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rEviEw articlE
Biophytum sensitivum: Ancient medicine,
modern targets
Sakthivel K. M.,
Guruvayoorappan C.
Department of Biotechnology,
Karunya University, Coimbatore, India
J. Adv. Pharm. Tech. Res.
Abstract
Research on medicinal plants began to focus on discovery of natural products as potential
active principles against various diseases. Medicinal plants are very interesting, have
the ability to produce remarkable chemical structures with diverse biological activities.
Biophytum sensitivum is used as traditional medicine to cure variety of diseases. During
the last few decades, extensive research has been carried out to elucidate the chemistry,
biological activities, and medicinal applications of B. sensitivum. Phytochemical analysis
have shown that the plant parts are rich in various beneficial compounds which include
amentoflavone, cupressuflavone, and isoorientin. Extracts and its bioactive compounds
have been known to possess antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitumor,
radioprotective, chemoprotective, antimetastatic, antiangiogenesis, wound-healing,
immunomodulation, anti-diabetic, and cardioprotective activity. The present review
has been carried out to shed light on the diverse role of this plant in the management
of various ailments facing us.
Key words: Biophytum sensitivum, medicinal plants, natural products
INTRODUCTION
Plants are naturally gifted. In recent times, research on
plants has increased across the globe owing to their
immense potential to heal life-threatening diseases.
A number of medicinal plants have been evaluated for
their therapeutic potentials; most of them have shown their
protective efects against various diseases. The secondary
metabolites, especially the bioactive compounds present
in the plants, provided the basis for several sophisticated
traditional medicine systems like Ayurveda, Unani, Folk,
and Chinese.[1]
Address for correspondence:
Dr. Guruvayoorappan C,
Assistant Professor (SG), Department of Biotechnology,
Karunya University, Karunya Nagar, Coimbatore – 641 114,
Tamil Nadu, India.
E-mail: immunologykarunya@gmail.com
Access this article online
Quick Response Code:
Website:
www.japtr.org
DOI:
10.4103/2231-4040.97279
Due to the alarming increase in the rate of advancement
of illnesses and their diagnosis, drug discovery from
active constituents of the plants is gaining more
importance. Drug discovery from medicinal plants
involves a multifaceted approach combining botanical,
phytochemical, biological, and molecular techniques.
Efectiveness of the natural products, mainly the herbal
extracts with their proven potential and negligible
side efects in therapeutics, has already replaced the
synthetically derived chemical substances as in modern
allopathic medication system which is regarded as unsafe
to human and environment.[2]
Herbal medicines contains one or more herbal substances
as active ingredients which is derived from the aerial and
non-aerial parts, juices, resins, and oils of the plant either
in crude state or as pharmaceutical formulation.[3,4] The
chemical constituents of plant may help as cofactors for
already available biologically active compounds.[5] Recently,
there has been awareness on the understanding of the herbal
knowledge for gaining insights into the socioeconomic
and cultural components of the society. Advances in
quantification and detection of herbal drug molecules
provided us the better understanding of the relation
between the speciic component(s) and its eicacy.[6] Just like
conventional molecular drugs, the phytopharmaceuticals
are involved in the development and marketing of modern
herbal drugs which is clinically efective, inexpensive, and
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Sakthivel and Guruvayoorappan: Pharmacological activities of B.sensitivum
globally competitive.[7] Phytomedicines (can be plants, parts
of plants, and isolated bioactive compounds) have been
used to treat or prevent various disorders.[6,8] Innumerable
drugs from plants found worldwide have been documented
in literatures, yet there continues to be untapped knowledge
on the curative potential of several plants.
