PALM S W it on o et al.: Pin an ga in Java an d Bali Pina ng a in Java an d Bali Volum e 46(4) 2002 JOKO R. W ITONO Center for Plant Conservation Bogor Botanical Gardens–LIPI Jalan Ir. H. Juanda 13 Bogor 16003, Indonesia JOHANIS P. M OGEA Herbarium Bogoriense–LIPI Jalan Ir. H. Juanda 22 Bogor 16002, Indonesia AND S. SOMADIKARTA Biology Departm ent Program Pascasarjana FMIPA Universitas Indonesia Gedung E FMIPA Depok 16424, Indonesia 1. Pinanga javana . (Photo J. Dransfield) In th is tax o n o m ic acco un t o f Pina nga in Java an d Bali th ree species are reco gn ized. Tw o , P. ja va na an d P. a rina sa e, are sin gle-stem m ed. Th e latter is described as n ew. A th ird species, P. corona t a , is clustered. Th e w ell kn o w n P. kuhlii is sh o w n to be a syn o n ym o f P. corona t a . PALM S 46(4): 193 –202 193 PALM S W it on o et al.: Pin an ga in Java an d Bali Pinanga con sists of abou t 120 sp ecies, occu rrin g fro m t h e H im alayas an d so u t h C h in a t o N ew Gu in ea, with th e greatest diversity in th e wet areas of th e Su n d a Sh elf an d very p oorly rep resen ted in Pap u asia (Uh l & Dran sfield 1987). In In d on esia, th e gen u s is rep resen ted by abou t 40 sp ecies, at least 14 of wh ich are en d em ic. Pinanga is fou n d th rou gh ou t Java, from sea level to m on tan e forests, bu t th e taxon om y of Javan ese Pin an ga h as b een in t erp ret ed vario u sly in t h e botan ical literatu re. Sch effer (1876) recorded th ree sp ecies on th e islan d , i.e. P. javana (Fig. 1), P. kuhlii an d P. coronata. Beccari (1886) ad d ed P. noxa of Blu m e to th e Javan ese list. In con trast, Koord ers (1911) m en tion ed th at Java h as on ly two sp ecies, i.e. P. javana an d P. kuhlii, wh ile h e con sid ered P. coron ata t o b e syn o n ym o u s w it h P. kuh lii. Accord in g to Backer & Bakh u izen van d en Brin k, Jr. (1968), Pinanga is represen ted by on ly on e taxon in Java, n am ely P. coron ata (Blu m e ex M art .) Blu m e. Pinanga globulifera (n on Blu m e) Merr., P. kuhlii Blu m e an d P. noxa Blu m e were all cited as syn on ym s. In th eir n ote, th ey m en tion ed th at th e p oorly kn own P. javana Blu m e m ay be con sp ecific with P. coronata. However, th ere was n o d etailed taxon om ic ju stification for th e red u ction in th e n u m ber of sp ecies. O n t h e islan d o f Bali, Dran sfield an d M o gea co llect ed an u n id en t ified sp ecies o f Pinanga in 1973; t h is was recen t ly referred t o by W h it t en (1994) an d W h it t en et al. (1996) b u t was n o t stu d ied in d etail. Th e Balin ese taxon is d escribed h erein as n ew. Pina nga Blum e Blu m e, Bu ll. Sci. Ph ys. Nat . Néerl. 1: 65. 1838. Lect o t yp e: Pin an ga coron ata (Blu m e ex M art .) Blu m e. Cladosperm a Griff., Not. Plan t. Asiaticas 3: 165. 1 8 5 1 . Typ e: C. paradox a (G riff.) G riff. (A reca paradox a G riff.) ( = Pin an ga paradox a (G riff.) Sch eff.). Ophiria Becc., An n . Jard . Bot. Bu it. 2: 128. 1885. Typ e sp ecies: O. paradoxa (Griff.) Becc. ( Areca paradox a G riff.) ( = Pin an ga paradox a (G riff.) Sch eff.) Pseudopinanga Bu rret , No t izb. Bo t. Gart . Berlin Dah lem 13: 188. 1936. Typ e: P. insignis (Becc.) Bu rret ( = Pinanga insignis Becc.) Volum e 46(4) 2002 p resen t , ad ax ially ro u n d ed o r ch an n elled , ab ax ially ro u n d ed , glab ro u s o r vario u sly in d u m en tose; leaflets with on e to several fold s, regu larly to irregu larly arran ged, acu te, acu m in ate, or lobed , th e lobes corresp on d in g to th e fold s, th e ap ical leaflet s alm o st alw ays lo b ed , b lad e occasion ally m ottled , som etim es p aler ben eath , o ft en w it h a w id e variet y o f scales an d h airs, tran sverse vein lets u su ally obscu re. In florescen ce in frafoliar, u su ally rap id ly becom in g p en d u lou s, occasion ally erect, p rotogyn ou s, bran ch in g to 1 o rd er o n ly; p ed u n cle sh o rt , d o rsiven t rally flatten ed , glabrou s or tom en tose in bu d , q u ickly sp littin g to exp ose th e flowers; p ed