PALM S
W it on o et al.: Pin an ga in Java an d Bali
Pina ng a in
Java an d
Bali
Volum e 46(4) 2002
JOKO R. W ITONO
Center for Plant Conservation
Bogor Botanical Gardens–LIPI
Jalan Ir. H. Juanda 13
Bogor 16003, Indonesia
JOHANIS P. M OGEA
Herbarium Bogoriense–LIPI
Jalan Ir. H. Juanda 22
Bogor 16002, Indonesia
AND
S. SOMADIKARTA
Biology Departm ent
Program Pascasarjana FMIPA
Universitas Indonesia
Gedung E FMIPA
Depok 16424, Indonesia
1. Pinanga javana . (Photo J.
Dransfield)
In th is tax o n o m ic acco un t o f Pina nga in Java an d Bali th ree species are reco gn ized. Tw o ,
P. ja va na an d P. a rina sa e, are sin gle-stem m ed. Th e latter is described as n ew. A th ird
species, P. corona t a , is clustered. Th e w ell kn o w n P. kuhlii is sh o w n to be a syn o n ym o f
P. corona t a .
PALM S 46(4): 193 –202
193
PALM S
W it on o et al.: Pin an ga in Java an d Bali
Pinanga con sists of abou t 120 sp ecies, occu rrin g
fro m t h e H im alayas an d so u t h C h in a t o N ew
Gu in ea, with th e greatest diversity in th e wet areas
of th e Su n d a Sh elf an d very p oorly rep resen ted in
Pap u asia (Uh l & Dran sfield 1987). In In d on esia,
th e gen u s is rep resen ted by abou t 40 sp ecies, at
least 14 of wh ich are en d em ic.
Pinanga is fou n d th rou gh ou t Java, from sea level
to m on tan e forests, bu t th e taxon om y of Javan ese
Pin an ga h as b een in t erp ret ed vario u sly in t h e
botan ical literatu re. Sch effer (1876) recorded th ree
sp ecies on th e islan d , i.e. P. javana (Fig. 1), P. kuhlii
an d P. coronata. Beccari (1886) ad d ed P. noxa of
Blu m e to th e Javan ese list. In con trast, Koord ers
(1911) m en tion ed th at Java h as on ly two sp ecies,
i.e. P. javana an d P. kuhlii, wh ile h e con sid ered P.
coron ata t o b e syn o n ym o u s w it h P. kuh lii.
Accord in g to Backer & Bakh u izen van d en Brin k,
Jr. (1968), Pinanga is represen ted by on ly on e taxon
in Java, n am ely P. coron ata (Blu m e ex M art .)
Blu m e. Pinanga globulifera (n on Blu m e) Merr., P.
kuhlii Blu m e an d P. noxa Blu m e were all cited as
syn on ym s. In th eir n ote, th ey m en tion ed th at th e
p oorly kn own P. javana Blu m e m ay be con sp ecific
with P. coronata. However, th ere was n o d etailed
taxon om ic ju stification for th e red u ction in th e
n u m ber of sp ecies.
O n t h e islan d o f Bali, Dran sfield an d M o gea
co llect ed an u n id en t ified sp ecies o f Pinanga in
1973; t h is was recen t ly referred t o by W h it t en
(1994) an d W h it t en et al. (1996) b u t was n o t
stu d ied in d etail. Th e Balin ese taxon is d escribed
h erein as n ew.
Pina nga Blum e
Blu m e, Bu ll. Sci. Ph ys. Nat . Néerl. 1: 65. 1838.
Lect o t yp e: Pin an ga coron ata (Blu m e ex M art .)
Blu m e.
Cladosperm a Griff., Not. Plan t. Asiaticas 3: 165.
1 8 5 1 . Typ e: C. paradox a (G riff.) G riff. (A reca
paradox a G riff.) ( = Pin an ga paradox a (G riff.)
Sch eff.).
Ophiria Becc., An n . Jard . Bot. Bu it. 2: 128. 1885.
Typ e sp ecies: O. paradoxa (Griff.) Becc. ( Areca
paradox a G riff.) ( = Pin an ga paradox a (G riff.)
Sch eff.)
Pseudopinanga Bu rret , No t izb. Bo t. Gart . Berlin Dah lem 13: 188. 1936. Typ e: P. insignis (Becc.)
Bu rret ( = Pinanga insignis Becc.)
