Journal of Spices and Aromatic Crops Indian Society for Spices Vol. 32 (1): 01-13 (2023) 10.25081/josac.2023.v32.i1.8204 Diversity and distribution of vetiver grass (Chrysopogan zizanioides (L) Roberty) and its manifold uses: A review Ankit Pandey* & S C Tiwari* Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Environmental Sciences Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh. *Email: sct_in@yahoo.com Received 18 January 2023; Revised 14 June 2023; Accepted 17 June 2023. Abstract During the last few decades essential oils derived from different herbs and aromatic plants have received a growing focus of scientific investigation due to their multifunctional uses beyond their traditional roles as food additives and scents. Over 3000 species have been identified as medicinal plants that produce essential oils. Vetiver grass has wide range of diversity throughout the world with diverse genotype variability. It has multifarious uses in various agricultural, medicinal, aromatic, engineering, conservational and in industrial sectors. The C. zizanioides is well known in various regions of South Asia, Southeast Asia, and West Africa. Vetiver roots, particularly those from Karnataka, have been utilised to make herbal drinks that are energising to combat tiredness. The vetiver grass, referred as "vetiver" or "vetiver–vetiver" in India, serves a variety of purposes in aromatic, pharmaceuticals, food, and beverage industries. This paper presents a review of the diversity and distribution of this crop along with its various uses and applications. Keywords: aromatic, diversity, uses, distribution, vetiver. Introduction essential oil yielding plants such as vetiver grass, Vetiver (Vetiver zizanioides (L.) Nash, syn. lemon grass, patchouli, mint, etc. is enhancing Chrysopogan zizanioides (L.) Roberty is an the scope of agriculture (Shabbir et al., 2019). important perennial aromatic grass that belongs Among to the Poaceae/ Gramineae family. The plant is medicinal and aromatic plants play a significant well property, role in continuous supply of raw material to perfumery, and flavour values. Vetiver was pharmaceutical, perfumery as well as for originated cosmetics industries in India (Raviprasad & known for from its India medicinal and is cultivated the various horticultural crops, and Venugopal 2017). Among the thousands of essentials oil of vetiver have high industrial aromatic plants, only a few are grown as demand mainly due to their fixative properties. commercial crops widely, vetiver is one of them The cultivation of aromatic plants, particularly (Raviprasad et al., 2019). The lower hills and throughout tropical countries. Roots 2 Pandey & Tiwari plains of India are covered in a thickly tufted pollution (Wagner et al., 2003; Mondal et al., grass, especially along riverbanks and in soil 2019). that is rich in marshy vegetation and on the Plant description: Vetiveria zizanioides (2n=20) hilltops up to 800–1200 m elevation (Lavania, diploid, 40 in tetraploid, is a grass developed 2000; Rao & Suseela, 2000). The vetiver plant from rhizome up to the height of 2 m; with can narrow leaf, thick fibrous roots and panicle endure several harsh ecological floods, inflorescence, up to 15–45 cm long (Rao and submersion, and temperatures between –15 °C Suseela, 2000). The vetiver grass has a huge, to +55 °C. It can also withstand a wide range of intricate root system that spreads quickly. In soil any some situations, it can go down up to three to is four metres (Troung, 2002) and its deep root particularly resistant to heavy metals (Troung et system, makes it highly resistant to drought and al., 2008; Joseph et al., 2017). Socio–economic when exposed to a high water flow, becomes position of rural people is greatly influenced by extremely difficult to uproot (Dudai et al., 2006). vetiver, which is utilized to make mats, hand The leaves are small, upright, keeled, and have fans, baskets, root for essential oil and other scabrous margins (Shabbir et al., 2019). Roots of various domestic as well as economical uses. vetiver were traditionally used in soft drinks, Vetiver and pan masala and beverages industry (Tiwari, physiological properties, giving it the name 2014; Raviprasad et al., 2019). It is spreading "wonder grass" and making use of it for across the world's tropical and subtropical numerous plains, especially along riverbanks and across circumstances, such pH from requirement 3.3 of as drought, to 12.5 soil without treatment, has distinctive industrial, and physical environmental, purposes marshy terrain (Lavania, 2008). The renowned (Lavania, 2004; Dudai et al., 2006). According to "vetiver" oil is extracted from the roots of a recent analysis by Grand View