JoTT ShorT CommuniCaTion 4(15): 3415–3425 Endemic orchids of peninsular india: a review Jeewan Singh Jalal 1 & J. Jayanthi 2 1,2 Botanical Survey of India, Western Regional Centre, 7, Koregaon Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411001, India Email: 1 jeewansinghjalal@rediffmail.com (corresponding author), 2 jayanthi.bsi@gmail.com Orchidaceae is one of the most ecologically and morphologically diverse families of lowering plants. It is the second largest family of lowering plants in the world, comprising of about 779 genera and 22,500 species (Mabberley 2008). They have diverse habits with variously modiied vegetative and loral structures. Based on their varying habits, orchids are classiied as holomycotrophic or saprophytic (growing on dead and decaying matter), terrestrials (growing on ground) and epiphytic (growing on trees or shrubs). They are very sensitive to habitat degradation and fragmentation. In India, the orchid diversity is represented by 1,331 species belonging to 186 genera (Misra 2007). The Indian subcontinent has diverse climatic regimes, forest types and habitat conditions that provides a favourable environment for accommodating diverse life forms and species. Being separated by high mountain ranges of the Himalaya in the north and in the south by Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal and Indian Ocean, the isolation of Indian lora to a large extent helps in the evolution of endemic taxa (Nayar 1996). Geologically the drifting of the Indian subcontinent Date of publication (online): 26 December 2012 Date of publication (print): 26 December 2012 ISSN 0974-7907 (online) | 0974-7893 (print) Editor: Pankaj Kumar manuscript details: Ms # o3091 Received 04 February 2012 Final received 19 October 2012 Finally accepted 28 October 2012 Citation: Jalal, J.S. & J. Jayanthi (2012). Endemic orchids of peninsular India: a review. Journal of Threatened Taxa 4(15): 3415–3425. Copyright: © Jeewan Singh Jalal & J. Jayanthi 2012. Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. JoTT allows unrestricted use of this article in any medium for non-proit purposes, reproduction and distribution by providing adequate credit to the authors and the source of publication. acknowledgements: The authors are thankful to Dr. Paramjith Singh, Director, Botanical Survey of India for providing facilities and support. The authors are also thankful to Dr. D.K. Singh, Additional Director, Botanical Survey of India for encouragement. OPEN ACCESS | FREE DOWNLOAD abstract: The present analysis of endemic orchids shows a total account of 130 species belonging to 38 genera in peninsular India. Of these, 43 are terrestrial, 85 epiphytic and two holomycotrophic (saprophytic). The Western Ghats comprises of 123 endemic orchid species, Deccan Plateau has 29 endemic orchid species and Eastern Ghats has 22 endemic orchid species. However, in the present analysis the number of endemic species is reduced from the earlier reports because of the rapid development in the taxonomic explorations in the neighboring countries. As a result, many species were found to show extended distribution. Key words: Deccan Plateau, endemic, Eastern Ghats, orchids, peninsular India, Western Ghats. from the Gondwanaland through various latitudes lead to immigration and extinction of species which are engraved in the present day loristic composition (Axelrod 1971). The endemism in the lora of a country or geographical region provides an important insight into the biogeography of that region and also to the centers of diversity and adaptive evolution