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1993, Journal of Ethnopharmacology
Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências
Plant-derived antimalarial agents: new leads and efficient phythomedicines. Part I. Alkaloids2009 •
Journal of Ethnopharmcology
Forest Fevers: traditional treatment of malaria in the southern lowlands of Laos2020 •
Ethnopharmacological relevance: Malaria is still a highly challenging public health issue in southern Lao PDR, with increasing cases of artemisinin resistance and Plasmodium vivax infections which are more complicated to treat. Traditional medicine has a long history of use in Laos, and is primarily practised by traditional village healers, who possess unique bodies of transmitted knowledge focused on herbal prescriptions, including those for the treatment of malaria. Villagers also use plants for healthcare in the home. The aim of the study is to document local fever concepts and use of herbal remedies, and examine whether they may have potential as complementary treatments against malaria. Materials and methods: The study took place in Champasak province in the far south of Laos, in primarily lowland areas. First, 35 traditional healers across the 10 districts of the province were interviewed to elicit details about knowledge and treatment of fevers. Second, a household survey was conducted in a village in a malaria-endemic area; 97 households were interviewed on fever incidence, differentiation, treatment-seeking behaviour and knowledge of plant-based remedies for fevers. Plants indicated by both healers and villagers were collected and voucher specimens deposited in the herbarium of the National University of Laos for identification. Results: Malaria is a well-known pathology among the healers and villagers of lowland Champasak province; biomedical treatments are preferentially used, but traditional medicine is a popular complementary method, especially in chronic cases with additional symptoms. 30 different fever types were recorded, which were usually named symptomatically, and grouped into 12 categories. Some were described as forms of malaria, which was conceived as a dynamic, changing pathology affecting many body systems. Healers formulate treatments based on symptoms and the person's constitution, and with the intention of creating specific pharmacological actions associated with temperature or flavours. 11 of the healers gave prescriptions for malaria (27 in total), including 47 identified plant species. The most-used plants (4 or more use-reports) were also the most cited in the literature for use against malaria, demonstrating a correspondence between Lao healers and other traditional medical systems. Furthermore, some of these species show promising results for future research, especially Amorphophallus paeniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson and Alocasia macrorrhizos (L.) G. Don. Conclusion: Traditional healers are important actors in the treatment of malaria in southern Laos, and herbal remedies should be evaluated further by the use of reverse treatment outcome trials, especially those which may be of use as complementary remedies in treating P. vivax. Initiatives on knowledge transmission, medicinal plant conservation and healthcare integration are also urgently needed. (E. Elliott). Journal of Ethnopharmacology 247 (xxxx) xxxx 0378-8741/
ISRN …
A Review of the Ethnobotany and Pharmacological Importance of Alstonia boonei De Wild (Apocynaceae)2012 •
Alstonia boonei De Wild is a herbal medicinal plant of West African origin, popularly known as God's tree or “Onyame dua”. Within West Africa, it is considered as sacred in some forest communities; consequently the plant parts are not eaten. The plant parts have been traditionally used for its antimalarial, aphrodisiac, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, and antipyretic activities, which have also been proved scientifically. The plant parts are rich in various bioactive compounds such as echitamidine, Nα-formylechitamidine, boonein, loganin, lupeol, ursolic acid, and β-amyrin among which the alkaloids and triterpenoids form a major portion. The present paper aims at investigating the main research undertaken on the plant in order to provide sufficient baseline information for future work and for commercial exploitation.
There is an urgent need for the development of effective anti-malarial drugs due to emergence of resistant strains of P. falciparum. Medicinal plants represent a plethora of compounds to achieve this feat. The stem and leaf extracts of Alstonia boonei and Carapa procera are used in various traditional medicines for the treatment of malaria. In the present study, the petroleum ether and hydro-alcoholic extracts of these two plants were tested in vitro on choloroquine sensitive (3D7) strains of Plasmodium falciparum for their anti-malarial activity. Growth inhibition was determined in vitro by counting GIEMSA-stained parasites by light microscopy. The petroleum ether extract of the leaves and stem bark of A. boonei were both inactive (IC 50 ˃100 µg/ml). Their soxhlet ethanol extracts were also inactive with IC 50 ˃100 µg/ml. However, the leaf extract, obtained by cold maceration, showed weak activity (IC 50 = 71.24 µg/ml) whereas that of the stem was 88.15 µg/ml. The petroleum ether extract of the stem bark of C. procera inhibited the growth of the chloroquine sensitive (3D7) Plasmodium falciparum parasite with IC 50 value of 19.52 µg/ml and the soxhlet extracted ethanol extract giving IC 50 = 11.41 µg/ml. Column chromatography of the bioactive soxhlet ethanol extract afforded fractions with significant antimalarial activities (IC 50 ˂10µg/ml).The present study has revealed that the leaves and stem bark of A. boonei show weak antiplasmodial activity. Extracting the constituents of A. boonei by cold maceration retains considerable antiplasmodial activity. The stem bark of C. procera however, showed significant antiplasmodial activity. Chromatographic fractionation afforded more potent antiplasmodial fractions.
