The world list of ant domatium-bearing plants nph13271-TableS1

Guillaume Chomicki

A new species of Orthosiphon (Lamiaceae), O. cinereus A.J.Paton, sp. nov. from Angola is described and the eight species of Orthosiphon in Angola listed with reference to previous accounts. Orthosiphon newtonii Briq. is reduced to the synonymy of Endostemon tubulascens (Briq.) M.Ashby.

Dissotis has long been regarded as the most species-rich genus of African Melastomataceae, yet its diagnostic characters have never been examined in an explicitly phylogenetic context. In a previous study, we recovered a large clade consisting of "Dissotis and allies" but with poorly understood generic limits. Here we present a nearly complete phylogeny of African Melastomateae with focus on Dissotis and allies using sequences generated from two nuclear (nrETS, nrITS) and two plastid markers (ndhF, psbK-psbL), sampling 94 accessions representing 69 species including outgroups. We infer phylogenetic relationships using maximum likelihood, parsimony and Bayesian approaches and propose a revised generic classification of Dissotis and allies based on our molecular trees. In addition, we reconstruct the ancestral state of 20 important morphological characters of African Melastomateae. Dissotis and Antherotoma as previously circumscribed are polyphyletic, while all four of the previously recognised sections of Dissotis subg. Dissotis are monophyletic (i.e., sections Dissotis, Macrocarpae, Sessilifoliae and Squamulosae). We also recovered a clade consisting of D. congolensis, A. sene-gambiensis, A. clandestina and Nerophila gentianoides plus the species earlier treated in African Osbeckia. Ancestral character reconstruction indicates there are no unambiguous morphological synapomorphies for Dissotis s.l. In particular, the character of staminal dimorphism is shown to be homoplasious. However, the individual clades making up Dissotis and allies are each diagnosed by one to several morphological characters. In view of these results, we propose the following changes for the classification of African Melasto-mateae: (1) five new genera are described, Almedanthus (for Dissotis pachytricha), Eleotis (for D. sect. Sessilifoliae), Feliciotis (for D. sect. Macrocarpae), Pyrotis (for D. gilgiana) and Rosettea (for D. sect. Squamulosae); (2) the genus Nerophila is reinstated with an expanded circumscription to include Antherotoma senegambiensis, A. clandestina, D. congolensis, D. pauciflora and three species earlier treated in African Osbeckia; (3) circumscription of Dissotis s.str. is reduced to six species; (4) the monospecific genus Derosiphia is reinstated; and (5) two species previously placed in Dissotis are transferred to Antherotoma. To complete our generic realignment, 12 new synonyms and 58 new combinations are effected at or below the species level. A total of 40 lecto-or neotypes are designated. A revised key is provided for African Melastomateae, including all nine genera presently recognised in Dissotis and allies. Dissotis leo-nensis (type and only species of D. subg. Paleodissotis) together with the monospecific Cailliella and Dionychastrum remain unsampled.

Supporting Information Table S1 Chomicki G, Renner SS. Phylogenetics and molecular clocks reveal the repeated evolution of ant-plants after the late Miocene in Africa and the early Miocene in Australasia and the Neotropics. New Phytologist. Table S1 The world list of plants with ant domatium Ant domatium-bearing species Absolmsia spartoides (Benth.) Kuntze Acacia bullockii Brenan Family References Geography Apocynaceae FabaceaeMimosoideae FabaceaeMimosoideae Wannthorp et al. (2006) Borneo Hocking (1970) Africa Hocking (1970) East Africa, Tanzania Wheeler (1942); Jolivet (1996) East Africa Gomez-Acevedo et al. (2010) Neotropics Heil et al. (2009) Mexico Heil et al. (2009) Mexico Janzen (1966) Neotropics Gomez-Acevedo et al. (2010) Africa Hocking (1970) Hocking (1970) East Africa, Tanzania East Africa, Tanzania Acacia burttii Baker f. FabaceaeMimosoideae Acacia bussei Sjostedt Acacia (Vachellia) cedilloi L. Rico Acacia (Vachellia) chiapensis Saff. Acacia (Vachellia) collinsii Saff. Acacia (Vachellia) cornigera (L.) Willd. Acacia drepanolobium Sjostedt FabaceaeMimosoideae FabaceaeMimosoideae FabaceaeMimosoideae FabaceaeMimosoideae FabaceaeMimosoideae FabaceaeMimosoideae Acacia elatior Brenan Acacia erythrophloea Fabaceae- 1 Supporting Information Table S1 Chomicki G, Renner SS. Phylogenetics and molecular clocks reveal the repeated evolution of ant-plants after the late Miocene in Africa and the early Miocene in Australasia and the Neotropics. New Phytologist. Brenan Acacia (Vachellia) gentlei Standl. Acacia (Vachellia) globulifera Saff. Acacia (Vachellia) hindsii Benth. Acacia (Vachellia) hirtipes Saff. Acacia horrida (L.) Willd. Acacia horrida subsp. benadirensis (Chiov.) Hillc. & Brenan Acacia leucophloea (Roxb.) Willd. Mimosoideae FabaceaeMimosoideae Gomez-Acevedo et al. (2010) Neotropics Gomez-Acevedo et al. (2010) Neotropics Heil et al. (2009); Heil et al. (2010) Neotropics FabaceaeMimosoideae FabaceaeMimosoideae FabaceaeMimosoideae FabaceaeMimosoideae Gomez-Acevedo et al. (2010) Neotropics Ward Blog (http://wardlab.wordpress.com/research/pseudomyrmecinae/antIndia plants/); Hocking (1970) FabaceaeMimosoideae Hocking (1970) East Africa Mani (1964); Jolivet (1996) India Gomez-Acevedo et al. (2010) Africa Wheeler (1942); Jolivet (1996); Hocking (1970) Africa Gomez-Acevedo et al. (2010) Hocking (1970) Neotropics East Africa FabaceaeMimosoideae FabaceaeMimosoideae Acacia luederitzii Engl. Acacia malacocephala Harms Acacia (Vachellia) mayana Lundell Acacia mbuluensis FabaceaeMimosoideae FabaceaeMimosoideae Fabaceae- 2 Supporting Information Table S1 Chomicki G, Renner SS. Phylogenetics and molecular clocks reveal the repeated evolution of ant-plants after the late Miocene in Africa and the early Miocene in Australasia and the Neotropics. New Phytologist. Brenan Acacia (Vachellia) melanoceras Beurl. Acacia myrmecophila R.Vig. Acacia pseudofistula Harms Acacia (Vachellia) rigidula Benth. Mimosoideae FabaceaeMimosoideae Seiber & Erbinger (1995) Neotropics Paulian (1949) Madagascar, South of the Island Brown (1960); Hocking (1970) Tropical Africa Seigler et al. (1982); Jolivet (1996) Texas Gomez-Acevedo et al. (2010) Africa Gomez-Acevedo et al. (2010) Neotropics Wheeler (1942); Jolivet (1996) Africa Lauraceae Moog et al (2003) SE Asia - Malaysia Lauraceae FabaceaeFaboideae Van der Werff (1988); Jolivet (1996) Panama McKey (1989) Neotropics Melastomataceae Fabaceae - Michelangeli (2010) C. R. Huxley-Lambrick (pers. comm.) Neotropics Neotropics FabaceaeMimosoideae FabaceaeMimosoideae FabaceaeMimosoideae FabaceaeMimosoideae Acacia seyal Delile Acacia (Vachellia) sphaerocephala Schltdl. & Cham. Acacia zanzibarica (S.Moore) Taub. Actinodaphne sesquipedalis Hook.f. & Thomson ex Meisn. Aiouea vexatrix van der Werff Alexa cowanii Yakovlev Allomaieta grandiflora Gleason Andira sapindoides (DC.) FabaceaeMimosoideae FabaceaeMimosoideae 3 Supporting Information Table S1 Chomicki G, Renner SS. Phylogenetics and molecular clocks reveal the repeated evolution of ant-plants after the late Miocene in Africa and the early Miocene in Australasia and the Neotropics. New Phytologist. Benth. (= Pterocarpus sapindoides) Anthocleista nobilis G.Don Anthorrhiza areolata C.R.Huxley & Jebb Anthorrhiza bracteosa C.R.Huxley & Jebb Anthorrhiza caerulea C.R.Huxley & Jebb Faboideae Anthorrhiza camilla Jebb Anthorrhiza chrysacantha C.R.Huxley & Jebb Anthorrhiza echinella C.R.Huxley & Jebb Anthorrhiza mitis C.R.Huxley & Jebb Anthorrhiza recurvispina C.R.Huxley & Jebb Anthorrhiza stevensii C.R.Huxley & Jebb Aphanamixis polystachya (Wall.) R.Parker Barteria dewevrei De Wild. & T.Durand Barteria fistulosa Mast. Barteria nigritana Hook.f. Bertiera bicarpellata (K.Schum.) N.Hallé (= B. simplicaulis) Rubiaceae Gentianaceae Belin-Depoux (1993) Neotropics Rubiaceae Huxley & Jebb (1991a) Huxley & Jebb (1991a) Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea Huxley & Jebb (1991a) Papua New Guinea Huxley & Jebb (1991a) Papua New Guinea Huxley & Jebb (1991a) Papua New Guinea Huxley & Jebb (1991a) Papua New Guinea Huxley & Jebb (1991a) Papua New Guinea Huxley & Jebb (1991a) Papua New Guinea Huxley & Jebb (1991a) Papua New Guinea Meliaceae Bequaert (1922); Mabberley (1985); Gullan et al. (1993); Jolivet (1996) Papua New Guinea Passifloraceae Passifloraceae Bequaert (1922); Peccoud et al. (2013) Bequaert (1922); Jolivet (1996) ; Peccoud et al. (2013) Tropical Africa Tropical Africa Passifloraceae McKey & Davidson (1993) Tropical Africa, Central forest block Rubiaceae McKey & Davidson (1993) Tropical Africa, Central forest block Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae 4 Supporting Information Table S1 Chomicki G, Renner SS. Phylogenetics and molecular clocks reveal the repeated evolution of ant-plants after the late Miocene in Africa and the early Miocene in Australasia and the Neotropics. New Phytologist. Besleria formicaria Nowicke Blakea austin-smithii Standl. Blakea chlorantha Almeda Blakea formicaria Wurdack Blakea involvens Markgr. Blakea jativae Wurdack Blakea perforate Almeda Blakea podagrica Triana Blakea polyantha Wurdack Blakea punctulata (Triana) Wurdack