of the loristic components of that region (Nayar 1996). In India, the peninsular region has a high degree of endemism making it the second richest endemic centre after the Himalaya. Nayar (1977) surmised, the history of lora of peninsular India is one of the loristic impoverishments due to low of Deccan lavas during cretaceous-eocene time and spreading aridity in Miocene-quaternary period, causing depletion of its characteristic lora leaving few relict taxa. The peninsular region is a part of Indian plate of Gondwanaland and most of the endemic plants of this region are palaeoendemics. A large concentration of endemic species is found in the tropical moist deciduous and tropical semievergreen patches of Western Ghats and to a much lesser degree in Eastern Ghats (Nayar 1996). Materials and Methods Peninsular India comprises of seven states viz., Andhra Pradesh, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Odisha and Tamil Nadu and one union territory namely Pondicherry. It is bound by Vindhyan Mountains in Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | December 2012 | 4(15): 3415–3425 3415 Peninsular India orchids J.S. Jalal & J. Jayanthi the north, Arabian Sea in the west, Indian Ocean in the south and Bay of Bengal in the east. The geography of the region can be divided into three zones namely the Deccan Plateau, Eastern Ghats and the Western Ghats (Image 1). The Deccan Plateau is the largest plateau in India, making up the majority of the southern part of the country. Eastern Ghats forms a broken chain of hill ranges extending through the states of Odisha, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. It runs north-east to southwest direction in peninsular India. Western Ghats starts near the border of Gujarat and Maharashtra, south of the Tapti River and runs approximately 1600km through the states of Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala ending at Kanyakumari. It is also one of the 34 Biodiversity Hotspots of the world (Myers et al. 2000). The vegetation type of peninsular India varies from tropical evergreen forest, tropical semievergreen forests, sholas, moist deciduous forests, dry deciduous forests, scrub jungles and dry savannah forests. For the present analysis information on the endemic orchids of peninsular region was collected from literature such as Hooker (1888–1890), Blatter (1928), Fischer (1928), Cooke (1958), Santapau & Kapadia (1966), Saldanha & Nicolson (1976), Pradhan (1976), Bose & Bhattacharjee (1980), Yoganarasimhan et al. (1981), Nayar et al. (1984), Rathakrishnan & Chitra (1984), Rao (1986, 1998), Joseph (1987), Ahmedullah & Nayar (1987), Chandrabose & Nair (1988), Manilal (1988), Henry et al. (1989), Ansari & Balakrishnan (1990), Keshavamurthy & Yoganarasimhan (1990), Kumar & Manilal (1994), Lakshminarasimhan (1996), Nayar (1996), Pullaiah (1997), Karthikeyan (2000), Gopalan & Henry (2000), Mishra & Singh (2001), Singh et al. (2001), Kumar et al. (2001), Yadav & Sardesai (2002), Rao & Kumari (2003), Manilal & Kumar (2004), Sardesai & Yadav (2004), Joshi & Janarthanam (2004), Gaikwad & Yadav (2004), Misra (2007), Misra et al. (2008), Nayar et al. (2008), Bachulkar (2010) and Narayanan et al. (2010). The online databases, namely, Govaerts et al. (2012) http://apps. Kew.org/wcsp, Tropicos (2012) image 1. map of peninsular india 3416 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | December 2012 | 4(15): 3415–3425 Peninsular India orchids J.S. Jalal & J. Jayanthi Results Ahmedullah & Nayar (1987) brought out the irst authentic work on the endemic plants