Volum e 46(4) 2002
p resen t , ad ax ially ro u n d ed o r ch an n elled ,
ab ax ially ro u n d ed , glab ro u s o r vario u sly
in d u m en tose; leaflets with on e to several fold s,
regu larly to irregu larly arran ged, acu te, acu m in ate,
or lobed , th e lobes corresp on d in g to th e fold s, th e
ap ical leaflet s alm o st alw ays lo b ed , b lad e
occasion ally m ottled , som etim es p aler ben eath ,
o ft en w it h a w id e variet y o f scales an d h airs,
tran sverse vein lets u su ally obscu re. In florescen ce
in frafoliar, u su ally rap id ly becom in g p en d u lou s,
occasion ally erect, p rotogyn ou s, bran ch in g to 1
o rd er o n ly; p ed u n cle sh o rt , d o rsiven t rally
flatten ed , glabrou s or tom en tose in bu d , q u ickly
sp littin g to exp ose th e flowers; p ed u n cu lar bracts
absen t ; rach is bract s t rian gu lar, in co n sp icu o u s;
rach illae bearin g sp irally or d istich ou sly arran ged
triad s th rou gh ou t th eir len gth ; floral bracteoles
m in u te. Stam in ate flower asym m etrical, sessile;
calyx cu p u lar wit h 3 t rian gu lar lo bes; p et als 3,
trian gu lar, join ed briefly basally, valvate in bu d ,
m u ch exceed in g th e calyx lobes; stam en s 12–68;
filam en ts sh ort, an th ers lin ear; p istillod e absen t.
Pist illat e flo w er u su ally glo b o se, sym m et rical,
m u ch sm aller t h an t h e st am in at e; sep als 3 ,
m em bran ou s, striate, im bricate, d istin ct; p etals 3,
d ist in ct , im b ricat e, m em b ran o u s; st am in o d es
absen t; gyn oecium un ilocular, un iovulate, globose,
stigm a often brigh tly colored (red d ish to oran ge).
Fru it glo b o se o r ellip so id al, o ran ge t o b lack,
stigm atic rem ain s ap ical; ep icarp sm ooth , sh in y,
m esocarp th in , flesh y, en d ocarp of lon gitu d in al
fibers, u su ally adh erin g to th e seed, becom in g free
at th e basal on ly, fru it with ou t a solid beak. Seed
con form in g to th e fru it sh ap e, basally attach ed ;
en d o sp erm d eep ly ru m in at e; em b ryo b asal o r
lateral n ear th e base.
Key to Pina nga in Java an d Bali
1. a. Sm all clu sterin g p alm . . . . . . . . . P. coronata
b. Robu st solitary p alm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. a. Cro wn sh aft p u rp lish -green , co vered wit h
silvery
in d u m en t u m ;
leaflet s
3 5 –4 5 ;
in florescen ce silvery in d u m en tose at th e base
an d verru cu lo se; rach illae 2 0 –3 0 , sp irally
arran ged on th e rach is; fruit obovoid . P. arinasae
b . Cro wn sh aft b ro wn ish -green , co vered wit h
scaly b ro w n in d u m en t u m ; leaflet s 1 0 –1 5 ,
in florescen ce glabrou s; rach illae 8–14, arran ged
d istich ou sly an d altern ate on th e rach is; fru it
ovoid to ellip soid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. javana
Descriptio n o f th e gen us based o n Javan ese an d
Balin ese m aterial
Pin an ga arin asae J. R. Witon o, sp. n o v.
Sm all t o ro b u st , so lit ary o r clu st ered , erect ,
u n arm ed , p leon an th ic, m on oeciou s p alm s. Stem
slen der to m oderate, with elon gate in tern odes an d
co n sp icu o u s leaf scars. Leaves p in n at e; sh eat h s
tubular, form in g a well defin ed crown sh aft; petiole
P. javanae affin is sed cau d ice so lit ario , vagin is
fo lio ru m su b lep id o t is, fro n d ib u s p in n at isect is,
segm en tis u troq u e latere 35–45 lin earo-lan ceolatis
acum in atis, in florescen tiis lepidotis et verruculosis,
ram is (20–30) sp iralib u s, fru ct ib u s o b o vo id eis.
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W it on o et al.: Pin an ga in Java an d Bali
Typ u s: INDONESIA. Bali, Bed u gu l, Bu kit Tap ak,
1 9 7 3 , Dran sfield et al. JD3 5 1 2 (h o lo t yp u s BO ;
isotyp i BH, K, L).
Robu st, solitary palm . Stem erect, 12–15 cm diam .,
10–12 m tall, m ed iu m brown to gray brown ish ;
in tern od es 10–25 cm , scars to 3 cm . Crown sh aft
sligh tly swollen , 130–180 cm lon g, 14.0–17.5 cm
d iam ., yello w wh en yo u n g an d p u rp lish green
wh en ad u lt, covered with silvery in d u m en tu m .
Leaves 7–10 in t h e cro wn , p in n at e, wh o le leaf
250–330 × 240 cm ; leaf-sh eath to 110 cm , in sid e
w h it e an d sm o o t h , p et io le 1 6 –4 0 cm , d eep ly
o bliq u e, co n vex abaxially, silvery in d u m en t o se
b elo w; rach is t o 215 cm , silvery in d u m en t o se
below, con cave th en flatten ed ad axially, con vex
abaxially, terete n ear th e ap ex; leaflets 35–45 on
each sid e o f rach is, en t ire, regu larly arran ged ,
lin ear to lan ceolate, basal leaflets 50–58 × 1.0–1.8
cm , ribs 2, m id d le leaflets 90–120 × 4–5 cm , ribs
2 , ap ical leaflet s 3 0 –4 8 × 0 .6 –3 cm , rib s 2 –4 ,
in d u m en t o se o n lo w er rib s, t h e su rfaces
d iscolorou s, u p p er d ark green , lower p ale green
wh en fresh , on d ryin g becom in g p ale brown on
lower su rface an d d ark brown on u p p er su rface.