Blakea subconnata O. Berg ex Triana Blakea subvaginata Wurdack Brachystephanus myrmecophilus Champl. Buchnerodendron speciosum Gürke Calamus javensis Blume Calamus laevigatus Mart. Calamus polystachys Becc. Callerya nieuwenhuisii (J.J.Sm.) Schot (=Millettia nieuwenhuisii) Gesneriaceae Windsor & Jolivet (1996) Panama Melastomataceae Michelangeli (2010) Neotropics Melastomataceae Michelangeli (2010) Neotropics Melastomataceae Melastomataceae Melastomataceae Melastomataceae Melastomataceae Michelangeli (2010) Michelangeli (2010) Michelangeli (2010) Michelangeli (2010) Michelangeli (2010) Neotropics Neotropics: Ecuador Neotropics : Ecuador Neotropics: Panama Neotropics: Colombia Melastomataceae Michelangeli (2010) Neotropics : Ecuador Melastomataceae Michelangeli (2010) Neotropics: Ecuador, Colombia Melastomataceae Michelangeli (2010) Neotropics Melastomataceae Michelangeli (2010) Neotropics: Ecuador (cloud forest) Acanthaceae Champluvier (1994) Africa, Zaire Achariaceae Arecaceae Arecaceae Jolivet (1996); McKey & Davidson (1993) Moog et al (2003); Jolivet (1996) Moog et al (2003) Tropical Africa, Central forest block SE Asia - Malaysia SE Asia - Malaysia Arecaceae Moog et al (2003) SE Asia - Malaysia Fabaceae Maschwitz et al. (1989); Agosti et al. (1999) SE Asia, Sabah 5 Supporting Information Table S1 Chomicki G, Renner SS. Phylogenetics and molecular clocks reveal the repeated evolution of ant-plants after the late Miocene in Africa and the early Miocene in Australasia and the Neotropics. New Phytologist. Callicarpa saccata Steenis Caloncoba welwitschii (Oliv.) Gilg Calpocalyx cauliflorus Hoyle Canthium yangambiense Louis Caularthron amazonicum (Schltr.) H.G.Jones Caularthron bicornutum (Hook.) Raf. Caularthron bilamellatum (Rchb.f.) R.E.Schult. Caularthron kraenzlinianum H.G.Jones Cecropia albicans Trécul Cecropia angulata I.W.Bailey Cecropia angustifolia Trécul Cecropia annulata C.C.Berg & P.Franco Cecropia concolor Willd. Cecropia distachya Huber Cecropia elongate Rusby Cecropia engleriana Snethl. Cecropia ficifolia Warb. ex Snethl. Lamiaceae Van Stenis (1969) SE Asia Achariaceae Fabaceae Mimosoideae Jolivet (1996) Africa McKey & Davidson (1993) Tropical Africa, Central forest block Rubiaceae C. R. Huxley-Lambrick (pers. obs.) SE Asia Orchidaceae Bequaert (1922); Gegenbauer et al. (2012) South America Orchidaceae Bequaert (1922); Gegenbauer et al. (2012) South America Orchidaceae Bequaert (1922); Gegenbauer et al. (2012) South America Orchidaceae Urticaceae Gegenbauer et al. (2012) Berg et al. (2005) South America Neotropics Urticaceae Berg et al. (2005) Neotropics Urticaceae Berg et al. (2005) Berg et al. (2005) Neotropics Urticaceae Urticaceae Urticaceae Urticaceae Berg et al. (2005) Berg et al. (2005) Berg et al. (2005) Berg et al. (2005) Urticaceae Neotropics Neotropics Neotropics Neotropics Neotropics Berg et al. (2005) Urticaceae Neotropics 6 Supporting Information Table S1 Chomicki G, Renner SS. Phylogenetics and molecular clocks reveal the repeated evolution of ant-plants after the late Miocene in Africa and the early Miocene in Australasia and the Neotropics. New Phytologist. Cecropia garciae Standl. Cecropia glaziovii Snethl. Cecropia goudotiana Trécul Cecropia granvilleana C.C.Berg Cecropia herthae Diels Cecropia heterochroma C.C.Berg & P.Franco Cecropia hispidissima Cuatrec. Cecropia idroboi Cuatrec. Cecropia insignis Liebm. Cecropia kavanayensis Cuatrec. Cecropia latiloba Miq. Cecropia litoralis Snethl. Cecropia longipes Pittier Cecropia marginalis Cuatrec. Cecropia maxima Snethl. Cecropia megastachya Cuatrec. Cecropia membranacea Trécul Cecropia metensis Cuatrec. Cecropia Montana Warb. ex Snethl. Cecropia multisecta P.Franco & C.C.Berg Cecropia mutisiana Urticaceae Urticaceae Berg et al. (2005) Berg et al. (2005) Berg et al. (2005) Urticaceae Neotropics Neotropics Neotropics Berg et al. (2005) Urticaceae Urticaceae Berg et al. (2005) Berg et al. (2005) Urticaceae Neotropics Neotropics Neotropics Berg et al. (2005) Urticaceae Urticaceae Urticaceae Urticaceae Urticaceae Urticaceae Urticaceae Urticaceae Urticaceae Berg et al. (2005) Berg et al. (2005) Berg et al. (2005) Berg et al. (2005) Berg et al. (2005) Berg et al. (2005) Berg et al. (2005) Berg et al. (2005) Berg et al. (2005) Urticaceae Neotropics Neotropics Neotropics Neotropics Neotropics Neotropics Neotropics Neotropics Neotropics Neotropics Berg et al. (2005) Urticaceae Neotropics Berg et al. (2005) Urticaceae Neotropics Berg et al. (2005) Urticaceae Neotropics Berg et al. (2005) Urticaceae Urticaceae Berg et al. (2005) Neotropics Neotropics 7 Supporting Information Table S1 Chomicki G, Renner SS. Phylogenetics and molecular clocks reveal the repeated evolution of ant-plants after the late Miocene in Africa and the early Miocene in Australasia and the Neotropics. New Phytologist. Mildbr. Cecropia obtusa Trécul Cecropia obtusifolia Bertol. Cecropia pachystachya Trécul Cecropia palmate Willd. Cecropia pastasana Diels Cecropia peltata L. Cecropia plicata Cuatrec. Cecropia polystachya Trécul Cecropia purpurascens C.C. Berg Cecropia putumayonis Cuatrec. Cecropia reticulatea Cuatrec. Cecropia sararensis Cuatrec. Cecropia saxatilis Snethl. Cecropia silvae C.C.Berg Cecropia strigosa Trécul Cecropia subintegra Cuatrec. Cecropia telenitida Cuatrec. Cecropia ulei Snethl. Cecropia utcubambana Cuatrec. Cecropia virgusa Cuatrec. Urticaceae Berg et al. (2005) Berg et al. (2005) Urticaceae Neotropics Neotropics Berg et al. (2005) Urticaceae Urticaceae Urticaceae Urticaceae Urticaceae Berg et al. (2005) Berg et al. (2005) Berg et al. (2005) Berg et al. (2005) Berg et al. (2005) Urticaceae Neotropics Neotropics Neotropics Neotropics Neotropics Neotropics Berg et al. (2005) Urticaceae Neotropics Berg et al. (2005) Urticaceae Neotropics Berg et al. (2005) Urticaceae Neotropics Berg et al. (2005) Urticaceae Urticaceae Urticaceae Urticaceae Berg et al. (2005) Berg et al. (2005) Berg et al. (2005) Berg et al. (2005) Urticaceae Neotropics Neotropics Neotropics Neotropics Neotropics Berg et al. (2005) Urticaceae Urticaceae Urticaceae Urticaceae Berg et al. (2005) Berg et al. (2005) Berg et al. (2005) Neotropics Neotropics Neotropics Neotropics 8 Supporting Information Table S1 Chomicki G, Renner SS. Phylogenetics and molecular clocks reveal the repeated evolution of ant-plants after the late Miocene in Africa and the early Miocene in Australasia and the Neotropics. New Phytologist. Chisocheton lasiocarpus (Miq.) Valeton Chisocheton tomentosus (Roxb.) Mabb. Clerodendrum breviflorum Ridl. Clerodendrum capitatum (Willd.) Schumach. & Thonn. Clerodendrum deflexum Wall. Clerodendrum excavatum De Wild. Clerodendrum fistulosum Becc. Clerodendrum formicarum Gürke Clerodendrum phyllomega var. myrmecophila (Ridl.) Moldenke Clerodendrum poggei Gürke (= C. angolense) Clerodendrum rotundifolium Oliv. (= C. guerkei Baker) Clerodendrum speciosissimum Drapiez Clidemia acostae Wurdack Clidemia allardii Wurdack Clidemia ayangannensis Wurdack Meliaceae Schumann & Lauterbach (1901); Bequaert (1922); Stevens (1975); Mabberley (1979) SE Asia: Indonesia, New Guinea and Solomons Meliaceae Moog et al. (2003) Malaysia Lamiaceae Moog et al (2003) SE Asia - Malaysia Lamiaceae Schnell (1966) Tropical Africa Lamiaceae Moog et al (2003) SE Asia - Malaysia Lamiaceae Bequaert (1922); Jolivet (1996) Tropical Africa Lamiaceae Blatter (1928); Uphof (1942); Maschwitz et al. (1994) SE Asia Lamiaceae Jolivet (1996) Tropical Africa Lamiaceae Moog et al (2003) SE Asia - Malaysia Lamiaceae Jolivet (1996) Tropical Africa Lamiaceae Schnell (1966) Tropical Africa Lamiaceae Schnell (1966) Tropical Africa Melastomataceae Michelangeli (2010) Neotropics Melastomataceae Michelangeli (2010) Neotropics Melastomataceae Michelangeli (2010) Neotropics 9 Supporting Information Table S1 Chomicki G, Renner SS. Phylogenetics and molecular clocks reveal the repeated evolution of ant-plants after the late Miocene in Africa and the early Miocene in Australasia and the Neotropics. New Phytologist. Clidemia ciliata Pav. ex D. Don var. elata and var testiculata Clidemia collina Gleason Clidemia crenulata Gleason Clidemia ferox Gleason Clidemia foliosa Gleason Clidemia folsomii Almeda Clidemia heptamera Wurdack Clidemia heterophylla (Desr.) Gleason Clidemia inobsepta Wurdack Clidemia juruensis (Pilg.) Gleason Clidemia killipii Gleason Clidemia lanuginosa Almeda Clidemia myrmecina Gleason Clidemia neblinae Wurdack Clidemia pilosa Pav. ex D. Don Clidemia pubescens Gleason Clidemia rodriguezii Almeda Clidemia setosa (Triana) Gleason Melastomataceae Melastomataceae Michelangeli (2010) Michelangeli (2010) Neotropics Neotropics Melastomataceae Melastomataceae Melastomataceae Michelangeli (2010) Michelangeli (2010) Michelangeli (2010) Neotropics Neotropics: Brazil Neotropics Melastomataceae Michelangeli (2010) Neotropics Melastomataceae Michelangeli (2010) Neotropics Melastomataceae Renner & Rickleys (1998) Neotropics; Peru - Ecuador Melastomataceae Michelangeli (2010) Neotropics Melastomataceae Melastomataceae Michelangeli (2010) Michelangeli (2010) Neotropics Neotropics Melastomataceae Michelangeli (2010) Neotropics Melastomataceae Michelangeli (2010) Neotropics Melastomataceae Michelangeli (2010) Neotropics Melastomataceae Michelangeli (2010) Neotropics