of peninsular India and estimated 123 species and 33 genera of endemic orchids from this region. While Nayar (1996) estimated 136 species, later on Kumar & Manilal (1994) recorded 142 species belonging to 38 genera. Further, Rao (1998) estimated 126 endemic species. Singh et al. (2001) recorded 135 species and Misra (2007) recorded 160 species. So far the total endemic orchids in India are 404 (2.3%) (Misra 2007) out of 17,500 total lowering plants, peninsular India represents 39.6% of endemic orchids out of 1,331 total number of orchids. The present analysis resulted with a total of 130 species belonging to 38 genera endemic to peninsular India (Table 1). Of these, 43 are terrestrial, 85 are epiphytic and two are holomycotrophic. The analysis shows that the genus Habenaria (25 spp.), Oberonia 140 Species 120 number of species www.tropicos.org, IPNI (2012) www.ipni.org, eFloras (2012) www.eloras.org were also consulted for recent updates on the plant names and distribution. Species earlier recorded as endemic but now reported from the other parts of the world, were excluded from the current list and their nomenclatural changes were also updated. The endemic orchid species are listed based on phytogeographical regions and state-wise distribution is also provided. The present work is our modest attempt to give an up-to date account of the endemic orchids of the peninsular region and to include nomenclature changes, new distributional records and new species records. Genus 100 Strict endemic 80 60 40 20 0 Western Ghats Deccan Plateu Eastern Ghats Figure 1. Species richness of endemic orchids in different regions of peninsular india (17 spp.), Bulbophyllum (15 spp.), Dendrobium (11 spp.) and Eria (6 spp.), are among the species rich genera representing nearly 60% of total endemic orchids of peninsular India. The Western Ghats region has maximum 123 endemic orchid species followed by Deccan Plateau and then Eastern Ghats (Fig. 1). Of the total endemic orchid species of the peninsular region, 95 (73%) are strict endemics to Western Ghats and ive species (4%) are restricted to Eastern Ghats. However, there are no strict endemic species in the Deccan Plateau (Fig. 1). A state wise analysis of distribution of endemic orchids shows that Kerala has a maximum number of endemic species followed by Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Maharashtra. The states of Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh and Odisha show very poor representation of the endemic species (Fig. 2). A total of 27 orchid species earlier considered as endemic to the peninsular region are excluded from the list owing to their extended distribution in the neighbouring countries (Table 2). Species 100 Genus 80 number of species Strict endemic 60 40 GU - Gujarat GO - Goa MH - Maharashtra KA - Karnataka KE - Kerala TN - Tamil Nadu AP - Andhra Pradeh OD - Odisha 20 0 GU GO MH KA KE TN AP OD Figure 3. Species richness of endemic orchids across different states of peninsular india Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | December 2012 | 4(15): 3415–3425 3417 Peninsular India orchids J.S. Jalal & J. Jayanthi Table 1. List of endemic orchids of peninsular india Sno Species habit Phytogeographical regions of peninsular india WG Deccan 1 Aenhenrya rotundifolia (Blatt.) C.S. Kumar & F.N. Rasm. T + 2 Aerides crispa Lindl. E + + 3 Aerides maculosa Lindl. E + + 4 Brachycorythis iantha (Wight) Summerh. T + + 5 Brachycorythis splendida Summerh. T 6 Brachycorythis wightii Summerh. 