841 Habenaria digitata Lindley var. foliosa (A. Rich.) Hook. f., 1890 Habenaria spencei Blatter & McCann, 1932 India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala & Tamil Nadu) Briddle path leading to the site for the Silent Valley project in Attapadi, Khandala, Godavari District and Western Ghats of Karnataka [Abraham & Vatsala, 1981]; Nilgiris [Nayar, 1996]; Pune, Satara [Sharma et al., 1996]; Avalanche, Bikkapathimund, Naduvattam, Ootacamund, Pykara [Sharma et al., 1977]. Mahabaleshwar [S. Phatak, 1979] >20,000 <2,000 Fragmented. Decrease in the habitat in the last 10 years due to loss of habitat. There is decrease in the quality of the habitat due to habitat loss. Habitat loss, trampling and habitat fragmentation resulting in and may result in population decline. influence of threats on the population structure well understood, not reversible and have not ceased. Not in trade The Trends: Mature individuals <250. Number of mature individuals have declined in the past by >20% and predicted decline is >20%. Generation time annual. Population size/numbers of the taxon declining at a rate of >20% in the last 10 years. Recent Field Studies: None Data quality: Assessed based on field studies and literature-herbarium studies. Qualifier: Area and Extent estimated based on the known locations. Habitat status, threats, mature individuals and population trends observed. Status IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (1994): IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (2000): V ULNERABLE V ULNERABLE CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed International RDB: Included in the Negative list of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999 Silent Valley National Park Uncertainty Assessed subjectively based on precaution. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Criteria: Criteria: A1ce; B1+2ce B2a+b(iii,v) Not listed Not listed Survey, Genetic research, taxonomic research. Monitoring, genome resource banking. Cultivated stocks not available. No coordinated species management programme for this species and one not recommended. Initiate cultivation programme within 3 years. Some propagation techniques known for taxon or similar taxa. Other comments: This was originally described by A. Richard (18410 based on a collection by Perrottet from Nilgiris. Western ghats, near Poona, Karwar [Santapau & Kapadia]. It was found growing side by side with H. multicaudata [Abraham & Vatsala, 1981]. It was found growing among Habenaria digitata, H. stenopetala and H. crassifolia in Mahabaleshwar [S. Phatak, 1984]. Sources: Abraham & Vatsala, 1981: 219; Richard, 1841: 71.t.34; Blatter & McCann, 1932 36: 17; Nayar, 1996: 225; S. Phatak, 1984; Santapau & Kapadia, 1959 56: 194; Sharma et al., 1977; Sharma et al., 1996. Compilers: S. Phatak, B. Arthur Reviewers: B.V. Shetty, C. Sathish Kumar, S. Molur Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 93 CRITICALLY ENDANGERED Scientific name (author; date): Synonyms: Habenaria gibsonii Hook. f., var. gibsonii 1890 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Terrestrial herb Forest undergrowth and open slopes in grasslands Moist areas. 1200-2000 m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Population Numbers/Generation time/Trend Trends: Habenaria digitata Lindley var. gibsonii (Hook. f.) C. Fischer, 1928 Habenaria foliosa A. Rich. var. gibsonii (Hook. f.) Bennet 1984 India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Maharashtra & Karnataka) Maharashtra: Wada [S. Phatak, 1980]. Karnataka: Kudremukh National Park, Mysore, Uttara Kannada, Chikmagalur [T.A. Rao, 2000] 100-5,000 10-500 5–10/4. Fragmented. There is a continuing decline but not extreme fluctuation in the number of locations or subpopulations. All individuals are not in one population and one subpopulations does not hold 95% or more of the total population. Decrease in the habitat >20% in the last 20 years due to loss of habitat, forest fires and over grazing. There is decrease in the quality of the habitat due to human interference, animals, forest fires and over grazing. Edaphic changes, trampling, habitat loss, human interference, overexploitation, grazing, habitat fragmentation, trade for market or medicine, fire, reproductive problems and propagation difficulties are resulting in and may result in population decline. The influence of threats on the population structure are well understood, are not reversible and have not ceased to be a threat. The taxon is in trade for its roots and medicinal value. Scientific collections also has resulted in a perceived or inferred population decline. Mature individuals in all populations are <50. The number of mature individuals declined in the past by 20% and likely to decline by 20% in the future. Generation time 1 year. The population size/numbers of the taxon is declining at a rate of >50% in the last 10 years. Predicted decline >80% in the next 10 years due to habitat loss. The threats influencing the population structure are well understood, are not reversible and have not ceased to be threats. Recent Field Studies: T.A. Rao in Kudremukh National Park, Mysore, Uttara Kannada, 2000, Floristic survey. S. Phatak Pratapghad, Londa, 1992, Taxonomy, Cytology. Data quality: Assessed based on field studies, indirect information and literature/herbarium studies. Qualifier: The Area and Extent estimated based on known locations. The habitat status, threats, mature individuals and population trends observed. Status IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (1994): IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (2000): CRITICALLY ENDANGERED CRITICALLY ENDANGERED CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed International RDB: Included in the Negative list of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999 Kudremukh National Park Uncertainty Assessed with 95% confidence based on evidence, precaution and on the consensus of the field biologists at the workshop. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Criteria: Criteria: in A2cd; C2a; D A3cd; C2a(i); D Not listed Not listed Survey, genetic research, limiting factor research, life history studies, PHVA Habitat management, sustainable utilisation, cultivation/breeding, wild population management, public awareness, genome resource banking, monitoring, limiting factor management. Cultivation is recommended for research, preservation of live genome and reintroduction. Cultivated stocks are available at Kudremukh National Park orchidarium. There is no coordinated species management programme for this species and one is not recommended. Initiate programme within 3 years. Some propagation techniques known for taxon or similar taxa. Other comments: This species was described by J.D. Hooker based on Gibson’s collections from near Kyreswur and ‘Kandala’. Fischer treats this as a variety under H. digitata Lindley. It is isolated in Mahabaleshwar [Wada], Santapau collected it in Mumbai, Lonovala, Khandala. One may not be able to site the specimen every season on the same spot as the tubers hibernate. There is a perceptable ecological change. Exploitation by humans due to research and medicine. Life span of the tuber is seasonal, July-September. This species is not found in the area at present. Sources: Bennet 1984 5: 452; Fischer, 1928: 1469; Hook. f. 1890 6: 135 Compilers: T.A. Rao, B. Arthur, K. Krishnaswamy, E. Mohan, R. Ingalhalli, S. Rajendran, R. Hegde, S. Phatak Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 94 Reviewers: A. Durai, P.F. Solomons, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, M. Thapliyal, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, N. Raman, R. Singh, N.C. Rathakrishnan, T. Chhabra, R. Thamilarasi, M.B. Vishwanathan, S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, M. Mohanan, B.V. Shetty, U. Lakshminarayan, K.G. Selvi. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 95 CRITICALLY ENDANGERED Scientific name (author; date): Habenaria pallideviridis Seidenf., 1993 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Terrestrial herb Grassland 2,100m. Distribution Historical distribution: Distribution from Literature: Western Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: Threats Threats to taxon: Endemic to Western Ghats (Tamil Nadu) Palni hills, off Kukkal, Boothanachiamman Temple Hills [Seidenfaden, 1999]. Palni hills, southern Ghats [Nayar, 1996]. None. <100 <10. 1/1 Decrease in the habitat <20% in the last 10 years due to loss of habitat. There is no change in the quality of the habitat. Trade: Grazing, habitat loss and trampling resulting in and may result in population decline. The influence of threats on the population structure is well understood, is not reversible and has not ceased to be a threat. Not in trade. Population Numbers/Generation time/Trend Trends: Mature individuals in all populations are <50. Unknown Recent Field Studies: None Data quality: Assessed based on literature/herbarium studies only. Qualifier: The Area and Extent estimated from literature distribution. Habitat status, threats and mature individuals inferred from literature and from indirect information. Status IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (1994): IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (2000): CRITICALLY ENDANGERED CRITICALLY ENDANGERED Criteria: Criteria: CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed International RDB: Included in the Negative list of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999 Uncertainty Assessment based on precaution and a range of opinion. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: B1+2c; D B1a+b(iii), 2a+b(iii); D Not listed Not listed Survey and life history studies. Monitoring, cultivation/breeding Coordinated species management programme for this species is recommended. Initiate programme within 3 years. Some propagation techniques known for similar taxa Other comments: This species was proposed by Seidenfaden based on a collection by K.M. Matthew from the Palni Hills. This species has been reported only from Palni hills [Seidenfaden, 1999]. Sources: Nayar, 1996: 225; Seidenfaden, 1993 48(4): 757; Seidenfaden, 1999: 1217. Compilers: A. Durai, E. Mohan, R. Hegde, V.S. Ramachandra, N. Raman, K.G. Selvi, B.V. Shetty Reviewers: P.F. Solomons, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, M. Thapliyal, S. Rajan, R. Singh, N.C. Rathakrishnan, T. Chhabra, R. Thamilarasi, M.B. Vishwanathan, S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, M. Mohanan, Rajendran, S. Phatak, J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, C. Sathish Kumar, B. Arthur, T.A. Rao, U. Lakshminarayan. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 96 CRITICALLY ENDANGERED Scientific name (author; date): Synonym: Habenaria panchganiensis Santapau & Kapadia, 1957 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Terrestrial herb Table lands and slopey hill tops Moist grassy slopes. 1500-2000 m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Population Numbers/Generation time/Trend Trends: Habenaria variabilis Blatter & McCann, 1932 non Ridley, 1886 India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Maharashtra) Satara and Sindhudurg district, Western Ghats of Maharashtra [Nayar & Sastry, 1990]. Panchagani, Mahabaleshwar, northern Western Ghats [Nayar, 1996] Maharashtra: Panchagani, Mahabaleshwar [S. Phatak, 1976-96] 100-5,000 <10 3/2. Fragmented. There is a continuing decline but no extreme fluctuation in the number of locations or subpopulations. All individuals are not in one population Decrease in the habitat >50% in the last 20 years due to overgrazing, trampling and tourism. There is decrease in the quality of the habitat due to tourism and horse riding. Interspecific competition, human interference, grazing, habitat loss and trampling are resulting in and may result in population decline. The influence on the population structure is well understood, is not reversible and have not ceased. Not in trade Mature individuals in all populations are <2,500. The number of mature individuals declined in the past by 50% and is likely to decline by >20% in the future. Generation time – perennial – perinating through tuberoids. The population size/numbers of the taxon is declining at a rate of >50% in the last 10 years. Predicted decline >50% in the next 10 years due to habitat loss. Recent Field Studies: S. Phatak in Panchagani, Mahabaleshwar, 1996. Data quality: Assessed based on field studies, informal sightings and literature/herbarium studies. Qualifier: The Area and Extent estimated based on known locations. The habitat status, threats, mature individuals and population trends observed. Status IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (1994): IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (2000): CRITICALLY ENDANGERED CRITICALLY ENDANGERED Criteria: Criteria: B1+2bcde B2a+b(ii,iii,iv,v) CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Rare [Nayar & Sastry, 1990] International RDB: Included in the Negative list of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999 Uncertainty Assessed with 95% confidence based on evidence, precaution and on the consensus of the field biologists at the workshop. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Not listed Not listed Survey, genetic research, life history studies,limiting factor research,PHVA pending Habitat management, wild population management, monitoring Cultivated stocks are not available. Initiate cultivation programme within 3 years. Some propagation techniques known for taxon or similar taxa. Other comments: This was originally described by Blatter & McCann as H. variabilis, a later homonynm of that of Ridley (1886) and hence illegitimate. Hence, Satapau & Kapadia (1957) proposed the new name. Only known from two localities including the collection of its type in Satara district [Nayar & Sastry, 1990]. The species has almost disappeared in the first tableland, there are very few in the second tableland and surviving in the third, fourth and fifth due to its inaccessibility. It is mainly found in the third tableland. Sources: Blatter & McCann, 1932 36: 19-20.tt.4-5; ; Nayar, 1996: 225; Nayar & Sastry, 1990; Rao, 1998: 208; Santapau & Kapadia, 1957 54: 478. Compilers: T.A. Rao, B. Arthur, Krishnaswamy, E. Mohan, R. Ingalhalli, S. Rajendran, R. Hegde, S. Phatak Reviewers: A. Durai, P.F. Solomons, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, M. Thapliyal, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, N. Raman, R. Singh, N.C. Rathakrishnan, T. Chhabra, R. Thamilarasi, M.B. Vishwanathan, S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, M. Mohanan, C. Sathish Kumar, B.V. Shetty, U. Lakshminarayan, K.G. Selvi. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 97 CRITICALLY ENDANGERED Scientific name (author; date): Habenaria periyarensis Sasidharan et al., 1998 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Terrestrial herb Grasslands Among short grasses. 1200 m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Kerala) Periyar Tiger Reserve [Sasidharan et al., 1998]. None <100 <10 1/1 Decrease in the habitat <20% in the last 10 years due to loss of habitat. Change in the quality of habitat not known. Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Habitat loss, grazing and trampling. The influence on the population structure is well understood. Not in trade. Population Numbers/Generation time/Trend Trends: Mature individuals in all populations are <50. Unknown Recent Field Studies: None Data quality: Assessed based on literature/herbarium studies. Qualifier: The Area, Extent of occurrence, habitat status, threats and mature individuals observed and estimated. Status IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (1994): IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (1994): CRITICALLY ENDANGERED CRITICALLY ENDANGERED CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed International RDB: Included in the Negative list of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999 Periyar Tiger Reserve Uncertainty Assessment of H. periyarensis is with 95% confidence based on evidence and range of opinion. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Criteria: Criteria: B1+2c; D B1a+b(iii), 2a+b(iii); D Not listed Not listed Survey, limiting factor research, taxonomic research, life history studies Monitoring, cultivation/breeding Cultivation is recommended for research and preservation of live genome. There is no coordinated species management programme for this species and one is recommended. Initiate cultivation programme within 3 years. Some propagation techniques known for similar taxa. Other comments: Recently described species by Sasidharan, Rajesh and Jomy based on a collection from Periyar. It is related to H. diphylla Dalz. Sources: Sasidharan et al., 1998 8(2): 167 Compilers: A. Durai, E. Mohan, R. Hegde, V.S. Ramachandran, N. Raman, K.G. Selvi, B.V. Shetty Reviewers: P.F. Solomons, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, M. Thapliyal, S. Rajan, R. Singh, T. Chhabra, M.B. Vishwanathan, S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, M. Mohanan, Rajendran, S. Phatak, J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, N.C. Rathakrishnan, C. Sathish Kumar, B. Arthur, T.A. Rao, U. Lakshminarayan. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 98 ENDANGERED Scientific name (author; date): Synonym: Habenaria perrottetiana A. Rich., 1841 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Terrestrial herb Grassland 1600-2200 m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: From Field Studies: Extent of Occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of Occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Population Numbers/Generation time/Trend Trends: Platanthera lutea Wight, 1844-1845 India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Karnataka, Kerala & Tamil Nadu) Palni hills, Nilgiri hills, Mukurthi Dam, Kodaikanal [Abraham & Vatsala, 1981]. Coimbatore, Kanyakumari, Madurai, Nilgiri [Henry et al., 1989]. Palni hills, Nilgiris [Hooker, 1890-1894]. Muthukuzhivayal [Ramaswamy & Razi, 1973]. Umaiyamalai, Anaimudi slopes [Shetty & Vivekananthan, 1971]. Kodaikanal, Nilgiris, Palni hills, Shembaganur - Kodaikanal Levinge path, Perumal peak, northern slopes [Seidenfaden, 1999]. Mahendragiri, [Sathish Kumar, 1999]. Mysore, Idukki, Coimbatore, Kanniyakumari, Madurai, Nilgiri [Rathakrishnan & Chitra, 1984]. Avalanche [Sharma et al., 1977]. Tamil Nadu: Avalanche [B.V. Shetty, 1973; P.F. Solomons, 1997-99]. Anaimudi [B.V. Shetty, 1965]. Naduvattam [N. Raman, 1998; P.S. Udayan, 1993]. Karnataka: Kudremukh National Park [T.A. Rao, 2000]. 100-5,000 501-2,000 30-50/15-25. Fragmented. There is a continuing decline but no extreme fluctuation in the number of locations or subpopulations. All individuals not in one population and one subpopulation does not hold 95% or more of the total population. Decrease in the habitat <20% in the last 10-20 years. <20% predicted decline in the next 10-20 years due to loss of habitat and habitat change. Change in the quality of habitat not known. Human interference, grazing and trampling resulting in and may result in population decline. The influence on the population structure well understood, not reversible and not ceased to be threats. Not in trade Mature individuals in all populations <2500. The number of mature individuals declined in the past by 10-20% and likely to decline by 10-20% in the future. Generation time 1 year. The population size/numbers of the taxon is declining at a rate of >10% in the last 10 years. Predicted decline >10% in the next 10 years due to habitat loss. Recent Field Studies: N. Raman in Naduvattam 1998. P.S. Udayan in Naduvattam,1990-96. P.F. Solomons in Avalanche 1997-99. T.A. Rao in Kudremukh National Park, 2000. Data quality: Assessed based on field studies, census/monitoring and literature/herbarium Qualifier: The Area and Extent estimated based on known locations. The habitat status, threats, mature individuals and population trends observed and inferred. studies. Status IUCN Red List Criteria (1994): IUCN Red List Criteria (2000): ENDANGERED ENDANGERED CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed Not listed International RDB: Not listed Included in the Negative list of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999 Eravikulam National Park, Kuduremukh National Park, Mukurthi National Park Uncertainty Assessed with 95% confidence based on evidence, range of opinion and on the consensus of the field biologists at the workshop. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Criteria: Criteria: B1+2bcde B1a+b(ii,iii,iv,v) Survey, life history studies, PHVA Monitoring, habitat management and cultivation/breeding Cultivation is recommended for research. Cultivated stocks not available. There is no coordinated species management programme for this species and one is not recommended. Initiate cultivation programme within 3 years. Propagation techniques not known at all. Other comments: Described by A. Richard based on Perrottet’s collection from Ootacamund. Record of its occurrence in Karnataka i.e. Kudremukh (T.A. Rao pers. comm. at the workshop) needs confirmation. Sources: Abraham & Vatsala, 1981: 236; Henry et al., 1989: 15; Hooker, 1890-1894: 164, 165; Mohanan & Henry, 1994: 460; Ramaswamy & Razi, 1973: 399; Rao, 1998: 208; Rathakrishnan & Chitra, 1984: 1004; Richard, 1841 Ser 2 15: 74.t.48; Sathish Kumar, 1999: 67; Seidenfaden, 1999: 1223, 1224; Sharma et al., 1977: 141; Shetty & Vivekananthan, 1991: 39; Wight, 1844-1845: Ic. 3(2): 11.t. 919 Compilers: A. Durai, E. Mohan, R. Hegde, V.S. Ramachandran, N. Raman, K.G. Selvi, B.V. Shetty, U. Lakshminarayanan. Reviewers: P.F. Solomons, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, M. Thapliyal, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, R. Singh, N.C. Rathakrishnan, T. Chhabra, M.B. Vishwanathan, S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, M. Mohanan, S. Rajendran, S. Phatak, J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, C. Sathish Kumar, B. Arthur, T.A. Rao. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 99 CRITICALLY ENDANGERED Scientific name (author; date): Synonym: Habenaria polyodon Hook. f., 1890 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Terrestrial herb Grasslands 1600-1800 m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: From Field Studies: Extent of Occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of Occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Population Numbers/Generation time/Trend Trends: H. fimbriata Wight 1851 non R. Br., 1813 India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Tamil Nadu) Nilgiris [Henry et al., 1989; Hooker, 1890-1894; Rathakrishnan & Chitra, 1984; Sharma et al., 1977; Mohanan & Balakrishnan, 1991; Nayar, 1996]. Tamil Nadu: Bikkapathimund [T. Chhabra, 1995] <100 <10 3/1. Fragmented. All individuals are not in one population and one subpopulation does not hold 95% or more of the total population. Decrease in the habitat >20% in the last 10 years. >20% predicted decline in the next 10 years due to loss of habitat and grazing. Decrease in the quality of the habitat due to grazing. Human interference, grazing and habitat loss are resulting in and may result in population decline. The influence on the population structure well understood, not reversible and not ceased to be a threat. Not in trade Mature individuals in all populations <250. Number of mature individuals declined in the past by >20% and likely to decline by >20% in the future (say, 10 years). Generation time 1 year. The population size/numbers of the taxon declining at a rate of >20% in the last 10 years. Predicted decline >20% in the next 10 years due to habitat loss. Recent Field Studies: T. Chhabra in Bikkapathimund, Nilgiris, 1995. Data quality: Assessed based on field studies, informal sightings and literature/herbarium studies. Qualifier: The Area and Extent estimated based on known locations. The habitat status, threats, mature individuals and population trends inferred and estimated. Status IUCN Red List Criteria (1994): IUCN Red List Criteria (2000): CRITICALLY ENDANGERED CRITICALLY ENDANGERED Criteria: Criteria: B1+2ce; C2 B1a+b(iii,v), 2a+b(iii,v) CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed International RDB: Included in the Negative list of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999 Uncertainty Assessed with based on some evidence, precaution, subjective and on the consensus of the field biologists at the workshop. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Not listed Not listed Survey, life history studies, genetic research and PHVA pending. Habitat management, wild population management, monitoring and cultivation/breeding. Cultivation is recommended for research. Cultivated stocks are not available. There is no coordinated species management programme for this species and one is not recommended. Initiate cultivation programme within 3 years. Propagation techniques not known at all Other comments: Originally proposed by Wight based on a collection from Nilgiris. Wight’s name, H. fimbriata, however could not be accepted, as it was a later homonynm of that of R. Br. (1813). Hence, Hook. f. proposed the name polyodon. The habitat should be throughly surveyed and protected. Hooker [1888-1890] reported this species from Nilgiris based on Wight's collection. Fischer also gives the same collection along with another of Gamble from Nilgiris, but none of these specimens are available in MH. Joseph [1983] states that he could not collect it from Nilgiris or its neighbourhood [Mohanan & Balakrishnan, 1991]. Sources: Henry et al., 1989: 16; Hooker, 1890 6: 139; Joseph, 1983; Mohanan & Balakrishnan, 1991: 190; Nayar, 1996: 225; Rathakrishnan & Chitra, 1984: 1004; Sharma et al., 1977: 141; Wight, 1851 5(1): 14.t.1712. Compilers: A. Durai, P.F. Solomons, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, M. Thapliyal, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, N. Raman, R. Singh, N.C. Rathakrishnan, T. Chhabra, R. Thamilarasi, M.B. Vishwanathan. Reviewers: S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, M. Mohanan, Rajendran, S. Phatak, J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, B. Arthur, B.V. Shetty, T.A. Rao, U. Lakshminarayan, K.G. Selvi. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 100 ENDANGERED Scientific name (author; date): Habenaria richardiana Wight, 1851 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Terrestrial tuberous herb Moist deciduous forests and grasslands 1200-2,500 m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of Occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of Occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: Threats Threats to taxon: India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Kerala & Tamil Nadu) Coimbatore, Nilgiri [Henry et al., 1989]. Travancore hills [Hooker, 1890-1894]. Coonoor, Doddabetta [Sharma et al., 1977]. Travancore hills, Kodanad [Mohanan & Balakrishnan, 1991]. Coimbatore, Nilgiris, Trivandrum [Rathakrishnan & Chitra, 1984]. High Ranges [Shetty & Vivekananthan, 1991]. Tamil Nadu: Dawre in Kodaikanal [Rajan, 1985] 100-5,000 10-500 10–20/5–10. Fragmented. All individuals not in one population and one subpopulation does not hold 95% or more of the total population. Decrease in the habitat >80% in the last 10 years due tourism. Decrease in the quality of the habitat due to tourism. Trade: Habitat loss resulting in and may result in population decline. The influence on the population structure well understood, not reversible and not ceased to be a threat. Not in trade. Population Numbers/Generation time/Trend Trends: Unknown The population size/numbers of the taxon declining at a rate of >20% in the last 10 years. Recent Field Studies: None Data quality: Assessed based on informal sighting and literature/herbarium studies. Qualifier: The Area and Extent estimated as inferred from literature. Threats, mature individuals and population trends inferred based on habitat information. Status IUCN Red List Criteria (1994): IUCN Red List Criteria (2000): ENDANGERED ENDANGERED CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed International RDB: Included in the Negative list of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999 None Uncertainty Assessed based on inference, precaution, subjective and on the consensus of the field biologists at the workshop. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Criteria: Criteria: B1+2abc B1a+b(i,ii,iii), 2a+b(i,ii,iii) Not listed Not listed Survey, limitng factor research, life history studies and PHVA Habitat management and monitoring, cultivation/breeding Initiate cultivation programme within 3 years. Some propagation techniques known for similar taxa. Other comments: Proposed by Wight based on a collection from Nilgiris and Travancore Hills. In Doddabetta the habitat has been destroyed mainly due to tourism. Except for a single recent gathering in1970 by E. Vajravelu, this plant is represented in Indian herbaria only by old collections made in 1883 by Gamble from Doddabetta [2050m]. Sources: Henry et al., 1989: 16; Hooker, 1890-1894; Mohanan & Balakrishnan, 1991: 195; Rao, 1998: 208; Rathakrishnan & Chitra, 1984: 1004; Sharma, et al., 1977: 288; Shetty & Vivekananthan, 1991: 141; Wight, 1851 5(1): 14.t.1713. Compilers: A. Durai, E. Mohan, R. Hegde, V.S. Ramachandran, N. Raman, K.G. Selvi, B.V. Shetty Reviewers: P.F. Solomons, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, M. Thapliyal, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, R. Singh, N.C. Rathakrishnan, T. Chhabra, M.B. Vishwanathan, S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, M. Mohanan, S. Rajendran, S. Phatak, J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, C. Sathish Kumar, B. Arthur, T.A. Rao, U. Lakshminarayan. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 101 ENDANGERED Scientific name (author; date): Habenaria suaveolens Dalz., 1850 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Terrestrial herb Evergreen forests Moist forest floor. 500-1500 m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of Occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of Occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/locations: Habitat status: Threats Threats to taxon: India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Maharashtra & Karnataka) Konkan, Chickamagalur, Bababudan [Nayar, 1996]. Sindhudurg [Lakshminarasimhan, 1996]. 100-5,000 10-500 4. Fragmented Decrease in the habitat >20% in the last 10 years. >20% predicted decline in the next 10 years due to urbanization. Decrease in the quality of the habitat due to human interference and tourism. Trade: Human interference, grazing, habitat loss and trampling resulting in and may result in population decline. The influence on the population structure well understood, not reversible and not ceased to be a threat. Not in trade Population Numbers/Generation time/Trend Trends: Unknown The population size/numbers declining. Recent Field Studies: - Data quality: Assessed based only on literature/herbarium studies. Qualifier: The Area, Extent of occurrence, habitat status, threats, mature individuals and population trends inferred from literature. Status IUCN Red List Criteria (1994): IUCN Red List Criteria (2000): ENDANGERED ENDANGERED CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed International RDB: Included in the Negative list of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999 None Uncertainty Assessed based on inference, precaution and subjective opinion. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Survey and life history studies. Monitoring. - Criteria: Criteria: B1+2c B1a+b(iii), 2a+b(iii) Not listed Not listed Other comments: Described by Dalzell (1850) based on his collection made between Vignorla and Malwan in Concan. This species is the rarest of Mumbai orchids. Detailed survey is required for this species. Sources: Dalzell, 1850 2: 263; Lakshminarasimhan, 1996: 44; Nayar, 1996: 225 Compilers: A. Durai, E. Mohan, R. Hegde, V.S. Ramachandran, N. Raman, K.G. Selvi, B.V. Shetty Reviewers: S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, R. Gopalan, M. Thapliyal, M. Mohanan, S. Rajendran, S. Phatak, R. Thamilarasi, J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, N.C. Rathakrishnan, C. Sathish Kumar, B. Arthur, T.A. Rao, U. Lakshminarayan. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 102 DATA DEFICIENT Scientific name (author; date): Synonyms: Habenaria travancorica Hook. f. 1890. Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Terrestrial herb Bare, exposed slopes 1800-1950m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of Occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of Occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: Habenaria lindleyana Wight 1844-45 non Steud., 1840 Habenaria digitata Lindley var. travancorica (Hook. f.) C. Fischer, 1928 Habenaria gibsonii Hook. f. var. travancorica (Hook. f.) Pradhan, 1976 India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Tamil Nadu) Palni hills [Nayar, 1996]. Palni hills, Shembaganur, Levinge Path, Church Cliff [Seidenfaden, 1991] <100 5-50 Unknown Unknown Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Unknown Not known Population Numbers/Generation time/Trend Trends: Unknown Unknown Recent Field Studies: None Data quality: None Qualifier: None Status IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (1994): IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (2000): DATA DEFICIENT DATA DEFICIENT CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed International RDB: Included in the Negative List of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999. None Criteria: Criteria: --Not listed Not listed Uncertainty Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Survey Monitoring Not recommended Other comments: This was originally proposed by Wight as H. lindleyana (1844-45) based on his collection from the Pulney hills. This is unfortunately a later homononym of that Steudel (1840). Hooker. f. proposed the name of H. travancorica. Some authors treat this as a variety under H. digitata Lindl. It is found endemic to the Pulneys and has not been so far recorded from Travancore. There is no information on this variety. U.C. Pradhan (1976) treats this as a variety under H. digitata Lindl. This is illegitimate and unacceptable because the new combination does not have basionym and secondly, this has already been proposed by Fishcher (1928). Sources: Fishcher, 1928: 1469; Hooker, 1890 6: 135; Nayar, 1996: 225; Seidenfaden 1999: 1217-1218; Wight, 1844-45 3(2): 11.t.922 Compilers: J.L. Ellis, R. Gopalan, R. Ingalhalli, N. Raman, N.C. Rathakrishnan, C. Sathish Kumar, S. Phatak, B. Arthur Reviewers: A. Durai, P.F. Solomons, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, M. Thapliyal, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, R. Singh, T. Chhabra, R. Thamilarasi, M.B. Vishwanathan, S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, M. Mohanan, S. Rajendran, B.V. Shetty, T.A. Rao, U. Lakshminarayan, K.G. Selvi. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 103 VULNERABLE Scientific name (author; date): Synonym: Hetaeria ovalifolia (Wight) Benth., 1883 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Terrestrial herbs. Undergrowth of dense forests ca. 1800 m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Goodyera ovalifolia Wight 1851 Habitat status: India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Kerala & Tamil Nadu) Coimbatore, Tirunelveli [Henry et al., 1989]. Malabar, Courtallam [Hooker, 1890-1894]. Courtallam, Palni hills, near Shembaganur [Abraham & Vatsala, 1981]. Agastyamala, Munnar, Shembaganur [Sathish Kumar, 1991]. Madurai, Tiruchirapalli, Tirunelveli [Rathakrishnan & Chitra, 1984] Tamil Nadu: Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve [M.B. Viswanathan, 1998]; Kerala: Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary and on the way to Kodaikanal from Kerala [C. Sathish Kumar, 1995]. 