Phytochemistry Reviews
Isolation and characterisation of the monoterpenoid indole alkaloids of Aspidosperma pyrifolium2007 •
Drug resistance in malaria infection is a serious public health challenge. Thus, scientific search for alternative treatment measures among the local medicinal plants is exigent. We therefore investigated the anti-plasmodial efficacy and genotoxicity of the methanolic leaf and stem extracts of Alstonia plant at varying concentration (200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg) in mice infected with chloroquine sensitive Plasmodium berghei. The phytochemical screening of the extract revealed that leaf sample contained significantly higher secondary metabolites, except saponins (p<0.05). Anti-plasmodial activities of the two extracts were duration and dose-dependent. Stem bark extract showed higher curative potential with inhibition rate of 56.71% at 400 mg/kg whereas, leaf extract was efficient at 600mg/kg with 52.15% inhibition rate. Stem bark extract at 400 mg/kg improved the enzymatic activities of the mice; it lowered serum ALT (6.88±4.42) and increased liver ALT (41.07±5.56). Similarly, 400 mg/kg leaf extract showed highest AST (70.65±4.00) and ALT (44.65±7.83) activities in the kidney and liver respectively. Analysis of genotoxicity revealed that micronucleus and abnormal (binucleated, notched and blebbed) were prevalent among the experimental mice which increased significantly (p<0.05) at all concentrations except at 600mg/kg leaf extract. Therefore, this present study indicates that both leaf and stem bark extracts of A. boonei possess anti-plasmodial activity and are less genotoxic when compared with standard drug.
The resistance of current drugs against malaria parasite is increasing, thus the need for evaluation of the haemozoin (HZ) concentration in malaria parasite as a novel strategy for malaria control. Haemozoin load in the blood of patients was measured after taking antimalarials or plants extracts. The tested plant extracts were established to reduce HZ concentration in vivo. Haemozoin was extracted from the blood samples of all the malaria positive patients studied by centrifugation and the concentration analyzed spectrophotometrically at 400 nm wavelength. Comparative anti-malaria activity of some conventional drugs: Maldox, Halfan, Artecxin, Amatem, Mefloquine (quinolines) and Malmed, the leaf and stem back extracts of Sarcocephalius latifolius and Alstonia boonei, containing potent pyhytochemicals including tannins, flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, was evaluated to establish the most effective agent for haemozoin reduction and subsequently, malaria therapy. Each agent was administered to patients in each malaria episode, and the absorbance of haemozoin produced determined at 4000 nm wavelength. Packed cell volume (PCV) was estimated to establish the proportion of red blood cells before and after haemozoin production, using microhaematocrit reader. All the chemical antimalarial drugs used effected reduction in haemozoin concentration. However, Mefloquine (Quinolines) showed the highest activity with significant difference of 0.01 (p<0.05). The plant extracts similarly exerted significant reduction in the haemozoin concentration. Nevertheless, Alstonia boonei extract was the most effective in haemozoin reduction at 0.00 significant level (p<0.05). Of all the therapeutants (chemical and plant extracts) tested, Alstonia boonei stem back extract most significantly reduced haemozoin production (p<0.05), indicating its potential for use in novel anti-plasmodium and anti-malaria drug formulation.
BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Assessment of antiproliferative and antiplasmodial activities of five selected Apocynaceae species2011 •
Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Formulation of the extract of the stem bark of Alstonia boonei as tablet dosage form2008 •
2003 •
Journal of Ethnopharmacology
Antimalarial activity of 20 crude extracts from nine African medicinal plants used in Kinshasa, Congo1999 •
2014 •
Journal of Ethnopharmacology
Antiprotozoal and cytotoxic screening of 45 plant extracts from Democratic Republic of Congo2008 •
Natural product communications
Revealing indigenous Indonesian traditional medicine: anti-infective agents2011 •
The Alkaloids: Chemistry and Biology
Chapter 2 Alkaloids with Antiprotozoal Activity2008 •
2013 •
2013 •
Journal of Ethnopharmacology
Medicinal plants and finished marketed herbal products used in the treatment of malaria in the Ashanti region, Ghana2015 •
Journal of Ethnopharmacology
In vitro antiplasmodial activity and cytotoxicity of ethnobotanically selected South African plants2001 •
Journal of Ethnopharmacology
In vitro antiplasmodial activity and cytotoxicity of ethnobotanically selected Ivorian plants2003 •
2001 •
Tropical Medicine & International Health
In vitro antiplasmodial activity and cytotoxicity of extracts and fractions of Vitex madiensis, medicinal plant of Gabon2011 •
2012 •
Current Medicinal Chemistry
Combating Malaria with Plant Molecules: A Brief Update2013 •
Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz
In vitro inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum by substances isolated from Amazonian antimalarial plants2007 •
2008 •
Experimental Parasitology
Investigation of some medicinal plants traditionally used for treatment of malaria in Kenya as potential sources of antimalarial drugs2011 •
Phytotherapy Research
Tanzanian medicinal plants used traditionally for the treatment of malaria:In vivo antimalarial andin vitro cytotoxic activities1995 •
Journal of Ethnopharmacology
Antimalarial activity and toxicity evaluation of a quantified Nauclea pobeguinii extract2010 •
Journal of Ethnopharmacology
Uses of multiple plants prescriptions for treatment of malaria by some communities in southern Ghana2012 •
Alternative & Complementary Therapies
Botanical Treatment and Prevention of Malaria: Part 2-Selected Botanicals2004 •
Journal of Ethnopharmacology
Antiparasitic activities of medicinal plants used in Ivory Coast2004 •
2009 •
Journal of Ethnopharmacology
Bitter plants used as substitute of Cinchona spp. (quina) in Brazilian traditional medicineJournal of Ethnopharmacology
Antimalarial herbal remedies of Msambweni, Kenya2010 •