OCCURRENCE
DESCRIPTION
AND
B O TA N I C A L
Biophytum sensitivum (L: Linnaeus) DC belonging to
Division: Magnoliophyta, Class: Magnoliopsida, Order:
Oxalidales, Family: Oxalidaceae, found in wet lands of
tropical India, South Asia and Africa. Normally, it is present
in the shades of trees and shrubs, in grass lands at low and
medium altitudes. It is commonly known as Life plant
(English). In India, it is also known by various vernacular
names, Jhalai (Bengali), Laajjaalu, Lakshmana (Hindi),
Hara muni, Jalapushpa (Kannada), Mukkuti (Malayalam),
Lajwanti (Marathi), Vipareetalajjaalu, Jhulapushpa
(Sanskrit), Nilaccurunki, Tintaanaalee (Tamil), Atapati,
chumi, Jalapuspa, (Telugu). It has been used in traditional
medicine for various ailments, especially in Indian
medicine.[9,10] The lower of this plant is considered as one
of the ten sacred plants which are called as Dasapushpam in
tradition and culture of Kerala state in India.[11] Due to seeds
remaining dormant, the cultivation of this plant has become
very diicult. Shivanna et al. (2008) established a protocol
to regenerate B. sensitivum through indirect and direct and
somatic embryogenesis from its various explants.[12]
therapeutic agent to combat life-threatening diseases
lourished during the last decade.
PLANT MORPHOLOGY
The litle plant grows up to maximum of 20 cm and possess
unbranched woody erect stem. Leaves: Leaves abruptly
pinnate, lealets opposite, 6 to 12 pairs, and each lealet is
up to 1.5 cm long, the terminal pair is the largest. Flower:
The lowers are many and crowded at the apices of the
numerous peduncles, normally yellow, white, or orange
with red streak in the center of each of the ive petals. The
sepals are subulate-lanceolate, striate, and about 7 mm long.
Fruits: Fruits are ellipsoid capsules which are shorter than
the persistent calyx.[15]
PHYTOCHEMISTRY
The phytochemistry of B. sensitivum showed a wide
range of chemical compounds including two bilavones:
cupressuflavone and amentoflavone; three flavonoids:
luteolin 7- methyl ether, isoorientin and 3’-methoxyluteolin
7-O-glucoside; two acids: 4-Caffeoylquinic acid and
5-Cafeoylquinic acid which were isolated from the aerial
parts of B. sensitivum.[16] It also contains 3’, 8’’-biapigenin,[17]
proanthocyanidins (also known as condensed form of
tannins), [18] and some phenolic compounds. [19] These
compounds were isolated from the aerial part of this
plant [Figure 1].[11]
TRADITIONAL THERAPY
Various crude extract of this plant have shown multifarious
activities which includes antioxidants, anti-inlammatory,
and antitumor activity. Medicinal plants become the main
source for cancer drug development.[13] Pharmacological
screening from leaves of the B. sensitivum showed signiicant
antitumor activity in Dalton’s Lymphoma Ascites (DLA)bearing mice[14] and this represents B. sensitivum as a valuable
medicinal plant with therapeutic efects. Continued research
to elucidate the molecular mechanisms behind the role
of antitumor activity is worthwhile. The present article
aims to provide a comprehensive review on its state of
knowledge about morphology, phytoconstituents, and its
various biological activity of B. sensitivum as a revolutionary
Tracing the history of traditional practice of B. sensitivum
reveals its key action; the plant is bitter, expectorant,
stimulant, and tonic in Ayurveda. It has been used as
traditional medicine for several purposes. It is recommended
to be used in the treatment of stomach ache, asthma,
treating insomnia, convulsions, cramps, chest complaints,
inflammations, tumors, and remedying chronic skin
diseases. Commonly, the whole plant decoction is used for
asthma and phthisis and the decoction of root is used for
gonorrhea and lithiasis.[9] Speciically, the leaves are diuretic
and relieve strangury and commonly known as “Nagbeli,”
a folk medicine against “Madhumeha” (Diabetes mellitus),
Figure 1: Structures of phytoconstituents isolated from B. sensitivum
84
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Sakthivel and Guruvayoorappan: Pharmacological activities of B.sensitivum
particularly in Eastern Nepal.[20,21] The powdered leaves
and seeds were used to apply on wounds.[22] B. sensitivum
is one of the plants used against snake envenomation.