u n cu lar bracts absen t ; rach is bract s t rian gu lar, in co n sp icu o u s; rach illae bearin g sp irally or d istich ou sly arran ged triad s th rou gh ou t th eir len gth ; floral bracteoles m in u te. Stam in ate flower asym m etrical, sessile; calyx cu p u lar wit h 3 t rian gu lar lo bes; p et als 3, trian gu lar, join ed briefly basally, valvate in bu d , m u ch exceed in g th e calyx lobes; stam en s 12–68; filam en ts sh ort, an th ers lin ear; p istillod e absen t. Pist illat e flo w er u su ally glo b o se, sym m et rical, m u ch sm aller t h an t h e st am in at e; sep als 3 , m em bran ou s, striate, im bricate, d istin ct; p etals 3, d ist in ct , im b ricat e, m em b ran o u s; st am in o d es absen t; gyn oecium un ilocular, un iovulate, globose, stigm a often brigh tly colored (red d ish to oran ge). Fru it glo b o se o r ellip so id al, o ran ge t o b lack, stigm atic rem ain s ap ical; ep icarp sm ooth , sh in y, m esocarp th in , flesh y, en d ocarp of lon gitu d in al fibers, u su ally adh erin g to th e seed, becom in g free at th e basal on ly, fru it with ou t a solid beak. Seed con form in g to th e fru it sh ap e, basally attach ed ; en d o sp erm d eep ly ru m in at e; em b ryo b asal o r lateral n ear th e base. Key to Pina nga in Java an d Bali 1. a. Sm all clu sterin g p alm . . . . . . . . . P. coronata b. Robu st solitary p alm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2. a. Cro wn sh aft p u rp lish -green , co vered wit h silvery in d u m en t u m ; leaflet s 3 5 –4 5 ; in florescen ce silvery in d u m en tose at th e base an d verru cu lo se; rach illae 2 0 –3 0 , sp irally arran ged on th e rach is; fruit obovoid . P. arinasae b . Cro wn sh aft b ro wn ish -green , co vered wit h scaly b ro w n in d u m en t u m ; leaflet s 1 0 –1 5 , in florescen ce glabrou s; rach illae 8–14, arran ged d istich ou sly an d altern ate on th e rach is; fru it ovoid to ellip soid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. javana Descriptio n o f th e gen us based o n Javan ese an d Balin ese m aterial Pin an ga arin asae J. R. Witon o, sp. n o v. Sm all t o ro b u st , so lit ary o r clu st ered , erect , u n arm ed , p leon an th ic, m on oeciou s p alm s. Stem slen der to m oderate, with elon gate in tern odes an d co n sp icu o u s leaf scars. Leaves p in n at e; sh eat h s tubular, form in g a well defin ed crown sh aft; petiole P. javanae affin is sed cau d ice so lit ario , vagin is fo lio ru m su b lep id o t is, fro n d ib u s p in n at isect is, segm en tis u troq u e latere 35–45 lin earo-lan ceolatis acum in atis, in florescen tiis lepidotis et verruculosis, ram is (20–30) sp iralib u s, fru ct ib u s o b o vo id eis. 194 PALM S W it on o et al.: Pin an ga in Java an d Bali Typ u s: INDONESIA. Bali, Bed u gu l, Bu kit Tap ak, 1 9 7 3 , Dran sfield et al. JD3 5 1 2 (h o lo t yp u s BO ; isotyp i BH, K, L). Robu st, solitary palm . Stem erect, 12–15 cm diam ., 10–12 m tall, m ed iu m brown to gray brown ish ; in tern od es 10–25 cm , scars to 3 cm . Crown sh aft sligh tly swollen , 130–180 cm lon g, 14.0–17.5 cm d iam ., yello w wh en yo u n g an d p u rp lish green wh en ad u lt, covered with silvery in d u m en tu m . Leaves 7–10 in t h e cro wn , p in n at e, wh o le leaf 250–330 × 240 cm ; leaf-sh eath to 110 cm , in sid e w h it e an d sm o o t h , p et io le 1 6 –4 0 cm , d eep ly o bliq u e, co n vex abaxially, silvery in d u m en t o se b elo w; rach is t o 215 cm , silvery in d u m en t o se below, con cave th en flatten ed ad axially, con vex abaxially, terete n ear th e ap ex; leaflets 35–45 on each sid e o f rach is, en t ire, regu larly arran ged , lin ear to lan ceolate, basal leaflets 50–58 × 1.0–1.8 cm , ribs 2, m id d le leaflets 90–120 × 4–5 cm , ribs 2 , ap ical leaflet s 3 0 –4 8 × 0 .6 –3 cm , rib s 2 –4 , in d u m en t o se o n lo w er rib s, t h e su rfaces d iscolorou s, u p p er d ark green , lower p ale green wh en fresh , on d ryin g becom in g p ale brown on lower su rface an d d ark brown on