7 EG State wise distribution Gu Go mh Ka KE Tn + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + T + + Bulbophyllum acutilorum A. Rich. = Bulbophyllum albidum (Wight) Hook. f. E + 8 Bulbophyllum aureum (Hook. f.) J.J. Sm. E + 9 Bulbophyllum elegantulum (Rolfe) J.J. Sm. E + 10 Bulbophyllum imbriatum (Lindl.) Rchb.f. E + 11 Bulbophyllum fuscopurpureum Wight E + + 12 Bulbophyllum kaitiense Rchb. f. = Cirrhopetalum nilgherrense Wight E + + 13 Bulbophyllum keralense M. Kumar & Sequiera E + 14 Bulbophyllum mysorense (Rolfe) J.J. Sm. E + 15 Bulbophyllum nodosum (Rolfe) J.J. Sm. = Rhytionanthos nodosum (Rolfe) Garay E + 16 Bulbophyllum orezii C.S. Kumar E + 17 Bulbophyllum proudlockii (King & Pantl.) J.J. Sm. E + 18 Bulbophyllum rheedei Manilal & C.S. Kumar = Rhytionanthos rheedei (Manilal & C.S. Kumar) Garay E + + 19 Bulbophyllum rosemarianum C.S.Kumar, P.C.S.Kumar & Saleem E + + 20 Bulbophyllum silentvalliensis M.P. Sharma & S.K. Srivast. E + + 21 Bulbophyllum tremulum Wight E + 22 Cheirostylis seidenfadeniana C.S. Kumar & F.N. Rasm. E + 23 Chiloschista glandulosa Blatt. & McCann E + 24 Coelogyne mossiae Rolfe = Coelogyne glandulosa var. bournei S. Das & S.K. Jain = Coelogyne glandulosa var. sathyanarayanae S. Das & S.K. Jain E + 25 Coelogyne nervosa A. Rich. = Coelogyne glandulosa Lindl. E + 3418 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + aP oD + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | December 2012 | 4(15): 3415–3425 Peninsular India orchids Sno Species J.S. Jalal & J. Jayanthi habit Phytogeographical regions of peninsular india WG Deccan 26 Conchidium iliforme (Wight) Rauschert = Eria dalzellii (Hook. ex Dalzell) Lindl. E + 27 Conchidium microchilos (Dalzell) Rauschert = Eria microchilos (Dalzell) Lindl. = Eria tiagii Manilal, C.S. Kumar & J.J. Wood E + 28 Conchidium nanum (A. Rich.) Brieger = Eria nana A. Rich. = Eria muscicola var. brevilinguis J. Joseph & V. Chandras. E + 29 Dendrobium anamalayanum Chandrab., V. Chandras & N.C. Nair E + 30 Dendrobium aqueum Lindl. E + 31 Dendrobium barbatulum Lindl. E + 32 Dendrobium diodon subsp. kodayarensis Gopalan & A.N. Henry E + 33 Dendrobium heyneanum Lindl. E + 34 Dendrobium nanum Hook. f. E + + 35 Dendrobium lawianum Lindl. E + + 36 Dendrobium microbulbon A. Rich. E + 37 Dendrobium nodosum Dalzell = Flickingeria nodosa (Dalzell) Seidenf. E + + 38 Dendrobium ovatum (L.) Kraenzl. E + + 39 Dendrobium wightii A.D. Hawkes & A.H. Heller E + 40 Didymoplexis seidenfadenii C.S. Kumar & Ormerod H + 41 Diplocentrum congestum Wight E + 42 Disperis monophylla Blatt. ex C.E.C. Fisch. T + 43 Eria albilora Rolfe E + 44 Eria exilis Hook. f. = Porpax chandrasekharanii Bhargavan & C.N. Mohanan E + 45 Eria meghasaniensis (S. Misra) S. Misra E 46 Eria mysorensis Lindl. E + 47 Eria paucilora Wight E + EG State wise distribution Gu Go + + + + + mh Ka KE Tn + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + aP oD + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 48 Eria pseudoclavicaulis Blatt. E + 49 Eulophia emilianae Saldanha T + 50 Eulophia ochreata Lindl. T 51 Eulophia pratensis Lindl. T + 52 Gastrochilus labelliformis (Blatt. & McCann) C.J. Saldanha E + 53 Gastrodia silentvalleyana C.S. Kumar, P.C.S. Kumar, Sibi & S. Anil Kumar H + + 54 Habenaria barnesii Summerh. ex C.E.C. Fisch. T + + 55 Habenaria caranjensis Dalzell T + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | December 2012 | 4(15): 3415–3425 3419 Peninsular India orchids Sno Species J.S. Jalal & J. Jayanthi habit Phytogeographical regions of peninsular india WG EG Gu Go Ka KE Tn + + + + + + + + + + + + + + aP oD Habenaria cephalotes Lindl. 