100-5,000 10-500 10/4. Fragmented. No continuing decline or extreme fluctuation in the number of locations or subpopulations. All individuals not in one population and one subpopulation does not hold 95% or more of the total population. No change in the habitat of the taxon. Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: None Not in trade Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of Occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of Occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Population Numbers/Generation time/Trend Trends: Mature individuals in all populations <2,500. The numbers of mature individuals not declined in the past and not likely to decline in the future. The population size/numbers increasing. Recent Field Studies: M.B. Viswanathan in Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, 1998, Conservatiion studies. C. Sathish Kumar in Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary and on the way to Kodaikanal from Kerala, 1995. Data quality: Assessed based on informal sighting and literature/herbarium studies. Qualifier: The Area and Extent are estimated based on known locations. The habitat status, threats, mature individuals and population trends are observed. Status IUCN Red List Criteria (1994): IUCN Red List Criteria (2000): V ULNERABLE V ULNERABLE CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed International RDB: Included in the Negative list of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999 Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve; Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary Uncertainty Assessed based on precaution and on the consensus of field biologists at the workshop. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Criteria: Criteria: D2 D2 Not listed Not listed Survey, genetic research, life history studies, PHVA pending. Habitat management, monitoring and cultivation/breeding. There is no coordinated species management programme for this species and one is not recommended. Initiate cultivation programme within 3 years. Propagation techniques not known at all. Other comments: Originally proposed by Wight based on his collection from Courtallam where this species has disappeared since then. Sources: Abraham & Vatsala, 1981: 199; Bentham, 1883 3: 164; Henry et al., 1989: 16; Hooker, 1890-1894: 115; Rathakrishnan & Chitra, 1984: 1004; Sathish Kumar, 1991: 212; Wight 1851 5(1): 16.t. 1730. Compilers: A. Durai, E. Mohan, R. Hegde, V.S. Ramachandran, N. Raman, K.G. Selvi, B.V. Shetty Reviewers: P.F. Solomons, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, M. Thapliyal, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, R. Singh, N.C. Rathakrishnan, T. Chhabra, M.B. Vishwanathan, S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, M. Mohanan, S. Rajendran, S. Phatak, J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, C. Sathish Kumar, B. Arthur, T.A. Rao, U. Lakshminarayan. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 104 ENDANGERED Scientific name (author; date): Synonyms: Ipsea malabarica (Reichb. f.) Hook. f., 1890. Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Terrestrial tuberous herbs. Grasslands Water dripping rocks and slopy grasslands, associated with grasses like Silentvalleya nairii and Tripogon sp. and ferns like Anemia wightiana [MSM]. 900-1500 m. Distribution: Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of Occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of Occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Population Numbers/Generation time/Trend Trends: Pachystoma malabaricum Reichb. f., 1864 Spathoglottis malabarica (Reichb. f.) Pradhan, 1979 India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Kerala) Ponmudi [Abraham & Vatsala, 1981]. Aruvanpara, Poochapara [Manilal, 1988]. Kunthipuzha in Silent Valley, Malabar [Hooker, 1886-1890]. Sairandhri [Manoharan, 1999]. Silent Valley [Nayar & Sastry, 1987]. Ponmudi [Mohanan & Henry, 1994]. Aruvanpara dam site in Silent Valley, Poochapara, Siruvani near Mukurthi pond [V. Ramasundar]. Aruvanpara, Poochappara, Sairandhri [Sathish Kumar, 1999]. Kerala: Aruvanpara, Poochappara and Sairandhri in Silent Valley [Sathish Kumar & Sarojini Menon, 1982-83, 1994-95]. Meppadi, Wayanad, Vellari, Calicut [Sathish Kumar, 1997-98]. Silent Valley Aruvanpara, dam site, Poochapara, Siruvani - Muthikulam pond [MSM]. 100-5,000 10-500 20–25/3. Fragmented. No continuing decline or extreme fluctuation in the number of locations or subpopulations. All individuals not in one population and one subpopulation does not hold 95% or more of the total population. Decrease in the habitat <20% in the last 10 years due to invasion of trees like Gloichidion, Wendlandia etc. No change in the quality of the habitat. Fruit predation by insects. Natural or man-induced threats, grazing, habitat loss, habitat fragmentation, fire and landslides resulting in and may result in population decline. The influence on the population structure well understood, not reversible and not ceased to be threats. Not in trade Mature individuals in all populations >2,500. The numbers of mature individuals not declined in the past and not likely to decline in the future. Generation time 1 year. The population size/numbers of the taxon is declining at a rate of <20% in the last 10 years. Recent Field Studies: C. Sathish Kumar and P.C. Suresh Kumar in Aruvanpara, 1995-98, reproduction biology of three endangered orchids of southern Western Ghats. A. Ganga Prasad in Sairandhri and Aruvanpara, 199395, Conservation through micropropagation of Ipsea malabarica. A.K. Pradeep in Vellarimala. Data quality: Assessed based on field studies, informal sighting and literature/herbarium studies. Qualifier: The Area and Extent are estimated based on known locations. The habitat status, threats, mature individuals and population trends are observed over years. Status IUCN Red List Criteria (1994): IUCN Red List Criteria (2000): ENDANGERED ENDANGERED CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Endangered [Nayar & Sastry, 1987] International RDB: Included in the Negative list of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999 Silent Valley National Park, Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary. Uncertainty Assessed with 95% confidence based on evidence, information from an external source and on the consensus of the field biologists at the workshop. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Other comments: Criteria: Criteria: B1+2b B1a+b(ii), 2a+b(ii) Not listed Not listed Survey Monitoring Cultivation is recommended for research and commercial/sustainability. Cultivated stocks are available at TBGRI – Thiruvananthapuram, Narayana Gurukula, Wayanad and National Orchidarium, Yercaud. Numbers in culltivation ca. 20. There is no coordinated species management programme for this species and one is not recommended. Ongoing cultivation programme intensified or increased. Some propagation techniques known for similar taxa. Originally described by Reichenbach f. based on Jerdon’s collection from the ‘Malabar Ghauts’. In Vellarimala the collection was made by A.K. Pradeep. In Silent Valley, this species was found associated with grass - Silentvalleya nairii. In Meppadi and Vellarimala it is always associated with Tripogon sp. The flower buds, young flowers and fruits are eaten by insect larvae which reduces the future population. Seed and tissue culture propagation for this species is well standardised in TBGRI. During the vegetative phase, it is difficult to recognise the plants in the field due to grass like appearance [Nayar & Sastry, 1987]. T.C. Jerdon collected this plant around 1850 from the 'Malabar Ghauts' and the specimen is now in Natural History Museum at Wein Austria. It was rediscovered from Silent Valley after a span of 132 years in 1932 [Manilal & Sathish Kumar, 1983; Sathish Kumar, 1999]. The record of its occurrence in Ponmudi [Abraham & Vatsala, 1981; Mohanan & Henry, 1994] is incorrect as it is a case Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 105 of mistaken identity (of Pachystoma hirsutum) [Joseph & Vajravelu, 1976; Sathish & Manilal, 1987]. It has also been recorded from Siruvani. Sources: Abraham & Vatsala, 1981: 268; Hooker, 1890 5: 812; Joseph & Vajravelu, 1976; Manilal, 1988: 289; Manoharan, 1999: 204; Mohanan & Henry, 1994: 461; M.S. Muktesh Kumar, 2000, Unpublished Biological Information Sheet; Nayar & Sastry, 1987: 258; Pradhan, 1979 2: 702; V. Ramasundar, 2000, Unpublished Biological Information Sheet; Rao, 1998: 209; Rathakrishnan & Chitra, 1984: 1004; Reichenbach, 1864 6: 462; Sathish Kumar, 1999: 204; Sathish Kumar & Manilal, 1987 Compilers: S.S.R. Bennet, J.L. Ellis, M. Mohanan, V. Sarojini Menon, C. Sathish Kumar, S. Seeni, B.V. Shetty, P.S. Udayan, U. Lakshminarayan Reviewers: A. Durai, P.F. Solomons, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, M. Thapliyal, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, N. Raman, R. Singh, N.C. Rathakrishnan, T. Chhabra, R. Thamilarasi, M.B. Vishwanathan, S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, M. Mohanan, Rajendran, S. Phatak, J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, C. Sathish Kumar, Binu Priya, A.R., U. Lakshminarayan, K.G. Selvi, T.A. Rao. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 106 ENDANGERED Scientific name (author; date): Synonym: Kingidium mysorense (Saldanha, C.J.) Sathish, 1994 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Monopodial epiphytic herb Evergreen forests 840-1000 m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of Occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of Occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Population Numbers/Generation time/Trend Trends: Phalaenopsis mysorensis Saldanha, C.J., 1974 India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Karnataka, Kerala & Tamil Nadu) Kalpetta, Attapadi forests [Abraham & Vatsala, 1981]. Hassan [Sharma et al., 1984]. Walakkad [Manilal, 1988]. Tirunalli [Ramachandran & Nair, 1988]. Tamil Nadu: Anamalai [V.S. Ramachandran, 1994] 100-5,000 10-500 10–20/6. Fragmented. Continuing decline but no extreme fluctuation in the number of locations or subpopulations. All individuals not in one population and one subpopulation does not hold 95% or more of the total population Decrease in the area of habitat due to habitat loss and forest operations. Decrease in the quality of the habitat due to habitat loss. Habitat loss resulting in and may result in population decline. The influence on the population structure well understood, not reversible and not ceased to be a threat. Not in trade Mature individuals in all populations <250. The numbers of mature individuals declined in the past 20% and likely to decline by >10% in the future. Generation time 5-6 years. The population size/numbers of the taxon declining at a rate of >10% in the last 10 years. Predicted decline >10% in the next 10 years due to habitat loss. by Recent Field Studies: V.S. Ramachandran in Anamalai, 1994, Medicinal Plants Conservation Area. Data quality: Assessed based on field studies, informal sighting and literature/herbarium studies. Qualifier: The Area and Extent estimated based on known locations. Habitat status, threats, mature individuals and population trends observed over many years of field studies. Status IUCN Red List Criteria (1994): IUCN Red List Criteria (2000): ENDANGERED ENDANGERED CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed International RDB: Included in the Negative list of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999 Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary Uncertainty Assessed on subjective opinion with the consensus of the participants. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Criteria: Criteria: B1+2bcde; C2a B1a+b(ii,iii,iv,v), 2a+b(ii,iii,iv,v); C2a(i) Not listed Not listed Survey, genetic research and life history studies Habitat management, monitoring and cultivation/breeding Cultivation is recommended for commercial/sustainability. Cultivated stocks not available. There is no coordinated species management programme for this species and one is recommended. Initiate cultivation programme after 3 years. Some propagation techniques known for taxon or similar taxa. Other comments: This species was described by Saldanha from Karnataka. Sources: Abraham & Vatsala, 1981: 464-465; Manilal, 1988: 301; Ramachandran & Nair, 1988: 460; Rao, 1998: 210; Saldanha, 1974 100: 571.t.3; Sathish, 1994: 95; Sharma et al., 1984: 276. Compilers: A. Durai, E. Mohan, R. Hegde, V.S. Ramachandran, N. Raman, K.G. Selvi, B.V. Shetty, U. Lakshminarayan. Reviewers: P.F. Solomons, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, M. Thapliyal, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, R. Singh, N.C. Rathakrishnan, T. Chhabra, R. Thamilarasi, M.B. Vishwanathan, S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, M. Mohanan, S. Rajendran, S. Phatak, J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, C. Sathish Kumar, B. Arthur, T.A. Rao. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 107 ENDANGERED Scientific name (author; date): Kingidium niveum Sathish, 1994 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Epiphytic herb Evergreen forests Moss-clad branches. 800-950 m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Habitat status: India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Kerala) Walakkad in Silent Valley [Mohanan & Henry, 1994; Sathish Kumar, 1999] Kerala: Silent Valley, Palakkad – Walakkad (1983), Agastyamala (1996) [C. Sathish Kumar]. Trichur, Pothumala, Nelliampathy [N. Sashidharan, 1986] 5,001-20,000 10-500 5/3. Fragmented. No continuing decline or extreme fluctuation in the number of locations or subpopulations. All individuals not in one population and one subpopulation does not hold 95% or more of the total population No change in the habitat of the taxon. No change in the quality of the habitat. Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: None Not in trade Population Numbers/Generation time/Trend Trends: Mature individuals in all populations <250. Generation time– perennial, monopodial. Unknown Extent of Occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of Occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Recent Field Studies: C. Sathish Kumar in Agastyamala, 1996, Flora of Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary. N. Sashidharan in Peechi, Thrissur, 1986. Data quality: Assessed based on field studies. Qualifier: The Area and Extent estimated based on known locations. The habitat status, threats and mature individuals observed. Status IUCN Red List Criteria (1994): IUCN Red List Criteria (2000): ENDANGERED ENDANGERED CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed International RDB: Included in the Negative list of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999 Known presence in Protected Areas: Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary, Peechi Vazhani Wildlife Sanctuary, Silent Valley National Park Uncertainty Assessed exclusively but with consensus of the participants. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Criteria: Criteria: D D Not listed Not listed Life history studies, PHVA. Monitoring, genome resource banking Cultivation is recommended for research and commercial/sustainability. Cultivated stocks are available at TBGRI – Thiruvananthapuram. Numbers in culltivation 3. There is no coordinated species management programme for this species and one is not recommended. Ongoing cultivation programme intensified or increased. Some propagation techniques known for similar taxa. Other comments: This species was proposed by C. Sathish Kumar, 1994 based on a collection from Silent Valley (Walakkad) Sources: Mohanan & Henry, 1994: 205; Sathish Kumar, 1994: 53; Sathish Kumar, 1999: 205. Compilers: S.S.R. Bennet, J.L. Ellis, M. Mohanan, V.S. Menon, C. Sathish Kumar, S. Seeni, B.V. Shetty, P.S. Udayan, U. Lakshminarayan. Reviewers: A. Durai, P.F. Solomons, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, M. Thapliyal, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, N. Raman, R. Singh, N.C. Rathakrishnan, T. Chhabra, R. Thamilarasi, M.B. Vishwanathan, S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, M. Mohanan, S. Rajendran, S. Phatak, J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli,B. Arthur, T.A. Rao, K.G. Selvi. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 108 DATA DEFICIENT Scientific name (author; date): Liparis platyphylla Ridley, 1886 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Unknown Unknown >1000m. Distribution Historical Distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of Occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of Occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Tamil Nadu) Mysore, Coimbatore, Nilgiris [Rathakrishnan & Chitra, 1984] Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Unknown Not in trade Population Numbers/Generation time/trend: Unknown Population trend: Unknown Recent Field Studies: None Data quality: Literature/herbarium studies Qualifier: None Status IUCN Red List Criteria (1994): IUCN Red List Criteria (2000): DATA DEFICIENT DATA DEFICIENT CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed International RDB: Included in the Negative List of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999. None Uncertainty Very high. Nothing is known about this species Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Survey Monitoring None in cultivation. Not recommended for cultivation. Criteria: Criteria: --Not listed Not listed Other comments: Proposed by Ridley based on Beddome’s collection from the ‘Anamallays’. It is related to L. olivacea Lindl., but different in having broader leaves and with crenulate lip. This species has not been collected after the type collection. Sources: Rathakrishnan & Chitra, 1984: 1005; Ridley, 1886: 264 Compilers: C. Sathish Kumar Reviewers: B.V. Shetty, B. Arthur, S. Molur Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 109 CRITICALLY ENDANGERED Scientific name (author; date): Luisia abrahamii Vatsala, 1981 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Epiphytic herbs Moist deciduous to evergreen forests 300-600 m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of Occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of Occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Population Numbers/Generation time/Trend Trends: India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Kerala) Thenmalai - Aryankavu range [Vatsala, 1981] Kerala: Thenmala to Aryankavu (1986), Ranni (1992) [Sathish Kumar] 100-5,000 <10 2/2. Fragmented. All individuals not in one population and one subpopulation does not hold 95% or more of the total population. The change in the habitat not known. Predicted decline >50% in the next 10-15 years due to the development of the area as an eco-tourism village. Decrease in the quality of the habitat due to the development of the area as eco-tourism village. Habitat loss and human interference resulting in and may result in population decline. The influence on the population structure well understood, not reversible and have not ceased. Not in trade Mature individuals in all populations <50. The numbers of mature individuals likely to decline by<50% in the future. Generation time – perennial. Stable. Predicted decline >50% in next 5-10 years. Recent Field Studies: C. Sathish Kumar in Thenmala, Palaruvi, 1994, A case study on the rare and endangered orchids of Kerala. Data quality: Assessed based on field studies, indirect information and literature/herbarium studies. Qualifier: The Area and Extent estimated based on known locations. The habitat status, threats, mature individuals and population trends observed over many years and inferred from developmental activities. Status IUCN Red List Criteria (1994): IUCN Red List Criteria (2000): CRITICALLY ENDANGERED CRITICALLY ENDANGERED CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed International RDB: Included in the Negative list of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999 None Uncertainty Assessed based on precaution and collective opinion. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Criteria: Criteria: B1+2ce; C2a; D B2a+b(iii,v); C2a(i); D Not listed Not listed life history studies, PHVA pending. Monitoring, cultivation/breeding Cultivation is recommended for research, commercial/sustainability and preservation of live genome. Cultivated stocks are available at TBGRI – Thiruvananthapuram and National Orchidarium, Yercaud. Numbers in culltivation ca. 5. There is no coordinated species management programme for this species and one is not recommended. Ongoing cultivation programme intensified or increased. Information on propagation techniques not available with this group of compilers Other comments: Proposed by Vatsala based on her collection made from Thenmala – Aryankavu range in April 1973. It grows on Ixora brachiata. Sources: Vatsala, 1981: 489. Compilers: S.S.R. Bennet, J.L. Ellis, M. Mohanan, V. Sarojini Menon, C. Sathish Kumar, S. Seeni, B.V. Shetty, P.S. Udayan, U. Lakshminarayan Reviewers: A. Durai, P.F. Solomons, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, M. Thapliyal, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, N. Raman, R. Singh, N.C. Rathakrishnan, T. Chhabra, R. Thamilarasi, M.B. Vishwanathan, S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, R. Gopalan, M. Thapliyal, M. Mohanan, Rajendran, S. Phatak, J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, N. Raman, N.C. Rathakrishnan, C. Sathish Kumar, B. Arthur, T.A. Rao, K.G. Selvi. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 110 ENDANGERED Scientific name (author; date): Synonym: Luisia evangelinae Blatter & McCann, 1932 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Epiphyte Evergreen and deciduous forests 600-850 m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of Occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of Occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Population Numbers/Generation time/Trend L. tenuifolia Blume var. evangelinae (Blatter & McCann) Santapau & Kapadia, 1962 India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Maharashtra, Karnataka & Kerala) Chandanathode [Abraham & Vatsala, 1981]. Uttara Kannada [Sharma et al., 1984]. Koina valley, Chandwadi, Castle Rock, Anmode [Santapau & Kapadia, 1962]. Sairandhri, Aruvanpara [Manoharan et al., 1999]. Sairandhri, Aruvanpara [Sathish Kumar, 1999]. Karnataka: Sringeri, Chikkamagalur, Agumbe, Yellapur, Anmode [S. Phatak, 1997, 99] 100-5,000 10-500 20/<10. Fragmented. Continuing decline but no extreme fluctuation in the number of locations or subpopulations. All individuals not in one population and one subpopulation does not hold 95% or more of the total population. Decrease in the habitat. >20% in the last 10 years due to road construction, traffic and tourism. Decrease in the quality of the habitat due to road construction, traffic and tourism. Habitat loss is resulting in and may result in population decline. The influence on the population structure is well understood, is not reversible and has not ceased. Not in trade Trends: Mature individuals in all populations <250. The numbers of mature individuals declined in the past 20% and likely to decline by 20% in the future. Generation time - perennial. Declining by >20% in the last 10 years. Predicted decline >20% in the next 10 years. Recent Field Studies: S. Phatak in Sringeri, Agumbe, 1997, in Anmode, 1999, Orchids of Anmode. Data quality: Assessed based on field studies, informal sighting and literature/herbarium studies. Qualifier: The Area and Extent estimated based on known locations. The habitat status, threats, mature individuals and population trends observed for some areas and inferred for other areas. Status IUCN Red List Criteria (1994): IUCN Red List Criteria (2000): ENDANGERED ENDANGERED CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed International RDB: Included in the Negative list of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999 Silent Valley National Park Uncertainty Assessed based on evidence provided by a subjective study but with the consensus of field biologists. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Criteria: Criteria: by B1+2bcde B1a+b(ii,iii,iv,v), 2a+b(ii,iii,iv,v) Not listed Not listed Survey Monitoring Cultivated stocks are available at local green house [S. Phatak]. Numbers in culltivation 2. There is no coordinated species management programme for this species and one is not recommended. Initiate cultivation programme after 3 years. Some propagation techniques known for similar taxa. Other comments: Proposed by Blatter & McCann based on T.R. Bell’s Ms notes and a painting by Miss Evangeline Bell. Santapau and Kapadia reduced L. vangelinae Blatter & McCann to a variety of L. tenuifolia Bl. (Luisia birchea (A. Rich) Bl.). According to them the only difference between the two are the rounded apex of the leaf in the later as against the linked one in the former, while the flowers are "identical". But Abraham & Vatsala are convinced that the two are different enough to warrant relegation into two different species as the vegetative aspect of the two are very distinct. L. tenuifolia is a robust erect speies, whereas L. evangelinae is pendant, fragile with distinctly kinked leaves. Following Santapau & Kapadia, Seidenfaden has dumped L. evangelinae also under L. birchea [Abraham & Vatsala, 1981]. Sources: Abraham & Vatsala, 1981: 483; Blatter & McCann, 1932 35: 493.t.11; Manoharan et al., 1999: 206; Santapau & Kapadia, 1962 59: 829; Sathish Kumar, 1999: 206; Sharma et al., 1984: 273; Compilers: A. Durai, E. Mohan, R. Hegde, V.S. Ramachandran, N. Raman, K.G. Selvi, B.V. Shetty Reviewers: P.F. Solomons, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, M. Thapliyal, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, R. Singh, N.C. Rathakrishnan, T. Chhabra, R. Thamilarasi, M.B. Vishwanathan, S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, R. Gopalan, M. Thapliyal, M. Mohanan, S.Rajendran, S. Phatak, J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, N. Raman, T.A. Rao, N.C. Rathakrishnan, C. Sathish Kumar, B. Arthur, U. Lakshsminarayan. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 111 ENDANGERED Scientific name (author; date): Luisia macrantha Blatter & McCann, 1932 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Epiphytic herb Dry and moist deciduous forests 750-1000m Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of Occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of Occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Population Numbers/Generation time/Trend Trends: ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Karnataka & Kerala) Hassan to N. Kanara [Nayar, 1996]. Hassan [Saldanha & Nicolson, 1976]. Yellapur, Siddhappur, Dandeli, Devimane [Santapau & Kapadia, 1966]. Hassan, N. Kanara [Sharma et al., 1984]. Coorg [Keshvamurthy & Yoganarasimhan, 1990]. Moozhiyar [Chandrasekaran, 1993]. Karnataka: B.R. hills, Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary, Kodagu, Hassan, Chikkamagalur [Krishnaswamy, 19982000]. Kushalnagar, Brahmagiri range, Uttara Kannada [1996-98]. Sirsi, Anmode [S. Phatak, 1997]. Kerala: Periyar, Wayanad [C. Sathish Kumar] 100-5,000 10-500 60/20. Fragmented. There is a continuing decline but no extreme fluctuation in the number of locations or subpopulations. All individuals are not in one population. Decrease in the habitat <20% in the last 10 years due to loss of habitat. Predicted decline <20% in the next 10 years. Change in the quality of habitat due to deforestation. Habitat loss, decline of host species due to extraction of timber and fire. The influence on the population structure is well understood. Not reversible and not ceased to be threats. Not in trade. Mature individuals in all populations are >2500. Mature individuals declined in the past 5-10%. Predicted decline 5-10%. Generation time 3-5 years. The population size/numbers of the taxon is declining at a rate of >10% in the last 10 years. Predicted decline >10% in the next 10 years. Recent Field Studies: K. Krishnaswamy in B.R. hills, Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary, Kodagu, Hassan, Chikkamagalur, 1997-2000, Studies on orchidaceae. T.A. Rao in Kodagu and Chikkamagalur, 1996-98, Conservation of orchids. S. Phatak in Sirsi, Anmode, 1997, Orchids of Anmode. Data quality: Assessed based on field studies and literature/herbarium studies. Qualifier: The Area and Extent estimated based on known locations. The habitat status, threats, mature individuals and population trends observed for some areas and inferred for other areas. Status IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (1994): IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (1994): ENDANGERED ENDANGERED Criteria: Criteria: B1+2bcde B1a+b(ii,iii,iv,v), 2a+b(ii,iii,iv,v) CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed Not listed International RDB: Not listed Included in the Negative list of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999 Anshi National Park, Bhadra Tiger Reserve, Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Wildlife Sanctuary, Brahmagiri Wildlife Sanctuary, Dandeli Wildlife Sanctuary, Kudremukh National Park, Periyar National Park, Pushpagiri Wildlife Sanctuary, Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary, Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary. Uncertainty Assessed with 95% confidence based on evidence, and on subjective opinion. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Survey, life history studies Monitoring, cultivation/breeding, monitoring Cultivation is recommended for research. Cultivated stocks exist in department of Botany, Mysore Univesity and local green house, Goa. There is no coordinated species management programme for this species and one is recommended. Initiate cultivation programme after 3 years. Some propagation techniques known for similar taxa. Other comments: This species was described by Blatter & McCann based on T.R. Bell’s ms notes after a collection made from Yellapur and a coloured painting by Ms. Evangeline Bell. Sources: Blatter & McCann, 1932: 492.t.10; Chandrasekaran, 1993; Keshvamurthy & Yoganarasimhan, 1990: 449; Nayar, 1996: 225; Saldanha & Nicolson, 1976: 835-836; Santapau & Kapadia, 1966: 217-218; Sharma et al., 1984: 272 Compilers: A. Durai, E. Mohan, R. Hegde, V.S. Ramachandra, N. Raman, K.G. Selvi, B.V. Shetty Reviewers: P.F. Solomons, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, M. Thapliyal, S. Rajan, R. Singh, T. Chhabra, M.B. Vishwanathan, S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, M. Mohanan, Rajendran, S. Phatak, J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, N.C. Rathakrishnan, C. Sathish Kumar, B. Arthur, T.A. Rao, U. Lakshminarayan Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 112 CRITICALLY ENDANGERED Scientific name (author; date): Synonym: Oberonia agastyamalayana Sathish, 1994 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Epiphyte Evergreen forests Unknown Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of Occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of Occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Kerala) Silent Valley [Muktesh Kumar, 1991]. Agastyamala [Sathish Kumar & Manilal, 1994]. Kerala: Agastyamalai [Sathish Kumar, R. Gopalan]. Silent Valley [Muktesh Kumar & Sequiera]. <5,000 <10 2/2. Fragmented. The habitat is stable. Quality of the habitat stable. Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Unknown Not in trade Population Numbers/Generation time/Trend Trends: Mature individuals in all populations <50. The population size/numbers of the taxon stable. Recent Field Studies: None Data quality: Assessed based on field observation. Qualifier: The Area and Extent estimated based known locations. The habitat status, mature individuals and population trends from observation and informal sightings. Oberonia longifolia Muktesh & Stephen, 1998 Status IUCN Red List Criteria (1994): IUCN Red List Criteria (2000): CRITICALLY ENDANGERED CRITICALLY ENDANGERED CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed International RDB: Included in the Negative list of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999 Silent Valley National Park Uncertainty Assessed with 95% confidence and on consensus. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Criteria: Criteria: D D Not listed Not listed Survey and taxonomic research Habitat management and monitoring Initiate cultivation programme after 3 years. Some cultivation techniques known for taxon or similar taxa. Other comments: Proposed by C. Sathish Kumar based on a collection from Agastyamala. O. longifolia described recently from Silent Valley is in agreement with this species in all characters except the length of the leaves. There is only one collection from the type locality. Since Agastyamalai is inaccessible and is a protected area, the habitat is stable [R. Gopalan]. It has no ornamental or medicinal value, therefore cultivation is not required. Sources: Muktesh Kumar & Sequiera, 1998: 29; Sathish Kumar, 1994: 57. Compilers: A.Durai, E. Mohan, R. Hegde, V.S. Ramachandran, N. Raman, K.G. Selvi, B.V. Shetty Reviewers: P.F. Solomons, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, M. Thapliyal, S. Rajan, R. Singh, N.C. Rathakrishnan, T. Chhabra, R. Thamilarasi, M.B. Vishwanathan, S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, R. Gopalan, M. Mohanan, S. Rajendran, S. Phatak, J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, C. Sathish Kumar, B. Arthur, B.V. Shetty, T.A. Rao, U. Lakshminarayan. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 113 ENDANGERED Scientific name (author; date): Oberonia anamalayana Joseph, 1963 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Epiphytic herbs Evergreen forests 950-1500m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of Occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of Occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Kerala & Tamil Nadu) Anamalai hills, Thariode, Peermade [Abraham & Vatsala, 1981]. Sispara in Silent Valley [Manilal, 1988]. Coimbatore [Henry et al., 1989]. Idukki in Travancore [Nayar, 1996]. Calicut, Idukki, Coimbatore [Rathakrishnan & Chitra, 1984]. Sispara [Sathish Kumar, 1999]. Kerala: Idukki, Thariode in Wayanad, Waverly Estate Reserve forests at Anamalais [R. Ansari]. 100-5,000 10-500 10-15/5–10. Fragmented. The habitat is stable. Decrease in the quality of the habitat due to tree felling [R. Ansari]. Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Habitat loss Not in trade Population Numbers/Generation time/Trend Trends: Mature individuals in all populations are <250. Generation time is five to six years. The population size/numbers of the taxon is declining at a rate of >20% in the last 10 years. Recent Field Studies: R. Ansari in Wayanad, 1992, Plants of Malabar. Data quality: Assessed based on literature/herbarium studies. Qualifier: The Area, Extent, habitat status, threats, mature individuals and population trends inferred from literature. Status IUCN Red List Criteria (1994): IUCN Red List Criteria (2000): ENDANGERED ENDANGERED CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed International RDB: Included in the Negative list of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999 Silent Valley National Park, Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary. Uncertainty Assessed on subjective opinion. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Criteria: Criteria: B1+2c; D B1a+b(iii), 2a+b(iii); D Not listed Not listed Survey Monitoring, cultivation/breeding Initiate cultivation programme after 3 years. Some propagation techniques known for taxon or similar taxa. Other comments: This was proposed by Joseph based on his collection from the Anamalais. As there has been no recent collection data is insufficient. This species occurs in protected areas, therefore habitat change is not expected [R. Gopalan]. Sources: Abraham & Vatsala, 1981: 425; R. Ansari, 2000, Unpublished Biological Information Sheet; Henry et al., 1989: 20; Joseph, 1963 42(2): 222; Manilal, 1988: 294; Nayar, 1996: 225; Rathakrishnan & Chitra, 1984: 1005; Sathish Kumar, 1999: 206; Compilers: A. Durai, E. Mohan, R. Hegde, V.S. Ramachandran, N. Raman, K.G. Selvi, B.V. Shetty Reviewers: P.F. Solomons, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, M. Thapliyal, S. Rajan, R. Singh, N.C. Rathakrishnan, T. Chhabra, R. Thamilarasi, M.B. Vishwanathan, S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, R. Gopalan, J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, C. Sathish Kumar, B. Arthur, M. Mohanan, Rajendran, S. Phatak, B.V. Shetty, T.A. Rao, U. Lakshminarayan. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 114 CRITICALLY ENDANGERED Scientific name (author; date): Oberonia balakrishnanii R. Ansari, 1990 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Epiphytic herb Wet deciduous forest 1800m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of Occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of Occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Tamil Nadu) Kodaikanal, Church Cliff, Kukkal Hill path down to paddy fields [Seidenfaden, 1999] None <100 <10 2/2. Fragmented. Human interference, tourism and developmental activities have decreased the quality of habitat. Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Human interference, tourism, developmental activities Not in trade. Population Numbers/Generation time/Trend Trends: Unknown Unknown Recent Field Studies: None Data quality: Literature/herbarium studies. Status IUCN Red List Criteria (1994): IUCN Red List Criteria (2000): CRITICALLY ENDANGERED CRITICALLY ENDANGERED CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed International RDB: Included in the Negative list of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999 None Uncertainty No studies carried out on this taxon. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Survey and Life history studies. Habitat management and monitoring. Not recommended. There is no species management programme. Criteria: Criteria: B1+2c B1a+b(iii), 2a+b(iii) Not listed Not listed Other comments: Described by R. Ansari based on Bourne’s collection from Kodaikanal. Matthew recorded this species from Kukkal. Endemic to Palni hills [Seidenfaden, 1999]. Sources: Ansari, 1990 4: 16; Seidenfaden, 1999: 1244. Compilers: A. Durai, E. Mohan, R. Hegde, V.S. Ramachandran, N. Raman, K.G. Selvi, B.V. Shetty Reviewers: P.F. Solomons, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, M. Thapliyal, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, R. Singh, N.C. Rathakrishnan, T. Chhabra, R. Thamilarasi, M.B. Vishwanathan, S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, R. Gopalan, J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, C. Sathish Kumar, B. Arthur, M. Mohanan, S. Rajendran, S. Phatak, B.V. Shetty, T.A. Rao, U. Lakshminarayan. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 115 ENDANGERED Scientific name (author; date): Oberonia brachyphylla Blatter & McCann, 1931 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Pendulous epiphytic herb Deciduous forest On branches of trees. 800-1500 m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of Occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of Occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Population Numbers/Generation time/Trend Trends: India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Karnataka & Kerala) Ponmudi [Abraham & Vatsala, 1981]. Hassan, Kenchankumri state forest, Shiradi ghat [Saldanha & Nicolson, 1976]. Hassan, Uttara Kannada [Sharma et al, 1984]. Aruvanpara in Silent Valley [Manilal, 1988]. Palghat, Mukkali forest, Hassan [Nayar & Sastry, 1988]. Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, Palghat [Mohanan & Balakrishnan, 1991]. Aruvanpara [Sathish Kumar, 1999]. Mukkali forest [Vajravelu, 1990]. Mukkali forest, Palghat [Joseph & Vajravelu, 1976] Karnataka: Kodagu, Shimoga, Hassan, Chikkamaglur, Uttara Kannada [Krishnaswamy, 1995-2000]. 100-5,000 10-500 20–25/10. Fragmented. Continuing decline and extreme fluctuation in the number of locations or subpopulations. All individuals not in one population and one subpopulation does not hold 95% or more of the total population. Decrease in the habitat <20% in the last 10 years. <20% predicted decline in the next 10 years due to loss of habitat. Decrease in the quality of the habitat due to habitat destruction. Decline of host species and habitat loss resulting in and may result in population decline. The influence on the population structure well understood, not reversible and not ceased to be a threat. Not in trade. Mature individuals in all populations <2,500. The number of mature individuals declined in the past by 10% and likely to decline by 10% in the future. Generation time 5-10 years. The population size/numbers of the taxon declining at a rate of >10% in the last 10 years. Predicted decline >10% in the next 10 years due to habitat loss. Recent Field Studies: Krishnaswamy in Kodagu, Shimoga, Hassan, Chikmaglur, Uttara Kannada, 1998, Studies on Orchidaceae. Data quality: Assessed based on field studies and literature/herbarium studies. Qualifier: The Area and Extent are estimated based on known locations. The habitat status, threats, mature individuals and population trends have been observed over many years of field studies. Status IUCN Red List Criteria (1994): IUCN Red List Criteria (1994): ENDANGERED ENDANGERED CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Rare [Nayar & Sastry, 1988] International RDB: Included in the Negative list of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999 Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve Uncertainty Assessed based on subjective opinion but with the consensus of the participants. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Criteria: Criteria: B1+2abcde+3c B1a+b(i,ii,iii,iv,v)+c(iii), 2a+b(i,ii,iii,iv,v)+c(iii) Not listed Not listed Survey Habitat management, monitoring and cultivation/breeding Cultivation is recommended for research. Initiate cultivation programme after 3 years. Some propagation techniques known for similar taxa. Other comments: This species was described by Blatter & McCann based on a detailed illustration prepared by T.R. Bell and Miss Bell. Pendulous epiphytes on branches of trees like Cyclostomon macrophyllus [Vajravelu, 1990]. This species has to be studied in detail. Sources: Abraham & Vatsala, 1981: 426; Blatter & McCann, 1931 35: 252; Joseph & Vajravelu, 1976; Manilal, 1988: 296; Mohanan & Balakrishnan, 1991: 195; Nayar & Sastry, 1988: 180; Saldanha & Nicolson, 1976: 838; Sathish Kumar, 1999: 206; Sharma et al., 1984: 274; Vajravelu, 1990: 486. Compilers: A. Durai, E. Mohan, R. Hegde, V.S. Ramachandran, N. Raman, K.G. Selvi, B.V. Shetty Reviewers: P.F. Solomons, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, M. Thapliyal, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, R.Singh, N.C. Rathakrishnan, T. Chhabra, R. Thamilarasi, M.B. Vishwanathan, S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, R. Gopalan, M. Thapliyal, M. Mohanan, S. Rajendran, S. Phatak, J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, C. Sathish Kumar, B. Arthur, B.V. Shetty, T.A. Rao. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 116 CRITICALLY ENDANGERED Scientific name (author; date): Synonym: Oberonia chandrasekharanii V.J. Nair et al., 1983 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Epiphytic herb Evergreen forests 850-1200m Distribution Historical Distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of Occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of Occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Oberonia rangannaiana Keshav & Yogan., 1987 India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Karnataka, Kerala & Tamil Nadu) Sairandhri in Silent Valley [Sathish Kumar, 1999]. Kodagu [Rao, 1998]. Chandanathode [Nair et al., 1983]. Coorg [Keshavmurthy & Yoganarasimhan, 1987] Habitat status: 101-5000 <10 3/3. Fragmented. There is a continuing decline but no extreme fluctuation in the number of locations or subpopulations. All individuals not in one population and one subpopulation does not hold 95% or more of the total population. Decrease in habitat quality. Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Human interference, developmental activities Not in trade Population Numbers/Generation time/trend: Population trend: Unknown numbers. Generation time - perennial Unknown Recent Field Studies: N. Sasidharan in Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary, 1996-97. Data quality: Field studies, informal sightings Qualifier: Area and Extent estimated and habitat status observed. Status IUCN Red List Criteria (1994): IUCN Red List Criteria (2000): CRITICALLY ENDANGERED CRITICALLY ENDANGERED CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed International RDB: Included in the Negative List of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999. Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary, Silent Valley National Park Uncertainty Assessment based on precaution due to changes expected in habitat. Assessment is exclusive to the below listed compilers and reviewer. Criteria: Criteria: B1+2cd B2a+b(iii,iv) Not listed Not listed Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Survey Monitoring No cultivated stocks available. No recommendations made at the workshop. Other comments: Described by V.J. Nair et al. based on V.S. Ramachandran’s collection from Chandanathode, Kerala. Sources: Keshavmurthy & Yoganarasimhan, 1987; Nair et al. 1983 28: 361–362; Rao, 1998: 167; Sathish Kumar, 1999: 206 Compilers: C. Sathish Kumar Reviewers: B.V. Shetty, B. Arthur, S. Molur Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 117 CRITICALLY ENDANGERED Scientific name (author; date): Oberonia josephii Saldanha, C.J., 1974 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Pendulous epiphytic herbs Moist deciduous forest ca. 900m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of Occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of Occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: Threats Threats to taxon: India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Karnataka & Kerala) Hassan, below Genkalbetta [Saldanha & Nicolson, 1976]. Hassan [Sharma et al., 1984]. Hassan and Mysore [Rathakrishnan & Chitra, 1984]. Kerala: Tirunelli, Wayanad [Muktesh Kumar & Sequiera, 1999] <100 <10 2 locations. Fragmented. All individuals not in one population. Decrease in the habitat <20% in the last 10 years due to human habitation. Decrease in the quality of the habitat due to human habitation. Trade: Habitat loss resulting in and may result in population decline. The influence on the population structure well understood, not reversible and have not ceased. Not in trade Population Numbers/Generation time/Trend Trends: Unknown Unknown Recent Field Studies: Muktesh Kumar and Sequiera in Tirunelli, 1999. Data quality: Assessed based literature/herbarium studies and habitat features of the type location at Qualifier: The Area and Extent estimated based on published locations. The habitat status and threats inferred from the current status. present. Status IUCN Red List Criteria (1994): IUCN Red List Criteria (1994): CRITICALLY ENDANGERED CRITICALLY ENDANGERED CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed International RDB: Included in the Negative list of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999 None Uncertainty Assessed with consensus based on direct observation and precaution. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Survey and life history studies Habitat management and monitoring Not recommended. Other comments: Described by Saldanha based on a collection from Hassan district, Karnataka. Sources: Rathakrishnan & Chitra, 1984: 1005; Saldanha, 1974 100: 568.f.2; Saldanha & Nicolson, 1976: 840; Sharma et al., 1984: 274. Compilers: A. Durai, E. Mohan, R. Hegde, V.S. Ramachandran, N. Raman, K.G. Selvi, B.V. Shetty Reviewers: P.F. Solomons, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, M. Thapliyal, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, R. Singh, N.C. Rathakrishnan, T. Chhabra, R. Thamilarasi, M.B. Vishwanathan, J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, N. Raman, C. Sathish Kumar, B. Arthur, T.A. Rao. Criteria: Criteria: B1+2bc B1a+b(ii,iii), 2a+b(ii,iii) Not listed Not listed Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 118 VULNERABLE Scientific name (author; date): Oberonia nayarii R. Ansari & Balakr., 1990 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Pendulous epiphytic herbs Evergreen forests or shola forests 1500-2000 m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of Occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of Occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Karnataka, Kerala & Tamil Nadu) Nilgiri [Rao, 1998] None 100-5,000 <10 3/3. Fragmented. There is no continuing decline and no extreme fluctuation in the number of locations or subpopulations. All individuals not in one population and one subpopulation does not hold 95% or more of the total population. Change in the habitat not known. No change in the quality of the habitat. Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Human interference (fire) Not in trade. Population Numbers/Generation time/Trend Trends: Unknown Unknown Recent Field Studies: None Data quality: Assessed based on literature/herbarium studies. Qualifier: The Area, Extent and habitat status inferred from literature. Status IUCN Red List Criteria (1994): IUCN Red List Criteria (2000): V ULNERABLE V ULNERABLE Criteria: Criteria: CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed International RDB: Included in the Negative list of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999 Uncertainty Assessment is based on inference and precaution only. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: D2 D2 Not listed Not listed Survey, life history studies and PHVA Monitoring Cultivated stocks not available. Numbers in culltivation 20. There is no coordinated species management programme for this species and one is not recommended. Some propagation techniques known for taxon or similar taxa. Other comments: Another survey is required to determine the exact area of occupancy. This data is based on the old herbarium specimens. A thorough search has to be made to relocate this species in its type locality to determine its present status. It was described by Ansari and Balakrishnan (1990) based on collections from Karnataka, Kerala and Karnataka. Sources: Ansari & Balakrishnan, 1990 4: 17; Rao, 1998: 216. Compilers: S.S.R. Bennet, R. Gopalan, M. Mohanan, S. Rajendran, S. Phatak, R. Thamilarasi Reviewers: P.F. Solomons, R. Manickam, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, R. Singh, N.C. Rathakrishnan, T. Chhabra, M.B. Vishwanathan, A. Durai, N. Raman, B.A. Daniel, M. Thapliyal, M. Mohanan, Rajendran, S. Phatak, J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, C. Sathish Kumar, B. Arthur, B.V. Shetty, T.A. Rao, U. Lakshminarayan, K.G. Selvi. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 119 ENDANGERED Scientific name (author; date): Synonym: Oberonia platycaulon Wight, 1851 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Epiphytic herb Evergreen forests 1700-2150m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of Occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of Occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations./location: Habitat status: Oberonia bisaccata Manilal & Sathish, 1984 India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Kerala & Tamil Nadu) Nilgiris, Palni hills, Anamudi to Nyamakad [Abraham & Vatsala, 1981]. Madurai, Nilgiris [Henry et al., 1989]. Konkan, Nilgiri, Palni hills, High Wavy mountains [Santapau & Kapadia, 1966]. Konkan, Nilgiris, Palni hills [Hooker, 1886-1890]. Udhagamandalam, Naduvattom [Sharma et al., 1977]. Nilgiris, Palni hills [Nayar, 1996]. Thiruvananthapuram [Mohanan & Henry, 1994]. Naduvattom, Kollam, Silent Valley [Mohanan & Balakrishnan, 1991]. Idukki, Silent Valley, Nilgiris, Sairandhri [Manoharan, 1999]. Sairandhri [Sathish Kumar, 1999]. Kerala: Idukki, Silent Valley, Nilgiris [R. Ansari] >20,000 Unknown 3/4. Fragmented. There is a continuing decline but no extreme fluctuation in the number of locations or subpopulations. All individuals not in one population and one subpopulation does not hold 95% or more of the total population. Unknown for the entire population. In Kerala Nilgiris decrease in habitat >20% in the last 10 years due to forest degradation and decrease in the quality of the habitat due to tree felling [R. Ansari]. Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Habitat loss and habitat fragmentation in Kerala Nilgiris [R. Ansari]. Not in trade Population Numbers/Generation time/Trend Trends: Mature individuals in all populations <250. Decline unknown. Generation time 5 years [R. Ansari] Predicted decline <10% in the next 10 years due to habitat loss. Recent Field Studies: R. Ansari in Nilgiris, 1998, Plants of Western Ghats. Data quality: Assessed based indirect information and literature/herbarium studies. Qualifier: The Extent, mature individuals and population trends are inferred from literature. Status IUCN Red List Criteria (1994): IUCN Red List Criteria (2000): ENDANGERED ENDANGERED CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed International RDB: Included in the Negative list of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999 Silent Valley National Park Uncertainty Assessed based on inference, precaution and consensus. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Survey Monitoring Cultivation/breeding Criteria: Criteria: D D Not listed Not listed Other comments: Wight described the species based on a collection from Pulney Mountains. Mass collection and transplantation results in the decline in the population. Sources: Abraham & Vatsala, 1981: 425; R. Ansari, 2000, Unpublished Biological Information Sheet; Henry et al., 1989: 20; Hooker, 1886-1890: 682; Manilal & Sathish Kumar, 1984 39(1): 121; Manoharan, 1999: 207; Mohanan & Balakrishnan, 1991: 195; Mohanan & Henry, 1994: 465; Nayar, 1996: 225; Santapau & Kapadia, 1966: 70-72; Sathish Kumar, 1999: 207; Sharma et al., 1977: 142; Wight, 1851 5(1): 3.t.1623. Compilers: A. Durai, E. Mohan, R. Hegde, V.S. Ramachandran, N. Raman, K.G. Selvi, B.V. Shetty Reviewers: P.F. Solomons, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, M. Thapliyal, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, R. Singh, N.C. Rathakrishnan, T. Chhabra, R. Thamilarasi, M.B. Vishwanathan, S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, R. Gopalan, M. Mohanan, S. Rajendran, S. Phatak, J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, C. Sathish Kumar, B. Arthur, B.V. Shetty, T.A. Rao, U. Lakshminarayan. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 120 VULNERABLE Scientific name (author; date): Oberonia sebastiana Shetty & Vivek., 1975 (1978) Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Pendulous epiphytic herb Shola forests 1000-2250 m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Habitat status: India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Kerala & Tamil Nadu) Coimbatore [Henry et al., 1989]. Anamudi to Devikolam [Nayar, 1996]. Anamudi, High Range, Umaiyamalai and Iyerpadi, Anamalais [Shetty & Vivekananthan, 1975 (1978)]. Idukki, Coimbatore [Rathakrishnan & Chitra, 1984] Anamalais, Chemunji, Thituvananthapuram (1995), Rajamala and Anamudi slopes (1994) [C. Sathish Kumar]. 101-5000 <10 3/3. Fragmented. Continuing decline and extreme fluctuation in the number of locations or subpopulations unknown. All individuals not in one population and one subpopulation does not hold 95% or more of the total population. The habitat is stable Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: None Not in trade Population Numbers/Generation time/Trend Trends: Unknown Unknown Recent Field Studies: Chemunji, Bonaccord, Trivandrum [C. Sathish Kumar, 1995] Data quality: Assessment is based on field studies, literature/herbarium studies. Qualifier: Area and Extent estimated. Status IUCN Red List Criteria (1994): IUCN Red List Criteria (2000): V ULNERABLE V ULNERABLE CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed Not listed International RDB: Not listed Included in the Negative list of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999 Eravikulam National Park, Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary, Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary Uncertainty Assessment is based on inference and on the consensus of participants. Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of Occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of Occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Criteria: Criteria: D2 D2 Survey, Life history studies and PHVA pending Monitoring, cultivation/breeding Cultivated stocks exist at Gurukula Botanical Sanctuary, Wayanad. Initiate cultivation programme after 3 years Other comments: Described by Shetty & Vivekananthan based on their collection from Anamudi slopes, Kerala and Barbar’s collection from Iyerpadi, Anamalai. Iyerpadi (Valparai) wherefrom C.A. Barber collected specimens in the early part of the 20th century, is now a tea plantation. Sources: Henry et al., 1989: 20; Nayar, 1996: 225; Rathakrishnan & Chitra, 1984: 1005; Shetty & Vivekananthan, 1975 (1978): 157. Compilers: S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, R. Gopalan, M. Thapliyal, M. Mohanan, S. Rajendran, S. Phatak, R. Thamilarasi. Reviewers: P.F. Solomons, R. Manickam, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, R. Singh, N.C. Rathakrishnan, T. Chhabra, R. Thamilarasi, M.B. Vishwanathan, N. Raman, A. Durai, J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, C. Sathish Kumar, B. Arthur, B.V. Shetty, T.A. Rao, U. Lakshminarayan, K.G. Selvi. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 121 CRITICALLY ENDANGERED Scientific name (author; date): Oberonia seidenfadeniana Joseph & Vajravelu, 1971 (1974) Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Pendulous epiphytic herbs Evergreen forests 500-1500m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of Occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of Occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations./location: Habitat status: India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Kerala & Tamil Nadu) Coimbatore [Henry et al., 1989]. Anamalai [Nayar, 1996]. Thiruvananthapuram [Mohanan & Henry, 1994]. Coimbatore [Rathakrishnan & Chitra, 1984] None 101-5,000 <10 3/3. Fragmented. Continuing decline and extreme fluctuation in the number of locations unknown. All individuals not in one population and one subpopulation does not hold 95% or more of the total population. Decrease in the habitat <20% in the last 10 years due to human activities. Decrease in the quality of habitat due to human activities. Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Habitat loss, human interference Not in trade Population Numbers/Generation time/Trend Trends: Unknown Unknown Recent Field Studies: None Data quality: Assessment is based on Literature/herbarium studies. Qualifier: The Area and Extent inferred from literature. Status IUCN Red List Criteria (1994): IUCN Red List Criteria (2000): CRITICALLY ENDANGERED CRITICALLY ENDANGERED Criteria: Criteria: B1+2bc B2a+b(ii,iii) CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed International RDB: Included in the Negative list of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999 Not listed Not listed Uncertainty Assessed based on information through inference, precaution and group opinion. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Survey Monitoring, cultivation/breeding Cultivated stocks not available. Initiate cultivation programme within 3 years Other comments: Proposed on Joseph’s collection from Anamalais. Sources: Nayar, 1996: 225; Henry et al., 1989: 20, 21; Mohanan & Henry, 1994: 466; Rathakrishnan & Chitra, 1984: 1005; Joseph & Vajravelu, 1971 (1974) 13(3-4): 344. Compilers: S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, R. Gopalan, M. Thapliyal, M. Mohanan, S. Rajendran, S. Phatak, R. Thamilarasi Reviewers: P.F. Solomons, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, R. Singh, N.C. Rathakrishnan, T. Chhabra, M.B. Vishwanathan, A. Durai, N. Raman, J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, N. Raman, N.C. Rathakrishnan, C. Sathish Kumar, B. Arthur, B.V. Shetty, T.A. Rao. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 122 NOT EVALUATED Scientific name (author; date): Oberonia wightiana Lindley var. nilgirensis R. Ansari, 1982. Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Distribution Historical Distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of Occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of Occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats Idukki, Nilgiri [R. Ganesan] Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Population Numbers/Generation time/trend: Population trend: Recent Field Studies: Data quality: Qualifier: Status IUCN Red List Criteria (1994): IUCN Red List Criteria (2000): CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: NOT EVALUATED NOT EVALUATED Criteria: Criteria: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed International RDB: Included in the Negative List of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999. --Not listed Not listed Uncertainty Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Other comments: Sources: Ansari 1982 3: 118; R. Ganesan, 2000, Unpublished Biological Information Sheet; Rathakrishnan & Chitra, 1984: 1005. Compilers: Reviewers: Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 123 ENDANGERED Scientific name (author; date): Synonym: Oberonia wynaadensis Sivadasan & R.T. Balakr., 1989 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elev ation: Epiphyte Evergreen forests 600-900m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of Occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of Occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Oberonia pakshipadalensis Muktesh & Stephen, 1998 Habitat status: India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Kerala) Thariode - Meppadi, Wayanad [Sivadasan & Balakrishnan, 1989] Pakshipadalam, Wayanad [Muktesh Kumar, 1998] <100 <10 2 locations. Fragmented. All individuals not in one population and one subpopulation does not hold 95% or more of the total population. No change in the habitat of the taxon. No change in the quality of the habitat of the taxon. Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: None Not in trade Population Numbers/Generation time/Trend Trends: Mature individuals in all populations are <250. Generation time perennial. Unknown Recent Field Studies: Muktesh Kumar et al., in Pakshipadalam, 1998, Vascular epiphytes of Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. Data quality: Assessed based on field studies, census/monitoring and literature/herbarium Qualifier: The Area and Extent estimated based on known locations. The habitat status and mature individuals observed. Status IUCN Red List Criteria (1994): IUCN Red List Criteria (1994): ENDANGERED ENDANGERED CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed International RDB: Included in the Negative list of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999 Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary Uncertainty Assessed with confidence based on observations and some inference. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Criteria: Criteria: studies. D D Not listed Not listed Survey, life history studies and PHVA Monitoring and cultivation/breeding Cultivation recommended for research. Cultivated stocks not available. There is no coordinated species management programme for this species and one is not recommended. Initiate cultivation programme within 3 years. Some propagation techniques known for similar taxa. Other comments: Proposed by Sivadasan & Balakrishnan based on a collection made from Thariode, Wayanad. Sources: Muktesh Kumar & Sequiera, 1998 12(1-2): 31; Sivadasan & Balakrishnan, 1989 9(4): 395. Compilers: S.S.R. Bennet, J.L. Ellis, M. Mohanan, V. Sarojini Menon, C. Sathish Kumar, S. Seeni, B.V. Shetty, P.S. Udayan, U. Lakshminarayan Reviewers: P.F. Solomons, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, M. Thapliyal, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, R. Singh, N.C. Rathakrishnan, T. Chhabra, R. Thamilarasi, M.B. Vishwanathan, A. Durai, N. Raman, J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, N. Raman, C. Sathish Kumar, B. Arthur, T.A. Rao, K.G. Selvi. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 124 VULNERABLE Scientific name (author; date): Synonyms: Pachystoma hirsutum (Joseph & Vajravelu) Sathish & Manilal, 1987 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Terrestrial Grasslands Above 1000m Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Eulophia hirsuta Joseph & Vajravelu, 1975 (1978) Ipsea malabarica sensu Abraham & Vatsala, 1981, non (Reichb. f.) Hook. f. Extent of Occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of Occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations./location: Habitat status: India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Kerala & Tamil Nadu) Palghat, Kanyakumari [Rathakrishnan & Chitra, 1984]. Karasuryamalai grassy slopes [Vajravelu, 1990]. Kerala: Palghat [M. Mohanan]. Tamil Nadu: Muthukuzhivayal, Kakachi, Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve [R. Ganesan, 2000]. Ponmudi, Agastyamalai, Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve [R. Gopalan] 101-5,000 11-500 2/4. Fragmented. Continuing decline and fluctuation unknown. No change in the habitat. No change in the quality of habitat. Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: None Not in trade Population Numbers/Generation time/Trend Trends: Number of mature individuals in all populations unknown. Mature individuals in KMTR are <50 [R. Ganesan, 2000] Unknown Recent Field Studies: R. Ganesan in Kakachi (January 1994), Muthukuzhivayal (January 1995), Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary (1995) Data quality: Assessment is based on observation, informal sighting and literature/herbarium. Qualifier: Area, Extent and habitat status estimated based on known locations. Status IUCN Red List Criteria (1994): IUCN Red List Criteria (1994): V ULNERABLE V ULNERABLE CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed International RDB: Included in the Negative list of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999 Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary Uncertainty Assessed with 95% confidence based on evidence and on the consensus of the field biologists. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Other comments: very Criteria: Criteria: D2 D2 Not listed Not listed Survey and life history studies. Monitoring, cultivation/breeding. Cultivation recommended for research and commercial/sustainability. Cultivated stocks not available. There is no coordinated species management programme for this species and one is not recommended. Initiate cultivation programme within 3 years. Some propagation techniques known for similar taxa. Originally described by Joseph & Vajravelu based on latter’s collection from Palghat. Abraham & Vatsala (1981) reported it from Ponmudi wrongly as Ipsea malabarica (Reichb. f.) Hook. f. This species cannot be easily seen as it grows among grasses. Type locality in Palghat and Ponmudi are not protected. The habitats are very remote from human settlements and may not face immediate threats. The forests are declared as part of Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve. The yellow coloured flowers stands out of the lush green grasses [R. Ganesan]. Very few plants [<10] were found in the localities mentioned. It is a attractive orchid. Sources: Abraham & Vatsala, 1981: 269; R. Ganesan, 2000, Unpublished Biological Information Sheet; Joseph & Vajravelu, 1975 (1978) 17(1-4): 192; Rathakrishnan & Chitra, 1984: 1004; Sathish & Manilal, 1987 42(4): 942; Vajravelu, 1990: 479. Compilers: S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, R. Gopalan, M. Thapliyal, M. Mohanan, S. Rajendran, S. Phatak, R. Thamilarasi Reviewers: P.F. Solomons, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, R. Singh, J.L. Ellis, T. Chhabra, M.B. Vishwanathan, A. Durai, N. Raman, R. Ingalhalli, N. Raman, N.C. Rathakrishnan, C. Sathish Kumar, B. Arthur, B.V. Shetty, T.A. Rao Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 125 CRITICALLY ENDANGERED Scientific name (author; date): Synonym: Paphiopedilum druryi (Beddome) Stein, 1892 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Terrestrial herb Montane grasslands Rocky slopes in association with the endemic grass Zenkeria sebastineii Henry. 1000-2000 m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of Occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of Occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Population Numbers/Generation time/Trend Trends: Cypripedium druryi Beddome, 1874 India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Kerala & Tamil Nadu) Agastyarmalai [Abraham & Vatsala, 1981; Sathish Kumar, 1991]. Kalakad, Travancore [Nayar & Sastry, 1987]. Agastyarmalai, Tirunelveli [Mohanan & Henry, 1994]. Travancore hills [Nayar, 1996]. Tirunelveli [Rathakrishnan & Chitra, 1984]. Tamil Nadu: Kalakad, Agastyarmalai [R. Gopalan, March 1986, 87]. Agastyamala [S. Seeni, C. Sathish Kumar, 1993-1997]. <100 <10 3/ 2. Fragmented. There is a continuing decline and extreme fluctuation in the number of locations or subpopulations. One subpopulation does not hold 95% or more of the total population. Decrease in the habitat >20% in the last 10-20 years. >20% predicted decline in the next 10–20 years due to overexploitation, habitat destruction and wild collection. Decrease in the quality of habitat due to overexploitation. Disease, edaphic changes, harvest, habitat loss, overexploitation, trampling, habitat fragmentation, trade for market or medicine, drought, fire, landslides, reproductive problems and propagation difficulties resulting in and may result in population decline. The influence of threats on the population structure well understood, not reversible and not ceased to be a threat. The taxon is in domestic, commercial, international and ornamental trade. Whole plant and flowers collected. Scientific collections. Collection for cultivation of hybrids [S. Seeni, 2000]. Commercial and international trade result in perceived or inferred population decline. Mature individuals in all populations <250. The number of mature individuals declined in the past by >50% and likely to decline by <10% in the future. The population size/numbers of the taxon declining at a rate of >10% in the last 10 years. Predicted decline >10% in the next 10 years due to habitat loss. Recent Field Studies: V. Sarojini Menon, S. Seeni, S. William Decrusme and A. Ganga Prasad in Agastyamalai, Feb 1991- 92, 26-29 Jan 1993, 17 - 21 Mar 1993, 18 – 21 Oct 1993, A preliminary study on the habitat, distribution and population density of Paphiopedilum druryi. Agastyamala [C. Sathish Kumar, 1993-97]. Data quality: Assessed based on field studies, census/monitoring and literature/herbarium Qualifier: The Area and Extent estimated based on known locations. The habitat status, threats, mature individuals and population trends observed over many years of field studies and census/monitoring. studies. Status IUCN Red List Criteria (1994): IUCN Red List Criteria (2000): CRITICALLY ENDANGERED CRITICALLY ENDANGERED CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Endangered [Nayar & Sastry, 1987] International RDB: Included in the Negative list of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999 Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve. Uncertainty: Assessed with 95% confidence based on evidence and on the consensus of the field biologists at the workshop. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Other comments: Criteria: Criteria: B1+2cde+3c B1a+b(iii,iv,v)+c(iii), 2a+b(iii,iv,v)+c(iii) Schedule VI Not listed Genetic research, life history studies, PHVA Monitoring, Cultivation/breeding Cultivation is recommended for research. Cultivated stocks are available at TBGRI, Thiruvananthapuram and in National Orchidarium, BSI, Yercaud Numbers in culltivation 4. There is no coordinated species management programme for this species and one is not recommended. Initiate cultivation programme within 3 years. Some propagation techniques known for similar taxa. Originally proposed by Beddome based on Col. Heber Drury’s plant collected actually by Mrs. J.A. Broun from Agastyamala in 1865. Pilgrims visiting Agastyamalai spoil the habitat with camp fires. Habitat destruction and wild collection [S. Seeni, 2000]. After 1974, there was a rapid decline in the population in Agastyamalai. This species was recently rediscovered by R. Gopalan on the eastern side of Agastyamalai. Over exploitation due to its horticulture value. This species is collected for ornamental use and breeding programes. This species is collected unsustainably for ornamental purpose. This species has been assessed as Critically Endangered in the CBSG CAMP workshop conducted by FRLHT due to 80% decline in the past 10 years and the area of occupancy [Only Kalakad and Agastyamalai] - P.S. Udayan. Flowering from clonal plants should be obtained for further propagation. Artificial cultivation does not produce flowers [R.Gopalan]. Medicinal uses of this species is well knownFRLHT database [P.S. Udayan]. Perennial herbs, sometimes reported to be an epiphyte on Euphorbia Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 126 sp., sunny forest floors amidst grasses, sedges etc., often found in association with Aerides maculosa in limey soil. About a dozen plants are reportedly grown in some private orchid nurseries in India. It is also known to be in cultivation in some botanical gardens or private nurseries around the world [Nayar & Sastry, 1987]. Sources: Abraham & Vatsala, 1981: 192, 194; Beddome, 1874 1:23.t.112; R. Ganesan, 2000, Unpublished Biological Information Sheet; Henry et al., 1989: 21; M. Mohanan, 2000, Unpublished Biological Information Sheet; Mohanan & Henry, 1994: 466; Nayar, 1996: 225; Nayar & Sastry, 1987: 264265.Rathakrishnan & Chitra, 1984: 1005; Sathish Kumar, 1991: 213; Stein, 1892: 466; S. Seeni, 2000, Unpublished Biological Information Sheet. Compilers: A. Durai, P.F. Solomons, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, M. Thapliyal, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, N. Raman, R. Singh, N.C. Rathakrishnan, T. Chhabra, R. Thamilarasi, M.B. Vishwanathan. Reviewers: S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, R. Gopalan, M. Mohanan, Rajendran, S. Phatak, J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, C. Sathish Kumar, B. Arthur, B.V. Shetty, T.A. Rao, U. Lakshminarayan, K.G. Selvi. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 127 DATA DEFICIENT Scientific name (author; date): Synonym: Peristylus brachyphyllus A. Rich., 1841 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Terrestrial Unknown Unknown Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Habenaria malabarica Hook. f., 1890 Habitat status: India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Karnataka & Tamil Nadu) Canara to Nilgiris, Bababudan hills in Chikkamaglur district [Mathew, 1983]. Lakkadi, Nilgiri [Sharma, 1977]. Chikkamagalur, Nilgiris [Radhakrishnan & Chitra, 1984] None 100-5,000 Unknown 3 locations. Fragmented. Continuing decline but no extreme fluctuation in the number of locations or subpopulations. Unknown. Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Unknown. Not in trade. Population Numbers/Generation time/Trend Trends: Unknown Unknown Recent Field Studies: None Data quality: Assessment is based on literature studies. Status IUCN Red List Criteria (1994): IUCN Red List Criteria (2000): DATA DEFICIENT DATA DEFICIENT CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed International RDB: Included in the Negative list of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999. None Uncertainty Assessment based only on literature. Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of Occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of Occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Criteria: Criteria: --Not listed Not listed Survey and taxonomic research Monitoring, cultivation/breeding Initiate cultivation programme within 3 years. Some propagation techniques known for taxon or similar taxa. Other comments: Described by A. Richard (1841) based on Perrottet’s collections from Kulhuty and Ootacamund. Habitat destruction due to fire or over grazing might have caused the decline of the species in its natural habitat. Collection, multiplication and reintroduction are recommended [Mohanan & Balakrishna, 1991]. Sources: Hooker, 1890 6: 159; Mohanan & Balakrishna, 1991; Radhakrishnan & Chitra, 1984: 1004; Richard, 1841 Ser 2.15: 70.t.2; Sharma et al., 1977: 143. Compilers: T.A. Rao, Sivabalakrishnan, P.F. Solomon, P.S. Udayan, M.B. Viswanathan, U. Lakshminarayan Reviewers: R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, M. Thapliyal, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, R. Singh, T. Chhabra, R. Thamilarasi, A. Durai, N. Raman, S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, R. Gopalan, M. Mohanan, S. Rajendran, S. Phatak, J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, N. Raman, N.C. Rathakrishnan, C. Sathish Kumar, B. Arthur, B.V. Shetty, K.G. Selvi. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 128 ENDANGERED Scientific name (author; date): Synonym: Peristylus lancifolius A. Rich., 1841 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Terrestrial tuberous herb Open grasslands 1000-2000 m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of Occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of Occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: Threats Threats to taxon: Peristylus robustior Wight, 1851 India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Karnataka & Tamil Nadu) Hassan [Sharma et al., 1984]. Shiradhi ghat [Saldanha & Nicolson, 1976]. Nilgiri, Palni hills, Malabar, Travancore, Bababudan hills [Hooker, 1890-1894]. Waghai, Konkan: North west of Bhiwandi, hills south east of Tansa Lake, Badlapur, Neral, Uttara Kannada, Belgaum, Dharwar [Phatak, 1984]. Nadubetta, Nilgiris, Palni hills [Seidenfaden, 1999]. None 5,001-20,000 11-500 5 locations. Fragmented. Decrease in the habitat <20% in the last 10 years due to loss of habitat. Decrease in the quality of the habitat due to habitat loss. Trade: Grazing, habitat loss, trampling and habitat fragmentation resulting in and may result in population decline. Their influence on the population structure well understood, not reversible and have not ceased. Not in trade. Population Numbers/Generation time/Trend Trends: Unknown Unknown Recent Field Studies: None Data quality: Assessment is based on literature studies only. Qualifier: Area, Extent, habitat status and threats inferred from literature and the current situation of the habitat. Status IUCN Red List Criteria (1994): IUCN Red List Criteria (2000): ENDANGERED ENDANGERED CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed International RDB: Included in the Negative list of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999 None Uncertainty Assessed based on precaution, inference and range of opinion. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Criteria: Criteria: B1+2bc B2a+b(ii,iii) Not listed Not listed Survey, Limiting factor research Monitoring, cultivation/breeding Cultivated stocks are not available. There is no coordinated species management programme for this species and one is not recommended. Initiate cultivation programme after 3 years. Some propagation techniques known for similar taxa. Other comments: Described by A. Richard based on Perrottet’s collection from Nilgiris. Though, Hook. f. gives distribution in Malabar and Travancore this species is yet to be recorded from Kerala. Medicinal value suspected. Sources: Seidenfaden, 1999: 1213; Saldanha & Nicolson, 1976: 275, 841; Phatak, 1984: 134; Hooker, 1890-1894: 1160; Richard, 1841 Ser. 2 15: 69.t.2c; Wight, 1851 5(1): 12.t.1699 Compilers: S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, R. Gopalan, M. Thapliyal, M. Mohanan, S. Rajendran, S. Phatak, R. Thamilarasi Reviewers: P.F. Solomons, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, R. Singh, N.C. Rathakrishnan, T. Chhabra, M.B. Vishwanathan, A. Durai, N. Raman, J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, N. Raman, N.C. Rathakrishnan, C. Sathish Kumar, B. Arthur, B.V. Shetty, T.A. Rao, U. Lakshminarayan, K.G. Selvi. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 129 ENDANGERED Scientific name (author; date): Synonym: Peristylus stocksii (Hook. f.) Kranzlin, 1898 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Unknown Moist deciduous forest Up to 500m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: From Field Studies: Extent of Occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of Occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: Threats Threats to taxon: Habenaria stocksii Hook. f., 1890 India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka & Tamil Nadu) Near Mukurthi dam in Nilgiris [Abraham & Vatsala, 1981]. Nilgiris [Henry et al.,1989]. Konkan, Dronagiri, Neral below Matheran [Cooke, 1958]. Konkan [Nayar, 1996]; Mysore, Uttara Kannada [Sharma et al, 1984]. Waghai, Igatpuri, Khandala, Lonavla, Mahabaleshwar, Bhimashankar, Uttara Kannada Yellapur [Phatak, 1984]. Mukurthi dam, Nilgiri, Biligiri Rangan hills [Mohanan & Balakrishna, 1991]. Ahmednagar, Amravati, Raigad, Ratnagiri, Satara, Sindhudurg [Lakshminarasimhan, 1996]. Waghai, Dangs [Amin, 1978] Goa: [S. Phatak, 1990]. Karnataka: Karwar [S. Phatak, 1988]. 5,001-20,000 11-500 Many. Fragmented. There is a continuing decline but no extreme fluctuation in the number of locations or subpopulations. All individuals are not in one population and one subpopulation does not hold 95% or more of the total population. Decrease in the habitat >20% in the last 10 years due to loss of habitat. There is decrease in the quality of the habitat due to thinning of forests. Trade: Grazing, habitat loss pollution [future] and habitat fragmentation resulting in and may result in population decline. Damming was a threat in the past and pollution considered to be a threat in the future. The influence on the population structure well understood, not reversible and have not ceased. Local trade for its roots which are of medicinal value. Population Numbers/Generation time/Trend Trends: Not known. Generation time 1 year. Mature individuals declining. The population size of the taxon declining at a rate of >10% in the last 10 years. Recent Field Studies: S. Phatak in Karwar, 1994, Ecological status studies. Data quality: Assessed based on field studies and literature/herbarium studies. Qualifier: The Area and Extent are estimated based on the known locations. The habitat status, threats, mature individuals and population trends are observed and inferred. Status IUCN Red List Criteria (1994): IUCN Red List Criteria (2000): ENDANGERED ENDANGERED Criteria: Criteria: B1+2bcde B2a+b(ii,iii,iv,v) CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed Not listed International RDB: Not listed Included in the Negative list of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999 Bhimashankar Wildlife Sanctuary, Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Wildlife Sanctuary, Mukurthi National Park Uncertainty Assessed with 95% confidence based on evidence and on the consensus of the field biologists at the workshop. It was also on a range of opinion. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Survey Monitoring Cultivation is recommended for research. Cultivated stocks not available. Some propagation techniques known for taxon. Other comments: Originally proposed by Hook. f. based on collections by Stocks, Ritchie and others from Concan and Mysore. Due to the construction of the bridge across Kali river the habitat was destroyed. A hill was cut to form a road. The availability of shady areas have decreased for this shade-loving orchid to grow. This species may have medicinal value. The details about trade is not thoroughly understood. Sources: Abraham & Vatsala, 1981: 243, 246; Amin, 1978: 661-662; Cooke, 1958: 215; Henry et al., 1989: 23; Hooker, 1890 6: 158; Kranzlin, 1898 1: 513; Lakshminarasimhan, 1996: 58; Mohanan & Balakrishnan, 1991; Nayar, 1996: 226; Phatak, 1984: 130; Sharma et al., 1984: 275. Compilers: S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, R. Gopalan, M. Thapliyal, M. Mohanan, S. Rajendran, S. Phatak, R. Thamilarasi Reviewers: P.F. Solomons, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, R. Singh, N.C. Rathakrishnan, T. Chhabra, M.B. Vishwanathan, A. Durai, N. Raman, J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, N. Raman, C. Sathish Kumar, B. Arthur, B.V. Shetty, T.A. Rao, U. Lakshminarayan, K.G. Selvi. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 130 EXTINCT Scientific name (author; date): Synonyms: Rhytionanthes nodosum (Rolfe) Garay et al., 1994 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Epiphytic herb Evergreen forest Unknown Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Cirrhopetalum nodosum Rolfe, 1895 Bulbophyllum nodosum (Rolfe) J.J. Smith, 1912 Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Tamil Nadu) Nilgiri [Henry et al., 1989; Nayar, 1996]. Coorg, Nilgiri [Rathakrishnan & Chitra, 1984]. Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve [Mohanan & Balakrishnan, 1991]. Nilgiris [Sharma et al., 1977] None Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Unknown Unknown Population Numbers/Generation time/ Trends: Trends: Unknown Unknown Recent Field Studies: C. Sathish Kumar since 1990 has visited the site where it was first described from, but was not able to locate it. Data quality: Assessment based on field studies. Qualifier: Observations Status IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (1994): IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (2000): EXTINCT EXTINCT CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed International RDB: Included in the Negative List of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999. None Uncertainty Assessed with 95% confidence based on evidence and consensus of the field biologists at the workshop Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Survey, life history studies, PHVA pending. Monitoring. Initiate cultivation within 3 years if rediscovered. Criteria: Criteria: --Not listed Not listed Other comments: Originally described by Rolfe based on O’Brien’s collections in 1894 from Nilgiris. Mohanan and Balakrishnan’s report (1991) of its occurrence in Coorg is erroneous. This species is feared extinct, because subsequent studies have not indicated its presence [Sathish Kumar, 1991]. Extensive survey is required to relocate the species in wild. Since the species was rare and was not found in the locations of earlier sightings it is feared extinct. Sources: ` Garay et al., 1994 14(6): 639; Henry et al., 1989; Mohanan & Balakrishnan, 1991: 190; Nayar, 1996: 224; Rathakrishnana & Chitra, 1984: 1003; Rolfe, 1895: 35; Sathish Kumar, 1991: 211; Sharma et al., 1977: 139; Smith, 1912. Compilers: T.A. Rao, K.Sivabalakrishnan, P.F. Solomons, P.S. Udayan, M.B. Viswanathan, U. Lakshminarayan Reviewers: A. Durai, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, M. Thapliyal, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, N. Raman, R. Singh, T. Chhabra, S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, M. Mohanan, S. Rajendran, S. Phatak, R. Thamilarasi, J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, N.C. Rathakrishnan, C. Sathish Kumar, B. Arthur, B.V. Shetty. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 131 ENDANGERED Scientific name (author; date): Synonym: Rhytionanthes rheedei (Manilal & Sathish) Garay et al., 1994 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Epiphytic herbs Riverine forests 50-150m Distribution Historical Distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of Occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of Occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Bulbopyllum rheedei Manilal & Sathish, 1991 Habitat status: India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Karnataka & Kerala) Shertallai, Alappuzha district; South Kanara, Karkal, Kallar, Palode, Trivandrum district Kerala: Shertallai, Kallar, Palode [C. Sathish Kumar] 101-5,000 11-500 4/4. Fragmented. There is a continuing decline but no extreme fluctuation in the number of locations or subpopulations. All individuals not in one population and one subpopulation does not hold 95% or more of the total population. Declining and decrease in quality of habitat. Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Habitat loss. The 1992 landslide and flood damaged the entire population in Kallar, Trivandrum Not in trade Population Numbers/Generation time/trend: Population trend: Mature individuals in all populations <500. Declining Recent Field Studies: C. Sathish Kumar in TBGRI campus, Palode, currently. Data quality: Field studies, informal sightings Qualifier: Area and Extent estimated and habitat status observed. Population estimated based on observation. Status IUCN Red List Criteria (1994): IUCN Red List Criteria (2000): ENDANGERED ENDANGERED CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed International RDB: Included in the Negative List of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999. None Uncertainty Assessment based on precaution due to changes expected in habitat. Assessment is exclusive to the below listed compilers and reviewer. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Criteria: Criteria: B1+2bcd B1a+b(ii,iii,iv), B2a+b(ii,iii,iv) Not listed Not listed Survey Monitoring Cultivated stocks exist at TBGRI and Gurukula Botanical Sanctuary, Wayanad. Initiate cultivation within 3 years. Other comments: Described by Manilal & Sathish Kumar based on the latter's collection from TBGRI campus. This species was originally described and illustrated by Van Rheede in 1692 and was subsequently forgotten. Sources: Garay et al., 1994 14(6): 639; Manilal & Sathish Kumar, 1991 1: 55. Compilers: C. Sathish Kumar Reviewers: B.V. Shetty, B. Arthur, S. Molur Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 132 ENDANGERED Scientific name (author; date): Synonym: Seidenfadeniella rosea (Wight) Sathish, 1994 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Pendulous epiphytic herb Evergreen forests On tree trunks. 1000-1500 m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of Occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of Occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: Threats Threats to taxon: Sarcanthus roseus Wight, 1851 var. nilagirica Fyson, 1915 India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Kerala & Tamil Nadu) Nilgiris, North of Palghat gap [Seidenfaden, 1999]. Sispara, Silent Valley [Manoharan, 1999; Sathish Kumar, 1999]. Kerala: Pakshipadalam, Wayanad [Sathish Kumar, 1988]. Tamil Nadu: Anamalais [R. Gopalan, 1975]. Nilgiris [M. Mohanan, 1984]. 5,001-20,000 10-500 3 locations. Fragmented. Decrease in the habitat <20% in the last 25 years. <20% predicted decline in the next 5 years due to loss of habitat and developmental projects. Trade: Habitat loss resulting in and may result in population decline. The influence of threat on the population structure well understood, not reversible and has not ceased. Not in trade Population Numbers/Generation time/Trend Trends: Unknown Unknown Recent Field Studies: C. Sathish Kumar in Mukurthi, Nilgiris (1990), Pakshipadalam, Wayanad (1988). Data quality: Assessed based on literature/herbarium studies. Qualifier: The Area and Extent estimated based on the known locations. The habitat status and threats inferred. Status IUCN Red List Criteria (1994): IUCN Red List Criteria (2000): ENDANGERED ENDANGERED CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed International RDB: Included in the Negative list of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999 Mukurthi National Park, Silent Valley National Park Uncertainty Assessment is based on consensus from a range of opinion. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Criteria: Criteria: B1+2c B2a+b(iii) Not listed Not listed Survey, PHVA pending Monitoring and cultivation/breeding Cultivation is recommended for research and commercial/sustainability. Cultivated stocks are available at National Orchidarium Yercaud [BSI] and Gurukula Botanical Sanctuary, Wayanad. Numbers in culltivation not known. There is no coordinated species management programme for this species and one is not recommended. Ongoing cultivation programme intensified or increased. Propagation techniques not known at all. Other comments: Originally described by Wight based on his collection from the Nilgiris. Most of the population occurs in Protected Areas, so there is no immediate threat to the species. Sources: Fyson, 1915 1: 396; Manoharan, 1999: 210; Sathish Kumar, 1994: 46; Sathish Kumar, 1999: 210; Seidenfaden, 1999: 1257, 1258; Wight, 1851 5(1): 10.t.1685; Compilers: S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, R. Gopalan, M. Thapliyal, M. Mohanan, S. Rajendran, S. Phatak, R. Thamilarasi Reviewers: P.F. Solomons, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, R. Singh, N.C. Rathakrishnan, T. Chhabra, R. Thamilarasi, M.B. Vishwanathan, A. Durai, N. Raman, J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, C. Sathish Kumar, B. Arthur, B.V. Shetty, T.A. Rao, U. Lakshminarayan, K.G. Selvi. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 133 CRITICALLY ENDANGERED Scientific name (author; date): Synonym: Seidenfia crenulata (Ridley) Szlachetko, 1995 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Terrestrial herb Rocky outcrops in grasslands Grows in association with Habenaria rariflora A. Rich. 1800-2000m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Microstylis crenulata Ridley, 1888 Malaxis crenulata (Ridley) Kuntze, 1891 Extent of Occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of Occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Kerala & Tamil Nadu) Western Nilgiri [Hooker, 1886-1890]. Nilgiri [Nayar, 1996]. Kerala: Munnar in Idukki District [W.D. Theuerkauf, 1995] Tamil Nadu: Pykara, Nilgiris [W.D. Theuerkauf, 1995] <20,000 <10 2/2. Fragmented. Decreasing due to human activities, tourism and developmental activities. Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Human activities, tourism and developmental activities, but not in protected area. Not known Population Numbers/Generation time/Trend Trends: <50 individuals Unknown Recent Field Studies: W.D. Theuerkauf in Munnar, Pykara, 1995, Conservation of endemic plants of Western Ghats. Data quality: General field study Qualifier: The Area and Extent estimated based on known locations. The habitat status inferred from developmental activities in the area and mature individuals estimated. Status IUCN Red List Criteria (1994): IUCN Red List Criteria (2000): CRITICALLY ENDANGERED CRITICALLY ENDANGERED CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed International RDB: Included in the Negative list of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999 Eravikulam National Park Uncertainty Exclusive and subjective assessment based on more recent information available outside of the workshop. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Criteria: Criteria: B1+2c; D B2a+b(iii); D Not listed Not listed Survey Habitat management Cultivated stocks exist at Gurukula Botanical Sanctuary, Wayanad. Initiate programme within 3 years. Other comments: Originally described by Ridley based on Beddome’s collection from the Nilgiris. It has been now rediscovered by W.D. Theuerkauf (pers. comm.) from Munnar and Nilgiris. Sources: Hooker, 1886-1890: 691; Kuntze, 1891 2: 673; Nayar, 1996: 225; Rao, 1998: 212; Ridley, 1888: 346; Szlachetko 1995: 122. Compilers: A.Durai, E. Mohan, R. Hegde, V.S. Ramachandran, N. Raman, K.G. Selvi, B.V. Shetty Reviewers: P.F. Solomons, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, M. Thapliyal, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, R. Singh, N.C. Rathakrishnan, T. Chhabra, R. Thamilarasi, M.B. Vishwanathan, S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, R. Gopalan, M. Thapliyal, M. Mohanan, S. Rajendran, S. Phatak, J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, C. Sathish Kumar, B. Arthur, T.A. Rao, K.G. Selvi, W.D. Theuerkauf. Note: The workshop participants assessed the species as extinct. However, W.D. Theuerkauf of Gurukula Botanical Sanctuary, Wayanad provided information on the species’ existence in Pykara and Munnar based on which this category has been assigned. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 134 ENDANGERED Scientific name (author; date): Synonym: Seidenfia intermedia (A.Rich.) Szlach., 1995 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Terrestrial herb Shola forests and grasslands ca. 1800 m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of Occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of Occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Liparis intermedia A. Rich., 1841 Malaxis intermedia (A. Rich.) Seidenf. 1978 Habitat status: India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Karnataka, Kerala & Tamil Nadu) Nilgiris [Joseph, 1982]. Chikkamagalur, Mysore, Madurai, Nilgiris [Rathakrishnan & Chitra, 1984] Tamil Nadu: Mukurthi National Park [P.F. Solomons, 1998, 99] 5,001-20,000 10-500 2/ca.10. Fragmented. All individuals not in one population and one subpopulation does not hold 95% or more of the total population Decrease in the area of habitat due to habitat loss. Decrease in quality due to trampling. Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Habitat loss, human interference and trampling. Not in trade Population Numbers/Generation time/Trend Trends: Mature individuals in all populations <250. 1 year. Unknown Recent Field Studies: P.F. Solomons in Mukurthi National Park, 1999-2000, field studies. Data quality: Assessed based on field studies. Qualifier: The Area and Extent are estimated based on known locations. The habitat status, threats and mature individuals are observed. Status IUCN Red List Criteria (1994): IUCN Red List Criteria (2000): ENDANGERED ENDANGERED CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed International RDB: Included in the Negative list of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999 Mukurthi National Park Uncertainty Assessed with 95% confidence based on evidence, some precaution, subjective and on the consensus of the field biologists at the workshop. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Criteria: Criteria: B1+2bc B2a+b(ii,iii) Not listed Not listed Survey and life history studies Monitoring and cultivation/breeding Cultivation is recommended for research. Cultivated stocks are not available. There is no coordinated species management programme for this species and one is not recommended. Ongoing cultivation programme intensified or increased. Information on propagation techniques not available with this group of compilers. Other comments: Originally proposed by A. Richard based on Perottet’s collection from Nilgiris. This species is also reported from Mysore, Madurai, Nilgiris. It is also said to be in Kerala. Mukurthi National Park is a protected area therefore there is no change in habitat. Trampling by wild animals. Sources: Szlach., 1995: 122; Seidenfaden, 1978: 99; Richard, 1841 ser.2 50: 17; Joseph, 1982: 144 Compilers: A. Durai, E. Mohan, R. Hegde, V.S. Ramachandran, N. Raman, K.G. Selvi, B.V. Shetty Reviewers: P.F. Solomons, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, M. Thapliyal, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, R. Singh, N.C. Rathakrishnan, T. Chhabra, R. Thamilarasi, M.B. Vishwanathan, S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, R. Gopalan, M. Thapliyal, M. Mohanan, Rajendran, S. Phatak, J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, C. Sathish Kumar, B. Arthur, T.A. Rao, U. Lakshminarayan. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 135 ENDANGERED Scientific name (author; date): Synonyms: Seidenfia stocksii (Hook. f.) Szlach., 1995 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Terrestrial herb Evergreen forests 1400-1900m Distribution Historical Distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of Occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of Occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Seidenfia intermedia (A. Rich.) Szlach., 1995 Liparis intermedia A. Rich., 1841 Microstylis stocksii Hook. f. 1890 Malaxis stocksii (Hook. f.) Kuntze, 1891 India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Karnataka, Kerala & Tamil Nadu) Nilgiris [Joseph, 1987]. Bababudan hills, Kodaikanal [Fyson] Habitat status: 5,001-20,000 11-500 5/5. Fragmented. There is a continuing decline but no extreme fluctuation in the number of locations or subpopulations. All individuals not in one population and one subpopulation does not hold 95% or more of the total population. Declining due to human interference and change in quality of habitat. Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Habitat loss, human interference Not in trade Population Numbers/Generation time/trend: Population trend: <250 mature individuals in all populations. Generation time – perennial. Declining. Recent Field Studies: None Data quality: Field studies, informal sightings, literature/herbarium studies Qualifier: Area and Extent estimated and habitat status observed. Population estimated based on observation. Status IUCN Red List Criteria (1994): IUCN Red List Criteria (2000): ENDANGERED ENDANGERED CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed International RDB: Included in the Negative List of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999. None Uncertainty Assessment based on precaution due to changes expected in habitat. Assessment is exclusive to the below listed compilers and reviewer. Criteria: Criteria: B1+2bcd; D B2a+b(ii,iii,iv); D Not listed Not listed Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Survey Monitoring Cultivated stocks exist at Gurukula Botanical Sanctuary, Wayanad Other comments: Originally described by A. Richard based on Perrottet's collection from Nilgiris Sources: Hooker, 1890 5: 691; Joseph (1987); Kuntze, 1891 2: 673; Richard, 1841 ser. 2, 15: 17; 122: 1995 Compilers: C. Sathish Kumar Reviewers: B.V. Shetty, B. Arthur, S. Molur Szlachetko 1995 Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 136 ENDANGERED Scientific name (author; date): Synonyms: Smithsonia maculata (Dalz.) Saldanha, C.J., 1974 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Epiphytic herb Riverine forests On lateral branches. 500-800 m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Micropera maculata Dalz., 1851 Saccolabium maculatum (Dalz.) Hook. f., 1890 Gastrochilus maculatus (Dalz.) Kuntze, 1891 Loxoma maculatum (Dalz.) Garay, 1972 Habitat status: India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Karnataka, Kerala & Tamil Nadu) Hassan, [Saldanha, 1974]. Shirdi Ghats [Saldanha & Nicolson, 1976]. Chandanathode [Ramachandran & Nair, 1988] Kerala: Thiruvananthapuram [Sathish Kumar, 1990s] 101-5000 11-500 5/5. Fragmented. All individuals not in one population and one subpopulation does not hold 95% or more of the total population. Change in quality of habitat due to human interference in some areas. Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Habitat loss is resulting in and may result in population decline. Not in trade. Population Numbers/Generation time/Trend Trends: <500 in all populations. Declining. Recent Field Studies: Attayar, near Agastyamalai [Sathish Kumar, 1990s] Data quality: Field studies, informal sightings and Literature/herbarium studies. Qualifier: Area and Extent estimated on known locations, number of mature individuals estimated through observations. Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of Occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of Occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations./location: Status IUCN Red List Criteria (1994): IUCN Red List Criteria (2000): ENDANGERED ENDANGERED CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed International RDB: Included in the Negative list of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999 Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary Uncertainty Subjective assessment based on exclusive field study but with the consensus of the participants. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Survey Monitoring Not recommended Other comments: Ths was originally described by Dalzell based on his collection from Tulkut Ghaut. Sources: Dalzell, 1851 3: 282; Garay, 1972 23(4): 184; Hooker, 1890 6: 64; Kuntze, 1891 2: 661; Ramachandran & Nair, 1988: 463; Saldanha, 1974 71: 74;Saldanha & Nicolson, 1976: 850 Compilers: S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, R. Gopalan, M. Thapliyal, M. Mohanan, S. Rajendran, S. Phatak, R. Thamilarasi Reviewers: P.F. Solomons, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, R. Singh, N.C. Rathakrishnan, T. Chhabra, M.B. Vishwanathan, A. Durai, N. Raman, J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, C. Sathish Kumar, B. Arthur, B.V. Shetty, T.A. Rao, U. Lakshminarayan, K.G. Selvi. Criteria: Criteria: B1+2c B1a+b(iii), 2a+b(iii) Not listed Not listed Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 137 ENDANGERED Scientific name (author; date): Smithsonia straminea Saldanha, C.J., 1974 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Epiphytic herb Evergreen forests 600-900 m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Habitat status: India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Karnataka & Kerala) Hassan [Sharma et al, 1984]. Mukkali [Vajrav elu, 1990]. Chandanathode [Ramachandran & Nair, 1988]. Hassan, Cannanore, Palghat [Rathakrishnan & Chitra, 1984] Kerala: Palode, Thiruvananthapuram [C. Sathish Kumar]. 