u p p er su rface. In flo rescen ce in frafo liar, arcu at e, even t u ally p en d u lou s, bran ch ed to on e ord er on ly, silvery in d u m en tose at th e base an d verru cu lose, 50–55 cm lo n g, b ase very st iff; p ro p h yll p ale yello w distally an d green ish yellow n ear base wh en fresh , brown ish yellow wh en d ry, p ap ery, sm ooth , 37 × 8 cm ; p ed u n cle erect, flatten ed , 11–18 × 1.6–2.5 cm , rach is 18–27 × 1 cm , rach illae 20–30, sp irally arran ged on th e rach is; rach illae bearin g 16–28 triad s o n each sid e, basal rach illae lo n ger t h an ap ical rach illae. Stam in ate flowers sessile, calyx with 3 su bu late sep als, 7 × 3.5 m m ; corolla with 3 p etals, lon ger th an sep als, ovate, 10 × 6 m m ; stam en s 45–68, p ale yellow, 2–4 × 0.3–0.5 m m . Pistillat e flo wers sessile; calyx cu p -sh ap ed , p ale yellow, 4 m m d iam . with 3 trian gu lar im bricate o rbicu lar sep als, lo bes 5.5–6 × 4 m m , ciliat e at m argin s, striate, ap ex m u cron ate; corolla with 3 cu cu llat e free ro u n d ed , o rb icu lar, ciliat e p ale yellow p etals, sim ilar to sep als in size, striate, ap ex m ucron ate-obtuse; ovary roun ded, 3 × 2 m m . Fruit obovoid , 12–17 × 8–12 m m . You n g fru it green , m atu re fru it red blackish . Seed obovoid , d eep ly ru m in ate. (Figs. 2, 3, 7, 8) DISTRIBUTION: En d em ic to Bali at Bu kit Tap ak n ear Eka Karya Botan ic Gard en . We d id n ot fin d t h is sp ecies in n earb y Bu kit Lesu n g an d Bu kit Poh en . A lon g tim e ago, P. arinasae was p robably p resen t t h ere, b u t t h e h ab it at is n o w h igh ly d egrad ed . SPECIMENS EXAMINED: BALI. Bu kit Tap ak, Ap r 1973, Dransfield JD3512 (Ho lo t yp e BO ); st erile, Volum e 46(4) 2002 Mar 1992 Afriastini 163 (BO); seed lin g, May 1998 W itono 74 (BO); flower, May 1998 W itono 75 (BO). ECOLOGY: Occu rrin g on a very steep h ill slope on rocky outcrops in Casuarina an d Engelhardtia forest at altitu d es of 1100–1400 m above sea level. LOCAL NAMES: Nyabah, jabah or pinang jawa. USES: A h igh ly orn am en tal p alm , p op u lar with local p eop le n ear th e botan ic gard en . You n g fru its are used as a substitute for betel n ut (Areca catechu), yo u n g leaves (cabbage o r um but) can be eat en . St em s are u sed fo r t rad it io n al crem at io n cerem on ies (“ngaben”), an d leaf-sh eath s are u sed for m akin g a “cukup” (a Balin ese u m brella). Th is h an d som e “p in an g” is n am ed for Mr. I.B.K. Arin asa w h o assist ed u s in t h e field . Pin an ga arinasae is closely related to th e sin gle-stem m ed P. javana from Java, P. insignis from th e Ph ilip p in es an d to P. punicea from Pap u a an d Malu ku . Th e m ajo r d ifferen ces b et ween P. arinasae an d t h e above m en tion ed sp ecies are p resen ted in Table 1. 2. Pin an ga javan a Blu m e, Bu ll. Sci. Ph ys. Nat. Néerl. 1: 65. 1838 an d Ru m p h ia 2: 81. 1839. Typ e: Java, Blum e s.n. (h olotyp e L!). Ro bu st , so lit ary p alm . St em erect , 4–10 m t all, 10–15 cm d iam ., in tern od es to 10–30 cm , stem su rface green brown ish , sm ooth , sligh tly fissu red lon gitu d in ally. Crown sh aft elon gate, 150–200 cm lon g, 25 cm d iam ., swollen , p u rp lish brown , with brown scales. Leaves 10 in crown , p in n ate; wh ole leaf (in clu d in g leaf-sh eat h , p et io le, an d rach is) 250–300 cm with silvery in d u m en tu m on p etiole an d rach is, very m assive; leaf-sh eath to 100 cm ; p et io le t o 3 0 cm , co n cave ad ax ially, co n vex abaxially; rach is 3 cm d iam .; leaflets 10–15 on each sid e o f rach is, regu larly arran ged , sligh t ly arcuate, elon gate lin ear-lan ceolate, falcate-sigm oid, eq u id ist an t , basal leaflet s 65–95 × 1–6 cm , ribs 1–3, m id d le leaflets 70–115 × 2.7 cm , ribs 1–3, ap ical leaflet s 1 9 –5 5 × 1 .5 –7 .5 cm , rib s 2 –7 . In flo rescen ce in frafo liar, h an d -like, sp read in g pen du lou s, 40–50 cm lon g, pedu n cle erect at base, flat t en ed , 9 –1 6 cm lo n g, 0 .8 –1 .5 cm t h ick; p ro p h yll n o t kn o wn ; rach