Melastomataceae Michelangeli (2010) Neotropics Melastomataceae Michelangeli (2010) Neotropics Melastomataceae Michelangeli (2010) Neotropics 10 Supporting Information Table S1 Chomicki G, Renner SS. Phylogenetics and molecular clocks reveal the repeated evolution of ant-plants after the late Miocene in Africa and the early Miocene in Australasia and the Neotropics. New Phytologist. Clidemia sp. A Clidemia spectabilis Gleason Clidemia sprucei Gleason Clidemia taurina Gleason Clidemia tenebrosa Almeda Clidemia tococoidea (DC.) Gleason Clidemia ventricosa Almeda Coccoloba excelsa Benth. (=Coccoloba parimensis) Cola caricifolia (G.Don) K.Schum. (= C. dewevrei) Cola marsupium K.Schum. Conceveiba martiana Baill. Conostegia dentata Triana Conostegia inusitata Wurdack Conostegia setosa Triana Conostegia sp. A Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pav.) Oken Cordia gerascanthus L. Cordia glabrata (Mart.) A.DC. Cordia longituba Chodat & Vischer Melastomataceae Michelangeli (2010) Neotropics Melastomataceae Melastomataceae Melastomataceae Michelangeli (2010) Michelangeli (2010) Michelangeli (2010) Neotropics Neotropics Neotropics Melastomataceae Michelangeli (2010) Neotropics Melastomataceae Michelangeli (2010) Neotropics Melastomataceae Michelangeli (2010) Neotropics Polygonaceae Malvaceae Sterculioideae Malvaceae Sterculioideae Bequaert (1922); Wheeler & Britton (1908); Spruce (1908) Central america Bequaert (1922); Jolivet (1996) Africa Bequaert (1922); Schnell (1966, 1970); Jolivet (1996) Tropical Africa Euphorbiaceae Benson (1983); Jolivet (1996) Tropical America Melastomataceae Michelangeli (2010) Neotropics Melastomataceae Melastomataceae Melastomataceae Michelangeli (2010) Alonso et al. (1998); Micheangeli (2010) Michelangeli (2010) Neotropics: Peru Neotropics Neotropics: Peru Boraginaceae Boraginaceae Ward (1999) Bailey(1924) Costa Rica Neotropics Boraginaceae Chodat (1920) Neotropics Boraginaceae Chodat (1920); Forel (1920) Neotropics 11 Supporting Information Table S1 Chomicki G, Renner SS. Phylogenetics and molecular clocks reveal the repeated evolution of ant-plants after the late Miocene in Africa and the early Miocene in Australasia and the Neotropics. New Phytologist. Cordia nodosa Lam. Coussapoa asperifolia Trécul Crypteronia griffithii C.B.Clarke Crypteronia macrophylla Beus.-Osinga Cupaniopsis anacardioides (A.Rich.) Radlk. Cuviera acutiflora DC. Cuviera latior Wernham Cuviera ledermannii K.Krause Cuviera letestui Pellegr. Cuviera longiflora Hiern (= C. angolensis) Cuviera macroura K.Schum. Cuviera physinodes K.Schum. Cuviera pierrei N.Hallé Dactyladenia floretii Breteler Dactyladenia jongkindii Breteler Daemonorops jenkinsiana (Griff.) Mart. Daemonorops macrophylla Becc. Daemonorops oligophylla Becc. Boraginaceae Bailey(1924) Neotropics Urticaceae Berg et al. (1990) Neotropics Crypteroniaceae Agosti et al. (1999); Jolivet (1996); Maschwitz et al. (1991) Crypteroniaceae Agosti et al. (1999) SE Asia, Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo SE Asia, Central part of Sarawak only Sapindaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Ward (1991) C. R. Huxley-Lambrick (pers. obs.) Onana (2008) North Queensland Tropical Africa Tropical Africa Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Bequaert (1922); Schumann (1888) Onana (2008) Tropical Africa Tropica Africa Rubiaceae Uphof (1942); Robbrecht (1979) Tropical Africa Rubiaceae C. R. Huxley-Lambrick (pers. obs.) Tropical Africa Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Schumann (1888); Bequaert (1922) Onana (2008) Tropical Africa Tropica Africa Chrysobalanaceae Breteler (2000) Gabon Chrysobalanaceae Breteler (2000) Gabon Arecaceae Bequaert (1922); Jolivet (1996) Indo-Maleysian region Arecaceae Moog et al. (2003) SE Asia - Malaysia Arecaceae Moog et al. (2003) SE Asia - Malaysia 12 Supporting Information Table S1 Chomicki G, Renner SS. Phylogenetics and molecular clocks reveal the repeated evolution of ant-plants after the late Miocene in Africa and the early Miocene in Australasia and the Neotropics. New Phytologist. Daemonorops sabut Becc. Daemonorops verticillaris (Griff.) Mart. Delpydora macrophylla Pierre Dichapetalum gassitae Breteler Diospyros andamanica (Kurz) Bakh. Diospyros conocarpa Gürke ex K.Schum. Diplectria stipularis Kuntze (=Dissochaeta) Dischidia albiflora Griff. Dischidia astephana Scort. ex King & Gamble Dischidia cochleata Blume Dischidia complex Griff. Dischidia digitiformis Becc. Dischidia diphylla Elmer Dischidia imbricata (Blume) Steud. Dischidia longipedunculata Ridl. Dischidia major (Vahl) Merr. Dischidia milnei Hemsl. Dischidia platyphylla Schltr. Dischidia purpurea Merr. Arecaceae Moog et al. (2003) SE Asia - Malaysia Arecaceae Moog et al. (2003) SE Asia - Malaysia Sapotaceae McKey & Davidson (1993) Tropical Africa, Central forest block Dichapetalaceae Breteler & Nzabi (1995) Gabon Ebenaceae Wong & Puff (1995) SE Asia - Malaysia Ebenaceae White (1977); McKey & Davidson (1993) Tropical Africa Melastomataceae Apocynaceae Apocynaceae Clausing (1998) Kaufmann et al. (2001); Moog et al. (2003) SE Asia Java Weir & Kiew (1986); Kaufmann et al. (2001) SE Asia Moog et al. (2003) Rintz (1980) SE Asia Malaysia Beccari (1877) Elmer (1938) Sulawesi SE Asia Kaufmann et al. (2001) ; Moog et al. (2003) Java Kerr (1912); Ridley (1912); Moog et al. (2003) Griffith & Solly (1851); Groom (1893); Scott & Sargant (1893); Treseder et al. (1995) Baker (1891); Brown (1895) SE Asia SE Asia: Java, Thailand, Vietnam and Laos SE Asia Rintz (1980) Rintz (1980) SE Asia SE Asia Apocynaceae Apocynaceae Apocynaceae Apocynaceae Apocynaceae Apocynaceae Apocynaceae Apocynaceae Apocynaceae Apocynaceae 13 Supporting Information Table S1 Chomicki G, Renner SS. Phylogenetics and molecular clocks reveal the repeated evolution of ant-plants after the late Miocene in Africa and the early Miocene in Australasia and the Neotropics. New Phytologist. Dischidia reniformis Schltr. Dischidia saccata Warb. Dischidia sorsogonensis Elmer Dischidia vidalii Becc. (= D. pectenoides) Dischidia wallichii Wight Dischidiopsis papuana (Warb.) Schltr. Drypetes longifolia (Blume) Pax & K.Hoffm. Duroia hirsuta (Poepp.) K.Schum. Duroia petiolaris Spruce ex K.Schum. Duroia saccifera (Mart. ex Schult. & Schult.f.) K.Schum. Empogona crepiniana (De Wild. & T.Durand) Tosh & Robbr. Encyclia belizensis subsp. parviflora (Regel) Dressler & G.E.Pollard Endospermum labios Schodde Endospermum medullosum L.S.Sm. Endospermum moluccanum (Teijsm. & Binn.) Kurz Endospermum Apocynaceae Rintz (1980) Perkins (1904) SE Asia SE Asia C. R. Huxley-Lambrick (pers. obs.); Elmer 15809 (BM) Philippines Bequaert (1922) C. R. Huxley-Lambrick (pers. obs.) SE Asia SE Asia Hellwigianae (1894) SE Asia (PNG) Euphorbiaceae Agosti et al. (1999) SE Asia, Sabah Rubiaceae Wheeler & Bequaert (1929) Neotropics, Amazonia Rubiaceae Wheeler & Bequaert (1929) Neotropics, Amazonia Rubiaceae Wheeler & Bequaert (1929); Dattilo et al. (2013) Neotropics, Amazonia Rubiaceae Robbrecht (1979) Tropical Africa Orchidaceae Belize, Central America Euphorbiaceae Damon & Perez-Soriano (2005) Letourneau et al. (1993); Jolivet (1996); C. R. HuxleyLambrick (pers. comm.) Euphorbiaceae Jolivet (1996) SE Asia, Malaysia Region Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Arias-Guerrero & Van Welzen (2011) Arias-Guerrero & Van Welzen (2011) SE Asia SE Asia Apocynaceae Apocynaceae Apocynaceae Apocynaceae Apocynaceae Papua New Guinea, Madang area 14 Supporting Information Table S1 Chomicki G, Renner SS. Phylogenetics and molecular clocks reveal the repeated evolution of ant-plants after the late Miocene in Africa and the early Miocene in Australasia and the Neotropics. New Phytologist. myrmecophilum L.S.Sm. Epitaberna myrmoecia K. Schum. Erythrina variegata L. (= E. lithosperma) Fagraea auriculata Jack Fagraea borneensis Scheffer Fagraea imperialis Miquel Ficus obscura Blume var. borneensis (Miq.) Corner Gardenia imperialis K.Schum. Gardenia imperialis subsp. physophylla (K.Schum.) L.Pauwels Gertrudia amplifolia K. Schum. Gigantochloa ligulata Gamble Gigantochloa scortechinii Gamble Gigantochloa thoi K.M.Wong Gleasonia uaupensis Ducke Grammatophyllum speciosum Blume Heinsia myrmoecia (K.Schum.) N.Hallé Helicia sp. Henriettella cuneata Apocynaceae Bequaert (1922) Cameroon Fabaceae Loganiaceae Green (1904); Bequaert (1922) Bequaert (1922); Burch (1891); Jolivet (1996) SE Asia Oriental Loganiaceae Bequaert (1922); Burch (1891); Jolivet (1996) Borneo Loganiaceae Bequaert (1922); Burch (1891); Jolivet (1996) Sumatra Moraceae Moog et al. (2003) Rubiaceae Schnell (1963); Schnell (1966); McKey & Davidson (1993) SE Asia - Malaysia Tropical Africa, West African forest block Rubiaceae Bequaert (1922); Jolivet (1996) Tropical Africa Flacourtiaceae Schumann & Laut (1901); Jolivet (1996) SE Asia Poaceae Moog et al. (2003) SE Asia - Malaysia Poaceae Davidson & McKey (1993); Kaufmann et al. (2001) SE Asia Poaceae SE Asia - Malaysia Rubiaceae Moog et al. (2003) Kempf (1975); Benson (1983, 1985); Rogers (1984); Ferdandez (2007); Jolivet (1996) Orchidaceae Bequaert (1922); Moog et al. (2003) SE Asia - Malaysia Rubiaceae Proteaceae Melastomataceae Jolivet (1996); McKey & Davidson (1993) Camilla Lambrick (Huxley) (pers. comm.) Michelangeli (2010) Tropical Africa, Central forest block Papua New Guinea Neotropics Neotropics: Brazil 15 Supporting Information Table S1 Chomicki G, Renner SS. Phylogenetics and molecular clocks reveal the repeated evolution of ant-plants after the late Miocene in Africa and the early Miocene in Australasia and the Neotropics. New Phytologist. (Standl.) Gleason (=Henriettea cuneata) Hirtella dorvalii Prance Hirtella duckei Huber Hirtella guainiae Spruce ex Hook.f. Hirtella myrmecophila Pilg. Hirtella physophora Mart. & Zucc. Hirtella revillae Prance Hirtella vesiculosa Suess. Hoffmannia vesiculifera Standl.