Research, Inc., vetiver, which is an important industrial product the size of the global vetiver oil market is and is utilised as a fixative in the perfume and anticipated to reach USD 88.0 million by 2027, cosmetics industries (Lal, 2013; Yaseen et al., growing at a revenue–based CAGR of 9.4%. The 2014). Vetiver System (VS) has been promoted by the antibacterial, anti-inflammatory as well as World Bank since the 1980s for various anticancer effects in root oil (Chou et al., 2012). purposes, including reduction of soil erosion, The grass is also grown for multiple uses such as sedimentation, conservation of water, the phytoremediation, erosion control, as a cover prevention and nurse crop, live fence and for biofuel conservational, of and protection landslides and riverbank erosion, and most recently, for reducing of The vetiver contains production (Kumar and Nikhil, 2016). antifungal, Diversity & uses of vetiver grass 3 [Source: www.CABIorg/isc, International, Invasive spices Compendium, 2021.] Fig. 1. Origin and distribution of vetiver (Chrysopogan zizanioides). Common name: Vetiver is a C4 plant (Srivastava popular names in different countries and in and Lal, 2012), is now grown all over the world various regions of India (Table 1). for a wide range of uses under multiple local and Table 1. Some common names of vetiver in India and in the world. S. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. Country India Language Sanskrit Hindi Tamil Telugu Malayalam Marathi Gujarati Bengali Punjabi Kannada China Burma Sri Lanka Malaysia Indonesia Ethiopia Common Name Abhaya, Amrinala, Avadaha, Reshira, Haripriya, Indragupta, Ishtakapatha, Bala, Jalavasa, Jalamoa, Laghubhaya, Katayana, Nalada, Rambhu, Reshira, Sevya, Shishira, Ushira, Vira, Virabhadara, Virana, Viratary, Vitanamulaka Balah, Bala, Bena, Ganrar, Khas, Onei, Panni Ilamichamver, Vettiver, Vilhalver, Viranam Avurugaddiveru, Kuruveeru, Vattiveru, Vadavaliveru Ramaccham, Ramachehamver, Vettiveru Vala, Khas–Khas Valo Khas–Khas Panni Vattiveeru, Laamanche, Kaadu, Karidappasajje hallu Xian Geng–Sao Miyamoe Saivendra, Savendramul Akar Wangi, Ramput Wangi (fragrant root), Kusu–Kusu Usar, Narawastu, Janur, Larasetu, Raraweatu Yesro mekelakeya [Source: Greenfield, 1989; Maffei, 2002; Snigdha et al., 2013] was Asia. Worldwide, vetiver is grown in various originated from India but is currently grown countries from ancient times (Mondyagu et al., throughout tropical and subtropical area of Asia, 2012). Haiti, Reunion, and Indonesia (Java) are Africa, and America. According to Carey (2006), the countries that produce most of the world's vetiver is indigenous to South and Southeast vetiver oil (Shabbir et al., 2019). The cultivation Geographical distribution: Vetiver 4 Pandey & Tiwari of vetiver began in India (South India) to for other uses (Maffei, 2002). produce fragrant oil from its roots, and the vetiver is being grown in more than 100 nations method later spread around the world (Maffei, for its use in environmental applications such as 2002; Lal et al., 2018). This vetiver variety from carbon southern India is of the domesticated type/ conservation (Lal et al., 2018; Lal et al., 2021). cultivated type, most probably developed by Types: There are two unique morphological humans from the wild grass (Lavania, 2008: vetiver groups that grow in geographically Mondal and Patel, 2020; Vanoh and Troung, separate regions of India: one is located 2020). It is extremely effective in controlling predominantly in the states of Andhra Pradesh, erosion because it does not require seeding or Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and Kerala, in south mowing (Mondal and Patel, 2020). All over runs along the east and west shores of the India, especially in Rajasthan, Haryana, Uttar Indian peninsula. Second one is mainly in Pradesh, Madhya Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Pradesh, and numerous southern states, it is Bihar and in the Indo–Gangetic plains and its seen spreading profusely (Shabbir et al., 2019). surrounding regions, (Lavania, 2002; Lavania, Vetiver is systematically cultivated as a crop in 2008; Lal et al., 2018). Chrysopogon is a genus of southern states such as Kerala, Tamil Nadu, plants that includes 21 species in India. These Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh and in northern species are C. aciculatus, C. asper, C. aucheri, C. states such as Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, and castaneus, C. copei, C. fulvus, C. gryllus, C. hackelii, some regions of Madhya Pradesh (Smitha et al., C. lancearius, C. lawsonii, C. nodulibarbis, C. 2014; Raviprasad and Venuopal, 2017). Vetiver orientalis, C. polyphyllus, C. pseudozeylanicus, C. trials were started in