illae 8–1 3 , arran ged d istich ou sly altern ate, at th e base 23–35 cm with 19–21 triad s, at th e ap ex 18–27 cm with 15–17 triad s, p ed u n cle, rach is, an d rach illae green wh en you n g, p in kish red with age. Triad s d istich ou s, alt ern at e. Pist illat e flo w er (calyx an d co ro lla) cream , ovary green ; calyx cu p -sh ap ed , sep als 3, im b ricat e, b ro ad ly o rb icu lar, 6–8 × 4–4.5 m m , sm ooth , th ick at th e m id d le, th in at sid e, with ciliate m argin s, ap ex m u cron ate; corolla with 3 cu cu llate rou n d ed ciliate p etals, 4–6 × 3–4 m m , ap ex m u cron ate-obtu se. Fru it ovoid to ellip soid , 20–26 × 11–14 m m , p ale p in kish yello w wh en 195 PALM S W it on o et al.: Pin an ga in Java an d Bali Volum e 46(4) 2002 2. Distribution of Pinanga in Java and Bali. Circles = P. coronata . Squares = P. javana . Star = P. arinasae. you n g, wh en rip e tu rn in g d ark red th en black, p ericarp d en sely fib ro u s, en d o carp t h in , m em b ran o u s. Seed o vo id t o ellip so id , 18–21 × 10–13 m m , d eep ly ru m in ate. (Figs. 1, 2, 5, 6) DISTRIBUTION: En dem ic to Java, n ow con fin ed to t h e m o u n t ain s o f West Java. Th is sp ecies w as record ed on Mt. Slam et (Cen tral Java) (W h itten et al. 1994) bu t was n ot fou n d wh en we search ed for it in 1999. Sp ecim en s collected by Backer in 1914 from Mt. Wilis an d by Kobu s from Mt. Ten gger in d icate th at it on ce grew in East Java; h owever, d u rin g field observation in 1998, n o P. javana was fo u n d in eit h er lo calit y. It is p o ssible t h at t h is sp ecies is extin ct (extirp ated ) at th ese location s. 3 (left). Pinanga arinasae, Bukit Tapak, Bali, habit. 4 (right). Pinanga coronata, detail of infructescence. (Photos: Joko Witono) 196 PALM S W it on o et al.: Pin an ga in Java an d Bali SPEC IM EN S EXAM IN ED: JAVA. West Java. Man d alawan gi, Mt. Pu lasari, Ap r 1974, Dransfield JD4185 (BO); Bogor, Mt. Salak, Apr 1971, Dransfield JD1358 (BO); Mt. Salak, Ju l 1971 Dransfield JD1758 (BO); Cibod as, Oct 1970, Dransfield JD951 (BO); East Java. Kediri, Mt. Wilis, Feb 1914, Backer 11491 (BO); Mt. Ten gger, Kobus 204 (BO). ECOLOGY: Occu rrin g on very steep h illsid es in m oist lower m on tan e forest an d d am p m on tan e fo rest in d eep so il at alt it u d es o f 800–1,700 m above sea level, bu t n ot on rid getop s. Dran sfield co llect ed P. javan a in 1 9 7 3 o n M t . Pu lasari, Man d alawan gi, West Java, wh ere th is sp ecies is abu n d an t in su m m it m ossy forest at altitu d e 800 m asl. In its m orph ology, P. javana is quite differen t from P. coronata. It is a robust palm , always solitary, an d t h e arran gem en t o f t h e rach illae is always altern ate an d d istich ou s. On th e oth er h an d , P. coronata is a sm all an d clu stered p alm , an d th e arran gem en t of its rach illae is always sp iral. Th e d ist rib u t io n o f t h ese sp ecies is also d ifferen t . Pinanga javana is very restricted , fou n d on ly in lower m on tan e forest (800–1,700 m asl) in West an d East Java, wh ile P. coronata is m ore widespread, Volum e 46(4) 2002 an d is fou n d from Su m atra, Java, to Lesser Su n d a Islan d s, from sea level to m on tan e forest. LOCAL NAMES: Pinang hanyawar, pinang panyawar (West Java), palem barong (East Java), pinang jawa. 3 . Pin an ga co ro n ata (Blu m e ex Mart .) Blu m e, Bu ll. Sci. Ph ys. Nat. Néerl. 1: 65. 1838 (nom en); Blu m e, Ru m ph ia 2: 83. 1839. Areca coronata Blu m e ex Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm . 3: 179. 1838. Seaforthia coronata (Blu m e ex Mart.) Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm . 3: 185. 1845. Ptychosperm a coronata (Blu m e) Miq ., Fl. Ned .-In d ie 24. 1855. Typ e: Java, Blum e s.n. (h olotyp e L!). Pinanga kuhlii Blu m e, Bu ll. Sci. Ph ys. Nat. Néerl. 1: 65. 1838 (nom en); Blu m e, Ru m p h ia 2: 82. 1839. Seaforthia kuhlii (Blu m e) Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm . 3: 185. 1845. Ptychosperm a kuhlii (Blu m e) Miq ., Fl. N ed .