In flo rescen ce in frafo liar, arcu at e, even t u ally
p en d u lou s, bran ch ed to on e ord er on ly, silvery
in d u m en tose at th e base an d verru cu lose, 50–55
cm lo n g, b ase very st iff; p ro p h yll p ale yello w
distally an d green ish yellow n ear base wh en fresh ,
brown ish yellow wh en d ry, p ap ery, sm ooth , 37 ×
8 cm ; p ed u n cle erect, flatten ed , 11–18 × 1.6–2.5
cm , rach is 18–27 × 1 cm , rach illae 20–30, sp irally
arran ged on th e rach is; rach illae bearin g 16–28
triad s o n each sid e, basal rach illae lo n ger t h an
ap ical rach illae. Stam in ate flowers sessile, calyx
with 3 su bu late sep als, 7 × 3.5 m m ; corolla with
3 p etals, lon ger th an sep als, ovate, 10 × 6 m m ;
stam en s 45–68, p ale yellow, 2–4 × 0.3–0.5 m m .
Pistillat e flo wers sessile; calyx cu p -sh ap ed , p ale
yellow, 4 m m d iam . with 3 trian gu lar im bricate
o rbicu lar sep als, lo bes 5.5–6 × 4 m m , ciliat e at
m argin s, striate, ap ex m u cron ate; corolla with 3
cu cu llat e free ro u n d ed , o rb icu lar, ciliat e p ale
yellow p etals, sim ilar to sep als in size, striate, ap ex
m ucron ate-obtuse; ovary roun ded, 3 × 2 m m . Fruit
obovoid , 12–17 × 8–12 m m . You n g fru it green ,
m atu re fru it red blackish . Seed obovoid , d eep ly
ru m in ate. (Figs. 2, 3, 7, 8)
DISTRIBUTION: En d em ic to Bali at Bu kit Tap ak
n ear Eka Karya Botan ic Gard en . We d id n ot fin d
t h is sp ecies in n earb y Bu kit Lesu n g an d Bu kit
Poh en . A lon g tim e ago, P. arinasae was p robably
p resen t t h ere, b u t t h e h ab it at is n o w h igh ly
d egrad ed .
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: BALI. Bu kit Tap ak, Ap r
1973, Dransfield JD3512 (Ho lo t yp e BO ); st erile,
Volum e 46(4) 2002
Mar 1992 Afriastini 163 (BO); seed lin g, May 1998
W itono 74 (BO); flower, May 1998 W itono 75 (BO).
ECOLOGY: Occu rrin g on a very steep h ill slope on
rocky outcrops in Casuarina an d Engelhardtia forest
at altitu d es of 1100–1400 m above sea level.
LOCAL NAMES: Nyabah, jabah or pinang jawa.
USES: A h igh ly orn am en tal p alm , p op u lar with
local p eop le n ear th e botan ic gard en . You n g fru its
are used as a substitute for betel n ut (Areca catechu),
yo u n g leaves (cabbage o r um but) can be eat en .
St em s are u sed fo r t rad it io n al crem at io n
cerem on ies (“ngaben”), an d leaf-sh eath s are u sed
for m akin g a “cukup” (a Balin ese u m brella).
Th is h an d som e “p in an g” is n am ed for Mr. I.B.K.
Arin asa w h o assist ed u s in t h e field . Pin an ga
arinasae is closely related to th e sin gle-stem m ed P.
javana from Java, P. insignis from th e Ph ilip p in es
an d to P. punicea from Pap u a an d Malu ku . Th e
m ajo r d ifferen ces b et ween P. arinasae an d t h e
above m en tion ed sp ecies are p resen ted in Table 1.
2. Pin an ga javan a Blu m e, Bu ll. Sci. Ph ys. Nat.
Néerl. 1: 65. 1838 an d Ru m p h ia 2: 81. 1839. Typ e:
Java, Blum e s.n. (h olotyp e L!).
Ro bu st , so lit ary p alm . St em erect , 4–10 m t all,
10–15 cm d iam ., in tern od es to 10–30 cm , stem
su rface green brown ish , sm ooth , sligh tly fissu red
lon gitu d in ally. Crown sh aft elon gate, 150–200 cm
lon g, 25 cm d iam ., swollen , p u rp lish brown , with
brown scales. Leaves 10 in crown , p in n ate; wh ole
leaf (in clu d in g leaf-sh eat h , p et io le, an d rach is)
250–300 cm with silvery in d u m en tu m on p etiole
an d rach is, very m assive; leaf-sh eath to 100 cm ;
p et io le t o 3 0 cm , co n cave ad ax ially, co n vex
abaxially; rach is 3 cm d iam .; leaflets 10–15 on
each sid e o f rach is, regu larly arran ged , sligh t ly
arcuate, elon gate lin ear-lan ceolate, falcate-sigm oid,
eq u id ist an t , basal leaflet s 65–95 × 1–6 cm , ribs
1–3, m id d le leaflets 70–115 × 2.7 cm , ribs 1–3,
ap ical leaflet s 1 9 –5 5 × 1 .5 –7 .5 cm , rib s 2 –7 .