57 Habenaria crassifolia A. Rich. T + 58 Habenaria elliptica Wight T + 59 Habenaria elwesii Hook. f. T + 60 Habenaria labelliformis Summerh. ex C.E.C. Fisch. T + Habenaria foliosa A. Rich. = Habenaria digitata var. gibsonii (Hook.f.) C.E.C. Fisch. = Habenaria foliosa var. foetida (Blatt. & McCann) Bennet = Habenaria foliosa var. gibsonii (Hook. f.) Bennet = Habenaria gibsonii Hook. f. = Habenaria gibsonii var. foetida Blatt. & McCann T + + + 62 Habenaria grandiloriformis Blatt. & McCann T + + + 63 Habenaria heyneana Lindl. T + + 64 Habenaria hollandiana Santapau = Habenaria indica C.S. Kumar & Manilal T + + 65 Habenaria longicornu Lindl. = Habenaria decipiens Wight T + + 66 Habenaria multicaudata Sedgw. T + 67 Habenaria ovalifolia Wight T + 68 Habenaria pallideviridis Seidenf. ex K.M. Matthew T + 69 Habenaria panigrahiana S. Misra T + + 70 Habenaria panigrahiana var. parviloba S. Misra T + + 71 Habenaria panchganiensis Santapau & Kapadia T + 72 Habenaria periyarensis Sasidh., K.P. Rajesh & Augustine T + 73 Habenaria perrottetiana A. Rich. T + 74 Habenaria polyodon Hook. f. T + 75 Habenaria ramayyana Ram. Chary & J.J. Wood T 76 Habenaria rarilora A. Rich. T + 77 Habenaria richardiana Wight T + 78 Habenaria suaveolens Dalzell T + 79 Ipsea malabarica (Rchb. f.) Hook. f. T + 80 Liparis beddomei Ridl. E + 81 Liparis biloba Wight E + + + 82 Liparis platyphylla Ridl. E + + + 83 Liparis vestita Rchb. f. = Liparis espeevijii S. Misra E 84 Liparis walakkadensis M. Kumar & Sequiera E + + 85 Luisia abrahamii Vatsala E + + 86 Luisia macrantha Blatt. & McCann E + 3420 + mh 56 61 T Deccan State wise distribution + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | December 2012 | 4(15): 3415–3425 Peninsular India orchids Sno Species J.S. Jalal & J. Jayanthi habit Phytogeographical regions of peninsular india WG Deccan EG State wise distribution Gu Go mh Ka 87 Malaxis crenulata (Ridl.) Kuntze = Seidenia crenulata (Ridl.) Szlach. T + 88 Malaxis intermedia (A. Rich.) Seidenf. = Seidenia intermedia (A. Rich.) Szlach. T + + 89 Nervilia hispida Blatt. & McCann. T + + 90 Oberonia agastyamalayana C.S. Kumar E + 91 Oberonia anamalayana Joseph E + 92 Oberonia balakrishnanii R. Ansari E + 93 Oberonia bellii Blatt. & McCann E + 94 Oberonia brachyphylla Blatt. & McCann E + 95 Oberonia brunoniana Wight E + 96 Oberonia chandrasekharanii V.J. Nair, V.S. Ramach. & R. Ansari E 97 Oberonia josephi C.J. Saldanha 98 Oberonia nayarii R. Ansari & R. Balakrishnan 99 KE Tn aP oD + + + + + + + + + + + + + + E + + E + + Oberonia proudlockii King & Pantl. E + 100 Oberonia platycaulon Wight E + 101 Oberonia santapaui Kapadia E + 102 Oberonia sebastiana B.V. Shetty & Vivek. E 103 Oberonia seidenfadeniana J. Joseph & Vajr. 104 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + E + + + Oberonia swaminathanii Ratheesh, Manudev & Sujanapal E + + 105 Oberonia verticillata Wight E + 106 Oberonia wynadensis Sivad. & R.T. Balakrishnan E + 107 Odisha cleistantha S.Misra T 108 Paphiopedilum druryi (Bedd.) Stein T + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 109 Peristylus brachyphyllus A. Rich T + + + 110 Peristylus lancifolius A. Rich. T + + + 111 Peristylus stocksii (Hook. f.) Kraenzl. T + + + 112 Pinalia polystachya (A. Rich.) Kuntze E + 113 Porpax jerdoniana (Wight) Rolfe E + 114 Pteroceras indicum Punekar E + 115 Pteroceras monsooniae Sasidh. & Sujanapal E + + 116 Robiquetia josephiana Manilal & C.S. Kumar E + + 117 Saccolabium congestum (Lindl.) Hook. f. E + + 118 Schoenorchis jerdoniana (Wight) Garay E + 119 Schoenorchis latifolia (C.E.C. Fisch.) Saldanha E + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | December 2012 | 4(15): 3415–3425 + + + + + + 3421 Peninsular India orchids Sno J.S. Jalal & J. Jayanthi Species habit Phytogeographical regions of peninsular india WG Deccan EG State wise distribution Gu Go mh Ka KE Tn 120 Schoenorchis manilaliana M. Kumar & Sequiera E + + 121 Seidenfadeniella rosea (Wight) C.S. Kumar E + + + 122 Smithsonia maculata (Dalzell) Saldanha E + + + + 123 Smithsonia straminea Saldanha E + + + 124 Smithsonia viridilora (Dalzell) Saldanha E + + + 125 Taeniophyllum scaberulum Hook. f. E + + 126 Trias bonaccordensis C.S. Kumar E + + + 127 Trias stocksii Benth. ex Hook. f. E + + + 128 Xenikophyton seidenfadenianum M. Kumar E + 129 Xenikophyton smeeanum (Rchb.f.) Garay E + 130 Zeuxine lindleyana A.N. Rao T Total + + + + aP oD 11 12 + + + + 71 95 80 + 123 29 22 + 7 14 36 T - Terrestrial; E - Epiphytic; H - Holomycotrophic; WG - Western Ghats; EG - Eastern Ghats; Gu - Gujarat; Go - Goa; MH - Maharashtra; KAKarnataka; KE - Kerala; TN - Tamil Nadu; AP- Andhra Pradesh; OD - Odisha Discussion Endemic taxa occur in a restricted area usually isolated by geographical or temporal barriers (Ahmedullah & Nayar 1987). The endemic taxa occurring in such isolated/restricted areas are possible survivors of their ancient stock that occurred in continental areas which were subjected to cataclysmic geological and climatic changes (Nayar 1996). The major concentrations of endemic orchid species are found in the Western Ghats (Subramanayam & Nayar 1974). Agasthyamalai Hills, Anamalai-High Ranges, Nilgiris-Silent Valley-Waynad-Kodagu region, Shimoga-Kanara, Mahabaleswar-Khandala and Konkan-Raigad are some of the important centers of endemism in the Western Ghats. Ninety ive endemic orchid species are particularly restricted to these areas. Eastern Ghats have geological antiquity with isolated mountain ranges. The Eastern Ghats have some “ecological islands” that harbor endemic orchids. These are Ganjam-Koraput range in Odisha, Visakhapatnam Hills, Nallamalai-Cuddappah range and Tirupati Hills of Andhra Pradesh. Though Eastern Ghats possess a few rich forest patches, it has been poorly explored loristically as compared to Western Ghats. Eria meghasaniensis (S. Misra) S. Misra, Habenaria panigrahiana S. Misra, Habenaria panigrahiana var. 3422 parviloba S. Misra, Odisha cleistantha S. Misra and Zeuxine lindleyana A.N. Rao are strictly endemic to Odisha State. Aerides maculosa Lindl., Bulbophyllum kaitiense (Wight) Rchb.f., Dendrobium aqueum Lindl., Dendrobium ovatum (L.) Kraenzl., Eulophia ochreata Lindl., Habenaria crassifolia A. Rich., Habenaria foliosa A. Rich., Habenaria grandiloriformis Blatt. & McCann, Habenaria hollandiana Santapau, Habenaria rarilora A. Rich., Oberonia brunoniana Wight, Oberonia proudlockii King & Pantl., Oberonia santapaui Kapadia, Oberonia verticillata Wight and Schoenorchis jerdoniana (Wight) Garay have very wide distribution in the peninsular region. The endemic orchids of the peninsular region are facing various kinds of localized threats like livestock grazing and forest ires as well as landscape-level threats such as mining, construction of roads, large as well as micro-hydal power projects, wind farms, large-scale agricultural expansion and creation of monoculture plantations. To cite an example Paphiopedilum druryi (Bedd.) Stein. which was once found in plenty in Agastyamalai Hills in southern India is now dificult to locate. Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | December 2012 | 4(15): 3415–3425 Peninsular India orchids J.S. Jalal & J. Jayanthi Table. 