The whole part of plant is used to counteract the snake
venom activity. [23] The major ethnopharmacological uses
of B. sensitivum have been depicted in Table 1.
P H A R M AC O L O G I C A L P O T E N TA L O F
B. SENSITIVUM
Focusing on the review of research works with various
crude extract and its compounds with radioprotection,
immunomodulation, antitumor, antioxidant, antibacterial,
hypoglycemic, antimetastatic, antiangiogenesis,
chemoprevention, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory are
covered. The widest spectra of pharmacological activities
exhibited by B. sensitivum are represented in the Figure 2.
Radioprotective Action
Over the past 50 years, research in the development of
radioprotective agents atained an area of great signiicance
due to its applications in planned radiotherapy and
unplanned radiation exposure. Free-radical-induced
reproductive cell death is the basis of radiotherapy, and
it is clear that the main problem of this approach to ight
cancer is to target the ionizing radiation to the tumor cells
in order to prevent damage to healthy tissue.[24] The use
of B. sensitivum as a radioprotective agent in Swiss albino
mice is evaluated. The results of this study showed that
B. sensitivum treatment could scavenge the free radicals
generated during whole-body radiation exposure and
may protect the mice from radiation-induced hemopoietic
damage which is mediated through immunomodulation as
well as sequential induction of IL-1β, Granulocyte colony
stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and IFN-γ.[25]
Induction of apoptosis in B16F-10 melanoma cells
The precisely controlled cellular event apoptosis, also known
as programmed cell death, is a well-recognized process
essential for normal human embryogenesis as well as to
maintain tissue homeostasis and protective processes.[26]
The methanolic extract of B. sensitivum and amentolavone,
a bilavonoid present in this plant, were able to inhibit
the production of proinflammatory cytokines such as
Interleukins (IL-1β and IL-6), GM-CSF, Tumor necrosis
factor (TNF-α), and Nitric oxide (NO) by Tumor-associated
macrophages.[27,28]
Efect of B. sensitivum on cell-mediated immune response
Guruvayoorappan and Kuttan evaluated the effect of
B. sensitivum on mitogen-induced proliferative response
of lymphocytes and on Natural Killer (NK) cell-mediated,
Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), and
Antibody-dependent complement-mediated cytotoxicity
(ACC) in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC)-bearing mice.
The administration of B. sensitivum stimulates the immune
system, leading to enhanced immune cell proliferation
of splenocytes, thymocytes, and bone marrow cells by
stimulating the mitogenic potential of various mitogens
such as Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), Concanavalin A (Con A),
Phytohemagglutinin, and Poke Weed Mitogen. NK cell
activity, ADCC, and ACC were found to be enhanced in
tumor-bearing animals that suggest the immunomodulatory
property of B. sensitivum.[29]
Immunostimulation and Antitumor Activity
Figure 2: Pharmacological dimensions of B. sensitivum
The agents that activate the host-defense mechanisms
or modulate the immune response by stimulation or
Table 1: Ethnopharmacological uses of B. sensitivum
Part of the plant
Ailment
Group / Country
Whole plant decoction as a
tonic (Oral)
Whole plant (Topical)
Root (Oral)
Leaves (Oral)
Stomach ache, asthma, insomnia,
convulsions, chest complaints, tumors
Inflammations, chronic skin diseases
Gonorrhea and Lithiasis
Diabetes
Powdered leaves and seeds
(Topical)
Whole plant decoction (Oral)
Wound healing
Ayurveda, Foot hills of Himalayas,
India
Ayurveda, India
Ayurveda, India
“Nagbeli” a folk medicine, Nepal,
Foot hills of Himalayas, India
Mali, Africa
Snake envenomation
Both in Ayurveda and Siddha,
India
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References
9
9
9
51,80,81
18
19
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Sakthivel and Guruvayoorappan: Pharmacological activities of B.sensitivum
suppression are referred as Immunomodulators. The
methanolic extract of B. sensitivum was screened for its
immunomodulatory and antitumor activity in BALB/c
mice. The administration of methanolic extract of
B. sensitivum increase the total WBC count and stimulate
the hematopoietic system by increasing the count of bone
marrow cells and also enhanced the diferentiation of stem
cells by increasing the presence of γ-esterase-positive bone
marrow cells. Increase in circulatory antibody titer and
antibody-forming cells indicates its stimulatory efect on
the humoral arm of the immune system and production
of immune cells by increasing weight of spleen and
thymus. The antitumor activities of B. sensitivum extract
was determined by both in vitro and in vivo methods.