(H. kirkbridei and H. morii are synonymes and are reported by Jolivet (1996) to have smaller pouches, pointing to intraspecific variation) Hoya darwinii Loher Hoya imbricata Decne. Hoya mitrata Kerr Humboldtia brunonis Wall. Humboldtia decurrens Oliv. Humboldtia laurifolia M.Vahl Hydnophytum acuminicalyx Jebb & C. R. Huxley Chrysobalanaceae Chrysobalanaceae Prance (1972) Prance (1972) Neotropics Neotropics Chrysobalanaceae Prance (1972) Neotropics Chrysobalanaceae Dattillo et al. (2013); Prance (1972) Neotropics Chrysobalanaceae Chrysobalanaceae Chrysobalanaceae Dattilo et al. (2013); Prance (1972) McKey & Davidson (1993) Prance (1972) Neotropics Neotropics Neotropics Rubiaceae Apocynaceae Apocynaceae Apocynaceae Fabaceae: Caesalpinioideae Fabaceae: Caesalpinioideae Windsor & Jolivet (1996); Jolivet (1996) Wanntorp et al. (2006) Jolivet (1996) Moog et al. (2003) Panama Papua New Guinea Philippines SE Asia - Malaysia Dev et al. (2010) India, Western Ghats Dev et al. (2010) Bower (1887); Schimper (1903); Escherich (1906, 1911); Ridley (1910); Wheeler (1910); Jolivet (1996); Dev et al. (2010); Jebb & Huxley (in press) India Fabaceae: Caesalpinioideae Rubiaceae In Ceylon Australasia 16 Supporting Information Table S1 Chomicki G, Renner SS. Phylogenetics and molecular clocks reveal the repeated evolution of ant-plants after the late Miocene in Africa and the early Miocene in Australasia and the Neotropics. New Phytologist. Hydnophytum albertisii Becc. Hydnophytum buxifolium Merr. & L. M. Perry Hydnophytum confertifolium Merr. & L. M. Perry Hydnophytum cordifolium Valeton Hydnophytum decipiens Merr. & L. M. Perry Hydnophytum ferrugineum P. I. Forst. Hydnophytum formicarum Jack Hydnophytum grandiflorum Becc. Hydnophytum grandifolium Valeton Hydnophytum guppyanum Becc. Hydnophytum hellwigii Warb. Hydnophytum heterophyllum Merr. & L. M. Perry Hydnophytum kebarense Jebb & C. R. Huxley Hydnophytum lauterbachii Valeton Hydnophytum linearifolium Valeton Jebb & Huxley (in press) Australasia Jebb & Huxley (in press) Australasia Jebb & Huxley (in press) Australasia Jebb & Huxley (in press) Australasia Jebb & Huxley (in press) Australasia Jebb & Huxley (in press) Australasia Jebb & Huxley (in press) Australasia Jebb and Huxley (in press) Australasia Jebb & Huxley (in press) Australasia Jebb & Huxley (in press) Australasia Jebb & Huxley (in press) Australasia Jebb & Huxley (in press) Australasia Jebb & Huxley (in press) Australasia Jebb & Huxley (in press) Australasia Jebb & Huxley (in press) Australasia Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae 17 Supporting Information Table S1 Chomicki G, Renner SS. Phylogenetics and molecular clocks reveal the repeated evolution of ant-plants after the late Miocene in Africa and the early Miocene in Australasia and the Neotropics. New Phytologist. Hydnophytum longiflorum A.Gray Hydnophytum lucidulum Valeton Hydnophytum magnifolium Merr. & L. M. Perry Hydnophytum mamberamoense Jebb & C. R. Huxley Hydnophytum mayuense Jebb & C. R. Huxley Hydnophytum microphyllum Becc. Hydnophytum minirubrum Jebb & C. R. Huxley Hydnophytum morotaiense Jebb & C. R. Huxley Hydnophytum moseleyanum Becc. Hydnophytum multituberosum Jebb & C. R. Huxley Hydnophytum orichalcum Jebb & C. R. Huxley Hydnophytum ovatum Miq. Hydnophytum pauper Valeton ex Jebb & C. R. Huxley Jebb & Huxley (in press) Australasia Jebb & Huxley (in press) Australasia Jebb & Huxley (in press) Australasia Jebb & Huxley (in press) Australasia Jebb & Huxley (in press) Australasia Jebb & Huxley (in press) Australasia Jebb & Huxley (in press) Australasia Jebb & Huxley (in press) Australasia Jebb & Huxley (in press) Australasia Jebb & Huxley (in press) Australasia Jebb & Huxley (in press) Australasia Jebb & Huxley (in press) Australasia Jebb & Huxley (in press) Australasia Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae 18 Supporting Information Table S1 Chomicki G, Renner SS. Phylogenetics and molecular clocks reveal the repeated evolution of ant-plants after the late Miocene in Africa and the early Miocene in Australasia and the Neotropics. New Phytologist. Hydnophytum perangustum Jebb & C. R. Huxley Hydnophytum petiolatum Becc. var. petiolatum Hydnophytum radicans Becc. Hydnophytum ramispinum Merr. & L. M. Perry Hydnophytum reevii Jebb & C. R. Huxley Hydnophytum spathulatum Valeton Hydnophytum terrestris Jebb & C. R. Huxley Hydnophytum tetrapterum Becc. Hydnophytum tortuosum Becc. Hydnophytum trichomanes Jebb & C. R. Huxley Hydnophytum vanuatuense Jebb & C. R. Huxley Ixora hippoperifera Bremek. Keetia venosa (Oliv.) Bridson Kibara archboldiana A.C.Sm. Kibara carrii Philipson Jebb & Huxley (in press) Australasia Jebb & Huxley (in press) Australasia Jebb & Huxley (in press) Australasia Jebb & Huxley (in press) Australasia Jebb & Huxley (in press) Australasia Jebb & Huxley (in press) Australasia Jebb & Huxley (in press) Australasia Jebb & Huxley (in press) Australasia Jebb & Huxley (in press) Australasia Jebb & Huxley (in press) Australasia Jebb & Huxley (in press) Australasia Rubiaceae McKey & Davidson (1993) Tropical Africa, Central forest block Rubiaceae Camilla Lambrick (Huxley) (pers. comm.) Tropical Africa Monimiaceae Monimiaceae Philipson (1985) Philipson (1985) S. Papua New Guinea Malaysia Central Province Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae 19 Supporting Information Table S1 Chomicki G, Renner SS. Phylogenetics and molecular clocks reveal the repeated evolution of ant-plants after the late Miocene in Africa and the early Miocene in Australasia and the Neotropics. New Phytologist. Kibara ferox Philipson Kibara formicarum Becc. Kibara latifolia Philipson Korthalsia angustifolia Blume Korthalsia chab Becc. Korthalsia echinometra Becc. Korthalsia hispida Becc. Korthalsia horrida Becc. Korthalsia rostrata Blume Korthalsia scaphigera Mart. Korthalsia scortechinii Becc. Lecanopteris balgooyi Hennipman Lecanopteris carnosa (Reinw.) Blume Lecanopteris celebica Hennipman Lecanopteris crustacea Copel. Lecanopteris curtisii Baker Lecanopteris deparioides (Ces.) Baker Lecanopteris holttumii Hennipman Lecanopteris lomarioides (Kunze ex Mett.) Copel. Monimiaceae Monimiaceae Monimiaceae E. Papua New Guinea SE Asia, Malaysia Moluccas Arecaceae Arecaceae Philipson (1985) Beccari (1877); Bequaert (1922); Jolivet (1996) Philipson (1985) Beccari (1884-6); Emery (1888); Forel (1902); Ridley (1907, 1910), Shelford (1916); Bequaert (1922); Jolivet (1996) Huth (1886) Arecaceae Arecaceae Arecaceae Moog et al. (2003) Moog et al. (2003) Huth (1886) SE Asia - Malaysia SE Asia - Malaysia SE Asia Arecaceae Beccari (1884); Jolivet (1996); Moog et al. (2003) SE Asia - Malaysia Arecaceae Ridley (1910) SE Asia Arecaceae Moog et al. (2003); Jolivet (1996) SE Asia - Malaysia Polypodiaceae Haufler et al. (2003) Sulawesi (Celebes) Polypodiaceae Haufler et al. (2003) Sulawesi (Celebes) Polypodiaceae Haufler et al. (2003) Sulawesi (Celebes) Polypodiaceae Haufler et al. (2003) Western Malesia Polypodiaceae Haufler et al. (2003) SE Asia Polypodiaceae Haufler et al. (2003) Java, Western Malesia, Philippines Polypodiaceae Haufler et al. (2003) SE Asia Polypodiaceae Haufler et al. (2003) Sulawesi (Celebes), Philippines SE Asia SE Asia 20 Supporting Information Table S1 Chomicki G, Renner SS. Phylogenetics and molecular clocks reveal the repeated evolution of ant-plants after the late Miocene in Africa and the early Miocene in Australasia and the Neotropics. New Phytologist. Lecanopteris luzonensis Hennipman Lecanopteris mirabilis (C. Chr.) Copel. Lecanopteris pumila Blume Lecanopteris sinuosa (Hook.) Copel. Lecanopteris spinosa Jermy & Walker Leonardoxa africana (Baill.) Aubrév. subsp. africana; subsp. rumpiensis and subsp. letouzeyi Lepisanthes alata (Blume) Leenh. Lepisanthes amoena (Hassk.) Leenh. Leptactina mannii Hook.f. Leptospermum polygalifolium subsp. polygalifolium (=Leptospermum flavescens Smith) Luvunga sp. Macaranga aetheadenia Airy Shaw Macaranga beccariana Merr. Polypodiaceae Haufler et al. (2003) Philippines Polypodiaceae Haufler et al. (2003) New Guinea and Moluccas Polypodiaceae Haufler et al. (2003) Polypodiaceae Janzen (1974); Jolivet (1996); Haufler et al. (2003) Western Malesia Western Malesia, Sulawesi, Philippines, New Guinea and Moluccas, also Indochina and Vanuatu Polypodiaceae Haufler et al. (2003) Sulawesi (Celebes) FabaceaeCaesalpinioideae Chenuil & McKey (1996); McKey (2000) Three of the four subspecies have domatia, albeit with different level of specialization cf. McKey (2000). Africa Sapindaceae Moog et al. (2003) SE Asia - Malaysia Sapindaceae Moog et al. (2003) SE Asia - Malaysia Rubiaceae Breteler & Nzabi (1995) Gabon Myrtaceae Rutaceae Weir & Kew (1985); Moog et al. (2003); Jolivet (1996) Agosti et al. (1999) SE Asia - Malaysia SE Asia, Pahang, Fraser's hill, 800m Euphorbiaceae Fiala & Maschwitz (1992) Malaysia Euphorbiaceae Fiala & Maschwitz (1992) Malaysia 21 Supporting Information Table S1 Chomicki G, Renner SS. Phylogenetics and molecular clocks reveal the repeated evolution of ant-plants after the late Miocene in Africa and the early Miocene in Australasia and the Neotropics. New Phytologist. Macaranga caladiifolia Becc. Macaranga calcicola Airy Shaw Macaranga constricta Whitemore & Airy Shaw Macaranga depressa Muell. Arg. Macaranga formicarum Pax and O Hoffmann Macaranga glandibracteolata S.J.Davies Macaranga havilandii Airy Shaw Macaranga hosei King ex. Hk. Fil. Macaranga hulletii King ex Hook. f. Macaranga hullettii King ex Hook.f. Macaranga hypoleuca Muell. Arg. Macaranga indistincta Whitmore Macaranga kingii Hook. f. Macaranga lamellata Whitmore Macaranga maingayi (Miq.) Müll.Arg. Macaranga motleyana Muell. Arg. subsp. griffithiana (Muell. Arg.) Euphorbiaceae Fiala & Maschwitz (1992) Malaysia Euphorbiaceae Fiala & Maschwitz (1992) Malaysia Euphorbiaceae Fiala & Maschwitz (1992) Malaysia Euphorbiaceae Malaysia Euphorbiaceae Fiala & Maschwitz (1992) Bequaert (1922); Beccari (1884); Ridley (1910); Pax (1914); Shelford (1916) Euphorbiaceae Fiala & Maschwitz (1992) SE Asia Euphorbiaceae Fiala & Maschwitz (1992) Malaysia Euphorbiaceae Fiala & Maschwitz (1992) Malaysia Euphorbiaceae Fiala & Maschwitz (1992) Malaysia Euphorbiaceae Moog et al (2003) Malaysia Euphorbiaceae Fiala & Maschwitz (1992) Malaysia Euphorbiaceae Fiala & Maschwitz (1992) Malaysia Euphorbiaceae Fiala & Maschwitz (1992) Malaysia Euphorbiaceae Fiala & Maschwitz (1992) Malaysia Euphorbiaceae Bake & So (1934) SE Asia Euphorbiaceae Fiala & Maschwitz (1992) Malaysia SE Asia 22 Supporting Information Table S1 Chomicki G, Renner SS. Phylogenetics and molecular clocks reveal the repeated evolution of ant-plants after the late Miocene in Africa and the early Miocene in Australasia and the Neotropics. New Phytologist. Whitemore Macaranga pearsonii Merr. Macaranga petanostyla Airy Shaw Macaranga pruinosa (Miq.) Muell. Arg. Macaranga puberula Heine Macaranga puncticulata Gage Macaranga puncticulata Gage Macaranga quadricornis Ridley Macaranga recurvata Gage Macaranga rostrata Heine Macaranga saccifera Pax Macaranga schweinfurthii Pax Macaranga trachyphylla Airy Shaw Macaranga triloba (BL.) Muell. Arg. Macaranga winkleri Pax & Hoffm. Macaranga winkleriella Whitemore Euphorbiaceae Fiala & Maschwitz (1992) Malaysia Euphorbiaceae Fiala & Maschwitz (1992) Malaysia Euphorbiaceae Fiala & Maschwitz (1992) Malaysia Euphorbiaceae Fiala & Maschwitz (1992) Malaysia Euphorbiaceae Fiala & Maschwitz (1992) Malaysia Euphorbiaceae Moog et al (2003) Malaysia Euphorbiaceae Fiala & Maschwitz (1992) Malaysia Euphorbiaceae Fiala & Maschwitz (1992) Malaysia Euphorbiaceae Malaysia Euphorbiaceae Fiala & Maschwitz (1992) Bequaert (1922); Schnell & Grout de Beaufort (1966); McKey & Davidson (1993) Euphorbiaceae Bequaert (1922) Tropical Africa, Central forest block Euphorbiaceae Malaysia Euphorbiaceae Fiala & Maschwitz (1992) Smith W (1903); Takahashi (1951); Rickson (1980); Fiala & Maschwitz (1992) Euphorbiaceae Fiala & Maschwitz (1992) Malaysia Euphorbiaceae Fiala & Maschwitz (1992) Malaysia Tropical Africa, Central forest block Malaysia 23 Supporting Information Table S1 Chomicki G, Renner SS. Phylogenetics and molecular clocks reveal the repeated evolution of ant-plants after the late Miocene in Africa and the early Miocene in Australasia and the Neotropics. New Phytologist. Macrolobium acaciifolium (Benth.) Benth. Magnistipula bimarsupiata Letouzey Maieta guianensis Aubl. Maieta neblinensis Wurdack Maieta poeppigii Mart. ex Cogn. Markea ciliata Benth. Markea formicarum Dammer Markea ulei (Dammer) Cuatrec. Medinilla loheri Merrill/Medinilla disparifolia C.B.Rob. Merianthera burlemarxii Wurdack Miconia bailloniana J.F. Macbr. Miconia expansa Gleason Miconia flaccida Gleason Miconia hospitalis Wurdack Mischocarpus paradoxus Radlk. Myrcia madida McVaugh Myristica euryocarpa Warburg Fabaceaecesalpinioideae Ward (1999) Ecuador Chrysobalanaceae Melastomataceae Letouzey & White (1978); McKey & Davidson (1993) Dattilo et al. (2013) Tropical Africa, Gabon Neotropics Melastomataceae Michelangeli (2010) Neotropics Melastomataceae Solanaceae Michelangeli (2010) Spruce (1908) Neotropics South America Solanaceae Spruce (1908); Weber (1943) Neotropics Solanaceae Spruce (1908); Davidson & Epsein (1989); Spruce (1908) Neotropics Melastomataceae Bequaert (1922); Jolivet (1996); Solereder (1920) Luzon, Philippines Melastomataceae Michelangeli (2010) Neotropics: Brazil Melastomataceae Michelangeli (2010) Neotropics: Peru Melastomataceae Melastomataceae Michelangeli (2010) Michelangeli (2010) Neotropics: Peru Neotropics: Peru Melastomataceae Michelangeli (2010) Neotropics: Peru Sapindaceae M. Jebb (pers. obs.); C. R. Huxley-Lambrick (pers. comm.) Myrtaceae Ferreira & de Vasconcelos (2010); Vicente et al. (2012) Papua New Guinea Neotropics -Amazone - Brazil, Mato Grosso Myristicaceae Warburg (1897); Halle (1968) SE Asia 24 Supporting Information Table S1 Chomicki G, Renner SS. Phylogenetics and molecular clocks reveal the repeated evolution of ant-plants after the late Miocene in Africa and the early Miocene in Australasia and the Neotropics. New Phytologist. Myristica heterophylla K. Schumm. Myristica subalulata Miq. (= M. Myrmecophila ) Myrmecodia alata Becc. Myrmecodia albertisii Becc. Myrmecodia angustifolia Valeton Myrmecodia archboldiana Merr. & L.M.Perry Myrmecodia aureospina Huxley & Jebb Myrmecodia beccarii Hook.f. Myrmecodia brassii Merr. & L.M.Perry Myrmecodia erinacea Becc. Myrmecodia ferox Huxley & Jebb Myrmecodia gracilispina Huxley & Jebb Myrmecodia horrida Huxley & Jebb Myrmecodia jobiensis Becc. Myrmecodia kutubuensis Huxley & Jebb Myrmecodia lamii Merr. & L.M.Perry Myristicaceae Myristicaceae Rubiaceae Warburg (1897); Halle (1968) Huth (1886); Bequaert (1922); Warburg (1897); Halle (1968); Beccari (1884-6); Gullan et al. (1993); Jolivet (1996) Huxley & Jebb (1993) Huxley & Jebb (1993) Rubiaceae SE Asia New Guinea SE Asia SE Asia Huxley & Jebb (1993) Rubiaceae SE Asia Huxley & Jebb (1993) Rubiaceae SE Asia Huxley & Jebb (1993) Rubiaceae SE Asia Huxley & Jebb (1993) Rubiaceae SE Asia Huxley & Jebb (1993) Rubiaceae SE Asia Huxley & Jebb (1993) Rubiaceae SE Asia Huxley & Jebb (1993) Rubiaceae SE Asia Huxley & Jebb (1993) Rubiaceae SE Asia Huxley & Jebb (1993) Rubiaceae SE Asia Huxley & Jebb (1993) Rubiaceae SE Asia Huxley & Jebb (1993) Rubiaceae SE Asia Huxley & Jebb (1993) Rubiaceae SE Asia 25 Supporting Information Table S1 Chomicki G, Renner SS. Phylogenetics and molecular clocks reveal the repeated evolution of ant-plants after the late Miocene in Africa and the early Miocene in Australasia and the Neotropics. New Phytologist. Myrmecodia longifolia Valeton Myrmecodia longissima Valeton Myrmecodia melanacantha Huxley & Jebb Myrmecodia oblongata Valeton Myrmecodia oksapminensis Huxley & Jebb Myrmecodia paradoxa Huxley & Jebb Myrmecodia pendens Merr. & L.M.Perry Myrmecodia platytyrea Becc. Myrmecodia pteroaspida Huxley & Jebb Myrmecodia schlechteri Valeton Myrmecodia sterrophylla Merr. & L.M.Perry Myrmecodia tuberosa Jack Myrmeconauclea strigosa (Korth.) Merr. Myrmecophila × lagunaguerrerae Carnevali, L.Ibarra & J.L.Tapia Myrmecophila albopurpurea (H.Strachan ex Fawc.) Nir Huxley & Jebb (1993) Rubiaceae SE Asia Huxley & Jebb (1993) Rubiaceae SE Asia Huxley & Jebb (1993) Rubiaceae SE Asia Huxley & Jebb (1993) Rubiaceae SE Asia Huxley & Jebb (1993) Rubiaceae SE Asia Huxley & Jebb (1993) Rubiaceae SE Asia Huxley & Jebb (1993) Rubiaceae SE Asia Huxley & Jebb (1993) Rubiaceae SE Asia Huxley & Jebb (1993) Rubiaceae SE Asia Huxley & Jebb (1993) Rubiaceae SE Asia Huxley & Jebb (1993) Rubiaceae SE Asia Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Naucleeae Huxley & Jebb (1993) Bequaert (1922); Haviland (1887); Merrill (1920); Razafimandimbison et al. (2005) SE Asia Orchidaceae Bequaert (1922) Neotropics Orchidaceae Bequaert (1922) Neotropics Borneo 26 Supporting Information Table S1 Chomicki G, Renner SS. Phylogenetics and molecular clocks reveal the repeated evolution of ant-plants after the late Miocene in Africa and the early Miocene in Australasia and the Neotropics. New Phytologist. Myrmecophila brysiana (Lem.) G.C.Kenn. Myrmecophila christinae Carnevali & GómezJuárez Myrmecophila exaltata (Kraenzl.) G.C.Kenn. Myrmecophila galeottiana (A.Rich.) Rolfe Myrmecophila grandiflora (Lindl.) Carnevali & J.L.Tapia & I.Ramírez Myrmecophila humboldtii (Rchb.f.) Rolfe Myrmecophila thomsoniana (Rchb.f.) Rolfe Myrmecophila tibicinis (Bateman ex Lindl.) Rolfe (=Schomburgkia tibicinis) Myrmecophila wendlandii (Rchb.f.) G.C.Kenn. Myrmephytum arfakianum (Becc.) Huxley & Jebb Myrmephytum beccarii Elmer Myrmephytum moniliforme Huxley & Jebb Orchidaceae Jones (1968) Guatemala, Honduras, Trinidad, Cuba Orchidaceae Rico-Gray et al. (2004) Mexico, Central America Orchidaceae Jones (1968) Guatemala Orchidaceae Jones (1968) Mexico Orchidaceae Jones (1968) Honduras Orchidaceae Bequaert (1922) Neotropics Orchidaceae Jones (1968) Guatemala, Honduras, Trinidad, Barbados, Caymans Orchidaceae Mayr (1862); Huth (1886); Ross (1909); Step (1913); Bequaert (1922); Rico-Gray et al. (1989) Mexico, Central America, Cuba, Hispaniola Orchidaceae Jones (1968) Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua Rubiaceae Huxley & Jebb (1991b) Huxley & Jebb (1991b) SE Asia Rubiaceae SE Asia Huxley & Jebb (1991b) Rubiaceae SE Asia 27 Supporting Information Table S1 Chomicki G, Renner SS. Phylogenetics and molecular clocks reveal the repeated evolution of ant-plants after the late Miocene in Africa and the early Miocene in Australasia and the Neotropics. New Phytologist. Myrmephytum naumannii (Warb.) Huxley & Jebb Myrmephytum selebicum (Becc.) Becc. Nauclea vanderguchtii (De Wild.) E.M.A.Petit Neonauclea artocarpoides Ridsdale Neonauclea borneensis Ridsdale Neonauclea butonensis Ridsdale Neonauclea calcarea Ridsdale Neonauclea celebica (Havil.) Merr. Neonauclea cyrtopoda (Miq.) Merr. Neonauclea excelsioides Ridsdale Neonauclea formicaria (Elmer) Merr. Neonauclea gigantean (Valeton) Merr. Neonauclea havilandii Koord. ex Ridsdale Neonauclea kentia (Merr.) Merr. Neonauclea lanceolata (Blume) Merr. Neonauclea longipedunculata Merr. Huxley & Jebb (1991b) Rubiaceae SE Asia Huxley & Jebb (1991b) Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Naucleeae Rubiaceae Naucleeae Rubiaceae Naucleeae Rubiaceae Naucleeae Rubiaceae Naucleeae Rubiaceae Naucleeae Rubiaceae Naucleeae Rubiaceae Naucleeae Rubiaceae Naucleeae Rubiaceae Naucleeae Rubiaceae Naucleeae Rubiaceae Naucleeae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Naucleeae SE Asia Razafimandimbison et al. (2005) Tropical Africa, Central forest block Ridsdale (1989) North Borneo Ridsdale (1989) East-Central Borneo Ridsdale (1989) Celebes Ridsdale (1989) East Borneo Celebes (scattered collections from North to South of Sulawesi) North and West Sumatra, Small Island close to West Sumatra Ridsdale (1989); Razafimandimbison et al. (2005) Ridsdale (1989) Ridsdale (1989) Ridsdale (1989) North and east Borneo Philippines, from Center to South (no record in the North) Borneo (many collections in the North, and SW, none in south east) Celebes (scattered collections from North to South of Sulawesi) Ridsdale (1989) Extreme South West Celebes C. R. Huxley-Lambrick (pers. comm.) SE Asia Razafimandimbison et al. (2005) SE Asia Ridsdale (1989) Ridsdale (1989); Razafimandimbison et al. (2005) 28 Supporting Information Table S1 Chomicki G, Renner SS. Phylogenetics and molecular clocks reveal the repeated evolution of ant-plants after the late Miocene in Africa and the early Miocene in Australasia and the Neotropics. New Phytologist. Neonauclea paracyrtopoda Bakh.f. & Ridsdale Neonauclea pseudocalycina Ridsdale Neonauclea rupestris Bakh.f. & Ridsdale Neonauclea superba (S.Moore) S.Moore Neonauclea unicapitulifera Ridsdale Neonauclea ventricosa Ridsdale Nepenthes bicalcarata Hook.f. Notopleura epiphytica (K.Krause) C.M.Taylor (=Uragoga epiphytica) Ocotea atirrensis Mez & Donn.Sm. (= O. pedalifolia) Ocotea dendrodaphne Mez Ocotea javitensis (Kunth) Pittier Ormosia macrophylla Benth. Ossaea bullifera (Pilg.) Gleason Pachycentria constricta Blume Pachycentria glauca Triana Pachycentria Rubiaceae Naucleeae Rubiaceae Naucleeae Rubiaceae Naucleeae Rubiaceae Naucleeae Rubiaceae Naucleeae Rubiaceae Naucleeae Razafimandimbison et al. (2005) Ridsdale (1989) Ridsdale (1989) Ridsdale (1989) Ridsdale (1989) North - NW Borneo North and Central Borneo, Small island close to North (east) Borneo Extreme South West Celebes Sumatra (scattered collections from North to South Sumatra) South East Celebes, including small island in the south) Celebes Nepenthaceae Ridsdale (1989) Beccari (1884); Shelford (1916); Bequaert (1922); Thompson (1981) Rubiaceae Bequaert (1922); C. R. Huxley (pers. comm.) West Africa Lauraceae Van der Werff (1988); Stout (1979) Neotropics Lauraceae Van der Werff (1988) Neotropics Lauraceae Fabaceae Faboideae Van der Werff (1988) Neotropics Benson (1985); Jolivet (1996) Neotropics Melastomataceae Michelangeli (2010) Neotropics Melastomataceae Kaufmann et al. (2001) Malaya, Borneo Melastomataceae Melastomataceae Kaufmann et al. (2001) Beccari (1884); Ridley (1910); Bequaert (1922) Borneo SE Asia Malaysian region 29 Supporting Information Table S1 Chomicki G, Renner SS. Phylogenetics and molecular clocks reveal the repeated evolution of ant-plants after the late Miocene in Africa and the early Miocene in Australasia and the Neotropics. New Phytologist. macrorrhiza Becc. Pachycentria maingayi J.F.Maxwell Pachycentria microstyla Becc. Pachycentria tuberculata Korth. (=P. tuberosa) Palicourea corymbifera (Müll.Arg.) Standl. Patima formicaria Johnson Patima guianensis Aubl. (= Sabicea guianensis) Pavetta owariensis P. Beauv. Philodendron myrmecophilum Engl. Picrolemma sp. Piper archeri Trel. & Yunck. Piper auritum Kunth. Piper begoniicolor Trel. & Yunck. Piper biseriatum C.DC. Piper calceolatum C. DC. Melastomataceae Malaya Melastomataceae Kaufmann et al. (2001) Beccari (1884); Ridley (1910); Shelford (1916); Bequaert (1922) Beccari (1884); Ridley (1910); Bequaert (1922); Kaufmann et al. (2001) Rubiaceae Dattilo et al. (2013) Neotropics Rubiaceae Schnell & Grout de Beaufort (1966); Delprete et al. (2005) South America Rubiaceae Schnell & Grout de Beaufort (1966); Delprete et al. (2005) Guyanas and Northern Brazil Rubiaceae C. R. Huxley-Lambrick (pers. comm.) Tropical Africa, Cameroon Araceae Simaroubiaceae Piperaceae - Piper subgenus Macrostachys Piperaceae - Piper subgenus Macrostachys Piperaceae - Piper subgenus Macrostachys Piperaceae - Piper subgenus Macrostachys Piperaceae - Piper subgenus Macrostachys C.R. Huxley-Lambrick (pers. comm.) W. W. Benson (pers. comm.) to C. R. Huxley-Lambrick Neotropics Neotropics Tepe et al. (2004) Neotropics Tepe et al. (2004) Neotropics Tepe et al. (2004) Neotropics Tepe et al. (2004) Neotropics Tepe et al. (2004) Neotropics Melastomataceae SE Asia SE Asia, Borneo 30 Supporting Information Table S1 Chomicki G, Renner SS. Phylogenetics and molecular clocks reveal the repeated evolution of ant-plants after the late Miocene in Africa and the early Miocene in Australasia and the Neotropics. New Phytologist. Piper caracasanum Bredem. ex Link Piper cenocladum C.DC. Piper cernuum Vell. Piper cogolloi Callejas Piper fimbriulatum C. DC. Piper gigantifolium C.DC. Piper imperiale (Miq.) C.DC. Piper longispicum C.DC. Piper marsupiatum Trel. & Yunck. Piper myrmecophilum C.DC. Piper nobile C.DC. Piper obliquum Ruiz & Pav. Piperaceae - Piper subgenus Macrostachys Piperaceae - Piper subgenus Macrostachys Piperaceae - Piper subgenus Macrostachys Piperaceae - Piper subgenus Macrostachys Piperaceae - Piper subgenus Macrostachys Piperaceae - Piper subgenus Macrostachys Piperaceae - Piper subgenus Macrostachys Piperaceae - Piper subgenus Macrostachys Piperaceae - Piper subgenus Macrostachys Piperaceae Piperaceae - Piper subgenus Macrostachys Piperaceae - Piper subgenus - Tepe et al. (2004) Neotropics Rish et al. (1977) Neotropics Tepe et al. (2004) Neotropics Tepe et al. (2004) Neotropics Jolivet (1996) Neotropics Tepe et al. (2004) Neotropics Tepe et al. (2004) Neotropics Tepe et al. (2004) Neotropics Tepe et al. (2004) Neotropics Jolivet (1996) Philippines Tepe et al. (2004) Neotropics Rish et al. (1977) Neotropics 31 Supporting Information Table S1 Chomicki G, Renner SS. Phylogenetics and molecular clocks reveal the repeated evolution of ant-plants after the late Miocene in Africa and the early Miocene in Australasia and the Neotropics. New Phytologist. Piper obtusilimbum C. DC. Piper pseudonobile C. DC. Piper sagittifolium C. DC. Piper subglabribracteatum C. DC. Pithecellobium saman (Jacq.) Benth. Platycerium coronarium (Mull.) Desv. Platycerium ridleyi Christ Platymiscium darienense Dwyer Platymiscium dimorphandrum Donn.Sm. Platymiscium filipes Benth. Platymiscium floribundum Vogel Platymiscium gracile Benth. Macrostachys Piperaceae - Piper subgenus Macrostachys Piperaceae - Piper subgenus Macrostachys Piperaceae - Piper subgenus Macrostachys Piperaceae - Piper subgenus Macrostachys Tepe et al. (2004) Neotropics Tepe et al. (2004) Neotropics Rish et al. (1977) Neotropics Tepe et al. (2004) Neotropics Fabaceae Ward (1991) Neotropics Polypodiaceae Polypodiaceae Fabaceae Faboideae Dalbergieae Fabaceae Faboideae Dalbergieae Fabaceae Faboideae Dalbergieae Fabaceae Faboideae Dalbergieae Fabaceae Faboideae Dalbergieae Moog et al. (2003) Moog et al. (2003) SE Asia - Malaysia SE Asia - Malaysia Klitgaard (2005) Neotropics Klitgaard (2005) Neotropics Klitgaard (2005) Neotropics Bequaert (1922); Klitgaard (2005) Neotropics Klitgaard (2005) Neotropics 32 Supporting Information Table S1 Chomicki G, Renner SS. Phylogenetics and molecular clocks reveal the repeated evolution of ant-plants after the late Miocene in Africa and the early Miocene in Australasia and the Neotropics. New Phytologist. Platymiscium pinnatum (Jacq.) Dugand Platymiscium speciosum Vogel Platymiscium stipulare Benth. Platymiscium trinitatis Benth. Platymiscium ulei Harms Plectronia laurentii De Wild. Pleurothyrium cuneifolium Nees Pleurothyrium obovatum van der Werff Pleurothyrium parviflorum Ducke Pleurothyrium poeppigii Nees Pogonotium ursinum (Becc.) J.Dransf. Polypodium schomburgkianum Kunze Pometia pinnata J.R. Forst. & G. Forst. Pourouma formicarum