2. Species earlier considered endemic but distributed in other regions Sno Plant name Distribution references 1 Anoectochilus elatus Lindl. Sri Lanka Fernando & Ormerod 2008 2 Bulbophyllum xylophyllum E.C. Parish & Rchb. f. = Bulbophyllum agastyamalayanum Gopalan & A.N. Henry China, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam Rao 1998; Govaerts et al. 2012 3 Bulbophyllum sterile (Lam.) Suresh = Bulbophyllum nilgherrense Wight Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar Lucksom 2007; Govaerts et al. 2012 4 Chrysoglossum ornatum Blume = Chrysoglossum hallbergii Blatt. Nepal, Cambodia, Thailand, Vietnam, Sumatra, Java Lucksom 2007; Raskoti 2009; Govaerts et al. 2012 5 Bulbophyllum ischeri Seidenf. = Cirrhopetalum gamblei Hook. f. Sri Lanka, Indo-China Fernando & Ormerod 2008; Govaerts et al. 2012 6 Bulbophyllum sarcophyllum (King & Pantl.) J.J. Sm. = Cirrhopetalum panigrahianum (S.Misra) S. Misra Nepal and Myanmar Lucksom 2007; Govaerts et al. 2012 7 Dendrobium herbaceum Lindl. Bangladesh Govaerts et al. 2012 8 Dendrobium jerdonianum Wight Sri Lanka Govaerts et al. 2012 9 Dendrobium panduratum Lindl. Sri Lanka Govaerts et al. 2012 10 Dendrobium salaccense (Blume) Lindl. = Dendrobium cathcartii Hook. f. Sri Lanka, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam Fernando & Ormerod 2008; Wu & Hong 2009; Govaerts et al. 2012 11 Disperis neilgherrensis Wight Sri Lanka, Thailand, Java Kurzweil 2005; Govaerts et al. 2012 12 Eria reticosa Wight Sri Lanka, E. Himalaya Govaerts et al. 2012 13 Eulophia lava (Lindl.) Hook. f. = Eulophia cullenii (Wight) Blume Nepal, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam Wu & Hong 2009; Govaerts et al. 2012 14 Habenaria roxburghii Nicolson Sri Lanka Fernando & Ormerod 2008 15 Habenaria digitata Lindl. = Habenaria travancorica Hook. f. Uttarakhand, Assam, Nepal, Bangladesh, Laos, Myanmar Khanam et al. 2001; Govaerts et al. 2012 16 Habenaria longicorniculata Graham Sri Lanka Govaerts et al. 2012 17 Hetaeria oblongifolia Blume = Hetaeria ovalifolia (Wight) Hook. f. Bangladesh, Thailand, Myanmar, Java Govaerts et al. 2012 18 Luisia tenuifolia Blume = Luisia evangelinae Blatt. & McCann Sri Lanka Fernando & Ormerod 2008 19 Nervilia concolor (Blume) Schltr. = Nervilia scottii (Rchb.f.) Schltr. Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar Govaerts et al. 2012 20 Oberonia wightiana Lindl. = Oberonia arnottiana Wight Sri Lanka Fernando & Ormerod 2008 21 Pachystoma pubescens Blume = Pachystoma hirsuta (J. Joseph & Vajr.) C.S. Kumar & Manilal China, Taiwan, Nepal, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar Govaerts et al. 2012 22 Peristylus lawii Wight Nepal, Myanmar Govaerts et al. 2012 23 Peristylus spiralis A.Rich. Sri Lanka Fernando & Ormerod 2008 24 Phalaenopsis mysorensis C.J. Saldanha = Kingidium niveum C.S. Kumar Sri Lanka Fernando & Ormerod 2008 25 Thrixspermum muscilorum A.S. Rao & J. Joseph = Thrixspermum muscilorum var. nilagiricum J. Joseph & Vajr. Arunanchal Pradesh Lucksom 2007; Govaerts et al. 2012 26 Vanda wightii Rchb. f. Sri Lanka Fernando & Ormerod 2008 27 Vanilla wightii Lindl. ex Wight = Vanilla wightiana Lindl. Sri Lanka Arenas & Cribb 2010 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | December 2012 | 4(15): 3415–3425 3423 Peninsular India orchids J.S. Jalal & J. Jayanthi RefeRences Ahmedullah, M. & M.P. nayar (1987). Endemic Plants of the Indian region—Vol. 1. Peninsular India, Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta, 262pp. Axelrod, D.I. (1971). 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