In flo rescen ce in frafo liar, h an d -like, sp read in g
pen du lou s, 40–50 cm lon g, pedu n cle erect at base,
flat t en ed , 9 –1 6 cm lo n g, 0 .8 –1 .5 cm t h ick;
p ro p h yll n o t kn o wn ; rach illae 8–1 3 , arran ged
d istich ou sly altern ate, at th e base 23–35 cm with
19–21 triad s, at th e ap ex 18–27 cm with 15–17
triad s, p ed u n cle, rach is, an d rach illae green wh en
you n g, p in kish red with age. Triad s d istich ou s,
alt ern at e. Pist illat e flo w er (calyx an d co ro lla)
cream , ovary green ; calyx cu p -sh ap ed , sep als 3,
im b ricat e, b ro ad ly o rb icu lar, 6–8 × 4–4.5 m m ,
sm ooth , th ick at th e m id d le, th in at sid e, with
ciliate m argin s, ap ex m u cron ate; corolla with 3
cu cu llate rou n d ed ciliate p etals, 4–6 × 3–4 m m ,
ap ex m u cron ate-obtu se. Fru it ovoid to ellip soid ,
20–26 × 11–14 m m , p ale p in kish yello w wh en
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PALM S
W it on o et al.: Pin an ga in Java an d Bali
Volum e 46(4) 2002
2. Distribution of Pinanga in Java and Bali. Circles = P. coronata . Squares = P. javana . Star = P. arinasae.
you n g, wh en rip e tu rn in g d ark red th en black,
p ericarp d en sely fib ro u s, en d o carp t h in ,
m em b ran o u s. Seed o vo id t o ellip so id , 18–21 ×
10–13 m m , d eep ly ru m in ate. (Figs. 1, 2, 5, 6)
DISTRIBUTION: En dem ic to Java, n ow con fin ed to
t h e m o u n t ain s o f West Java. Th is sp ecies w as
record ed on Mt. Slam et (Cen tral Java) (W h itten et
al. 1994) bu t was n ot fou n d wh en we search ed for
it in 1999. Sp ecim en s collected by Backer in 1914
from Mt. Wilis an d by Kobu s from Mt. Ten gger
in d icate th at it on ce grew in East Java; h owever,
d u rin g field observation in 1998, n o P. javana was
fo u n d in eit h er lo calit y. It is p o ssible t h at t h is
sp ecies is extin ct (extirp ated ) at th ese location s.
3 (left). Pinanga arinasae, Bukit Tapak, Bali, habit. 4 (right). Pinanga coronata, detail of infructescence. (Photos: Joko
Witono)
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W it on o et al.: Pin an ga in Java an d Bali
SPEC IM EN S EXAM IN ED: JAVA. West Java.
Man d alawan gi, Mt. Pu lasari, Ap r 1974, Dransfield
JD4185 (BO); Bogor, Mt. Salak, Apr 1971, Dransfield
JD1358 (BO); Mt. Salak, Ju l 1971 Dransfield JD1758
(BO); Cibod as, Oct 1970, Dransfield JD951 (BO);
East Java. Kediri, Mt. Wilis, Feb 1914, Backer 11491
(BO); Mt. Ten gger, Kobus 204 (BO).
ECOLOGY: Occu rrin g on very steep h illsid es in
m oist lower m on tan e forest an d d am p m on tan e
fo rest in d eep so il at alt it u d es o f 800–1,700 m
above sea level, bu t n ot on rid getop s. Dran sfield
co llect ed P. javan a in 1 9 7 3 o n M t . Pu lasari,
Man d alawan gi, West Java, wh ere th is sp ecies is
abu n d an t in su m m it m ossy forest at altitu d e 800
m asl. In its m orph ology, P. javana is quite differen t
from P. coronata. It is a robust palm , always solitary,
an d t h e arran gem en t o f t h e rach illae is always
altern ate an d d istich ou s. On th e oth er h an d , P.
coronata is a sm all an d clu stered p alm , an d th e
arran gem en t of its rach illae is always sp iral. Th e
d ist rib u t io n o f t h ese sp ecies is also d ifferen t .
Pinanga javana is very restricted , fou n d on ly in
lower m on tan e forest (800–1,700 m asl) in West
an d East Java, wh ile P. coronata is m ore widespread,
Volum e 46(4) 2002
an d is fou n d from Su m atra, Java, to Lesser Su n d a
Islan d s, from sea level to m on tan e forest.
LOCAL NAMES: Pinang hanyawar, pinang panyawar
(West Java), palem barong (East Java), pinang jawa.
3 . Pin an ga co ro n ata (Blu m e ex Mart .) Blu m e,
Bu ll. Sci. Ph ys. Nat. Néerl. 1: 65. 1838 (nom en);
Blu m e, Ru m ph ia 2: 83. 1839. Areca coronata Blu m e
ex Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm . 3: 179. 1838. Seaforthia
coronata (Blu m e ex Mart.) Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm .
3: 185. 1845. Ptychosperm a coronata (Blu m e) Miq .,
Fl. Ned .-In d ie 24. 1855. Typ e: Java, Blum e s.n.
(h olotyp e L!).
Pinanga kuhlii Blu m e, Bu ll. Sci. Ph ys. Nat. Néerl.
1: 65. 1838 (nom en); Blu m e, Ru m p h ia 2: 82. 1839.
Seaforthia kuhlii (Blu m e) Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm . 3:
185. 1845. Ptychosperm a kuhlii (Blu m e) Miq ., Fl.
N ed .-In d ie 2 1 . 1 8 5 5 . Typ e: Java, Blum e s.n .
(h olotyp e L!).
Pinanga costata Blu m e, Bu ll. Sci. Ph ys. Nat. Néerl.
1: 65. 1838 (nom en); Blu m e, Ru m p h ia 2 : 80. 1839;
Ptychosperm a costata (Blu m e) Miq ., Fl. Ned .-In d ie
25. 1855. Typ e: Java, Blum e s.n. (h olotyp e L!).
5 (left). Pinanga javana , cultivated in Cibodas, West Java. 6 (right). Pinanga javana , detail of infructescences, cultivated
in Cibodas, West Java. (Photos: J. Dransfield).
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7. Pinanga arinasae: A leaf sheath, two views; B tip of petiole; C mid section of leaf. All from Dransfield et al. JD3512.
Drawn by Iskak Samsudin.
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Volum e 46(4) 2002
8. Pinanga arinasae: A leaf tip; B base of inflorescence just past staminate anthesis; C part of rachilla in fruit; D fruit; E
seed; F seed in cross section; G part of rachilla showing triads of flowers; H pistillate flower; I gynoecium; J petal of
pistillate flower; K staminate bud in vertical section. All from Dransfield et al. JD3512 . Drawn by Iskak Samsudin.
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Table 1. Th e m ajo r differen ces betw een Pina nga a rina sa e an d clo sely related species. Data
fro m Sch effer (1876), Beccari (1907) an d Mo o re an d Fo sberg (1956).
Outer surface o f cro w n sh aft
Width o f leaves
Len gth o f petio le
Apical leaflets
In flo rescen ce
Len gth o f rach illae
Arran gem en t o f fruit
o n rach illae
Fruit
P. a rina sa e
covered with silvery
in d u m en tu m
to 240 cm
16–40 cm
2–4 ribs
50–55 cm
22–32 cm
P. insignis
covered in ap p ressed
rad iate scales of a
ch estn u t brown color
to 150 cm
very sh ort or obsolete
10 ribs
100 cm
40–50 cm
P. punicea
covered in
brown scaly
in d u m en tu m
160–200 cm
80 cm
6–7 ribs
50–60 cm
16–27 cm
d istich ou s
obovoid (1.2–1.7 cm
lon g by 0.8–1.2
cm d iam .)
d istich ou s
ovoid (2.4–2.5 cm
lon g by 1.3–1.4
cm d iam .)
sp iral
ellip soid
(1.7 cm lon g
by 0.9 cm
d iam .)
Pinanga noxa Blu m e, Bu ll. Sci. Ph ys. Nat. Néerl. 1:
65. 1838. (nom en) Blu m e, Ru m p h ia 2: 81. 1839.
Ptychosperm a noxa (Blu m e) Miq ., Fl. Ned.-In die 23.