Administration of B. sensitivum inhibited the growth of solid
tumor induced by DLA cells and ascites tumor induced by
EAC cells. It also decreased cellular Glutathione (GSH),
Serum Gamma Glutamyl Transpeptidase (GGT), and NO
levels.[30] This was congruent to the report that the aqueous
extract of B. sensitivum leaves showed signiicant antitumor
activity against the transplantable murine tumor.[14]
Natural antioxidant defense mechanism
Antioxidative action plays a major role in protection of
human beings against oxidative damage caused by the
highly reactive unpaired electrons referred as free radicals,
which atracted a great deal of atention in recent years.
The increased lux of free radicals can react with number
of biomolecules including DNA, lipids, and proteins and
produce toxic efects.[31] Flavonoids can able to scavenge free
radicals by means of directly donating the hydrogen atoms
and also by various mechanisms.[32] The possible mechanism
by which lavonoids can act is through interaction with
various antioxidant enzymes.[33]
The antioxidant potential of B. sensitivum was evaluated
in both by in vitro and in vivo. B. sensitivum was found
to inhibit in vitro lipid peroxidation and also scavenge
superoxide radicals and NO in vitro. Intraperitoneal
administration of B. sensitivum in BALB/c mice inhibited
Phorbol-12-myristrate-13-acetate-induced superoxide
radical generation in macrophages in vivo. The extract
also produced a signiicant increase in catalase activity,
Glutathione-S-transferase, GSH, Glutathione reductase and
decrease in Glutathione peroxidase.[34] This result strongly
supports its usefulness as a natural antioxidant to combat
the free radical chain propagation efect. B. sensitivum was
reportedly rich in lavonoids which includes Isoorientin,
two bilavones: Amentolavone and Cupressulavone,[16]
and Phenolic compounds; [19] Amentoflavone inhibits
the cyclooxygenase-1- and cyclooxygenase-2-catalyzed
prostaglandin biosynthesis.[35] A polysaccharide isolated
from B. sensitivum was found to be enhancing the
complement ixation.[10] These phytocompounds may be
responsible for the antioxidant potential of B. sensitivum and
further research works need to be initiated to understand the
86
precise mechanism behind the possible role and to ind out
which active ingredient is responsible for antioxidant action.