more than 25 countries as purushothamanii, C. rigidus, C. serrulatus, C. part of extension efforts by World Bank to utilize tadulingamii, C. nigritanus, C. velutinus, and C. its potential in soil and water conservation and verticillatus (Grover et al., 2021). Gujarat, Bihar, Odisha, sequestration and Additionally, soil/water Table 2. Key features of Indian vetiver grass from the north and the south. South Indian Domesticated type / Bharatpur type Late or non–flowering Only from underground stock Non seeding or infertile seeds Highly useful for erosion control Wider leaves Low quality oil Dextrorotary root oil North Indian Wild types Profuse flowering Propagated through seeds Sets fertile seeds Due to shallow roots not suitable for erosion control Narrow leaf Superior quality oil Vigorous roots produce laevorotatory root oil [Source: Lavania, 2008; Leite, 2012; Verma, 2020.] The Indian subcontinent has a very high natural (Lavania, 2008; Lal et al., 2018). The CSIR– genetic variability in this crop with respect to Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic morphometric features, reproductive behaviour, Plants, (CSIR–CIMAP) Lucknow has undertaken ecological/ and several breeding programmes and plays a essential oil concentration and composition leading role in the extensive production and geographical adaptation, Diversity & uses of vetiver grass 5 cultivation of vetiver in the various agroclimatic the 100 tonnes of need and the shortfall is met zones (Yadav et al., 2013; Lal et al., 2018). The through imports. Among the Indian states, Uttar genetic variability of this crop is very high, CSIR– Pradesh has the highest production of vetiver oil CIMAP maintains 180 indigenous and exotic in terms of quantity mainly through wild source collections of vetiver that are representative of (Lal et al., 2018a & 2018b). 13 states of the country (UP, Uttarakhand, Manifold uses of vetiver Rajasthan, Bihar, Punjab, MP, Gujarat, Jammu Agricultural and Kashmir, Odisha, Maharashtra, Kerala, West Soil erosion reduction: Besides being utilised Bengal and Andhra Pradesh) (Lal et al., 2021) as for oil production, vetiver has also been well as 4 exotic collections from Indonesia, Haiti, effectively employed to check soil erosion. Being Thailand, and Reunion Island. Additionally, a perennial grass with a strong root structure, CSIR–CIMAP created and marketed 12 high vetiver strongly binds soil. This trait has been yielding vetiver varieties with various essential employed to reduce erosion of soil particles, oil notes for commercial cultivation: KS–1, particularly on slippery terrain and in sensitive Sugandha, KS–2, Dharini, Gulabi, Kesari, CIM locations (Maffei, 2002; Rao et al., 2015). Rao et Vriddhi, (induced al. (2015) stated that on cropland with 1.7 tetraploids), G22, G15, CIM–Vetiverinolika, and percent slope, vetiver reduces soil loss from 14.4 CIM Samriddhi (Srivastava and Lal, 2012; Smita tonnes per ha to 3.9 tonnes per ha and runoff (as et al., 2014; Lal et al., 2018). The Bharatpur, a percentage of rainfall) from 23.3% (control) to Akila, and Musanagar (northern India) are 15.5% in vetiver based hedge row cropping thought to be of greater quality oil in the world system. Truong et al. (2008) found that sorghum (Lal, 2013) but vetiver crop planted in southern output increases from 2.52 tonnes per ha to 2.88 India produce more oil yield (Lal et al., 2021). tonnes per ha over a four year duration. Production and major production areas: Due Babalola et al. (2003) reported that vetiver is to its distinctive smell and fixative qualities, the utilised to preserve soil and water in the global demand for vetiver oil is increasing. An Nigerian environment. The first strip of vetiver average of 3.0–4.5 tonnes of dry roots are on the slope accumulate about 98 % more soil produced from one hectare of vetiver cultivation than the second and subsequent strips. By using which yields 12–20 kg of oil after steam vetiver grass strips and mulch, the capacity of distillation 2021). soil to retain nutrients and water is enhanced Raviprasad et al. (2019) stated that demand for and soil resources is preserved (Babalola et al., vetiver oil is around to 400 tonnes annually, 2007). while the current global production is just about Mulch and compost: Vetiver leaves make 250–300 tonnes. Around the world, 80% of the excellent mulch due to their strong and long– vetiver oil is produced in Haiti and Indonesia. lasting nature. In various tropical countries, Approximately, India produces 20 to 25 tonnes mulching by vetiver shoots is one of the most of vetiver oil annually, which is far lower than important conservational methods for early CIMAP–Vetiver (Ramanjaneyulu 40 et al., 6 Pandey & Tiwari