1885. Typ e: Java, Blum e s.n. (h olotyp e L!).
Sm all, clu stered , u n d ergrowth p alm . Stem s erect,
u n bran ch ed , 2–8 (10) m tall, 1.5–7 (10) cm d iam .,
with in tern od es 4.5–12 (20) cm , scars 0.5–1.2 cm ;
stem su rface green to brown ish green . Crown sh aft
swo llen elo n gat e, 50–100 cm lo n g, 2.5–10 cm
d iam ., sligh t ly w id er t h an t h e st em , green ,
yello w ish o r b ro w n ish green , o r b ro w n ish t o
red d ish yello w wh en ad u lt , wit h bro wn scales,
ligu le p oorly d evelop ed . Leaves 4–7 in th e crown ;
wh ole leaf in clu din g leaf-sh eath 150–300 cm ; leafsh eat h 3 5 –8 0 cm ; p et io le 2 0 –1 0 0 cm , d eep ly
obliq u e adaxially, con vex abaxially; rach is 90–180
cm , p et io le an d rach is sm o o t h o r silvery
in d u m en tose below, flatten ed ad axially, con vex
abaxially, sh arp n ear th e ap ex; leaflets 6–30 on
each sid e o f rach is, en t ire, regu larly arran ged ,
elon gate lin ear-lan ceolate, falcate-sigm oid , basal
leaflets 22–85 × 0.5–6.5 cm , with 1–5 ribs, m id d le
leaflets 32–90 × 0.8–9 cm , with 1–7 ribs, ap ical
leaflets 16–45 × 1.5–10 cm , with 2–13 ribs, n otch ed
t o d eep ly cu n eat e t o d en t at e, in d u m en t o se o n
lo wer ribs, t h e su rfaces d isco lo ro u s, u p p er p ale
green , lo wer d ark green wh en fresh , o n d ryin g
becom in g p ale brown to p ale green ish brown on
lower su rface an d d ark brown to d ark green ish
brown on u p p er su rface. In florescen ce in frafoliar,
p en d u lou s or erect th en p en d u lou s, green wh en
you n g, becom in g yellow p in k to red , base very
st iff; p ed u n cle flat t en ed , 1 –6 .5 × 0 .5 –2 cm ;
p ro p h yll 20–28 × 4.5–8 cm , p ale yello w wh en
fresh , ligh t brown wh en d ry, sm ooth ; rach is 2–9
× 0.2–1 cm , sm o o t h ; rach illae 5–22, glab ro u s,
200
straigh t, sp read in g to p arallel, n ot in sam e p lan e,
b asal rach illae wit h 19–51 t riad s o n each sid e,
apical rach illae with 15–36 triads. Stam in ate flower
sessile, cream y wh ite, stam en s 12–16 (28), p ale
yello w, ab o u t 3–3.5 × 0.2 – 0.4 m m . Pist illat e
flo wer cream y wh it e, sessile, calyx cu p -sh ap ed ,
sep als orbicu lar to very broad orbicu lar, 2.5–5 ×
2 –3 .5 m m , m em b ran o u s, st riat e, im b ricat e,
acu m in ate-m u cron ate-obtu se at th e ap ex, ciliate
at m argin s; p et als u su ally sm aller t h an sep als,
orbicu lar to very broad orbicu lar, 2–4.5 × 2–3.5
m m , m em bran ou s, striate, im bricate, acu m in atem u cro n at e-o b t u se at t h e ap ex; o vary ro u n d ed ,
ab o u t 1–2 × 1 m m . Fru it o b o vo id , ellip so id t o
o vo id , 1 1 –1 5 × 6 –1 0 m m , green w h en yo u n g
b eco m in g yello w p in k, red t o b ro w n ish red ,
stigm atic rem ain s ap ical; ep icarp sm ooth , sh in y;
m esocarp th in , flesh y; en docarp with lon gitu din al
fibers. Seed con form in g to th e fru it, 7.5–12 × 5–7.5
m m ; en d osp erm d eep ly ru m in ate. (Figs. 2, 4)
DISTRIBUTIO N: Su m atra, Java, to Lesser Su n d a
Islan d s.
SPEC IM EN S EXAM IN ED. JAVA. West Java.
Man d alawan gi, Mt.Pu lasari, Ap r 1974, Dransfield
JD4182 (BO); Pan d eglan g, Uju n g Ku lon Nation al
Park, Sep t 1951, W aalkes 406 (BO ); Ap r 1971,
Dran sfield JD1 4 4 8 (BO ); Ap r 1 9 7 1 , Dran sfield
JD1464 (BO ); May 1992, McDonald & Afriastini
3325 (BO); Oct 1998, W itono 79 (BO); Dep ok, Dec
1894, Hallier 1894 (BO ); No v 1896, Hallier s.n.
(BO); Hallier 1899 (BO); Au g 1898, Koorders 31041
(BO); Ap r 1903, Koorders 40185 (BO); Ap r 1904,
Koorders 40191 (BO), Koorders 40192 (BO), Koorders
40193 (BO ); O ct 1898, Backer 26279 (BO ); Mar
1921, Backer 31254 (BO); May 1939, Van Steenis
11236 (BO), Van Steenis 11237 (BO); Bogor, Oct
PALM S
W it on o et al.: Pin an ga in Java an d Bali
1910, Scheffer 16317 (BO ); Au g 1935, Frank 35
(BO); Mt. Salak, Ap r 1971, Dransfield JD1352 (BO),
Dransfield JD1359 (BO ); Ju l 1974, Yoshida 1576
(BO); Ciam p ea, Ju l 1898, Koorders 30778 (BO); Ju l
1914, Backer 15124 (BO); Burck s.n. (BO); Ciap u s,
Ju n 1 8 9 6 , Hallier s.n . (BO ); Hallier s.n . (BO );
Cip an car, Ju n 1896, Scheffer s.n. (BO); Jasin ga, Oct
1970, Dransfield JD1012 (BO); Cibod as, Ju l 1895,
Hallier 412 (BO); Oct 1898, Koorders 32072 (BO);
M ay 1 9 1 4 , Lörz in g 1 8 3 1 (BO ); Ju n e 1 9 4 1
Bloem bergen 115 (BO); May 1948, Main 136 (BO);
March 1952, Meijer 35 (BO); Jan 1971, Dransfield
JD1135 (BO); Mar 1979, Mogea 1715 (BO); Boerlage
s.n .; C ian ju r, Ju n 1 9 0 0 , Koorders 3 3 3 6 9 (BO );
Sukabum i, Len gkon g, Nov 1970, Dransfield JD1058
(BO); Ap r 1980, Mogea 865 (BO), Mogea 866 (BO),
Mogea 867 (BO); Ploem s.n. (BO); Jam p an g Ku lon ,
Au g 1974, Yoshida 1888 (BO); Mt. Halim u n , Ju n e
1980, Balgooy & W iriadinata 2902 (BO); Karawan g,
De Monchy 126 (BO); Ban d u n g, Ap r 1911, Sm ith
121 (BO); Oct 1918, Backer 26236 (BO); Au g1941,
Popta 31 (BO); Feb 1971, Dransfield JD1277 (BO);
Au g 1976, Mogea 811 (BO); Oct 1976, Mogea 821
(BO), Mogea 822 (BO); Garu t, Jan 1897, Koorders
26673 (BO); Bu kit Him alaya Natu re Reserve, Feb
1999, W itono 89 (BO); Feb 1999, W itono 90 (BO);
Tasikm alaya, Au g 1913, Backer 8987 (BO ); Au g
1913, Backer 9044 (BO); Ju l 1917, Koorders 44345
(BO); Jan 1971, Dransfield JD1153 (BO); Jan 1971,
Dransfield JD1212 (BO); Cirebon , Mt. Cirem ai, Oct
1912, Backer 5059 (BO); Mt. Beser, Jun 1917, Backer
2 2 6 1 1 (BO ); Ju n 1 9 1 7 , Sm ith 7 2 6 (BO ); M t .