101-5,000 11-500 4/4. Fragmented. All individuals not in one population and one subpopulation does not hold 95% or more of the total population. Declining habitat and decrease in quality. Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Habitat loss. Not in trade Population Numbers/Generation time/Trend Trends: <500 mature individuals. Declining. Recent Field Studies: Palode, TBGRI Campus [Sathish Kumar, 1990s] Data quality: General field studies, informal sighting, Literature/herbarium studies. Qualifier: Area and Extent estimated and mature individuals inferred from field observation. Status IUCN Red List Criteria (1994): IUCN Red List Criteria (2000): ENDANGERED ENDANGERED CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed International RDB: Included in the Negative list of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999 None Uncertainty Information not available. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Survey Monitoring Not recommended Other comments: Described by Saldanha based on his collection from Hassan District, Karnataka. Sources: Ramachandran & Nair, 1988: 463; Rathakrishnan & Chitra, 1984: 1005; Saldanha, 1974 71: 74; Saldanha & Nicolson, 1976: 850; Sharma et al., 1984: 277; Vajravelu, 1990: 493; Compilers: S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, R. Gopalan, M. Thapliyal, M. Mohanan, S. Rajendran, S. Phatak, R. Thamilarasi Reviewers: P.F. Solomons, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, R. Singh, N.C. Rathakrishnan, T. Chhabra, R. Thamilarasi, M.B. Vishwanathan, A. Durai, N. Raman, J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, C. Sathish Kumar,B. Arthur, B.V. Shetty, T.A. Rao, U. Lakshminarayan, K.G. Selvi. Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of Occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of Occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Criteria: Criteria: B1+2c B1a+b(iii), 2a+b(iii) Not listed Not listed Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 138 ENDANGERED Scientific name (author; date): Synonyms: Smithsonia viridiflora (Dalz.) Saldanha, C.J., 1974 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Epiphytic herb Evergreen forests 600-800m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of Occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of Occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Micropera viridiflora Dalz., 1851 Sarcochilus dalzellianus Santapau, 1949 Aerides dalzellianus (Santapau) Garay, 1972 Habitat status: India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Karnataka & Kerala) Hassan, Kemphole, in lower Shirdhi Ghats [Saldanha & Nicolson, 1976] Kerala: Moozhiyar, Neyyar [C. Sathish Kumar] 101-5000 11-500 4/4. Fragmented. All individuals not in one population and one subpopulation does not hold 95% or more of the total population. Presently no change, but predicted decline due to human interference. Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Human interference (predicted). Not in trade Population Numbers/Generation time/Trend Trends: <250 mature individuals in all populations. Declining. Recent Field Studies: Moozhiyar, Athirumala [C. Sathish Kumar, A case study on orchids] Data quality: Literature/herbarium, general field studies. Qualifier: Area and Extent estimated and mature individuals inferred from field observation. Status IUCN Red List Criteria (1994): IUCN Red List Criteria (2000): ENDANGERED ENDANGERED CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed International RDB: Included in the Negative list of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999 Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary Uncertainty Consensus and precaution. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Survey Monitoring Cultivated stocks exist at Gurukula Botanical Sanctuary and TBGRI, Palode. Other comments: Originally described by Dalzell based on a collection from South Concan in Western Ghats. Sources: Dalzell, 1851; Garay, 1972; Saldanha & Nicolson, 1976: 850; Saldanha, 1974; Santapau, 1949. Compilers: S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, R. Gopalan, M. Thapliyal, M. Mohanan, S. Rajendran, S. Phatak, R. Thamilarasi Reviewers: P.F. Solomons, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, R. Singh, N.C. Rathakrishnan, T. Chhabra, R. Thamilarasi, M.B. Vishwanathan, A. Durai, N. Raman, J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, C. Sathish Kumar, B. Arthur, B.V. Shetty, T.A. Rao, U. Lakshminarayan, K.G. Selvi. Criteria: Criteria: B1+2c; D B1a+b(iii), 2a+b(iii); D Not listed Not listed Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 139 NOT EVALUATED Scientific name (author; date): Spiranthes sinensis (Pers.) Ames var. wightiana Lindley, 1852 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: 2225 m. [B.V. Shetty] Distribution Historical Distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of Occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of Occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats Nilgiri [Sharma, 1977], [RG]; [Mohanan & Balakrishna, 1991] Bangitappal to Sispara [B.V. Shetty, 1970] Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Population Numbers/Generation time/trend: Population trend: Recent Field Studies: Data quality: Qualifier: Status IUCN Red List Criteria (1994): IUCN Red List Criteria (2000): CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: NOT EVALUATED NOT EVALUATED Criteria: Criteria: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed International RDB: Included in the Negative List of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999. --Not listed Not listed Uncertainty Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Other comments: Except for a single specimen collected by B.V. Shetty this plant is represented in MH only by very old collections of Schmidt in 1878 and Beddome in 1804. Another specimen from Bangitappal had been cited by Joseph but the specimen was not traceable [Mohanan & Balakrishnan, 1991]. Sources: Lindley, 1852; Mohanan & Balakrishnan, 1991; Sharma, 1977 Compilers: Reviewers: Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 140 CRITICALLY ENDANGERED Scientific name (author; date): Taeniophyllum scaberulum Hook. f., 1890 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Epiphytic herb Evergreen forests Moss-clad twigs. 800-900m Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of Occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of Occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations./location: Habitat status: India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Kerala) Travancore [Nayar, 1996] Kerala: Periyar Tiger Reserve, Idukki [Rajesh, et al., 1997] <100 <10 1 No change in habitat. Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Unknown Not in trade Population Numbers/Generation time/Trend Trends: Mature individuals in all populations are <50. Generation time – perennial. Unknown Recent Field Studies: N. Sasidharan in Periyar Tiger Reserve, 1997, Floristic studies in Periyar Tiger Reserve. Data quality: Assessed based on field studies and literature/herbarium studies. Qualifier: The Area and Extent estimated. Habitat status and mature individuals inferred from the current habitat status. Status IUCN Red List Criteria (1994): IUCN Red List Criteria (2000): CRITICALLY ENDANGERED CRITICALLY ENDANGERED CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed International RDB: Included in the Negative list of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999 Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary Uncertainty Assessed on subjective opinion, precaution and consensus. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Criteria: Criteria: D D Not listed Not listed Survey, Life history studies, limiting factor research, PHVA pending, physiological (photosynthetic) studies. Monitoring and cultivation/breeding Cultivation recommended for research, species recovery and preservation of live genome. Cultivated stocks are not available. There is no coordinated species management programme for this species and one is not recommended. Initiate cultivation programme within 3 years. Propagation techniques not known at all. Other comments: This species was proposed based on Rev. E. Johnson's collection made in 1854 from ‘Cottayam’, rediscovered recently from Periyar Tiger Reserve by Rajesh et al. (1997). Sources: Hooker, 1890 6: 77; Nayar, 1996: 226 Compilers: S.S.R. Bennet, J.L. Ellis, M. Mohanan, V. Sarojini Menon, C. Sathish Kumar, S. Seeni, B.V. Shetty, P.S. Udayan, U. Lakshminarayan. Reviewers: P.F. Solomons, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, M. Thapliyal, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, R. Singh, N.C. Rathakrishnan, T. Chhabra, R. Thamilarasi, M.B. Vishwanathan, A. Durai, N. Raman, J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, C. Sathish Kumar, B. Arthur, B.V. Shetty, T.A. Rao, K.G. Selvi. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 141 CRITICALLY ENDANGERED Scientific name (author; date): Thrixspermum musciflorum A.S. Rao & Joseph var. nilagiricum Joseph & Vajravelu, 1981 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Epiphytic herb Evergreen and moist deciduous forests. 700-1000m. Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of Occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of Occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Tamil Nadu) Coimbatore, Nilgiri [Henry et al., 1989]. Mannar and nearby areas [Mohanan & Balakrishnan, 1991]. Nilgiris [Nayar, 1996]. Nilgiris [Rathakrishnan & Chitra, 1984] Tamil Nadu: Coimbatore [R. Gopalan, M. Mohanan, 1975]. Bakasuramalai, Coimbatore [E. Vajravelu]. <100 10-100. >1/1. No change in the habitat of the taxon. Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Unknown Not in trade Population Numbers/Generation time/Trend Trends: Mature individuals in all populations <50. The number of mature individuals not declined in the past and not likely to decline in the future. Unknown Recent Field Studies: None Data quality: Assessed based on literature/herbarium and indirect information. Qualifier: Area and Extent and population numbers area inferred from literature and herbarium. Status IUCN Red List Criteria (1994): IUCN Red List Criteria (2000): CRITICALLY ENDANGERED CRITICALLY ENDANGERED CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed International RDB: Included in the Negative list of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999 None Uncertainty Assessed based on subjective opinion. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Criteria: Criteria: D D Not listed Not listed Survey Monitoring, cultivation/breeding Cultivated stocks not available. There is no coordinated species management programme for this species and one is not recommended. Initiate cultivation programme within 3 years. Information on propagation techniques not available with this group of compilers. Other comments: This variety was described by Joseph & Vajravelu based on the latter’s collection from Nilgiris. Bakkasura Malai is uninhabited and is inaccessible. It is considered safe from all kinds of threats, mainly human interference. Sources: Henry et al., 1989: 25; Joseph & Vajravelu,1981 107(10): 648; Mohanan & Balakrishnan, 1991: 191; Nayar, 1996: 226; Rathakrishnan & Chitra, 1984: 1005 Compilers: S.S.R. Bennet, B. A. Daniel, R. Gopalan, M. Thapliyal, M. Mohanan, S. Rajendran, S. Phatak, R. Thamilarasi Reviewers: P.F. Solomons, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, R. Singh, A. Durai, N. Raman, N.C. Rathakrishnan, T. Chhabra, M.B. Vishwanathan, J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, C. Sathish Kumar, T.A. Rao, B. Arthur, B.V. Shetty, U. Lakshminarayan, K.G. Selvi. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 142 VULNERABLE Scientific name (author; date): Trias bonaccordensis Sathish, 1989 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Epiphytic herb Evergreen to semi evergreeen forests. 950-1050m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of Occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of Occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Kerala & Tamil Nadu) Bonaccord in Thiruvananthapuram [Sathish Kumar, 1989] Kerala: Agastyamalai [M. Mohanan, 1979]. Tamil Nadu: Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve [C. Sathish Kumar, 2000] <100 <10 3-4 locations. Fragmented No change in the habitat of the taxon. No change in the quality of the habitat. Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Unknown Not in trade Population Numbers/Generation time/Trend Trends: Unknown Unknown Recent Field Studies: C. Sathish Kumar in Agastyamala, Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, 1995. Data quality: Assessed based on field study and literature/herbarium studies. Qualifier: The Area and Extent estimated based on known locations. The habitat status observed. Status IUCN Red List Criteria (1994): IUCN Red List Criteria (2000): V ULNERABLE V ULNERABLE CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed Not listed International RDB: Not listed Included in the Negative list of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999 Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary, Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary Uncertainty Assessed with 95% confidence based on evidence and on the consensus of the field biologists at the workshop. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Criteria: Criteria: D2 D2 Survey, life history studies Monitoring, cultivation/breeding Cultivation is recommended for research and reintroduction. There is no coordinated species management programme for this species and one is not recommended. Propagation techniques not known at all. Other comments: This species was described by Sathish Kumar based on his collection from Bonccord, Thiruvananthapuram. It grows epiphytically on many trees especially on Garcinia morella (Gaertn.) Desr. and Mesua ferea L. (Clusiaceae ), Gluta travancorica Beddome (Anacardiaceae) and Careya arborea Roxb. (Lecythidaceae) [S23]. This species was collected by M. Mohanan in 1979. It was described as a new species by Sathish Kumar based on his later collections from Agastyamalai. Sources: Mohanan & Henry, 1994: 471; Sathish Kumar, 1989 34: 105. Compilers: S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, R. Gopalan, M. Thapliyal, M. Mohanan, S. Rajendran, S. Phatak, R. Thamilarasi Reviewers: P.F. Solomons, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, R. Singh, N.C. Rathakrishnan, T. Chhabra, M.B. Vishwanathan, A. Durai, N. Raman, J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, C. Sathish Kumar, B. Arthur, B.V. Shetty, T.A. Rao, U. Lakshminarayan, K.G. Selvi. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 143 CRITICALLY ENDANGERED Scientific name (author; date): Trias stocksii Benth. ex Hook. f., 1890 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Epiphytic or lithophytic herb Evergreen and moist deciduous forests. 500-1400 m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of Occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of Occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Population Numbers/Generation time/Trend Trends: India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala & Tamil Nadu) Canara, South Konkan, Ponmudi, Attapadi, Chandanathode [Abraham & Vatsala, 1981]. Castle Rock, Siddhapur, Anmode, Jog [Santapau & Kapadia, 1966; Subramanian, 1995]. Coimbatore, Kanyakumari, Tirunelveli [Henry et al.,1989]. Chembotti in Silent Valley [Vajravelu, 1990; Manilal, 1988]. Canara, Konkan [Hooker, 1886-1890]. Konkan, Uttara Kannada, Shimoga [Nayar, 1996]. Bagamandala, Kukkable, Shanthali and Shuntiguthi, Kodagu [Keshavmurthy & Yoganarasimhan, 1990]. Ponmudi, Dakshina Kannada, throughout Western Ghats [Mohanan & Balakrishnan, 1991]. Valiaparathode [Manoharan, 1999]. Chembotti, Valiaparathode in Silent Valley [Sathish Kumar, 1999]. Konkan [Lakshminarasimhan, 1996]. Karnataka: Hassan [Saldanha]. Belgaum, Castle Rock [S. Phatak, 1978]. Kuduremukh Medicinal Plants Conservation Area, Talakaveri [P.S. Udayan et al., 1998]. Kodagu, Madikeri, Sampagii, Somwarpet, Bhagamandala, Shaniwarsanthe [T.A. Rao, 1996-98]. Tamil Nadu: Ponmudi [M. Mohanan, 1978]. Mount Stuart, Anamalai Hills [K. Sivabalakrishnan et al., 1997]. 5,001-20,000 <10 15/9. Fragmented. Continuing decline but no extreme fluctuation in the number of locations or subpopulations. All individuals not in one population and one subpopulation does not hold 95% or more of the total population. Decrease in the habitat <20% in the last 10 years due to loss of habitat, plantation and road construction. There is decrease in the quality of the habitat due to human activities. Climate, habitat loss, habitat fragmentation, grazing and harvest are resulting in and may result in population decline. The influence of threats on the population structure well understood, not reversible and not ceased to be a threat. Not in trade Mature individuals in all populations >2,500. The number of mature individuals declined in the past by 10% and likely to decline by <10% in the future. Generation time perennial. The population size/numbers of the taxon declining at a rate of <10% in the last 10 years and <10% predicted decline in the next 10years due to habitat loss. Recent Field Studies: S. Phatak in Anmode, 1998, Floristic study. T.A. Rao in Kodagu, 1996 - 98, Conservation of Wild Orchids of Kodagu. P. S. Udayan et al., in Kudremukh Medicinal Plants Conservation Area, 1998, Floristics. K. Sivabalakrishnan in Mt. Stuart, Anamalai Hills, 1997, Ex situ conservation studies. C. Sathish Kumar in Silent Valley, 1995. Data quality: Assessed based on field studies and literature/herbarium studies. Qualifier: The Area and Extent estimated based on the known locations. The habitat status, threats, mature individuals and population trends observed over many years of field studies. Status IUCN Red List Criteria (1994): IUCN Red List Criteria (2000): CRITICALLY ENDANGERED CRITICALLY ENDANGERED CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed International RDB: Included in the Negative list of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999 Kudremukh National Park, Silent Valley National Park. Uncertainty Assessed with 95% confidence based on evidence and on the consensus of the field biologists at the workshop. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Criteria: Criteria: B1+2bcde B2a+b(ii,iii,iv,v) Not listed Not listed Taxonomic research and life history studies Monitoring, cultivation/breeding Cultivation is recommended for research. Cultivated stocks available at National Orchidarium Yercaud, Kaveri Nisargadhama, Kodagu and Carmel College, Goa. Numbers in culltivation <10. There is no coordinated species management programme for this species and one is not recommended. nitiate cultivation programme within 3 years. Some propagation techniques known for taxon or similar taxa. Other comments: Described by Hook. f. based on Stocks and Law collections from the Deccan. This species is present in easily accessible, localised areas. The reported occurrence of this species in Arunachal Pradesh is based on a misidentification Saldanha and Nicolson 1976. Sources: Abraham & Vatsala, 1981: 346; Henry et al.,1989: 25; Hooker, 1890 5: 781; Keshavmurthy & Yoganarasimhan, 1990: 457; Lakshminarasimhan, 1996: 62; Manilal, 1988: 306; Manoharan, 1999: 211; Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 144 Mohanan & Balakrishnan, 1991; Nayar, 1996: 226; Saldanha & Nicolson, 1976: 853; Santapau & Kapadia, 1966: 201 - 202; Sathish Kumar, 1999: 67, 112; Sathish Kumar & Manilal, 1994: 86; Subramanian, 1995: 393, 394; Vajravelu, 1990: 494. Compilers: R. Gopalan, M. Mohanan, S. Phatak. Reviewers: P.F. Solomons, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, M. Thapliyal, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, R. Singh, N.C. Rathakrishnan, T. Chhabra, R. Thamilarasi, M.B. Vishwanathan, A. Durai, N. Raman, S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, M. Mohanan, S. Rajendran, S. Phatak, J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, C. Sathish Kumar, B. Arthur, B.V. Shetty, T.A. Rao, U. Lakshminarayan, K.G. Selvi. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 145 VULNERABLE Scientific name (author; date): Vanda wightii Reichb. f., 1861 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Epiphytic herb Unknown 2100m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of Occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of Occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Karnataka & Tamil Nadu) Nilgiris [Henry et al., 1989; Hooker, 1890-1894; Joseph, 1982; Sharma, 1977; Nayar & Sastry, 1987]. Karnataka: Kodagu [Sathish Kumar] <100 <100 1 Unknown Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Unknown Not known Population Numbers/Generation time/Trend Trends: Unknown Unknown Recent Field Studies: None Data quality: Field studies, inventories Qualifier: Observation Status IUCN Red List Criteria (1994): IUCN Red List Criteria (2000): V ULNERABLE V ULNERABLE CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Possibly Extinct [Nayar & Sastry, 1987] International RDB: Included in the Negative list of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999 None Uncertainty Consensus and precaution. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Survey Not recommended Not recommended Criteria: Criteria: D2 D2 Not listed Not listed Other comments: A very little-known species, originally reported from Nilgiris. It was proposed by Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach based on Wight's collection. The only collection known so far is of Wight from Nilgiris. The subsequent workers consider this to be a 'little known' or ' threatened ' plant species [Nayar & Sastry, 1987]. Reichenbach described this species in 1861 based on Wight's collection from Nilgiris [Mohanan & Balakrishnan, 1991]. Endemic to Nilgiris of the Western Ghats in Tamil Nadu. There has been no record of its recent relocation in the wild ever since Reichenbach described it in 1861 based on Wight's collectiion from Nilgiris [Subbarayalu & Velumurugan, 1999]. It was rediscovered from Karnataka. Sources: Henry et al., 1989: 26; Hooker, 1890-1894: 54; Joseph, 1982: 132; Mohanan & Balakrishnan, 1991; Nayar & Shastri, 1987: 280-281; Reichenbach, 1861 6: 932; Sharma, 1977: 293; Subbarayalu & Velumurugan, 1999; Compilers: S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, R. Gopalan, M. Thapliyal, M. Mohanan, S. Rajendran, S. Phatak, R. Thamilarasi Reviewers: P.F. Solomons, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, R. Singh, N.C. Rathakrishnan, T. Chhabra, M.B. Vishwanathan, A. Durai, N. Raman, J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, N. Raman, C. Sathish Kumar, B. Arthur, B.V. Shetty, T.A. Rao, U. Lakshminarayan, K.G. Selvi. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 146 ENDANGERED Scientific name (author; date): Synonyms: Xenikophyton smeeanum (Reichb. f.) Garay, 1974 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Epiphytic herbs Moist deciduous to shola forests [RG] 800-2,300m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of Occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of Occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Population Numbers/Generation time/Trend Trends: Saccolabium smeeanum Reichb. f., 1887 Rhynchostylis latifolia C. Fischer, 1927 Schoenorchis latifolia (C. Fischer) Saldanha, 1974 India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Karnataka, Kerala & Tamil Nadu) Udumbansholai, Karaparai, Hassan district, Kadamane [Abraham & Vatsala, 1981]. Kadamane in Hassan [Saldanha & Nicolson, 1976]. Somavarpet, Madikeri [Keshvamurthy & Yoganarasimhan, 1990]. Aruvanpara and Sairandhri [Manoharan, 1999]. Karnataka: Madikeri, Brahmagiri Range, Sampagii [T.A. Rao, 1996-98], Thalkaveri Medicinal Plants Conservation Area [P.S. Udayan et al., 1998]. Biligiri Rangan Hills [R. Ganesan, 2000]. Kerala: Agastyamala, Munnar, Silent Valley [C. Sathish Kumar, 1990s] Tamil Nadu: Doddabetta, Udhagamandalam [K. Sivabalakrishnan, 1996]. 101-5,000 11-500 11/5. Fragmented. There is a continuing decline but no extreme fluctuation in the number of locations or subpopulations. All individuals not in one population and one subpopulation does not hold 95% or more of the total population. Decrease in the habitat <20% in the last 10 years. Predicted decline <20% in the next 10 years due to loss of habitat and coffee plantation [R. Ganesan, 2000]. Habitat loss and habitat fragmentation [R. Ganesan, 2000] resulting in and may result in population decline. Not in trade Mature individuals in all populations unknown. The number of mature individuals declined in the past and likely to decline in the future. Generation time 3 years. The population size/numbers of the taxon declining at a rate of <10% in the last 10 years. Predicted decline <10% in the next 10 due to habitat loss. Recent Field Studies: T.A. Rao in Kodagu, 1996-98, Conservation of wild orchids of Kodagu. K. Sivabalakrishnan in Doddabetta, 1996, Ex situ conservation. P.S. Udayan et al., Thalakaveri Medicinal Plants Conservation Area, 1998, Addition to the flora of Coorg district. C. Sathish Kumar in Agastyamala, Munnar, Silent Valley, 1990s. Data quality: Assessed based on field studies and literature/herbarium studies. Qualifier: The Area and Extent estimated based on known locations. The habitat status, threats, mature individuals and population trends observed. Status IUCN Red List Criteria (1994): IUCN Red List Criteria (2000): ENDANGERED ENDANGERED Criteria: Criteria: B1+2bcde B1a+b(ii,iii,iv,v), 2a+b(ii,iii,iv,v) CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed Not listed International RDB: Not listed Included in the Negative list of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999 Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Wildlife Sanctuary, Eravikulam National Park, Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary, Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, Silent Valley National Park Uncertainty Assessed with 95% confidence based on evidence and on the consensus of the field biologists at the workshop. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Life history studies, PHVA. Cultivation/breeding Cultivation recommended for research. Cultivated stocks are not available. There is no coordinated species management programme for this species and one is recommended. Initiate cultivation programme within 3 years. Information on propagation techniques not available with this group of compilers. Other comments: Originally proposed by Reichenbach f. based on Smee’s collection without precise locality. It is frequently found in Somwarpet and Mercara [Keshavmurthy & Yoganarasimhan, 1990]. No decline perceived in Thalakaveri Medicinal Plants Area. Except few sholas closer to coffee estate, others are free from disturbance. So, plants may not face threats unless the sholas are destroyed [RG]. Sources: Abraham & Vatsala, 1981: 473, 475; Fischer, 1927: 35; R. Ganesan, 2000, Unpublished Biological Information Sheet; Garay, 1974 23(10): 374; Keshvamurthy & Yoganarasimhan, 1990: 456; Manoharan, 1999: 213; Reichenbach, 1887 ser 3 2: 214; Saldanha, 1974 70: 414; Saldanha & Nicolson, 1976: 847. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 147 Compilers: S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, R. Gopalan, M. Thapliyal, M. Mohanan, S. Rajendran, S. Phatak, R. Thamilarasi Reviewers: P.F. Solomons, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, R. Singh, N.C. Rathakrishnan, T. Chhabra, R. Thamilarasi, M.B. Vishwanathan, A. Durai, N. Raman, J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, C. Sathish Kumar, B. Arthur, B.V. Shetty, T.A. Rao, U. Lakshminarayan, K.G. Selvi. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 148 ORCHIDS ENDEMIC TO WESTERN GHATS AND EXTENDING INTO EASTERN GHATS Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 149 ENDANGERED Scientific name (author date): Anoectochilus elatus Lindley, 1857 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Terrestrial herb. Evergreen forest. Forest floor on humus. Above 1300 m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of Occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of Occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/Locations: Habitat status: Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Population Numbers/Generation time/Trend: Population Trends: India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats + Kolli Hills (Tamil Nadu & Kerala) Sispara in Silent Valley [Manilal, 1988]. Nilgiris, Salem [Henry et al., 1989]. Kollimalai, Wallaghat, Udhagamandalam [Matthew, 1983]. Shembaganur, Peria Shola, Kukkal Shola, Tiger Shola, Parappar stream, Blackburn Shola, Wallaghat, Udhagamandalam [Seidenfaden, 1999]. Nilgiris [Nayar, 1996]. Kolli hills [Mathew, 1983]. Walakkad near Sispara [Sathish Kumar, 1999]. Devala, Coonoor [Sharma et al., 1977]. Kakachi-Kodayar [Ganesan & Livingstone, 2001] Kerala: Silent Valley [Sathish Kumar]. Tamil Nadu: Kodaikanal [N. Raman, June 1997]. Coonoor, Nilgiri [P.F. Solomons, 1999]. Kolli Hills in Salem [M.B. Vishwanathan]. Kakachi-Kodayar [R. Ganesan] 100-5,000 10-500 10-50/10-20. Fragmented. Continuing decline but no extreme fluctuation in the number of locations or subpopulations. All individuals not in one population and one subpopulation does not hold 95% or more of the total population. Decrease in the habitat >20% in the last 10-20 years and >20% predicted decline in the next 10-20 years due to loss of habitat, industrialisation and construction of roads. Decrease in the quality of habitat due to human interference and grazing. Grazing and habitat loss resulting in and may result in future population decline. The influence of these factors on the habitat and population well understood, not reversible and have not ceased. Not in trade. Mature individuals in all populations less than 2,500. The number of mature individuals declined in the past by 30-50% and likely to decline by 30-50% in the future. Generation time 1 year. Decline in the population by more than 20% in the last 10 years and estimated decline of more than 20% in the next 10 years. Recent Field Studies: N. Raman in Kodaikanal, June 1997, study on mycorrhizal association; M.B. Viswanathan in Kolli Hills in the Eastern Ghats, 1991, floristic survey. C. Sathish Kumar in Silent Valley, 1982-1995, floristic survey. K. Ravikumar in High Wavy mountains, Kodaikanal, 1985-1990, floristic survey. R. Ganesan in KakachiKodayar, 1997-2000, floristic survey. Data quality: Assessed based on field studies, indirect information, informal sightings and studies. Qualifier: The Area and Extent estimated based on known locations. The habitat status, threats, mature individuals and population trends observed, inferred and suspected, respectively. literature/herbarium Status IUCN Red List Criteria (1994): IUCN Red List Criteria (2000): ENDANGERED ENDANGERED CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed Not listed International RDB: Not listed Included in the Negative List of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999. Kakakkad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, Mukurthi National Park, Silent Valley National Park Uncertainty Assessed based on range of opinion and both evidence and precaution with the consensus of the field biologists. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Criteria: Criteria: B1+2abcde B1a+b(i,ii,iii,iv,v), 2a+b(i,ii,iii,iv,v) Survey, genetic research, life history studies, PHVA Cultivation/breeding. Cultivation recommended for research. Cultivated stocks exist at TBGRI, Palode and Gurukula Botanical Sanctuary, Wayanad. There is no coordinated species management programme for this species and one is not recommended but cultivation programme is recommended to be initiated within 3 years. Some propagation techniques is known for similar taxa. Other comments: Proposed by Lindley (1987) based on Mc Ivor’s collection from Walla Ghaut. Found in dense shade of forests with species of Zeuxine, Calanthe sylvatica, Tainia bicornis and Chrysoglossum maculatum. In Devala the habitat has been completely destroyed due to human habitation [Rajan]. It is very sensitive to disturbance in the habitat. The specimens reported under this name from Thiruvananthapuram and Idukki Districts (Kerala) and Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve (Tamil Nadu) actually belong to an yet undescribed species. Sources: Ganesan & Livingstone, 2001; Henry et al., 1989: 4; Lindley, 1857 1: 178; Manilal, 1988: 269; Matthew, 1983: 1557; Mohanan & Henry, 1994: 448; Nayar, 1996: 224; Sathish Kumar, 1999: 194; Seidenfaden, 1999: 1208; Sharma et al., 1977: 138. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 150 Compilers: A. Durai, P.F. Solomons, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, M. Thapliyal, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, N. Raman, R. Singh, N.C. Rathakrishnan, T. Chhabra, R. Thamilarasi, M.B. Vishwanathan. Reviewers: S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, M. Mohanan, S. Rajendran, S. Phatak, J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, C. Sathish Kumar, B. Arthur, B.V. Shetty, T.A. Rao. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 151 VULNERABLE Scientific name (author; date): Synonym: Cirrhopetalum neilgherrense Wight, 1851 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Epiphytic herb Evergreen forest Above 1300m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Bulbophyllum kaitiensis (Wight) Reichb. f., 1861 Habitat status: India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats + Kolli hills & Shevroys (Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala & Tamil Nadu) Nilgiris, Anamalai hills, Devikulam [Abraham & Vatsala, 1981]. Coimbatore, Nilgiri, Salem [Henry et al.,1989]. Mysore [Sharma et al., 1984]. Nilgiris [Nayar & Sastry, 1988]. Kollimalais [Matthew, 1983]. Coonoor, below Kaitia [Hooker, 1888-1890]. Pune, Satara, Sindhudurg [Lakshminarasimhan, 1996]. Canacona, Goa, Tudal-Ordofond [Rao, 1986]. Mysore, Idukki, Coimbatore, Nilgiris [Rathakrishnan & Chitra, 1984]. Ootacamund, Coonoor [Mohanan & Balakrishnan, 1991]. Kerala: Devikulam [C. Sathish Kumar] Tamil Nadu: High Wavy Mountains [K. Ravi Kumar] >20,000 501-2,000 Many. Fragmented. Continuing decline but no extreme fluctuation in the number of locations or subpopulations. All individuals not in one population and one subpopulation does not hold 95% or more of the total population. Habitat loss and change in quality of habitat due to human interference and developmental activities. Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Loss of habitat Not in trade Population Numbers/Generation time/Trends: Trends: Unknown. Unknown. Recent Field Studies: C. Sathish Kumar in Devikulam, 1995. K. Ravi Kumar in High Wavy mountains, 1993. Data quality: Assessed based on field studies, indirect information, informal sightings and literature/herbarium studies. Qualifier: The Area and Extent estimated based on known locations. The habitat status and threats observed and inferred respectively. Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of Occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of Occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Status IUCN Red List Criteria (1994): IUCN Red List Criteria (2000): V ULNERABLE V ULNERABLE CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed International RDB: Included in the Negative List of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999. None Uncertainty Assessed with 95% confidence based on evidence and on the consensus of the field biologists. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Criteria: Criteria: B1+2cd B2a+b(iii,iv) Not listed Not listed Survey, taxonomic research Monitoring Cultivation recommended for research. There is no coordinated species management programme for this species and one is not recommended but cultivation programme is recommended to be initiated within 3 years. Some propagation techniques is known for similar taxa. Other comments: Described by Wight based on a collection from Kartairy, below Kaitia in Nilgiris. Sources: Abraham & Vatsala, 1981: 338-341; Henry et al., 1989: 5; Hooker, 1886-890: 778; Lakshminarasimhan, 1996: 15; Matthew, 1983: 1592; Mohanan & Balakrishnan, 1991: 192; Nayar & Sastry, 1988: 155; Rao, 1986: 417; Rathakrishnan & Chitra, 1984: 1003; Reichenbach, 1861, 6: 262; Sharma et al., 1984: 266; Wight 1851, 5(1): 7.t.1654; Compilers: A. Durai, P.F. Solomons, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, M. Thapliyal, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, N. Raman, R. Singh, N.C. Rathakrishnan, T. Chhabra, R. Thamilarasi, M.B. Vishwanathan, U. Lakshminarayanan, K.G. Selvi. Reviewers: S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, R. Gopalan, M. Mohanan, S. Rajendran, S. Phatak, J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, C. Sathish Kumar, B. Arthur, B.V. Shetty, T.A. Rao. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 152 ENDANGERED Scientific name (author; date): Dendrobium anamalayanum Chandrab. et al., 1981 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Epiphyte Evegreen forests and sholas 1000 m. India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats + Shevroys (Tamil Nadu & Kerala) Anamalai [Nayar, 1996]. Coimbatore, Salem [Henry et al., 1989]. Servarayan hills, Anamalai – Kavarakal [Matthew, 1983]. Yercaud on the temple plateau [Mathew, 1991]. Coimbatore [Rathakrishnan & Chitra, 1984]. Anamalai Hills, Coimbatore [M.C. Chandra Bose, 1980]. Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of Occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of Occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Population Numbers/Generation time/Trend: Trends: 5,001-20,000 11-500 2/2. Fragmented. No continuing decline or extreme fluctuation in the number of locations or subpopulations. All individuals not in one population and one subpopulation does not hold 95% or more of the total population. Decrease in the habitat >20% in the last 10 years. Predicted decline >20% in the next 10 years due to loss of habitat and plantations. Decrease in quality of the habitat. Human interference, decline of host species, habitat loss and demographic instability resulting in and may result in population decline. The influence of threats on the population well understood, not reversible and have not ceased. Not in trade Mature individuals in all populations <2,500. The numbers of mature individuals declined by 20% and likely to decline by 20% in the future. Generation time 5 years. The population size/numbers of the taxon declining at a rate of >10% in the last 10 years. Predicted decline >10% in the next 10 due to habitat loss. Recent Field Studies: K. Ravikumar in High Wavy mountains, Tamil Nadu, 1989-1992. C. Sathish Kumar in Eravikulam National Park, 1993-1997, Orchid flora of Kerala. S.D. Biju in Eravikulam National Park, 1995-1999, Flora of Eravikulam National Park. Data quality: Assessed based on indirect information and literature/herbarium studies. Qualifier: The Area and Extent estimated based on known locations. The habitat status, threats, mature individuals and population trends inferred from literature and from habitat status. Status IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (1994): IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (2000): ENDANGERED ENDANGERED CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed International RDB: Included in the Negative List of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999. Eravikulam National Park, Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary Uncertainty Assessed with 95% confidence based on inference, range of opinion, precaution and on the consensus of the field biologists. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Criteria: Criteria: B1+2abce B2a+b(i,ii,iii,v) Not listed Not listed Genetic research, PHVA pending. Cultivation/breeding Cultivation is recommended for commercial/sustainability. Cultivated stocks not available. There is no coordinated species management programme for this species and one is recommended. Initiate cultivation programme within 3 years. Some propagation techniques known for taxon or similar taxa. Other comments: Discovered from Anamalai, it was also reported from Salem. In Shevroys there is disturbance in the natural habitat. Sources: Chandrabose et al., 1981 78(3): 575-576; Henry et al., 1989: 8; Matthew, 1983: 1588; Nayar, 1996: 224; Rathakrishnan & Chitra, 1984: 1003; Compilers: A. Durai, P.F. Solomons, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, M. Thapliyal, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, N. Raman, R. Singh, N.C. Rathakrishnan, T. Chhabra, R. Thamilarasi, M.B. Vishwanathan. Reviewers: S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, M. Mohanan, S. Rajendran, S. Phatak, J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, C. Sathish Kumar, B. Arthur, B.V. Shetty, T.A. Rao. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 153 NEAR THREATENED Scientific name (author; date): Synonym: Dendrobium aqueum Lindley, 1843 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Epiphytic, pendant herb. Shola forest. 1300-1600 m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of Occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of Occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Population Numbers/Generation time/Trend: Trends: Dendrobium album Wight, 1851. India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats + Kollimalai and Servarayan Hills (Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala & Tamil Nadu) Konkan to Anamalais [Nayar, 1996]. Muthukuzhivayal [Abraham & Vatsala, 1981]. Kodagu, Hassan, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu [Rao, 1998]. Silent Valley, Aruvanpara [Manilal, 1988]. Hassan [Sharma et al., 1984]. Hassan – upper ghats [Saldanha & Nicolson, 1976]. Konkan, Western Ghats of Bombay – Mahabaleshwar, Deccan – Manched – Bhimashankar [Santapau & Kapadia, 1966]. Kollimalai, Servarayan [Mathew, 1983]. Palghat – Kunthipuzha dam site [Vajravelu, 1990]. Iyamalley hills, Nilgiris [Hooker, 1886-1890]. Kodagu [Keshvamurthy & Yoganarasimhan, 1990]. Ahmednagar, Kolhapur, Nasik, Pune, Satara, Thane [Lakshminarasimhan, 1996]. Aruvanpara [Sathish Kumar, 1999] Hassan [T.A. Rao, 1972-76]. Uttara Kannada [S. Phatak, 1980]. Mudigere Taluk, Chikkamagalur district [G.K. Seetharamu, 2000]. Aruvampara, Kunthipuzha dam site [Sathish Kumar]. Kodaikanal [N. Raman, June 1997]. Uttara Kannada, Belgaum [S. Phatak, 1998]. Palghat [Vajravelu]. Brahmagiri range, Thalakaveri, Bagamandala and Thadiandamol, Sampagii, Pushpagiri in Kodagu [T.A. Rao, 199698]. >20,000 >2,000 10-40/10-20. Fragmented. Continuing decline but no extreme fluctuation in the number of locations or Subpopulations. All individuals not in one population and one subpopulations does not hold 95% or more of the total population. Decrease in the habitat >20% in the last 10-20 years. >20% predicted decline in the next 10-20 years due to loss of habitat, timbering, vandalism, coffee plantations in Mudugere and Chikkamagalur [G.K. Seetharamu]. Decrease in the quality of the habitat due due to timbering activities. Harvest for timber, habitat loss, human interference and over exploitation of host trees. These threats are resulting in and may result in population decline. The influence on the population is well understood, are not reversible and have not ceased to be threats. Not in trade. Mature individuals in all populations are >2,500. The numbers of mature individuals declined in the past by 10-20% and are likely to decline by 20-30% in the future. Generation time 3-10 years. The population size/numbers of the taxon is declining at a rate of >20% in the last 10 years. Predicted decline >20% in the next 10 years due to habitat loss and vandalism. Recent Field Studies: N. Raman in Kodaikanal, June 1997, mycorhizal association. T.A. Rao in Kodagu, Uttara Kannada, Kudremukh, 1996-98, floristic studies. S. Phatak in Belgaum, 1998, floristic survey. Data quality: This species is assessed based on field studies, and literature/herbarium studies. Qualifier: The Area and Extent are estimated based on known locations. The habitat status, threats, mature individuals and population trends are observed over many years of field studies, inferred and suspected for the entire distribution from a range of opinion. Status IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (1994): IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (2000): V ULNERABLE NEAR T HREATENED Criteria: Criteria: A1ac+2c -- CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed Not listed International RDB: Not listed Included in the Negative List of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999. Bhimashankar Wildlife Sanctuary, Kudremukh National Park, Pushpagiri Wildlife Sanctuary, Silent Valley National Park, Talakaveri Wildlife Sanctuary Uncertainty D. aqueum species is assessed based on evidence for a few locations and extrapolated for the entire distribution with the consensus of the field biologists at the workshop, involving a range of opinion. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Other comments: Survey, genetic research, life history studies, PHVA pending. Monitoring, cultivation/breeding. Cultivation is recommended for research. Cultivated stocks are available at local green House. Numbers in culltivation 6. There is no coordinated species management programme for this species and one is recommended. Initiate cultivation programme within 3 years. Some propagation techniques known for similar taxa. Described by Lindley based on Loddiges collection from Bombay. The species is highly tufted and pendulous. Lindley mentions that this species is “a native of Bombay, whence it was imported by Messrs. Loddiges”. Cooke and Blatter and Mc Cann mention that the plant is often cultivated but has not been seen wild [Santapau & Kapadia, 1966]. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 154 Sources: Abraham & Vatsala, 1981: 349; Hooker, 1886-1890: 739; Keshvamurthy & Yoganarasimhan, 1990: 441; Lakshminarasimhan, 1996: 19; Lindley, 1843 6: t.59; Manilal, 1988: 275; Mathew, 1983: 1589; Nayar, 1996: 224; Rao, 1998: 197; Sathish Kumar, 1999: 200; Saldanha & Nicolson, 1976: 819; Santapau & Kapadia, 1966: 99-101; G.K. Seetharamu, 2000, Unpublished Biological Information Sheet; Sharma et al., 1984: 267; Vajravelu, 1990: 472, 473; Wight, 1851. Compilers: A. Durai, P.F. Solomons, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, M. Thapliyal, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, N. Raman, R. Singh, N.C. Rathakrishnan, T. Chhabra, R. Thamilarasi, M.B. Vishwanathan. Reviewers: S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, M. Mohanan, Rajendran, S. Phatak, J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, C. Sathish Kumar, B. Arthur, B.V. Shetty, T.A. Rao. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 155 ENDANGERED Scientific name (author; date): Dendrobium microbulbon A. Rich., 1841 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Epiphyte Dry and moist Deciduous forests. Moss clad branches of trees. 1400-1600 m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of Occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of Occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Population Numbers/Generation time/Trends: Trends: India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats + Shevroys and Guthirayan hills (Maharashtra, Karnataka & Tamil Nadu) Muthukuzhivayal and Naduvattam [Abraham & Vatsala, 1981]. Coimbatore, Nilgiris, Salem, Tirunelveli [Henry et al., 1989]. Thana, Kasara, Igatpuri, Khandala, Lonavla, Mahabaleshwar, Purandhar, Bhimashankar, Amboli ghat, Anamalai, Nilgiris [Santapau & Kapadia, 1966]. North Kanara [Sharma et al., 1984]. Servarayanamalai, Guthirayans [Mathew, 1991]. Kolhapur, Nasik, Pune, Raigad, Ratnagiri, Satara, Sindhudurg, Thane [Lakshminarasimhan, 1996]. Maharashtra: Amboli [S. Phatak, 1986]. Londa [S. Phatak, 1990]. Karnataka: Thadiandamol [T.A. Rao, 1998-99]. Anmod [S. Phatak, 1990]. >20,000 10-500. 10/3. Fragmented. Continuing decline but no extreme fluctuation in the number of locations or subpopulations. All individuals not in one population and one subpopulations does not hold 95% or more of the total population Decrease in the habitat <20% in the last 10 years due to loss of habitat. Decrease in the quality of habitat due to tourism and construction of roads. Damming and habitat loss resulting in and may result in population decline. The influence on the population well understood, not reversible and not ceased to be threats. Not in trade Mature individuals in all populations <250. The number of mature individuals declined in the pastby >10% and likely to decline by >10% in the future. Generation time perennial. The population size/numbers of the taxon declining at a rate of >10% in the last 10 years. No decline predicted. Recent Field Studies: T.A. Rao at Thadiandamol, Brahmagiri Range, Kudremukh National Park, 1998-99, Conservation studies Data quality: Assessed based on field studies, indirect information and literature/herbarium studies. Qualifier: The Area and Extent estimated based on known locations. The habitat status, threats, mature individuals and population trends observed over many years of field studies. Status IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (1994): IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (2000): ENDANGERED ENDANGERED CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed Not listed International RDB: Not listed Included in the Negative List of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999. Bhimashankar Wildlife Sanctuary, Brahmagiri Wildlife Sanctuary, Kudremukh National Park Uncertainty Assessed based on some evidence, range of opinion and precaution with the consensus of the field biologists. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Criteria: Criteria: B1+2abcde; C2a B2a+b(i,ii,iii,iv,v); C2a(i) Survey Monitoring Cultivated stocks are not available. There is no coordinated species management programme for this species and one is not recommended. Initiate programme after 3 years. Some propagation techniques known for similar taxa. Other comments: Proposed by A. Richard based on Perottet’s collection from Nilgiris. Sources: Abraham & Vatsala, 1981: 358; Henry et al., 1989: 9; Lakshminarasimhan, 1996: 23; Richard, 1841 15: 19.t.8; Santapau & Kapadia, 1966: 87-89; Seidenfaden, 1983: 1588 Compilers: T.A. Rao, K. Sivabalakrishnan, P.F. Solomons, P.S. Udayan, M.B. Viswanathan, U. Lakshminarayan Reviewers: A. Durai, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, R. Singh, T. Chhabra, R. Thamilarasi, S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, M. Thapliyal, M. Mohanan, S. Rajendran, S. Phatak, J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, N. Raman, N.C. Rathakrishnan, C. Sathish Kumar,B. Arthur, B.V. Shetty. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 156 ENDANGERED Scientific name (author; date): Synonym: Dendrobium nanum Hook. f., 1889 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Epiphyte Evergreen forests Moss clad branches of trees. 1400-1600 m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of Occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of Occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Population Numbers/Generation time/Trends: Trends: Dendrobium mabelae Gammie, 1905. India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats + Shevroys and Guthirayan hills (Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala & Tamil Nadu) Anamalais through Palni hills and Shevaroys [Nayar, 1996]. Cannanore – Chandanathode [Ramachandran & Nair, 1988]. Coimbatore, Kanyakumari, Salem, Tirunelveli, Madurai, Nilgiris [Henry et al., 1989]. Silent Valley, Aruvanpara [Manilal, 1988]. Hassan Upper Ghats [Saldanha & Nicolson, 1976]. Coorg, Hassan, Mysore [Sharma et al., 1984]. Servarayanmalai, Guthirayaan [Mathew, 1983]. Ayappankovil area [Vajravelu, 1990]. Malabar, Bababudan hills [Hooker, 1886-1890]. Attur, Bhagamandala and Koothi [Keshvamurthy & Yoganarasimhan, 1990]. Belgaumghat, Castle Rock [Cooke, 1958]. High Range, Kerala, Umaiyamalai, Rajamalai [B.V. Shetty, 2000]. Naduvattom, Nelakota – Devala [Sharma, et al., 1977]. Nasik, Satara [Lakshminarasimhan, 1996]. Aruvanpara [Sathish Kumar, 1999]. Chikmagalur, Coorg, Hassan, Mysore, Cannanore, Idukki, Palghat, Coimbatore, Kanniyakumari, Madurai, Nilgiri, Salem, Tirunelveli [Rathakrishnan & Chitra, 1984]. Karnataka: Thadiandamol, Brahmagiri Range, Thalakaveri, Sampaje, Pushpagiri in Kodagu [T.A. Rao, 1996-98]. Kerala: Aruvanpara [Sathish Kumar, 1982, 83, 92, 96]. Aruvanpara [Sathish Kumar]. Tamil Nadu: Mukurthi National Park [P.F. Solomons, 1998, 99]. Salem [V.S. Ramachandran]. >20,000 10-500 50/10. Fragmented. Continuing decline in the number of locations or subpopulations. All individuals are not in one population and one subpopulation does not hold 95% or more of the total population. Decrease in the habitat <20% in the last 10 years. <20% predicted decline in the next 10 years due to loss of habitat and felling of host trees. There is a change in the quality of habitat. Habitat loss and human interference is resulting in and may result in population decline. The influence on the population is well understood, is not reversible and has not ceased to be a threat. Not in trade The numbers of mature individuals declined in the past by 10% and are likely to decline by 10% in the future. Generation time 3-6 years. The population size/numbers of the taxon declining at a rate of <10% in the last 10 years. Predicted decline <10% in the next 10 due to habitat loss. Recent Field Studies: C. Sathish Kumar in Aruvanpara, 1992, 95, case study on orchids of Kerala. T.A. Rao in Kodagu, 199698, conservation of wild orchids. P.F. Solomons in Mukurthi National Park, 1998, 99, field studies. Data quality: This species is assessed based on field studies and literature/herbarium studies. Qualifier: The Area and Extent estimated based on known locations. The habitat status and threats observed over years of field studies while the population trends are assessed based on indirect information. Status IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (1994): IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (2000): ENDANGERED ENDANGERED Criteria: Criteria: B1+2abcde B2a+b(i,ii,iii,iv,v) CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed Not listed International RDB: Not listed Included in the Negative List of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999. Brahmagiri Wildlife Sanctuary, Mukurthi National Park, Pushpagiri Wildlife Sanctuary, Silent ValleyNational Park, Talakaveri Wildlife Sanctuary. Uncertainty Assessed with based on evidence of habitat effects and on precaution due to threats; on the consensus of the field biologists at the workshop; on a range of opinion. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Survey, life history studies, PHVA. Habitat management, monitoring, cultivation/breeding. Cultivation is recommended for research. Cultivated stocks available at TBGRI, Thiruvananthapuram and Narayana Gurukulam, Wayanad. Numbers in culltivation 12. There is no coordinated species management programme for this species and one is not recommended. Ongoing cultivation programme intensified or increased. Some propagation techniques known for similar taxa. Other comments: Habitat loss not observed in Silent Valley and Mukurthi Hills as they are in protected areas. Sources: Cooke, 1958: 184; Gammie, 1905 16: 429-433; Henry et al., 1989: 9; Hooker, 1886-1890: 77; Hooker, 1889: t.1853; Lakshminarasimhan, 1996: 23; Manilal, 1988: 277, 278; Mathew, 1983: 1587; Nayar, 1996: 224; Ramachandran & Nair, 1988: 453; Rathakrishnan & Chitra, 1984: 1004; Saldanha & Nicolson, 1976: Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 157 821; Sathish Kumar, 1999: 200; Sharma et al., 1984: 268; Sharma, 1977: 139; B.V. Shetty, 2000, Unpublished Biological Information Sheet; Vajravelu, 1990: 474. Compilers: J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, N. Raman, N.C. Rathakrishnan, C. Sathish Kumar, B. Arthur. Reviewers: A. Durai, P.F. Solomons, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, M. Thapliyal, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, N. Raman, R. Singh, N.C. Rathakrishnan, T. Chhabra, M.B. Vishwanathan, S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, M. Mohanan, S. Rajendran, S. Phatak, B.V. Shetty, T.A. Rao. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 158 VULNERABLE Scientific name (author; date): Synonym: Dendrobium wightii Hawkes & Heller, 1962 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Mostly lithophytic herb Moist moss-clad rocks Dripping rocks on streamlands and ravines. 800-1000 m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of Occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of Occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: Threats Threats to taxon: Dendrobium graminifolium Wight, 1851 non Willd., 1805 India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats + Yercaud, Shevroys and Sanyasimalai Hills (Karnataka, Kerala & Tamil Nadu) Nilgiri, Anamalai hills Courtallum, Ponmudi [Abraham & Vatsala, 1981]. Chikkamagalur, Nilgiris, Tirunelveli, and southern Western Ghats [Nayar, 1996]. Cannanore, Chandanathode [Ramachandran & Nair, 1988]. Coimbatore, Kanyakumari, Salem, Tirunelveli, Madurai, Nilgiris [Henry et al., 1989]. Chikkamagalur [Sharma et al., 1984]. Yercaud, Sanyasimalai, Servarayan [Seidenfaden, 1983]. Mahendragiri hills [B.V. Shetty, 2000]. Charmadi Ghats, Kotigehar [Yoganarasinhan et al., 1981]. Kannur, Kollam, Thiruvananthapuram [Mohanan & Balakrishnan, 1991]. Karnataka: Kudremukh [T.A. Rao, 2000] Kerala: Ponmudi, Thiruvananthapuram [C. Sathish Kumar, 1986]. Agastyamala [C. Sathish Kumar, 1994-97]. 5,001-20,000 501-2,000 6/Many. Fragmented. Continuing decline in the number of locations or subpopulations. All individuals not in one population and one subpopulation does not hold 95% or more of the total population. No change in the habitat of the taxon. Predicted decline of <20% in the next 10 years due to landslides. No change in the quality of the habitat. Trade: Landslides may result in population decline. The influence on the population well understood, not reversible and not ceased to be a threat. Not in trade Population Numbers/Generation time/Trends: Trends: Generation time 5-6 years. Unknown. Recent Field Studies: C. Sathish Kumar in Ponmudi, Agastyamalai, 1994-96, case study on the orchids of Kerala. T.A. Rao in Kudremukh, 2000. Data quality: Assessed based on field studies, indirect information and literature/herbarium studies. Qualifier: The Area and Extent estimated based on known locations. The habitat status and threats observed over many years. Status IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (1994): IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (2000): V ULNERABLE V ULNERABLE CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed International RDB: Included in the Negative List of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999. Kudremukh National Park Uncertainty Assessed based on evidence (and some precaution) and with the consensus of the field biologists at the workshop. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Criteria: Criteria: B1+2d B1a+b(iv), 2a+b(iv) Not listed Not listed Survey, life history studies, PHVA pending. Monitoring Cultivation is recommended for research. Cultivated stocks available at TBGRI, Thiruvananthapuram. Numbers in culltivation 20. There is no coordinated species management programme for this species and one is not recommended. Ongoing cultivation programme intensified or increased. Some propagation techniques known for similar taxa. Other comments: Always seen on dripping rocks in ravines. In Ponmudi the ravines are not affected. The flowers have no commercial value. The plant is very small. Sources: Abraham & Vatsala, 1981: 351, 353; Hawkes & Heller, 1962 24: 16; Henry et al.,1989: 10; Mohanan & Balakrishnan, 1991: 193; Mohanan & Henry, 1994: 453; Nayar, 1996: 225; Ramachandran & Nair, 1988: 453; Seidenfaden, 1983: 1590; Sharma et al., 1984: 268; B.V. Shetty, 2000, Unpublished Biological Information Sheet; Wight, 1851; Yoganarasinhan et al., 1981: 326. Compilers: J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, N. Raman, N.C. Rathakrishnan, C. Sathish Kumar, B. Arthur. Reviewers: A. Durai, P.F. Solomons, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, M. Thapliyal, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, R. Singh, T. Chhabra, R. Thamilarasi, M.B. Vishwanathan, S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, M. Mohanan, S. Rajendran, S. Phatak, B.V. Shetty, T.A. Rao. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 159 ENDANGERED Scientific name (author; date): Synonyms: Eria nana A. Rich., 1841 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Epiphytic or lithophytic herb Evergreen and shola forests 1600 m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution From Field Studies: Extent of Occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of Occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Population Numbers/Generation time/Trend: Trends: Dendrobium filiforme Wight, 1851; Eria muscicola (Lindley) Lindley var. ponmudianam Mohanan & A.N. Henry, 1986 India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats + Shevroys, Yercaud (Karnataka, Kerala & Tamil Nadu) Nilgiri hills, Ponmudi [Abraham & Vatsala, 1981]. Mysore, Nilgiris, Kodagu [Rao, 1998]. Kodaikanal, Glenfalls, Bear shola, Perumal peak [Seidenfaden, 1999]. Mysore [Sharma et al., 1984]. Coimbatore, Madurai [Henry et al., 1989]. Yercaud, Servarayans [Mathew, 1983]. Kodaikanal, Ootacamund downs [Fyson, 1974]. Nilgiri hills [Hooker, 1886-1890]. Koothi Reserve forests [Keshavmurthy & Yoganarasimhan, 1990]. Avalanche, Bangihalla, Doddabetta, Naduvattom and T.R. Bazaar [Sharma et al., 1977]. Kakachi-Kodayar [Ganesan & Livingstone, 2001] Karnataka: Thadiandamol [T.A. Rao]. Tamil Nadu: Pykara, Upper Bhavani Avalanche, Mukurthi National Park, Wenlock downs [T. Chhabra]. Naduvattom [K. Sivabalakrishnan]. Mukurthi National Park [P.F. Solomons, 1997- 99]. Kakachi-Kodayar [R. Ganesan, 1997-2000] >20,000 10-500 >100/>10. Fragmented. Continuing decline but no extreme fluctuation in the number of locations or subpopulations. All individuals not in one population and one subpopulations does not hold 95% or more of the total population. Decrease in the habitat >20% in the last 10 years. >20% predicted decline in the next 10 years due to loss of habitat. No change in the quality of the habitat. Habitat loss, human inteference and demographic instability resulting in and may result in population decline. The influence of threats on the population structure well understood, not reversible and have not ceased. Not in trade Mature individuals in all populations are >2,500. The numbers of mature individuals declined in the past by >20% and are likely to decline by >20% in the future. The population size/numbers of the taxon is declining at a rate of >20% in the last 10 years. Predicted decline >20% in the next 10 due to habitat loss. Recent Field Studies: T. Chhabra in Avalanche, Pykara, Upper Bhavani, Mukurthi National Park, Wenlock downs. K. Sivabalakrishnan in Naduvattom. P.F. Solomons in Mukurti National Park. T.A. Rao in Thadiandamol, 1996-98. C. Sathish Kumar in Ponmudi, Trivandrum district, 1984, floristic of Kerala. R. Ganesan in Kakachi-Kodayar, 1997-2000, floristsic survey. Data quality: Assessed based on field studies, informal sightings and literature-herbarium studies. Qualifier: The Area and Extent estimated based on known locations. The habitat status, threats, mature individuals and population trends observed over many years. It is also based on range of opinion. Status IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (1994): IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (2000): ENDANGERED ENDANGERED CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix I Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed International RDB: Included in the Negative List of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999. Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, Mukurthi National Park. Uncertainty Assessed with 95% confidence based on evidence, on the consensus of the field biologists and range of opinion. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Criteria: Criteria: B1+2bcde B2a+b(ii,iii,iv,v) Not listed Not listed Life history studies and PHVA. Cultivation/breeding Cultivation is recommended for research. Cultivated stocks are available at home garden. Numbers in culltivation 10. There is no coordinated species management programme for this species and one is not recommended. Initiate cultivation programme within 3 years. Some propagation techniques known for similar taxa. Other comments: Proposed by A. Richard based on Perrottet’s collection from Nilgiris. This species is also found in Ponmudi - Bose and Bhattacharya - Orchids of India. Flowers are greenish-yellow, very attractive star shaped. Sources: 789; Keshvamurthy & Abraham & Vatsala, 1981: 377; Fyson, 1974: 388; Ganesan & Livingstone, 2001; Hooker, 1886-1890: Yoganarasimhan, 1990: 445; Mathew, 1983: 1576; Mohanan & Henry, 1986 8(2): 425; Rao, 1998: 201; Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 160 Richard, 1841 15: 19; Seidenfaden, 1999: 1247; Sharma et al., 1977: 140; Sharma et al., 1984: 269; Wight, 1851 1: 5.t.1642. Compilers: A. Durai, P.F. Solomons, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, M. Thapliyal, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, N. Raman, R. Singh, N.C. Rathakrishnan, T. Chhabra, R. Thamilarasi, M.B. Vishwanathan. Reviewers: S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, , M. Mohanan, S. Rajendran, S. Phatak, J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, N. Raman, C. Sathish Kumar, B. Arthur, B.V. Shetty, T.A. Rao. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 161 LEAST CONCERN Scientific name (author; date): Eria pauciflora Wight, 1851 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Creeping epiphyte and lithophyte Moist deciduous forest Above 1200 m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Habitat status: India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats + Kolli Hills (Karnataka, Kerala & Tamil Nadu) Coonoor, Kateri Falls and Kodanad [Sharma et al., 1984]. Kakchi-Kodayar [Ganesan & Livingstone, 2001] Karnataka: Kudremukh National Park [T.A. Rao]. Kerala: Nilgiris, Silent Valley, Aruvanpara and Sairandhri [Sathish Kumar]. Tamil Nadu: Lovedale, Naduvattom [P.F. Solomons,1998, 99; P.S. Udayan,1992-96]. KalakadMundanthurai Tiger Reserve [M.B. Viswanathan, 1996-2000]. Silent Valley National Park [C. Sathish Kumar, 1981-83]. Kakachi-Kodayar [R. Ganesan, 1997-2000]. >20,000 >2,000 11/10. Fragmented. There is no continuing decline or extreme fluctuation in the number of locations or subpopulations. All individuals not in one population and one subpopulation does not hold 95% or more of the total population Decrease in the area of habitat. Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Habitat loss and habitat loss due to exotic plants. Not in trade Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of Occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of Occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Population Numbers/Generation time/Trend: Trends: Mature individuals in all populations are >10,000. There is no decline in the number of mature individuals. Generation time perennial. The population size/numbers of the taxon is increasing. Recent Field Studies: P.F. Solomons in Lovedale and Naduvattom, 1998, 99, field studies. P.S.Udayan in Naduvattom ,199296, Documentation of vegetation in Nilgiris. M.B. Viswanathan in Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, 1996-2000, Conservation. T.A. Rao in Kudremukh National Park, 2000. K. Ravikumar in High Wavy Mountains, Agumbe, Talakaveri, 1990, 1992 and 1994, floristic survey. C. Sathish Kumar in Neyyar and Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary, 1993-1995; Eravikulam National Park, 1995-1997. R. Ganesan in KakachiKodayar, 1997-2000, floristic survey. Data quality: Assessment based on field studies, indirect information and literature/herbarium studies. Qualifier: The Area and Extent estimated based on the known locations. Mature individuals and population trends observed. Status IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (1994): IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (2000): LOWER RISK LEAST CONCERN LEAST CONCERN Criteria: Criteria: --- CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed Not listed International RDB: Not listed Included in the Negative List of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999. Eravikulam National Park; Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, Kudremukh National Park, Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary, Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary, Silent Valley National Park, Talakaveri Wildlife Sanctuary. Uncertainty Assessed based on evidence and on the consensus of the field biologists. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Survey, genetic research, life history studies, PHVA. Monitoring, cultivation/breeding. Cultivation is recommended for research. Cultivated stocks are not available. There is no coordinated species management programme for this species and one is not recommended. Initiate cultivation programme within 3 years. Information on propagation techniques not available with this group of compilers. Other comments: Described by Wight based on his collection from Kaitie Falls in Nilgiris. Based on literature this species has been reported from few pockets of southern Western Ghats and also from Eastern Ghats [Kollimalais]. In Kothayar, Kannikatti and Mahendragiri, this was the predominant species of orchid in the forest. Decline in the population is not seen in Naduvatom and Lovedale. Sources: Sharma et al., 1984: 269; Wight, 1851 5(1): 4.t.1636. Compilers: J.L. Ellis, R. Gopalan, R. Ingalhalli, N. Raman, N.C. Rathakrishnan, C. Sathish Kumar, S. Phatak, B. Arthur Reviewers: A. Durai, P.F. Solomons, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, M. Thapliyal, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, R. Singh, T. Chhabra, R. Thamilarasi, M.B. Vishwanathan, S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, M. Mohanan, Rajendran, S. Phatak, B.V. Shetty, T.A. Rao, U. Lakshminarayan, K.G. Selvi. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 162 NEAR THREATENED Scientific name (author; date): Eria polystachya A. Rich., 1841 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Epiphyte Evergreen forests 250-1800 m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Habitat status: India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats + Shevroys, Yercaud (Karnataka, Kerala & Tamil Nadu) Devarshola and Naduvattom, Nilgiris [Sharma, et al., 1977]. Chikmagalur, Hassan, Idukki, Trivandrum, Kanniyakumari, Nilgiris [Rathakrishnan & Chitra, 1984] Tamil Nadu: Naduvattom [P.F. Solomons, 1999]. Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve [M.B. Viswanathan, 1998]. >20,000 501-2,000 16/10. Fragmented. There is no continuing decline or extreme fluctuation in the number of locations or subpopulations. All individuals are not in one population and one subpopulation does not hold 90% or more of the total population. Change in the area or quality of habitat unknown. Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Unknown Not in trade Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of Occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of Occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Population Numbers/Generation time/Trend Trends: Mature individuals in all populations >2,500. The numbers of mature individuals not declined in the past and not likely to decline in the future. Generation time perennial. The population size/numbers of the taxon is increasing. Recent Field Studies: M.B. Viswanathan in Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, 1998-2000, Conservation studies. P.F. Solomons in Naduvattom, 1999, Field studies. Data quality: Assessment based on field studies, informal sightings and literature/herbarium studies. Qualifier: The Area and Extent estimated based on the known locations. Mature individuals and population trends estimated. Status IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (1994): IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (2000): LOWER RISK NEAR THREATENED NEAR T HREATENED CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed International RDB: Included in the Negative List of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999. Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, Mukurthi National Park Uncertainty Assessed based on precaution, on the consensus of the field biologists at the workshop. Since information on threats and habitat status is unknown, the decision was to place it under Near Threatened. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Criteria: Criteria: Not listed Not listed Genetic research, taxonomic research, life history studies and PHVA. Monitoring and cultivation/breeding. Cultivation is recommended for research. Cultivated stocks are available at Gurukula Botanical Sanctuary. There is no coordinated species management programme for this species and one is not recommended. Initiate cultivation programme within 3 years. Information on propagation techniques not available with this group of compilers. Other comments: This was described by A. Richard based on Perrottet’s collection from the Nilgiris. It has been reported from Eastern Ghats also. Sources: Richard, 1841, ser.2 15: 20.t.9; Rathakrishnan & Chitra, 1984: 1004; Sharma et al., 1977: 140. Compilers: J.L. Ellis, R. Gopalan, R. Ingalhalli, N. Raman, N.C. Rathakrishnan, C. Sathish Kumar, S. Phatak, B. Arthur. Reviewers: A. Durai, P.F. Solomons, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, M. Thapliyal, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, R. Singh, T. Chhabra, R. Thamilarasi, M.B. Vishwanathan, S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, M. Mohanan, S. Rajendran, B.V. Shetty, T.A. Rao, U. Lakshminarayan, K.G. Selvi. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 163 VULNERABLE Scientific name (author; date): Synonym: Flickingeria nodosa (Dalz.) Seidenf., 1980 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Epiphytic herb Evergreen forest Branches and crotches of tall trees. 500-1000 m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of Occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of Occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Population Numbers/Generation time/Trend Trends: Dendrobium nodosum Dalz. 1852 India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats + Shevroys, Yercaud (Karnataka, Kerala & Tamil Nadu) Nilgiri, Salem, Tirunalveli [Henry et al., 1989]. Silent Valley – Valiaparathode [Manilal, 1988]. Sairandhri [Manoharan et al., 1999]. Yercaud, Kilyur Falls [Matthew, 1991]. Valiaparathode and Sairandhri [Sathish Kumar, 1999]. Karnataka: Madikeri, Brahmagiri Range, Sampagee, Hassan, Yellapur, Thadiandamol, Chikkamagalur [T.A. Rao, 1996-98]. Kerala: Aruvanpara in Silent Valley 1984, Munnar 1994 [C. Sathish Kumar]. Silent Valley [P.F. Solomons, 1998-99]. Tamil Nadu: Gudalur [P.F. Solomons, 1998-99]. 5,001-20,000 501-2,000 >500/>50. Fragmented. There is a continuing decline but no extreme fluctuation in the number of locations or subpopulations. All individuals not in one population and one subpopulation does not hold 95% or more of the total population. Decrease in the area >20% in the last 10 years due to loss of habitat. There is decrease in the quality of the habitat. Habitat loss, human interference, habitat fragmentation, harvest for medicine, harvest for food, trade of parts, trade for market or medicine and over exploitation resulting in and may result in population decline. The influence of threats on the population structure well understood, not reversible and not ceased to be a threat. Stem and pseudobulbs in local trade for medicinal purposes. Also used for preparation of halwas. Mature individuals >2,500. Mature individuals declined by 10% in the past and predicted decline >10%. Generation time 10 years. Population size/numbers declining by >10% in the last 10 years. Recent Field Studies: C. Sathish Kumar in Munnar, 1994, case study of orchids of Kerala. P.F. Solomons in Silent Valley and Gudalur, 1998-99, field studies. T.A. Rao in Kodagu, Chikamagalur, Hassan, Uttara Kannada, 1996-98, conservation of wild orchids. Data quality: Assessment based on field studies and literature/herbarium studies. Qualifier: Status IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (1994): IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (2000): V ULNERABLE V ULNERABLE CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed International RDB: Included in the Negative List of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999. Brahmagiri Wildlife Sanctuary, Silent Valley National Park Uncertainty Assessed with 95% confidence based on evidence and on the consensus of the field biologists. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Criteria: Criteria: B1+2bcde B1a+b(ii,iii,iv,v), 2a+b(ii,iii,iv,v) Not listed Not listed Survey, limiting factor research, PHVA Habitat management, monitoring, sustainable utilisation, cultivation/breeding Cultivation recommended for commercial/sustainability. Culivated stocks of >100 plants exist at TBGRI, Palode, Gurukula Botanical Sanctuary, Wayanad and Kaveri Nisargadhama, Kodagu. No coordinated species management programme and one is not recommended. Initiate cultivation programme after 3 years. Some techniques known for taxon. Other comments: This species was originally described by Dalzell. Medicinal uses well known [FRLHT database]. Halwa is made from the pseudobulbs in Uttara Kannada [T.A. Rao]. Originally described by Dalzell based on Stock’s collection made from Ram Ghat in 1851. Sources: Dalzell, 1852 3: 292; Henry et al., 1989: 12; Manilal, 1988: 283; Manoharan et al., 1999: 203; Matthew, 1991: 499; Sathish Kumar, 1999: 203; Seidenfaden, 1980 34(1): 41. Compilers: J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, N. Raman, N.C. Rathakrishnan, C. Sathish Kumar, B. Arthur. Reviewers: A. Durai, P.F. Solomons, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, M. Thapliyal, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, R. Singh, T. Chhabra, R. Thamilarasi, M.B. Vishwanathan, S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, M. Mohanan, S.Rajendran, S. Phatak, B.V. Shetty, T.A. Rao, U. Lakshminarayan, K.G. Selvi. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 164 ENDANGERED Scientific name (author; date): Synonym: Habenaria decipiens Wight, 1844-1845 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Terrestrial or lithophytic Open grassy slopes Wet soil. 1200 m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of Occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of Occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: Threats Threats to taxon: Habenaria montana auct. non A. Rich., 1841 India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats + Kolli hills and Shevroy hills (Tamil Nadu) Nilgiris, Tirunelveli hills, Shevroy hills, Kollimalai, Gap [Abraham & Vatsala, 1981]. Shembaganur, Kodaikanal, Palani hills, Shembaganur-Kodaikanal Levinge path, Coimbatore, Nilgiris [Seidenfaden, 1999]. Coimbatore, Madurai, Nilgiri, Ramanathapuram, Salem, Tirunelveli [Henry et al., 1989]. Nilgiri, Tirunelveli, Shevroy hills [Mohanan & Balakrishnan, 1991]. Kothagiri [Sharma et al., 1977]. Kolli Hills [Seidenfaden, 1983]. Tamil Nadu: Udhagamandalam [S. Phatak, 1980] 101-5,000 10-500 Fragmented. Decrease in the habitat >20% due to tourism. Decrease in the quality of the habitat due to habitat disturbance. Trade: Habitat loss, habitat fragmentation, trampling, grazing and landslides resulting in and may result in population decline. The influence of threats on the population structure well understood, not reversible and have not ceased. Local trade for its roots. Population Numbers/Generation time/Trend: Trends: Unknown Population size/numbers declining by >20% in the last 10 years. Recent Field Studies: None Data quality: Assessed based on informal sightings and literature/herbarium studies. Qualifier: The Area and Extent estimated based on known locations. The habitat status observed; threats and population trends suspected due to habitat status. Status IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (1994): IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (2000): ENDANGERED ENDANGERED CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed International RDB: Included in the Negative List of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999. None Uncertainty Assessed with based on precaution and on the consensus of the field biologists at the workshop. It was also on a range of opinion. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Criteria: Criteria: B1+2bce B1a+b(ii,iii,v), 2a+b(ii,iii,v) Not listed Not listed Survey Monitoring Cultivation is recommended for research. Some propagation techniques known for taxon or similar taxa. Other comments: Fischer (1927) believed this to be a natural hybrid between H. longicornu Lindl. and H. longicorniculata Grah. This species was described by Wight based on a collection from Pulneys. The records of occurrence of this species outside Tamil Nadu -- in Mysore (Sharma et al., 1984) and Silent Valley (Manilal, 1988) is incorrect (C. Sathish Kumar, pers. comm.). Sources: Abraham & Vatsala, 1981: 229; Fischer 1927: 113; Henry et al., 1989: 15; Manilal, 1988: 287-281; Mohanan & Balakrishnan, 1991: 198; Richard, 1841; Seidenfaden, 1983: 1565; Seidenfaden, 1999: 1220; Sharma, 1977: 140; Sharma et al., 1984: 271; Wight, 1844-1845 5(1): 14.t. 927; Wight IC. t.927 & t.1714 in part. Compilers: J.L. Ellis, R. Gopalan, R. Ingalhalli, N. Raman, N.C. Rathakrishnan, C. Sathish Kumar, S. Phatak, B. Arthur Reviewers: A. Durai, P.F. Solomons, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, M. Thapliyal, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, R. Singh, T. Chhabra, R. Thamilarasi, M.B. Vishwanathan, S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, M. Mohanan, S. Rajendran, B.V. Shetty, T.A. Rao. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 165 VULNERABLE Scientific name (author; date): Synonym: Habenaria grandifloriformis Blatter & McCann, 1932 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Terrestrial herb Grassy slopes Wet, moist places. 800-2000 m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution From Field Studies: Extent of Occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of Occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Population Numbers/Generation time/Trend Trends: Habenaria grandiflora Lindley ex. Hook. f. 1890, non Torr. ex Beck, 1833 Habenaria rotundifolia Lindley, 1835 non Richardson, 1823 India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats (Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala & Tamil Nadu) Bababudangiri top [Yoganarasimhan et al., 1981]. Maharashtra: Yellapur, Kolhapur, Panchgani, Satara, Mahabaleshwar Karnataka: Dakshina Kannada, Dharwar [S. Phatak, 1978]. Belgaum, Chikkamagalur, Hassan, Kolar, Uttara Kannada, Shimoga [T.A. Rao, 1996-98]. Agumbe, Shimoga, Shringeri, Chikkamagalur [Krishnaswamy, 1998-99]. Kemmanagundi Medicinal Plants Conservation Area [P.S. Udayan, 1992]. >20,000 501-2,000 40–50/>10. Fragmented. There is a continuing decline and extreme fluctuation in the number of locations or subpopulations. All individuals are not in one population and one subpopulation does not hold 95% or more of the total population. Decrease in the habitat >20% in the last 10 years due to deterioration of habitat quality. There is decrease in the quality of the habitat due to urbanization. Edaphic changes, habitat loss, human interference, habitat fragmentation, trampling, grazing, habitat loss due to exotic plants, landslides and reproductive problems. These threats are resulting in and may result in population decline. Their influence on the population structure are well understood, are reversible and have not ceased. Not in trade Mature individuals in all populations are >2,500. The number of mature individuals declined in the past by >20% and are likely to decline by >20% in the future. Generation time – Seasonal. The population size/numbers of the taxon is declining at a rate of >20% in the last 10 years. Predicted decline >10% in the next 10 years due to habitat loss. Recent Field Studies: T.A. Rao in Uttara Kannada, 1991, floristic survey. S. Phatak in Uttara Kannada, Belgaum, Dharwar, 1996, taxonomy. Krishnasamy near Shringeri, 1998, study on orchidaceae. K. Ravikumar in Munnar, 1989, 1993, floristic studies. Data quality: Assessed based on field studies, informal sighting, and literature/herbarium studies. Qualifier: Area and extent estimated based on known locations; habitat status, threats, mature individuals and population trends observed over many years. Status IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (1994): IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (2000): V ULNERABLE V ULNERABLE CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed International RDB: Included in the Negative list of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999 Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary, Kudremukh National Park. Uncertainty Assessed with 95% confidence based on evidence and on the consensus of the field biologists at the workshop. It was also on a range of opinion. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Criteria: Criteria: A1ac, B1+2abcde B2a+b(i,ii,iii,iv,v) Not listed Not listed Life history studies, limiting factor research, taxonomic research and genetic research. Wild population management and monitoring Cultivated stocks are not available. Initiate cultivation programme after 3 years. Some propagation techniques known for similar taxa Other comments: This species has an interesting history. Lindley proposedthe name H. grandiflora in 1828 in Wall. Cat. without a description. A description was first given by Dalzell & Gibson (1861). But this cannot be accepted as it is later homonym of that of Torrey ex Beck (1833). Blatter & McCann proposed H. grandifloriformis in 1932. Habitat completely lost in Dharwar in one location, in Karnataka University Dharwar Campus due to monoculture and buildings. Habitat loss complete near table lands in Panchagani. In the Ghat section widening of slopes has destroyed the species. The tubers are used as medicine [T.A. Rao, S. Phatak]. There is decline in the population in some areas. Sources: Blatter & McCann, 1932 36: 17; Hooker, 1890 6: 136; Lindley, 1835: 306; Yoganarasimhan et al., 1981: 336 Compilers: T.A. Rao, N.V.K. Ashraf, B. Arthur, Krishnaswamy, E. Mohan, R. Ingalhallii, S. Rajendran, R. Hegde, S. Phatak. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 166 Reviewers: A. Durai, P.F. Solomons, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, M. Thapliyal, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, N. Raman, R. Singh, N.C. Rathakrishnan, T. Chhabra, R. Thamilarasi, M.B. Vishwanathan, S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, M. Mohanan, B.V. Shetty, U. Lakshminarayan, K.G. Selvi. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 167 NEAR THREATENED Scientific name (author; date): Synonyms: Habenaria heyneana Lindley, 1835 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Terrestrial herb Montane grassland Abundant in rocky plateau and open grassy slopes. ca. 1600 m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: From Field Studies: Extent of Occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of Occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Population Numbers/Generation time/Trend Trends: Habenaria subpubens A. Rich., 1841 Habenaria glabra A. Rich., 1841 Habenaria candida Dalz., 1850 Habenaria cerea Blatter & McCann, 1932 Habenaria cerea Blatter & McCann var. polyantha Blatter & McCann, 1932 India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats + Shevroys, Yercaud (Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala & Tamil Nadu) Shevroy hills, Konkan, Nilgiris, Khandala, Panchagani, Uttara Kannada, near Munnar and Mukurthi dam [Abraham & Vatsala, 1981]. Belgaum, Chikkamagalur, Dharwar, Hassan, Kolar, Uttara Kannada [Sharma et al., 1984]. Wari country, Khandala, Lonavla, Panchagani, Mahabaleshwar, Karli, Bhimashankar, Konkan throughout Nilgiris and Shevroys [Nayar, 1996]. Aruvanpara, Silent Valley [Vajravelu, 1990; Sathish Kumar, 1999]. Kolhapur, Nasik, Pune, Raigad, Ratnagiri, Satara, Sindhudurg [Lakshminarasimhan, 1996]. Goa, Sanguem, Ravanacha, Dongar, Verlem, Castle Rock on the way to Anmode [Rao, 1986]. Kalhatti, Kariashola, Mudimund, Naduvattom, Ootacamund, Pykara [Sharma et al., 1977] Maharashtra: Panchagani, Londa, Yellapur [S. Phatak, 1980, 81]. Karnataka: Thadiandamol, Kodagu [T.A. Rao, 1996-98; R. Hegde, 1999]. Kerala: Kodanadu [P.S. Udyan,1996]. Tamil Nadu: Kalhatti, Kariashola, Mudumalai, Naduvattom, Ootacamund, Pykara [B.V. Shetty, 1973-75]. Kolli Hills [M.B. Viswanath, 1992]. Mukurthi National Park [P.F. Solomons, 1997-99]. Kotagiri, Naduvattom, Nilgiris [N. Raman, 1998]. >20,000 >2,000 40–50/20–25. Fragmented. There is a continuing decline but no extreme fluctuation in the number of locations or subpopulations. All individuals are not in one population and one subpopulation does not hold 95% or more of the total population. Decrease in the habitat >50% in the last 10 years. Predicted decline <20% in the next 10 years due to loss of habitat, broad gauge operations, tourism and trampling. Decrease in the quality of the habitat due to broad gauge operation, tourism and trampling. Grazing, habitat loss, trampling, fire, pollution and broad gauge operations resulting in and may result in population decline. The influence of threats on the population structure well understood, not reversible and have not ceased. Not in trade Mature individuals in all populations >2,500. The number of mature individuals declined in the past >20% and likely to decline by >20% in the future. Generation time 1 year. The population size/numbers of the taxon declining at a rate of >50% in the last 10 years [in Maharashtra only]. Predicted decline <10% in the next 10-20 years due to habitat loss. by Recent Field Studies: R. Hegde in Thadiandamol, 1999, Systematics. P.F. Solomons in Mukurthi National Park, 1997-99, Field studues. P.S. Udayan in Kotagiri, Kodanadu, 1992 - 96, Documentation of vegetation in Nilgiris. M.B. Viswanathan in Kolli Hills, 1992-95, Flora of Kolli Hills. S. Phatak in Londa, 1993-99, Field studies. T.A. Rao in Thadiandamol in Kodagu, 1996-98. Data quality: Assessed based on field studies, informal sightings and literature/herbarium studies. Qualifier: The Area and Extent estimated based on known locations. The habitat status, threats, mature individuals and population trends observed in some areas and inferred for others. Status IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (1994): IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (2000): LOWER RISK NEAR THREATENED NEAR T HREATENED Criteria: Criteria: --- CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed Not listed International RDB: Not listed Included in the Negative list of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999 Bhimashankar Wildlife Sanctuary, Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary, Mukurthi National Park, Silent Valley National Park Uncertainty Assessed based on evidence, range of opinion and on the consensus of the field biologists Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Survey, life history studies and taxonomic research. Monitoring, cultivation/breeding Cultivation is recommended for research. Cultivated stocks are not available. There is no coordinated species management programme for this species and one is not recommended. Initiate cultivation programme after 3 years. Some propagation techniques known for taxon or similar taxa Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 168 Other comments: Lindley (1835) describes this species based on Heyne’s collection from the peninsula. Grasslands are being destroyed for plantation purposes. Sources: Abraham & Vatsala, 1981: 231, 233; Blatter & McCann, 1932 36: 21.t.6, 36: 22; Dalzell, 1850 2: 262; Lakshminarasimhan, 1996: 39; Lindley, 1835: 320; Nayar, 1996: 225; Rao, 1986: 419; Richard, 1841 15: 75.t.4C, 15: 75.t.5A; Sathish Kumar, 1999: 204; Sharma et al., 1977: 141; Sharma et al.,1984: 271; Vajravelu, 1990: 481. Compilers: A. Durai, E. Mohan, R. Hegde, V.S. Ramachandran, N. Raman, K.G. Selvi, B.V. Shetty Reviewers: P.F. Solomons, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, M. Thapliyal, S. Rajan, R. Singh, N.C. Rathakrishnan, T. Chhabra, R. Thamilarasi, M.B. Vishwanathan, S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, M. Mohanan, S. Rajendran, S. Phatak, J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, C. Sathish Kumar, B. Arthur, T.A. Rao. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 169 NEAR THREATENED Scientific name (author; date): Synonyms: Habenaria longicorniculata Graham, 1839 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Terrestrial tuberousherb Open grassy and rocky slopes 1000m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of Occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of Occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Population Numbers/Generation time/Trend Trends: Habenaria longicalcarata A. Rich, 1841 Habenaria longicalcarata A. Rich var. viridis Blatter & McCann, 1932 India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats + Kolli Hills & Shevroy Hills (Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala & Tamil Nadu) Ramdurg, North Kanara, Ponmudi, Vattivarta hills, Nilgiris [Abraham & Vatsala, 1981]. Kodaikanal, Glen falls, Upper Palni grasslands, Shembaganur – Levinge path, Palni Hills, Pallanghi-Palni path, Kodaikanal – Berijam, Mathikuttan shola slopes [Seidenfaden, 1999]. Konkan to Nilgiris [Nayar, 1996]. Goa – Dudhsagar, Castle Rock, on the way to Anmode [Rao, 1986]. Cannanore – Chandanathode [Ramachandran & Nair, 1988]. Hassan – Upper Ghats [Saldanha & Nicolson, 1976]. Coimbatore, Kanniyakumari, Madurai, Nilgiri, Salem [Henry et al., 1989]. Silent Valley – Pulipara [Manilal, 1988]. Khandala, Katraj Ghar, Belgaum, Londa, Yellapur, west of Dharwar, Sampkhand, Sirsi – Siddhapur, Bihar, Orissa, Belgaum, Bellary, Chikmagalur, Dharwar, Hassan, Nysore, N. Kanara, Shimoga, Tumkur [Santapau & Kapadia, 1966]. Aruvanpara [Vajravelu, 1990]. Palni hills, near Kodaikanal, Mysore [Fyson, 1974]. Kollimalais, Servarayans [Seidenfaden, 1983]. Khandala near Poona, Konkan to Travancore [Hooker, 1890-1894]. Sairandhri [Manoharan et al., 1999]. Near 184/7 milestone, Charmadi Ghats, Kotigehar [Yoganarasimhan et al., 1981]. Kulathupuzha [Sathish Kumar & Manilal, 1994]. Avalanche, Coonoor, Devala-Nadugani, Naduvattom [Sharma et al., 1977]. Pulippara and Sairandhri [Sathish Kumar, 1999]. Akola, Amaravathi, Aurangabad, Kolhapur, Nasik, Pune, Raigad, Ratnagiri, Satara, Sindhudurg [Lakshminarasimhan, 1996]. Dangs – Malegaon [Amin, 1978]. Maharashtra: Konkan, Wada, Kolhapur, Pratapghad [S. Phatak, 1980]. Karnataka: Dakshina Kannada [S. Phatak, 1980]. Kerala: Silent Valley [C. Sathish Kumar, 1995]. Tamil Nadu: Bikkapathimund [T. Chhabra]. Anamalais [V.S. Ramachandran, 1998-99]. Nadugani, Vellingiri [R. Gopalan, 1978]. Salem [M.R. Vishwanathan, 1991, 94]. Avalanche [P.F. Solomons, 1998, 99]. Catherine Falls, Coonoor [P.S. Udayan, 1992-94]. >20,000 >2,000 400-500/40-50. Fragmented. There is a continuing decline but no extreme fluctuation in the number of locations or subpopulations. All individuals are not in one population and one subpopulations does not hold 95% or more of the total population. Decrease in the habitat <20% in the past. Predicted decline >20% in the next 20 years due to their removal as weeds. Decrease in the quality due to plantation with exotic species and cultivation. Habitat loss, grazing, habitat loss due to exotic plants, fire and research collection are resulting in and may result in population decline. The influence of threats on the population structure is well understood, not reversible and have not ceased. Not in trade. Mature individuals in all populations are >10,000. The number of mature individuals declined in the past by 10% and is likely to decline by 10% in the future. Generation time is 1 year. The population size/numbers of the taxon is declining at a rate of <10% in the last 10 years. Predicted decline 10% in the next 10years. Recent Field Studies: C. Sathish Kumar in Silent Valley, 1995. V.S. Ramachandran in Anamalai hills, Nadugani, 1998, 99, conservation of orchids. A. Durai in Anamalai hills, 1996, ex situ conservation. Data quality: Assessed based on field studies, informal sightings and literature/herbarium studies. Qualifiers: The Area and Extent estimated based on known locations. The habitat status, threats, mature individuals and population trends observed in some areas and inferred for others. Status IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (1994): IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (2000): LOWER RISK NEAR THREATENED NEAR T HREATENED CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed International RDB: Included in the Negative list of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999 Silent Valley National Park Uncertainty Assessed based on evidence and on the consensus of the field biologists and subjective opinion. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Taxonomic research Wild population management, monitoring Not recommended. Initiate cultivation programme after 3 years. Some techniques known for the taxon. Criteria: Criteria: --Not listed Not listed Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 170 Other comments: Described by Graham based on his collection from the open ground about Sir. Herbert Compton’s Bungalow at Kandalla. Richard (1984) described his species based on Perrottet’s collection from Nilgiris. Medicinal properties known [FRLHT, database]. In general students tend to collect this plant due to its long spur. Once tubers are lost they cannot rejuvenate. Misra records it from Orissa. Sources: Abraham & Vatsala, 1981: 239; Amin, 1978: 658; Blatter & McCann, 1932 36: 20; Fyson, 1974: 401-403; Graham, 1839: 202; Hooker, 1890-1894: 141-142; Henry et al., 1989: 15; Lakshminarasimhan, 1996: 39; Manilal, 1988: 287; Manoharan et al., 1999; Rao, 1986: 420; Richard, 1841 15:71.t.3B; Sathish Kumar, 1999: 204; Sathish Kumar & Manilal, 1994; ; Saldanha & Nicolson, 1976: 833; Santapau & Kapadia, 1966: 29-32; Seidenfaden, 1983; Seidenfaden, 1999: 1219, 1220; Sharma et al., 1977: 141; Sharma et al., 1984: 271; Vajravelu, 1990: 482; Yoganarasimhan et al., 1981: 337. Compilers: A. Durai, P.F. Solomons, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, M. Thapliyal, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, N. Raman, R. Singh, N.C. Rathakrishnan, T. Chhabra, R. Thamilarasi, M.B. Vishwanathan. Reviewers: S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, M. Mohanan, S. Rajendran, S. Phatak, J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, N. Raman, N.C. Rathakrishnan, C. Sathish Kumar, B. Arthur, B.V. Shetty, T.A. Rao, U. Lakshminarayan, K.G. Selvi. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 171 VULNERABLE Scientific name (author; date): Habenaria multicaudata Sedgw., 1919 Habit: Habitat: Niche / elevation: Terrestrial herb Evergreen forest. Forest undergrowth. 1500 m Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of Occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of Occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Population Numbers/Generation time/Trend Trends: India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats + Shevroy hills, Chitteri hills & Kalrayan hills (Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala & Tamil Nadu) Wayanad [Ramachandran & Nair, 1988]. Palghat [Vajravelu, 1990]. Nilgiris, Anamalai hills, Kariasholai, Uttara Kannada Attapadi [Abraham & Vatsala, 1981]. Hassan, Uttara Kannada [Sharma et al., 1984]. Silent Valley, below dam site [Manilal, 1988]. Yellapur, Katgal, Karwar, Guddehalli near Karwar, Nilgiris, Anamalai hills, Karian Sholai, Uttara Kannada, Attapadi [Nayar, 1996]. Sairandhri [Sathish Kumar, 1999]. Akola, Satara [Lakshminarasimhan, 1996]. Goa, Sanguem, Molem-Belgaum road [Rao, 1986]. Nilgiris [Sharma et al., 1977] Maharashtra: Mahabaleshwar, Pratapghad [S. Phatak, 1980]. Kerala: Wayanad [V.S. Ramachandran, 1979-80]. Palghat [Vajravelu, 1977]. Tamil Nadu: Anamalai, Coimbatore [V.S. Ramachandran, 1994-95]. >20,000 501-2,000 >10/11. Fragmented. There is a continuing decline and no extreme fluctuation in the number of locations or subpopulations. All individuals are not in one population. Decrease in the habitat <20% in the last 10 years. There is decrease in the quality of the habitat due to tourism. Interspecific competition, grazing, habitat loss, trampling, reproductive problems and decline in pollinator population, fruit predation by insects and demographic instability are resulting in and may result in population decline. The influence of threats on the population structure is well understood, are not reversible and have not ceased. Not in trade Mature individuals in all populations are <10,000. The number of mature individuals declined in the past by 30-40% and is likely to decline by 30-40% in the future. Generation time is 1 year. The population size/numbers of the taxon is declining at a rate of >30% in the last 10 years. Predicted decline >30% in the next 10 due to habitat loss. Recent Field Studies: S. Phatak in Pratapghad, Mahabaleshwar, 1996, Orchid survey. V.S. Ramachandran in Anamalai, Coimbatore, 1994, 95, Medicinal Plant Conservation Area Report. Data quality: Assessed based on field studies, informal sighting and literature/herbarium studies. Qualifier: The Area and Extent estimated based on the known locations. The habitat status, threats, mature individuals and population trends observed and also inferred from literature and herbarium studies. Status IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (1994): IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (2000): V ULNERABLE V ULNERABLE CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed International RDB: Included in the Negative list of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999 Silent Valley National Park, Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary Uncertainty Assessed based on evidence, precaution, minimum values, range of opinion and on the consensus of field biologists at the workshop. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Criteria: Criteria: A1c+2c; B1+2bcde; C1 A2c+3c; B2a+b(ii,iii,iv,v); C1 Not listed Not listed Survey, genetic research, limiting factor research, PHVA pending. Habitat management, wild population management, genome resource banking, cultivation/breeding Cultivation is recommended for preservation of live genome, commercial/sustainability. Cultivated stocks are not available. There is no coordinated species management programme for this species and one is recommended. Initiate cultivation programme within 3 years. Some propagation techniques known for taxon or similar taxa. Other comments: Proposed by L.J. Sedgwick based on a collection by T.R.D. Bell, Chief Conservator of Forests, Bombay Presidency in September 1917 from Gudihalli, a hill clode to the sea coast near Kaswar in North Kanara. It was found growing in a densely wooded part where very little light penetrates [Abraham & Vatsala, 1981]. Inter specific competition among Habenaria species like H. digitata, H. spencei, H. gibsonii, H. crassifolia. Nayar and Kochhar have reported this for the first time from Maharashtra. Sources: Abraham & Vatsala, 1981: 216; Lakshminarasimhan, 1996: 41; Manilal, 1988: 288; Nayar, 1996: 225; Sharma et al., 1984: 271; Ramachandran & Nair, 1988: 455, 456; Rao, 1986: 420; Santapau & Kapadia, 1966: 14, 15; Sathish Kumar, 1999: 204; Sedgwick, 1919 6: 352; Sharma et al., 1977: 141; Compilers: A. Durai, P.F. Solomons, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, M. Thapliyal, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, N. Raman, R. Singh, N.C. Rathakrishnan, T. Chhabra, R. Thamilarasi, M.B. Vishwanathan. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 172 Reviewers S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, R. Gopalan, M. Mohanan, S. Rajendran, S. Phatak, J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, C. Sathish Kumar, B. Arthur, B.V. Shetty, T.A. Rao, U. Lakshminarayan, K.G. Selvi. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 173 NEAR THREATENED Scientific name (author; date): Synonym: Habenaria ovalifolia Wight, 1851 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Historical distribution: Tuberous herb Grassland Forest clearing. Up to 900 m. India Distribution Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: From Field Studies: Kemmanagundi, Extent of Occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of Occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Population Numbers/Generation time/Trend Trends: Habenaria modesta Dalz., 1850 Habenaria hallbergii Blatter & McCann, 1932 ENDEMIC to Western Ghats + Periakalrayan hills, Kolli hills, Melagiri hills, Thiruchirapalli (Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala & Tamil Nadu) Upper Ghats in Hassan [Saldanha & Nicolson, 1976]. Coimbatore, Nilgiris, Salem, Thiruchirapalli [Henry et al., 1989]. Jodupala [Keshvamurthy & Yoganarasimhan, 1990]. Hill side of Kanheri caves, Borivilli hills west of Mulund, Khandala, Yellapur, Sirsi, Siddhapur, Nayali [Santapau & Kapadia, 1966]. Hassan, Uttara Kannada [Sharma et al., 1984]. Malabar, Anamalai hills [Seidenfaden, 1999]. Bombay, Pune, Sindhudurg [Lakshminarasimhan, 1996] Karnataka: Sirsi, Siddhapur, Yellapur, Kumta [S. Phatak, 1981]. Kodagu [R. Hegde, 1999]. Chikkamagalur, Shimoga [Krishnaswamy, 1998]. Chikkamagalur, Kodachadira, Shringeri, [T.A. Rao, 1996-98] >20,000 >2,000 20-40/10-20. Fragmented. Continuing decline but no extreme fluctuation in the number of locations or subpopulations. All individuals not in one population and one subpopulation does not hold 95% or more of the total population. Decrease in the habitat >20% in the last 10 years due to overgrazing, mining, habitat loss and tourism. Decrease in the quality of the habitat due to overgrazing, mining and tourism. Climate, grazing, habitat loss, trampling, habitat loss due to exotic animals, pollution and iron mining are resulting in and may result in population decline. Not in trade Mature individuals in all populations <2,500. The number of mature individuals declined in the past by >20% and likely to decline by >20% in the future. Generation time 1 year. The population size/numbers of the taxon declining at a rate of >20% in the last 10 years. Predicted decline >20% in the next 10 due to habitat loss. The threats influencing the population structure well understood, not reversible and have not ceased. Recent Field Studies: K. Krishnaswamy in Shimoga, Chickkamagalur, Yellapur, Thadiandamol, 1998, studies on orchidaceae. T.A. Rao in Chikkamagalur, Uttara Kannada, Dakshina Kannada, 1996-98, conservation of wild orchids. K. Ravikumar in Melpattu, Thenmalai MPCA, Thiruvanamalai Dt., Javadhi Hills, Eastern Ghats, 19951998, floristic studies. Data quality: Assessed based on field studies, and literature-herbarium studies. Qualifier: The Area and Extent estimated based on the known locations. Habitat status, threats, mature individuals and population trends observed over many years of field studies. Status IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (1994): IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA (2000): V ULNERABLE NEAR THREATENED CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed International RDB: Included in the Negative list of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999 None Uncertainty Assessed based on evidence, precaution and on the consensus of the field biologists at the workshop. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Criteria: Criteria: A1c+2c -Not listed Not listed Survey, life history studies, limiting factor research and PHVA pending Habitat management and monitoring Cultivated stocks are not available. There is no coordinated species management programme for this species and one is not recommended. Initiate cultivation programme after 3 years. Some propagation techniques known for similar taxa Other comments: Proposed by Wight based on a collection from Anamalai. Mainly confined to the Western Ghats and also some pockets in the Eastern Ghats [Salem, Trichy]. Medicinal uses known [FRLHT database]. Sources: Blatter & McCann, 1932 36: 24; Dalzell, 1850 2: 262; Henry et al., 1989: 15; Keshvamurthy & Yoganarasimhan, 1990: 446; Lakshminarasimhan, 1996: 42; Nayar, 1996: 225; Saldanha & Nicolson, 1976: 83; Santapau & Kapadia, 1966: 271; Seidenfaden, 1999: 1223; Sharma et al., 1984: 142; Wight, 1851 5(1): 13.t.1708. Compilers: A. Durai, E. Mohan, R. Hegde, V.S. Ramachandra, N. Raman, K.G. Selvi, B.V. Shetty Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 174 Reviewers: A. Durai, P.F. Solomons, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, M. Thapliyal, S. Rajan, R. Singh, N.C. Rathakrishnan, T. Chhabra, R. Thamilarasi, M.B. Vishwanathan, S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, M. Mohanan, S. Rajendran, S. Phatak, J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, C. Sathish Kumar, B. Arthur, T.A. Rao. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 175 NEAR THREATENED Scientific name (author; date): Habenaria rariflora A. Rich., 1841 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Terrestrial tuberous herb Grasslands 1300m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of Occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of Occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Population Numbers/Generation time/Trend Trends: India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats + Kolli Hills and Shevroys (Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala & Tamil Nadu) Panchagani, Pasarinighat, Konkan, Khandala, Vattivara [Abraham & Vatsala, 1981]. Coimbatore, Madurai, Nilgiris, Ramanathapuram, Salem, Thiruchirapalli [Henry et al., 1989]. Khandala, Panchagani, Pasarnighal, Karkua, near Poona, Purandhar, Kollimalai hills, Horeleykonda [Santapau & Kapadia, 1966]. Kolar, Mysore, Shimoga [Sharma et al., 1984]. Palni above Kodaikanal, Nilgiris [Fyson, 1974]. Kollimalais, Servarayanas, Canara to Travancore [Hooker, 1890-1894]. Irpu [Keshvamurthy & Yoganarasimhan, 1990]. Anaikatti - Ebanad, Coonoor, Kodanad, Pykara, Pakasuramalai [Sharma et al., 1977]. Nilgiris, Southern Konkan, Coonoor, Hareley Konda, Kalamalai, Bababudan, Coimbatore, Palni path, Shembaganur, Silver Cascade top [Seidenfaden, 1999]. Ahmednagar, Kolhapur, Nasik, Pune, Raigad, Satara, Sindhudurg, Thane [Lakshminarasimhan, 1996] Maharashtra: Panchagani, Wai [S. Phatak, 1980]. Karnataka: Kodagu [V.S. Ramachandran]. Kushalnagar, Kudremukh National Park, Kodagu [T.A. Rao, 1996-98]. Castle Rock [S. Phatak, 1980]. Tamil Nadu: Bikkapathimund, Kodanadu [T. Chhabra, 1995 till date]. Nilgiris [Rajan, 1988]. Anamalai hills [V.S. Ramachandran]. >20,000 >2,000 400–500/40–50. Fragmented. Continuing decline but no extreme fluctuation in the number of locations or subpopulations. All individuals not in one population and one subpopulation does not hold 95% or more of the total population. Decrease in the habitat >20% in the last 10-20 years. Predicted decline <20% in the next 10-20 years due to habitat frragmentation, tourism and human activities. Decrease in the quality of the habitat due to plantations. Edaphic changes, habitat loss, pollution, trampling, habitat fragmentation, habitat loss due to exotic animals, fire and demographic instability resulting in and may result in population decline. The influence on the population structure well understood, are not rev ersible and have not ceased. Not in trade . Mature individuals in all populations >10,000. The number of mature individuals declined in the past by <20% and likely to decline by >20% in the future. Generation time 1 year. The population size/numbers of the taxon declining at a rate of >20% in the last 10 years. Predicted decline <10% in the next 10 years due to habitat loss. Recent Field Studies: T.A.Rao in Kodagu and Kudremukh National Park, 1996-2000, conservation of wild orchids of Kodagu. S. Phatak in Panchagani, Satara, 1998, informal sighting. Data quality: Assessed based on field studies, informal field sightings and literature/herbarium studies. Qualifier: The Area and Extent are estimated based on known locations. The habitat status, threats, mature individuals and population trends are observed in a few areas and inferred for other areas. Status IUCN Red List Criteria (1994): IUCN Red List Criteria (2000): V ULNERABLE NEAR T HREATENED CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed Not listed International RDB: Not listed Included in the Negative list of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999 Brahmagiri Wildlife Sanctuary, Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary, Kudremukh National Park Uncertainty Assessed with confidence based on evidence and on the consensus of the field biologists Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Criteria: Criteria: A1ac -- Survey, taxonomic research, life history studies and limiting factor research Monitoring and habitat management Cultivated stocks are not available. There is no coordinated species management programme for this species and one is not recommended. Initiate cultivation programme within 3 years. Some propagation techniques known for taxon or similar taxa. Other comments: This species was described by A. Richard based on a collection by G.S. Perrottet from Coonoor in Nilgiris. Coal engines release smoke which covers the entire population over 3-4 years, since this species is lithophytic it results in the decline of the population. Sterility is high in this species [S. Phatak]. Medicinal uses known [FRLHT database]. Sources: Abraham & Vatsala, 1981: 216; Fyson, 1974: 400, 401; Henry et al., 1989: 16; Hooker, 1890-1894: 136, 137; Keshvamurthy & Yoganarasimhan, 1990: 447; Lakshminarasimhan, 1996: 43; Rao, 1998: 208; Richard, 1841 ser.2 15:70.t.20; Santapau & Kapadia, 1966: 15, 16; Seidenfaden, 1983: 1562; Seidenfaden, 1999: 1219; Sharma et al., 1977: 142; Sharma et al., 1984: 271. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 176 Compilers: A. Durai, E. Mohan, R. Hegde, V.S. Ramachandran, N. Raman, K.G. Selvi, B.V. Shetty Reviewers: P.F. Solomons, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, M. Thapliyal, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, R. Singh, N.C. Rathakrishnan, T. Chhabra, M.B. Vishwanathan, S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, M. Mohanan, S. Rajendran, S. Phatak, J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, C. Sathish Kumar, B. Arthur, T.A. Rao. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 177 ENDANGERED Scientific name (author; date): Liparis biloba Wight, 1851 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Terrestrial or epiphytic herb Shola forests 1000-2000 m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of Occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of Occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Population Numbers/Generation time/Trend Trends: India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats + Shevroy hills (Karnataka & Tamil Nadu) Nilgiri, Salem [Henry et al., 1989]. Chickamagalur [Sharma et al., 1984]. Nilgiris, Kollimund National Park, Udhagamandalam [Hooker, 1886-1890]. Udhagamandalam [Somdeva & Naithani, 1986]. On the way to Hebbe falls, Kemmanagundi [Yoganarasinhan et al., 1981]. Nilgiris [Sharma, 1977]. Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, Kollimund, Kundah range [Nayar & Sastry, 1987; Shetty & Vivekananthan, 1981]. Chickamagalur to Nilgiris [Nayar, 1996]. Kollimund [Kunhikrishnan, 1972]. Chickamagalur, Nilgiri [Rathakrishnan & Chitra, 1984]. Nilgiris [Sharma et al., 1977]. Tamil Nadu: Kollimund, on the way to Upper Bhavani [M. Mohanan] 5,001-20,000 11-500 <10/<10. Fragmented. Continuing decline but no extreme fluctuation in the number of locations or subpopulations. All individuals not in one population and one subpopulation does not hold 95% or more of the total population. Decrease in the habitat <20% in the last 10 years due to loss of habitat, felling of host trees. Decrease in the quality of the habitat due to clearance of area for plantation of wattle [M. Mohanan, 2000]. Habitat loss and habitat loss due to exotic plants. The threats influencing the population structure well understood, not reversible and have not ceased. Not in trade Unknown The population of the taxon is declining at a rate of <20% in the last 10 years [Muktesh Kumar]. Predicted decline >10% in the next 10 years due to habitat loss. Recent Field Studies: M. Mohanan, N.P. Balakrishnan and A.V.N. Rao in Kollimund near Upper Bhavani, 1989, Endangered orchids of Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, India. Data quality: Assessed based on field studies, informal sighting and literature/herbarium studies. Qualifier: The Area and Extent estimated based on known locations. The habitat status, threats, mature individuals and population trends observed or inferred. Status IUCN Red List Criteria (1994): IUCN Red List Criteria (2000): ENDANGERED ENDANGERED CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Vulnerable [Nayar & Sastry, 1987] International RDB: Included in the Negative list of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999 Mukurthi National Park Uncertainty Assessed based on some evidence and precaution. The information is based on a range of opinion. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Criteria: Criteria: B1+2bcd B2a+b(ii,iii,iv) Not listed Not listed Survey and limiting factor research Habitat management Cultivated stocks available at National Orchidarium, BSI, Yercaud [M. Mohanan, 2000]. Numbers in culltivation not known. Initiate cultivation programme after 3 years. Some techniques known. Other comments: It was proposed by Wight based on his collection from Ootacamund. This species has been collected from Nilgiris in 1972 and there has been no previous of subsequent collections in Madras Herbarium. Plants collected from Kollimund are being cultivated in the National Orchidarium, BSI, at Yercaud, ca 1360m [Nayar & Sastry, 1987]. A.V.N. Rao collected it from Kollimund on the way to Bhavani in 1973 and introduced it to the National orchidarium, Yercaud. M. Mohanan and N.P. Balakrishnan visited the same area and collected the plant in1989 from a huge fallen tree and introduced them to the National Orchidarium, Yercaud. Sources: Henry et al., 1989: 17; Hooker, 1886-1890: 699; Kunhikrishnan, 1972: 112; M. Mohanan, 2000. Unpublished Biological Information Sheet; Muktesh Kumar, 2000, Unpublished Biological Information Sheet; Rathakrishnan & Chitra, 1984: 1005; Sharma et al., 1977: 141; Sharma et al., 1984: 272; Nayar, 1996: 225; Nayar & Sastry, 1987: 261; Shetty & Vivekananthan, 1981: 259; Somdeva & Naithani, 1986: 41; Wight, 1851 5(1): 4.t.1633; Compilers: A. Durai, E. Mohan, R. Hegde, V.S. Ramachandran, N. Raman, K.G. Selvi, B.V. Shetty Reviewers: P.F. Solomons, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, M. Thapliyal, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, R. Singh, N.C. Rathakrishnan, T. Chhabra, R. Thamilarasi, M.B. Vishwanathan, S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, M. Mohanan, Rajendran, S. Phatak, J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, C. Sathish Kumar, B. Arthur, T.A. Rao. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 178 NEAR THREATENED Scientific name (author; date): Oberonia brunoniana Wight, 1851 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Pendulous epiphyte Moist deciduous forest. 1200m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: From Field Studies: Extent of Occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of Occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Population Numbers/Generation time/Trend Trends: India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats + Kolli Hills (Dadra & Nagarhaveli, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala & Tamil Nadu) Nilgiris, Palni hills, Kulathupuzha, Naterickal, Attapadi, Nelliampathy, Ponmudi and Bonaccord [Abraham & Vatsala, 1981]. Coimbatore, Nilgiri, Salem [Henry et al., 1989]. Silent Valley dam site [Manilal, 1988]. Kalanadi, Anmod, Castle Rock, Nilgiri, Palni, Malabar, Travancore [Santapau & Kapadia, 1966]. Belgaum, Chickamagalur, Kodagu, Hassan, Mysore, Shimoga [Sharma et al., 1984]. Nagarhaveli Chispana area [Rao, 1986]. Cannanore - Chandanathode [Ramachandran & Nair, 1988]. Upper Ghats of Hassan [Saldanha & Nicolson, 1976]. Nilgiris near Udhagamandalam, Naduvattom, Upper Ghat in Palghat [Vajravelu, 1990]. Canara, Malabar, Travancore [Hooker, 1886-1890]. Kolli hills [Mathew, 1991]. Bangihalla - Bangitappal, Naduvattom [Sharma et al., 1977]. Konkan, Canara, Nilgiris, Pykara, Naduvattom, Avalanche [V. Ramasundar, 2000]. Palamalai, Kodaikanal, Law's Ghat road [Seidenfaden, 1999]. Sairandhri [Sathish Kumar, 1999]. Kolhapur, Satara, Thane [Lakshminarasimhan, 1996]. Birunanai and Shuntigutti [Keshavamurthy & Yoganarasimhan, 1990]. Karnataka: Madikeri, Brahmagiri Range, Thalakaveri, Somwarpet, Veerajapet [T.A. Rao]. Kerala: Silent Valley [Sathish Kumar, 1995]. Tamil Nadu: Pykara, Naduvattom, Avalanche [V. Ramasundar, 2000]. Anamalai Hills [V.S. Ramachandran, 1998, 99]. Ellamalai, Nilgiris [K. Sivabalakrishnan, 1995, 96]. Naduvattom [Raman, 1998]. Mukurthi National Park [P.F. Solomons, 1997-99]. Kotagiri, Pykara, T.R. Bazaar [P. S. Udayan, 1992-96]. >20,000 >2,000 100/ many. Fragmented. All individuals not in one population and one subpopulation does not hold 95% or more of the total population. Decrease in the habitat >20% in the last 10 years. Predicted decline >20% in the next 10 years due to loss of habitat, denudation of forests and decrease in the shola forests [V. Ramasundar, 2000]. No change in the quality of the habitat. Climate, edaphic changes, habitat loss, grazing, damming, harvest for timber, drought, fire and landslides resulting in and may result in population decline. The influence on the population structure well understood, not reversible and not ceased. Not in trade Mature individuals in all populations >2,500. The number of mature individuals declined in the past by 10% and likely to decline by 10% in the future. Generation time 5-10 years. The population size/numbers of the taxon is declining at a rate of >20% in the last 10 years. Predicted decline >10% in the next 10 years due to habitat loss. Recent Field Studies: N. Raman in Naduvattom, June 1998, Mycorrhizal association. V.S. Ramachandran in Anamalai Hills, 1998, 99, Conservation studies. K. Sivabalakrishnan and A. Durai in Ellamalai, 1995, 1996, Ex situ Conservation. P.S. Udayan in Kotagiri, Pykara, 1992-96, documentation of vegetation in Nilgiris. P.F. Solomons in Mukurthi National Park, 1997-99, Field studies. T.A. Rao in Kodagu, 1996-98, Conservation of wild orchids of Kodagu. Data quality : Assessed based on field studies, census/monitoring and literature/herbarium studies. Qualifier: The Area and Extent are estimated based on known locations. The habitat status, threats, mature individuals and population trends are observed over many years of field studies. Status IUCN Red List Criteria (1994): IUCN Red List Criteria (2000): V ULNERABLE NEAR T HREATENED CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed International RDB: Included in the Negative list of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999 Mukurthi National Park, Silent Valley National Park Uncertainty: Assessed with 95% confidence based on evidence and on the consensus of the field biologists at the workshop. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Other comments: Criteria: Criteria: A1ac -Not listed Not listed Survey, life history studies and PHVA pending Monitoring Cultivated stocks available at Kaveri Nisargadhama. Numbers in culltivation 10. There is no coordinated species management programme for this species and one is not recommended. Information on propagation techniques not available with this group of compilers. This was proposed by Wight based on a collection from Iyamally Hills near Coimbatore. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 179 Sources: Abraham & Vatsala, 1981: 422, 425; Henry et al., 1989: 20; Hooker, 1886-1890: 681; Keshavmurthy & Yoganarasimhan, 1990: 450; Lakshminarasimhan, 1996: 51; Manilal, 1988: 296: Ramachandran & Nair, 1988: 457, 458; Ramasundar, 2000. Unpublished Biological Information Sheet; Rao, 1986: 422; Saldanha & Nicolson, 1976: 838; Santapau & Kapadia, 1966: 69, 70; Sathish Kumar, 1999: 206; Seidenfaden, 1999: 1244, 1245; Sharma et al., 1977: 142; Sharma et al., 1984: 274; Vajravelu, 1990: 486; Wight, 1851 5(1): 3.t.1622. Compilers: A. Durai, E. Mohan, R. Hegde, V.S. Ramachandran, N. Raman, K.G. Selvi, B.V. Shetty. Reviewers: P.F. Solomons, R. Gopalan, R. Manickam, M. Thapliyal, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, R. Singh, N.C. Rathakrishnan, T. Chhabra, R. Thamilarasi, M.B. Vishwanathan, S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, R. Gopalan, M. Mohanan, S. Rajendran, S. Phatak, J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, C. Sathish Kumar, B. Arthur, T.A. Rao. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 180 ENDANGERED Scientific name (author; date): Synonym: Oberonia proudlockii King & Pantl., 1897 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Pendulous epiphytic herbs Moist deciduous forest, semi evergreen forests. 1200m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of Occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of Occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations./location: Habitat status: Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Population Numbers/Generation time/Trend Oberonia sedgwickii Blatter & McCann, 1931 India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats + Kolli Hills (Karnataka, Kerala & Tamil Nadu) Nilgiris, Gudalur, Uttara Kannada [Abraham & Vatsala, 1981]. Nilgiri, Salem [Henry et al., 1989]. Uttara Kannada [Sharma et al., 1984]. Silent Valley - Poochapara [Manilal, 1988]. Kollimalais, Gudalur [Matthew, 1983]. Kolli hills [Mathew, 1991]. Kariashola [Sharma, et al., 1977]. Anmode, Castle Rock, Nilgiri, Ponmudi [Mohanan & Henry, 1994]. Nadugani in Nilgiris [Mohanan & Balakrishnan, 1991]. Poochapara [Sathish Kumar, 1999]. Karnataka: Castle Rock, Anmode [S. Phatak, 1978, 98]. Kerala: Ponmudi [M. Mohanan, 1978]. Silent Valley [Sathish Kumar, 1995]. Tamil Nadu: Kolli Hills [M. Mohanan, 1983]. >20,000 10-500 10/3. Fragmented. Continuing decline and extreme fluctuation in the number of locations or subpopulations. All individuals not in one population Decrease in the habitat >20% in the last 10 years. Predicted decline >20% in the next 10 years due to habitation, mining and deforestation. Decrease in the quality of the habitat. Habitat loss, habitat fragmentation and mining resulting in and may result in population decline. The influence on the population structure well understood, not reversible and not ceased to be a threat. Not in trade. Trends: Mature individuals in all populations <2,500. The numbers of mature individuals declined in the past by >10% and likely to decline by >10% in the future. Generation time – perennial. The population size/numbers of the taxon is declining at a rate of <10% in the last 10 years. Recent Field Studies: S. Phatak in Anmode, 1998, Orchids of Anmode. Data quality: Assessed based on field studies and literature/herbarium studies. Qualifier: The Area and Extent estimated based on known locations. The habitat status, threats, mature individuals and population trends observed. Status IUCN Red List Criteria (1994): IUCN Red List Criteria (2000): ENDANGERED ENDANGERED CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed International RDB: Included in the Negative list of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999 Silent Valley National Park Uncertainty Assessed with 95% confidence based on evidence and on the consensus of the field biologists Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Criteria: Criteria: B1+2abcde+3c B2a+b(i,ii,iii,iv,v)+c(iii) Not listed Not listed Survey, taxonomic research Wild population management and monitoring Cultivation is recommended for research. Cultivated stocks are available at National Orchidarium, Yercaud. Numbers in culltivation 10. There is no coordinated species management programme for this species and one is not recommended. Some propagation techniques known for similar taxa. Other comments: This was described by King & Prantling based on R.L. Proudlock’s collection from near Gudulur in Nilgiri hills. Sources: Abraham & Vatsala, 1981: 422; Blatter & McCann, 1931 35:257; Henry et al., 1989; King & Pantling, 1897 66(3): 580; Mathew, 1991: 505; Manoharan et al., 1999: 207; Mohanan & Balakrishnan, 1991: 196; Mohanan & Henry, 1994: 465; Sathish Kumar, 1999: 207; Seidenfaden, 1983: 1578; Sharma et al., 1977: 142. Compilers: M. Mohanan, R. Gopalan, S. Phatak, S.S.R. Bennet, S. Rajendran, R. Thamilarasi Reviewers: P.F. Solomons, R. Manickam, M. Thapliyal, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, R. Singh, N.C. Rathakrishnan, T. Chhabra, M.B. Vishwanathan, A. Durai, N. Raman, J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, N. Raman, C. Sathish Kumar, B. Arthur, B.V. Shetty, T.A. Rao. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 181 VULNERABLE Scientific name (author; date): Synonyms: Oberonia santapaui Kapadia, 1960 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Epiphytic herbs Semi evergreen forests Above 1300m. Distribution Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: From Distribution field Studies: Extent of Occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of Occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Population Numbers/Generation time/Trend Trends: Malaxis lindleyana Wight Oberonia lindleyana Wight, 1851 non Brongn. ex Duperrey, 1834 India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats + Servarayans and Kolli Hills (Karnataka, Kerala & Tamil Nadu) Upper ghats of Hassan [Saldanha & Nicolson, 1976]. Coimbatore, Madurai, Thirunelveli, Nilgiris, Salem [Henry et al.,1989]. Chickamagalur, Hassan, Mysore, Uttara Kannada [Sharma et al., 1984]. Silent Valley dam site [Manilal, 1988, Vajravelu, 1990]. Silent Valley dam site, Kollimalais, Servarayanas [Mathew, 1983]. On the way to Bhagavathi [Yoganarasinhan et al., 1981]. Ponmudi [Abraham & Vatsala, 1981]. Udhagamandalam [Sharma, et al., 1977]. Anmode, Nilgiri, Travancore hills, Thiruvananthapuram [Mohanan & Henry, 1994]. Church Cliff, Kodaikanal [Seidenfaden, 1999]. Sairandhri [Sathish Kumar, 1999]. Irpu, Thadiandamol [Keshavmurthy & Yoganarasimhan, 1990]. Idukki, Coimbatore [Rathakrishnan & Chitra, 1984] Karnataka: Thadiandamol, Thalakaveri, Sampagii, Madikeri [T.A. Rao, 1996-98]. Anmode [S. Phatak, 1991, 92]. Tamil Nadu: Kolli Hills [M.B. Viswanathan, 1992]. >20,000 >2,000 8/6. Fragmented. Continuing decline and no extreme fluctuation in the number of locations or subpopulations. All individuals not in one population and one subpopulation does not hold 95% or more of the total population. Decrease in the habitat >20% in the last 10 years. Predicted decline >20% in the next 10 years due to human interference. No change in the quality of the habitat. Habitat loss, damming, poisoning and construction of roads resulting in and may result in population decline. The influence on the population structure well understood, not reversible and have not ceased. Not in trade Mature individuals in all populations <2,500. The numbers of mature individuals declined in the past 10 years by 10% and likely to decline by 10% in the future. Generation time 3 years. The population size/numbers of the taxon is declining at a rate of <10% in the last 10 years. Predicted decline <10% in the next 10 years due to habitat loss. Recent Field Studies: S. Phatak in Anmode, 1998, Orchids of Anmode. T.A. Rao in Kodagu, 1996-98, Conservation of wild Orchids of Kodagu. M.B. Viswanathan in Kolli Hills,1992, Conservation studies. Data quality: Assessed based on field studies and literature/herbarium studies. Qualifier: The Area and Extent estimated based on known locations. The habitat status, threats, mature individuals and population trends observed over many years of field studies. Status IUCN Red List Criteria (1994): IUCN Red List Criteria (2000): V ULNERABLE V ULNERABLE CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed Not listed International RDB: Not listed Included in the Negative list of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999 Brahmagiri Wildlife Sanctuary, Silent Valley National Park, Talakaveri Wildlife Sanctuary Uncertainty Assessed with confidence based on evidence and on the consensus of the field biologists Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Criteria: Criteria: C1 C1 Survey Monitoring, cultivation/breeding Cultivated stocks are not available. There is no coordinated species management programme for this species and one is not recommended. Initiate cultivation programme within 3 years. Information on propagation techniques not available with this group of compilers. Other comments: Originally proposed by Wight based on his collection from Iamallay Hills in Coimbatore. The presence of semi lunar cresent shaped nectary is charecteristic of this taxon [T.A. Rao]. Sources: Abraham & Vatsala, 1981: 429; Henry et al., 1989: 20: Kapadia, 1960 57: 265; Keshavmurthy & Yoganarasimhan, 1990: 453; Manilal, 1988: 297; Mohanan & Henry, 1994: 465; 320; Rathakrishnan & Chitra, 1984: 1005; Rao, 1998: 217; Saldanha & Nicolson, 1976: 840; Sathish Kumar, 1999: 207; Seidenfaden, 1983: 1581; Seidenfaden, 1999: 1245; Sharma et al., 1984: 275; Wight, 1851 5(1): 3.t.1624; Yoganarasinhan et al., 1981: 319, Compilers: S.S.R. Bennet, B. A. Daniel, R. Gopalan, M. Thapliyal, M. Mohanan, S. Rajendran, S. Phatak, R. Thamilarasi Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 182 Reviewers: P.F. Solomons, R. Manickam, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, R. Singh, N.C. Rathakrishnan, T. Chhabra, M.B. Vishwanathan, A. Durai, N. Raman, J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, N. Raman, C. Sathish Kumar, B. Arthur, B.V. Shetty, T.A. Rao. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 183 ENDANGERED Scientific name (author; date): Oberonia verticillata Wight, 1851 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Epiphytic herb Semi-evergreen to evergreen forests 500-2200m Distribution Historical Distribution: Current Global Distribution: Distribution from Literature: Distribution from Field Studies: Extent of Occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of Occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats + Salem (Karnataka, Kerala & Tamil Nadu) Yellappur & Sirsi, North Kanara [Fischer]. Salem [Matthew] Bonaccord, Thiruvananthapuram [Sathish Kumar] 5,001-20,000 11-500 10/10. Fragmented. There is a continuing decline but no extreme fluctuation in the number of locations or subpopulations. All individuals not in one population and one subpopulation does not hold 95% or more of the total population. Decrease in habitat quality and continuing decline in habitat due to human interference. Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Habitat loss Not in trade Population Numbers/Generation time/trend: Population trend: <500 mature individuals. Declining Recent Field Studies: C. Sathish Kumar in Pongalappara, Attayar, Bonaccord, Palode, 1985. M. Mohanan in Kurusumalai, Anchunazhikathode, Kottur. Data quality: General field studies, literature/herbarium studies Qualifier: Area and Extent estimated and habitat status observed. Population estimated based on observation. Status IUCN Red List Criteria (1994): IUCN Red List Criteria (2000): ENDANGERED ENDANGERED CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed International RDB: Included in the Negative List of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999. None Uncertainty Assessment based on precaution due to changes expected in habitat. Assessment is exclusive to the below listed compilers and reviewers. Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Criteria: Criteria: B1+2bcd B2a+b(ii,iii,iv) Not listed Not listed Life history studies recommended Monitoring None. Other comments: Described by Wight based on his collection from Nilgiris. Thwaites collection from Sri Lanka cited by Seidenfaden (1968) under O. verticillata actually belongs to O. thwaitesii Hook. f., a closely related species. The reported record of its occurrence in Orissa needs confirmation. Sources: Seidenfaden 1968; Seidenfaden, 1983; Wight (1851) Compilers: C. Sathish Kumar Reviewers: B.V. Shetty, B. Arthur, S. Molur Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 184 VULNERABLE Scientific name (author; date): Synonyms: Robiquetia josephiana Manilal & Sathish, 1984 Habit: Habitat: Niche/ elevation: Historical distribution: Current Global Distribution: From Literature: Epiphytic herb Moist deciduous forest, shola or semi evergreen forests. 800-1850m. India ENDEMIC to Western Ghats + Kolli Hills (Karnataka, Kerala & Tamil Nadu) Anamalai, Ponmudi, near Munnar, Thariode [Abraham & Vatsala, 1981]. Coimbatore, Nilgiri, Ramanathapuram [Henry et al., 1989]. Silent Valley [Nayar, 1996]. Silent Valley, Chembotti [Manoharan et al., 1999; Sathish Kumar, 1999]. Karnataka: Kudremukh National Park, Thirthahalli [T.A. Rao, 2000]. Kerala: Silent Valley [C. Sathish Kumar, 1990s] Tamil Nadu: Kolli Hills [M.B. Viswanathan, 1992]. Kakachi, Kodayar, Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve [R. Ganesan, 2000]. 5,001-20,000 501-2,000 5/ 2. Fragmented. No continuing decline or extreme fluctuation in the number of locations or subpopulations. All individuals are not in one population and one subpopulation does not hold 95% or more of the total population. Predicted decline of <20% in the next 10 years due to habitat loss. From Field Studies: Extent of Occurrence (Sq. km.): Area of Occupancy (Sq. km.): Number of Subpopulations/location: Habitat status: Threats Threats to taxon: Trade: Population Numbers/Generation time/Trend Trends: Saccolabium roseum auct. non Lindley, 1883: Joseph 1962 Malleola rosea auct. non (Lindley) Schltr., 1903: Joseph 1982 Habitat loss resulting in and may result in population decline. The influence on the population structure well understood, not reversible and not ceased. Not in trade Mature individuals in all populations <2,500. The numbers of mature individuals have declined in the past and likely to decline by 10% in the future. Generation time 2 years. The population size/numbers of the taxon declining at a rate of <10% in the last 10 years and <10% predicted decline in the next 10years due to habitat loss. Recent Field Studies: T.A. Rao in Kudremukh, Thirthahalli, 1998. M.B. Viswanathan in Kolli Hills, 1992, Conservation. R. Ganesan in Kakachi-Kodayar, 1997-2000. Data quality: Assessed based on field studies and literature/herbarium studies. Qualifier: The Area and Extent are estimated based on known locations. The habitat status, threats, mature individuals and population trends are observed in some areas and inferred in other areas. Status IUCN Red List Criteria (1994): IUCN Red List Criteria (2000): V ULNERABLE V ULNERABLE CITES: National Red Data Book: Other legislation: Known presence in Protected Areas: Appendix II Indian WL. (P) Act: Not listed Not listed International RDB: Not listed Included in the Negative list of Exports (EXIM Policy), 1999 Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, Kudremukh National Park, Silent Valley National Park Uncertainty: Assessed with 95% confidence based on evidence and on the consensus of the field biologists Recommendations Research: Management: Cultivation: Criteria: Criteria: B1+2be; C1 B1a+b(ii,v), 2a+b(ii,v); C1 Survey Monitoring, cultivation/breeding Cultivated stocks are not available. There is no coordinated species management programme for this species and one is not recommended. Initiate cultivation programme within 3 years. Information on propagation techniques not available with this group of compilers. Other comments: Described by Manilal & Sathish based on a collection from Silent Valley. No change obseved in Kolli Hills. In Kakachi and Kodayar there is no threat as the area is under protection [R. Ganesan, 2000]. Only five individuals were recently recorded in Kudremukh Medicinal Plants Conservation Area[T.A. Rao] Sources: Abraham & Vatsala, 1981: 494; R. Ganesan, 2000. Unpublished Biological Information Sheet; Henry et al., 1989: 24; Joseph, 1962 16(2): 297; Joseph, 1982: 125; Manilal & Sathish, 1984 92(1091): 293; Manoharan et al., 1999: 210; Nayar, 1996: 226; Sathish Kumar, 1999: 210. Compilers: S.S.R. Bennet, B.A. Daniel, R. Gopalan, M. Thapliyal, M. Mohanan, S. Rajendran, S. Phatak, Thamilarasi Reviewers: P.F. Solomons, R. Manickam, S. Rajan, V.S. Ramachandran, R. Singh, T. Chhabra, M.B. Viswanathan, A. Durai, J.L. Ellis, R. Ingalhalli, N. Raman, N.C. Rathakrishnan, C. Sathish Kumar, B. Arthur., B.V. Shetty, T.A. Rao. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop Report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats 2001 185 References: Abraham, A. & P. Vatsala (1981). Introduction to Orchids with Illustrations and Descriptions of 150 South Indian Orchids. 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