stage of plant as well as soil moisture catechu L.) plantations and found that total conservation. Vetiver leaves provide shade to system productivity of the vetiver and arecanut the plot like other mulching materials and help was increased to 3231 kg per ha, which was to lower the temperature as well as maintain significantly higher than the sole productivity of good moisture content in soil and check the arecanut (1400 kg per ha). Gesesse et al. (2013) growth of weeds (Balasankar et al., 2013). stated that usage of vetiver grass enhanced the Fodder: At the early growth stage of vetiver, the cations exchange capacity, soil moisture content, leaves can be chopped up and fed to fish and soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available animals, but older leaves cannot be used due to phosphorus and potassium levels of the soil. lower nutritional value, roughness and higher Vetiver for mushroom cultivation: Several silica content than other grasses (Troung et al., chemical compounds found in vetiver leaves, 2008). The nutrition quality of vetiver grass including cellulose, hemicellulose, crude protein, depends upon season, growth stage and soil and a variety of minerals may be consumed by fertility. Young shoots of vetiver are nutrient certain rich to feed cattle when pruned and trimmed at Thiribhuvanamala et al. (2018) carried out an regular intervals of one to three months experiment and suggested that vetiver straw, (Nguyen et al., 2004). either by itself or combined with paddy straw, Wind break: Vetiver hedges that are tall and can be used for commercial farming of oyster dense can serve as windbreaks to reduce the mushrooms, bringing in additional income for speed of strong winds in addition to keeping farmers and being compatible with vetiver dust, heat integrated farming systems. and cold away from farmland. mushrooms (Chomchalow, Chomchalow (2003) reported that between the Botanical rows of jojoba, vetiver hedgerows at 6–8 m fungicide: The excessive usage of insecticides intervals ran erect to the way of the strong wind has resulted in severe impact on ecosystem coming from the South China Sea. By the end of services, human health, and the environment. In the second year, hedges of vetiver were more addition to its well known ability to save soil, than two meter height and could serve as vetiver grass is said to keep off a variety of effective windbreaks to prevent sand from insects. Lu et al. (2019) reported that vetiver spreading and protected the fields. grass can act as a trap to attract mature C. Soil quality enhancement: Vetiver can be used suppressalis to lay eggs thereupon, but in some to enhance the stability and structure of cases larvae cannot finish their life cycle. Van de agricultural soil, prevent soil erosion, and berg et al. (2003) stated that vetiver is strongly enhance water permeability of the field aspects favoured for oviposition, but, there was very that can promote increased growth and enhance little chance of larvae surviving on it. Thus, crop vetiver could be a significant biopesticide and productivity. Sujatha et al., (2011) conducted an experiment on the viability of vetiver grass inter planted in arecanut (Areca insecticide, pesticide 2003). worked as a termite repellent too. and Diversity & uses of vetiver grass 7 Non agricultural 2020). It works particularly well to relieve Ornamental: Due to its appealing form and nervous aesthetic value, vetiver is occasionally used as a inflammations. It has been discovered as an decorative potted plant or as an ornamental effective treatment for inflammations caused by plant in landscaping. It is an ornamental plant sunburn and dehydration (Kumar and Kumar, for gardens, patios, decks and also used as a 2016). hedge. Additionally, vetiver is cultivated in pots Antiseptic: Hot and humid environment that for use as a decorative houseplant. We can exists in tropical regions is conducive for bundle together cut vetiver leaves and use them microbial and bacterial growth. The Septicemia in 2003; aureus, bacteria that causes septic, is effectively Ramanjaneyulu et al., 2021). Fully grown vetiver stopped from growing by this oil, and they are bears light purple, extremely attractive flower also removed, aiding in the treatment of heads that can be used in landscaping, and septicemia, and providing protection against it gardens as well as other public spaces like lakes (Balasankar et al., 2013). and parks (Troung et al., 2008). Antioxidant: The densely tufted grass is used in bouquets (Chomchalow, system and circulatory system is aroma therapy to ease tension, nervousness, employed in the treatment of waste water and stress, and sleeplessness. In this context, ethanol the restoration