-In d ie 2 1 . 1 8 5 5 . Typ e: Java, Blum e s.n . (h olotyp e L!). Pinanga costata Blu m e, Bu ll. Sci. Ph ys. Nat. Néerl. 1: 65. 1838 (nom en); Blu m e, Ru m p h ia 2 : 80. 1839; Ptychosperm a costata (Blu m e) Miq ., Fl. Ned .-In d ie 25. 1855. Typ e: Java, Blum e s.n. (h olotyp e L!). 5 (left). Pinanga javana , cultivated in Cibodas, West Java. 6 (right). Pinanga javana , detail of infructescences, cultivated in Cibodas, West Java. (Photos: J. Dransfield). 197 PALM S W it on o et al.: Pin an ga in Java an d Bali Volum e 46(4) 2002 7. Pinanga arinasae: A leaf sheath, two views; B tip of petiole; C mid section of leaf. All from Dransfield et al. JD3512. Drawn by Iskak Samsudin. 198 PALM S W it on o et al.: Pin an ga in Java an d Bali Volum e 46(4) 2002 8. Pinanga arinasae: A leaf tip; B base of inflorescence just past staminate anthesis; C part of rachilla in fruit; D fruit; E seed; F seed in cross section; G part of rachilla showing triads of flowers; H pistillate flower; I gynoecium; J petal of pistillate flower; K staminate bud in vertical section. All from Dransfield et al. JD3512 . Drawn by Iskak Samsudin. 199 PALM S W it on o et al.: Pin an ga in Java an d Bali Volum e 46(4) 2002 Table 1. Th e m ajo r differen ces betw een Pina nga a rina sa e an d clo sely related species. Data fro m Sch effer (1876), Beccari (1907) an d Mo o re an d Fo sberg (1956). Outer surface o f cro w n sh aft Width o f leaves Len gth o f petio le Apical leaflets In flo rescen ce Len gth o f rach illae Arran gem en t o f fruit o n rach illae Fruit P. a rina sa e covered with silvery in d u m en tu m to 240 cm 16–40 cm 2–4 ribs 50–55 cm 22–32 cm P. insignis covered in ap p ressed rad iate scales of a ch estn u t brown color to 150 cm very sh ort or obsolete 10 ribs 100 cm 40–50 cm P. punicea covered in brown scaly in d u m en tu m 160–200 cm 80 cm 6–7 ribs 50–60 cm 16–27 cm d istich ou s obovoid (1.2–1.7 cm lon g by 0.8–1.2 cm d iam .) d istich ou s ovoid (2.4–2.5 cm lon g by 1.3–1.4 cm d iam .) sp iral ellip soid (1.7 cm lon g by 0.9 cm d iam .) Pinanga noxa Blu m e, Bu ll. Sci. Ph ys. Nat. Néerl. 1: 65. 1838. (nom en) Blu m e, Ru m p h ia 2: 81. 1839. Ptychosperm a noxa (Blu m e) Miq ., Fl. Ned.-In die 23. 1885. Typ e: Java, Blum e s.n. (h olotyp e L!). Sm all, clu stered , u n d ergrowth p alm . Stem s erect, u n bran ch ed , 2–8 (10) m tall, 1.5–7 (10) cm d iam ., with in tern od es 4.5–12 (20) cm , scars 0.5–1.2 cm ; stem su rface green to brown ish green . Crown sh aft swo llen elo n gat e, 50–100 cm lo n g, 2.5–10 cm d iam ., sligh t ly w id er t h an t h e st em , green , yello w ish o r b ro w n ish green , o r b ro w n ish t o red d ish yello w wh en ad u lt , wit h bro wn scales, ligu le p oorly d evelop ed . Leaves 4–7 in th e crown ; wh ole leaf in clu din g leaf-sh eath 150–300 cm ; leafsh eat h 3 5 –8 0 cm ; p et io le 2 0 –1 0 0 cm , d eep ly obliq u e adaxially, con vex abaxially; rach is 90–180 cm , p et io le an d rach is sm o o t h o r silvery in d u m en tose below, flatten ed ad axially, con vex abaxially, sh arp n ear th e ap ex; leaflets 6–30 on each sid e o f rach is, en t ire, regu larly arran ged , elon gate lin ear-lan ceolate, falcate-sigm oid , basal leaflets 22–85 × 0.5–6.5 cm , with 1–5 ribs, m id d le leaflets 32–90 × 0.8–9 cm , with 1–7 ribs, ap ical leaflets 16–45 × 1.5–10 cm , with 2–13 ribs, n otch ed t o d eep ly cu n eat e t o d en t at e, in d u m en t o se o n lo wer ribs, t h e su rfaces d isco lo ro u s, u p p er p ale green , lo wer d ark green wh en fresh , o n d ryin g becom in g p ale brown to p ale green ish brown on lower su rface an d d ark brown to d ark green ish brown on u p p er su rface. In florescen ce in frafoliar, p en d u lou s or erect th en p en d u lou s, green wh en you n g, becom in g yellow p in k to red , base very st iff; p ed u n cle flat t en ed , 1 –6 .5 × 0 .5 –2 cm ; p ro p h yll 20–28 × 4.5–8 cm , p ale yello w wh en fresh , ligh t brown wh en d ry, sm ooth ; rach is 2–9 × 0.2–1 cm , sm o o t h ; rach illae 5–22, glab