Ciku ku r, Mar 1914, Backer 12899 (BO); Mt Hiyan g,
Oct 1913, Backer 9652 (BO); Mt. Masigit, Mar 1914,
Lörz in g 1 2 4 1 (BO ); M t . W in d u , Ap r 1 9 0 9,
Soegandiredja 233 (BO); West Java, Apr 1938, Franck
121 (BO); Mausjet 581 (BO); Raap 484 (BO); Cen tral
Java, Cilacap , Nu sa Kam ban gan Islan d , Nov 1907,
Legign (BO ); N o v 1 9 3 8 , Kosterm an s 9 2 (BO );
Pu rwo kert o , M t . Slam et , Pan cu ran Tu ju h , Feb
1999, W itono 85 (BO); Pu rbalin gga, Mt. Slam et,
Goa Lawa, Feb1999, W itono 89 (BO); Tegal, Jan
1919, Beum ée 3699 (BO); Pekalon gan , Mt. Prabata,
Sep t 1914, Backer 15970 (BO); Ken d al, Kaliwu n gu ,
Cordes s.n. (BO); Yogyakarta, Teysm ann s.n. (BO);
Ku d u s, Mt . Mu ria, No v 1951, Kosterm ans 6265
(BO); Jepara, Ngaren gan , May 1899, Koorders 33226
(BO ); May 1899, Koorders 33619 (BO ), Koorders
3 3 6 2 0 (BO ); M ay 1 9 1 6 , Beum ée 5 8 7 (BO );
Rem b an g, Ap r 1904, Koorders 36522 (BO ); Feb
1914, Koorders 42260 (BO; East Java. Mad iu n , Mt.
Wilis, Oct 1892, Koorders 6132 (BO); May 1896,
Koorders 23153 (BO); Nov 1900, Koorders 38635
(BO); Ked iri, Ju n 1896, Koorders 22959 (BO); Mt.
Wilis, Feb 1914, Backer 11836 (BO ); Dec 1998,
W itono 82 (BO); Dec 1998, W itono 83 (BO); W itono
84 (BO ); Malan g, Mar 1971, Dransfield JD1330
(BO); Ju l 1980, Mogea 2538 (BO); Besu ki, Mt. Ijen ,
Volum e 46(4) 2002
7 N o v 1 8 9 3 , Koorders 1 4 6 4 9 (BO ); Feb 1 8 9 6 ,
Koorders 21686 (BO); Jul 1916, Koorders 42924 (BO);
Ap r 1920, Backer 30620 (BO); Ju l 1938, Van Steenis
10717 (BO); Mar 1971, Dransfield JD1282 (BO);
Kobus s.n. (BO); Jem ber, Meru Betiri Nation al Park,
O ct 1 9 9 8 , W iton o 8 0 (BO ); Sit u b o n d o , M t .
Argo p u ro , Ap r 1 9 1 4 , Backer 1 3 2 5 8 (BO );
Ban yu wan gi, Meru Betiri Nation al Park, May 1973
Dransfield JD3529 (BO); Oct 1998, W itono 81 (BO);
Mad u ra, Bawean Isl., Mt. Tin ggi, May 1928, Karta
117 (BO). Bali. Bed u gu l, Bu kit Tap ak, May 1973,
Dransfield JD3515 (BO); Bu kit Lesu n g, Mar 1992,
Afriastini 92 (BO); Bratan Lake, Ju n 1976, Meijer
10538 (BO ); Mt . Kelat akan , Ju l 1918, Maier 64
(BO).