of mined area. Heavy metals like is used to extract the essential oil from roots of Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Ni as well as polycyclic vetiver, which was then used to assess a variety aromatic hydrocarbons have been proven to be of in vitro antioxidant activities, such as the removed more quickly in the soil when vetiver ability to reduce, the superoxide anion radical grass is present. scavenging activity, the deoxyribose degradation Medicinal: Essential oil of vetiver has various assay, the total antioxidant capacity, the total medicinal properties phenolics, and the total flavonoid composition cicatrisant, nervine, Phytoremediation/bioremediation: such as sedative, It vulnerary, tonic, and (Snigdha et al., 2013). aphrodisiac properties, which are responsible Vetiver oil is widely used in the treatment of for its health advantages. Essential oils are cancer patients because it can soothe cancer widely used in aroma therapy and have a variety related of medicinal benefits. The various portions of including anxiety, severe pain, and insomnia. the grass are used by many tribes to treat a Various detailed investigations revealed the key variety of illnesses, including mouth ulcers, qualities, such as antifungal and bacterial fever, boils, epilepsy, burns, snake bite, scorpion activity, sedative, aphrodisiac, cicatrisant and sting, anti–malarial properties (Durge et al., 2021). rheumatism, fever, headaches etc. discomfort and reduce symptoms (Snigdha et al., 2013). Aromatical/perfumery: The vetiver oil, known Anti–inflammatory: This essential oil has a across the world, is extremely important to the highly calming and cooling impact that soothes perfume and reduces inflammation of all kinds (Verma, (Chomchalow, 2001). Rich, earthy, green woody, and cosmetics industries. 8 Pandey & Tiwari and nut like aromas can be recognized in vetiver synthetic substitute (Raja et al., 2018; Yogendra oil. It is a thick light brown oil. A sweet tone is et al., 2021). It involves mainly complex mixture produced using vetiver oil and a calming, cool of impact in its diluted form (Balasankar et al., hydrocarbons etc., therefore the essential oil of 2013). Since ancient times, with its typical vetiver has unique demand in world market aromatic properties, vetiver oil has frequently with high price. Haiti has set the global been used in skin treatments, hair pomade, and standards in terms of quality and leads in potpourri. In some part of south India roots of production of vetiver. Haitian vetiver oil has 155 vetiver grass are dipped in coconut oil constituents while a total of 29 and 35 overnight, and the coconut oil with a nice scent compounds were identified in south and north is applied to the hair (Durge et al., 2021). Due to Indian its complicated chemical makeup, oily smell, and investigation of Indian vetiver oil. On a dry high solubility in alcohol, it becomes highly weight basis, vetiver fibrous roots have about 1– soluble with other perfumery ingredients and is 2 % oil content which can be easily extracted used as a raw ingredient for a variety of fragrant with steam distillation (Rao et al., 2015; Durge et items, al., 2021). As the age of the root increased, the including lotions, soaps, cosmetics, terpenes, vetiver oil, increased alcohols, respectively, Balasankar et al., 2013). The worldwide demand increasingly for vetiver oil was estimated as 408.8 tonnes in structures in elderly roots (Bertea and Camusso, 2019 and according to Grand View Research, the 2002). international vetiver oil market was projected to Other uses: Some examples of non processed reach up to 169.5 million USD by 2022 products from the vetiver plant include animal (Gnansounou et al., 2017; https://www.grandvi feed, thatch for roofs, mulch to keep the soil ewresearch.com/industry–analysis/vetiver–oil– moist, market). compost. Likewise, semi processed products Vetiver oil chemistry is complex mainly due to from the vetiver plant include handicraft, pots, involvement of more than 150 constituents low cost silos, and furniture. Finally, fully (Yogendra et al., 2021) with sesquiterpenes and processed products from the vetiver plant their derivatives making up the majority of primarily those. Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and their derivatives, as well as herbal medicines, food alcohol derivatives, vetiverols like vetiverimol additives and pulp and paper. and vetiverinol, carbonyl derivatives, vetivones Pulp and paper: Vetiver, as a raw material can (ketones), and three carbonyl compounds, be used in the pulp and paper industries. including vetivone and vetiverimone, are some Research conducted at the Forest Research of the main constituents (Chahal et al., 2015). Institute in Dehradun, India, found that vetiver Vetiver oil is also known as “Oil of tranquillity” can produce pulp appropriate for manufacturing mushroom include and well, an oil viscous as in deodorants and fragrances (Chomchalow, 2001; and has a distinct fragrance with no other density sesquiterpenes, becoming creating medium, essential crystal bouquets oil and and its strawboard when digested with lime (Anon, Diversity & uses of vetiver grass 9 1976). Hemicelluloses are abundant in vetiveria. choice for roof thatching (Chomchalow, 2003). It has a 45.8% of cellulose content. A chemical Since ancient times, dried vetiver roots have pulp produced by vetiveria can be used to been utilised in India to erect temporary manufacture writing and printing paper (Verma shelters and cabins because of the cooling effect et al., 2020). in the summer season (Lavania, 2003). Roof thatching and hut making: Vetiver culms Handicrafts: The majority of vetiver sticks are and leaves have been used as roof thatching for used in wicker works to make baskets. Vetiver centuries by many rural populations around the leaves are used to make high quality handicrafts, world. The endurance of the culms and leaves of which is a significant way to increase income for vetiver depend on thickness and neatness and rural inhabitants in Latin America, Thailand, have a distinctive aroma that protects it from Indonesia, the Philippines, and Africa (Troung et fungus and insects, making vetiver grass better al., 2008). Vetiver Dry plants Live plants Agricultural application Non-Agricultural application Bioengineering Soil/ Water conservation Leaves Culms Handicraft Ornamental Erosion control and stablizaion Reclamation Disaster prevention Mining tailing Pest and weed control Protection of aerial and aquatic surfaces Waste land and problemetic soil Garbage landfill Compost Phytoremediation Roots Efficient industrial waste Animal feed Essential oil Harbal product Industrial product [Source: Ramanjaneyulu 2021] Fig. 2. Manifold uses of vetiver grass Conclusion mitigating natural disasters. The yield of vetiver The Indian subcontinent appears to be the root can be significantly increased by improved natural home and centre of origin for vetiver, as agricultural practices and the recycling of evidenced by its well established morphogenetic agricultural waste. Comprehensive data on variability as well as high genetic and ecological vetiver collected from literature revealed signifi diversity found in our country. It has numerous cant level of variability of vetiver in terms of environmentally beneficial applications that are nucleolar chromosome quantity and shape, as sustainable well as chromosome morphology. Farmers can for managing agriculture, and readily diversify their methods of production. embankments, conserving soil, and water and For instance, vetiver can be used as intercrop agroforestry, stabilising slopes 10 Pandey & Tiwari in horticultural crops as well as a cheap source vetiver grass mulch and an organomineral of feed for animals thus improving net fertilizer on soil, water and nutrient losses productivity as well as livelihoods of the and maize (Zea mays, L) yields. Soil and farmers. Vetiver also helps farmers by reducing Tillage Res. 96(1–2): 6–18. soil erosion, it removes some insect pests from Bertea C M & Camusso W 2002 Anatomy, their crops and is used for the extraction of biochemistry, vetiver oil. Minor industries based on vetiver In Vetiveria (pp. 25–49). and its value–added products could be produced and physiology. Carey B 2006 Monto vetiver grass for soil and at the village level. In order to provide water conservation. Natural Resource protection from soil erosion and landslides, Sciences, Queensland, Australia. Council of vetiver can also be planted on riverbanks, Scientific and Industrial Res. (CSIR). roadside embankments and areas affected by Chahal K K, Bhardwaj U, Kaushal S & Sandhu A K landslides. There are numerous uses for vetiver 2015 Chemical composition and biological essential oil in food, fragrance, pharmaceuticals, properties of Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) beverages, nutraceuticals, and flavouring milk, Roberty syn. Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash– drinks, ice cream, and syrups. Due to synergistic A Review. Indi. J. of Natural Product and Res. effect of chemicals, it is also used as a 6 (4): 251–260 biopesticide and an insecticide. The main Chou S T, Lai C P, Lin C C & Shih Y 2012 Study of properties of this vetiver crop needs to be the investigated further. activity and anti–inflammatory activity of References essential oil from Vetiveria zizanioides. 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