ro u s, 200 straigh t, sp read in g to p arallel, n ot in sam e p lan e, b asal rach illae wit h 19–51 t riad s o n each sid e, apical rach illae with 15–36 triads. Stam in ate flower sessile, cream y wh ite, stam en s 12–16 (28), p ale yello w, ab o u t 3–3.5 × 0.2 – 0.4 m m . Pist illat e flo wer cream y wh it e, sessile, calyx cu p -sh ap ed , sep als orbicu lar to very broad orbicu lar, 2.5–5 × 2 –3 .5 m m , m em b ran o u s, st riat e, im b ricat e, acu m in ate-m u cron ate-obtu se at th e ap ex, ciliate at m argin s; p et als u su ally sm aller t h an sep als, orbicu lar to very broad orbicu lar, 2–4.5 × 2–3.5 m m , m em bran ou s, striate, im bricate, acu m in atem u cro n at e-o b t u se at t h e ap ex; o vary ro u n d ed , ab o u t 1–2 × 1 m m . Fru it o b o vo id , ellip so id t o o vo id , 1 1 –1 5 × 6 –1 0 m m , green w h en yo u n g b eco m in g yello w p in k, red t o b ro w n ish red , stigm atic rem ain s ap ical; ep icarp sm ooth , sh in y; m esocarp th in , flesh y; en docarp with lon gitu din al fibers. Seed con form in g to th e fru it, 7.5–12 × 5–7.5 m m ; en d osp erm d eep ly ru m in ate. (Figs. 2, 4) DISTRIBUTIO N: Su m atra, Java, to Lesser Su n d a Islan d s. SPEC IM EN S EXAM IN ED. JAVA. West Java. Man d alawan gi, Mt.Pu lasari, Ap r 1974, Dransfield JD4182 (BO); Pan d eglan g, Uju n g Ku lon Nation al Park, Sep t 1951, W aalkes 406 (BO ); Ap r 1971, Dran sfield JD1 4 4 8 (BO ); Ap r 1 9 7 1 , Dran sfield JD1464 (BO ); May 1992, McDonald & Afriastini 3325 (BO); Oct 1998, W itono 79 (BO); Dep ok, Dec 1894, Hallier 1894 (BO ); No v 1896, Hallier s.n. (BO); Hallier 1899 (BO); Au g 1898, Koorders 31041 (BO); Ap r 1903, Koorders 40185 (BO); Ap r 1904, Koorders 40191 (BO), Koorders 40192 (BO), Koorders 40193 (BO ); O ct 1898, Backer 26279 (BO ); Mar 1921, Backer 31254 (BO); May 1939, Van Steenis 11236 (BO), Van Steenis 11237 (BO); Bogor, Oct PALM S W it on o et al.: Pin an ga in Java an d Bali 1910, Scheffer 16317 (BO ); Au g 1935, Frank 35 (BO); Mt. Salak, Ap r 1971, Dransfield JD1352 (BO), Dransfield JD1359 (BO ); Ju l 1974, Yoshida 1576 (BO); Ciam p ea, Ju l 1898, Koorders 30778 (BO); Ju l 1914, Backer 15124 (BO); Burck s.n. (BO); Ciap u s, Ju n 1 8 9 6 , Hallier s.n . (BO ); Hallier s.n . (BO ); Cip an car, Ju n 1896, Scheffer s.n. (BO); Jasin ga, Oct 1970, Dransfield JD1012 (BO); Cibod as, Ju l 1895, Hallier 412 (BO); Oct 1898, Koorders 32072 (BO); M ay 1 9 1 4 , Lörz in g 1 8 3 1 (BO ); Ju n e 1 9 4 1 Bloem bergen 115 (BO); May 1948, Main 136 (BO); March 1952, Meijer 35 (BO); Jan 1971, Dransfield JD1135 (BO); Mar 1979, Mogea 1715 (BO); Boerlage s.n .; C ian ju r, Ju n 1 9 0 0 , Koorders 3 3 3 6 9 (BO ); Sukabum i, Len gkon g, Nov 1970, Dransfield JD1058 (BO); Ap r 1980, Mogea 865 (BO), Mogea 866 (BO), Mogea 867 (BO); Ploem s.n. (BO); Jam p an g Ku lon , Au g 1974, Yoshida 1888 (BO); Mt. Halim u n , Ju n e 1980, Balgooy & W iriadinata 2902 (BO); Karawan g, De Monchy 126 (BO); Ban d u n g, Ap r 1911, Sm ith 121 (BO); Oct 1918, Backer 26236 (BO); Au g1941, Popta 31 (BO); Feb 1971, Dransfield JD1277 (BO); Au g 1976, Mogea 811 (BO); Oct 1976, Mogea 821 (BO), Mogea 822 (BO); Garu t, Jan 1897, Koorders 26673 (BO); Bu kit Him alaya Natu re Reserve, Feb 1999, W itono 89 (BO); Feb 1999, W itono 90 (BO); Tasikm alaya, Au g 1913, Backer 8987 (BO ); Au g 1913, Backer 9044 (BO); Ju l 1917, Koorders 44345 (BO); Jan 1971, Dransfield JD1153 (BO); Jan 1971, Dransfield JD1212 (BO); Cirebon , Mt. Cirem ai, Oct 1912, Backer 5059 (BO); Mt. Beser, Jun 1917, Backer 2 2 6 1 1 (BO ); Ju n 1 9 1 7 , Sm ith 7 2 6 (BO ); M t . Ciku ku r, Mar 1914, Backer 12899 (BO); Mt Hiyan g, Oct 1913, Backer 9652 (BO); Mt. Masigit, Mar 1914, Lörz in g 1 2 4 1 (BO ); M t . W in d u , Ap r 1 9 0 9, Soegandiredja 233 (BO); West Java, Apr 1938, Franck 121 (BO); Mausjet 581 (BO); Raap 484 (BO); Cen tral Java, Cilacap , Nu sa Kam ban gan Islan d , Nov 1907, Legign (BO ); N o v 1 9 3 8 , Kosterm an s 9 2 (BO ); Pu rwo kert o , M t . Slam et , Pan cu ran Tu ju h , Feb 1999, W itono 85 (BO); Pu