Ducke Pourouma guianensis Fabaceae Faboideae Dalbergieae Fabaceae Faboideae Dalbergieae Fabaceae Faboideae Dalbergieae Fabaceae Faboideae Dalbergieae Fabaceae Faboideae Dalbergieae Klitgaard (2005) Neotropics Klitgaard (2005) Neotropics Klitgaard (2005) Neotropics Klitgaard (2005) Neotropics Neotropics Rubiaceae Klitgaard (2005) de Wildeman (1906); Kohl (1909); lUphof (1942); Jolivet (1996) Lauraceae Van der Werff (1988) Brazil, Ecuador, Colombia Lauraceae Van der Werff (1988) Lauraceae Schumann (1888); Bequaert (1922); Van der Werff (2008) Lauraceae Van der Werff (2008) Ecuador, altitude up to 2800 m Western Amazon (Ecuador, Peru) and Central Amazon (Brazil) Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru Arecaceae Moog et al. (2003) SE Asia - Malaysia Polypodiaceae Spruce (1908); Huxley (1980) Neotropics Sapindaceae Moog et al. (2003); Moog et al. (2008) SE Asia - Malaysia Urticaceae Urticaceae Berg et al. (1990) Penzing (1892); Bequaert (1922); O' Dowd (1982) Neotropics Neotropics Tropical Africa 33 Supporting Information Table S1 Chomicki G, Renner SS. Phylogenetics and molecular clocks reveal the repeated evolution of ant-plants after the late Miocene in Africa and the early Miocene in Australasia and the Neotropics. New Phytologist. Aubl. Pourouma myrmecophila Ducke Psychotria bidentata (Benth.) Hiern (formerly Uragoga) Psychotria cyanopharynx K.Schum. (=Grumilea refractistipula Wildeman) Psychotria myrmecophila K.Schum. & Lauterb. Psychotria venosa (Hiern) E.M.A.Petit (= Grumilea venosa or Uragoga venosa) Psydrax bridsoniana Cheek & Sonké Psydrax dunlapii (Hutch. & Dalziel) Bridson Psydrax paradoxa (Virot) Mouly Psydrax parviflora (Afzel.) Bridson Psydrax subcordata (DC.) Bridson Psydrax subcordata var. connata (De Wild. & T.Durand) Bridson Psydrax subcordata var. subcordata (DC.) Bridson (= Canthium glabriflorum) Pterocarpus amazonum (Benth.) Amshoff (= P. Urticaceae Berg et al. (1990) Neotropics Rubiaceae Bequaert (1922); C. R. Huxley (pers. comm.) West Africa Rubiaceae Bequaert (1922); Wildeman (1923); Jolivet (1996); C. R. Huxley (pers. comm.) Schumann & Lant (1901); Bequaert (1922); Heckroth et al. (2004); Jolivet (1996) Rubiaceae Bequaert (1922) Rubiaceae Bridson (1985) Rubiaceae Bridson (1985) West Africa Tropical Africa, West African forest block Tropical Africa, West African forest block Rubiaceae Mouly (2006) New Caledonia Rubiaceae C. R. Huxley-Lambrick (pers. comm.) Tropical Africa Rubiaceae Jolivet (1996) Africa Rubiaceae Jolivet (1996) Tropical Africa, West Africanto central African forest block Schnell & Grout de Beaufort (1966); McKey & Davidson (1993) Tropical Africa, West of the Dahomet gap Rojo (1972); Spruce (1908) Neotropics Rubiaceae Rubiaceae FabaceaeFaboideae Africa New Guinea 34 Supporting Information Table S1 Chomicki G, Renner SS. Phylogenetics and molecular clocks reveal the repeated evolution of ant-plants after the late Miocene in Africa and the early Miocene in Australasia and the Neotropics. New Phytologist. ancylocalyx Benth.) Andira sapindoides (DC.) Benth. (= Pterocarpus sapindoides) Remijia glomerata Huber Remijia physophora Benth. ex K.Schum. Rothmannia libisa N.Hallé Rothmannia lujae (De Wild.) Keay Rothmannia macrocarpa (Hiern) Keay (= Randia myrmecophylla) Rothmannia munsae (Schweinf. ex Hiern) E.M.A.Petit Ruprechtia cruegeri Griseb. ex Lindau Ruprechtia jamesonii Meisn. Ruprechtia latifunda Pendry Ruprechtia laurifolia (Schltdl. & Cham.) C.A. Mey. Ruprechtia lundii Meisn. Ruprechtia maracensis Brandbyge Ruprechtia obidensis Huber Ruprechtia tangarana Standl. Fabaceae Faboideae Rubiaceae C. R. Huxley (pers. comm.) Benson (1985); Jolivet (1996) Neotropics Tropical America, Amazon Rubiaceae Spruce (1908); Bequaert (1922); Robbrecht (1988) Neotropics Rubiaceae Tropical Africa Rubiaceae Somers & Robbrecht (1991) de Wildeman (1904); McKey & Davidson (1993); Jolivet (1996) Rubiaceae Somers & Robbrecht (1991); Jolivet (1996); Bequaert (1922) Tropical Africa, Central forest block Rubiaceae Somers & Robbrecht (1991) Tropical Africa Polygonaceae Pendry (2004); Sanchez (2011) Neotropics Polygonaceae Spruce (1908); Bequaert (1922) Neotropics Polygonaceae Sanchez (2011) Neotropics Polygonaceae Polygonaceae Pendry (2004) Pendry (2004) Neotropics Neotropics Polygonaceae Pendry (2004) Neotropics Polygonaceae Pendry (2004) Neotropics Polygonaceae Pendry (2004) Neotropics Tropical Africa, Central forest block 35 Supporting Information Table S1 Chomicki G, Renner SS. Phylogenetics and molecular clocks reveal the repeated evolution of ant-plants after the late Miocene in Africa and the early Miocene in Australasia and the Neotropics. New Phytologist. Ryparosa fasciculata King Rytigynia bridsoniae Verdc. subsp. kahuzica Sapium laurifolium (A.Rich.) Griseb. (=Sapium utile) Saraca thaipingensis Prain Saurania sp. Scaphopetalum dewevrei De Wild. & T.Durand Scaphopetalum thonneri De Wild. & T.Durand Schizostachyum sp. Schlerolobium odoratissimum Benth. Sclerolobium odoratissimum Benth. Semecarpus sp. Shorea acuminata Dyer Siparuna sp. Sloanea sp. Smilax borneensis A.DC. Smilax gigantean Merr. Smilax ocreata A.DC. Smilax perfoliata Lour. Solanopteris bifrons (Hook.) Copel. Solanopteris bismarckii Rauh Achariaceae Moog et al. (1997); Agosti et al. (1999) SE Asia Rubiaceae Verdcourt (1987) Tropical Africa Euphorbiaceae Ward (1999) Ecuador Fabaceae Malvaceae Sterculioideae Malvaceae Sterculioideae Malvaceae Sterculioideae Poaceae Fabaceae Faboideae Fabaceae Faboideae Anacardiaceae Dipterocarpaceae Monimiaceae Elaeocarpaceae Smilacaceae Smilacaceae Smilacaceae Smilacaceae Moog et al. (1997); Agosti et al. (1999) SE Asia, Malaysia Jolivet (1973); Jolivet (1996) SE Asia Bequaert (1922); Uphof (1942) Bequaert (1922); De Wildeman (1897) ; McKey & Davidson (1993) Moog et al. (2003) Tropical Africa Tropical Africa, Central forest block; Zaire, Gabon, Cameroon, and Congo SE Asia - Malaysia Spruce (1908); Bequaert (1922) Brazil Jolivet (1996) C. R. Huxlex-Lambrick (pers. comm.) Moog et al. (2003) Benson (1983); Jolivet (1996) Benson (1983); Jolivet (1996) Heckroth et al. (2004) Heckroth et al. (2004) Heckroth et al. (2004) Heckroth et al. (2004) Tropical America Papua New Guinea SE Asia - Malaysia Polypodiaceae Hagemann (1969) Costa Rica to Peru Polypodiaceae Hagemann (1969) Costa Rica to Peru Tropical America Borneo, Malaysia Borneo India: Assam, Thailand India, Thailand 36 Supporting Information Table S1 Chomicki G, Renner SS. Phylogenetics and molecular clocks reveal the repeated evolution of ant-plants after the late Miocene in Africa and the early Miocene in Australasia and the Neotropics. New Phytologist. Solanopteris brunei (H. Christ) Wagner Solanopteris tuberosum (Maxon) Rauh Spatholobus bracteolatus King Spatholobus oblongifolius Merr. Squamellaria imberbis (A.Gray) Becc. Squamellaria major A.C.Sm. Polypodiaceae Hagemann (1969); Wagner (1972) Costa rica to Columbia Polypodiaceae Fabaceae Faboideae Fabaceae Faboideae Hagemann (1969) Ecuador Agosti et al. (1999) SE Asia, Malaysia Maschwitz et al. (1989); Agosti et al. (1999) SE Asia, Sarawak Rubiaceae Jebb (1991) Jebb (1991) Fiji Rubiaceae Fiji Jebb (1991) Squamellaria thekii Jebb Steganthera hospitans (Becc.) Kaneh. & Hatus. (= Amthobembix hospitans) Steganthera moszkowskii (Perkins) Kaneh. & Hatus. Steganthera royenii Philipson Stereospermum kunthianum Cham. Stereospermum tetragonum DC. (= S. personatum) Strychnos vanprukii Craib Symmeria paniculata Benth. Syzygium cormiflorum (F.Muell.) B.Hyland Syzygium erythrocalyx Rubiaceae Fiji Monimiaceae Beccari (1877); Jolivet (1996) SE Asia, PNG Monimiaceae Philipson (1984) Papua New Guinea - West Irian Monimiaceae Philipson (1984) Papua New Guinea - West Irian Bignonaceae Bignonaceae Davidson & McKey (1993) Tropical Africa, Central forest block Ward Blog (http://wardlab.wordpress.com/research/pseudomyrmecinae/antplants/) India Loganiaceae Agosti et al. (1999); Moog et al (2003) SE Asia, Malaysia Polygonaceae Spruce (1908); Jolivet (1996) Jolivet (1996); Montheith (pers. comm.) to C. R. HuxleyLambrick July 1984; Hyland (1983) Jolivet (1996); Montheith (pers. comm.) to C. R. Huxley- Guiana, Northern Brazil, Sierra Lara Myrtaceae Myrtaceae 37 Supporting Information Table S1 Chomicki G, Renner SS. Phylogenetics and molecular clocks reveal the repeated evolution of ant-plants after the late Miocene in Africa and the early Miocene in Australasia and the Neotropics. New Phytologist. (C.T.White) B.Hyland Tachia guianensis Aubl. (= Myrmecia) Tachigali argyrophylla Ducke Tachigali candelabrum van der Werff Tachigali catingae Ducke Tachigali cavipes (Benth.) J.F.Macbr. Tachigali cenepensis van der Werff Tachigali chrysophylla (Poepp.) Zarucchi & Herend. Tachigali dwyeri (R.S. Cowan) Zarucchi & Herend. Tachigali formicarum Harms Tachigali fusca van der Werff Tachigali glauca Tul. Tachigali grandistipulata Harms Tachigali longiflora Ducke Tachigali loretensis van der Werff Tachigali macbridei Zarucchi & Herend. Lambrick July 1984; Hyland (1983) Gentianaceae Fabaceaecesalpinioideae Fabaceaecesalpinioideae Fabaceaecesalpinioideae Fabaceaecesalpinioideae Fabaceaecesalpinioideae Schumann (1888); Huth (1887); Bequaert (1922) Neotropics Van der Werf (2008) Neotropics Van der Werf (2008) Neotropics Van der Werf (2008) Neotropics Van der Werf (2008) Neotropics Van der Werf (2008) Van der Werf (2008) Neotropics Fabaceaecesalpinioideae Neotropics Van der Werf (2008) Fabaceaecesalpinioideae Fabaceaecesalpinioideae Fabaceaecesalpinioideae Fabaceaecesalpinioideae Fabaceaecesalpinioideae Fabaceaecesalpinioideae Fabaceaecesalpinioideae Fabaceaecesalpinioideae Neotropics Van der Werf (2008) Neotropics Van der Werf (2008) Neotropics Van der Werf (2008) Neotropics Van der Werf (2008) Neotropics Van der Werf (2008) Neotropics Van der Werf (2008) Neotropics Van der Werf (2008) Neotropics 38 Supporting Information Table S1 Chomicki G, Renner SS. Phylogenetics and molecular clocks reveal the repeated evolution of ant-plants after the late Miocene in Africa and the early Miocene in Australasia and the Neotropics. New Phytologist. Tachigali macrostachya Huber Tachigali myrmecophila (Ducke) Ducke Tachigali odoratissima (Spruce ex Benth.) Zarucchi & Herend. Tachigali paniculata Aubl. Tachigali physophora (Huber) Zarucchi & Herend. Tachigali plumbea Ducke Tachigali poeppigiana Tul. Tachigali ptychophysca Benth. Tachigali rigida Ducke Tachigali schultesiana Dwyer Tachigali vaupesiana van der Werff Tachigali venusta Dwyer Teijsmanniodendron pteropodum (Miq.) Bakh. Tetrathylacium macrophyllum Poepp. Tillandsia balbisiana Schult. & Schult.f. Tillandsia bulbosa Hook. Fabaceaecesalpinioideae Fabaceaecesalpinioideae Fabaceaecesalpinioideae Fabaceaecesalpinioideae Fabaceaecesalpinioideae Fabaceaecesalpinioideae Fabaceaecesalpinioideae Fabaceaecesalpinioideae Fabaceaecesalpinioideae Fabaceaecesalpinioideae Fabaceaecesalpinioideae Fabaceaecesalpinioideae Van der Werf (2008) Neotropics Bequaert (1922);Passmore et al. (2012) Neotropics Van der Werf (2008) Neotropics Bailey (1923) Neotropics Van der Werf (2008) Neotropics Passmore et al. (2012) Van der Werf (2008) Neotropics Neotropics Van der Werf (2008) Neotropics Van der Werf (2008) Neotropics Van der Werf (2008) Neotropics Van der Werf (2008) Neotropics Passmore et al. (2012) Neotropics Lamiaceae Moog et al. (2003) SE Asia - Malaysia Salicaceae Schmidt (2001); Jolivet (1996) Peru to Costa Rica Bromeliaceae Jolivet (1996); Dejean et al. (1995) Baker (1889); Adams (1972); Benzing (pers. comm.) to C. R. Huxley-Lambrick (1978) Neotropics: Mexico Bromeliaceae Neotropics 39 Supporting Information Table S1 Chomicki G, Renner SS. Phylogenetics and molecular clocks reveal the repeated evolution of ant-plants after the late Miocene in Africa and the early Miocene in Australasia and the Neotropics. New Phytologist. Tillandsia butzii Mez Tillandsia caput-medusae E.Morren Bromeliaceae Benzing (1970) Neotropics: Mexico Bromeliaceae Neotropics: Mexico Tillandsia flexuosa Sw. Tillandsia paraensis Mez Tillandsia paucifolia Baker Tillandsia pseudobaileyi C.S.Gardner Tillandsia streptophylla Scheidw. ex E.Morren Tococa aristata Benth. Tococa bullifera Mart. & Schrank ex DC. Tococa capitata Trail ex Cogn. Tococa caquetana Sprague Tococa carolensis Gleason Tococa caudate Markgr. Tococa ciliate Triana Tococa cordata O. Berg ex Triana Tococa coronata Benth. Tococa costoides Michelangeli Tococa filiformis (Gleason) K. Wurdack Tococa gonoptera Gleason Bromeliaceae Bromeliaceae Benzing (1970) Baker (1889); Adams (1972); Benzing in letter July 1978 to C. R. Huxley-Lambrick C. R. Huxley-Lambrick (pers. comm.) Bromeliaceae Jolivet (1996) Neotropics Bromeliaceae Jolivet (1996) Schimper (1888); Benzing (1978) (pers. comm.) to C. R. Huxley-Lambrick Michelangeli (2005) Michelangeli (2005) Neotropics Bromeliaceae Melastomataceae Melastomataceae Neotropics Neotropics Central America Neotropics Neotropics Michelangeli (2005) Melastomataceae Neotropics Michelangeli (2005) Melastomataceae Neotropics Michelangeli (2005) Melastomataceae Melastomataceae Melastomataceae Michelangeli (2005) Michelangeli (2005) Michelangeli (2005) Neotropics Neotropics Neotropics Melastomataceae Melastomataceae Michelangeli (2000) Neotropics Neotropics Melastomataceae Michelangeli (2006) Brazil (Amazonas state) Melastomataceae Michelangeli (2005) Neotropics Melastomataceae Michelangeli (2005) Neotropics 40 Supporting Information Table S1 Chomicki G, Renner SS. Phylogenetics and molecular clocks reveal the repeated evolution of ant-plants after the late Miocene in Africa and the early Miocene in Australasia and the Neotropics. New Phytologist. Tococa guianensis Aubl. Tococa hirta O. Berg ex Triana Tococa lancifolia Spruce ex Triana Tococa leticiana Michelangeli Tococa macrophysca Spruce ex Triana Tococa macroptera Naudin Tococa macrosperma Mart. Tococa obovata Gleason subsp. nebliensis Tococa pachystachya Wurdack Tococa parviflora Spruce ex Triana Tococa pauciflora Spruce ex Triana Tococa quadrialata (Naudin) J.F. Macbr. Tococa racemifera Wurdack Tococa rotundifolia (Triana) Wurdack Tococa spadiciflora Triana Tococa stellata Gleason Tococa stenoptera Gleason Melastomataceae Schumann (1888); Spruce (1908); Bequaert (1922); Renner & Rickleys (1998) Neotropics; Peru - Ecuador Melastomataceae Michelangeli (2005) Neotropics Melastomataceae Michelangeli (2005) Neotropics Melastomataceae Michelangeli (2006) Colombia (Leticia only) Melastomataceae Michelangeli (2005) Michelangeli (2005) Neotropics Melastomataceae Neotropics Michelangeli (2005) Melastomataceae Neotropics Michelangeli (2005) Melastomataceae Neotropics Michelangeli (2005) Melastomataceae Neotropics Michelangeli (2005) Melastomataceae Neotropics Michelangeli (2005) Melastomataceae Neotropics Michelangeli (2005) Melastomataceae Neotropics Michelangeli (2005) Melastomataceae Neotropics Michelangeli (2005) Melastomataceae Neotropics Michelangeli (2005) Melastomataceae Melastomataceae Michelangeli (2010) Neotropics Neotropics Melastomataceae Michelangeli (2005) Neotropics 41 Supporting Information Table S1 Chomicki G, Renner SS. Phylogenetics and molecular clocks reveal the repeated evolution of ant-plants after the late Miocene in Africa and the early Miocene in Australasia and the Neotropics. New Phytologist. Tococa stephanotricha Naudin Tococa symphyandra (Triana) Cogn. Tococa undabunda J.F. Macbr. Topobea gracilis Triana Topobea inflata Triana Topobea pluvialis Standl. Tricalysia pangolina N.Hallé Triplaris americana L. Triplaris caracasana Cham. Triplaris cumingiana Fisch. & C.A.Mey. Triplaris dugandii Brandbyge Triplaris felipensis Wedd. Triplaris fulva Huber Triplaris gardneriana Wedd. Triplaris longifolia Huber Triplaris melaenodendron (Bertol.) Standl. & Steyerm. Triplaris moyobambensis Brandbyge Triplaris peruviana Fisch. & Meyer ex C.A. Meyer Melastomataceae Michelangeli (2005) Neotropics Melastomataceae Michelangeli (2005) Neotropics Melastomataceae Melastomataceae Melastomataceae Melastomataceae Michelangeli (2010) Michelangeli (2010) Michelangeli (2010) Michelangeli (2010) Neotropics Neotropics: Colombia Neotropics: Colombia Neotropics: Panama Rubiaceae Tropical Africa Polygonaceae Robbrecht (1979) Oliveira et al. (1987); Weddell (1849); Ward (1999); Sanchez (2011) Polygonaceae Sanchez (2011) Neotropics Polygonaceae Oliveira et al. (1987); Sanchez (2011) Neotropics Polygonaceae Polygonaceae Polygonaceae Sanchez (2011) Oliveira et al. (1987); Ward (1999) Sanchez (2011) Sanchez (2011) Peru, Brazil, Ecuador Venezuela Neotropics Polygonaceae Polygonaceae Oliveira et al. (1987); Sanchez (2011) Sanchez (2011) Polygonaceae Venezuela, Peru, Colombia, Brazil Neotropics Peru Colombia, Costa Rica Sanchez (2011) Polygonaceae Neotropics Sanchez (2011) Polygonaceae Peru 42 Supporting Information Table S1 Chomicki G, Renner SS. Phylogenetics and molecular clocks reveal the repeated evolution of ant-plants after the late Miocene in Africa and the early Miocene in Australasia and the Neotropics. New Phytologist. Triplaris poeppigiana Wedd. Triplaris punctata Standl. Triplaris purdiae Meisn. Triplaris purdiei Meisn. Triplaris setosa Rusby Triplaris vestita Rusby Triplaris weigeltiana (Rchb.) Kuntze Uapaca staudtii Pax Uncaria africana G. Don Uncaria sp. 1 Uncaria sp. 2 Vitex agelaeifolia Mildbr. ex Piep. Vitex grandiflora Turcz. Vitex thyrsiflora Baker Vitex yaundensis Gürke Vochysia vismiifolia Spruce ex Warm. Wightia borneensis Hook.f. Zanthoxylum limonella (Dennst.) Alston Zanthoxylum myriacanthum Wall. ex Hook. f. Sanchez (2011) Polygonaceae Polygonaceae Polygonaceae Polygonaceae Polygonaceae Polygonaceae Polygonaceae Phyllanthaceae Sanchez (2011) Sanchez (2011) Sanchez (2011) Sanchez (2011) Sanchez (2011) Peru, Brazil Peru Neotropics Colombia Peru Neotropics Venezuela, Guyana Cameroun, Gabon, Nigeria Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Ward (1999) Bretler & Nzabi (1995) de Wildeman (1919); Bequaert (1922); Uphof (1942); Jolivet (1996) Moog et al. (2003) Moog et al. (2003) Lamiaceae Lamiaceae Lamiaceae Lamiaceae Schnell (1966); Jolivet (1996) Schnell (1966); Jolivet (1996) Schnell (1966); Djiero-Lordon et al. (2005) Engler (1903) Tropical Africa Tropical Africa Cameroun Cameroon (endemic) Vochysiaceae Blüthgen & Wesenberg (2001) Amazone Scrophulariaceae Jolivet (1973); Moog et al. (2003) SE Asia - Malaysia Rutaceae Moog et al. (2003) SE Asia Rutaceae Moog et al. (2002) ; Moog et al. 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The world list of ant domatium-bearing plants nph13271-TableS1

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