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In recent years major international football (soccer) events have been hosted by core nations in Europe and North America. Germany has won the right to host the 2006 World Cup, beating out England and South Africa for the honour. When the deadline for formal candidacy for the Euro 2008 European football championships passed in February 2002, several collaborative bids by peripheral European nations appeared. This paper analyses the domestic and trans-national politics of governments and sporting associations in examining the three bids given the best chance of succeeding (by the time of the conference the winner will be known). Primary focus will be on the Scotland-Ireland joint bid, but discussion will also take in the combined Nordic country bid and the Austria-Switzerland collaboration. Even Greece and Turkey have come together in an effort to win the right to host the championship. The Scottish-Irish case study is particularly salient as Scotland has recently been granted its own assembly with greater governing powers, though not fully independent from Westminster and Ireland faced an election on 10 May 2002. Scottish officials rejected including the northern English stadiums in Newcastle, Sunderland and Middlesbrough in preference to a Celtic bid linked with Ireland. The bid faced several crucial hurdles such as local politics surrounding the building of a new stadium in Dundee and the historic politics of the Gaelic Athletic Association and its international class stadium of Croke Park. Soccer has never been played at Croke Park due to an historic ban on English sports on GAA grounds. Finally, the bid hinged on the building of Stadium Ireland, a new state of the art national stadium to be built in Dublin. The paper will focus on themes of intersection between the local, national and global as the relatively small and geographically peripheral European nations of Scotland and Ireland have come together in an effort to host what is regarded as the third most prestigious international sporting event in terms of viewing figures, sponsorship and media interest only being eclipsed by the Olympics and the World Cup of soccer. Following the collaboration of Korea and Japan for the 2002 World Cup, the paper analyses the trend towards collaborative bids for major events and the shifting political economy issues that emerge when formerly less significant nations band together to attract major events.
2008 •
Executive summary: The next decade has been described by the government as a ‘golden decade for sport’ due to the variety of internat ional sport events that the UK is due to host. These include mega events such as the London 2012 Olympics and the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow, major events such as the 2019 Cricket World Cup, and a large number of major showcase sport events including the World Squash Championships and the World Modern Pentathlon Championships. The UK is considered to be one of the le ading nations in the sport event market and sport governing bo dies (NGBs) in the UK maintain a strong reputation for stagi ng well-organised sport event s. However, bidding for the rights to host mega sport event s, one-off events, and international showcase sport events has become more competitive over the last decade. There is a need to address the issues that NGBs face when bidding to host international sport events to ensure that the UK remains a competitive venue for sport e...
Managing Sport & Leisure
United as one: the 2026 FIFA Men’s World Cup hosting vision and the symbolic politics of legacy2020 •
In June 2018 FIFA awarded the 2026 Men's Football World Cup tournament to a transnational bid comprising the United States, Canada and Mexico. We explore this moment of historical conjuncture to understand the interplay of football, SME processes, geopolitical symbolism, and legacy craft. Drawing on a critical document analysis of bid material, media reports, economic analysis, and secondary evaluation, we analyse how the United As One bid's core legacy tenets of certainty, opportunity and unity produced a complex narrative of economic, sporting, and political harmony and prosperity. We contend that while the bid employs common legacy tropes and axioms, United As One exposes the sustained fallacies implicit within bid constructions and paucity of legacy as a currency in the future of SME enterprise. Stakeholder alliances are fundamental to sport mega-event bidding. Yet, collaborations are politically complex as each party balances benefits and risks. Accordingly, this paper forewarns all bid actors to be cogniscent of the roles they may play within the symbolism and rhetoric of bid construction. Beyond the context of football, this paper adds new insights to ways sport megaevent bid visions fuse economic, socio-cultural, and public health advancement rhetoric to consolidate and masque persuasive host and legacy agendas.
Sport in Society
Sport mega-events, the non-West and the ethics of event hosting2018 •
Events and sports events are perceived as having the potential to contribute to a number of benefits for the host country and its communities. However, mega sports events in particular are also known for their darker side. These consequences flow from the scale and complexity of the event, and the logistics of delivering what is effectively a national mega-project. The socio-political and economic environment of the host is an important consideration for both prospective hosts and event owners when allocating hosting rights. It is therefore, unsurprising that concerns have been raised over the relatively recent relocation of events to developing countries which, by their nature, frequently lack the economic, political and social stability of the traditional industrialized host. Developing nations are less affluent and arguably less prepared to deliver large scale sports events than developed nations. Within developing contexts the cost of hosting and risk of failure is likely to be far higher than for events held in the developed world. Therefore, this paper asks, 'are governing bodies, when equipped with this knowledge, ethically obliged to withhold hosting rights from developing countries?' The paper argues that denying sovereign States the right to make their own decisions would appear to compound the disadvantaged status of countries that mega-event hosting is perceived to address. It would also reinforce the positioning of countries as subordinate and subject to a form of neo-colonial control. Indeed, despite laudable claims, the primary interest of the event owners is the delivery of an event, meaning that considerations of individual national contexts are largely irrelevant to any award. The paper contends that event hosts – particularly those in the developing world-are potentially vulnerable to exploitation by the event owner.