rbalin gga, Mt. Slam et, Goa Lawa, Feb1999, W itono 89 (BO); Tegal, Jan 1919, Beum ée 3699 (BO); Pekalon gan , Mt. Prabata, Sep t 1914, Backer 15970 (BO); Ken d al, Kaliwu n gu , Cordes s.n. (BO); Yogyakarta, Teysm ann s.n. (BO); Ku d u s, Mt . Mu ria, No v 1951, Kosterm ans 6265 (BO); Jepara, Ngaren gan , May 1899, Koorders 33226 (BO ); May 1899, Koorders 33619 (BO ), Koorders 3 3 6 2 0 (BO ); M ay 1 9 1 6 , Beum ée 5 8 7 (BO ); Rem b an g, Ap r 1904, Koorders 36522 (BO ); Feb 1914, Koorders 42260 (BO; East Java. Mad iu n , Mt. Wilis, Oct 1892, Koorders 6132 (BO); May 1896, Koorders 23153 (BO); Nov 1900, Koorders 38635 (BO); Ked iri, Ju n 1896, Koorders 22959 (BO); Mt. Wilis, Feb 1914, Backer 11836 (BO ); Dec 1998, W itono 82 (BO); Dec 1998, W itono 83 (BO); W itono 84 (BO ); Malan g, Mar 1971, Dransfield JD1330 (BO); Ju l 1980, Mogea 2538 (BO); Besu ki, Mt. Ijen , Volum e 46(4) 2002 7 N o v 1 8 9 3 , Koorders 1 4 6 4 9 (BO ); Feb 1 8 9 6 , Koorders 21686 (BO); Jul 1916, Koorders 42924 (BO); Ap r 1920, Backer 30620 (BO); Ju l 1938, Van Steenis 10717 (BO); Mar 1971, Dransfield JD1282 (BO); Kobus s.n. (BO); Jem ber, Meru Betiri Nation al Park, O ct 1 9 9 8 , W iton o 8 0 (BO ); Sit u b o n d o , M t . Argo p u ro , Ap r 1 9 1 4 , Backer 1 3 2 5 8 (BO ); Ban yu wan gi, Meru Betiri Nation al Park, May 1973 Dransfield JD3529 (BO); Oct 1998, W itono 81 (BO); Mad u ra, Bawean Isl., Mt. Tin ggi, May 1928, Karta 117 (BO). Bali. Bed u gu l, Bu kit Tap ak, May 1973, Dransfield JD3515 (BO); Bu kit Lesu n g, Mar 1992, Afriastini 92 (BO); Bratan Lake, Ju n 1976, Meijer 10538 (BO ); Mt . Kelat akan , Ju l 1918, Maier 64 (BO). EC O LO G Y: O ccu rrin g o n very st eep h illsid es in m on tan e forest an d flat areas in lowlan d forest, from sea level to 1800 m above sea level. LO CAL N AMES: Bing-bin (West Java), piji (Cen t ral Java, East Java, an d Bali), pinang rante (East Java). U SES: Freq u en tly cu ltivated as an orn am en tal an d som etim es u sed for bu ild in g m aterial. N O TES: Blu m e d escrib ed P. kuh lii b ased o n a sp ecim en ap p aren t ly fro m West Java (Java Occid en talis). Beccari (1886) m en tion ed th at th e typ e locality of P. kuhlii was Cisoka, West Java. Th is lo calit y is in Leb ak Dist rict , Pan d eglan g Regen cy, Ban ten Provin ce. In d ex Kewen sis says th at th e typ e locality of P. kuhlii is Malaya. Th is in form ation is in correct, an d in d eed n o sp ecim en or record h as ever been docu m en ted from Malaya. Pin an ga coron ata w as d escrib ed b ased o n a sp ecim en from Megam en d u n g, on th e slop es of Mt. Gede-Pan gran go, to th e sou th -east of Bogor in West Java. Again In d ex Kewen sis in correctly cites th e type locality of P. coronata as Celebes; h owever, P. coronata h as so far n ever been fou n d in Celebes. Blu m e (1839) sep arated P. kuhlii an d P. coronata p rim arily b ased o n leaves an d gro w t h o f t h e in flo rescen ce. Th e rach is o f P. kuhlii is co vered with sm all scales on th e abaxial surface, th e leaflets are broad (lan ceolate to falcate), 10–13 in n u m ber an d th e in florescen ce is p en d u lou s. Ch aracters of P. coron ata are rach is sm o o t h , leaflet s n arro w (lin ear to elon gate), n u m erou s, an d in florescen ce erect t h en p en d u lo u s. Sp ecim en s t h at w ere collected from lowlan d s u su ally h ave ch aracters sim ilar to P. kuhlii, bu t sp ecim en s from m on tan e fo rest (>1000 m ab o ve sea level) u su ally h ave ch aracters sim ilar to P. coronata. In fact, between P. kuhlii an d P. coronata, t h ere are in t erm ed iat e form s. Based on th is evid en ce we con clu d e th at th e clu stered Pinanga of Java an d Bali rep resen ts a sin gle sp ecies. 