Antibacterial property
The use of B. sensitivum as an anti-infective agent was
demonstrated recently. The leaves extracts of B. sensitivum
(methanol, chloroform, acetone, and petroleum ether)
was evaluated for its antibacterial activity by them against
several human pathogenic bacterial strains (Bacillus subtilis,
Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumonia, Klebsiella
pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi, Proteus vulgaris, and Escherichia
coli). All the extracts showed various remarkable levels of
activity on diferent test organisms and their activity is quite
comparable with the standard antibiotics. This discovery
indicates a potent remedy from B. sensitivum that will be a
great advancement in bacterial infection therapies.[36]
Cardioprotection
Coronary heart disease is characterized by the presence
of high blood cholesterol which is the main risk factor
for this major life-threatening disease.[37] The possible
hypocholesterolemic efect of B. sensitivum leaf water extract
in inbred male albino rabbits was assessed. Simultaneous
administration of B. sensitivum produced a beneicial efect
by improving all the parameters of lipid proile which
include Very low-density lipoprotein and Low-density
lipoprotein, except High-density lipoprotein, and also it
causes slight lowering of plasma glucose, but without any
risk of causing severe hypoglycemia.[38]
Antimetastatic quality
The eradication or prevention of highly complex metastatic
process, the major cause of mortality in various cancer
patients, remains current clinical challenge in the investigation
of cancer research. This multistep process involves up and
down regulations in the expression of speciic genes and
various cytophysiological changes. Cancer cells from the
primary neoplasm enter into the blood vessels or lymphatics
and circulate in the body luids, then form a new colony
at a distant site.[39,40] The treatment with B. sensitivum in
B16F-10 melanoma-induced experimental lung metastasis
in C57BL/6 mice significantly reduced lung collagen
hydroxyproline, hexosamine, uronic acid levels, serum
sialic acid, and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase. It inhibits
the expression level of several proinlammatory cytokines
(IL-1, IL-6, GM-CSF, and TNF) and the proteolytic enzymes
matrix metalloproteinases. It also inhibits the activation and
nuclear translocation of p65, p50, c-Rel subunits of nuclear
factors such as c-fos, activated transcription factor-2, and
cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding
protein in B16F-10 melanoma cells.[41]
Targeting angiogenesis
Understanding the key molecular pathways and signaling
molecules involved in the formation of new capillaries from
preexisting vasculature by the tumor cells has been a highly
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Sakthivel and Guruvayoorappan: Pharmacological activities of B.sensitivum
active area in the investigation of cancer therapy over the past
two decades.[42] Angiogenesis is one of the essential hallmarks
required for the transformation of normal cell to a cancer cell.
Targeting of angiogenesis has become a promising strategy
for cancer treatment by developing angiogenesis inhibitors.
Inhibition of angiogenesis suppresses the growth of tumor
by switching of the supply of oxygen and nutrients.[43]
B. sensitivum displayed antiangiogenic activity in both in
vitro and in vivo models. Intraperitoneal administration
of methanol extract of B. sensitivum at a concentration of
50 mg/kg inhibited the tumor-directed capillary formation
induced by B16-F10 melanoma cells and increased the
level of proinlammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6,
TNF-α, GM-CSF, and VGEF (Vascular Endothelial Growth
Factor), the direct endothelial cell-proliferating agent. It
also increased production of IL-2 and tissue inhibitor of
metalloprotease-1 in B16-F10-injected and treated C57BL/6
animal models. The extract at concentrations of 1 μg/ml,
5 μg/ml, and 10 μg/ml inhibited the VGEF-induced vessel
sprouting in rat aortic ring assay and inhibited the VGEFinduced proliferation, cell migration, and capillary-like
tube formation of primary cultured human endothelial
cells and VGEF mRNA levels in B16-F10 melanoma cells.
Antiangiogenic activity of B. sensitivum was supported by
its signiicant modulation of inlammatory cytokines and
inhibition of VGEF expression levels.[44]
Chemoprotective ability
The potential and powerful approach of modern
chemotherapy uses natural, synthetic, or biological chemical
agents to reverse, control, or prevent the multistep process
of carcinogenesis by altering its molecular and cellular
events.[45,46] The ethanolic extract of B. sensitivum was studied
against cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced toxicity in mice.