EC O LO G Y: O ccu rrin g o n very st eep h illsid es in
m on tan e forest an d flat areas in lowlan d forest,
from sea level to 1800 m above sea level.
LO CAL N AMES: Bing-bin (West Java), piji (Cen t ral
Java, East Java, an d Bali), pinang rante (East Java).
U SES: Freq u en tly cu ltivated as an orn am en tal an d
som etim es u sed for bu ild in g m aterial.
N O TES: Blu m e d escrib ed P. kuh lii b ased o n a
sp ecim en ap p aren t ly fro m West Java (Java
Occid en talis). Beccari (1886) m en tion ed th at th e
typ e locality of P. kuhlii was Cisoka, West Java.
Th is lo calit y is in Leb ak Dist rict , Pan d eglan g
Regen cy, Ban ten Provin ce. In d ex Kewen sis says
th at th e typ e locality of P. kuhlii is Malaya. Th is
in form ation is in correct, an d in d eed n o sp ecim en
or record h as ever been docu m en ted from Malaya.
Pin an ga coron ata w as d escrib ed b ased o n a
sp ecim en from Megam en d u n g, on th e slop es of
Mt. Gede-Pan gran go, to th e sou th -east of Bogor in
West Java. Again In d ex Kewen sis in correctly cites
th e type locality of P. coronata as Celebes; h owever,
P. coronata h as so far n ever been fou n d in Celebes.
Blu m e (1839) sep arated P. kuhlii an d P. coronata
p rim arily b ased o n leaves an d gro w t h o f t h e
in flo rescen ce. Th e rach is o f P. kuhlii is co vered
with sm all scales on th e abaxial surface, th e leaflets
are broad (lan ceolate to falcate), 10–13 in n u m ber
an d th e in florescen ce is p en d u lou s. Ch aracters of
P. coron ata are rach is sm o o t h , leaflet s n arro w
(lin ear to elon gate), n u m erou s, an d in florescen ce
erect t h en p en d u lo u s. Sp ecim en s t h at w ere
collected from lowlan d s u su ally h ave ch aracters
sim ilar to P. kuhlii, bu t sp ecim en s from m on tan e
fo rest (>1000 m ab o ve sea level) u su ally h ave
ch aracters sim ilar to P. coronata. In fact, between
P. kuhlii an d P. coronata, t h ere are in t erm ed iat e
form s. Based on th is evid en ce we con clu d e th at
th e clu stered Pinanga of Java an d Bali rep resen ts
a sin gle sp ecies.
201
PALM S
W it on o et al.: Pin an ga in Java an d Bali
Pin an ga costata an d P. n ox a, are red u ced t o P.
coronata becau se th ey h ave sim ilar ch aracters an d
are in d ist in gu ish ab le in t h e field an d in t h e
h erbariu m .
Pinanga coronata was ch osen by Beccari an d Pich iSerm olli (1955) as th e typ e of th e gen u s Pinanga,
becau se Pinanga was first p u blish ed by Blu m e, n ot
in Ru m p h ia (1 8 3 8 –1 8 4 3 ), b u t in Bulletin des
Sciences Physiques et Naturelles en Néerlande vol. 1
(1838). Alth ou gh th e gen u s Pinanga was d escribed
in th e Bulletin, th e sp ecies were m erely listed an d
are nom ina nuda. Before Ru m ph ia 2 was pu blish ed,
Martius publish ed Historia Naturalis Palm arum , vol.
3 (1838), in wh ich h e m ade th e com bin ation Areca
coronata, wh ich is th e first valid ly p u blish ed n am e
for th is sp ecies. Th e valid n am e of th e clu stered
Pinanga in Java an d Bali is th u s P. coronata (Blu m e
ex Mart.) Blu m e.
Oth er n am es for clu stered Pinanga in Java are P.
nenga wh ich was publish ed by Blum e (1838–1843),
an d P. neglecta wh ich was p u b lish ed b y Bu rret
(1940). Pinanga nenga is t h e t yp e o f t h e gen u s
Nenga. At p resen t, th e correct n am e for it is Nenga
pum ila. Pinanga neglecta is syn on ym ous with Nenga
pum ila (Fern an d o1983).
Ackn o w ledgm en ts
Th is wo rk was su p p o rt ed b y t h e Mo n t go m ery
Botan ical Cen ter, Miam i, Florid a, USA, th rou gh
Th e In d o n esian Bo t an ic G ard en s an d G EF, t o
wh ich I am gratefu l. Th an ks are also given to th e
d irector of Herbariu m Bogorien se an d h er staff,
wh o m ad e illu stration s, th e collection m an ager of
Rijksh arbariu m Leid en , wh o p rovid ed h erbariu m
p ictu res, Dr. Ded y Darn aed y, Him m ah Ru stiam i,
Dr. Joh n Dran sfield , Dr. Terren ce W. Walters, Dr.
Larry R. Noblick, wh o gave th eir tim e to d iscu ss
variou s asp ects of taxon om ic p roblem s.
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BEC C ARI , O . AN D R.E.G . P IC H I -SERM O LLI . 1 9 5 5 .
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202
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