201 PALM S W it on o et al.: Pin an ga in Java an d Bali Pin an ga costata an d P. n ox a, are red u ced t o P. coronata becau se th ey h ave sim ilar ch aracters an d are in d ist in gu ish ab le in t h e field an d in t h e h erbariu m . Pinanga coronata was ch osen by Beccari an d Pich iSerm olli (1955) as th e typ e of th e gen u s Pinanga, becau se Pinanga was first p u blish ed by Blu m e, n ot in Ru m p h ia (1 8 3 8 –1 8 4 3 ), b u t in Bulletin des Sciences Physiques et Naturelles en Néerlande vol. 1 (1838). Alth ou gh th e gen u s Pinanga was d escribed in th e Bulletin, th e sp ecies were m erely listed an d are nom ina nuda. Before Ru m ph ia 2 was pu blish ed, Martius publish ed Historia Naturalis Palm arum , vol. 3 (1838), in wh ich h e m ade th e com bin ation Areca coronata, wh ich is th e first valid ly p u blish ed n am e for th is sp ecies. Th e valid n am e of th e clu stered Pinanga in Java an d Bali is th u s P. coronata (Blu m e ex Mart.) Blu m e. Oth er n am es for clu stered Pinanga in Java are P. nenga wh ich was publish ed by Blum e (1838–1843), an d P. neglecta wh ich was p u b lish ed b y Bu rret (1940). Pinanga nenga is t h e t yp e o f t h e gen u s Nenga. At p resen t, th e correct n am e for it is Nenga pum ila. Pinanga neglecta is syn on ym ous with Nenga pum ila (Fern an d o1983). Ackn o w ledgm en ts Th is wo rk was su p p o rt ed b y t h e Mo n t go m ery Botan ical Cen ter, Miam i, Florid a, USA, th rou gh Th e In d o n esian Bo t an ic G ard en s an d G EF, t o wh ich I am gratefu l. Th an ks are also given to th e d irector of Herbariu m Bogorien se an d h er staff, wh o m ad e illu stration s, th e collection m an ager of Rijksh arbariu m Leid en , wh o p rovid ed h erbariu m p ictu res, Dr. Ded y Darn aed y, Him m ah Ru stiam i, Dr. Joh n Dran sfield , Dr. Terren ce W. Walters, Dr. Larry R. Noblick, wh o gave th eir tim e to d iscu ss variou s asp ects of taxon om ic p roblem s. LITERATURE C ITED BAC KER, C .A. AN D R.C . BAKH UIZEN VAN D EN BRINK.1968. Flo ra o f Java 3. NVP. No o rd h o ff, Gron in gen . BECCARI, O. 1886–1890. Malesia 3. 432p . BECCARI, O. 1907. Ph ilip p in e p alm s 1. Ph ilip p in e J. Scien ce 2: 223–225. BEC C ARI , O . AN D R.E.G . P IC H I -SERM O LLI . 1 9 5 5 . Su bfam iliae Arecoid earu m Palm ae geron togeae, t rib u u m et gen eru m co n sp ect u s. Web b ia 11: 1–188. 202 Volum e 46(4) 2002 BLUME, C.L. 1838. Revu e d es p alm iers d e l’arch ip el d es in d es orien talis. Bu ll. Sci. Ph ys. Nat. Néerl. 1: 65. BLUM E, C .L. 1 8 3 8 –1 8 4 3 . Ru m p h ia, sive com m en tation es botan icae im p rim is d e p lan tis In d iae Orien tali 2. Lu gd u n i Batavoru m . BURRET, M. 1940. Palm en u n d Tiliaceen von d er Sü d see au s d er Sam m lu n g d es Bern ice P. Bish op Mu seu m s, Hon olu lu , Hawaii. Notizblatt Botan . Garten s Berlin -Dah lem 15: 200–210. FERNANDO , E.S. 1983. A revision of th e gen us Nenga. Prin cip es 27: 55–70. KOORDERS, S.H. 1911. Exku rsion s Flora von Java 1: Mon okotyled on en . Verlag von Gu stav Fisch er, Jen a. KOORDERS, S.H. 1922. Flora von Tjibodas um fassen d d ie Blü ten p flan zen 1 (2): 27–31. M ARTIUS, C .F.P. 1 8 3 6 –1 8 5 0 . H ist o ria n at u ralis p alm aru m , exp ositio system atica 3:179–185. M IQ UEL, F.A.W. 1 8 5 5 . Flo ra van N ed erlan d sch In d ië. Fried Fleisch er. Leip zig. M OORE, H.E. JR. AND F.R. FOSBERG . 1956. Th e p alm s o f Micro n esia an d t h e Bo n in Islan d s. Gen t es Herbaru m 8: 423–478. SCHEFFER, R.H.C.C. 1876. Su r q u elq u es p alm iers d u grou pe des Arecin ées. An n . Jard. Bot. Bu iten zorg 1: 103–164. U H L, N .W. AN D J. D RAN SFIELD . 1 9 8 7 . G en era Palm aru m , a classification of p alm s based on t h e w o rk o f H .E. M o o re, Jr. L.H . Bailey Hortoriu m an d th e In tern ation al Palm Society, Lawren ce, Kan sas. W HITMO RE, T.C. 1973. Palm s o f Malaya. O xfo rd Un iversity Press, Lon d on . W HITTEN , A.J. 1994. Con servation of Java’s Flora. In SUHIRMAN , G. BUTTLER, FUADDINI, J. PFEIFFER, M. RICHARDSON AND SUHENDAR (ed s.). Strategies for Flo ra Co n servat io n in Asia. Th e Keb u n Raya Con feren ce Proceedin gs. Kebu n Raya In don esiaLIPI, Bogor. p p . 49–76. W HITTEN , T., R.E. SOERIAATMADJA AND S.A. AFFIF. 1996. Th e Ecology of In d on esia. Th e Ecology of Java an d Bali. Perip lu s Ed ition s (HK) Ltd ., Sin gap ore.