Intraperitoneal administration of the extract with CTX
signiicantly increased the total WBC count, bone marrow
cellularity, alpha-esterase-positive cells, and weight of
lymphoid organs. Reduction of GSH in liver and in intestinal
mucosa of CTX-treated controls was signiicantly reversed
by B. sensitivum administration with amelioration of
changes in serum and liver Alkaline Phosphatse, Glutamic
pyruvate transaminase, , and lipid peroxidation. The level
of the proinlammatory cytokine, TNF-alpha, which was
elevated during CTX administration, was signiicantly
reduced by the administration of B. sensitivum extract. The
lowered levels of cytokines IFN-gamma, IL-2, and GM-CSF
after CTX treatment were also found to be increased by B.
sensitivum extract administration. Even though it did not
compromise the antineoplastic activity of CTX, there is a
synergistic action of CTX and B. sensitivum in reducing the
solid tumors in mice was found.[47]
Antidiabetic potential
The inherited or acquired deficiency in production of
insulin leads to hyperglycemic condition or Diabetes
mellitus, as a result of high blood sugar which in turn
damage many of body systems. The prevalence of diabetes
mellitus is alarmingly increasing worldwide from 2.8% in
2000 to 4.4% in 2030.[48] The administration of B. sensitivum
reduced the activities of gluconeogenic enzymes present
in glucose homeostasis and increased the level of plasma
insulin which enhances the glycogenesis in streptozotocin
and nicotinamide-induced diabetic rats have recently been
reported.[49] The insulinotropic efect was investigated in
alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits and the results showed
signiicant hypoglycemic efect possibly due to stimulating
action of synthesis of insulin from beta cells of islets of
Langerhans of pancreas.[50,51]
Anti-inlammatory response
Inflammation is the important cause known to be
responsible for association with several diseases
like Cancer, Diabetes, Arthritis, Parkinson’s disease,
Alzheimer’s disease, and Ulcerative colitis.[52-56] The antiinlammatory action of B. sensitivum was investigated in
aqueous and methanol extracts of the aerial parts and
roots in the carrageenin-induced rat paw edema. The
inhibition of edema was found to be maximum in aqueous
extract of aerial parts and roots and methanol fraction
of roots than the methanol fraction of aerial parts.[57] B.
sensitivum inhibits the production of NO, proinlammatory
cytokines like IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, the important
targets for treatment of inlammatory disorders in LPS
or Con A-stimulated primary macrophages. The gene
expression proile showed that B. sensitivum downregulate
the expression of Inducible NO synthase and COX-2 and
acts as potential inhibitor in inlammatory conditions.[58]
Amentolavone—A potent bilavonoid in B. sensitivum
Amentoflavone is a potent biflavonoid present in
B. sensitivum and other numerous plant species which
include Putranjiva roxburghii Wall. (family: Euphorbiaceae),
Mangifera indica Linn. (family: Anacardiaceae), Ginkgo biloba
Linn. (family: Ginkgoaceae), Selaginella sinensis, Selaginella
willdenowii, Selaginella tamariscina (family: Slaginellaceae)
[59,66,71]
Antidesma laciniatum (family: Euphorbiaceae),[60]
Tratinickia rhoifolia (family: Burseraceae),[61] Thuja orientalis
(family: Cupressaceae), [62] Nandina domestica (family:
Berberidaceae).[63] Cycas rumphii (family: Cycadaceae), and
Trifolium alexandrinum (family: Fabaceae).[64]
Amentoflavone, the active ingredient of B. sensitivum
and other plants, has been shown to exhibit various
pharmacological activities such as antiviral,[65,66] antiinflammatory, [67] antidepressant, [68] antioxidant, [69]
analgesic activities,[70] Inhibitor of phospholipase Cγ1,[71]
irreversible inhibitor of lymphocyte proliferation, [72]
inhibitor of NO synthase in macrophages, [73] inhibitor
of cAMP phosphodiesterase in rat adipose tissues,[74]
inhibits nonenzymatic lipid peroxidation, [75] a potent
cafeine-like Ca2+ releaser in skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic
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Sakthivel and Guruvayoorappan: Pharmacological activities of B.sensitivum
reticulum,[58] inhibits the papain super family member of
cysteine proteases—Cathepsin B,[76] a potent scavenger of
superoxide,[77] and inhibitory efect on the degradation of
IkBα and NF-kB translocation into the nucleus.[78] It has
potential to activate the proliferation of lymphoid cells
and efector cell functions by increasing the production
of IL-2 and IFN-γ and could impede the level of markers
of proliferating tumor cells, serum sialic acid and serum
γ-GGT.[79] It also has the ability to inhibit the production of
proinlammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, GM-CSF,
and TNF-α in B16F-10 cells and peritoneal macrophages;[80]
antiangiogenic qualities by distracting the integrity of
endothelial cells and by modulating the endogenous factors
required for the neovascularization process.[81] In view of the
above interpretations, Amentolavone become the potent
bioactive principle from B. sensitivum and other several
plants; it is evident to accept its worthwhile contribution
to healthcare.