Marques, L. and Richards, G. (2015) Bidding for Success? Impacts of the European Capital of Culture bid. Scandinavian Journal of Tourism and Hospitality. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15022250.2015.1118407 The increasingly multi-faceted nature of event impacts makes them even more attractive as a potential solution to a range of urban and regional problems. As a result, competition to stage major cultural and sporting events is intensifying, and the cost of bidding is also rising. Given that such bidding processes only produce one winner, this means that a growing number of disappointed cities have to justify the costs of bidding for major events. In this context we analyse the bidding process for the European Capital of Culture in the Netherlands (2018) and its impacts on local social structures. In particular the article focuses on the less tangible, non-economic effects of bidding for events, establishing a framework based on network formation, public support for the bidding process and social cohesion. The conclusions point to the key role of sociality and networking for events, which should therefore be developed throughout the bidding process for successful impacts, either the event is won or not.
The spiralling costs of hosting sports mega-events (SMEs) are usually justified by the ‘legacies’ that they produce. Therefore, this article begins by problematising the notion of SME ‘legacies’ and the benefits they are intended to bring to hosts. The article serves as a general introduction to the papers that follow in this Special Issue. Common to all papers is a concern with the multifaceted nature of ‘legacy’, its meaning to a variety of stakeholders involved in such events and how this impacts policy. The belief in the causal relationship between hosting major events and the realisation of specific legacies – increased sport participation in London’s case, highlighted in this paper – underpinned the United Kingdom’s bidding for, and subsequent hosting of, the Olympics. Thus, this paper serves as a discussion of some of the key concepts in, and assumptions about, the use of SMEs to produce a legacy for the hosting state.
Written evidence for The DCMS Committee on Major cultural and sporting events
MCS0007: Written evidence submitted by the University of York Management School Written evidence for The DCMS Committee on Major cultural and sporting events2021 •
This short report was prepared in response to the The DCMS Committee on Major cultural and sporting events call for evidence (https://committees.parliament.uk/call-for-evidence/447/major-cultural-and-sporting-events/). The authors have an established track record of historically informed longitudinal research on the topics of sport, finance, and public management., This includes books and articles about England’s successful history of hosting the FIFA World Cup and Olympic Games, including finance, operations, marketing, legacy and ‘populism’. We are active members of the British Academy of Management and are both employed full-time by University of York, part of the Russell Group of research-intensive UK universities. This report answers in distinct sections the four questions asked by the DCMS in its call for evidence. Firstly, we assess in detail what the public wants from major cultural and sporting events and the extent to which this is reflected in the events scheduled for 2022. With reference to past sporting mega-events we show that events which capture a sense of occasion and communality without being too ostentatious, forge a place in collective popular memory (see also section 5). A substantial idea of what this legacy entails should be planned for, although such legacy and ‘feel good factor’ will to some extent be emergent, and it is not simply a case of being able to fully control a collective programming of the mind. Based on this, we then outline an idea for bringing people from all four nations of the UK together, before briefly explaining our thoughts about measurement of outcomes and what the legacies of such events should be. From this we conclude to address the challenges facing the delivery of major cultural and sporting events in 2022, and the bid to host the World Cup 2030. Finally, we provide a list of sources and evidence used in this report.
What are the effects of international sports mega-events (SMEs) in their host countries? There is a significant body of research exploring the economic fallout of hosting a mega-event such as the Olympic Games or the FIFA World Cup, and the motivating factors behind states' decisions to take on hosting duties in the first place. Yet international relations scholarship has rarely investigated if there is a systematic relationship between the hosting of an SME and subsequent changes in political variables. Anecdotal evidence from past tournaments has shown SMEs to both be a political boon (resulting in reputational gains, media exposure, or increased national pride) and a burden (producing in mismanagement, social unrest, or international scrutiny). Based on an original dataset of the host nations of nine different, recurring mega-events in the last 100 years, the paper quantitatively investigates the relationship between hosting an event and changes in key political variables. Do nations benefit or suffer from their hosting duties, or do sporting events have no effect at all?
2011 •
Clinical Intensive Care
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Flame aerosol synthesis of carbon and carbon-silica nanostructured particles1997 •
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