Other active ingredients
Isoorientin is one of the main biologically active
phytochemical components of B. sensitivum. It is also
reported to be present in different plants species
such as Gentiana olivieri (family: Gentianaceae), [82]
Cucumis sativus, Cucumis metuliferus, Cucumis myriocarpus
(family: Cucurbitaceae),[83] Cymbopogon citrates (family:
Poaceae),[84] Centaurea gigantean (family: Asteraceae),[85]
Clematis rehderiana (family: Ranunculaceae),[86] Commelina
communis (family: Commelinacae), [87] Sasa borealis
(family: Poaceae),[88] Daphne gnidium,[89] Passilora edulis
(family: Passiloraceae),[90] Caraipa densifolia,[91] Cecropia
pachystachya (family: Cecropiaceae),[92] Patrinia villosa [93],
Arum palaestinum (family: Araceae), [94] and Zea Mays
(family: Poaceae).[95] Isoorientin can also synthesized from
commercially available Phloroacetophenone.[96] Literatures
on biological activities of isoorientin shows Hypoglycemic
and antihyperlipidemic efects,[82] Antinociceptive, antiinlammatory and gastroprotective activities,[97] antioxidant
potential, [98] and myolytic activity on uterine smooth
muscle of rats and guinea pigs.[94] Another component
present in B. sensitivum is luteolin 7-methyl ether. It is
also present in Blumea balsamifera (family: Asteraceae) and
exhibited strong cytotoxicity against human lung cancer cell
lines (NCI-H187).[99] As documented by several workers,
further work on clinical investigations of these biologically
active phytocomponents seems to be highly essential.
the plant B. sensitivum reported in the last decade was
highlighted. The bioactivity of the various extracts of
B. sensitivum corresponding to its traditional application
can validate the traditional folk medicinal usage of the
plant. Furthermore, the theories, beliefs, and experimental
studies will hopefully broaden our knowledge base needed
for designing beneicial multi-target therapeutic agents
from the B. sensitivum in near future directions. Studies
in the recent past indicate its potential efectiveness of
pure chemical compounds atributed to it and its diverse
medicinal activities. From this, it is confirmed that
B. sensitivum with its active ingredients can be implicated
in the maintenance of health as well as in prevention,
treatment, or improvement of several disease areas.
However, further exploration for development of new drug
molecules and to elucidate the mechanism responsible for
its therapeutic action is of paramount importance. Further
research works need to be initiated to look for the possible
role of this plant extract and its chemical constituents to
variety of diseases in human models.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors acknowledge funding from the DST, New Delhi,
India (Grant No: SR/FT/LS-30/2009). The valuable guidance of
Dr. V. M. Berlin Grace, Head, Department of Biotechnology and
Dr. M. Patrick Gomez, Director, School of Biotechnology and
Health Sciences, Karunya University, is gratefully acknowledged.
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How to cite this article: Sakthivel KM, Guruvayoorappan C.
Biophytum sensitivum : Ancient medicine, modern targets. J Adv
Pharm Tech Res 2012;3:83-91.
Source of Support: DST, New Delhi, India (Grant No: SR/FT/LS30/2009)., Conlict of Interest: Nil.
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